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A SELECTIVE MICROFILM EDITION 


PART I 
(1850-1878) 
» 
Thomas E. Jeffrey 
Microfilm Editor and Associate Editor 
Paul B. Israel Susan Schultz 
Assistant Editor Assistant Editor 
Assistant Editors: Research Associates: 
Toby Appel Robert Rosenberg 
Keith A. Nier W. Bemard Carlson 
Andre Millard 
Student Assistants 
John Deasey Pamela Kwiatkowski 
Leonard De Graaf Joseph P. Sullivan 
David Fowler Barbara B. Tomblin 


Leonard S. Reich, Associate Director and Associate Editor 
Reese V. Jenkins, Director and Editor 


Sponsors 
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey 
National Park Service, Edison National Historic Site 
New Jersey Historical Commission 
Smithsonian Institution 


University Publications of America 
Frederick, Maryland 
1985 


Edison signature used with permission of McGraw-Edisan Company. 


fats 











Copyright ¢ 1985 by Rutgers, The State University 

All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication including any portion of the guide and index or of the 
microfilm may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval systern, or transmitted in any form by any means—graphic, 
electronic, mechanical, or chemical, including photocopying, recording or taping, or information storage and 
retrieval systems—without written permission of Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, 
New Jersey. 

The original documents in this edition are from the archives at the Edison National Historic Site at West 
Orange, New Jersey. 








BOARD OF SPONSORS 


National Park Service, Edison 


Rutgers, The State University of 


New Jersey National Historic Site 

Edward J. Bloustein Roy W. Weaver 
T. Alexander Pond Edward J. Pershey 
Tilden G, Edelstein William Binnewies 
Richard P. McCormick Lynn Wightman 
James Kirby Martin Elizabeth Albro 

New Jersey Historical Commission Smithsonian Institution 
Bernard Bush Brooke Hindle 
Howard Green Bernard Finn 

EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD 


James Brittain, Georgia Institute of Technology 
Alfred D. Chandler, Harvard University 
Neil Harris, University of Chicago 
Thomas Parke Hughes, University of Pennsylvania 
Arthur Link, Princeton University 
Nathan Reingold, Smithsonian Institution 
Robert C. Schofield, lowa State University 


CORPORATE ASSOCIATES 


William C. Hittinger (chairman), RCA Corporation 
*Arthur M. Bueche, General Electric Company 
Edward J. Bloustein, Rutgers, The State University of NJ. 
Cees Bruynes, North American Philips Corporation 
Paul J. Christiansen, Charles Edison Fund 
Philip F. Dietz, Westinghouse Electric Corporation 
Paul Lego, Westinghouse Electric Corporation 
Roland W. Schmitt, General Electric Corporation 
Robert |, Smith, Public Service Electric and Gas Company 
Harold W. Sonn, Public Service Electric and Gas Company 
Morris Tanenbaum, ATET 


*Deceased 




















FINANCIAL CONTRIBUTORS 
PUBLIC FOUNDATIONS 


National Science Foundation 
National Endowment for the Humanities 


PRIVATE FOUNDATIONS 


Alfred P, Sloan Foundation 
Charles Edison Fund 


The Hyde and Watson Foundation 
Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation 


PRIVATE CORPORATIONS AND INDIVIDUALS 


Alabama Power Company 

Amerada Hess Corporation 

AT&T 

Association of Edison Illuminating Companies 
Battelle Memorial Institute Foundation 

The Boston Edison Foundation 

Cabot Corporation Foundation 

Carolina Power and Light Company 
Consumers Power Company 

Corning Glass Works Foundation 

Duke Power Company 

Edison Electric Institute 

Exxon Corporation 

General Electric Foundation 

Gould Inc. Foundation 

Gulf States Utilities Company 

The Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers 
International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers 
lowa Power and Light Company 

Mr. and Mrs. Stanley H. Katz 


TH 


Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. 

McGraw-Edison Company 

Middle South Services, Inc, 

Minnesota Power 

New Jersey Bell Telephone Company 

New York State Electric & Gas 
Corporation — 

North American Philips Corporation 

Philadelphia Electric Company 

Philips Intemational B.V. 

Public Service Electric and Gas Company 

RCA Corporation 

Robert Bosch GmbH 

Savannah Electric and Power Company 

Schering Plough Foundation 

Texas Utilities Company 

Thomson-Brandt 

Transamerica Delaval Inc. 

Westinghouse Educational Foundation 

Wisconsin Public Service Corporation 






































PUBLICATION AND MICROFILM 
COPYING RESTRICTIONS 


Reel duplication of the whole or of 
any part of this film is prohibited. 
In lieu of transcripts, however, 
enlarged photocopies of selected 
items contained on these reels 
may be made in order to facilitate 
research. 








A Note on the Sources 


The pages which were microfilmed for this collection are 
in generally good condition in the original. There are 
some pages, however, which due to age are lighter than 
normal. Additionally, because some volumes are very 
large and have been bound tightly and cannot be un- 
bound, there are intermittent occurrences of slight dis- 
tortion of the edges of a small percentage of the pages. 
We have made every technical effort to ensure complete 
legibility of each and every page. 











Rete red an eoe t eee aeO 














MENLO PARK SCRAPBOOK SERIES, VOLUMES I-40 


The Menlo Park Scrapbooks, Volumes 1-40 are a set of fifty-seven 
technical scrapbooks (many of the volumes are sub-numbered), plus an 
index volume. They are the first in a series of scrapbooks begun by 
William Carman and Francis Upton in 1878-1879. New books were added 
and old ones continually updated by Upton and others until 1882. The 
books were occasionally updated thereafter, until about 1889. There are 
approximately 150 scrapbooks still extant for the entire series, and there 


are indications that the series may have comprised over 200 books at one 
time. _- 


The clippings are primarily from technical journals, although some 
are from popular magazines and newspapers. They cover a wide range of 
subjects, including telegraphy, electricity, electric lighting, the 
telephone, and the phonograph. Most of the material in volumes 1-40 
dates from the period between 1875 and 1881, although there are some é 
clippings dated as early as 1873 and others as late as 1889. The remaining 
volumes are primarily for the years 1881 and 1882. : 


The following titles were placed on the scrapbooks by Edison's 
assistants. Although the titles adequately describe the general character 
of each volume, many of the books also contain miscellaneous clippings , | 
about other scientific and technical subjects. 


THE REDUCTION RATIO FOR THIS REEL IS 16:1 








at 


Book # 


CONAKDU SW ne 


ow 


lA 





MENLO PARK SCRAPBOOKS, VOLUMES 1-40 


Cat. # 


1000 
100! 
1002 


1003 
1004 
1005 
1006 
1007 
1008 
1009 


1010 
1011 
1012 
1013 
1014 
1015 
1016 
1017 
1018 
1019 
1020 
1021 
1022 
1023 
1024 
1025 
1026 
1027 
1028 
1029 
1030 
1033 
1034 
1035 
1036 
1037 
1038 
1039 
1040 
1041 


1042 
1043 


Title 


Index to Scrapbooks 

Galvanic Battery 

Combustion of Coal; Theoretical Heat from Boilers 
and Steam Engine Cost 

Untitled [Electrical Conduction] 

Electrolysis 

Mixed - Etheric Force 

Electrical Testing and Apparatus 

Electrical Testing and Apparatus 

Electricity and Railways 

Electricians and History of Electricity, Notices 
of Book 

Missing 

Electrometallurgy 

Electric Light 

Electric Light 

Electric Light 

Electric Light 

Electric Light 

Electric Light 

Electric Light 

Electric Light 

Electric Light 

Induction (Magnetic) 

Insulation 

Gas 

Gas 

Missing 

Magnetism 

Magneto Electric Generators 

Magneto Electric Generators 

Magneto Electric Generators 

Phenomena General 

Phonograph 

Phonograph 

Polarization and Secondary Batteries 

Carbon Telephone 

Carbon Telephone and Far Sight Machine 

Magnetic Telephone 

Tasimeter and Electric Light 

Thermo Electricity 

Telegraph Apparatus 

Telegraph Construction 

Submarine and Subterranean Telegraph 
- Cable Apparatus 

Telegraphy - Automatic 

Telegraphy - Facsimile 


i 











qf 





Book # 





Cat. # 


1044 
1045 
1046 
1048 
1047 
1049 
1051 
1050 
1052 
1053 
1054 


1055 
1056 


1057 


Title 


Telegraph - Duplex, Quadruplex, Multiplex 

Telegraphy - Fire and Burglar Alarms 

Telegraph Other Than Electrical 

Laws of Electricity and Magnetism 

Laws of Electricity and Magnetism 

Transmission of Power 

Electric Lamp 

Radiometer and Vacuum Pump 

Motograph 

Lightning Protectors and Atmospheric Electricity 

Static Induction, Condensers and Plate Glass 
Machines 

Aerostatics 

Various Electrical Appliances and Torpedo 
Experiments 

Various Electrical Applicances 











al 


A NOTE ON THE FILMING OF THE MENLO PARK SCRAPBOOKS 





Although each scrapbook page is represented on the film, the 
contents of the scrapbooks have not been filmed in their entirety. Many 
scrapbook pages contain oversized and odd-shaped clippings that cannot be 
completely unfolded without obscuring other clippings. Moreover, it is 
not uncommon for many successive pages in a technical journal, and 
occasionally even an entire issue, to be pasted onto a single scrapbook 
page. To have filmed the clippings in their entirety would have required 
several! times the present number of microfilm reels. 


Each set of facing scrapbook pages has therefore been filmed only 
once, in such a manner as to convey the greatest amount of bibliographic 
and substantive information about the clippings on those pages. Most of 
the clippings do not relate directly to Edison but dea! instead with 
scientific and technical subjects in which he and his assistants were 
interested. Those clippings that are directly concerned with Edison and 
his inventive or business activities have been filmed in their entirety. 








Menlo Park Scrapbook, Cat. 1000 


Index to Scrapbooks 


This book is an index to the first forty volumes of the Menlo Park 
Scrapbooks. However, some volumes do not appear in the index, and 
others are only partially indexed. There are 433 numbered pages. 


Blank pages not filmed: 1, 8-15, 24-33, 44-49, 54-67, 92-93, 96-101, 
110-117, 120-135, 144-185, 198-203, 216-221, 224-237, 240-253, 266-271, 
274-287, 296-305, 314-321, 340-357, 362-373, 378-433. 




















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Seuvsjesi IC a. 


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a pme Yo. 

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Aecthall Sue Corner ; Vol, 
ite Baseeloie and Gas Gooufecmes De 
oul Sus We evviwnnligix Va fhe 


“OCF, 
























’ : a 
eonens elec Lefrerlis ietnLed Meter Z- yb Tax 
OL ida Sbet- Mer Ss oLanih ‘Typ 












» , 
ot. he of tha Le fi oo f y Pe 22 
veg oth Linco Sas Mififilly Fx, GA be osinat Mas ow “ys. 
184 


Lesa Lee A heSnunal Tov. Yer! ‘SL, 
, bee, pi aa ie Sopfly Ion, 
Sa and ea Meckien . /7e 
: Ancrrebey Mrpealion See Ssfypily Te. 
 Mitngd Meter Sag poten! ' Ibe, 
Ch bigs Shy Ck ieleitip- “Ye a 
As huntliey pies th aol th ddidesois of & SOON Lhe “Wy 
| ; ; - " é : fa EOL GZS . 
| Cy Coretsculs alli dboinl, Save Eau Ke log Af Vig 


lato Suslaghhand locke Confany "9s. 
Ke Dirclley bos Gonpary and she Chgflerecbein fe. 
| Merhirny You phons blbolune Gp 
Te Corifying Hhauhat the fururSu Mates a: 
Aubcls gfomubiig Muang Ev Pi 
Gs MOwobiny Mferernent oe Cigland es ap 

ar A Al, ht-Puev- t y a 

ifow df thotiat Cow Chowitge Tos: 























cel, 





















ways 





~ 














PUP ; 
Sor A ousting Oe AY: 
Safre pect SH Ce. échy pa Cy eee 
4 
Gr ees wb, difeo ha ind ofthe eatisiy flame th ai Lacrneceeer' 
me one Ke tie Goo Leg ey to Bite. 


aff tr 


Gayle ” ie ‘ « 
e Ie “es, idewe i Blonde 


4 a e- Vooeaae aw 


“ . va 
’ ¢ : Of 24, 
en ras Geaihedeiegs Neloltrned/ ye 


iG of. hss 4 39: Jigs Spy : 


Lis Atha 
7 fertecs ty Go 


cate, 


Rete OEIC 


me! 


4 


weqitae babtl we Dede TP 

















vy cee eT wa Pde TEE, 






Howat: a ee Gfans ~ fun ied te, 

; Lt, pean sor) Tyg: 

i Hem : hie sels, aS, 
3 She ee ee the Chethicleen of, one 
t Phill ceall nieleond, of Mecl-anud. Mase 24, 





















j 
i 
| oveligy He Maserati of the Tins’ b Llctuvize vi Cites “Sas, 
, , # . 

Cana Weelgisr loloche Goudla lene" Tes: 


} Mernbbits lav Cleclhe Meeks ths, 







Miregrophe POL ceolnt Nheloow Slow YW. Y. 






“iy adrogen acl ots scbaticetes for Loven light “sg ’ 







, Kol egrasp Mn at eg ce a Sag fie 
; oe) 


( ‘ ‘ Dp ' pa 
Mesed. cf Lei gritietse ort! ofe Che ities ere © tess 120). 
Hater Ga "Veg, 

¢ 7 
Ardersent "Ye, 












pee ~ rat ig 


acaretnctpacisicnnenraee=s cena nama y ene, 
wa Ro alel ig i CPE Sg 




















136 


45 : 
| Pedecelion/ Bb ecw Brclevtionn: boll Zo. BS hi Kebboy ae rfecnlion cium iar farlise gp eh ie *eb: 13 1K 


Swdlse 1d". z Llbftredlles Met pen of Macbriateled) Adulto HF: 


tes on Lh hivslale Sacco Cont 4 PEM bean! 4 Yo. 


“aay teresa of ge 


¢ - “Pp o, 
Ceoftessanesthn Le Ieceirehoe ele siecas vo of free es uD  badicleen Cu) etedinl Merve ye 
: J, 
cbcrdy nevones: y iho, 


Los Saclceltr eae! Clcbiieal Phe Ma ry Ty, Hs Sex aliolp vy 
ae ae Che Ui 


a $. whe (pum tee. 


Hilaiine 


‘ 
Altsritanl 


4 Snolecctian 
é See alio fp.136. 


OED 


‘ Cesuftorcloma for ide lridetiecdl Goch. 

a howcerrcesa Cseelenld 6 f¢ Cuamab es . 

| Gueccleredl, yeipefetarve bees of pleeciliis, Ailigrefly Yb “Sp, 
Raleler, A elealiliile ra gs 


ie Duablets f tee, 
oct ds zeceh Beer sah Pat be of Spe howe sone’ ha: 5 heii “ihre 


Sfenmetlal dlirrtawatein of he A eh foadly ene 


Ligelitle Jet avd Outeles of act %. 


Meh fife ements on Ciboaneged Witla GG, 


13/ 


Me sestivetas fo Vin 


o 


Su delirmeneliia! fly fear eclire: conffleuitti fr if tnclaey ényely oftes v4 


Ounradted Hh Horny, alent, a. 
Gay AO "Feats" %, 
Coe MR Bat 
Beek Det “ 


7), * mar 
OF Sor’ AS hello J 


; Hous whet Wwe 


Sifunhemers hg htrueg baad, Us 
Greghlend Lriferervedl, he ho Mes, 
Ubnanian Ales Iho, 

Orctoncory roe lsh, Yas. 

Maulsivnls Vid “ay, Yoo, 


Ar . , i 
Preubritge Vaw, ty 


AL paniviies bof the Elects tneeliss fered ft. 

eraeaatiles ony tha ffl gf, lleseen Clogs wf hi lerves Yo, 
eelion Ms 73. ", 

Ou Aw Abe Toft Dilute An 


 Chelirenl, bs Bef Hoiey hes Dos. te, 


Cas Qivcis Vy. 
Cll on, Yay. 
Elecliv- dyno eel, by Fe Nenoy. ‘hy, 


nid Stolucleae conan “By 


Aa furalle L Crctal Ger: 


: oe as wObulled itd as Yq, 
: Sivas fhe offtisfrndamaleby Lo apanclustintenl with oe 2a Mailina A Magura es Meachene Yo. 
Aouliw Iudleecleen Pore vee by th Heh bartierf Cal” %. 
Strang wy, (* buducltérnt! Quarts Tp. 














Srvaliionm eld an asf Obs. . f Oh ini chy Elctizs lights ayy. 


e 





5 i I oe e Words tre iige : Whe 
ws my yf Ue Sesteisdy Ve Grethoes 
y, . 





| 
i 


i Uneandeadseent Cclesons 
Lemfes Horii 


a 
Swans 


HW Seles Balle, Wipro Coverings fy 
Preflial frome Cove hey “Soap, 
HM thes Sbelitete bn, a, , ’ 
j s ie fg 2s 
iL ee Ku ‘sc Prehiy Vos. : Sneandesask dus Ei furucleleire ff Gusgy ay Ye, 


b oG ' ; 
CC teelaene: ch Aa bher, "Gogm Lg itong 





Jncecalor Chae: cond Males Ye by Gasead 


‘ “, ’ 
on obiv-magnel e Silver Mncecaley- 




















Sade Seer ke Sz, Od Mu Lhrunt 1. 


jell 4, ffettsseten les “fp 
| Phereaseng tte Saber iti dadals Ob, by SU Beebe fy, 


oe WA yr) fu, 
Mdharvth tomnt the fbn heer fh ted Sey, 
’ 0m “Nb, 
bli-by Onages” Wg. 
Hh, Chaat Oraten Ng “bo, 
Hoe foe make, by No Wefhins Fas, 
Ciferernents by 13 LO Hofchunt Gy. ———. SEN 


“pt 77) 
Dreclimrs hie foanake “rd, 
























Unductin alone? Fbceghes’ “Feb, he as 
Bruck of thy b, by PSiahani Pall oy 
Weta GMO ha, 
Cofertnent shee 4 Kb Uerbests FRE. Bout. 








Hl Sretecledlovs Hels Pbnt: "yb 
' i ow . Vo". THcvrn feck ” “. 
: ; Aipelived puthad. ae 4 ge, a9. j 
A a GQ 4 . . 
sae a pf? ii feuroeloct, fr Brstilesting ir olagronnal Mens "Yay. 









































pers ers 3 














‘ I ie Mrraden rchagher bachin Sled. hes. 
Heat Gon chi Pray liters Malini Goo. 


¥ 


te ss RS 


we ch Chk e “Go 


Legdancdass Yes: br, Go. 


nn ad a . hy, 
Dacha iguat hese aia wader bug uy, . 





he jeilion VM ZY. we I Vpaefihe 
Loigetioal Wud m Leif, 

















188 








| Tum bh. Var. | 


At 
7 





Tcliies on AM rrversly re couclapy ly. 


WB, 


bhealeie Loft By ar 19. ne: Nea, 


leo Nein “Be, 
ena Ofok ho. 
1 Clooflawd « S-Terll ee eer: “Vag. 
0 Olle MMos r009 befae Kon, brs, Mets p Eonar 1 F, 
u PM Lereww SR SEAS 48. ay wf, 


te 
Koce ernefee races ceutde CO sa dad “A, Vso. a Ne. 


Uholimelice, vale nesthacl, forerit Sag f,, is cover lan lirn sft toflises ” “ap 


etelinee , dye Cer wae aN 5, 


; Gb term oly 1S OTe. 


nanklatioe Oe jie oof OM, els le light Us, Xs, 

Mh, adbisie oe haem of on te fins Meisellroun, Yes 
Cheap Lobia, wll Bs, 

Lalint eh, hohe: San, 

Koclaenl, Hole on lhe “ap, 


: She Nanelers ofelight- Vp, ‘ 


Bud Soeetl- “ths 

A Mt Sérindend of “Yeo 
AMechament Melsorv of ' 7. 
Hostile herepnrerils sae wn 
hn forovements wn Leabiie, GE 


| Kbadden WAS, Rhrt- EE: 


: Ch rscerocloto' We 
Made wo (GP by Mrovermant-e ae 


: eheart Chu U ZL $$; 


“fis ’ fhe 
Macs Cu Ohas. a 


Mi, reer ‘ Ho 


ae Sa we 


Cruchars’ #2. 


Cole sores ere Be 4. Yas, Vyb 7 xy iy ay, be, 
Mle (Q 42. 4 
Weihua daecennd So PAZ ME Mt, 


54) a “2D. 
“Crrecthads ' We 











confer | Matern 


| Metiéle ww by Pscnctangn So 


he Lee LB 8s 
SY. 


os -oelearedtie into Cleroned hati Gy BL leat Mle tA “FS. I. 


tthe fastenee of the Aro tv Jrcandescont Lamps Gi 

4 oo tere He Fi 
| Aewliicds Ad GE 
Mrarvtent OM 4% a2 < 
Sufloved, ef batiig» ow, ape ign 

hoes “ys Sbisel: Leerryfe Aeagu later Tos 
Gb, Lornefea coritesllla by L utecuit- pe 

‘ 1 Hea feleite-d, Fs Whe py 
ee ee tae’ Pike, 
‘Shemini Hetastins tao. 
. Wesléivs Yr. 
| Sls alti of Ielerercts en habia Lermfes Ge 
lel ( Sob Lovngf ) Hs. 
| Sets Leica, Yoo, 
her Clestiie of Sache vs 
Jobe Cochhixfis ‘i uh, 

Pencils Conisl Apecsidenind® Jr, 

Kiree bes. Checlite WZ 
he confecrceliine: ¢ of thei Carbone the Celiiirodem wp. y fag “Ye. 

» Geelire he bide) ass 


, Cuy-conbow eo, Ls, 
if ; 
Ductelet: Yoo. 
: Me More Sroffer vee Too. “M. 
genes Soy. 
Oe bvlbitiin pte hy Ape Cecbiee, df 
WE Sengers arian on Clevens Leary fay. fo 
Brush My. 
See oa Me 
Gosias Me Me serd. Ln Me hone 3 lag. 
Sener Yffeariial Vatsie fees Yay. 
 Mhe-corhen, a 
Pals file fublhteland eller dermanrt yas 
RAND , 
| Porky -avicl Hastaus Fr. 
Olercce cerecl. Berecues eermype Sb yi 


ee ‘97 


emanate ohare aie oTeT 





initio 





yee dobtie 
























be TEST ee ow cay 











en || Meg reelesrh/ laf le Bt ati ofa lomactucles Grcsversede bp wv Guseent- 


La 4 


tenccls 


of lect Dlhtition/ of Condetsbg Matisfeew lio) 

Lb % 
Melia of Be ccleg twcotad "Up . 
cae ra ! Sfearhe vi Gees 34 Pt». 
Dyidsilanif eve by the En alticts Mnimente” YY 

Ora be Auretusintil Low pf Keelia- hypearieat Ge, oy 


Ace, 














Ov thi fiinflaeatiine of the Lelia cles eiithe Iucleccliin Gfaate he, 
Sfoets of Mac mltiltzed Bald romflliait fan labiobgtc Go, 
OetediliEhcbie-mnagualé hs eli of Mee celine unk Ee ae “Ys, ~ 
bv the Ee, hefeure'af elestivalt, 4 andl om Clea Ai Buuagy a Yy 
bu-ke flow of Sequcs’ Yu, 
Crfterer rental Delesone vel eh Decbeatiiust 2 Onwticnts o tore Enwce a 
htiiial Geng Ke Ae 
Aiunvefe ae Abwotide ammirand Mat thanwl 
trl Elacbrurabg names rate ey, 
Sibelerleritank hornencbedesis ft, sav et Eicdiieal Moet” bez 
Liibisltien’ dane eprstiininithe ndiver f Mag agente 3%, 
thecteee’ Ee, Mobreuler Metin ee. : 
y : hr pica “he Magritte oh Geyer ae wel Bur ‘ 
Wa he Aber Ditialeinof Meyer eain/ntabandle saat filatit Uz, 
Ou Mlagrelis? Gourtacleldity fav Maechunedl,, L foam: frou Ug Ug ; 
WA DQruidedetion of Magnelisind ix Busetles frog Keniplated 4 ffirrbhagth %. 
YV AMewr heli batiisn Elecite, anda Mb ihafst nail foigut (i 
| Yheohss nv of dle habe Se cht en’ a coonftrentecl Gea Yr, 
he 7 of tha sana protidiond rt he Moms pve onthe Lathe on agnelihin! WE 
Gu Clactiver Aebensitids unel hut oensirn wv ecbarliite Units Te a 
Mi te 57. 
of Subranemitirs b, VA by Me bew Fh, 
Ov es aneomente oti vn to : 1 len cuclars eonsbiiclions Wb hy, 
On tha Wemrmemay Eleabiti- 4%4. 
Fhe 


it kth aw f lcber by 
fej i Me 


Siaors, 
WA 


conseee/ 


Neen varere/ 


; Ow he hts Lovech an 
2 sera’ i es y Me AL paced he o, 
3 


AIeled one 


Chay if of Laclsiely 

othe vik vg pp ae aagh bani tia’ Se, %y. 

Y. “eft es y Ly ftorveert/ 1a Yer, 

 Chebiveal Vortines "Cys, 

Sabvanburrent belie sMeians of eonme Sahin sect eefiankeds 
Scegc Mrntecte tei ftacititt fenrliiD eb sbiees “Ng, Sob, 


Yer, +33 
ad ¢) aun 


Lz, se dara of cv Cornducliliceversted by ahrinrent- “Me. : 
Ccrnuacl &; frag ye (gt 





Solin od mie 


$a. abso p15 r) 


Rt eT Ts se ey 





OM Shssrsees 
as Bf Me A ee F Peartey OF 
Wabiscleghe ye W. FO Chien Sabie 
— IE igen oy PS, Yes, 
Jf WH Shoclbed Gy, 
Midd Ieliiiey GS 
on ’ KM orto "og, 23 29%) 
chet of El ebiveily Me Lbweriitis Bowe f Herne! Vag, 
T Nise fees lea inclaly Cotrsedl Light ee ‘ 
clita Iudtrulir - for atheewwer eg th v Uotaitiiw ofthe Earth hor, ba Ny, 
She Meclrceal faypertics of Chentaa une Lcd Milerite “Ya, 
feat A oelze cet genvesile andi susfer htees forlicad cartbicel Ufeege veenasoledeins “7 69, 
Aralagy Mliiewn Ptetnely, ase Lclowsucs bondleclév by: Yo 
Othe lo Magra pctcton dle lx tlane oflblurs alas flight 
ster heifeane lef Exsth “Ypy, ‘ 
Ale ti of ee bteiliy wi Seaulated Celgrafle Muies "ey, 
Ei die Gini Cialiak Melasreleyys eg, 
Hes vetoes witha daleienely of Cersonle Crnemnitl ot Bice haarihesfecbtenleuli 
wecerole op Atha foe cnerenitlel heliieens thomidly, 
louthers aa aa saa rrbtaciienenit and ha taghhdf tid 
| fon ee is Batiny “ey 
: thi iesticl ae feamet/en Clusenetber he Yep. 
QDelinunaliin’af a ferrite of conkicel™ fies be Mies Ney, 
| Gu thartheory of ets Mhseuftiow — “Yoe, | 
Anncale yee or! 8b her coueser of Sorend ex eue/ neifersh i / | i | : 
Be, desufutd heaage f licbiveely You, oe | : 
eae D ik eee, feressecrcienet tle Gru toing ~llluls Yes. iM 
. he the r1sesaile: Moaserisnricls 4 ha Mel ass satis | 
- Mo Babig: Verte and Yo. 
Cb Asowevaliie Soren Qeuciliner ancl Ourrunt- Os, Wea ye Me ftw. oa: 
A aww flanernunenun Stilecel Clectivity “Yoa,"Tes: 
| Poclimal Oetestioned ad Atinul Current “hyo, 
| Ouchy Llectiee de ae p Liye fea 8 a, 
he Sh elu Lae ofthe LbiisS ertetbuss Bp 
cee Coeahap 
Ye ter Heer’ wey eer re "Pons We 
2 a Yo. 
| Olocbien Clcbizonetiie fore! ven of rage: Al oe Hs, 
Secs res fororcsliin! of Ernerg Te b he 
: OwLhs Qeonents~ 4 efeere 
Celetessit of Teale ae soap he 


ye a 











ou ial : ’ 









A log sealics 3 
















iow deeds 






ae 


















(ou, 


Crearsed by Led mea wll bk 
























? 
BT) 

















192 


i ae Merci 
j are, ra . ‘é . 
HM eegureltne’ ‘ LR A Oink Currerbei/, “ce 4 Bae Cs Le 


Secale plage. 





Dibirnuiteon fileeal A ffiaity ppleiins of Uettomitss terre Fas, May: 
3 She. Bor Oo Wher Sole here! 


: . a a 
: Of helivineleve Aree af conta er Melbmee: ae me 


‘ CLbiveal Duchorgee ad Caentune DQ bes 
: Plrlwehis Gee eo High Liege - woe, 94-07, 





vd, 
at. 
rob. 
| cf, dey tho Mee Mviteadl Gree valent fbeat of latin &M leagnelisi? Jou 
Vie alee tetsu Clenlil fr denser Py ee, CBivls~ Yoo, 


we: Sebllilivs 4 Nhs Elid dried 2 Corwen, a 
yp... AD livio: Ca 


Do htedt 4 Lig hit flen! Brtbives 





“Vy, 


Ovthis Clitin ols ef Sep eed tohrche of feat’ eirpfan foe of Malic Goo. 
Qewmet celine! of? oe , laagreet eo Le tite, Oreste oe 






ene Dbscticl, Rist ln Lol: ao een theibe l dislsteel earl ikine reeves ferrasnered hy Be 
AG forntle Slice of Metlov pas 
IAQ 
S 
hj 
He lo eel: Sheopey. g Nhe Sy Atti ntee | Guerre” wee 
Ke Moe hranveal Meliin’ of Lag eg hla. aie 
Lhe Mlanalese KLebiiv Bou er eae 


af Yi ot oriate Keo Shuery Vf Mag netee Mele’ Cs 


ISA. 
es, 





rare erecta etna 





Dauger of Ley 


MWMatosis F, wt hin Chae Discharges a Sart- 
é Leg hee be yiel Ooriceiataee 
5 Cpls Meg arnoscttout fadfier Chclecaluns Yes: 
: Coffer corse’ Sen On dlecclirs 


¥, J ae line 
iligrafelec Mg reelicne « 4 
; Lighiowng heals pie Srtabatish Yer, 


i Ourehy, ae, 4 





¥ 
Wlretitddons 


Pyslemn! %. 

: WA . ‘i xy 

° Oonidielirs meed. aerereeale “a Ves BR 

Dennis f Sgt Misi Cec Yo 

DO Losige Sac salle ~ Yo. 

: QDescryfiliin, ~, “4 fe Zao Yo Yay. 

‘ Cates RR erie als Ge. 

a a eed Cd Kbeant bf, es ‘hive Le abnteul ctrtarudesy ent for CPrdes b say Uy 

Op. Bsvarlha fan fer oe and ey Y, hevreelies Yo. Yes. te 

A lornalie! Qik eree, es fo Lbs et Cincher Ceol Ye 

LE bad Bene Ailey waethne « Made Mos Ye. 

oy ae wid Peaclan ay aa “G hes, 

A hear Ortrn! fon of , 2, Mhavinage hee. rae “Vis 

Oonubsicelein, Be Foe. Yo. 
eS SY 
yas 0 , 396 

Lefont G 


aa 


is Yau, 
bay bord: Rou, Yo. 


a 2 Jw Oeil? f- Us aS; 
Groen aes ae Z 


Ys ZL, Yor, Yoo, 
fies eA pte Li diag council 


Gites oni, 










ight, 





%. 
Fo. 
Hlooe stab tr, trek: Lier tolerigt coces frstirlecl “Yh 
Par Voy, Sos Lob. 

Yerty 


“Con heelsiv 


o> OM pate Vad peceoced Mohs eg 
Yer. 


A nse ctl. oval iiig Cats Yes, 
Gittcriwit evatnclovacirs Meiliry Aelities and snece Sip flantion aft Breclecelirs Bry r6, 
Sferaow f LUM Peeve ents ifrenref Con cbaitiry “Yu Y. 

ret yao aii hg ftv te Conclave Vee 

Qn Merv G 

Fife, (4 San hes ia agar 4 Go. 






























































Lobtrng Ueladby, Kt | 
CO Eagles ow Leliiny Cd Bits Yo 

A Oins Ouscle damayedby, Yu, 

Cauvcomsfbans OM searbelisvalas foiiues ve BiitiePiss Bs, 

ad Loe Ble ps Yur, 
Saray heats GlManepleans Etddincy. Th 

Ab Dhrasliiing vbarialiiris rude ee. sneer Deen Centelell lecicheley Yer 
Somes faalcrits of ty AO Mame Td a 
A Prnscernarst int tu foegronry fihiw dascllsii decay Mesbisnays Toms 

Beaded Liskin oe Yes. i 
utc Shs  Cines Feo. 
Garferesrenits by, Drath aid delicn Tote 
Prenhes of, ow jl,  Uor. 

Leg hbiiveug Stivhe Ys, You Yee . 
Ball, Yoo You. 
“ beens dlrige, YosYfrz., 

Serve elbeervedl a Ceneer by LL Dinas Gey, 
DU bdards bfruns Bb. Gey, 

SO disse Ha ce bok as Oa 


OT RO medion x. Yh 





" theenvalsone m4 Sect Ye. 





































hoses bs hisses eee Aes cent, efor eal bers Th 
Su alow AD. 184.  aiveais ' %, 

ines ECL 246, 

\ Mel of Seeasdmint ClDenl lenks “Yea, 
eh thgs. “Gs. 

brags ” “66, 


i E eee Ou blastic: Catevayps by Gof Myson ye Yes. 
f Seamer vay : EM. felon Cafere thes Sait of hate “os. 


| 





in iS A Aerie ni nam ene  evney te 























































¢ tvs xy omens Vat 
Bb Aes, abe Mh 
Atl, Thy 
kpeseond Wile Geli 


wf, Ae Mela REY ae 


- Meters Bice Yaw. 
Cteans Miter Yen. 
 Clslea., fp. 
Calspioriwld PoMeller Y. 
Chsrmecmabit (beinial retiline') %, 
(clfeancles’ Uy. 
Dyyecercerele ve echo, 7 breeds tte “y luge Gere bi Vey fy 
a Brahe bles Yay, 
” wMirscs Ty. 
eo hen 


LL. Mice Drover baler Yoo 






































i, Deifarale bagh Mlals from thet Cres Yag. 
Lae er iy eee A 
A ifhintiin of lecbriiuly be tharubuctiourt brig of tebe Ye 
Maes hug hily fbilienofecsmbittnrtethee Matile “th 
 eatiuf lasting cov CrrcrrneaSRedusts “Gy. "tho.“fap 
: ‘ overs Solelas! ‘ty ; 
SF Coffer cash tron! fy hy. 
Cashes yao wel Melecl, felons "fy, 
Thenerrily frrveifp thy. 
frans Hove Bitlet Galera lasts ferespes “to. 
Wvereng nalitred Corres reared i Heceeee 463. fas: hs, 
eVnedll Atel plating Ua. 
NY 2S ok ERA TS Om 
Pyfer tececl Ly AL Mth boo ines Brats Merein Cigancers “Ge. 
Shialbees sitthed of filatiiig bent Nil wih trihel Gy, "ha, 
: Cee Sawcvlegateore) wu Llecleo.rndaller “ “fg, ! 
Heh aie vs hfucr ulies for Leclio plating ys. 
Dangers of Geloonders Ite hy, 7 
ehechelletuig aithent- a bathay "eed, 
Utfor thebuiphhtiiy c chs, 
Cacbie/ladiiig witte Barmatls —10fss.toy es 
Baths y Nalin; Serf, S24, 
Peefertecs y tleclok trial defruselicl snetels “3, 
Clabio-nelallargy of Cable. Yan to, 
| Nestle Leabiwinetatleeroy Pohey 
Calin flaliig Doeictd Feathers "yy, 
D8 4 hw Mathrd he Fof AM Might Mohs. 
’ Beate Alig fe eleclioly hs Ye. 
ert eee naimand ada welch. rnelallergy fad "166, 
, Cleche- Lae “fy, Bslley, 
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Menlo Park Scrapbook, Cat. 1001 


No. 1. "Galvanic Battery" 


This scrapbook covers the years 1873-1882 and contains clippings 
about batteries. There are 131 numbered pages. 


Blank pages not filmed: 111-131. 











ors ro ray 





; NEWARK BOOK gets 


f WILLIAMS: & PLUM, 
977 Brond 8t., Newark, NJ 
STATIONERS and BOOKSELLERS, — 
MERCANTILE. PRINTERS, ‘3. 
: ioe ROOK BINDERS, 
FIRST CLASS BLANK BOOK MANUFACTURER: 
LITHOONATIT CHECKS, BONDS, NOTES, Ac. 














{Juno 25, 1875 



















sea. ‘hat you can all understand, as you know 
something of electrical decomposition. But there 
was"cno disndvantage. Ife found: that, ag the 
J copper did not dissolve, it became a famous plince 
for all sorts of zoophytes, ant alge, Larnacles, and 
{protozoa to grow upon; and as the ship went 
i Uivough the sea it became a living forest of ull 
1 theso things belonging to the vegetable and animal 
‘world. his was very inconvenient, and retardod 
tho ship, anit so thesa protectora had to bo taken 
‘jaway, when, of course, the capper—wearing away ng 
Lefore—was not covered so inuch with these living 
‘{erentures of tho sea, hat was an application that 
brought an unsatisfactory result, 

Another application was this—aud T do not know : 
why it ceased to bo used. It may, indeed, bo useit ¢ 
still for anything.I know. Some of you tried, I . 
dare say, when you went homo after tho first 
lecture, an exporiment with the zine plate and 
copper held on the two sides of tho tonguo, and You 
found that there was an unpleasant finvour, ‘Now 
the nursorymen tool advaninge of that property for 
uso in yordens, ant they thought that they could 
prevent soft animals cilmbing up their trees, I 
will draw a ketch of the arrangement :—Suppose 
wo havo 'n pint growing up, ‘The plan was to 
pul round the stem a little band of copper, and 
then a band of zinc, ‘Then ns the creature crawled 
along,—a snail, or alug, or caterpillar,—when tho 
little fellow was on the copper, and put his head for- 
ward, le came upon tho zine ; he did not like it, and 
at onco threw his head back; but ho tried it again, 
and still he did not like it: so at Inst, after various 
attempts, ho turned tail, and went down tho plant 
again. 

eT galvanic battery hay been applied sometimes 





: tM... Frosote finds that a. Grove’s battery. is most ! 
! efficacious when the nitric acid contains 40 per cent, af | 


Pi aad, ~~ 


TO Np ake Mer ennnenrmetsaa greg emnenrn sna 


TIS VOLTAIC BATTERY. 





























A Counse or Six Lecruuns, 

By Dn. JOHN WALT GLADSTONL, 1.2.8, 
Yullerian Professor of Chemlatry, Royal Institution, 
Detavenep at tun Roya Isatirution or Gniat 
Barra. —Cuntsrsias, 1874-5, 

(Contintied frona py. 113.) 

Lecerunn V.—Etxctnoryrina, be. 

*, I want—in tho remainder’ of tho lecture to-day, 
‘and in the noxt Iecture—to speak of tho practical 
‘ applications of the voltaic battery, aa 

», Yon aro all aware, I daro say,—at least every 
girl and every boy ought to be aware,—that if you 
yet Jold of a truth, it generally has somo uso, or 
outcomo ; if you get hold of a falschood it is barren, 
itis useless or worse than useless to yourself and 

to those round about you. If you find a real fact it 
will abido by you, and you can turn it in ono di- 
rection ‘or another, and make it useful in various 
ways. It is the suine with a true or a false theory. 

I gpuke of that in the lust lecture—did I not ?— 
with regurd to the theory of Galvani and the theory : 
of Volta, Gulvani's theory as to why his frog]is going fast, and mmuking oven moro noise than 
kicked’ was an incorrect one, and produced vory| before, But therd is a great deal more noise than 
little result, It would nover linve [reduced thega| worl in this caso; you will find that if wo touch it 
beautiful things that we havo upon the tablo hero ;]in any way it will snimedintel stop, The dificulty 
but Volta had n batter theory—an truer view. I do] is that we got very little mechanical work out of a 
not say that it was perfectly true, but it was n| galvanic bnitery. “These machines aro simply toys, 
nearer approach to tho truth; and that theory be-| and any atlempts which havo been made to apply 
enine productive, and led people to think and work | tho voltaic battery to Inrgo machinery ave failed, 
in various waya, and go wa lava these great reaults, | ‘The fact is that it is very much cheaper to burn 
and all theso beautiful applications, Remember, | coal in a ateam-engine than to burn tho coal in 
flien, that it is ‘a great thing to get hold of a true order to reduco the zino which is digsolyed in the 
{net or a true theory—great not only in itself, but} battery. However, thero is no mistake about tho 
also in the results that How from it. : power being capablo of production, and, of course, 
‘There wero various carly resulta from tho gal-} we can drive any sort of machina wo please. Hero 
vonic buttery. Ono thing that Davy tried was|is,a little locomotive—n jolly Hite thing, which 
this:—You know that the bottoms of gliips aro cop- | carries its own battery. It is a bichromate of pot. 
pered, in order to protect them from the water and j nah battery, 'Thero are two carbon plates and zing 
from the things that are iu the water, You know, | betweon, and the bichromate of potash solution ig 
too, perhaps, that the copper wears awny gradually, | put in thia cell. I have simply to lower tho zine, 
and, of course, as copper is a costly thing, it was |and there it gocs. It takes itsclf along very well ; 
desirable, if possibte, to protect tha coppor sheathing | but ff we had a train of carringes attached to it I 
of. the ships; and Davy Uhought that if he put/ think it would be puzzled to go on. I dare gay it 
Various pieces of zina abot the copper, the zinc | would hardly run over my notes, Oh, yes, it will, 
would dissolve and the copper would not, Ho tried }Z do not apprehend, .howover, for vtho reasons I 
it'with what woro called “ zing protectors,” on the | mentioned to you just now, that wo shall over bo 
copper sheathing of tho ships, ‘and no doubt. with poing along our Failways by means of galvanio 
very. good effect, becaugo tho alne did disgolve, and | batterios.:’ Coal must bo used in reducing zino, and 
tho copper waa: Brotedled in tho-salt wator of: tho | wo: can-omploy it botter for making steam, How. 


worked by it, Hero is ono which I will set foing 
with n little battery, consisting of two cells of 


forming of temporary magnets, Magnets aro nade. 








and unmade in rapid succession. Now the machino e 








to machinery, and we havo machines which can be ? 


Grove, ‘here it goes. It depends upon the i 





Sn ee aE a ENT A Cee Mek SOREN SOs CE ed 
















Creer 

















Jane 15, 1878.1 THE THLEGRAPHIO JOURNAL, tas 


ever, thora nro many mechanfeat actions which do You to look at, But you underatand that wo never 
not require any strong power, and for those pur- | get any galvanic effect at all unless we have perfect 
poses it fs useful, It has been applied to clocks, }conduetion. ‘Tho medals which’are omployed must 
und hy the kindness of Sir Charles WVhtentstona we ; conduct the force, and the liquid, ninst conduct the 


, have ‘an electric clock in tho fute-room, Some. | force. ‘Therefore, at first, it was supposdd that it 


times clocks have been mado to work originally | might bo easy to copy a medal or a eoin, but that i 
with electricity, but I do not think that thesa ai would not ie possite to copy other things ah 
4o yood as clocks which re merely reguinted by fare not conductors. But there was ono great tise 
electricity. Wo ean attach a clock of this sort to covery made which brought about the copying of 
other clocks, und thus wo can employ common other thinga besides motnllic boitics, and it ia 
oheap clocks, ani Koop them timed by our standard discovery upon which, I think, an insufticient 
clock by means of e ectricity. These clocks are! amount of attention has beon bestowed. | Without 
employed for dropping time-balls and firing time: | that discovery it would have been impossible for ug: 
signals in diferent towna of Mogland, and this is {to produco all thesa effects which we obtain now 
done very cnsily, : by the electrotype, Some discoverers lave pa. 
Dut another application of the galvanic battery, | tented their inventions, and mado large fortunes hy 
which is more common by far than its application | them ; but the gentleman who made this discovery 
to clocks, is the ringing of bella. Mere I have aj—n friend of mine, long passed to hia reat—ditt 
aeriva of bells, ond here is n Leclanché battery | not think it worth while, or dit not care to patent 
of two cally, I believe Mr. Murray told mo that| it. . Ifo, at tirat, merely announced it, I beliove, at 
this battery haa been going fur x couple of yenrs.ja Soirée in this Institution, It was Mr. Robort 
Hho value of this particular kind of battery fs that Murray the father of Mr. Murray who lent me 
it only works won it ia wanted, and it weara ont} thoso bells and aome other things in tho room, 
very slowly. We have only to touch any of these} 'Lhia great discovery ounbles us to ten either n 
knobs, and the battery sets ‘something ringing, It{ plaster of Paris cast, orn gutta-percha mould, orn 
has also brought out’ this. mark —" Ollice” That} wax mould, into a condueting surface, Chis Brent 
shows that tho ‘bell is being rung from tho office. discovery was the application of black-lead to the 
Wo touch thia other knob, aut n bell is sot} surfico of tho east or mould, You Inow black- 
ringing, and we ving out tho word “Study,” so | lead, or plumbago, of ‘graphite. It goes by thoso 
thne wesee that the boll is bein grungy fromthe study, | various names. Here aro some tine apeelmens of 
Dy imorely pushing these knobs wo minke contact, | that black-lead; but tho binck-lead which is em. 
ont thug nre ablo to ring the bell. ployed in electrotyping is in a state of powder, 
. But a much more important application of the| Now black-lead is a very good conuctor of clec- 
galvanic battery {a to clectrotyping, nnd to electra. tricity, and we lave simply to rub these moulds 
plating and clectro-gitting, and to that subject I} over with it, Hero isa gutta-percha mould whieh 
nvite your attention during tha remainder of our|ia somewhat elnstic, iy of you enn prepare tha 
hour,” moulds like this, and thero” is no difficulty jn 
You may recollect that I have already spoken to| getting black-lead at home and rubbing it over the 
you about the sintple clectratyping trough, aul how} moulds, You havo then a conditcting surface. * 
wo can copy medallions, ‘Chis ix such a trough as| ‘Chen you twist your wire round the moutd, ant ie 
nny of you can employ. It is sold in the shops utr} you like to vartish the back of the mould so much 
cheap price. "hire nro somo still cheaper; but T/ the better, ‘Vake care not to cover tho back with 
have not brought a cheaper ono here, though some black-lead. Pineo it in tho bath, aud in the 
of ny own juveniles, with myself, tried. one Yester- | course of au how you will have the mould covered 
day; for while wo succeeded in making medallions | with copper where it has been covered with bluck+ 
wo did not think they were quite good enough to} lead, IC your first attempts are not suvceasftl, try 


ydteaant hefora you to-day, Ifowever, with this! nyuin, and then yor will be rewarded with sucecss, 
“apparatus Ihave no doubt that wo can easily pro- | und suecesa which comes ut Ing: after a few failures 


Ware what wo want. Here are the zine ant the}is moro valuable tin sttecess which comes in the 
medals, and there is the porous cell. | ‘Then we put {first instance, When you have deposited all yor * 
the medals ina bath, and wo pour into thia bath any | want, lift off the copper with your thumbnail, trim 

sulution of capper, Wo put into the porous ceil! it with pair of seisdora, and then you can bitrnish ° 
Visulpliate of potash, or common salt if wo please, {it up aud puta polish on it, or yout can afterwards 
und tho zing will dissolve in that. ‘his fun copper) —hy the process I shall describe to you pre 
wire, by which wo enn join to tha pides of zind iny | sently—cover the medal with silver, You'ean turn 


of thesu medullions we like, and then we have (hem it into n silver medal instead’ of 0 copper medal, oy.) 


hanging dawn nt the side, A geaduat change will [if yor prefer golt to silver, as gun people do, 
tnke place, which is represented in the dingram, | yout ean turn it into a gold medal. ; 

Where you"seo the inedallion hanging down, |” Now that is tho simplest kind of cell in which 
change is taking place, aud the copper is boing | you can produce this elcctrotyping, In practica it 
deposited on tho medallion, whilo the zine plate— is ofton actually curried on for commerciat purposes 
which is in the other cell—is being dissolved up at {in that woy; but if you do not want the electro: 
tho sume time, Any of you can try that if youj typing ona Jarge seale it is better to omploy n 
tike. We havo’ some thiigs which have been pro-|xeparute battery. ‘Chia ig a small Since's cell, 
pared in this way, * Hero, for instance, is a tittle} You may tke nny other buttery you like, It ig, 
medallion of Wellington, ‘This ‘}ins beon just | better nut to employ too strony nm battery ¢ but any 
taken out, and thero is the medallion witha rough {of tho forms will auswer. ‘Lhe Smeo and the 
outside but thore is no doubt about the perfection |Danicll are, however, perhaps tho best for’ this 
and smoothnoss of tho impresston itsolf. ° Probably | purpose, becauso thoy nct' constantly, ant. com> 





Atwilt-be well just to prsg:round some of these for | paratively slowly. You place across your trough a 























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tiekel 
i pure 
ongly 
a tha 
Jnmst 
ay, tof. 
petro. 
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partly 2 
silver, 
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sla is 
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‘while! 
sited. 
horses | 
dark. | : 
ad tol: 
60 Wo; 
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-SHmons |. 
jthers, ; 
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aoe Endl we. De, COPE 





BAIS es 1 


het Jt 


tenes merments paneer nema 







































































































































A NEW BATYERY COUPLE, 
By Mod. MORIN, . aa : 
, = ss Bors ft HHO JOURNAL. : tune #, 1875. we ; 4 4 
‘Ix a memorandum presented by me tothe Academy + ; ee ‘ . Tuna ty 1875.1 8 TELE i110 ‘ . H 
on tho 24th Jane, 18 21 described 1 sulphate of | author proceeded ton brlet relow of tho rival contact on in See ee re a = : 
copper couple, which I proposed: os suitable to + ant chomical theories whivh liad beon ndyanced to ; > ine bet low! - H | 
therapeutics, and in which the precipitation of the | account for tho nection observed in tho galvanie or : ae ins Delma alovly flubla,. tntcep one -aditttonat Intornal | Hulsko, tho author coneluted by saying that tho por- . 
we copper was avoided both upon tho diaphragm and ” \ voltaic cell, co } qo ; “Although inferior to Daniel's battery in tho matter tet enel for universal nse nuything in con. : 
upon tho zine, I was thus onabled to construct | Having shown that tho former was in direct oppost- ; of constancy, tho Tcolauché possesses » decided nestlon th tstegraphy will aver be necounted perfect : | 
me gome clements which worked oven after two years ° tonto tho principle of tho consorvation of cneruy, Bei advantage over any other battery which has hithert via still nv thing of tho futuro, and aust, when if } 
> ‘land ahalf, Unfortunately tho electromotive force ‘ fand Gant the nT festing apparatus inventor 1 ee Deon tried go far ag tho socond condition is coneornod, venta onan its nae ne ronliao on the | ! 
, i 5 tale . : rf : ‘ainco Faraday's timo lind ¢ ated : 4 bates Me aned a 6 j 
/ | u was execedingly small; and though its use might Hic eerie) ho explained tho latest theory which o No -nuteceasnry sroule can taka placo from either | giving In the work dono s complete oth stata of i it. 
H particularly suit one motliod in the application of - Shad heen put forward, ‘This reconciles to some etioed r diffusion, Tho defects whon the battery | materialy consumed, and inspira on tho th “hand 
A < | therapeutics, it would not bo so suitable for nuother , jextent the provions \hrecrica, for it allows on tho one is j : we a aCuine Iny in tho cosroaiya action which takes | tho perfect contidence of the Daniell in bein St : 
‘incthod, In somo cases n few of the couples auf. * Taind, to Ak wupporters of the contnet theory, tliat - ‘ , Vite pin ih ue wre: Ho connecting wits is united | any emergency, and aver ready to respond to what. t 
f ficed to furnish: tho necessary resulta, since tho ; the initiat netion is duc to the simple contact of dis. , ‘ necting wito by the fumes ol (cca antag 7 the con. | over demande nro mado upon it, t : 
} moderato intensity of the current was compensated * similar bodics, whilst on tho other hand it asserts 4 In te ostleurnd tha Latlcere cad: the tocar off} ‘Tho discussion on this interesting paper was f \ 
' for: hy its prolonged duration: in other instances, .- | ‘Hint thiia action ean Lo maintained only by chomism, : whitedlent,. ‘Tho first twos it was pointed oath adjourned, and resumed on tho 24th March; it again ; i 
on thio-contrary, a vory largo number of tho elo. ; i Tho weak point of this, howaver, te wel ag of tho a ; 4 heen got rid of toa great oxtent by tho introduetion ootupiat eee neta attention, of tho mectings on tho l 
ments woul bo imperative, but required for afow } sonnet ery? Ferrari od en Ais : of tho trougle form of Leclanchdé, but tho last-named cise. Tho Tnpae ang on Lt wae ually beought _ ‘ , \ 
te winutes only, : ee i 4 eo Obs u had not tha far boen erndi B i * ortainly form tho J 
BY ssf Tiwi to object of ocading th neenvenien Iie nee to ae Uk mde ume, oraoied, SU fhe us| moe cape of on ok ove stra ison Uh 
1 : | Mfattending the use of apparatus #0 bulky, and at tho” force AS" hora without the (enlenritallgiorean tonnes of, this battory, it was urged, fa tho porous! report of tho ditouasion. Ne | i af ne sony at 
SA {annie timo so costly, as ovidenced in theso latter ; ‘equivalont from some other form, it is dificult to seo its or partition. Whether in tho earlier or later form | upon by several well-known gentlemon Str aie 
e + (instances, that I havo just constructed anew couplo | ‘how tho simplo contact of two dixsimilar bodies can of i Meso corack: or fake, ovving to tho formation of tho| Walker’ entored onrofullg ints to. selative r. O, v. 
ey . Wavhoso:olectromotive force is much superior to that : ‘itself elt into play any novel form of energy. Ex- } atato of solution ‘nto “tho it thoy pass from no} grphite and other battorlcs, Mr. Hawkins gave : { 
of {tho:elementa employed for therapeutics up to ¢ periment, too, it would sccm, can bring but little ‘ resiated. "This anc tho iva ny ‘ form cannot bolintoresting dotails of tho Leclnehé battory. Mr. \ kt 
) . tho present dato. ‘Tho couple I rofer to ling a great i serance to ncatistactory solution of tla dittentty, ; rola denne Ho gel vane polar! uation dinquality | Alfred Bonnott read somo interesting statements i 
: } Wig *Yanalogy to that of Bunson’s, to which it is scarcely tint fo for Au ae i itso at preaont must be left : i atrain is to bo vlazed upon ft 2 Meet a crated te Peer ee aisha) pinonte with Togard to now { 
% inferior with regard to its clectromotive force. ° o tho scientific imagination, . a “Joeal," and cannot bo reliod + Dr. John Hall Gindstono spoko 
Y Unlike Bungon's clement, in which the carbon is, ajiaving potted out the deletar ie olfgats of igateanic ’ 1 ‘ tonaneo of a constant current. el anon forthe: anal She foe ea ne caer auee wallet } 
art rey ry * polurisatio: a : y : ; Mr. Ti, dry pr 
Plunged ite nitric eld te carbon of this hone H ty Latterieg aro more or less subject, the nuthor pro- ' tion at alt tn Daniele of having (f porous parti. | rosults obtained in the Post Ofice. Me digging { 
clement is surrounded with a chromic salt whose | ceodla to stato tho conditions whieh, in is opinion i { h ‘4 battery, tho * gravity" form of | doalt with batteries for requirements of largo tit, { 
preparation is duoto M. Faucher. Thissalt, barring Rd bo fulilted Us erfect battery’ f tun : attory waa introduced: in this the liqnids aro kopt| and oxplaincd those uscd by tho Exch ge quantity, | 
" the water, very nearly represents the chemical con- { _ [alrout lawcaee thee ace fern abe aed aro O8 ‘ i apart “by tho foree of gravity alone. ‘Tho Minotto, | ho also oxplainod and nhowed in netion the Company ; ; | 
a stitution of Jacobi's solution. | talloga se Mees y a , f no,af the, host a of tho class, is universally | Thormo-Hfcetric pile” (of whieh wo skal! ae i 
‘An iden of tho advantage of this new process | (1) ‘Mint tho owrrent obtained from it should bo i ; |! rtieroeon ie uettnd swell he for some special readers a separate description). Mr. Alfred Stoo, i 
may be convoyerl by the stotomont that to produce | - foustants iat \ ae ha i yitnetfon. Sugland, ina given universal Pai sane Sicroating particu ara of tho well-known 7 
i determinate effect the abovo apparatus is reduced 2.) Whon tho battery is not actually requirce : , . . ... Dr, Simons furnished further Hl 
to about one-eighth of the Bzoat the sulphate of : a thero should be no action golng on in it i auotifeations witch fe tntterg Matented tor. a a Seunsnnsanley Mr. Proceo entered into minuto detail i 
copper apparatus, and it does not require cither ; attended by a needless concumption : nso in tolegraphy shoukt firey “tho current Baek an lig Ghecorssnent at a batteries ae 
maintenance or supervision. It is shut up, and Gy uanterin employed in ike. construction , . , obtained from it te not constant for any longth of} attention to tho dificult nature of aicatoal amen : 
‘ Veonsequently of ensy transport. Moreover, ono of 3° Med insintenanea. should not bo expensive, iN fimo: thero is a vigorous chemical nction attended | clature as at presont adopted. Mr. Warren Do Ia x 
| thego elements hna heen working for several ‘months, seen ete ate. should by a8 inexpensive ag My \ with unnecossary waste going on avon when tho] Ito showed his chloride of silver battery of too 3 ! 
[these cleineats ina been we Lhd apace urs at ah ove te eben ality oe i 5 battery is nt rest, and tho” matoriala omployed in it} clemonts, and with tho afd of condensers ind vacuum H 
: “and, having regard to its presont condition, Thopo hee er a hondling thou, : aro bath expensive and dificult to handle, “Notwith. | (ubos exhibited various oxperimunta ou tho stratifi | 
its duration and constancy will yet last a consider- ‘Tho Dani a ia wolected’ as tho frat battery for -° { ‘ atanding all this, Grovo's battery was largely omployed | tion of light. ‘Tho diseneston after a roply from the : 
bl : eae . ‘ examination, not moro on necount of tho time. ‘i : until quite recently in America, So also was tho| author, was brought to n ‘eloso with Dona ablo ; 
*: Sees £ PSS SOO as * | honoured position which it occuptes, than from the , spartalr oF yatzoroton eatery sacl iutore foi Tangri {fos tHe peeellents ; ‘ 
, , fact that in one or other of its numerous modifien- i s volution “of Iichromnke Of carbon immersed ina} oo. . e, men tPA tices ies Ca een sa 
; ; ; vf potash ns tho negative; MV aby HW q 
To a Danie llr, , ctl ies a ptcor ginseng |. eS. 
‘ 4 ioneldt., Both of them aro now fast disappoarin ° deo its “ae Tanit Be 
and tha »muechauieny oF ane “rdinary : ior let Ae \ in favour of ono of tho ntnerous forms a Trnvity Murnsné. W ATTH AND Co.,‘of Baltimore, an enterprising 3 
ie battery fulfilled moro than any other, tho first | battery, tite Callaud, the Hill, tho Lockwood, tho; ee toleginpty: material: nnd clea’ real apparatus ; 
{ y a } K i Fi kera, ted ov" dd effective Battery — ; : 
i conto Hit ot conta ee H but Vint na fend 6 rt ho Callaud, which isn gravity battery puro and! Tnuulatorsof whfel weglronuliiog enilon. ‘Phelustlator i : 
Unneecssary’ wasto of materials is constantly golng on i ample, fs hat which Ig coming into most extensive i red th ron tho {a dntotaod to lo tnertes into miele? * 
7 e 4 i ‘ tise in America, Complete rest, so ng to provont tho: {bored throug h tho battery framo when the cell or cells ‘tt 
in it by zoey a eae ul the inn on a ha H : imixttro of tho two liquida, {s casontiatin it as in all! of the battery nro placed upon it, From its peculiar | 
sult each are employed, ‘and Tio fomount ‘ot f ' , Shailat ‘ene of gravit ee dor. oflcient working, form theso cells nro maintained freo from moleture, a 4 
real work dono. is thus out of all proportion to tho i satisfactorily fiat fs ro ire i aad “appoats: 2): 
matorinta cousumed, With the object of surmounting \ ithe ape i ft Hit 3 ror red of it. : 
‘ this ovil, which is inheront iu allforms of two fluid : “ pecinl feature of tho Lockwood fs the nrrango- j 
es ea Phecth mk ww bntterloe, M, Leelanché introduced tho battery duoniti othe pegativa clement, It consists of two; , i 
tie Es nner esr Trem See o, MY chia, although admitted to rio coils of coppered wiro, and an upright: { 
i which bears his we Th i it batt admit Wy | standard formed of n straight ploco of heavy copper F i 
Proceedings of Socicties. bo suporior to at gr Preah batterice jeer { wiro provided with nuts and washera at cach end.! ? ¥ 
5 jane tho disadvantages to which thoy aro aubject Ghee 7 Those colla ara wound in roverso directions, and the: | 
ROOIETY OF TELEGRAPH ENGINEERS. slanoy ie not to bo fuund in tho battery wvhon it a j influence of tho electric current passing through the | : 
‘At the ordinary meoting on Wednesday, roth March, | incessantly worked for any longth of time: tho varia- ! BR coils when tho battery ia at work, is auch as to keop : 
Mr. Latiaen Crank, President, in tho ehnir, ; {ion in the strength of current is nitributed—frat, to | te By the nrorelotra ef the buttery. alesse, i 
G y a o : * 1 
Tho paper read was “On Battertes ‘anit their |tho unconsumed hydrogen accumulating in tho nega: j thero is ‘nny special virtue or not in this ereangoment| H 
of the coppor plate, the author was not at preaont i 
mi 









Employment in Lelegraphy," by Jastes Sivewniour, | tive clement, and the giving riso to golvanfe polnrisa- 
« Associnto. After stating that it was not hia |tion; secondly, to. the formation of double salts— 

Lorides “and ziuo nmmonic chlorides—which 
g : : 


prepared 10 809° ston to tho Balti batter ai 4 hecauso it drips directly to tho framo-stand or into a 
tho: form manufactured b Me ae Bl attory, aud Trough arranged for the purpose. ‘Tho insulators can 
: il by Messrs. Biomens an bo mado of any insulating material, but aro mostly 

: manufactured of glasa and poscelain, Already they 

{ Faro oxtensively uscd in -Amerien, and Mr. roscott, 

+ Pelcctrician to the Wester Union Telegraph Company, 

1. predtéla that thoy will-como into gonernl usc. That 

; | gontloman's opinion {s- tho reanit of an achuat 

| personal aequaintanco of the uso of over fiftcon 

hundred of thom, ©.) , 


M. 
{utention to cnter ufo the history of {ha battery, the | oxyc! 



























PA rte ution 








ON ‘TUE ELECTROMOTIVE FORC OF 
LIQUID BATTERIES, ' 











“T distinguish; lowoyer, in the hydro-batteries ‘ 




























































































































weighed beforo the experiment, 21°859 gr. After]: 






fincly-ground substances, such ag yormillion, sulphate ‘Of tho zine dissolved, Now to preclpitate 3000 grins- s: Faraday found that distilled water, in 












. Nature, Vols x. No. 245) Suly 9, 1874.0 |, ' é ~ ay ee a aceace at oe : . sBenerall yy those chemical and diffusion processes, 
: | ‘On Vaporising Metals by ilectrletty The following | Les Mondes. Vol. xxxiv., No, 6, june a 874 ; | Pit cube ly studied by M. Paalzow in nrecent | ial Aigo bak teat with ig open elrenit, from those |; 
‘Tatnyplo-roaulta obtained by frictional electricity may bo { . Electrolytic Pile-—M. L. Maicho.—A doscription o [ , er - of oggendorffa stnnalen, — Kolilranach | ae h are called into play through elosure of the 
of intorest; porhnps, tno, of uso in tho investigation 7 - ‘ this battory has alrondy nppearad in our pagos (sco sae f Alone appenra to have previously endeavonred to; ~ ‘cirenit, It is only to tha enlorific values of the 
of certain minerals aud tho netion of intense heat} * ‘menronarnte JounNat, vol, i. p. 173)+ One gonerat |i os dotormine tho electromotive forces of liqnida by tho Intter that the compensntion for current work can ¥ 
upon them, ‘Tho description of n okinracteriatic expe- | consequence of tho construction of batteries ‘ia the {f:. . f =electrometric method (Poy. Ant., Ba D2 : jhe attributed, ‘This may be explained with al: : 
Vinent fo all that will-bo necesunry to explain tho|- t wonr of the elements composing them, oven whon:tho M. Panlzow repeated his ex: eriment “7 Dy 200). Daniell clement. If in constructing such wo use]? 
‘process, and to show how similar veanlts may ho ob. i otroult is opon: henco if thoy aro tnused for noveral succcas, ‘ho quantity Bot 7 iat i He without amalgamated zine, which, befire closing of the cir- j 
_oiued from othor substances. A very fino thrond of | nye tho current fs rapidly weakened, and porkiaps Le- but often exceeded by ‘olectricitte 3, whill ronal cuit Is hardly attacked nt all, then, after closing, 
“teheot platinum, of about an inch in tength, is placed comes nil, ‘This Inconvoniunce, very serious oven for 1, sulatora of the menswcing 8, Which tho in- tho entiro enlorific valuo of the chemicel Ss 
’ Wotwoon two mieroscopio allies of glaas, and two plecos ! bustteriea at rn wwoak aleoteoraotise fores, auch ae thee te and which, in the taaniputationa tnt nroacessene ‘the battery is equivalent to the enrrent-Wark, Tf : : 
jof thin shect copper with rounded onds are placed in need in telography, necosuitatos Tho cual alwaya recur. i ‘however, Unamalgamnted zine he tuken, there nre |: 
: i 1, tho + to pieces of thoso of higher power cach timo wo conso | bean _ ¥ q ig o taken, { 
FETT eee ee tara brantte i as! : : ‘ them, bo it for ofow Trowes only. Those dint: With aid of the galvanometer, on the other hand, ¢ two chemical phenomena to be distinguished—the 
“Neo oxtona Beyond tho glasa slides, but not to bo ns’ ‘culties disappear with-tho clectrolytfo battery; tho somo goal regults have been obtained. Wild hns { Missulving of the zing which would secur even in 
tbrond ; 0 chargo of clectricity from about 8 square fect | | only attention consists in changing tho zines when |; shown that there aro liquida which follow, Male the open cirenit, and that whieh is produced by the 
‘of Loydon jar is passed through the metals: tho effect | { they aro used up, and in renowing tho acktulated water. Jnw of tension : Duets lic series of members of t} current. T have convinced myself by experiment 
of tho hont from the chargo is 40 ynporigo tho plnti-{ ‘Tho exponso is t contime per hour per cloment, for nf} tion of tiNtitict x “ igheat value of electromotive | that the purely chemical dissolving of the zine in 
‘num, which is instantly condoned in n transpirent { purfaco of 3 jaro Speirs of sored Hines ‘ant iy Liquid tte niained Worm-Muller con the glosed circuit is equal te that whiel: would 
flay . veslie] : a of this surfaco will uso up in tor fore . sotively. ini 5 ocenr in the open circuit, and tha “work 
(ASAE serena ria tetteae| Ha eas ais aA a ala Keytar ey th lyons oc 
{to dotermino the charactor of tho ‘motal and its offect ‘Joss of the mercury may bo valued at 10 contimes, and wards all liquids, fr ween water 2 “dissolved by the current, 
H % i i ho sulphurio acid entines,~-total { { no difference ef tension hetween a 5 : 
“fapon roflected or transmitted light, Copper, tin-foil, ! tho expense of the sulphurio acid 20 ¢ i Airy hias found i L that the thermal currents A Daniclt clement was constructed, the zine was 
Min-foll amnatgamated with mercury, gold, aml silver, 1frane, If the proportions are accurately calcutated, | and nitric acid, ant Tiqnida nro extremely not amalgamated, the cireuit was opon. ‘Tho sul- 
‘oan be used is 2 staal, manner, bitt they produce aud tho sen cutraly used, wo ona depontt in 8 fale Wativeon water, eae oe atele cteadiet this phurie acid hind 'w ap. gre 043. "Tho zine plato : 
loyors very dissimilar iu appearance. ‘To act upon < yanic bath a pound of copper equ / enlent |: wenk, ‘Tivo ather frets F ; : | 























































































































































; hypathesi vo tho highest remnining twenty minutes in the open circuit, it 
‘of antimony, sulphur, ce., a line of tho powder must ‘of copper wo must havo 1127 grins, of zine, whence it. Fetion with other substances, gave the highes! ame Bt aN per q 
tho mado, and tho chargo bo passed through in, tho follows that the Kilogrammo of coppor doponited by : Weer and Quineke, that diaphragm-currentsare wolghed a1414 § Hy having (hus leat o 745 7 : 
‘samo way as through the platinum. Part of tho vapour means of the electrolytic battery's current will cost considerable only with distilled water. lg st nt Af numer clement was mada 18 like the 
oscapes from batween tho slides, but this can casily bo i franc, Boventy eleruonta used to produce tho olce. | MM. Panlzow's observations refer chiciy to the ‘first as possi ie, ‘The circuit was closed, and the 
‘eondensed. upon cach of two pieces of glasa placed in linia light eont bout 50 centimes an houry Mf. La! influence of the nature of tho separating surface on; voltameter inserted (with copper electrodes in sul- 
* ‘Ig ‘such a way asto intercopt tho vapour ns it passes from ‘Maicho says that “ tho electric curront follows a direc. ; influence 7 ne aiatttie constancy of this force, und | phate of copper), ‘The unaimalgamated zine plate 
: betwoon tho two stides; it is then condonsed inn Tong} ¢ ition contrary to tho genorally received opinion, and is; ‘ electromotive foi ae earrent works i i weighed, before the experiment, 21°893 gr.3 aud | 
‘but narrow lino, ‘ho manucr.in which the glass in In faut of tho highcat importance, meriting an attentiva! : H the compensnion bee ora Nave thought itindispen-| after the experiment, which lasted twenty minutes, 
‘affected by ae Heat and tho Ce produced by | oxamination, According to Mi ald eory te Stang : ae See ath rae faco af separation belweer 20'927 st having thus lost 0°96 gv. Inthe eopper 
tho oxpansion of tho vapour. aro worthy of notlco,; { goes into tho conducting wirefrom tho trou qa oe : sable to liv paar re . ; {voltameter ovag4 yr. copper was separated ont. E 
‘Considerablo difficulty will bo found iu vaporising | -. 1p tho zine, Does not this theory suppose tho oxist. ; the liquids. ML. Dinlzow at Gaines aa Nhe quantity a7 zine cnivatent to Ants, whose | 
coppor, doubtless from its being such nn oxecllont con. enco of on offcct Leforo its cause, confusing Overy Ox»: : ey ition. Mo specially studied a hq) hate of zine, separation waa attributable to the current, wos} 
‘ductor. Somo of tho powdored substances appear to : anation, ‘and rendering rescarohoa based on {ta : isting of uinalgamated zinc in sulphate of zine, aaa Tn the closed cirenit th ‘as thus | 
srequiro 6 small spark to bo passed through them boforo vital lex very diftcult?’? At a futuro timo tho} ae hydrated sulphuric acid, distilled water, sulphate Sieat ar 1 ti he oa ciret then was i ans 
‘ thoy allow a largor chargo to pass, as if tho particloa r rf 4 {ses o polut out * other not love important: ‘tat vith amalgamated zinc, ‘The fiquids were dissolved by the purely chemical process, which 
cad t E 0 author promises to p L of zine with amaly one taining | also occurred in tho open cirenit o'966 gr.—o'a50 
«wooded polarisation. . : causos of error’ whose study hoa been too much ; in a sories of large Ustabca, it We tol isin mi Geogi Ga his quantity of zine is hnost ‘Po 
ree wee em PE ge rape imag stam neglected until now. ' Zine, the second sulphate ot 2 } ome pheaes 4 
eras ; 7 Us poe cris shh fe Delta of ST calle hard sulphuric ned aul als: F sama, sthe first zine plite fost in. .the open | 
5 yhato of zine, th ri ; 
J ve . ~ tilled water, the fourtle bag aut athe cleetrode of With tho some Ind of zine and sulphuric neid of i 
Ne? Yar al. ef ! 7. e 3 Ww ys the fied baryons ¢. ‘Tho zine electrodes wero tho ae specilic fravity, Several experimcile hae 
ek Ata / ' 5 an RE rue Ong analgama Ve 1 nitror-compass nud ; hnade, the results fully agreeing with those described, 
: ? F connected with a Wiedemann mirr Y i This appenra to mo important in reference to tho 
3 saat anita . . | contest between the chemical and <the contact 
“|” Prof, Macueop mado a communication * Ona Simple), ; = sheinfeal proces ini tha; theories (though I cannot hero pursite the subject 
. | Apparatus for Showlng Internal Resistunce in Battery ‘ . Wists ron Ustso tan Carpavpy Bartreny.—In using: caso of lyiit hatcoriets tho she ea Tandy those Tien 6 pursi : y 
x i) Celle." Two tuber about half a motro long, aud ono a tho Callnud battery for telegraphic purposes, it often: 4 battery itself, it readily app fant -electrorno If, now, wo were to ascribe the current-work of 
‘ of which fa twico tho diamoter of the other, aro closed “4 happens that the connecting wires aro enten off by its batteries can furnish a eonsiatt liquids contain liquid Datteries to the calorie values of the diffusion 
‘at their lower'onds with corkr, On the. corks, aud oH cnergetio nctlon, Tho remedy, saya the T'élegrapher, foree, in which all the constituent a srocessea, it must only be those whiel appear in tho 
‘ within tho tubes, reat two discs of platinum foll, con. Is to atinch tho wiro nf the bottom of the copper plato, cither the same noid or the samo radical, | Trosed circuit; and ovidenco must he furijshed that |: 
“i nected with binding-scrows by platinuz wiros passin, and havo gutta-perchn to proteot ft all the way down According to the principle of consety ition 0 ae yo tho diffusion “al lace dilferently i the closed |: 
, through tho corks, ‘Tho platinum plates ara covor to Sts lowest polit, Whon oi! is used on the furfneo we expect i compensation in the battery itse or hh it from th Kes thes eel Tit] yn hel if ' 
j with small quaritities of chloride of silver, and tho of thia battery to provent ovaporation, tho zines ina j tho current afforded. Tn tho battery undor cont circuit from hatin thoopen, Hitherto, such proof]; 
‘tubes aro filled with a solution of chlorite of zinc. + bo readily cleaned—of tho deposit of black oxide with ideration, sulphate of zine, hydrated atlphuric! is wanting. But according to tho experimenta. 
‘Eneh tubo is provided with a disc of amalgamated; ! which tho oi combines—by dlpping them in a solution rite ter, sulphate of zine, one would seek this) with tho battery, sulphate of zinc, nmurintic neid, |- 
-‘aine soldered to n long copper wire, which is. well * of caustic soda nud water, and scrubbing them with a fel Wee ay 'a enloric processes between the : acetate of protoxide of zine, sulphate of zino, the i 
fortknt nf RS UE iT Cra Hee Ta | Common battery braslt, It isn good plan in telegraph a NTH uid MO From theso tho chemical pro- | current here can neither bo attributed to the one 
“,j80 that thoy nearly fit tho tubex, ono being exnetly, © ofticos to place tho Callnud locals In a caso with shelves constituent Hat oo t their enlorifie values, are, 05 | nor to tho other, inasmuch as cokl is produced by 
‘{ double tho diameter of the other, and therefore ex- - and glass doors, on tho walls of tho room, aomo 4 or 5 censes, I reference siminated ; there renin for the diffusion, . en [3 
iPasiug four times tho surface to tho nection of the «| feot from tho floor, in order that thoy may always bo } previously et i at sronesses of difusion, ‘Lo Lincline, therefore, at lenst in tho ease of liquid |’ 
ay sttees ue cevrous ott be foals Tenraaie md ta pala eights : Se Ht to those M. ranlzow thinks impossiblo, | batteries, 40 Nobili’a opinion, that the currents}; 
° aser! 0 Me i 


ees sia oucrout wit be ne ° snarenta WY to ray eee found a battery in which, throngh pro-; 
: minished ‘uy lower Fhe zine Mate in the tubo. ‘in os . oe  tueion only coli is produged, and whic 
“order to obtain the amo deilcetion of tho galvang- #3) Je \ ‘. A . iy csssce of ie F natrong current this is th o Pombin 
motor by Shi nnerow cell, the iintahen hotweon tho : Vw Yiy UMMA one | ‘ \ ‘ ; Mot: Sulpliato’ of ‘ane, ruurintie acy tape 
i u \- ween |- . i ' te i ot | 
those of the larger O10, Brusett ae Seay Wear Pe ee Ferre josie: ane srntextte et ste ‘tituaton process here, murinti 
An foding battery hos been described” b} “7 * electrodes. Of tho di P 
t 













produced by them have similar origin to that off. , 
thermal currents, and that the componsation for the. 
ourront-worl: is to bo sought in the heat absorbed } 
from without. I am nt presont occupied in ox- 
| perimentally testing this view.” 












Tho apparatus may also be used to show that op. + % cclron ( ine gives a lowerin. 
[poet celle of tho same kind will not produco a current, : - fir A.B. Taurie, ya, Siaimied that tt some ; ae ned nee Aerie with acotate of 
‘or this purposo the platinua pies ara connected. an olectromotive force ractleally constant. § of tem arate it acetate and aulpliate of protoxide 
-[togotter, and thetwo zine plates joined to tho galvano- og | Carbon and sino plates: dip into a solution of protoxid sxeil, givo no change of temperature, 
v°, (/jmeter, No current will flow, whatever tho. dl stances ' ere | toding in fodide of zinc, tho fodiue preventing | - G of zinc mixed, 
‘{between tho plates: arane | volarization, . The ztuy ahould not be amalga- 5 





4} inated, and should bo. removed ° 
| Hon, when tho cell 1 wok workin Ne ‘tosted 
by'a quadrant electrometer, the clectrontotive 
| cores was very. appbroxtmal ely: ony volt, and 
hour's short eireulting,:" Ae pe en 


i 


















FORCE or |" 
BATTERIES, 


ELECTROMOTIVE 
PALLADIUM «IN “GAS- 





tT was demostiated ‘by Graham, in ona of his 
‘erearches, that palladium has a powerful at- 
tractive force’ towarda hydrogen, so that it’ can 
condense, in Its pores, more than goo times its own 
:| volume of that gas; and further, 
thus condensed amt combineil } 
repeated «| power of deoxidution, 
Platinum ¢} oxide. of iron to, proto 
gen), that: | ferrocynnide 
~ reudily ox | ceived hy 
polished 1 fand cond 
by acidule | ozone y 
* From researches (especially 
tromotive force of gas:l 
that this force depends not only 
Minitics of the constituent gase 
[Power of condeiisntion of4tha so 
the clecttores. 
inotive force of ny 






repnred oxygei. With palladinm clec- 
Hitnomena: is still moro comptioate 
hd oxote from the eli 







tliat the hydrogen 
tad’ at yemarkable 
80 Uhat it reduces sults of 
Nido salts, nit changes rei 
of potassium into yellow. Ie con 
ydrogenium (the hydrogen thas combined { 
ensed) ns the netive form of that 


hemical decompo ; 
milladium neting ina voltameter 
je Lecomes-coated with n dark 
oxide'of palladium, 
ed in unrcidulnted water, and in a 
je motal tukes its original properties; 
ther, ns a atrongl 
ervations, Inelud 









or silver wire rolled round the pot,: ,The spires of this , 
wire are sufficiently wide apart to avoid capillary action : 
and as they enwrap the pot they come In contact at an 

infinite number of.points with the liquid which exudes 

It is at all these numerous points of contact : 
that the air exercises its, oxidising action ;and: effects ! 
depolarisation, The battery can be charged with liquid ; 
and discharged again by turning ,a‘tap..1f zine and ° 
, liquid be supplied it will last indefinitely, because, the j 
air is always at hand, The electro-motive force of 
ic potash solution iss 
th pure ‘sulphuric’ ac 






This oxide ia 













oxitisiny body. 
that of the timo 
ing of the palladium with hydro- 
plain tho difforcucesa obtained in the 
rmparative oxperiments with platinum 


those of Butz) on 


a 


on the opposite 
but alio on the 
i bodies forming 
the high electro: 
as-battery with platinum clee- 

















Lo this is owing’ 











coll charged with ca 
From these data Prof, Villavi, Yolts on'an average 
tizipato that a gna-batter: 9p 


trades would present a still 


of Bologna, was 
y with patladiam 
renter electromotive 
electrodes; and his 





contact «| led to an half an hour after they pave, in: the 
» & constant deflection of Go® 
appearing cleetro-negitive, He alse 
amilnr electrodes wilh chetienlly 
lrogen, nnd thoy gave ne enrrent fn 
He then formed with dheso 
gaa-hatterics,-—tha ono with platinun, 
Ir palladium olectrotes.—put them in 
ion, and closed the cirentt’ with (he 
vhich gavo an initinl deflection of 
With oscillation—to 20° or 3 
and after somo time to zero 
licnted n suporiority of tha palladium 
Ag soon an tho galvanometric. defleetion 
d sunk only a few degrees, ho author conipared 
means of the galvanometer, the platioun 
ndium in contact with hydrogen, and ob. 
tained n constant deflection af Go" to 70°, 
before this experimen: 
trodes had not, durin 
Tle compared again t 



















the hydre | elec 
force than ono with platinun 
oxperiments have verified this, 





i le first tried to com 

motive fwree of two 
Uitinum, the other wi 
dium is i] secondary actions prov 
forced (o reduce the p 
they ure 4 forma, and then study 
may thus] the comparative action of 
hydrogen | jy hy 


ware directly tho clectro. 
8 clements,—one with pla. 
palladium electrodes: b 
ed go disturbing Uiut he was 
henomenon to its mo 
Tle thug examined, firet, 
platinum and palladiuis 
then he compared the netion of 


when the circuit waa closed’ bya shunt of to ohms - 
during 10 minutes, the clectro-motive force diminished 
nt 1 < and ‘it “returned ‘to ‘its" original 

it had bédn operied three minutes,’ 













about’ 16° per ‘cen 
value'after the ele 








Aydrogen, anu uppe 
quite immersed in ncidutated 
tho foregoing investigation, ther ry to 
@ the palladium, which can be dono in 


Yate VALERIE WaCIUttLy UNE 


it is neceasnry to 





Be 
ion of oxygen in yas-hattorics with pla- 
finum electrovtes is very complicated, Prof. Villari 
commenced by taking two ordinary gins tubes,— 
ono containing 2 platinum, the oth 
plate, both motals well polished,. 


t: so that tho teyntive ¢ 
this process, lost Uieir uction, 
0 two platinum and palladineg 
electrodes covered with oxygen, which at frat, a 
atated, gave no deflection; und remarked tut the 
latter gave a strong deflection of 50° to Go’, the 
pearing as the attackuble clement «if 
the combinution. 

This observation, repeatedly confirmed, is nn ine} 
ication (M. Villari says) of ‘a secondary 
tion of the battery with pal 
dium electrodes, and which weakens its: inte 
(HL it is nearly equal to that of ti , 
A similar phenomenon occurs with the pla- 
80 tint tho platinum cannot be used as 
electrode of tho palladiuin batte 
ther, if ns soon na the galvanometer conn 
tho opposing batterien has been deilected only a few 
degrees, wo close ono of tho circuits for a fow 
minutes with a short copper wire, it ia found, on 4 
removal of this, that the nection of the other hatte 
Preponterntes, on necount of ti 
actions which wenken moro {) 
‘0 than that closed with the long 
yanometric coil, Annlogous observations and 
parisons were mado on batterie: 
electrolytic hydrogen and with 
+ and similar 
ry | haps leas warked thar 

tho. leas cleotra-chemical :dftfure 

tinum and hydro; 





ae 


“The Fuller battery, now extensively used, is 4 
romiate‘of potash battery, 
terior glass: jar containing a, 





or a paladin 
—and giving no 
the galvanometor, when the tubes were 

Ho next halffilled 
Prepared oxygen, and 
after a long time, the galvanometer 
alll remained at sero; wheneo must bo inferred 
cither that the metuls had no particular influence 
on. the oxygen, affecting ity netion in any way, 
or dint the influctice in both was the same, 
tecide this ho took two 
























modification of the’ bit 
It_consists of an: c 















Med with acidulated water, 
both tubes with chemically 


solution of bichromate of potassium (1‘part bichro- | * 
observed that, 


inate, 3 sulphuric acid, and g water), in which the 

cs Inside of the glass jar is 
& porous cup, the bottom of which is covered with : 
a layer of ‘mercury to the depth of half an inch. 
The zinc is cylindrical in form,“and terminat 
a foot which rests in the mercury: ; ‘The remai: 
portion of the porous cup is’filled with a solution * 
of sulphuric ‘acid and water, ‘one part acid ty, forty ; 

sof water,’ ‘The improvement claimed by the’ in- 
ventor consists in maintaining the zine always 
standing in the mereury, which renders the battery , 
Very constant, Its clectro-motive force is about 
double thatof the Daniell, while its internal resist 
ance is low, and, even when the exterior resistance + 
is quite small, the. battery remains rema: 








carbon pinte is placed. 
appearing in tho ac 














to platinum ele 
Polished platinum wires, 
merged in neidilnted water, pave no 
* he then filled one of the two tubes with 
chemically prepared oxygen, and kept the other 
Ii acidalated water; a alight « 

peared, which quickly decreased to nit, 
ul with oxygen’ acting 















some time ag electro. 
It is therefore clear that an 
negligearble, is nso to 
i plate covered with 


netion of this kind, perfectly 
bo attributed to the palladiu 
oxygen; and it may therefore bo aflirmed that these 
metals linve no special influence on this 
rees withthe nlready 


he ordinary secondary 
to battery closed with 



















known fnot tint neither 
oxygen when 












id) 
hemically prepared 
‘emulta wore Jind, thy 
» corresponding to 


serving in a voltamater ns positiv 

‘Tho aation of oxygen is, on the other han 
lively when it is obtained electroly 
vthinsenge tt is mixed with 
“ ozone.’ M. Villard, usin, 
“obsorved’ that tho ono: d 
‘wns strongly -électro-pos! 

















f certain quantity: of 
two: platinum electrodes, 
ipped ‘in ozoniaed oxygen 
‘9 towards tho’ on 


geniacd palladium. : 
Mari compared (wo batteries (o- 
ro charged with hydrogen aud oxy: 
eotrolyically. thirty to forty minutes 









gethor, which we 
gen doveloped ol 




















FS ee ce 





hose | 


Dantell~sulphite of copper inthe lo 
nd sulphate t 










for; 

i ‘This battery has 
the Italian: Telegraph’ Company: and | 
Railways, Its'.cost’is’a°s0 francs 








‘a5 ‘francs for-a'Callaud’of: equal’ * 












- Current .(Lluatrated).—M,  Trouy ‘ 
pparatus containg 40 or 80 elements, and its volumo 
Joes not exceed 2 or 3 cuble declmetres. Ench of tho 
Hloments is composed thus: betweon two dises, ono of 
feopper, tho other of zing, aro placed a number of 
round picces of blotting paper; one hinlf of the roulean 





j has becn saturated with sulphate of copper, tho othor; 
half with sulptiatoof zine, Tho cloments nro arranged 
! for tonsion, in a caso of hardencd enoutchous, and: 
: About a conmunutator and galvanomoter; tho whole. * 
: being enclosed inn mahogany box, Wheu tho Apparatus: 

+ Ia to bo used, tho clemonts nro simply all immersed nt! 

| once in ordinary water, which, absorbed by tho pai er,” 

; dissolves tho attiphnte of copper and sniphato of 2! 

z producing tho chomical action necessary to a current, 
Tho paper remning moist a long time, To rorchargo 
tho pile, it ia suMiciont to immergo it one-half in 

sulphate of copper xolution (since the sulphato of 
zine is continuity being produced). ‘Chus tho battery 

is very cconomienl, nud suitable for speciniists, or) 

“ medical men, who may only uso n dattory at long 

. Intervals, "Tho modo of using it is fully detailed, 


























SEPTEMNER 4 1877.) , THE TELEGRA 
ed 
————SS——==——— EE 
MOWBRAY'S “POWDER-KEG" BLASTING in 

BATTERY. : ' 





Tus electric machine ‘for blasting purposes was) 
atented in 1875 in Canada, the United States, and 
England. Several advantages are clainted for it | 
over the ordinary. machines—for example,’ the A 
exciting surface, is cylindrical, since, according to i 
Hearder in the Philosophteal Magazine, Vol. XV. po 5 
ago, “cylinder machines have a superiority: over | 
plate machines of equal surface, in the proportion of / 
four to one;” the reversal of the crank, by the 
operator under nervous excitement of firing, causes : 
no damage; provision ‘is made’ to absorb any | 
moisture that may get within the case, so that time | 
does not impuir its efficiency if laid’ aside for. some : 
months, Its weight is.only 20 tbs., or about two- ‘ 
thirds of the old battery’ with its cases, It is com- 
petent under every condition” of atmosphere, . 
whether damp, dense, or ‘rarefied, to evolve at the | 
will of the operator, a supply of electricity sufficient.’ 
to fire fifty exploders. tt is also claimed that, by * 
the tse of Mowbray's.patent electric, fuse exploders { 
in connection with the blasting battery, fully twenty ? 
‘per cant. of the explosive may -be cconomised—a | - 
considerable saying. : core ° i 








ne,; | 

























iy , n 





« 


Wi 






——eeESESSaoeeeee SS 
|] Exucrmean Avranatus.—Letters Patent have been { 
:pawarded to Mr, Stanley, of Holborn, for improvements t 
: [in electrical apparatus, stated in the Specification to ; 
sfeonsist in the construction of tho class of elcetrio bat- 
| terles which generato disnamie electricity so as to 
‘Trender them moro portable, by making the cell (jar or 
bottle) which contains the voltaic couple of about 
double tho internal leugth of tho netive portion of the 
Mates, which will be generally of zine and carbon. 
‘| Lhe plates, if they extend Leyond tho half tho interior, 
must be insulated from action of the exciting fluid, 
3] or they tay bo half length, and ho fixed either in the 























































tl 
slate cover rests on theedge. As for the sulphate 
of zinc, itis constantly formed by the action of the 
battery, and there is no occasion to renew it, 
{op or tho bottom of the cell. The purpose {4 that : ” 2a. an 7 s ‘ 
the battery mny be turned upside down, and in guch te eine steel kets used up after some une ae 
position there will be no elcetrical action, as the fluid tas tobe replaced. ‘The paper is renewed at the 
(or MInids in caso of an inner pot) will not then touch | same time, ‘The copper, on the other hand, freed 





















clastic substanco, in such a manner that the fluid! current, will serve indefinitely. 
cannot escape, Within tho sealing is a yatyo, s0 fixed | - Such is the moist pile so called hy the inventor: ' 
that tho internal gases many eseapo nt less pressure and it may be remarked in passing, that this name 


{han would brenk the cell or tho senling: this valyo} has th dvantage being rigorous XO y 
consists of a tubo with a picce of sheet india.rabber | sEtlig Conse tate ice en sens 







Dan 











































0 } the E fry pile is ‘ine: : pes A 
tied over it as an nir-pump valve; the novelty being | applied to: Zambonta files, whence an only : their Employment in Telegraphy,” read before 
¥ ; Mie eheeanen ou tla te Ay fealed a y cell, in virtue of the moisture they absorb, M, Trouvé's 
far g vided for connection of | . ile? eel olive 
Untterics with apparatus to form a portable boll, For! pas Haat Plg A cerca as 
ree i this a Lox is divided into two parts, ono to contatn the { nie | ene varies with ¢ “i ers 
1 i battery, which is closed, and the other to contain tho’ inform, Its resistance varies with the diameter further o 
) slectrieal ball ee a taller to roll up tho condneting | of ae tise of copper and ae and ihe thickness Grove's)'hi 
{wires with ouch, This part ling n door which closea | or tie intermediate pile of paper. Vor a given F ical worki eleg i es 
1 { tho apparatus when out of uso, and a handle above for | diameter of, metallic discs, one cannot diminish : practical sorting for telegraphic purposes gues, 
B {! Fearrying the whole, Mr. Stanley claims as novelties a! much the quantity of haer without prejudicing to 
4 } long cell, half active; a sealed cell with a peculiar , some extentethe durability, which is one bf the 
a ( valvo; # water-tight cap for cells ; a cloged receptacle : principal merits of the pile. On the ather hand, | 
H i with solid terminals for cells; 2 boll rendered portablo; | in, proportion as the thickness of the paper is! 
) frat eat e dente eeoae sane ceneraeng the. ongae increased, you augment the possible duration of 
) threo being noveltica as instances of application of tha i active service, and at the sume time the peguele : 
*} provious parte. : BEC ey ' toa caer ; 
Soeonpeliag aida Ser ements awe me al M. Trouve's first application of his pile was to; 
an ee ACen therapeutics. He unites a large number: of 
HIC JOURNAL farm 1, 1857 clements, of small size in a Case (the smallest | : The addition ‘of this merc 
: hee ne Fs aera ena metallic discs are the size ofa French sou) and ture of the batte! 
MOIST PILE OF M. TROUVE!. . thus produces what is said to be an excellent! : : 
oats: ¥ : Apparatus for Application of the continuous cur. 
Tins is a Daniell which has the advantage of | Pan peer oa ithas considerable tension \ 
acting without liquid, or at least without free” “The pile algo Tinds’ application 1M. "rouve's + 
quid. capable 7 escaping. on tits vensel Srhich syutem of military telegraphy, an account of which: 
Gon toa 7 Sond die eine, 2 ie a da ils ! | has already been giveivinoyr pages (Trtcorarite | 
way ima Foun lace zine Z (fx. 1) and 9 dise « Jovnnat, vol. iv, p. 184). "The portable battery is 
, Of copper C are placed parallel to each other, and," ‘here arranged in three superposed cnses (fig. 2) 
separated by a pile of paper discs of slightly less ot te al , 





‘diameter. ‘This mass of paper can absorb a good 





‘saturated solution of sulphate, of copper, the - 
upper half with a solution of sulphate of zinc: | 


hardly occurs except on § 
. 80 that there scarcely any internal work of the 


the Daniell, | a 











BICHROMATE 






. FULLER'S) M 





Telegraphic Progress in 1876," 
ly. appeared in the pages of the |; 
on was’ made of the new formof 
recently introduced by Mr, 
‘The introduction, however, of a n 
attery by one whose experience on the Bubject 
extends over so wide a range as Mr. 
deserves something: more than a Pp 
So-many galvanic combinati 
another are almost dail 
‘hot saturated solution. of sutphate of copper, : 7 that we arecompelled.to 
extending toa certain height in’ a vessel, so that ofthemunnaticed. [tis 














pet Cue sees seals eed aaa ‘ ich has alread 
\PHIC JOURNAL. [inno 1s, 2872, | ; ; : | Jounsat,t menti 
! 


|. Bichromate battery 
john Fuller. 






RAPHIC JOURNAL 

long as they last, permanently am 
“not only rescued ‘the Bichromat 
being included amongst the lumber 
a fresh lease of ‘life, an 
prospect of a lofiger existence. than even in its 
palmiest days it could formerly have dared tohope 


wns of one sort: or j 
being brought forward, |e: 
Pass bythe greater number | 


is therefore nu small comfort | 
clement has simply to be lowered till the:  - : when amongst the crowd we alight upon one whase 


behaviour thus far does nat ‘be! 
which it at first si 
ment in the every 
scems likely to be attended wi 
The old Bichromate of Potash, Carbon, or 
yas it has been indifferently 
ht by most people to hav 
atter of history, and few anti. 
arance on the scene of action | : 
in active competition with such rivals as the ' | 
icll and the Lecfanché, 
g of it in his paper 






















ie the fair promise 
ht held out, and whose employ. 
practical telegraphy 





Electropoion batter 
tho plates, ‘Tho batteries aro sealed over with somo , from the copper deposited by the action of the ; : pamed, A tious 
cipated its re-appe: 





















REE 


Mr. Sivewright, ° 
“On Batteries and : 







the Society of Telegraph Engineers in the begin. 

samation of tte ; 
in both this and + 
Grove's battery, had constantly to be seen to; ae 
he adds, * Bath (the Bichromate and : ¢ 
ve now had their day,so faras general | 


SENET 
(acta SELLE T IG tg, 


ning of 1875, says, “The amal 
zines; a point of vital importance 





CLL EEL ELD 


Z 
Z 
Z 
g 
Z 
Z 
Z 
Z 
g 
Z 





in all probability be speedily numbered 
amongst the experiences of the past. “The wonder 
really is how, in the face of the other forms of Tf! 
. batteries, they could ever have stood their ground 







gam which is thus formed it will be found that an 
electra-motive force will be produced as powerful 
‘as that: in the original combination; and’ the 
strength of current will be in no way diminished 
so long as a good connection is ensured between 
portion of the metallic zine 


80 long and so well as they have done." In the 
discu sion which; followed conse 
"or water to one St sulphuricacia. 
which is of the shape show 
in a porous tube, to wh: 
added, and which is the 


quent upan. the § 
“Ue zinc element, 
nin the figure, is place 
ich an ounce of mercury Is | 
Hed up with water only, ° 
i ury is the essential fea. 
ry, and to it the disappearance of 
jections which were prev 
ainst the old Bichro 







‘| this amalgam and that 
which remains, : 3 
The electromotive force of the combination is 
equal to about two volts, or twice that of .the 
Daniell's cell; the internal resistance, by varyin 
the thickness of the porous vessel and the atrengt 
of the solution, may be made to va 
ohm up to four ohms, according to 
the battery is called 
In point of cost ¢ 






















the main ob, 
urged 


mate form is chiefly 
duc. 


plute is in this way kept perma+ 
nently amalgamated so long as it lasts; the con- 
Sequence is that not only is the internal resistance 
of the batte 
stancy—the sine qu 


jon to perform. . Tao 
is battery compares very ., 
favourably with those which aro ‘at present em- 
Taking, * for in:tance, the 
aniell, and assuming that both are. employed on 
a hardsworked wire, say joined up in closed circuit 
or on one of the railway block-signal circuits, the 
statistics of the cost of each will be found to be 





ely diminished, but its con- 
tion of any galvanic combina- 
tion for telegraph purpozes—{s to a Rreat extent 
insured. The action, after the battery is charged 


loyed in England. 













and the elements are connected with each other, 
ly, and ccaches a 


deal of water, and remain moist w long time, § seat : : ‘i f commences atriont “irmed|atel tks 
: under cerlain working conditions, ‘fhe lower : . d Ee eoge SEU A : maximu N's 
half of the pile of paper dises is sonked with y 





The maintenance is a very simple matter. On 
“an ordinary working circuit, such: 
‘ pSUeK, : ; , as a single ntedle or moderately busy printer, no 
‘Thus we have all the elements of a ‘Daniell : : a * extra crystals will be required, after the battery is 


Prime cost of a ten-cell. trough fitted > 
COMPTCLE sssrsearserearersrores 
Sulphate of copper for six months 


Complete rehewal at the end of six 


» for instance, 











as the\solution remains of an orange colour, none, 
i when it begins 
‘be added to it. 

‘ {| The only specific fault which developed itself. in 
Uattery is lost; this loss Is the greatest fault of | : Jt : Rent eacahe cating prone oe pver gil con 
“ . zinc element, under the influence of the acid em- 
ployed. This danger hag.-been effectually got rid 






‘battery, and ihe two ‘liquids giebarated much Y A. » Once setup, fora period of six months. So long 
etter than with a porous vessel, Wit h such an . : : ' pat toads a 
“arrangement, the using up of the copper sulphate i 5 Se? beac it is stated) will be réquired; oni 


Fuller's Mercury-Bichronu ; 
Prinie cost of a three-cell battery (equiva. 
lent to a ten-cell Daniell) .srcrerecron LO 15 0 
Bichromate of potash and sulphuric acid 
for Six MONS sisssserorressressrinresercsoere O 
New zincs and mercury at the end of six a 
MOMS sessssssorrssororsrseseonseceneerene O 2 8 







passage of the current, 7 5 |. ‘to assume a’bjue tint need crysta 







of by covering the rod: 








made of hardened caoutchouc, with covers made 
of slate, ch contains three elements; and 
With these nine clements, the speaking apparatus 
may be Worked at several kilometres distance. 
The pile, it will be readily understood, can be 
carried without care, inclined to one side, or even | 
inverted without any inconvenience. : 

The moist pile may also be applied to the 
Apparatus for communiention in trains, and in 
pencral wherever it can be transported. In 
telegraphy it will be employed by preference on 
circuits of a certain resistance, to which it is 
more pecially adapted. by reason of its con- 
tiderable internal resistance, It is, moreover, 
much Jess liable to variations in internal resist. 
ance than the ordinary Daniell. But the princi. 
pal advantage is that  alrend: indicated-—viz., 
the suppression of the internal work of the pile 
when the cireuit is open, 









































h'some protective cover. 
e like. An objection 
that even when the 

cel} was not in action, the zinc seemed to be 

acted upon and gradually to disappear, 
» doubtless be the case, for the mercury 
j ". power ofeffecting thi 






« ing—wax, indin-rubber,o 


lates nor porous pots are 
urged against the battery i: 


Neither the carbon 5 
~ o evidence has 


taken into account. i a 
hefore us as to how.long these are likely to last. 
The former would appear to be practically inde- 
atructible, and no appearance has hitherto been ob- 
ny local action going on with them, nor 












ut from theresulting amal- { 






















































“! REPORT UPON 


BICURNOMATE BALYTERIES, al 


Dy the COUNT DV MONCEL, 
(Conctuded from yago 42.) 


Tryltence of Carbon’ Dust and of Sand in the : 


Bichromute Pattery—A curious fact, which shows 
the superiority of the sand Latterivs, is that, in 


certain circumstancer, tho energy of theso batteries. | 


| §s greater than that of a couple of small dimensions 
with free liquids ; but in all these cages their 
: Senate tee is higher, . 
M iat is tho eause of this augmentation of fo: 
in tho batters of Chutaux ? Thin question divides 
itself into the two following: What function can 
the conl perform when pounded and piled up round 
tho negative electrode, regard being had to tho 
polarity of tho latter? What part does tho sand 
play in tho transmission of electricity between tho 
two electrodes, ‘ i 
Tt resulta from my experiments that tho mixture 
of carbon round anelectrode of the same material 
has tho effect, at tho outset, of, rendering the enrbon 
negative, if’ it is positive, or of increasing its 
negative polarity if atrendy possessed of it: but at 
the end of about a. quarter-of-an-hour, this effet. 
gives place to another, which is in tho opposite 
direction, for then the carbon becomes positive, if 
it is negative, or stil moro positive, if it is already 
so. Ag to the action of wet sand substituted for 
the free excitative liquid, it appears that its interven. 
tion in a battery may considerably diminish the 
effects of polarisation; aud, neting in conjunction 
with tho pounded coal, it gives n real su heriority to 
tho battery of Chutaux over all other batteries of 
hat kind, 


Tujfluence of the Greater or Lesser Proportion of 


Die hromute of Jotushin the Excitative Solutions 
There always avo in. tha nection -of blehromate 
batteries auch contradictory eflvcts, that wo enn 
only decide whethor it is or‘is not advantageous to 
increase tha. proportion of bichromate of potash 
when we Jaye fixed on the kind of effect whieh 


ought to.be produced by the battery, \ If this effect | *: 


ought to be durable, thera is au advantage iu not 
using much bichromate, for tho electromotive force 
ia not increnged, and it has been found that the 
oxpeniliture of the zinc and the weakening of the 
solution ara more considerable, in a given time, 
with tho solutions rich in bichromate than with 
poor solutions, But if we wish a moro energetic 


tumedinte action in tho battery, it is certuin that the |, 


solutions richest in bichromate are tho ones to Bivo 
* tho most effect, 

sg ftylitence of the Greater or Lesser Proportion of 
Sulphurio Acid in the Exeitative Solution.—In my 
oxperiments on this point the onorgy of the current 
incrensed with tho quantity of acd, but the con- 
sumption of ziue was much grenter than the 
dncrengo in the energy of the battery warranted, 

It is probablo that a part of the increase of 
the onergy of tho bichromate battery with .tho 
Poggendorit liquid is to be attributed to tho 

. sulphuric acid which is thero ino Jarger proportion 
; thon tho othor liquids. For prolonged action, it is 
“ihnitely better fo use ry (ghey acidulated 
, and we have proof of thi oisi 
and Dronier solution, wh heels 
most energetic effects, while yet it contains the 
least proportion of acid, 9°83 per cent instead of; 
I2°1d por cent, : 
action of Ohrome Alum in the’ Bveitative 
Solution.—In order to ascertain how chrome alum 
_ mnixed onco with tho solution would act, I took 
some violet crystals of Uiat alt, and having dried 
and pounded them and dissolved them in water, I 
compoxed rin oxcitative liquid of chrome alum of a 
slaty violet, which with a now aystom of olectrowtes,' 
Nke what I had used for my experiments with tho’ 
quid solutions, constituted ‘a veritable: voltaic 
couple. 








hich gives on the whole tho] ' 


The addition. of | s' 
ing weed. 





This couple -gavo a curront mich moro, cnergetio; 


; than I should have suspected, and nearly equal, i 
K 


tho first momonts of its 
battery. ac > i 

Td short, the bichromate battery unites in itsolf 
four. systema of chomical reactions, necting in tho” 


lowing, to that of a Danicll’s: 


samo manner, and n fifth unfortunately too cnorgotio, ; 
which: acts in a contrary direction, ‘This Inst is” 


what enuses tho formation of chrome alum’ at the 
negative electrode, ‘The four others ara: (1.) Tho’ 
oxygenntion‘of the zinc. (2.) Tho reduction of the 


dichromate: :(3.) ‘ho transformation of the sulphate, 


of sesquioxide of chromium into sulphate of 
protoxide of chromium: and (4.) Tho reduction 
of tho sulphnto of potash, We understand, after! 
that, why tho effects of this battery are 50 com: 
Wicated and sometimes even contradictory. - 

Conclusions—It_ results from tho preeeding 
rescarclics — { 

1. Ehat of tho different: arrangements of tho; 
battery of bichromate: of potash, tho ono whic! 
gives the best results, in respect of the constanc: 
of tho effects, of tho onergy of tho olectromotiv 
forco, of duration nud ceonomy of action, is tho 
arrangement with tho sand and carbon dust which 
M. Chutaux has given it, but always with tho con. 
dition that the moisturo of tho sand be sufficiently, 
sustained by menns of porous vases, 

(2). Tht tho excitative solution which gives, on‘ 
the whole, tho best effects, and above all the most’ 
regular and tho most constant effects, is that of: 





Voisin and Dronier.. © Seong 


i 


If tho action proditced is to ‘bo continuous aud, 


durnblo, the galt ought only to be 20 por.cent of the 
woight of tho water, and tho liquid can pass four 
consecutive times through the battery; this pro- 
action is {o be momentary aud energetic, there is ai 


advantayo in dissolving a larger quantity of galt, 
for the foreo increnses with aie ‘quantity. : 


portion may oven bo reduced to 12 per cent, if the 
iquid undergoes only two passnyes. But if the 


Roverting (o MM. Voisin and Dronter’s salt (page 


41), I may add, that with resistant cirenits and a 
sand-battery with coutitiuous flow, it will be quite 
sufficiont to use t part of salt with 10 paris of water; 
but with free lqui 
to prodtco a momentary action, n largo proportion 
of the enlt should bo used; and the more concen- 
trated tho solution, the more onergetic is tho eflect 
produced by it. Uhego liquids in the saud-battery 
with continuous flow may re-pass soveral tinics 
through tho battery without invalying much loss of 
forco, nt least in tho earlicr moments of f(s netion, 
which is due, as 
that tho chrome alum which is produced as reaidua 
may itself form (onco it is furnished), an energetic 
oxeitant which usefully adds ils action to the 
remaining solttion of ti 
tho only kind of battery which gives a reault so - 
advantageous; and it is thus, doubtless, that I 
havo becn able to make the same solution Yespnes 
through my battery 15 times without the appa. 
ratus put in action by 


il batteries, which aro auly fitted 


vio shall afterwards eco, to the fact 


chromate, Whis may be 


it being arrested. 





Shh Coa Re 

ToLadintings © aby tue Leo. | 

Tun Inox ayn Zine Barreny or Dn. Vesa ann.—An 
‘J endeavour has been made in Germany to replace the carbon 
Jin the Bunsen cell by east iron, In this couple, the iro 
i plunged in ‘concentrated nzotic acid ut first 
| Piasive state; after a eertain time, however, the 
tion of the liqnid diminishes, and the iron diss 
effervescence, and the cell. hag to be Unnounted at once. 
Velsmuana, however, has found aw 
by adding silicium. 

























) 
| 
i 
i 


n | 
nasumes a | 
concentra. | 
olves with | 
Dr. | 
reas for remedying thin! 
by ad “He thus obtains a metal which remains! 
inactive, and the E.MF, of the battery is not diminished, | 
ilicium permits also of more nzotic acid; 


















































































































hy 
pybsey 
pele 
cal“number6f fornis which’ ropeated|s¥occu 
¥ invariably be referred to the samo gondral 


vover, 3 
precidely, 









rye 
yptler 
A paper“ Onan Ate Battery," by JIL Gianstoxe, 
PhD., LBS. and Ateunn Thing, .G.S,, was also read, 
Tho guivauic battery which we aro about to describe is 
founded on n reaction that wo brought under the notice 
of tholtoyal Society Inst spring.® Wo then showed that 
if pleces of copper and silver in contact aro inunersad 
inn solution of nitrate of conper in the presence of 
oxygen, A decomposition of the salt cnaues, with the 
forinntion of cuprovs oxide on tho ailver and a corres. 
ponding solution of the copper, whilo a galvanic current 
passes through tho liquid from copper to ailver, We 
stated moreover, that this was no isolated phenomenon, 
but only one of n largo class of similar renctions, It 
veemed desirable to examine more fully tho history and 
tho enpabllitics of the elvctrical Powe thus produced, 

It was proviously ascertained that tho combination 
of tho oxygen takes place only in the neighbourhood 
of tho silver; and tho following formulu tay serve to 
ronder the chemical clinngo and transference more 
intelligible :— 

Beforo coutnct-— 

mg +O 4CuzNOs-+-CuzNO34-nCu ; 
after contact— 
maAg-+-Cu.0 + CuyNO3-+ Cu,NOy+ (n= 2)Cu, 
This action {s qvidently n continuous one until either 
tho oxygen or the copper fails, 

Now the oxygen of the atmosphero is practically un- 
Himited it: amount, but thero isn difteulty in bringing 
nny large quantity of it into contact at once with the 
silver snd tho dissolved salt, 

To f{neilitate this, wo arrange tint the silver plate 
should have a horizontal position just under tho 
nurfaco of tho Siquid in the cell; az, in fact, we con. 
vert it into n sill silver tray full of crystala of tho 
same meta), which riso in projections to the very 
surface, The copper plate tics horizontally under it, 
separated, if need be, ot a pleco of smuslin, and con. 
neetion fa made by a wito as usnal, ‘Cho vertical part 
of tho copper plate, from a little abovo the liquid to 
the bend, whould be varnished; otherwise solution 
principally tnkes place there, which canses tho hori. 
zontal part of tho plate to drop off, Holes nro mado 
in tho wilver tray with tho view of shortening the com- 
munication betweon the nir-surfaco and tho coppor 

plate, and of facilitating tho movements of tho salt 
hh solution, ‘Cho solution itsclf may bo contained jn 
a shallow trough or saucer, 

That dissolved oxygen is absolutely necossary for 
this chomical chango hns been already stiown; but it 
was Intoresting {o measure by a galvanometer the 
Aiffercnes of tho currenta obtained by means of an 
ordinary, that is agrated, solution of copper nitrate, 
ant one from which tho air liad Leen separated to the 
greatest possible oxtent, A Thomson's galvanoucter 
was omployed, which hind a reaistance of 2631°5 units 
at 183° GO Two cella wero prepared with vertical 
plates ‘nud ntike in all reapcets, oxcopt that tho ono 

* "Prue, Hay, Boe; April, 1872, vols 220 J's 290. 


TUE TELEGRAPHIC JOURNAL. 


contained an ordinary 6 per cent solution of copper 
nitrate, and the other a. sitntlar solution which had 
dean deoxygenised by the meana described in our 
former paper, Another experiment was mado,with s 
different pair of cclls and an tt per cont solution, It 


was necessary to tse tho 1-99 alunt; and tho follow. 
ing wero the amounts of deilection:— 
Expt. 1. Expt. IL, 
‘Timo after ——., 
diumenton, Oxygen Deorygen> Osygens  Deorygen= 
hack, hol rev, Ive. 
1 ininute. 7. oy 130 ww 
4 niustes, 73 9 go 8 
n i 68 6 75 6 
49 oo = =< 53 35 


‘Che contrast is evident, That the dvoxygenised 
solution does give a deflection at all ix due partly to 
tha diftonlty of excluding air, and partly, perhaps, at 
first to the oxygen condensed on tho surface of the 
silver plate. ‘ho effect due to the water itself is Ine 
appreeinble, 

From tho natura of the reaction it might bo ox- 
pected that the current would gradually diminish on 
account of the using up of the dissolved oxygen in 
the neighbourhood of tho silver; auch n diminution 
always does tnke place, at lonst after tho first few 
vibrations of tho needle, 

It might be expeeted, too, that when the amount of 
action has run down considerably, tho mero moving 
of the liquid so ag to bring fresh parts of the solution 
against tho silver would nugment the currenty., It 
does Bo, 

The same might bo predicted from stirring up the 
eryatala of silver in tho tray so nx to expose now 
surfaces. ‘Chis nlso was found to be the ease. 

And, agahz,it might bo anticipated that if the wire 
were disconnected for a time so a8 to allow the oxygen 





to diffuse itself from other parta of tho solution, and 
tho conneetion were mado, the current would bo found 
ne steongs or nearly go, a8 before. ‘That also is truo 
in fact. 

A cell with tho plates connected by a wire was 
placed under a beltar full of air over mncreury, ‘The 
mercury gradually roso inside, na might Lo expected 
from the absorption of the oxygen in the air, 

‘Tho necessity of oxygen and tho avidity with which 
itis taken up aro both Mustrated by the following 
experiment:—Two cells with horizontal plates were 
prepared ntiko in overy regpect, except that tho first 
was filled with s solution simply deprived of oxygen, 
the second with o solution through which a stream of 
earbonie acid yas had been passed for some time, The 
firat was placed in tho air, tho second in a vessol from 
which ¢ho air had been expelled by allowing carbonic 
acid yas to tlow into it for an hour or two. 

‘Tho dutlections obtained wero as follows, tho 1-999 
ahtmnt being used and the temperature being 13'7° 0. :— 


Time after ttomerslon. Inalr, In CO, 
rminute. 165 ze 
5 minutes, 135 2, 
10 ” 135 58 


As the celt in nn alinosphero of carbonto acid gas 
showed considerablo action, in fact nearly hnif aa much 
as that iu tho air, each coll was short circulted for 
twenty-three hours, with tho expectation that an: 
oxygen in tho closed voasel would bo used up; and, 
indeed, the mont prominent crystals of silver in tho 
Fecll in carbonis acid gas became reddened, whilo a 
cuprous deposit extended over tho whole of the 
crystals iu the other cell, When, howover, tho short 
wires wero romoyed and the galranomoter interposed, 
tho coll Iu the ofr gave a deflection of 136, practically 
the same as before, but that in carbonic acit gas, 
inatead of showing a great decrenso, rove to 80. It 
was then fond that the vessel containing the latter 
slowly admitted air; so that tho contents wero awopt 



















































j 
i 
{ 



























































Exectrao-motive’: Force ‘oy Liguin Gatv. 
Sentes.—It is known that the electro-motive force 
generated by the contact of liquid solutions is ine : 
" fluenced by the degree of concentration of the soluticns, 

* Dr, James Moser, of Helmholtz’ laboratory, has investi. | 

gated the nature:of this-influence, Two- glasses con: : 

taining different solutions of the same salt were cone © 

“nected by a’ siphon which allowed the solutions to.’ 
touch each other, An external circuit was formed by 
clectrodes of the metal contained in the salt, in order 
to climinate any chemical action, In all cases, a 
current was found to proceed: across the siphon from 
the more dilute to the more concentrated solution, 

. This current appeared in solutions of sulphate, nitrate, ; 
chloride, and acetate of zinc, sulphate and nitrate of 
copper, chloride of iron, acetate. and nitrate of ° 

» silver, &e, ‘The electromotive forces of these currents, 

: were observed by Poggendorf's method of compensae. 

thon as modified by Du Bois-Reymond, and varied in! 

~ strength froma few thousandths to one-fifth of a, 

: Dantell cell, the latter result being got from very dilute | 

‘and highly concentrated solutions of zincchloride, The: 

series of clectrosmotive forces obtained from solutions | 

of sulphate of zine were as follows; -- i 

. Between solutions of 15 per cent, of the salt, and go 

per cent, the electro-motive force was ‘oos of a 
Daniell cell, 0s ee oop ‘ . : 

, Between go-and 60 per cent, solutions, the electro. ; 

motive force was ‘or7 of a Daniell cell, 

Between 1§ and Go per cent, solutions, the clectro- 

motive force was ‘oat of a Daniell cell, ‘ 

_ By these currents proceeding from the weaker to te ” 

stronger solution, metal is dissolved in the weaker and - 

separated from the stronger solution, Only when the 
solutions are of equal strength docs the current cease. 

Dr, Moser is of opinion that the equivalent of the 

work done by the current is to be sought inthe force : 

of attraction between the salt and the water, which is ; 
perceptible in the heat generated on mixing different: | 
solutions of the same salt; and that the current itself is : 
oa reaction current against. the migration of ions, just 
asthe polarisation current {s one of reaction against 

“the decomposing current. , When a salt is clectrolysed 

ithe solution becomes more concentrated at the anode,. ‘ 
and more dilute at the cathode, Dr. Moser's experi- «! 





t 
























Poner’s Bartery.—-This new cell, the Invention of | 
‘an Italian professor, consists of a glass jar and porous 

pot, the former containing a solution of ferric chloride,’ | 1 
, in which is ‘immersed a carbon plate, and the latter |; 

containing @ solution of ferrous chloride in which is 
: immersed an fron plate, Both solutions should be made 
| toa strangth of 35 degrees bi Baumé's scale, ‘The 
t ro-motive force of an cl out 8, ofa | 
pam e lement is about % of-a j 





























i My Grav Gonimunicated % 
. Dated February's, 1878.'2d. 
jd: the ‘useless ‘combustton: of carbon in electric 
ich takes plice in tear of tho luminous: arc, it 
is proposed to plate“them with ‘some’ refractory metal, 
such as nickel or Iron, by electrotyping, ‘Nickel has the 
Cheap,’ easy’ ‘ofapplication, ‘a 
h melting: point, and little." tendency to ‘oxidise. 
ie carbons ‘are first smoothed with’ emery,’ cleaned, 
steeped ‘in A lye of carbonate of soda or caustic potash, 
yped and dried ata temperature 


471." Carban electrodes; 
















iA ‘new ifealure,ty 


eof 

manufacture ‘of Batterits hence! 
been introduced * by! 

tho' French! Telegray 
consists in: forming tho'dé 
conglomerate, a! for 


advantages of: being 











well-kriown ; and 
Deen made to get 
merit has suggested . 
de method of remedying: the 


shlAdministration; Pari 
polarising salt into ‘a’ soli 
ins ‘many advantaged 
cleanliness, and ‘economy 
his-idea of conglomerate 
sulphate mercury’ 
s perior and very lasting 
which cannot faill to be of gr 
»and domestic as well as civ 
y is battery are in 
use on the French Telegraph service, and ive, we 
believe, given very ~good—results, : 
He smaller types, . 
poses: It consists ‘of a! 


pt, so far as’ know, 

rid of it. The follow! 
itself ‘to mo‘as 
inconvenience :—" 
‘Each battery cell 


_ tinsed in water, clectrotype 
of over 100°. F. Not proceeded with, 


; Gast Meum Ces t- he 


Sent Peroxide uf Manganese Battery. : By M. Lee 












M. -Beaufils: has -anplic 
depolariscrs to the 
battery, and the result fs a su 








is divided into two,chambers, 4 
airnsigtit at the top, 
lo Waltery plates, to 
¢'—— and + are attached, 
h to the bottom of the cell, 
to the relative sizes 
if a‘and pare made’ 


cach only. halfway. down 5; 
p, the, ‘plates: would when, 
t, is: the air-tube through, 
bellows, is blown when the; 
‘is the ordinary, perfo, 





the latter is open, and contains 
which ‘the leading wire 
lites do‘not reach ¢ 
 put'to'a distance ‘proportionate 

of the chambers ‘a-and'n : thus, 





represents in full! size, ore of th 
designed for meiiealy mur 
i] 


lof peroxide of manganese 
to considerable pressure 
—several thousand kilogrammes per square centi- 
metre—it is made much more conductive, and so 
gives much more electricity in unit time, Some 
matter being added that will solder the parts to- 
gether, a solid, homogeneous, resistant mass is 
had, of true metallic conductivity. 
gets the best results with a mixture containing yo 
par cent, peroxide of manganese, 55 per cent. of 
retort carbon, and § per cent. gum fac resin, It 
is put inva steel mould, heated to roo degrees, and 
aubjected to hydraulic pressure. 
more than 30,000 elem 
now in use on the railways, 
4.per_cent. of bisul 
of the agglomerate 
its resistance considerably 


Ip the depolarising mass 


would: 1 7 
equal, the plates and carbon), be submitte 


if a dis.twice as: large as, 
reach: two-thirds: down. 

whichi the :air, from tho. 
battery. is to be put inaction ; ¢ 
rated (ube inthe usual form of the batter, 
is connected to. the chamber, a, as shown 
ured into; the; cells so, 
sheight of. the. plates, a 



















M. Leclanché 


SSAC 


The! solution :is 
them -nearly to the 
being: kept: open so as; to: all 
liquids in'the two‘chambers to, 












be normally equal 






ents made thus, 
‘The addition of 3 or , 
f potash in the interior 
mass contributes to diminish 
by dissolving the oxy- 
hich, in course of time, ‘are deposited ” 
‘The farce of the new’ battery is 
| about 1°5, compared with a Daniell taken as unity. © 


ue No."366. at PH he og 
The Hagtes Battery.—-'The cell itself, iustead of, as i 
in most other batteries for telegraphic purposea, Leing 
of glaen, i nindo of lead, and nt tho samo tine forms ; 
‘|tho negative polo of the battery, In’ setting up or ;” 
ng this battery it is only necessary to put into |: 
il cells a quantity of sulpkinto of copper (five 
to encli cell ia found in practice to bo | 
Over tha sulphate of copper a layer , 
of enwidust about an ‘inch thick should bo placed, 
the zinc ret npon tho sawdust, thon a suficient quan. : 
cover tha whole is poured into the cell. 
lose cireuit for n foyt houre the 
0 Ita Blrength, and is’ 








SN 








S 


W 









\ 















: The action of the apparatus is almost obviow 
| blowing through tube 4,the-alr. forces out the liquid ' 
:from a,:through ¢,, into n,:ard fills the latter s.when 
call the liquid is drawn out ofa, thea 
Supplied through 4 bubbles up. through: 
excites the battery in, the ordinary manner. 
:. When the use of the battery 
; the valve, », is. opened for an instant, and the liqu 
again retreats‘into a, and uncovers the plates, 


HORII Lt OE g 























is to be disconti 








| pounds of which 




















Tie emma AR etc ane 





tity of water to 
‘) After standing in el 
jj battery will dowel 





4 of sulphate ofszinc ston 


To provent or rotard cvnpornt! out any ‘atten 


that of tho Mati 7 
Vo'may Add that ttho: mike 
attery, ‘recogriisin: 
‘Blomerate’: pri 


fon oll may bo poured | 
faco of tho fluid, Coll. propared in this . 

tintto in action for six months or moro 
without renowal or any attention whatever. 
rimental coll of this battery was in constant use for a - 
larga part of tho time on sh 
montha, without re-charging, aud at the end of that 
‘| time waa still fn good effective condition, About tive 
sulplinte of copper was originally placed in 

q ‘Tho size is six inches in diameter and cight 
{Inches high, or nearly tho same as tho ordinary © 
1] Daniel's locat, ‘The internal resistance may bo varicd 
ito sult circumstances, from below onc-olim up to five 
obs or more, by varying tho thicknoss of the sawdust 

er from ono to five inches. From onoto two inches 
lly about right for n local ao : 


‘tho. importanéo:of the con- 







ort Jocal clrouita for uine f the latest Leclanche cell 


! Arges’! BATTERY:<I18 x:chloride of ‘silver 
'sglement designed! for’.medital purposes: © Fig.’ 2 














































































































per 


cently called the attention of the physical section of the: 
French Academy to a new form of. battery invented by. 
him, - It consists of a carbon cylinder, pierced with 
holes parallel to the axis, the holes being filled with 
binoxide of manganese, for the positive pole; and a zine 
rod for the negative pole, The solution is formed of 
20 parts of chloride of zinc, free from lead, and as 
neutral as possible, dissolved in 100 parts of water, 
The clectro-motive force, resistance, and constancy of 
the cell, are said to be unimpaired by this substitution 
of zinc chloride for ammonium chloride, Oxide of 
zinc is formed, and falls in a state of powder on the 
‘| .bottom of the vessel, It is claimed for this cell that it 
does not produce double chlorides of zinc and of am- 
montum, which, in certain cells, incrust the porous pots, 
and stop their action, It is further held that the 
affinity of chloride of zinc for. water checks the evapo. 





j, very unlikely, 








| A Constant Bicnrowate Cett—ln the Philosos 

\ phical Magasine for March, Mr, H. C, Russell, ‘of | 

| Sydney Observatory, describes a form of bichromate | 

‘ cell which he states to be perfectly constant in its action, , 

It consists of a bichromate cell with the zine ‘plate . 

; standing in mercury, and the peculiar feature is that | 
| fresh bichromate solution is constantly fed into the top 
{ of the cell, drop by drop, while the waste solution is 
* drawn off from the bottom, drop by drop. This is 
effected by a syphon arrangement which draws off the 
~ waste liquor from the bottom, drop by drop, as the level 
of the liquid -in the cell is raised by the indropping 

* solution: thus a constant level is maintained, ' 








” 919." Galvanic Cells. or. Batteries? .: 


consists in forming. cells of three compartments, the 
faner one containing the positive pole carbon, the mid 
one containing nitrate of soda, binoxide of manganese, 
&c., and ‘the outer. containing the negative clement, 


; liquid, ‘Lumps of chalk are also placed in the outer 
; compartment, mee ae a 





eo erator] Leyden Tara—Mr,’ Gray will (Gif 
a fo Anawer avery puryose 
1] paato will always tako Tous t me feed ee 
‘Jdry, Hut this is of no. cousequenco, It will soon 
i) dry sufclently to Koop tho dinfoil in.placo. . Mr, 
Gray will find its good plan to hurnish the tinfoil 
‘J with n smooth paper-kulfo or bottle ne: he goes 
| putting it round the jar, Jt makes it smooth, and 
0 KUperflaoul jnute. Ia.p, 970'T neo 
la puezled. Well, I suppose lio knows - 


| how tho tinfoil should { jr 
= green. glass must not hee ay atte J - 
i: bottle will dos but ono withatraight sides is 

: boat, with a chnin Sipping into (t from. the condi 
B iio ra Scorn It takes a higher eburgo.—Epw 











“A new MANoagese® Evement-M. A. Gallfe ree 4 


ration’sufficiently to render the drying up of the cell _ 


; oWinuas | 
: Sparkes. Witson, Dated February. at; '. 6d, This * 


zinc.’ A solution of sulphuric acid is employed as the 











oe saigeetanten, 


A Canar Ganvamio BartEny—Me WV. M. Symons 
proposes -avehoap but cunvenient galyanio. battery ; 
cach of the xino plates wns two Inchos square; ‘and 
covered with fistian or other fabric, ontslda which 
thick copper wiro was wound to form the other plate; 
the exciting liquid was weak chloride of zine, Pain of 
plates thas made could be arranged in aories to fon a 
iattery to give out wenk currenta fora geoat longth of 

tne. : 


oo 
“Tho celobrated juventor, Hprsos." (1) Oh! \ 
23006,]--Battory for Working Bleciric Cells, 
ee ie ee atte will bea Baniel, a Bunsen, 


“sor any othor form of cell, acconling to tha chemicals 
\y you use'therein, From your expressions I gather 
ain the lajn divisions aro porous; if so, you 
7 fan Sanke a E avenlcat a Ubattery of ie by 

ternal ry 10 tions: ono lon 
witha LO re sodium Chlodde, and 
another with 1 sulphate of copper solution. At tho 





Haquid o small mado of ,wite gaure. these 
hage with sulphate of copper crystals,? Tho xine 
plates must be in tha chloride of sodium partitions, 
and should: not bo amalgamated ;° tho copper 
plates in tho aulphate of copper partilions, yal 
plates should bo connected in seta of two-—a copper 
and a xino togethor—care beiug takea that betrrcen 
tho plates of each ect you have the glase partitions, 

» At ono end of the battery you will have unconnected 
“a eing, aud at the other enil a copperplatethese aro 
» » the terminals of the battery.—J, L, Leacounvien, 
+ Birschote, Belvinm, - oi 3 f 


: 12. Les préparations chimiques pour le télégrap 
par George Little. (Lelegrapher, vol. XI, pages 138 


' et 189)... : 


. Une solution chimique, qui par sa décomposition 
: Sous Vaction du courant produit uné matidre coloriée 
. Sur Jo papier: doit. avoir les. qualités, suivantes: 
{ In préparation doit: etre’ bon’ marché’ ct facile. A” 


obtenir; °° ae sah” ane 
clle doit retonir Phumidité de Pair;.: 


position, 


, D'aprés, Pauteur, Ie ferro-cyanure de ‘potassium ré- * 

; Pond, bien: d “cos différentes demandes. ‘On ‘ajoute, un q 
¢ Pew de sel de cuisine Pour, rendre ‘Ie. papier. hygroseo- 

Pique. Quand:Ia pointe en for glisso sur aunpapier ainsi i 

préparg; il-rend encore, un’ équivalent; de, fer eb sous: : 

Vaction du. courant électrique il so forme ‘nn ifirécipité. 

i blanc. (non: visible) Aut. en s’oxydant ‘trés-rapidement se: 


. fransforme. en bleu ‘prussique.’. 
«+ 








tap of each sulphin partition you can hang, in the} 
hit @ Fé 


aucun acide sulfurique-ne doit entrer. dans 8a eoin- 





f 


hi 





Re eee neers ee eR 

























ta THE TELEGRAPHIC JOURNAL, 





THE BYRNE GALVANIC BATTERY. 


Ny Joun Byrne, ML 


ie accompanying figure will serve to givea correct 
notion of the general appearance of the battery. 

A A, conducting cords; c, suspension rod and 
set screw combined, to connect between second 
and third cells in series ; «2 a, poles of battery ; 4 4, 
two set screws to couple for quantity ; 4, an extra 
hinding post, not essential, but convenient when 
two cells only of the battery are required ; ¢ ¢, air 
tubes, ‘ 

The composition of the fluid is‘one measure o| 
commercial sulphtric acid to five of water, and to 
each pint of such dilution two ounces of bichromate 
of potash, though chromate of calcium, if substituted 
for the potash salt, will give a much higher clectro- 









motive force, and, consequently, 1 much greater 
thermal power. : ‘ 

In order to guard against splashing, the quantity 
of fluid put into cach cell should not excced seven 
and a half Auid ounces, but, when the zincs become 
thin from use, cight ounces may be accommodated, 

‘To connect tho battery for intensity, turn down 
c firmly and raise 34; and for auantity, rovers 
the opcration by turning down 4 4 firmly and re- 
leasing c from its contact with the lower metallic 
connection, “ts 





[Juse1, 











In galvano-cautery, the main purpose for which, 
this little battery was first devised, and is now being 
extensively used, and more’ particularly during 
certain difficult and complicated surgical operations, 


- this simple means of changing the entire character 


of the current to meet emergencies is of the utmost 
importance, 

for obvious reasons, the pneumatic agitator 
should be worked by quick and short impulses, and 
not w slow or prolonged compression of the bulb, 
and the battery should not be kept immersed except 
when in action, 

Finally, and in order that the aim contemplated 
in devising this voltaic organization, the lessening 
of internal resistance, may be correctly understood, 
1 shall indicate, in a few words, the manner of 
preparing my patent negative plates, the distinctive 
feature of the battery, and the smain source of its 
great power, 

Each negative clement consists of a plato of 





copper, to one surface of which, as well as to its 
edges, a shect of platinum foil, compact, and free 


from pin holes, is soldered, and to the opposite * 


surface or back a shect of lead, the three metals 
being so united that the copper shall be effectual 
protected from the action of acids. ~The lead back 
and edges are then coated with asphaltum varnish, 
acid-proof cement, or any other like substance 
and, lastly, the platinum ‘face, being first rubbed 
over gently with emery paper, is to be thoroughly 
platinized in the usual manner. 





1878. 


2. 
Ae 




















THE TELEGRAPHIC Ji OURNAL. "papell ay, 16756 : 


THE. VOLTAIC BATTERY, In exhibiting tho frog we shall throw the oxy- 

THE . outa B hydrogen li Tew an thy 60 ree it ey to visible to 

AX’ Counst: op Six Lecrunss, you all, and wo shall cast the shadow on to screen; 

1 3 go that thoso who may not bo inn position to sea 

By Da. JOHN HALL GLADSTONE, F.RS.1 in, legs will seo tho ahadow of then T havo here 
"© Fultertan Professor of Chemistry, Nogat Iustitutlon, tho means of making contact between tho copper 
Detavenen at rie Rovat Instirotion oF Gxeat| support and tho iron railing through tho frog. 
Binraws.—Cuntsrstas, 1874-5. Upon joining theao we shall sea the convulsion 

—— 7 taking place. Seo how it kicks in various direc. 

Lrerong 1V.—'Tin History ov run Barteay ix. |tions, ‘hat is just what Galvani saw, and whint 
irs Vautous Fonts, surprised him #0, much; But now wo wil dale a 

‘ian history an inventions is lost in n| piece of zinc, and sco whether wo cannot produce 
mi Ll ie a ot is not Ko with tho voltaic | to same convulsions; fur Galvani tried his expe- 
battery. ‘Cho fret is there aro many friends still] riment in various ways. Wo will make our frog 
among Ws who aro older than it, We Inow all {sit up, if we can, on the zine, When tho copper 
about its origin, aud my purpose here to day is to wiro touches tho zinc let us sco what will happen. 
endeavour to iraco not merely its birth, but its Tho nerves of tha poor dend fro havo st such 
youth, and how it grow up to its presont strong activity about them that the legs kick directly tho 
maturity, : copper and zino are brought into contact with ono 
Vewnrds tho close of the Inst century thero was} another. In 1781 Galvani published theso experi- 

n physician at Bologna of tho nnne of Luigi] ments at length in n Latin treatise. ‘hoy at once 
Galvani, 0 man celobrated for original experiments j drew agreat dent of attention to the aulject, and 
in Anatomy and in Electricity, It so happened they were discussed and crititised by very many, 
“that his wife was an invalid, and on one occnaton | Volta—another Italian, 0 professor of natural phi- 
shu wished to make some broth of frogs. Now, in} losophy at Vavin—made experimenta pon the 
preparing frogs for foot, you know, they cut off tho subject, ant he considered tnt tho explanation of 
hind legs of the frog, aud somo of these hind legs Galvani was ungntisfactory, and that the convul- 
happened to be upon the table, nnd electrical nppa- | sions had nothing to do with animal electricity, 
ratua was near them, Signore Galvani observed, | Ife thought that the sceret lay in thero having been 
much to her astonishment, that on bringing a lciifo | two metals concerned. 5 You see, thera were iron 
near to one of tho legs of a frog thoy wero con:| railings and copper wire; and) Galvani always 
yulsed. Sho drow her husbaud’s attention to this,|fuund that, to produce the eflecta well, ho lind to 
and ho investigated the matter more fully, Tio | take two metals and join them together. Now Volta 
found that it was only when tho knife touched the] said, very rightly, Why theae two metals? ‘There 
great nerve. of the le connected with tho backboue| must be something myatcrious about the junetion of 
=the crural nerves—that this convulaion took placo,| the two;,aud Fabroni—a professor at Elurenco— 
ant he fowid algo that it only occurred when there | suggested that chemical action might lave some- 
was tho spark‘from tho machine, But ho mage! thing to do with tho matter, Volta worked at tho 
other obstrvations beyond that: Ho thought thot] subject very diligently, and, to prove the importance 
if tho clectrical machino did this, atmosplicric} of tho junction of two metals, le produced hia 
electricity ought to do the same. And soho hung| celebrated pile, ‘Chat was tho firat battery over 
up some frogs’ legs upon an iron railing near his| formed. Wo hinve the pile here. It consists of 
house, by means o! copper wire passing Uhrough or {copper and zing plates soldered together, aud be- 
behind the nerve; and then, to his astonishment, | tween tho pairs there aro pieces of Hannel or cloth 
ho found that it was not necessary to wait for light-| steeped in sult, Acid wns sometimes used after- 
nin for oven when tha wind blew, and tho feet| wards, but not, I believe, by Volta. Ifo made a 
of the frog kicked against the iron rniling, the con: | pilo of these piccea of metal, We have hero fifty. 
vulsion took place, Now I wish to show you that} six piled one on top of another, with dis salt 
experiment, I think it is worth while that you] Minnet between them, By. taking tho two ends—or 
should all sco it, and seo it well. Of courgo I do|rnther by toking tho wires attached to the two enda 


not wish you to repent tho experiment, beenuga it}—we can produce, [ dare say, various eflects, Wo ° 


killa tho frog; Lut T suppose that not any of us| can get a spark ag you sce, and we ought to got n 
* who are in the habit of eating animals in our tally shock very ensily by menns of this arrangement. 
food will seruplo to kill an animal for mental food, | I do not know ‘whether we shall be ably to make 
in this way, and for tho purpose of illustrating one | our frog move. (‘Lhe wires of tho voltaic pile were 
of tho most important avents in tho history of| brought into contact with tho frog's legs, and pro- 
Science, Seeing it once, Sou will not need to com. duced a sudden convulsion] ‘Thus you sce, at 
cat 7 amit fy cruelty in repeating it, I mny tell you,| once, tho effect produced by means of n pile, which 
{while the frog is being prepared, that {he explana. | consists of the junction of two metals, Volta, in 
_ fon of Galvani was crroncous in tho matter, Ho} this way, got Galvani’s effects, ‘This pilo may be 
H thonghit that this frog was something like n Leyden | easily imitated by yourselves by putting togethor 
Jar. Thoso of you who havo studied frictlonal} almost any pate of inetnls, You join the two onda, 
electricity will know that instrument. Ife thought, | and then you got the effect—an effect much moro 
further, that tho fox was a very delicate electro | powerful when you have n great number of plates, 
.Acope, and had the-power of charging itself and] Lhis pilo was built up by Volta first in 1799, and 
discharging. itself by jnenns of the metals, Lhis| ho wrote’ an necount of it, and sent it to Inglond 
Was at erroncous opinion, of. Galvani, ond, lika}to Sir Joseph Bunks, the president of the Royal 
moat crroncous opinions, it provented him from | Society, in the beginning of the year.1800. ‘hid 
getting fe much good from his: experiment ns ho] drow tho attention of English oxperimenters tu this 
i mig) it otherwise hayo done, subject, aud they wero soon very fruitful in resulta; 
i ; 


: . 





iit a ott Rezornar teats aeenRE ot 


April ss, 1875.) THE TELEGRAPHIC JOURNAL. 


For inatanco, there wore two mon—of tho name of} means of a wiro, and then you put them into tho 
Nicholson and Carliste—who mado hastily a pile off cups, or glasses, or jnra, in such a way that tho 
zinc plates, copper, penny pieces, and picces of | picco of copper goes into ono jarani the piece of 
pasteboard damped with a solution of salts and |zine into the next. ‘Chis is what we calla “ couple.” 
with this very rough pilo thoy. perccived, on| ‘Iho copper of ono couple and tho zinc of the next 
bringing tho two ends.togathor, that thero waa an|couple nro in the same jar. You aco thera is no 
odour about tho poles, and this odour thoy recog: | action hetweon this zinc and copper at all, at pre- 
nised ag ono which genorally accompanied hydrogon | gent; but if I take tho wires at tho ends, directly 
gas, and therefore they thought that thoro wag aI join the two, you will sco that thore is an action 
decomposition of water, ‘This led to other expori- | taking placo in all the jara, Itis just as if I had 
menta on decompositions, and xo they found ont, jjoincd tho plates in each jar, There is now hydro- 
for tho first timo, that clectrolyais of which I spoke | gen being given off in ench case. ‘This shows how 
in tho Inst locturo, Theso wore, in fact, the first] wo can combina many plates together, and in this 
experiments in clectrolysis. I must give you the/ way wo get a much grentor intensity of force than 
date of them, It was on tho 30th of April, 1800,] Wo can from any single couplo-moro than wo 
that these experimonts word made with tho voltaic { could, in fact, from tho very largo couple which I 
pile. . had in tho middlo of tho room at the first lecture. 
Wo havo traced voltaic olectricity to Lagland;] "Lhon thero was another way of arranging the 
but let mo go back to Italy for a moment. We find] batteries, which was considered a very great im- 
that there woro two persons concerned in this| provement. ‘Lhe plates wero soldered togothor, and 
branch of knowledge,—Dr, Galvani and Volta,—| put inn trough liko this, You had to pour sul- . 
and somotimes the name of ona is applied to this|pluric acid upon tho fplates, and thon the whola 
force, ani somatimes tho name of tho other. Soma. | thing was ready for action, ‘hero is 1 wire con- 
timos we speak of Gnivaniam, and at othor times] nected with ench ond, ‘Chis is part of the “ trough 
of Voltaic Electricity. ‘Cho apparels is enlled) battery” which Davy used. Ifo employed fivo 
vithor the gulvanic battery or the voltaic battery, | batterics like that for tho decomposition of potas- 
and I did not know at first which term to employ | sium—tho experiment I spoko of in the Inst lecture, 
a8 tho title of my lectures; but I chioso * Tho Voltaic | These aro enlled Cruikshauk's batteries, 
Battery” in.plnce of “'Lho Galvanic Battery,"—| But Davy was not content, even, with his five 
not that Galvani ling not tho priority in obseryn-| batterics, which had won for him so many Janrols, 
tion, but that the battery belonga rather. to Volta,|in tho decomposition of tho alkulics and alkaline 
Galvani nover made a battery, and ho so misunder-|carths, Ifo wanted a larger battery still, and a 
stool the force which lo had yot hold of tlnt he| subscription was set on foot in this Institution, 
would rover liavo made one, But Volta ld a] monoy was collected, and n battery was formed of 
more scientific mind, and ho saw that thero was|two thousand double plates. Mack plate hat 
something remarkable in tho contact of the metals, | 32 square inches of surface, so that altogether thera 
and that it was not simply an animal phenomenon, | wore 128,000 square inches of active surface. Whiat 


‘Aud therefore ho built up this pile, whieh is the a prodigions ainount of power he had here! It is 


infant,—the buby,—tho very commencement of|said that it gave a spark, between charcoal points, 
these various piles which aro so powerful, and|of 4 inches inlongth, It was charged with dilute 
which we can now oxhibit beforo you. nitric acid, With this very eclobrated powerful 
It go happened that in tho sao year in which | battery he was ablo to perform various work in this 
iho voltaic pile was known aul experimented npon | building, and ho thought ho could ‘locompose almost 
in Enghund—tho year 1800, the first year of this | everything, but thero wero some things that resisted 
century—Davy was nppointed Professor of Che-}even Davy. Of course overything that is simple, 
inistry in this Institution, Mo had paid some {and not compound, would resist decomposition ; but 
nttontion to this matter before he camo up from tho| then ho did not know what was simplo and what 
west of England, and when lio camo to London ho | was compound wutil experiments were made, Te, 
throw his heart and soul into the investigation of | therefore, had x hopo of decomposing nitrogen, and 
this voltaia force. ‘Ihe first courso of lectures that | le wrote to Mr, Jordan in this.wayi— LP hopo to 
he over delivered in this Inatituiion was upon tho} show you nitrogen a complete wreek, torn to pieces 
voltnic pile and its results, ‘They were lectures | in many ways.” Phy 
delivered in the ovening, aud thoy eatablished, fon} But Finust hasten on, Dr. Wollaston, who was 
certain oxtent, the fame of this young lvetttrer— | well known us 0 scientific man in those days, made 
Davy, Later on in tho year ho dutivered another [an improvement, by putting tho copper on cach side 
courso of lectures, which, being in the morning, [of the zinc, ‘Then ho could take his cclt and put 
wero attended by the fashionable dite, as well us |it into dilute sulphuric acid, and, of course, it was 
tho thoughtful people of tho day, nnd they inercased |acted upon on both sides, You seo tho. great 
yreally tho fame .of the philosopher. Davy, in| effurvesconce therois—the great number of bubbles, 
setting to work, appeared to forma sort of deter. {and this piece of connecting Platinum wire Jias bo- 
mination to tear {o. pieces ovorything ho could by|como red: hot, Ifore,.then, with a singlo cell of 
means of the voltuic power. Of course ho was not | Dr. Wollaston’s, we aro whlo to make a picco, of 
content with this original slrneturo, In fret, Volta | tolorably stout platinum . wire incandescent.» But 
himeelf improved upon it considerably, and formed | Wollustori was not content always with a big thing 
an arrangement which I have hore, which is called |liko this, Ie had an idea of muling very amall 
tho Crown of cups.” ‘Chis is an. improvement, | batteries, and hig celebrated battery was in a silver 
nud ig much. moro convenicut than tho pile, In]thimble, Ilo toul a silver thimbto, flattened it cons 
fact, tho pilo ia a vory inconvenient arrangement, siderably, and cut off the end.—that part whidh is 
In tho improved form yout tako, coppor and zine, jat tho’ end of tle finger,—then ho put between the 


_ oid solder them together, connecting ‘them by|two sided a tittle picee of ‘zitie which was ¢ of on” 













re 














rere tro A ating ab -Chavenal inRatlaviac.. 
















































































































































(Crosaya nde eorge .L.’,Leclanch ( Gatéanie> jes—eHoward: P.- Dechert, | . heute a rd 2 yw ok ee 
jParis, anon assignorto- I. Ly Roosevelt, . Filed i "3643270. Gatonnie Batteries or local adtion Copper Hy oe et Adlion of: Charcoal in Balleries. 167 
{December 16, 1874.—Incorporates the depolarising’ sub New York,- Interpo! sof a-suiphate of copper battery, ‘e a alecishcassitatsQtal | ME Vik iniiddnie GP can a : 
istance with the negative clement in the manner specified pole between the rk in order to prevent Ae ‘accumula. : molecules, which yield ‘to: the .influence of the - Inversions, 
iin claims, thus dispensing with the use of a porous’ cup: | ; and near the zinc bart zinc pole when the sulphate of 4 ele@rode) are neutralised by the positive polafitics which : 
ut, A galvanic battery in which the use of a porous cup ie i 4 tion’of copper upon the high, A. secondary or. local are provoked | uport this ‘electrode, by cfectro-chemical & go é 4 
‘dispensed with, and in which an insoluble or: slightly YP copper solution rises 100 from the primary pole, olarisation ; that ix to say by the Sppeait of hydropen Ho nk ef nes fae 
‘soluble depolarising substance, as above defined, rendered © _chrouit pole, separate and , rimary pole, substantially } : ubbles upon the negative eledirog + the same gort of e€ 5° 23 ag gh é 
‘solid (with or without cement, by pressure), is combined, | applied in connedion wit i" a adion snay ke said of the other cléarode, This is pre (J.  B&. <g *e ge : * : 
cwith a condudor and negative pole, substantially as and ‘aw and for the nurpose set forth... i i cisely what.takes. place with china red onyx, gun flint, |f No. 2 o No, ¥ ° 
for the purposes set forth. 2, A depolarising body for 7 . ‘ . i : serpentine, &c., &c. . Let us sfippose, now, any portion r go 7i* Gy 2 * 64 
connedion with the negative pole of a galvanic battery, oO ~ 3 4 7 of the-stone positive with regard to another portion in 2 FA ri oa 6s 3 4 
consisting, in whole or in part, of an insoluble or slightly EGat iter Se a. : + consequence of its non-hosiogencous texture, or becaus 3 Py 6s 6 é 7 7 
soluble depolarising substance, rendered solid, with or it will less readily absorb shoisture; we immediately coi 3 6 2 8 gs 49 37 
without cement, by pressure ina mould, substantially as’ prehend.the accidental Jffferences which may be broug¥t 3 és ; 10 oa a 35 . 
and for the purposes set forth, 3. A galvanic battery in | hte about: regarding the :gonditions of condudtivity of fie} 11 85 3 Hd 13 Hs a az 
which the usc of a porous cup or diaphragm, or its equivas }. "4 -p06,012,, Galvaiite: Batteries, je Kidder, New. York, transmitted current agtording as they are sent in ony’ or 13, 80 x 37 14 #8 30 19 
lent, is dispensed with, and in which the negative element’ ‘| | N.Y." Filed April 24, 1875.1. A cell-casing for galvanic ‘ the other dircdtion, ms 15 75 44 «938 1G 830 27)” 
iconsists of a mixture of an insoluble or slightly soluble | | batteries having Interior cell forming partition walls, made As to the readiohs produced on currents by th’per-} 15 93 4331 18 78 35017. 
depalatising substance, as hetcinbefore defined, and acon- | . | atleas helght than outer walls, for enabling rapld filling sistent polarisatiod of the dielectric motecutes, they are) 39 pa gr 2074 3410 t 
ductor, with or without cement, rendered solid by pressure, | and, emptying of cells, substantially as and for the pure easily understood! as far as homogeneous minephils are . 7 
substantially ag and for the purposes set forth. 4A negas | ose-specificd. . 2. A cell-casing-for, galvanic batteries concerned; and they are with case accounted/ for, a9 | remanent polaritics, and to maintain its deviation for 
itive clement for a galvanic battery, consisting, in whole or | vo videdl with outer walls af treater heieht than the in« ahown by the tale already given. Molecular pofarivation | some moments. I have refound these snail currents:a |: 
in part, of a mixture of insoluble or slightly soluble de- . ; eer atiition walla: and haw get ti reservoir with 4 being persistent! the charge current from eagh current | long while after electrification of the stoncs; but aheating iY 
polarising substance, as above defined, and a condu@or, | lien ay atters wad ut pad iB pity y id cinntvlng closure (in the fame dircétion) should be Icés and less | process caused them to instantly disperse. a ee 7 
i with or jivithous cement, eb solid by pressure in a : and filling of the melleewith the fluid, substantially pie ie cnergeti¢, une in he sae and the diffessnces of the . . i 
: mould, substantially as and for the purposes set eactatel H A : potentials between the electric source the stone 
: .Purno forthe sod for the purpose set forth. 3, The subdivided guide-frame particles most didealy influenced by thé cledrostatic i 


Ah ig valle sealed fn fraln cell-esss, and ronnened witl i vertically 
a7 — — moving -element. carrying | to; ate, ae shown and: 
NMensr be My. $ described, thus admittngot ke Pteral removal of cells! 

, and insuring the. insertion of cach clement in its proper 


| cell when depressed, substantially as ect forth. 4. ‘The 
cee nme eweeeey diagonal pivoted straps Ef E,.to command the parallel im- ; 


adion, is Icss and less considerable, whilgt on. the other 
side clero.chemical polarisation tends tf oppose itself to 
cach charge, Hencevresults the succefsive drop of the 
transmitted’ current ‘when several ‘Yclosings” ‘of the 
current in one dire@ionvare effedted/and that, too, after. 

the disappearance of the resulting pofarisation current. 
When, after these successive clogings, we reverse the 
direion of the current,the , remahent- polarities neces- 
“gacily. oppose a certain resistance fo ‘the inverse electro: 
‘static adion, and ought to; provdke at the beginning a 
; lowering in ithe strength of: the/current-provided, haw- 
cog a VCH, that eledtro-chemical polatfuation is not predominant. 
ower But this inverse’ polarity succgssively continuing to grow 
i less, fresh electrostatic effectafacquire more and mote a 
Greater power, and furnish gelatively an increase in the 
Current's strength until they Are themselves diminished by 
new developed polarities. /Chis may be noticed from the 
figures in my last table reffrring to Heronville flint. . Yet 
when eledra-chemical prebails over electrostatic. polarisa- 
tion, the contrary must take place, for then the polarisation 
current which has a tengency to be created will be found 
in the direRion of the Mew transmitted current. It will 
stilt be remarked that this effect is not generally produced, 
and that only when Ahe circuit remains closed fora 
certain while‘in the Aame diredtion, or is at least closed 
. twice in succession, /:After 2 single closure the polarising 
chemical: adion is frot sufficiently developed, especially 
when the closure ig of short duration: A rather curious 
_ effect’ is produced th this latter case after a certain number 
of experiments,» The deflections which are manifested. at 
the beginning (fof the direction of the current correspond- 
“. ing.to the weakést deflections) become weak much less 
quickly than cofresponding defedtions from the reversed 
current." Thig shows that: the initlal deflections. are 
especially impfessed by ‘electrostatic polarisation, ‘This 
may be Judged of from the following list of experiments 
made ‘upon fle Caen-stone sample, and with. current 
closures of fo minutes” only—the «inversions of the 

"current succteding’one another without interruption. 

“As may pe seen, all—even the ‘most’ contradictory— 
effects readfly explain’ themselves with the theory I have 
: Just expougded, without admitting any hypothesis. It ts 
a theory edtirely based ‘upon: facts, and f could. even say 
that the persistence of. molecular potarisation -alter the 
disappearance of the galvanometer defleAlons—persistence 
upon which ‘this:theory.is suppotted,.and from which we 
may dedute. effeds: Yoduced. ulterforly—may be: even 
diredtly stiown.’: To do‘so it suffices: to break the circuit 
which unites the atone diredly to the galvanometer, and 
to after. te-establich it. anit. was before, .-The necdlc is 
then observed ‘to ‘aw “under the influence: of the 


‘THE ACTION OF CHARCOAL IN BATTERIES: 
ee aes y 0.) By H, SAUVAGE, ce: 





Grove, : in 1839, first constructed his batteries with 
graphite for. Interior negative: clearodes. . Bunsen, in 
1843, proposing this electrode ‘as an economical im- 
provement,” surrounded the porous pot and the zinc with 
coke-dust and oily coal calcined in moulds. Archereau,’ 
in 1849, returning to Grove's arrangement, obtained with 
charcoal a higher potential than from Bunsen's clement: 
of greater surface; and Liais and Fleury (reviving in 1852 
the Bunsen arrangement), by substituting for the agglo- 
merated carbon a carbon sufficiently porous to allow the 
acid to percolate, maintained the high potential of - 
Archereau’s clements with a less surface of-zinc though 
a larger one of the carbon. These facts scem to firmly © 
demonstrate that the employment of charcoal as a nega+ 
tive electrode is advantageous from the twofold view of 
economy and condudivity, and that it Is advisable to 
Increase its surface. 

Ie does not secm as though we should assign any very 
special action to the carbon. . Like’ copper, platinum, or 
any other cledtro-negative body, it plays no other part in 
the voltaic economy than that of a simple conductor, to 
share the ele@tric condition of the quid and communicate 
it to the exterior, circuit... -Ae with. all other negative 
cledtrodes, we aim at developing its surface, and pre-e 
serving it from the hydrogen bubbles which cover it with 
an injurious insulating layer, whereby an adverse and 
weakening current is set up. ; oe > 

Now, in the numerous systems with which itis proposed: . 
to chemically absorb the hydrogen before its ‘arrival at 
the negative ele@trode—whether by a second Nquid, bya 
damp ‘Toughy mixture, by a solid oxide, by a: layer of 
eand, or by pulverised carbon—it. ia worthy of remark 
that the carbon plate is always found confined in: the 
liquid, the sand, paste, or in‘a pot more or less hermeti- 
cally closed. Leclanché himself, in hia battery (manga- 
nese and pounded charcoal), docs not indicate any other 
use for the orifice which he makes in the wax stopper o 
his porous pots than to allaw the passage of the alr when 
the pot is immersed into the battery Hquid. ‘i 

‘rhe carbon has nearly always been placed under very 
disadvantageous conditions for manifesting and preserving 
its adion, if any such it has. That it has such an action : 
is maintained by certain savants, among whom is the: 
Count Du Moncel, who says—"' Even charcoal will deve. 
Jop an electromotive force acting in concert with tha 

roduced from the oxidation of the zinc." Tf, therefore, it;, 
fas afavourable adion towards the development of the: 
cleatromotive force of the couple of which it forms a part, 


1 e0em eeneg ay = 


—— ‘ 
Sa 


(°"'167,173. Galvanié Batteries,  Udward A, tit, lon of the elements Into the solution of the: cell 

iChicago, Il. Filed .July-20, 1875.—rief—"" Prevents | Fe oid eee Toe hie eeitene enecifcde one 
| the flow of the sulphate of copper i the zine by. means of \ batantially as and for the, purpote specified... + 
a tube and plate of lead suspended above the sulphate of | 
i 
( 





¢ 





copper. While furnishing A plate upon which the copper 
will be. deposited ‘if the sulphate of copper solution rises 
too high, the tube and plate present also a convenient 
means for the Introdu@ion of the fresh sulphate of 
copper.” Claim.—'t1, The device B, constructed of lead 
or other incorrodible metal, when supported above the | 
bottom of the containing cell, substantially as and for the 4 
purpose herein specified. 2. The combination of the 

_ | device B with the-copper or — plate, having supports 
wo : fixed or resting ‘thereon, substantially as ‘and: for the 
purpose specified.” ? b : : 


Lar tuae dof 2 x 


[* 165,312, Poles’ for Galvanié Batter IL. P, Dee! 
: New York, N.Y. Filed June. 26, 1874.~—A battery pole, E 
: consisting of a conducting skeleton or perforated frame or . 
Jacket, containing broken catbon or a.carbon:plate, sub- 
stantially as and forthe purpose described. 


Ab ot- Mewo bred ye 


365,210. Galvanic. Batterles. Joseph Ci Clamond and 

L, A. Gaiffe, Paris, France. «Filed November & pele 
An artificial carbon is produced by calcining a mixture of 

. ; praphite, tar, and sugar. ‘The carbon thus prepared is |: 
: Immersed in a solution of perchloride of ron or of anether f 

»{ salt of sesquioxide of fron, and then in ammonia. The |! 
sesquioxide of iron is precipitated and incorporated fn the 
pores of the carbon. - By this means the porous vessel is 
dispensed with, and the depolarising agent’ fs chemically 
produced inthe pores of the carbon itsclf.’ x. The ime |! 
proved sesquioxide of iron battery, containing sesquioxide |: 

of iron in combination with zinc and an ammoniacal salt,-|) 
..{is° specified,"'2, The method herein described: ‘of pre: : 
paring a sesquioxide of iron battery by mixin; sesquioxido 

of iron with coke, ‘or fixing it in the pores of -caibon, sub- 
stantially,ne.t fo nonmetal 


? 
H 




















































Pak pas pena tienS ET sas : 





















ecified, 












Jeremie 





















{41019,}--Battory for Dells,—I think a chlo. 
it elde of zina battery would autt . 
Fcollone, which works n bell ona clock, a telegraphic’ 
cireuit, threo bells, ansla repeater, ant £ charge it . 
{about four to five months at a vors «mall cost, 
t| havo tied many so-called constant batterios, but 
i}nothing equals this, A Lectanche, or Bichromate, 
‘Jor Anderson's is casfiy tranaformed.—Revinary 



















‘] [41010,]—Battery for Bolts,—Tho [éclanché is 

ono of tho worst batteries for continuous work—[n 
‘a fow woeks thoy get polariacd. T think n geavity> 
battery would suit 
is that the sawdust is dona away 
Tho sulphate of copper, being of lower 
denaity, sinks, ant tho aulphato of zinc rises. ‘The 
Vquids do not mlx, if not disturbod,—-Wanten H. 


Incr, 
44010,.J—Battory for Bolla— Will give 
experience with Lectanché colts, x 
all my own apparatus, anil o} 
find as inuch ploasure in the minktoy 
_ | Two years ago [ mado threo amall 
my house with electric bella, and {no 
0 bolls ceanesd to ring. I th 
large lozenge jer holding about threo quarts, | 
turned a mahogany cover for { 
‘| carbon and zinc plate to it, half-filled the Jar with 
water, put in eomo lumps of sal-ammonino, 
rang our bella for nino mouths, 
coll ringing them stil, with a new zinc 
Whon iitting up ctoctria bolls, use a thick wire, as | 
,{amall wires require a grost deat mora battery- 


ous the differences 










































[44019.]~Battory for Bella,—"Wichi"' wants 
’) what most olectricians havo almed at for years, 
which tho “Loclanché" {s'not: it 
worked continuously, What Is far 
botter than a Menottils a cell or series of Danielle, 
arranged o8 ‘Sigma’ mentions on pa: 
book, that fa fu tho usual way, but witht! 
: | of another porous coll outstde the ono contain 
zino rod, tho apace betweon the two beln; 
solution of sulphate of zinc, and : 
tings to decompose nny coppor salt 
fanaged as above, this 
advantages, its only disadvantage 
ternal resistance fs 









increased s but of course the . 
alze or number of cells mutt bo arranged to aorve 

‘or my own part, cannot sec 
Cella should be required to iy 
attention, aa it would bo ensy 
sot to start working whilat the oth 
bo seen to nt your liberty.—M.M.LSeS. ax 








_ | Your purposo beat, 

















k Ebotuceit: aor20,98 


La nouvelle pile au poroxyde de. mangantse, do 
M. Leclanché, que nous avons, décrite dans. notre 
dernior numéro est, depuis plusiourg semaines, 
dans le commerce, sous trois dimonsions dillé- 


1° Potit élément compict Xune Plaque agglomé- 
rée, 3 francs 7b; - 
2° Grand élément 4 deux plaques, agglomérées, 


‘3° Elément disque & trois plaques agglomérées, 


















August 18; 1675.0 00 one 


TELEGRAPHIC: JO 


ahd 

















"THE 'VOLTAIC ‘BATTERY: 
Hehy aa ars yt 


A Course or Srx-Lucrunes, : 


By, Dr, JOHN WALT GLADSTONE, F.R8., 


Fullerian Professor of Chemlstry, Royal Institution, 









 Brrraiw.—Onnrsrscas, 1874-3 
“(Concluded from pega it.) 7" 
» Lrorunn::VIL—Praorican, APPLICATIONS 
s Gatvantes, 
ut ee ee bed vo dee aS yat Fee's, 
1 Witt proceed to:another application of. galvanic 
clectricity—the olectrio light... Chavo already shown 
you,,in, Various ways, that sparks can. ba producad. 
{wo mako tho torminala of our battory.to, consist 
of charconl, thon.wa got the apark most beautifully. 
oxhibited. Tho light is intonsely, bright.. If. wo 
havo, copper and silyor, and ¢o,.on, for tho tor-, 
minals, thoy givo thoir own particular colouraito 
tho sparka; but whon wa omploy. charcoal wo got 
a, bottor Hight than wo do from auything. claa—a 
light, which, in fact, rivals tho isun. . You'.sco 
whorevor tho two picces of, charcoal touch wo got 
this intonacly bright Tight, ‘Chia has nothing todo 
with the combustion of tho charcoal; tho charcon) 


OF; 





t 














is not burning, for the light will take placo in wator. 


juet as woll as in tho air, . [Tho carbon terminals 
wero immorsed in a glass bowl.of water, and a 
brilliant light was produced beneath the surface of 
tho liquid... ‘Tho uso of this light undor the wator 
has bean suggeated for catching fiah,.but I.do not 
know with what success ;;porhaps .tho fish aro 
onabled , by it to sao, tho not, or nro lod to guapect 
gomo misohiof,, Mr. -Ladd.will show you this.light 
on tho seroon, Tho curront of electricity goos,from 
ono point, to, tho othor;. wo supposo that it passes 
from tho positive polo, to. tho nogativo polo ;.wo 
havo reason for supposing that, Locauso.wo find an 
actual transforonco of particles from tho positiva to 
tho nogativo. This is tha ‘posilive polo magnifiod 
on tho scroon, and yout’ sea tho molted globules 
which are passing. from it.. It is necessary to bring 
tho polos togothor at firat, in ordor to ignite thom, 
and thon thocarbon points may be removod to somo 
distance from‘ono anothor, and still. this: luminous 
vapour from tho carbon flows across from ono to 
auothor. You sco what a boautiful band thero is 
of this bluo light starting from tho whito oude; wo 
ehould find that tho carbon would gradually woar 
away from ono polo, and thnt it would bo doposited 
upon tho other, Watch theeo brilliant globules which 
are falling upon this polo; I think thoro is scarcoly 
anything poasiblotoboconcoived moro beautifulthan 
that intonso light, and you may imngino what force 
in eting thero whon it is-capable of molting tho 
. oke, Wo will show you tho heat of this olectrio 
light; 1t fa, I beliove, tho preateat torrestrial heat 
wo can produco; wo shall bo ablo to sco upon tho 
screen immediately tho melting of motals by moans 
of it, This olectric light, as you aro aware, has 
been suggested for -various purposes ; wo huvo 
employed it sovoral times during the courso of these 


ty eh 
vr" SHE ‘TELEGRAPHIC JOURNAL... 








URNAL: 


Detivenp at tite Royar Institution or GREAT 


! groan light; thoro it is, pouring o! 

















leoturog, ‘and wo havo beon able to magnify objects 
aril to show you phonomena which you: could not 
othorwiso havo avon. « But tho olectrio light doos 
not succeed very woll for lighting:up buildings, 
Thia is duo to the unsteadiness of tho light, :espo- 
cially when produced from a galvanio battory, 
Wo: havo: now silver: molting in the oleotrio light; 
and this beautiful coiour on tho sorcon: is causod 
by tho vapour of silver which is passing acrosa tho 
interval. You-sco how far tho vapour:of silver 
goos; it is this greon band. Now think of tho hoat 
ueceasary to yaporiso silyor; it is so boautiful that 
wo must hayo anothor motal.. : 

Twas saying that this is nots very pood light 
for tho practical purposes of lighting buildings, for 
tlio‘gulvanio battory is'not a very conatant: thing, 
and thoso charcoal points havo always to bo.kopt 
at about tho samo distance, but tho positive polo 
woara ‘away moro rapidly than tho, nogativo, and 
tho polos are always’ changing thoir distanco, This 
last ciroumstanco can bo overcome protty woll by’ 
machinery, ‘but tho irrogularitics of the galyanio 
battery “cannot bo’ overcome. An attompt was 
made to introduce this for lighthouse. purposes, and 
Profossor' Faraday worked long and lovingly in 
ordor to introduce this bright light forthe benefit 
of tho anilors about’ our shores, But the oloctrio, 
tight can bo"producod in othor ways than by tho 
galyanio’ “battory ;- wo can got itiby rotating. 
magnots, and by that moana, originally discoverod 
by Faraday,-wo aro ablo'to produco, tho brilliant,. 
steady. cloctrie lights now sonding thoir rays across 
‘tho ‘sod ‘at’ Dungonoss, ‘and’ at two or throo.other’ 
placog in England and Franco, 1 

‘Toro is the light duo to-lithium; it ig’caused by. 
‘tho magnificont vapour of that motal, :, Afr. Ladd 
is ablo to separato these points far from ono anothor,: 
sbooauiso’ tho lithium vapour. conducts. tho voltaic 
Hforeo. I supposo wo must look at anothor motal in 
this way. |. a nen arth gine an Pill it 
i * Horo is thallium.. This vapour givos o peculiar 
i ff from tho.motul. 
‘ou soo how it,is being eont out. from.tho ono 
‘charcoal, ‘aud tho’ vapour is boing condetised' and 
doposited on the other polo. Pn hn dali et tagiO 

am yory sorry that tho hour is going rma 80 
fast, but I must say o word or two an: anol her 
application’ of tho voltaic force, You’ know. vory 
wall that wo can carry it to any distanco wo please, 
‘Woll, thon, wo may omploy it to set firo to gun- 
powder,:or gun-cotton, or anything olso of tho 
sort, ata distance. And it has Leon so omployed 
for removing obstructions in mining oporutions, 
blasting rocks,and so on., I-romombar ono of. tho 
finest sights I _evor saw was tho blowiag down 
of some of tho buildings of tho Great Exhibition, 
opposite Quocn’s Gate. I was thon considorably 
interested in gun-cotton, Tho gun-cotton was 
ignited by means of tho voltaio force, and tho 
masses of building elowly scttled duwn boforo us, 
being undormined by tho blast, I havo put in my 
pocket somo string gun-cotton, You know tho 
Austrians triod to introduce it for tho purposes of 
war, Hero is somo of tho Austrian match-ling, 
and 1 havo had o piece of it wound round thore. 
[A picco of match-line was ignited by a battory~ 
spark.) By just simply putting the wires upon tho 
compound, wo can sct off tho gun-cotton, and 
instead of gun-cotton wo might tako anything clea 
of tho samo character, such as thoso little fusos. 
do not want to blow up a largo quantity of gun. 









































x 








v| A SEW Galvanic BATTERY, ae ee en ee ean ee ae 
a ; i lo thero fs reason to doubt the possibility of devising’ a 


















eH 4 motor capable of doiag heavy work as economi | 
he atenm an, hore can be no queation that, for ' 
electric engine is one of the moat 


’ The gaivanic. battery is now. so exten- 
sively employed in all branches of buat- 
ness—by the broker for telegraphing the oe 
prices of gold and stocks,by tho merchant ci 
for ordering goods,. by clockmakers aa 4 
substitute for welghts and springs, by 
electro-platers and gilders for depostting 
nickel and the precious metals, by en- : ; 
dese for exploding blasts, hy physicians jo. ae en - , . : : | : ie 
fre dvr yn ie are) go ey as mee : eo ithout- material wante, yet abla,to of |: 
elr houses—lhat. wo cane. te a : = il oe 
not pass by any Improvement, however oo | an : fuera : | 
min rat iM re paall and cheaply Kept jn working order, tata ee Hl 
yentent, yet fitful, little slave capable of St ae 7 : 
more generat use in the arts. s | va : : 
} plications w 
innumerable, 


















pllt'itecontenta underordinary cir. 

















































































































































































































































































To an Austrian journal we. find’a de- {, 
scription of a battery made by Fein, in : E 
Stuttgart, which is said to combine great 1 sien A tein La, tt 
eleclo-motive force with great constaacy. i already in ure, onouyh bn been eecomiay b olectric ! 
Tt conatsis, In the first placo, of a three and Labor nt Inst Secured, moore i douche the aupurlority off forlight £ 
necked bottle, like a Woulfe's bottle, 1 THE BA vork, Everything that steam can do In suc! 3 if 
cd | . In 1 a itcan do; i 
Bie et dhe ldo Reiks le wieaiton vod Gad > GLES METALLIC BATTERY, \ nad Were are many occasions, domeaticand otherwiso, where : | 
In tho other is an atanlgamated lnc rod, PATENT APPLIED FoR, : 1 Rover eanant oe conveniently employed, where a small 
1} provided with a cetton cover as substisute’ ‘Vy The unsernigoet baring secured the exctiadvo Ay 1 sarees ongine mnlght do the required work qulckly, neatly, 
j}fora porous cell, ‘Tha bottle is filled een suite stat ats oF the ieneraice || without eat or risk of explosion, and without enlling for 
\ through the middlo neck to two-thirds ix i FAGLES METALLIC BATTERY, ist tasigiiaciad skill or knowledge, the 
1 capactty with by Lf uw atter thea to the putt unt . hich must ever act ad a bar to the Ei yar, 
sian at pee abi oa of ac a pn el senin, ne Yet Maltory lor Tetegraphic ateam for household service, And thé Pi 
{bo remalning third Is filled he nL] battery. Sulphate of cunpor fe dre oak cneniteste hale of the tained may bo, in itself, many tlmes 
centrated solution of sal ammont: ik ‘Thea Hattertes have bean fully te Tek eagent , : an onaivalent amon’ of ateam power, ths; ; 
‘neck ts then closed by means of nd sea cal recent afer ier sler went gage teat year, Li OF yn : ing the use of electrlelty aro so pronounced ates 
il verted clarsftas an in- Iillty. When gues et an the eee Pon aad Bt Dep 1 O 10) KWOOD BATTERY. saving of tme and trouble so grent, that, with 
: B k Glted with concentrated fon Pb they reaqnt dura. f) grent, that, with « generator t 
‘Veatution of ‘sal ammoctac, and to. taget Tenslecnsenteesce Wo thapersicw eequinet at tee : PATENTED APnth 8, 1873, such as we have described, there would be no hesitation in A 
Uhnt the mouth of The fot dipa beneath, | ln Motor Sinaeorgrs ta oer wen bp pra, ©, G. TILLOTSON & 00., Sole Agents, . |/St706 {tthe preference ts thoursnds of canoe where a littld y 
the surface af the solution in the bottle; | sxe Iatcales ane Nut Celt hoe Wasa local Gr tar yoo. No, 8 Duy Sroger, N.Y.  |ipowor fa wanted for continuous work, or whore there 18 f| 
If at wer ouougt ttle; saving ‘of nearly ouetalineoste 12 Pe Mf ee Dantelte, at a This Dattery line beon in extended practical ueo for more than occasional need of « small-but instant effect, : q 
a igh ovoporates to bring the Xo. tn m rou evthy dentuted & ayear, and ie now acknowledged by feadlng Blecteteiaus Tnke, for example, th: ‘ li 
Hijeface of the sotutlon below the mouth og | tonto ITs ctreware aud vriew ir tata te, Mrten, £2, dic?) 1a, Wa Uhls country and Kurope to bo. : plo, that almost universal household noces- H 
\ pala aT eee i OF i forwatsied pain appticas “PAR SUPERIOR TO ALL OTHERS — nity, the eowing machine. :How immonsely would ite useful, H 
_—_————s mie ~-L. POPE & CO. A for Aelepraybi Pucpoaes, oF closnd clrenits of any description ip Bers be Incrensed by an acceptable means of running It: a} £ 
? the flask, fomealr will enter the flask, and a », O. Box 8603.) 38 VARSEY NREMT, Ny ‘This Battery Froctyol Whe FINE, PITEAUTUS ‘over j ae use pe Yipee a no winding up, which would not ‘ “i 
enough rolution’ yand |. 1M x : ; easily got out of order, which would be always safe, alw i 
SALE Se eee x POWER, DURABILITY AND ECONQ™™ v5. * —i Meroe sri rae ¥ 
attached to (he ae copper'cantuctor is" | eae AT THE VE + ery bit : ° : sean a . 
lat r carbon tod by i ; : q . 7 7 a , 
tine trim iintee THE TELEGRAPHER | ete neta dng tone eet sees AUaUST 29) 17 
| allt in tne earbon and depositing a tim | «Becht capper ne el tia iets 
| of copper’ by clectsulysls, Wee : si LS LISS RESERY f ts clrctilta of average tonglh for s der control! A man w a 
: Pressing the platinum strip Into etd of B PSERVOIR BATTERY, : : tt ! ey to Ml t this demand alone woul : an 
| are coloring it with in, ‘This battery fs] “| | Thia batts haw Junt isa ae iad’ NO.LOCAL ACTION, : lean nut - 
; Bald to require eteaning about . Mpat—ron Foner, at taken tho Fiast Parwiut—a Site snd tho ‘clreult fe"ansonuteLy wntronst at alt Uimes, It 1a : ’ 
year, when the zine rod; once a wart Inpuatntan Dane Econoy and Dunatttry, at the C: "t equally woll adapted for a rf be put, ! i : iF 
Bamated anow Is must he ama). 1 HAL Exvonttton, tHcane fie LOCAL, MATTERY, | Hd home, there le water to “pump; + i 
. pur wi. <e4 . ‘ 3 i 
Er oa whe ded cade nae SA as f Fae et requiring a uniform, powerful and constant | wauhing machines erate, wood to aaw, coal to lift, and i HW 
; (BB oaes atte tirayaseitoan nail woo ow reeds for ette, Other a multitude of other labara, all of which might be done ad. A 
“Send Jor Circular, * : | vantageously by simply elactric imotors, provided the requl- 
: L. G. TILLOT . alte battery were forthcoming, Bevldes, there fe light to far- 
r\ . i , “8 
Re 8 Dry Stuer, Naw Your, ninb, doore and windows to guard against burglars, errands 
Son AGUNTS. [to ran, and accidental fires to report. It.is not impossible © 
4 oT ey . {that the common dwelling house of ‘the futire will rival 
 Wehare annotated stesare 1.0. re ees Seis Wieate | {Houdan’s in the diveratty and completeness of its electrical 
0 eale of tho Lockwood lattery. appliances; yet, without entering the reglon of apeaulation 





LOCKWOOD BATTERY CO. or looking beyond tho sim 

ty ple dally neods of ordinary hourw- | 

W. HL Sawrxn, Secretary, $j holda, there Is a presont call for the servicer of thia tleatest, K : 
: ‘neateat, and most tractable of servants, suffictent!to ensure | - 

; wealth and’ renown to whoever shall capture and harnens \ 


him satisfactorily, 
-, For light manufacturing purposes, the call ts equally uré 
hers eteam fs not used, there; 


- : gent, In every workshop w t 
fires - . 4 . ALO pragsea, RAWE, Inthes, drills, and numberloes other pre- 
‘Vsent or possible machines, to which electro.motors migut be 
profitably applied. For amateur workmen, nothing could 
be more desirable or more likely to meot with imniadiate 
acceptance, Then what ao-adimirable contrivance itAvould 
be for drisiog light wagons or propelliog pleasure boatal 
'fharo would ba no fuel to carry. 20 fire to watch, no poralble 
oxplosion to fear: there would be no stabllng or grooming to 
pay for, and no food to buy for the hours of tdlenose. © Mr. 
Bergh ought to offer a premiutn for the Invention, siinply for 
the sake of.the animals ho loves, ‘ : ; 
Whore the range of application ts‘so great, it {6 need. 
leas to multiply examples, Our purpose Is to sugiest, 
not to demonstrate, the qultitudinous uses to which a patis- 
factory electro motor may ve put, and to call the attention of 
Inventors to the certaln reward that will come te ~*- 


shall overcome the Inst remaining nhatesle 
























Prive por ae 
Coll 
It wilt ron oe eee BRy 
Hon, and as Ses local battery for atx month a 
| tmoalo battery for atouger peri © without atten: |) 


GEO. EH. Br, ‘ 
‘ 1s : 
41 THIRD Peitrtiche 
YE, 
































fies 
SLECTRICITY WITHOUT CARMIVAL “AU 
At u recent mevting of the Physteal Socivts 
ming showed his new battery, in whiel the 
mictalligcontact of dissimilar metals is entirely avoided, 
Tho arrangement consists of thirty-xix test tubes of 
dilute nitric acid®and the same nuntber of tuber of fo. 
dium: pentasulphide, all well instilated, alteronting with 
onoanotber, But strips of alternate lead and copper. 
connect the neighboring tubes, by whieh means the; 
terminals are of rimilar metal, and a current of sulli-i 
{clout Intensity to violently affect a quantity: galvane! 
omoter ohtained, The ntint increases, us in the’ 
ordinary galvanic arran, with the number of 
calls employed, util sixty cells showed an clectro. 
{motive furce exceeding that of thy same inunber of 
» Daniella cloments. Tn this now battery the acd Jead 
fs positive to capper, white in the sulptinte it is nega. 
clive, Mr, Meming further showed how, by using the 
‘singlo fluid nitric avid, and tho single metal iron, a 
sinitar battery could be constracted, provided ane ball’ 
‘of each iron ‘Htrip wus rendered que This ia an 
foportant disvovery, for it seumns to revive the theory 
that chenteal action Is no Hecessary ina galvanic 
-Amaratus to produce electricity. At all events, it ix? 
(YF suflicient interest to merit the xound inquiry into fs 
{principles whieh physicists seem likely to make, : 


{PINCUS’ CHLORIDE OF SILVER BA1 
| TERY, 
| Poggendorf's Annalen describes some In 
(teresting experiments made at Kanizs 
‘berg with a chloride of silver battery, 
, The experimenter, named Monvig, hod 
construcied uw stnple Wittle battery of 
<twenty small glass tumblers, 1 inch Tn’ 
diameter and 23 Inches high, all of which! 
could be placed on a sinall sheet of telter 
‘paper. ‘The deviatlon of the galvanom-! 
cter necdle by this current was 76°, while, 
forty Meldinger cella in use there only, 
jeaused a deviation of 499 With these) 
twenty colle telegrams were sent in perfect 
salety to Bromberg, and tho spring of the 
relay at that tation required strengthens 
Ing because the current attracted it too 
strongly. After shutting out the battery 
at Bromberg and making direct connec. 
tlon with Berlin, dispatches were sent! 
i there by the use of only ten of (hese litle 
{eells, while dispatches were sent to Brom: + 
‘berg with four cups, Further expeilmente: 
‘showed thut six cells would moro than | 
Fovercome the reslatance of 800 milrs of | 
wire from Kornigeberg to Bromberg, and 
twelve cells overcame (he 670 tiles to Ber- 
In, Including the resistance of relay and 
galvanometer. By employing such tmenna,: 
every man connected with tho rallway/ 
postal or telegraph service could carty al 
effictent hattery In his pocket, 


{yithe fitiie pentleman-also-made comd remarks Ua Me Use vy 


j Potassium Dickromate in Groves and Hunsen's Batteries to | 


antity of that substance dissolved In the nitric acid, and had i 
found that the battery remained constant so Jong as any chrome 
acid remained to he reduced, and that no red fuiues appeared, 


‘Ten athar nanare ware alen anniensontent 


ensure constancy, in which he stated that he had used a small | 
\ gu 


April 35, 1875. THE TELEGRAPHIC JOURNAL, 


i ea SSS ee 


THE TELEGRAPHIC JOURNAL. 
tio Vou. IIL.—No. 53. 


CONTACT ¢, CHEMISM. 


Tur battle of the guages in tho milway world has 
i its parallel in the battle of tho theories in the 
i electrical world, Volta conceived tho generntion 
“of the current in his pile to bo due to the contact 


sca at dissimilar metals, Fabroni suggested that it 


af wos due to chemical affinity. Tho German phy- 
af Sng whom wo may name Hitter, Pfaff, 
( mae im—were runged on the one side, and the 
| Enghs Hand French physicists—amongst whom wo 
‘may uno Faraday, Davy, and Do Ja Rive—were 
! sangel Gn the other side. The first phalanx was 
supported) by the undoubted fact tliat the contact 
1 of two amiftals, such as zino and copper, docs 
produca opkposite electrical conditions; and the 
} second phal wnx was supported by tho equally 
) undoubted filet tlint it was possibla to produce 
currents without tho contact of dissimilar motats, 
1. Volta determined that in every caso tho more 
1 oxidisable matal was positive, and that tho relative 
order of poaitiva clectrification followed exactly the 
samo ordof as Uhot of oxidability, which lcd 
+ Do la Rive to attribute tho result to oxidation due 
1 to the moisture of tho air upon tho positive plate; 
but Inter obscrvers—especinlly Sir William ‘hom. 
son—havo shown that this result is indepondent of 
moisture, or aven of the air, nnd that it is posi- 
tively stopped if actual wator be present. 
Do In Rive went so fir as to any that no effect 
occurred when ono disc was well conted with 
‘ yarnish and a platinum wiro is soldered on to it, 
i but Peclet showed that ho waa wrong, Belirons, 
: in 1805, netuntly constructed a dry pile of So pairs, 
and Do Tue, in 1810, mado ono of Soo pnira, of 
-tinned iron and gilt paper; and Zamboni, in 1812, 
inade one of 2ooo puirs, using paper tinned on ono} 
“aide and pasted with peroxide of manganeso on the: 
other, Mora recently, Sir Wm, Thomson ina! 


\ 
t 
H 


i Aetually measured tho difference of potential bo-: 


: tween zine and coppor in contact, 

{ Davy, though supporting ‘the chemical theory, 
‘found metals to Le positive when in contact with 
idry acidg, nnd negativo when in contact with 
‘alkalica; and snany other observers liavo noticed 
Ahat contact difference of potontiat is not duo alone 


tential between them,” Now: Faraday and his 


followers, in supporting tho chemical theory, roly 
on the fact that currents are produced without tho 
contact of divaimilar metwte; but it is ovident that, 
to destroy the contact theory, wo inust produce 
galvanic currents without the contact of dissimilar 
hodies,—and this is simply impossible, On the 
other hand, it ia very easy fo prodtce many 
instances whero currents nro produced without 
chemical action, The ordinary form of Daniel's 
battery in such general use throughout England is 
a caso in point, Thera is no chemical aliinity 
between. zinc and sulphata of zine, or between 
copper and sulphate of copper, and yet arrange 
these materints {na cell and we havo tho electro 
motive furce of a perfect Danicll's battery. Thera 
is no chemical afiinity between zine and chloride of 
ammontum, but put them ina Leclanché’s cell and 
we linvo a powerful current. ‘There aro many 
other insurmountable dificulties in accepting the 
chemical theory, but the chiof objection to it is tho 
anawer to tho simple question—What is chemicat 
aftinity ? If we accept tho contact theory, we not 
only nccept a feasible theory based on an irrefragable 
fact, but wa answer the question—Whiat is chemical 
aflinily? or, accept tho fact that the contact of 
isaimilar Lodics determines a difference of poten- 
tinl between them, wa can soy at once this is the 
cause of that action called chemical affinity. 

It fs said thut Volta’s theory is opposed to tho 
scienco of energy. So it was in its original form, 
but in its modified form—whero contact is (ho 
prime caugo cud chemism the effect, sustaining the 
supply of cnergy—tho dificulty ceases, If wa 
admit that chemical afinity and contact electricity: 
aro the samo thing, all dificuttics cease, and both 
partied to tho contest can retire from the field with 
tho conviction that their battles Jinve been fought, 
liko so many other fiereo battles, over a mero 
differenco in words, 


‘to different metals, but to metala and liquids, |! 
iinetals and gases, aud, in fret, to tho contact of | 


Misaitnilar bodies, So that we mny say that in tho 
iwholo rango of physical sctonco there is no fact 
mora thoroughly substantinted than thit the contact 
of ‘dissimilar bodies determines a sess of po- 


mane Uuicaly-uoeiess It tne IMbOrAtory,- | arrangement’ by which’ the plates*can* be” 


3 


NATURE 


[Sept 9, 1875 ° 


ve, 


‘treatise, the 
{he first. de- | 
dparatus, by H 
{be obtained | 
Ame spectra, 
ut clay cells, , 
te of potash ¢ 
litres of, this , 
tructions :— , 
bichromate 
per cent. of 
auric acid in 
atly stirred ; 
potash and 
ethe stirring: 
fom a spout 
v already is 
1 eventually, 
‘quid ares a 
3m. thick,. 
trolled plate 
arsed to the 
irely coated: 
hot), excepti 
and which is’ 
and zinc is 
il researches : 
fcumstances | 
‘ith this bat. | 
Ah regard to 
I containing 
nd shape as 
attery. The 
that in’ the 
hore oxygen 
tion, than in 
“that there. 
the latter is 
aromic oe 
try, requires 
acity, The 
h cylinders, 
sa diameter 
high in the 
\ The zinc. 
ght into the 
se of about : 


| 


ic acid bat- | 
tes in clec- 
is hitherto 
ch is about 
oal-zinc or 
sistance is 
‘e's battery 
the econo. 
HEIs 
tking place 
Grove bat- 
only when 
smotic cx- 
ng liquids, 
generation 
connected 
on of zine 
hat which 
1e_genera- 
sit indis- 
tin sucha 
jon of the 
Ntact with : 
tand lever; 


dipped into or; 


“ Lately Prof, Bunsen, of Heidelberg, has tried to remove | raised out of the liquid. It is of particular interest, not 





ft 





Por bit nd Se FE 








: hey F 

te Euxernterry wirnour Crimean ae 
recent teeting of the Physical Suciets 
Mr. Floming showed his now battery, in whiell tht 
MUEbAl][- esr tee net ler ee ME 
Tho ar, 

dilute 1 

















atone att 


NATURE — 


actions,” it may possibly be the author's intention to 
Append them to a future communication to the Royal 
Society, in continuation of other important papers already 
published in the “Transactions,”—~a place whichthe Tables 









[Sepd. 9, 1873 


all these difficulties, In a very: {mportant treatise, the ° 
first part of which has just been published, he first de- 
scribes a new battery and a new spark apparatus, ‘by 
means of which spark spectra can at any time be obtained 
with the same ease and facility as ordinary flame spectra, 
The battery is the charcoal-zigc battery without clay cells, 1% 
The exciting liquid is a mixture of bichromate of potash q. 
and sulphuric acid, In order to prepare to litres of this : 3 
liquid, Prot Wunsca gives the following instructions :— 4 
0°765 kil ogrammes of commercial powdered bichromate’ : 
of potash, which as a rule contains about 3 per cent. of f 
impurities, are mixed with 0'832 litres of sulphuric acid in 

a stone jar while the mass is being constantly stirred ; F 
when the salt is changed to sulphate of potash and 

chromic acid, 9°2 litres of water arc added, the stirriny. 

being kept y and the water allowed to flow from a spout 

about 4 inch wide; the crystal meal, which already is 

very warm, thus gets warmer and warmer and eventually, 

dissolves completely, The excitcrs for: this liquid are: a 

rod of the densest gas coal, 4 cm, broad, 1°3 cm, thick, 

and immersed 12 cm, deep into the liquid, and a rolled plate 

of zinc 4,.cm, broad, o's cm. thick, and immersed to the” 

same depth as the coal ; the zinc plate is entirely coated ‘ 
with a layer of wax (which is put on whilst hot’ except : 

that plane which fs turned towards the coal and which is : 
amalgamated, The distance between coal and zinc is . : 
entirely optional ; in the spectral and analytical researches a 
of Prof, Bunsen it varied according to circumstances | 

between 3 and 10 millimetres. The results with this bate | ‘ 
tery arc, however, not very satisfactory with regard to 
duration and constancy of current, if the cell containing : 
the exciting liquid is made of the same size and shape as; J 
those in the’ ordinary Grove or Bunsen battery, The 

reason of this lies in the circumstance that in the 
nitric acid of those batteries there is far more oxygen 
contained, which is employed for depolarisation, than in 
an equal weight of the chromate liquid, and that there. 
fore a comparatively much larger quantity of the latter is 
used up to obtain the same effect, The chromic acid 
battery therefore, compared to Grove’s battery, requires 
cells of at least three to four times more capacity, ‘The 
best shape for these cells is that of narrow, high oytinders, 
The column of liquid, of about 1'6 litres, has a diameter 
of about 0'088 metres, and stands 0°28 metres high in the 
cylinder, which bears a mark at that height, The zinc- 
coal pair is only immersed up to half its height into the 


THE TELE 












































tering a - SPECIAL TELEGRAPITY, 
.f cloutsh —— g 
i Tun: season of “ Specinl Telography " lias se | 5 
oni st a vengemtico: ‘suring tharpast Yortnight iY) : will advantageously occupy, They give with sun’s longi- 
calle of have been no fewer than front. three R oe Ah fe as ument, the inclination of the solar axis to the 
6 Mectings throughout the United Kingdom, for wh ‘ Circ! oo eclination, reckoned positive when the axis is 
special telegraphic arrangemants of somo kin Tee ete, orth, point of the sun’s disc, and assuming 
other have had to be mado; ont in connection mene tention 7 is equator to the ecliptic to be 7 15"0, 
thesa ncetings upwards of 20,000 telegrams | and the longitu eo its ascending node 74°; and with 
Deen forwarded and ree: Northampton, wl preumnent, Suns Dpaltads 9) the Heliographical fati- 
‘of cach as suddenly revived, ond bids fair to reg tude of the carth” and “Reduction of longitude.” The 
hoporta ent prestige, heads the list of import 
thut eb meetings. Here, as many @ iGo0 telegrams 
spbaratt forwariled and received during the two day: isamtacy nes ni 
ov uit if ng a very Inrge increnge on the nun Picmentary table is provided. . 
{Principle : Her ER ovat of Inst year, Worw! : 7 ae Fables have been calculated by Mr, Marth, and it 
an old established stronghold of racing, comes 1 : ent be oH ons i} enyons tiated in such work, that 
with a total of 4344 messages in threo do: ; ate rath fh rouble has been taken to ensure their accu. 
then follow Pontefract, Durham, Windsor, we production, 


ham, Croydon, Catlterick, Irvine, Packington, A! of MIRA CeTL—A minimum of this variable star is set 
gavenny, and Croxton Park, ith totals vary : down in Schinfeld’s ephemeris ‘for September 30, The 
from 1500 down (0 450 messager, ‘Tho meron minima have not been properly observed nearly so often 
tion of theso names ix sullicient to show as the maxima, though equally important in. the inves 
i universal character of tho sport in England tigation of the laws which regulate the fluctuations of 
= tho all-pervading nature of aur telegraplito aya light, and which, according to Argelander’s researches, 
: In ovory one of tho cases we havo mentioned involve a mare complicated formula than has yet been 
grmphic business is carried on nt tho raco-cou deduced for any other variable. | The circumstances of 


and, unlike the system of the Inte Telegmph C the approaching minimum are very favourable for obser. 
panies, by which an extra charge waa lovied o1 ; vation, 
t 


messages forwarded from or received at the G 
Stand, only the“ unifurm shilling rato" fs exo 


by tha Post-Oflico for ractng na for other messa| SCIENCE IN GERMANY @. nik 
“Daring he present week the meing season haste! 


° (From a German Correspondent) (Better 
inaugurated at Nowmarket, which, na it ta : ? 

feat “quarters of tho sport in ‘England, is also OLY fore small Leathas a elements and thelr com: 
Heal qunrtors of racing telegraphy, Last year! : pounds js the relatively low temperature of the non- 
ware of 75,000 telegrams wera forwarded \ luminous pas a enniclent 2 produce Bpecten ic 
recoived in connection with the seven Race Mect ines nisaber Gish: ine tian ‘ toseare! i $ y ar she 
held nt Newmarket, being an averago of moro {| = aae btai : ely by th frcas of tei 4 
10,000 meseanges for cach meeting, Of these, n Wore Therefore con facie ely by | 7 decttte: Spat 
than 12,000 messuges, containing 625,000 wo 1 bodies which ilo mot miv waalathe; ee cl 
were forwarded on behalf of the press, and 1 : ; i souk spectra tt i ‘it spec he lie nd these 
ie ‘hoe. eat ie aeinatgel ionic . * those cases where new clements are sought for, or where 
at Newmarket would hardly suffer by comparg a. -it is a question of proving beyond all doubt the presence 































t 





obliquity of the ccliptic is taken, 23° 27"5, but to correct 
the angle between the circle of declination and _ the sun’s 
axis, for difference of true and assumed obliquity, a sup- 


































Ra reer tg ROPE E 






















a. of certain bodies, which in their chemical propertics arc | liquid column, and has an. active zine surface of about j 
with Meas of oll ot pur Inckeat provincial fey a so much alike that ordinary reagents do not suffice for | forty-cight square cm, i ee i 
when it is in full ew te ‘a Theasant cuimens “8 their discovery or, separation, With regard to the constants of this chromic acid bat- 


ng that in which tho 
‘ithe « Cambridgeshire " is celebrated, On tho If 
‘ava ora no fewer Ulinn threo # i 






* But there are difficulties in the way of practically using 
spark spectra, which have been the reason why these 
important means of reaction have not yet found their 
entry into all chemical laboratories, First of all, a 
simple method has been wanting by which spark 
spectra can be obtained at any time, Whoever’ has 
been obliged to use currents of great intensity with tem- 
porary interruptions of days, weeks, or months, knows 
how much unpleasantness is caused by fitting, taking 
a to pieces, and cleaning the ordinary constant batteries 
theory. used hitherto, Another difficulty Ifes in the fact that 
et with i spectrum tables are still wanting which wauld be of sufti- 

, Cc 


tery without clay cells, it considerably surpasses in clece 
tromotive force all other apparatus with clay cells hitherto 
used, It possesses an electromotive force which is about 
13 per cent. larger than the ordinary charcoal-zinc or 
Grove battery. Its essential conduction resistance is 
about t2 per cent, smaller than that of Grove’s battery 
with clay cells, . In order to be able to judge the econo- 
mical effect of the chromic acid battery, we will consider 
a little more in detail the chemical processes taking place 
in this battery. In unconnected freshly fillecl Grove bat- 
teries the consumption of zinc is very small, only when 
‘after prolonged use an electrolytic and endosmotic ex- 


































i, t with : ent service for all practical purposes, It is true that a | change has taken place between the two exciting liquids, 
if noticed | : large quantity of mieasurcments have been published, and } a consumption of zinc, independent of the generation 
the alone ‘doubtless some of them are extremely accurate, but with | of the current, becomes apparent, In the unconnected 






_ the greatest part of them the purity of the substances | chromic acid battery, however, the consumption of zinc 















f E liquids, |: experimented with is not in the least guaranteed, and at the very beginning is entirely the same as that which 
ig \ Pot ; iinet of i -very often it can be proved not to have been attended to is observed in connected batteries during the Bauer: 
ensith tht iu tho at all. If it is attempted to reduce to a universal scale | tion of the current. This circumstance makes it fais : 
wan all the spectrum drawings at hand which have been ob- | pensable to arrange the chromic acid battery in sucha 
found Wat Ue Dattery rematmed: consis ay sayy we sosay wccerevee no fuct 






manner as to make it easy, at every interruption of the 
current, to bring the exciting plates out of contact with 
the liquid. This is attained by a simple hand lever, i 
arrangement by which the plates. can be dipped into or! 
raised out of the liquid. It is of particular interest, not 












acid remained to be reduced, and that no red fumes appeared, imere thoroughly substantiated thnrtiavte contact 


ST pther nanaee wiara nen annimecn { 


tained: by different observers, with different refractive 
jor di imilar bodies delermition.a di rence of po- 


media, with different widths of the slit, some at a higher, 
and some at a lower temperature, tables are obtained 
which are completely and utterly useless in the laboratory, 
Lately Prof, Bunsen, of Heidelberg, has tried to remove 



















Beis, 











Pept sere oe 





Aieammeneeartncommanniioverien vac BL ie, 

















LADSTONE read ii op ane 
e ' Prefar Zhi 3 »B, Coasks: ft 
0 Preparation of ip Caeeeerte of Léelancht? A, Lehelanehud. 
12 Please oxplaln why the zine of a battery Is the 
positive polo or element (as atated on p. 107, vol. 
33} when tho flow of clecteielty Is from tho other j 
pole to thezine? A. There seems, at Mest right, 
to be sone lneonilstenoy In using the terms posts 
Uveand negativein connection with the zing place 
of n battery; but asuny part of n cireult consld- 
ered by irolf must preaent both nv povitive acd a 
negutlye pole, and as thy outside poles alone we 
of pricticul Importance, Mees urethe once Wluded ’ 
ating st Dene to when any aco montloned: the negative poltt bo. \y 
Hoaide.: For dry cou h : Hing that ono townrds which tho etirrent Is directed, 
eercniatale ds anda When thn eta ee referee ea Tp 
ead n cp s vo whic ut 7 HT 
the current in the connected battery, and that on! ly © part | sealed firmly upon them, can be moved upwards or down. eadions, one depo oe veel vein ich te mnennied cael ta tho | 
of the metal dissolved in the disconnected battery without | wards by the corks 4, and this allows of a quick and . found to be most effe ca poyaltorlat itt Pa ters i tn the | t 
the candencration is used up in the connected onc.for | exact fixing of the carbon points before the slit of the Is from the meta} on whch the netfun tnkes place. j 
vita oie int the slit fl zine | PiThe carbon % Which of the following Cour methods Is best ap, 
sponds with the view that the dissolution of the zine The carbon points destined to receive the little quanti- 
must not be looked upon as the cause of the current, but | ties of liquids under’examination are best prepared from 
PeBh ap ehat d condition of the same, Investigation | the ordinary and. not too light drawing charcoal, which 
: further showed that while in the chromic acid battery | is easily procurable, In order first’ to impart con- 
; ‘above described, on the Average only 22 per cent, of | ducting power to the charcoal, a great number of the 





NATURE 





Sept. 9, 1875 | 399 
only for practical purposes, but also from a theorctic point | rent induced in the same is conducted to the spark appa- 
of view, to compare the consumption of zinc during the | ratus standing in front, of the slit of the spectroscope : 
generation of the current with that in the unconnected bat- | a, a hottle with three necks, serves as a stand for the 
tery, as theory alone gives no basis on which to decide spark apparatus. The induced current goes from the 
the question whether the zinc disssolved in the uncon- | mercu cup 4, through the fine wire ¢ to the carbon point 

‘s nected battery is entirely, partly, or not at all used in the d@, which is fastened ona pointed platinum wire; thence | 
connected battery for the generation of the current, In- | it passes as a spark to the other carbon point ¢, and from 
vestigation showed that the quantity of zinc dissolved in | thts it reaches the second mereury cup /, which is con- 
the disconnected battery is alittle under half of the con- | nected with the other end of the induction coil. The 

sumption of zine necessary acording to theory to gencrate platinum wires, which are surrounded by glass tubes 





























































Safa RO eT I 



























. phed to Ughtuing urresters for telegraph ofllves? 

ae i sac _ Points, connected with (he ling wire preeented to yt 
: - ; : : | polnta connected with tho ground, Hig polots prem { 
ronted between gronnd polcts, ne polnts pree 
sonted to n plain ground surface, or growed 


| [Buxcrntcat Ni 
i July aa, 1875, 



















| tine was lost, the loss in the nitric acid battery expe- | sticks are exposed to the most intenee chile hen ee 2 [Of a-eybmaring eablo.from:tnqceonUneNs MipLOreetello | TU OLE iad re ET 
rimented with was 48 per cent. on the average, The | some time in a covered porcelain crucible, which stands +] to eed Sardyita, ae ae oon tee: Uttte lie UFSEStGTR AO WIOKt . 
chromic acid battery without clay cells is the least | in a larger clay crucible, and {s on all sides ‘surrounded \ ego ee : - aatinly which combine, in ony aystemy appar cd 
Fae art one Amongst the ordinary constant batteries. | by charcoal powder, Then the sticks are cut to points at Mr, Geo. F.'Milliken, manager of the Boston office of Patats nmtopposed plates scparntest by very thin 
But if used in‘a’ proper manner it may serve for a} one end, and the little charcoal cone thus obtained is : the Weatern Union Telegraph Company, writes as follows |‘ ' 






Vhiye k that the 

feces of inten 4. Why do you thi 
Destane? A By theirdlfuslyo property, points 
toud to prevent na nceumulation or charge; somes 
tinea, however, the sudden presence of wpecal 





very long. time, Prof. Bunsen possesses a battery of | cut off with a fine watchmakers saw. Jn order to re- 
tl is. an , of forty pairs, with an active zinc surface on move the silica, magnesia, manganese, iron, potash, soda, 
cach plate of only forty square cm. For the last cight | and Jithia which the charcoal contains about a thous and of 





In reference to battery covers :—"" Lhave now in the bat. 
"| tery room a few cells without oil, with wooden covers— 
one with zine, one tin, ‘The metallic covers are made, | 













































lecture-terms it has served for nl il i stad 3 . i i : ty of elcctrlelty exceeds this power of ¢ 
fts having been necessary during oS bor iuine tan hed Lae hated perth et ier rou ae ope ‘ with a rim 2 inch wide, fitting the cell, but not too : aoe tsa cases, the plates neck Ike coutleney 
the zinc plates, or their coatings of wax, or the original | with concentraled nitric acid : and tall with h dros : closely. The openings for the wires aad the apace round | ors, in which tho potential becomncaeo Ml AN 
exciting Hquid, nor to clean the conducting connection | chloric acid, repeating cach process several times, hile : the sim are filled with parafin and tallow, They were | dlachure: tubes plnee bait euatltiitee: 
parts ; it has been merely necessary to renew now and | between each manipulation cach of the acids is removed ; set up May th for usc in local circuits, and -now } TE eae ‘th Is tho eillelenoy of 
then the amalgamation of the zinc plates {an operation | by washing and boiling with water. Afler this treatment. : (June ath), without a drop of water added to them, there Hoo eater increased by Incrensing the munber 
which only takes a few minutes of time) and to replace | the carhor points are ready for usc.. A carbon cone of 7: ' tho arrose a 


; that part of the liquid which'was lost by evaporation in | this description w 


the air, by simply filling the cylinders with water up to} absorb more than 


p is no sign of diminution, and all are,clean and neat as at” : inf pointe? Ay Vee. pits Sia iy tenets ie : 
eighs about o'o1s grammes, and can ue : 


cs first. ‘The wooden coverings were put on May rgth, and”" ° 
































i x its own weight of liquid,..'T' i : setae Rts fis s f i 
4 ae marks on their sides. ‘The apparatus to this day | spectra obtained by aid of them are of veyliep on os id lie cells look well, These covers, ean be made for leat, “Te et4e. Galvanic batteries."—S, W, M. De Sussex, \ 
gives. an electric arc between carbon points which | We will report on the second art of Prof Bunsen's ‘BE 3 [than the cost of off, and are permanent.” “} and LA, Brasseun, Brussels, Dated September 8th, 
amply suffices for the phato-chemical lecture experiments, treatise as soon as it has been published W. erg eae Ree @ :) 1877, 18, ad, This consists ina method of constructing i 
{ The currents obtained by this battery, which has now: : ae i : 2 i : galvanic batteries ona large seale which may be actuat 1s hy 
i Foren ees aed more than four years, are still i cae a A fs we gg ean mange t “ —. an © seme, 
| spectra, decomposition ar ue be inauenes ee i At the athena at ca les sclliaears ae nas by fresh or salt water, A portable battery described is 
»  &e, and will doubtless continue to suffi fe Tht vee . : if GA [rae nibout 500 gramunes of chloride of lead. On this formed of a wooden trough partitioned off as in’ Muir. 
{purposes for some time to come. But a ana these, ‘ : plato of tend, with a wiro of the samo matal, the wire head’s:battery ; but it has a special feature in n double 
{repeat that effects of such ma; nitude can ome ee in a . a %y 3 passing through tho liquid being insulated by varulal.: a bottom, © The upper or false bottom is pierced with a 
: pected if the precaution is used ‘an ditisy ery ehey tode AUY, Gatvanie Marrenits, A. Hemet, Loreiwéreroait, = Datel stot CBP det 7 ‘Then a pinto of zine anralganiated, gad wrapped in a+ row of holes, 50 i at a fut a a fila the separate 
; 5 d a : March, 1876. ae * 1 OW y ; , cells, -but'a gutter en th 
one moment ane Pais Jn contact ith the, Hiquid for| otlng la ttt ee iB ‘ fies eee the guirent is canstnat sind ie °T bottoms,:, The solutions of all hs fells in this way 
h ne duration of the current ft if : " : ead aes st unicate, This gutter has also an opening to 
Necessary for the experiments requires it, $4 Hetronpietid ‘ctherwiaa, torte ‘oottes! with pEattnttne pet ates, | OM het arate ear Ey over ta Henan of the cell, fitted with a stopper, whereby 
nickel, or culnlt jcked te ‘ : A i “1 the trough can be filled by.simply immersing it in the 
ralsture of arty of teas with or athe ; . solution, or emptied by tapping. In the same way 
the bottom of the poroun cell or dlaphraytn watnall quantity of nitrate of: Fees Sol ceed acme alent eee provision is made for constructing foating atteries, 
w ponte STaRAlle Rel, prrogallatot pital, or pytmygillaty of bola Aa ' ALEAD AND ZINC BATTERY. ; | permanently immersed in the sea, of sufficlent size to 
© Lapel, at electrode uf sate (hich hnay ins atndtyareated with tact : ight buoys and beacons by means of a Rhumkorff coll 
* : or protoald ot cana te mall portions vf palin ‘eiurnte.: [oe er new, forats of, galvanid Uattery ine aal-vacun tube, or otherwise. The plates of such a 
| also bo piled tu the Hemntlve portion of the an Dnt ndenee | ' ‘vented by Plerlot fe thus nee ig ad battery are formed by enclosing a zine slab Delica re 
powerful Inve tntertaitent tow nged dt Jems la hehe Complar Renduss- Tu, a suitable gloss or lates or slabs of graphite, the zine and graphite being 


H cumbtnation inay beadeantayoounly tieod. .\ sbegutive electreda! |_¢artbenwgre vessel is placed about a pound nsutated from each ather, but very close, 





, ‘ 
i mua, KOK. allvcr, nickel, or cobalt, ur any miltable aul : ad |! ‘221g. “Galvanic batteries" A, pe WATTEVILLE 
coats Pate oy ofhernio oma with Fin pe er, Se : of chloride of lead, into which ix insertzd | | and i Maver. Dated June 7th, 1877. fi an 
| or chiatcual silxed with petuxiiant ving tee “haa pootivoan ected! a plate of fend with o varnished lead wire |: | consists of a single fluid battery, in which the positive 


Hhercury) itt a solution of any; attached, In the other part of the vessel ole is formed of zinc in mass or fragments, immersed 


wrefereiice tho chturidy, 4 portion of the solution as! 



















vessel i ted . he 
4 f ij nercury, on which the exciting fluid floats, Th 
4 ‘uaa ay alee ada to tho tegatlea, “Accunliog to another fart of | Jeindorlodanatnnlgninatedzine platenbeuey | negative pale may be carbon ; asdepolarisers, chloride 
MH {electroplated or utherwisa canted with eet eee einemalis aeeatse nine millimeters thick, covered with a bay | | of silver, bichromate of potash, or oxide of iron may be 
se (Olt aall of acl wa tha ulteate fr muiphate or uf cobalt oF ay sultable - ‘of parchment paper, Every two ort employed. (Not proceeded with)e oo. wax 
Or otherwise cated with that metal fnimersed ter fs added. The curren B ‘ eee BH ee ‘ ee 
fan solution of a ealt uf cobal months water fs added. 
al Culalt as the nitrate or sulphate, Tho positive 
portlan of the cetl coustatn of als 
ty if 


ee . : Ae the earential fart of the betters fe r |gald to be strong and constant. 
The battery used for the production of sparke spectra | 1 jvarledt without detriment! the wolution ted with the xine nay bo greatly : t Serna 


















uF 
Consists of four of the pairs above describe Th : Z D " i 
; . @ pole | da : F 5 
_ Wires conduct, the primary’ current, R : : : 2 : she car es cet foe 
i puts the current interruptos into all i tee Rue i t (0868) Maxixo Cannons ron A Batre tis tmporsihte: + ‘ i 
' “apparatus, the induction coil of which fas: diameter of an . for us to declde upon the cause of tho eracllny ek soir, : # 
i nearly o: g int + [ing anything about your whole manner of proceeding. You do : i 
! pala ea. length of oS metres, The cur. ct nal tel ‘mentlon the shape of your carbons, and-that may be 3 é a 
“mine npmscnness fan Seth i wie ieee fain : ori aaa ‘ ! “ S the cause, A crack iu the carbons docs not make much dif Piet A 
ss “ ference In thelr uso In the battery, provided thoy aro not at ; ; 4 


cracked po much gstufalltopleces, a 


te 





~omedl, ‘ 











ee ns 


pee yee le 










The Copper-Zine Cotiple and its ‘Effects. 
THE ELECTRICAL NEWS. 


Vou, I. No. 4. 


Ecectaicat. News, 








a + 
erezine couple, On one of the papers handed to you — 
ott e door, I have given what lias been done at different 
dates—the chief results and the chemistry of the opera- 
intelligible to the chemists - 
perceive a note explaining 
that the copper and zine arc not in any definite chemical 
relationship or quantity, in the formula given, * 

Let me first take the substance which I have spoken of 
most fully, that is to say, water. ex 
ment that I should fike to show you, because it’ is so 
Zinc alone put into water does not decom. 
Zine and copper, as I hope to show you, 
We can, however, take a 
metat which does decompose water even at the ordinasy 
you some of the work that has been donc by means of the { temperature. It is very much like zinc, but more power- 





tion, which will be 
who are present. 











THE COPPER-ZINC COUPLE AND ITS Thee le cae ce 





. 1H. GLADSTONE, Ph.D,, E.R. 
feasor of Chemistry in the Koya! 


{Concluded from page 4.) 





do decompose the water. 





I writ occupy the remaining half hour in bringing before 











Work pong py Means Ye ULAn:vaae AND Trine's Correr-zinc Courte, 
. . Chemistry of Operation, 


1872, Decomposition of water, and preparation of zacutaH,OmCu+-Zn2HO+H, 
‘ r, 


an {Call 
‘41873. Direét formation of zinc ethiodide, and ZaCut+CHslaCu+Zn {f alts 


Af Calls oe (Cally y 
Preparation of zinc ethyl, vant TP? Smzn{ Gee zols 
‘ “yg. (C250, (Call an {CallsO, {Cally 
Ethyl hydride, and zine fodovethylate oo 4. , Zain {FPO 4 {Pal Secu a.cen{ Cally + {Ff 
* sar an $CsEl Clon’. : 
1873. Preparation of di-amyl, .. +s mncu-p2{ 75 tecug {Est b Zany 
pea {Cstl ; 
Zinceamyl, and... 4. ee ee aznCu+a {ys taCrpZn{ 
zncut {S304 (Ostltccug zn fCallsOy (Colas 
; zacus. TyleCuyzo {SO cn,. 
Preparation of methyl hydride oe = AnCusCleO+-CHylaaCu+Zn pot I. 


. : on {Cally gy 
“1873. Preparation of sine tsopropyt, a%nCu+2 {fsllr, CutZn lent tnly 


Zine prop-iodide, sine propyl,-and prop: 


hydride 4. 4s oe ae ee we vit zncuy {Faye cugzn {Ps 


4 perenatsnes tect eee mn ars ma ae 
ceteenyet ers 










azn {FN azatatZn (C3? 
sacs (lrg {GHP mean N04 | 
1874. ‘Isolation of di-allyt, and «= ZnCupal Calls #Cu+ (Gug+ Zar, “4 
Preparation of pure propylene ae Anup {gt Is5. {2ts0ncutzn { Falls0 ostts 


+IB74 Breparation of pure olefiant gas and is} ZnCu+ {Crtlan cu Zn Brat CxHan 
>t ‘ oe fe 7] cae 


ecto eee ee 


: C. 
“1874. Preparation of xine ethylobromide, and =... ZnCuse {Sis .cu+zn (fils 


. 4 1 
Zine bromethylate oo ae se ve les zacut { G2is4. {Fels acu szn | gitlsO4 (Calls . 


paration of sine chlorethylate, and diredt 
hydrogenisation of cthylidene .. 


1875. Complete hydtogenisation of chloroform, 


= 





NY aac {SH {MeO a cupazn (SPHOy {Gets 
} sencuscrtcises {Fes ncurszn{StsO yor, 


J preparation of Aeatye) 3%nCu-aCHlyaCu4-3Znla-Cylly. . 








(Investigated by Prof, Thorpe.) 
1873. Conversion of nitrates Into ammonia .. 42nCu+6H,0-+KNOseCu 
‘The new substances discovered during these investigations are in Italics, 
Cu aignifies simply the metal copper, and not an atomic proportion. © 


* © Verbatim report of a Lecuce delivered at the Royal Toutitution, 


$4ZnH,0,4-KHO+NH,g 






















The Copper-Zinc Couple and-its Effects. {Beterntcat, Naws, 


July 23, 2875, 


find that the jodide of zinc is gradually decomposed— 
thata solid substance first is formed in the Teadtion, and 
that this zine cthiodide, as it is called, and a gaa, are 
roduced aa Frankland found. If this zinc sthiodide be 
heated, it is resolved into fodide of zinc and the spon. 
tancously inflammable liquid, zinceethyl,. We can pro- 
duce this in larger quantity, and very quickly indeed, by 
the use of the new copper-zinc couple. However, it ix 
too slow a process for me ta show you just now. I wilt 
show you simply some ethiodide oF zinc which has been 
produced, and ‘some of the zinc-ethyl which has been 
Prepared in this way. T will take a little up in this tube, 
and you see as I allow it to pour down from the end of 
the tube it catches fire the moment it is brought into 
contag with the Atmosphere, 

But this couple will decompose a number of other 
substances of a similar character—iodides and bromides, 
It will decompose them much more easily than the zinc 
itself will, and much more quietly, and we can produce 
substances which we cannot produce without the couple, 

T will next shaw you zinc-propyl—an analogous body 
which has never been prepared before; but it has been 
Prepared by this means. It is like the zinc-ethyl in some 
of its properties, and I will Fepeat the same experiment 
to you, and show you that {t also fs bpontancously com. 
bustible, Here we have this liquid. As I allow it to 
rtitn out It catches fire in the air at once, and from the 
blazing stream rises oxide of zinc, which floats awa’ in > 
the atmosphere. This, then, ig one of the children of the 
Copper-zine couple, and a fiery child it is; as you see, 

ue we have some more fiery children. The zinc 
isopropyl is still more adive than that. . Tmust not dwell 
too long upon these things. We can produce the ethylo. 
haloid compounds themsctves ‘by bringing. their con. 
stituents together, We can take this zinc-ethyl, for 
instance, and warm it with fodide of eine, when it forms 
Frankland's ethiodide. By using bromide of ethyl 
instead of iodide, I can produce a perfealy analogous 
aubstance. This cthylobromide of zine we prepared some 
time ago. This is a substance which was never Prepared 
before, but which was first ‘obtained by means of the 
copper-zinc couple, and by heating it we can produce 
our inflammable zinc-ethy! just as from the fodide. 

There is no reason why we should not have a chlorine 
zen, : compound like the iodine and the bromine compounds. 

otha just Ulustrates the effe& of temperature, Well, { This has been prepared by means of the copper-zinc 

here the ation is going on with the wai Waters i) dare } fouple. My rat iden was to Prepare i before you inm: 
drogen gas is coming off more ; leCure to-day; but one docs not like to make an: experi. 

ey ye shall see that the hydrogen g J ment forth ft time in a ledlure-room, especially when 
vi attention to this piece of apparatus. | dealing with such an inflamma le substance as zinc-ethyl. 
nite Pi eae set up during the Christmas lectures, One does not know what its habits may be when brought 
It was put aside in the laboratory, and € believe has not | into contact with what it has never been in contact with 
been touched since, It has been working on during all before, This, therefore, was prepared on Saturday, and 
th time in the cold, and it has been doing its business this is the first and the only fpeciaen of the substance 

‘etl without stopping. It is still working. Here, | which has ever been prepared nthe world. Here, then, 
ih this tube isan amount of gas which has been colleded | is a new body, which has never been seen before except 

ince esterday. We have collected these 25 centimetres by ourselves, "Well, we must give it a name, of course, 
et) 4 out thie time yesterday, when the apparatus was} and what name shall we give i?) We-can only name it 
Placed on the table, and we shall, no doubt, find that this | according to the family to which it belongs, and you per- 
Biy drogen pas. You will observe another result. We | ceive its brothers upon the printed table. Againat the 
i i eantily of white oxide of zinc formed, The zinc; date * 1873" we have the diredt formation of zinc 
has in jact, turned almost entirely into oxide. We were | cthiodide, That was Dr. Frankland’s substance, We 

ack nin, just now that it must have given off 4ooo cc. | produced afterwards the zinc cthylo-bromide, and you 
ork oaroech if it went on at the rate that it Is going on | will perceive that it is put in italics in the table because 
° id bor certainly it has been ading more encrgeticaily | it isa new substance. It is this pearly, crystalline body, 
dug the earlier part of these four of five months, This last we must call by the same name, putting 
“one of Dr, Frankland’s greatest discoveries was the | chloride" in the place of bromide.” -So it stands as 
ali avi ry of ethyl and of a number of other substances, | the "zinc ethytu-chloride.” ‘That must be the name of 
Pading upon lodide of ethyl by means of zine at avery | this new crystalline substance which we have just 
hgh temperature, and at high pressure. In this way | produced. 



























ful in most of its chemical chara¢ters, and-it:has the 
‘power of taking the oxygen away from the hydrogen even 
under ordinary conditions.» We will endeavour to show 
that ‘by throwing the image on the screen, Here is a 
veaset of water, and here is a little twisted coil of wire 
made of the metal magnesium, You will perceive that 
there are bubbles forming upon the metal, Now the 
water has got warmer, I dare say, by means of that 
owerlul light behind it; still though certain bubbles are 
Formed, you will perceive that the decomposition of water 
is going on but slowly, I will ask Mr. Williams just to 
put ina little of the blue solution of sulphate of copper 
which I have here; then you will perceive at once that 
copper is being deposited upon the magnesium, for the 
magnesium is growing thicker, and becoming rough with 
the deposition of metal upon it. Now the bubbles are 
forming in large quantity. You perceive that the copper 
and magnesium together are acting energetically upon 
the water, and the bubbles are forming very rapidly and 
rising to the surface of the liquid, This little experiment 
then, I think, will illustrate to you very clearly that the 
two metals in function are more powerful than one alone, 
in decomposing water. , . ’ 
Now we will try this by means of zinc. Here is a 
good large copper-zinc couple which has been a@ing for 
some time, and here is some of the hydrogen gas which 
has been collected. You see it is working away slowly at 
the ordinary temperature. I will ask Mr. Williams to 
change the water—to pour away this water and take 
some warm water instead. I have put upon the board 
the amounts produced at different temperatures, in 
experiments which were performed carefully, At a 
temperature of 2° C,, that is to says only just above the 
temperature of ice, we got during ‘twenty-four hours 
rr cc, of hydrogen gas. - But when we operated at 2a" C,, 
that js to say, a linne above the temperature of this room, 
we got 5°5, five times as much. When it was made 
warmer (34° C,) then we had 13'9, and so on. Yott may 
see how very rapidly these numbers increase with the 
temperature. The quantity of gas increased at a very 
much more rapid ratio than the increase of temperature; 
so that when we get to pretty nearly the temperature of 
boiling water, 93° C., we get about 500 times as much 
ag produced as we have when the water was nearly 


H : jammable zinc-ethyl and m a fi 
abinined: es : ater etre the action which he | upon this investigation, If, instead of taking the iodide 
other ed with difficulty, our zinc-couple would, perhaps, } of ethyl and ading upon it hy means of the copper zinc 
bring about much moro readily, and we tried it, and found | couple, we mix it with some alcohol, or wats afore 
hat neh was the case. We have merely to take some | hand, we get a different kind of reaction, We Ret fy ie 
othe couple and pour upon it the fodide of ainc, and wa * hydrogen of the water, or the hydrogen of tho alcohol, 


Tt must be remembered that we are only just launching 


Mite 
8 



















pba er ieniscdioen 


a ttre ne ner et epee 


or water by pourin; 
aw I 


os 
Bhactarcat NaWs,} 
oo July 22, 1873, 


ing into the matters That has been going on in 
ine exgeriment which was stated this morning, an I 
“believe that the adion has filled this vessel with gas twa 
or three times, In this case the gas is what is calle 
ydride of ethyl. In this other vessel we have 3 similar 
ubstance—hydride of methyl, or marah gas—the ‘nflamn, 
mable gas of coal mines, or the inflammable gas whic! 
“s,comes off from marshes. It will burn, - (The marsh gas 
‘was caused to Issue fron the Jar in which it had been 
colleged, and was ignited]. : 

This is the easiest way, by far, of producing these hy- 
drides; but, at the same time, we are producing somethin; 
else in the liquid. You who are well acquainted with 
chemical symbols will observe the chemical equation, and 
sea that it involves the formation of some other body. 

There is a combination of the zinc and iodine and CzH3O. 
: This is a new substance, which we have termed zinc iodo. 
ethylate, “It dissolves in alcohol very freely, but not in 
ater. Here i Iwill show you that itis decomposed 
alittle into the water in this vessel. 
hat we get is a thick precipitate of oxide of zine and an 
< alcoholic residuum. . By similarly treating a bromide, we 
somay get a similar bromine compound, ‘and by similarly 
treating a. chloride, we may get a corresponding chlorine 
compound, In fact, these are various ways in which theae 
may be produced, 1 will ask you to look, after the lecture, 
at this beautiful gelatinous oxide of zinc which is floating 
about in the liquid. 
One hardly knows how to tefer to all the various sub- 
ttances that are here. We will take substances which are 
erfeAly analogous one to the other, as far as cor 
‘is concerned, This copper-zinc couple is a quiet means |. 
by which we can split them asunder, er, rather, graduatly 
take one element away from the other element; and in|, 
“this way we can see how they are built up—what we may 
call their strudture, In chloride of ethylene and chloride of 
. Cthylidene we have two such bodice, and they’ are acted 
“upon differently by the couple, oe 
We.can produce other bodies by this agency. For In- 
Stance, here if. a specimen of di-allyl. Suppose we take 
chloroform, or. bromoform, or jodoform ; we find it easily 
-adted upon, If I were to take lodoform dissolved In alco | 
ol, and put some copper-zinc couple into the vessel, we 
: Should see an adion taking place, with the produdion of 
‘mixed hydride of methy! and acetylen, ‘This takes a few 
moments to commence, and then it becomes very enere 
gle in its adion. ‘These reactions give about the best 
‘Mtusteation that know of theinfluence of time. It is very 
_ Singular that many of them’ will remain quiescent for a 
quarter of an‘ hour, or Perhaps an hour, without ‘any 
+ Change being apparent, and then they begin to a@, and 
rthe adion becomes rapid and soon ceases,’ itis important 
to be very careful in bringing these substances together 
in the first instance, because we do not know whether a 
tong time. will. elapse before the agion commences, or 
whether, as in the case of bromoform, the whole contents 
of the vessel may be violently thrown out upon the sub. 
stances being brought together, arse 
‘Sometimes we are asked the question, "What is the 
god of these enquiries?" Well, the good is very various, 
hat is generally the last question that we ask in experi. 
menting... It ought to be the t question ; but atill it is 
interesting, at least to the public generally, to find that 
there are some pradical results owing ‘rom such investiga. 
+ Hons, The .main results may be of.a theoretical order, 
Our. theories, views, or fypor eses, diagrams or illustra. 
- Wons, are all very imperfeét. ‘They represent but poorly 
what takes place .in nature. But, by increasing our ex+ 
+ Periments, and getting. more and more to the truth of 
nature, we advance our theories and improve our know. 
“ledge of natural things. It is the same asin higher things, 
where, 1 suppose, our first imperfeét conceptions radually 
+ become more and more perfect, and we arrive at the know. 
ledge of that which fs useful to us, body, soul; and spirit, 
hat may be the usefulness of the copper-zinc couple, 
far as theory Is Concerned but, as far as practical purpos 


oe 





it has already. cnabled us, as you eee, to 
Se ie alfedoren, new substances, which we 
have now at our disposal, It has also afforded us an casy 
means of preparing a great number of other tances, 
such as these hydrides, “It has been employed in one wa: 
in analysis, ‘One of the most difficult problems in all 
analysis, but one which is very important too, is the eati- 
mation of nitric acid of nitrogenous substances in potable 
water—forinatance, in river water. A great deal has been 
written on’ that subject, and Professor Thorpe has em- 
ployed our copper-zinc couple for turning the nitric acid into 
ammonia. We have performed the experiment here, 
This is some of the nitrate of potash which was employed, 
and here ig some ammonia which has been distilled from 
it after being adted upon; and here is some of whatis called 
the Neasler's test solution, I will show you that this 
nitrate of potash will not affect the colour of the test in 
any way; foe iT take a little ammonia, we shall find a 
very greatchange, I have not tried whether I have really 
got any ammonia in this veasel. Yes, we have a quantily 
of ammonia, formed by the eomipouition of that nitre by 
jeans of the copper-zinc couple. . P 
mv hope that Mave been able in this short time to give 
you some idea of the principle of this copper-zinc couple, 
and of the work that ia being effected in your laboratory 
by means of it. I teust that the work will go on, and that 
we may be able to illustrate more fully in this way several 
rinciples which I have had so much pleasure in bringin 
Petore you during this course of le@ures On Chemica’ 
Force." : : 


rd ou indicator, 
iy 


and druggist 


: SOCIETIES AND ACADEMIES: 
ee Lonpow. Boo tet 

- Royal: Society, Noy, 25.—" On the Replacement of Elec: 
tro-positive: by Electro-ne tive Metals ing Voliaie Cat ie 
J: Gladstone, PhD, ¥.RS,, Fullerian Professor of Che. 
misty. in the Royal Institution, and Mr, Alfred Tribe, Lecturer 
on Chemistry in Dulwich College. 
Tt Is well known that: one metal 
*; force than another, and 

binations, “Among thos 


+ barium, strontium, 
lated by its agency, 
that any other metal 


ed 


phearance Q 
latinum, 


supposes that it ori- 

the opposite electrical 
thelr contact, if the 
tins 


Ie, on the pure chemical 
be any action at all: | 
4 however, does take place if we substitute the 
C potassium for the hydrochturic ald 5 the zine com: 
# bines with the chlorine, and the potassiuny is’ set free in some 
© form against the platinum, manifesting itself by the presence of 
free atkali and hydrogen gas, ‘The same holds good with chlo. 
ride of sodium, or ammonium, or barium, strontitn, calcium, or 
f Magnesium. a } 
‘This action Is slow ; but if magnestum be used instead’of zinc, 
it takes place sufficiently rapidly to’ be easily observed, and we 
have therefore studied the action of platinum and magnesium in 
connection, uy 
| after an account of the experiments, 
follows :— 


Iecompose a mag- 
of magnesium being 
sition of zinc 


ina solution + 


g the galvanic {, 
xclude all oxygen, and the |: 
inated. in an experlinent |” 
Society, that mercury and 

pose mercutic: chloride, with 
fe): but also of metallic mere H 


fs, 
nat has long been |. 
rt of: enory. } | 
would give‘onlyé 
i t fut since va loss of 
ade up by absorption from sur. 
the, action would be continuous. : ‘ 


iu galvanic. batteries, Edward Tyer, ° 
Old Street, Finsbury, Middicsex. "Februbay’ a 
No, 449. This invention Felates to.cells of galvanic 
batteries, a single cell being a jar or vessel with grooves 
or Jugs in its interior or notches In its sides, into which is 
slid & perferated slab of hon-condWting material to sepa. 
rate the two elements, and compound cells being formed” | 
in 2 box divided by permanen titions int umber of. | 


cells, into cach of which is slid a like perforated al; 


some cases the slab is clothed with jt 
The chief ‘objec cf the inventio : qe simpllenty 


atrudion in a form which gives 


on is simplicity of con. 
facility for cleansing all 


*" Iniprovenients in the apptication o electro-dynamie | 
machines for obtaining meld trom thie falls, ercies “ 
| rating galvanic batteries, and oblaining other chemical 
reactions, William Clark, patent agent, 53, Chancery 
Lane, M ddtesex, (A communication from Dieudonné ° 

ontin, Paris.) February 8, 1875, No."473.— 

} Wpeention consists, first, in the dtilisat jon of the whole 
of thie’ ectricity produced by an ele@ro dynamic machine 
for decomposing metallic salts from whieh it is desired to 4 
obtain the metal, Second. ‘In obtaining. most of “the 
metallokts by ‘dynamo-chemical ‘decomposition,’ ‘Third, | 
“In pri red Grsanic and other chemical prodads by like; 

+ In Fegenerating spent palvani : 
rent from ap ele€tro-dyna te ir ig vant 


4706. “Voltaic medicated plaster,’—Wannan Batuey 
Porran, Boston, Mass, U.S, Dated December tt, 1877. 
Gd, ‘This consists in. forming, these plasters so that the 

} Plaster shall le between-the skin and the strips of zinc and 
Copper forming the voltaic arrangement. oles are 


punched through the plasterexposing portions of the plates, 
which are connected h series ly stip, of cloth. | 4 


{| , [27121,] — Battorios,—'To GAnvanisrs axp 
‘| Cttustists~The bichromate of potash gives. n: 
higher electromotive forco that nitric ach, about | 
‘ { two volts ngainat 1°8; but the earhous dro moro; 
{ rapidly polarised owing to there heing no formation | 
} of gus to keop théSmyel in motion, Constanoy ia! 
‘1 groater tho larger Miycolls nud pintes, butdength of ; 
‘Jiworking which to ist, like many otters, con. 
fuses with constancy, tlepentds npon the quantity of c 
iiaterin] in tho solution, amd tho smount of work 
tukon out of it, Rulo-of-thumb talk shout how 
many hours n cell will work is mere rubbish, ‘The 
reaction which takes placo, Ignoring tho various 
stages of the operntion,ns tho autting freoof chromic : 
nei, consists tn the formation of chrome nium and 
mniphate of zine, If tho netion [+ alloived to goon 
slowly after all tho salt ty reduced to nti, this will; 
undergo a further roditction, aud moro cot icatod 
reatilts will he obtnined, very ungatisfactorily. ‘I'he ), 
_{ diagram of tho reaction is best given as : 
/ | KCr,07 +4 1.80,28 KCr.80;+ 4110-430 2 ., H 
“Bn +9 11,80, 232080, +3, 5 HHO 
{—Stasta, a 


THE MUD BATTERY. — 
TO TIE EDITOR OF THE ELECTRICIAN, 


Rage er rt re 


> ‘in: Tn your interesting. deseription of - Professor Hughcs'a |." ~ 


i i ory, ench cleuent 
hone you ceacribe 2 simple form of battery, each clement 
cousinting 0 atumbler with a plate of copper at the bottom 


upon whieh is placed some sulphute, of copper. This is again |. 


vered with clay, in whieh the zine ia placed, It will probably 
fee heatty % to. your readers to know that thia battery waa used 
largely by tliv kite. Electric tind’ Inteauational Telegraph Com. 
pany, ancLwas called, “the Mud battery.” A full dereription of 
I will be fornd in the patent No. 2,555, of 1854,- taken-out by) 


Bar. Cromwell Varley, chict-¢lectricinu. 


i : sulphate of merenry hat. 
+In the ame patent will be found the sulphat ¢ 
tery which has recently: been. brought into nalige by oat 


Wardun aa o standard of electric potential. 


73 



































Sanutary 455 18745] 





THE TRELEGRAPIUO JOURNAL. 





13 





and most beautiful exporiments; and though the 
THE TELEGRAPHIC JOURNAL 


"}flighta of his genits have sepia et him to 
proplictic and scer-like viows, boyond tho compra. 
eae fea of tho tyro, the descriptions and explana: 
tions aro generally so me and exhaustive that 
y ¥ by carry conviction with them, 
oe ye wrote of him:—" Tho fairest traits < n 
u's Tectures at tho Royal Iustitution | character sketched by St. Pant found in him perfect 
ect e kell into fiahicind that “great | illustration ; for ho was ‘blameless, ly a 
and good man,” Faraday. Lecturing from the/of good behaviour, apt to tench, not ulvon sh iy 
ble that ho Sectured from, using the samo Incre.' Ho had not 2 trace of worldly nn bition ; 
anim aie that ho used, illustrating the very dis-| he declared his duty to hia soverehn hy yoing to 
ple that ho made in tliat very plnce, it was] tho levéo once a year, but goat te = se 
impossible for the lecturer to avoid frequent refer- | sought contact with tho great. ‘Iho ne tis 
enco to that illustrious philosopher, Every mention | spirit and of his intellect was 80 eta : 10 lens 
of his name was grected with a round of applause] which men most strive after wero nl ey ine 
from tho demonstrative juveniles present, showing { different to him, *Giva ane henltl ant . any. “i 
that tho knowledge of the good he had done} tho bravo Emerson, ‘and Twill make tho pines 
was well known to those who never could have emperors ridiculous.’ In an eminent degree ca 
heard him, while from those that lind heard hin, day contd say the same. What to hin was h ho 
and had listened to hia clear and lucid descriptions, | splendour of n palace compared with a thin a 
a grateful cheer testified to their appreciation of | storm on Brighton Downs? W hat amongst al 
tho just tributes paid by the lecturer to his] tho appliance of royalty to compara with the Betting 
memory. suu? I refer ton Uitinderatoria and a sunset be- 
Faraday’s wholo character is a pattern to all] enuso these things excited a kind of ceatacy in his 
young aspirants to scientific fame. ‘Ihe son of a mind, and ton mind open tosuch ecatacy the pomps 
poor blacksmith, tho apprentice to 2 bookbinder, aud pleasures of the world aro usually of ameall 
roue, by stenily persevernnee, determined applica: j recount, Nature, not education, rendered Faraday 
tion, and sterling worth, to bo one of England's! strong amt refined. A favourite oxporiment of his 
Breatost sclentific worthies. Ilis motto waa " ex-fown was representative of htinself, Io loved to 
Periment.” He interrogated Naturo in every con- | show that water in orystallising excluted all foreign 
ceivablo form. Experiment was to him the great ingredionts, however intimately thoy might bo mixed 
test of truth. and ho accopted no fact untit it was| with i, Out of acits, alkalies, or satine solutions, 
confirmed by observation aut experience. ‘Thus, | the crystal camo sweet and pure, By some such 
in tho sovera cross-oxamination he yave Nature, | natural process in the formation of this man beanty 
ho discavored thoso various forms of clectricity and and nollencss contesced to the oxcluston of every: 
propertics of anatter which ave made his name thing vulgar and low, Ifo did not learn hig gentle. 
immortal, Foreigners, more domanstrativa than ness in the world, for he withdrew himself from ite 
his own countrymen, havo named his great dis- culture; and atill this Ind of England contained 
covory—magnoto-clectricity—/uradaism ¢oand ind no truer gentlomnn than lie, Not half his greatness 
medical phraseology tho term firadisation is creep: | wag incorporate in his soience, for scienco contd 
ing into uso in contradistinction to galvantsation— | not rovenl the bravery and delicacy of his hort, 
tho ono being tho effect produced Dy the intor- “Hut it ix time that I should end these wenk 
mniltent currents of mingneto-electria induction, and words, and Iny my poor garlant on the grave of 
the other the constant influence of voltnic currents, this 
His viows on the nature of cleetricity, and the way “sat am faithful knight of God.” 
in which electrical action is propagated by mole = 
tate aren thong Unica Seema sabato, aman ang oer the bn 
tance nbrond, though indications exist that his mouth of December, 874, way Zorn eatineted ne 
idong aro gradually porcotating tho scientific schools produce nbout £2300, aa ngalnat 726 messages, pro- 
of the Continent, 


dueing £742 fn Decombor, 1873. 
His researches aren model of method, system, 

















aS 


Tur traMo rocciptn of tho Western and Beagilian 
Tolegraph Company (Limtted) from the aoth November 
« andorder, They aro out of print, and Very Bence. tty tho agi Decomber (ive weeka) word £12,764 
No olectric library should bo without them, No{ 178. 4d, “ 
studont should bo satistiod until ho has read them, |, THE receipts of tho Submarino Tolegraph Compan 


: for the month of Decombor, 1874, were ©: 895 t08, 4d", 
It is atrange that some enterprising publisher docs | those for’ the correspouding month uf io preceding’ 
not republish thom, They are full of tho simplest | year amounted to £7933 198, 8d, 


































































January 43, 1875.) 








collected over water, nud 





; quite differont in it 
Appenraneo, like the fine specimen on 
We thus have seen what tak 












Mper ; I putitinto the ach. a 
to not know whether muy 


happening; I ¢ (amet ‘ J 
igliter thon nie. Tunennt| things are pons: ke fet is that if t 






























hydrogen was put into tho balloon 
_, Ve tind, therefore, that if wo | 
it info sulphuric neid an effery. 
there are a great number of bubl 
theso bubbles are not bubblea 







i{thus got together the three 
T get the copper, tho sulphu 
ry 


el; but at Present, as they stand, 


0 zine is dissolving away through tho netion of 
that not only hag gas! tho acid, and the coppe: H ' 
been produced, but something 


i elgo has been formed | But if I cause them to 
at tho samo time, : 

L omitted to apeal oi 
has, and in which it ditt 
ficult to got copper on fire, 
chemists cannot do it, for wi 
stratiga things; but we can y 
fire, I do not say that it wit burn a 
















seo the bubbles 
copper in yreat quantities, Sup- 
r way, and that, 
‘o metals to touch together 
@ to make them toneh by 
or any other piece of metal, above 
tho water, Here is 4 pencil-easo; and if I eange 
-Jit-to toneh the tivo metals, I stilt find that the 
’ bubbles will come upon tho copper just as mich as 
nt cateh more easily, We will when the copper anit the zine wero tonching together 
Ret light to tho wood shavings, below tho surfiee of the water, But the copper is 
tho mixturo ; we shall (hus make the zine burn, Ifnot dissolved at all, It is the zine that is dige 
draw your attention to these w ¢[ solving. although the bubbles coma Upon the capper. 
rising from tho burning zine, sone zine which 
lift colour of the flame. 
smoke which are rising in tl 


You can easily 
mole A cover the zine with mercury, ‘ake a little ner. 
bination of zine with the 


-OxyeeN of the air, Che cury. rad rb it over the zine, and that will causa 
compound thus formed j Tt is} the zine to last much longer, and to bo much more 
falling down ag n kind a 


a 5 If wo put this zine which has heen 
like the Snow that is ont but af covered with mercury into sulphurie acid, it does 
snow which will not dissolve, T dro say that it is {not iissolva; but if I touch it with copper wa 
falling down pon You in various parts of the room. [shill find streams of bubbles coming from the 
ou sell ben in mand, then, that this is white oxide | copper, 

of zine, : 




















































zine shavings | purpose of the esperiment, Look at it cnrofully, 
Were burat upon'the table, Hero I pour in some}us it is passed round the room, OF course you 
potash in onder to take away the acid, ant You per- | must take eare, as 7 juve tolt yon, not to get tho’ 
ceive scme white stil’ Honting about § sulphuric acid upon your clothes, or upon your 
that is oxide of zine, ‘The liquid has now beeome gloves, I want to show you this cell ons lnrger 
quite thick, with this white oxide xeale, so thot you ray ull have the advantage of 


If T dnd taken some of this Vi uid ned poured it off! seving it towether. Mera F lnve a largo vessel 
into n basin, and put it over a Tamp ane 


evnporated | containing dilute sulphuric acid, T will first place 
off the water, we should have obtained a crystallised | init n pleco of common zine, and, inatead of your 
salt called sulphate of zine, When you Took at it secing it by means of the ordinary daylight, wo 
from n distance it is somethin tiko common salt, | will tro on ite beam from the eleatric Inmp, and 
. bute when you coma to look at sf maro closely yout | thot you will sce the effect very clearly, | We must 


































































































































18 





Anstend of being’ able to hang only n soven-pound 
weight upon it, I could Jiang almost any weight I 
pleased upon tho large magnet. . I could hang my- 
self upon it quite easily, I will, first of all, tnke 
somo of these little filings, such as I had just now, 
and spread them on this sheet of paper iy means 
of a pepper-box, I will scatter them aver the 
surface of the paper which rests on the ends of the 
magnet, If the power is sent through the magnet 
} we shall sco certain effects, I shake the paper, and 
you perceive how the filings burst into broad lines, 
and form themselves into ridges, and wander about 
in various directions. We see tat they are nr 
ranging themselves, not only on the poles, but are 
alanding up and bending over in various directions. 
IfT turn the magnet down, you seo that they do 
not full off, although the paper is pretty newly 
vertien), They ave standing up like a brush, Sup- 
pose that, instead of fuking litle things like Glings, 
take some of these nails; you will seo that the 
do the samo thing, Tean pilu them up in this way’, 
and make a bridge of them, It is very hard in- 
deed to pull them away. When look at these 
things T think of Varaday, of whom T was speaking 
just now, and I think of his enthusiasm, and how 
he used to attract little boya and girls, and infuse 
his own enthusiasm into them, and ‘make them 
magnets tov, ‘These nails become magucts, but 
after breaking the conneetion they ceaso to ho #0, 
and fall off; but I hope dint in the cage of a good 
jan Jiko Faraday the influenco remains after ho 






















































































































ig removed, and that many who have been attrneted | waa seenred, 
hy him do continue to ntirict others in their own | det, whea he wi 










little way. Hf these nails wi 








broken, Kyvenso t} 
puntiont Magnets, 
I will now take a cor 





























¢ shall 







power ix 
_ Af the conta 






you the oh 
‘ ra Thi 





















} prougell fay experiment ly 
0 spark ng it goes throuel 
mirefied gases :~-Tn the glass tubes befive ron tlher 
ure certain gaucs and certain Hquids 








THE TELEGRAPHIC JOURNAL, 


SSE 














(January 45, 2875. 


peculiar opticn! property, and which tnke up the 
electric light and send it forth again, We will now 
cause the current to pass, (Various brillinut effects 
were produced by means of vacuum tubes.] ‘Chis 
light is not only a beantifil lambeut, coloured lieht, 
flowing in masses and clouda throtgh theae tubes, 
but itis broken up into varions bands and strie, 
Ant it pours from one vessel to to other; but you 
must seo it near at hand in order to catimate its ful! 
beauty, 

We have now obtained from the single cell with 
which wo started various extraordinary. effects, 
Wo find substances appearing: where we should not 
expeet them to appear; we find that we can pro. 





Which luve a! Method of Conves ing 
: 


duce heat, or sparks, or shocks to aur nerves; tint 
wo enti make magnets, and twist magnets round; 
and that we can produce a thousand chemical de: 
compositions, if we like, by means of this foree. 
What a wonderful force this ist! I dare say many 
of you boys are well acquainted with the old classic 
myth of Proteus, and you know tint Proteus wns 
anid to havo many secrets ; but if any mortal caught 
holt of him he would try to elude his grasp, wal 
escape from him na a flash of lightning, or asa 
tiger, or as’ running water, or ng wind, Now this 
voltaic power ix something liko Proteus. We find 
it changing into these various forms, Sometimes 
it appears ns chemical action, sometimes as lent, 


sometimes ag ‘light, sumetines ag a feeling in our 


nerves, sometimes ns mognetian:. and what we 
have to do is to try and get hold of him as Proteus 
‘They had to cateh Proteus in his 
‘as asleop, and put a chain around 


ore wade of steel thoy | him, and then they could minke hin 
" * i » tell his secrets, 
woitht remain magnets, and would retain a good | And so we, : Haieoerets 


deal of their inaguetism when the contact was to trace this furee to h 


in our next lectures, will cruteavour 
is den, and so enchain him 


hope many of you may be per fas to wutke him reveal his origin aud all his 
toysteries, 


FIFTY YEARS PROGRESS YA, 
— Woke ate 





ww things in our day lave experienced wich rapid 


dovelopment ns the electric telegraph. It ia truo thnt 


wi [nearly 2000 years ago the koot.xty 8 
Yon | Greeks Bo tho koon-sighted, inquisitive 


suct, | marvellons power which wo catl el 


Ka had act about to Inquire into the source of that 
















Fonmary 355 1875+) THE TELEGRAPHIC JOURNAL, 19 
ST ee mene nD sonal ghee nay tn AE age 
od tho germ of that} of absonco thogo dilatory tormentors, pens, ink, paper, 

vere ey bo sald to Perret ip itt “oxpe-|and posts? Let us lave electrical converaasione oflices, 
ditions,” that it required a separate wiro for cach | communicating with each other all over the Kingdom, 
letter of tho alphabet, and practically n aoparate ap-|if wo enn.” it would hardly bo possible at the presen 
paratus for each wire, Morrison'a plan was repro-| day to deseriba mora aceurately the progress of elec! ue 
duced some twenty yeara Inter—in 1774—by one Lo] telogeaphy than in theso characteristic kentonces o} 


Sago, a Frenchman, who submitted it to Frederick of Mr. Monulds, Wo have “electrical conversasione 


y vi hich 
Presul iginnl mothod of clectrio telegraphy. | oficcs" all over tho kingdom, The wires wi 
Danie dropped out of notice, both in this country | practically connect Balmoral, W indsor, a Osborne 
ant abroad; and, as is well known, the first really | with Downing Street, onablo ler Mojeaty ‘0 * hol 
practical telegraphs belong to the year 1837, when councils MIM lice atinlaters in Dane a me 
. i it; nit tho extensive ays A 
mea Roataant: Silpeitens. Bok Sane Ot War. Ofliea {elograph, et tho Aloyernmanat, in 
‘ if jen 
wT bs t history of the elestric telegraph |“ govern at Portsmouth (and many ncea beaid 
nent at he aioatt will here, except so far ag it derivea| as promptly ag in Downing Birocks Gh of the 
ndditional interest from tho perusal of n somowhat| very frat neta of tho very carliest telogra! et ne 
curlona work published nbout fifteen yenrs prior in me Sapinre ee denen th an the 
inventions of Messra, Cooke and Whoatstone, which | cirio! 1 pra iy Londen 
y i t the tine, and has}if not at absolute protcotion against our Bey 
eee a a crmatiene at 1B23-—just fifty years} mato,” is at least a terror to those who might other. 


- ngo—Francis Ronald, of Mamineramith, whose labours wise elude the grasp of tha law. As for our * piteous 


i, vn that thoy, use 
7 clegraphy were ns ardent and| Gutamorati,” i¢ is perfectly well known t oy 
peer at eteste ena Midheartentng amd une} tho wirea as {reoly na ost people, pul ins ae 
profitable, published for private sireitlation a i tolegrarns are gradually taking tho pla 
k jel ** Descriptions of an Electric Lelegraph," | le! a ; 
wort entil at Doser and Jnatruative to aah in a fol Mosidos foreshadowing many of “tig nes bed me 
light of what has been achioved in regard to telographic a 1 ae, FEE Ee TTT 
communication during tho past half-century. Mz. |homoly treatise many p : ae te 
R tion and maintenance which are notually rm" 
Nonnlds appears to have heen the frat to make tho] constrne i mance mare natianlly Bune 
ont | folloved—unconsciously, perhaps, for his 1 
experitnent, on any great scalo, of rouling a current followed titeonsciousty. een day. His hack 
of electricity through an adrial wire, which ho erected | baok of th ‘i LR ee eA 
“Tawi a ia ronidence at Ham-| garden at Hamumecamith appear : 
oe arena vot inne hie renin to ercet any | sceno not only of one ot the enrltest nerial telegroylisy 
yrent longth of singlo continnota wire in euch n situa. | but also of tho first Teme oli: poe dug ue the 
tions but Mr. Nonalds very ingeniously surmounted this| line, Ile tells ug tliat ni ie Pear ear 
diftonlty by erecting two wooden frames, placed nt a| garden 525 fect fu engtli, and lw es a aeas wall 
distance of twenty yards from cach othor, cack frame | was laid ny trough of wool wa, ae square, be 
being traversed by nineteon horizontal bars, and each lined inside, and ont, with y alt Mean ite 
har having thirty-saven hooks, from which doponded trough thick glass tubes ware ui cai hrough wit 
vilken cords, supporting and ‘also Insulating a sinall| tho wire ran, ‘Tho frougu ne Baad eS 
fron wire, ‘his wire, which mindo its inflections at pisees of wool, serewed upon Rare eC 
eo of no met ae het ay the ee 
my athor moro than cight rites; . E : 
etic we lia sed from n Leyden jan and the} Mr. Ronalds gous on to sloncelio ha mothed of siguals 
shock passed throngh two Tnmutated inflammable air {ling through this expor mentally perfec cota at 
sistole, tho reatlt was, fu Mr, Ronalda's own expressive | also gives the outlines 0 Cy leg ME ee ccntoaet 
Mi ol describing it, that “threo of tho senses--viz.,| by means of which aon, oF aE chareon Aa nes 
night feeling, nd hearlag--seemad to recuive nbroluto gould be conveyed by only three diel angen ott a sly 
conviletion of the iInstautancous transmilesion of cleetric} ina mean space of + seco art Les wad 
signa.’ Wo need not follow Mr, Ronatds through his} stago of telegraph e evote EE ee ae 
dotatied aeconnt of the experiment; but tho impres- | by no meank insensiblo o " Wed ‘te iis oplaion 
dion which ft seems to have made on bia min fect telegraphic system ; for ho a See aoa bucled 
tl gl recorded in somewhat ernto and homely lane; that a signal might be traneny fA also st Brighten 
he ee da romarkublo av foreshadowing very closely | wire from Carlton Mouse tot ie War i 9 time occu. 
fadeed what hing como to pasa inco then, He say in ono imintte 5 and he mld — ‘ iin chjeetton Bites 
“Tho result seetned to Lo that that most extraordinary { pied tive minutes, [should count te SE oo ae aatter'et 
fluid, or ngeney, electricity, nny actually be employed | serious, but © not ra Mode atten Ca ats 
for n mre practically useful purposo than the gratif. | fact telegraphic signals can aula cpaee vf (Unio; 
pation of tho philosopher's inynisitive research, the tinuows wire {nan almost impereet A er being 
rel oolboy’s fle nmusement, or the physician's tool ;{ tho tine ocoupied in Lea talks eens lttode 
th ‘t it may be compelled to travel an inany hundred | regulated by Ay acter 8 fi Fe antiga wad 
i r beneath our fect av tho aubtorraneau ghost which | But Mr, Hounlds's flen o! irae ce Whig nae end 
ni ily haunts our metropolis, our provincial towns, | rather in advance of Mia Se ir agit hileeend 
aid. oFenh our high roads; and that in pich an en. of the means placed at iis Roe apachien coat 
Hghlened country and obscure climate ns this its travels tolograph was, hniyovers Ne He Fee eaetheniware 
te 1d bo productive of, at the toast, as much public] exists in tho prosentd ny Se nk wa. are Tot 
and iv {0 benefit.” Why, ho oxky, “fas no| pipes in liew of his woo on ro} i Fe ee coke 
norlous (rial yot heon mado of the qualifications of go | very far In advance here, ae Miietions aT Na 
ail ontncourier? And if ho shotkd be proved com. | by way of anticipating pom 1 Soret ad“ tigut-as 
; tent to the task, why should not our kings lotd | that cast-iron. tronghs m i oa Fler le to cruploy 
Lhe nels t Brighton with thelr ministers in London ?| gas-pipes,” should It 4 Besa whhiols he lel 
why, i o Kt not our Government govern at Ports. | thom, ‘Tho thick glass un is ntacotl b » that useful 
Hi mith almost aa promptly ag in Downing Street? his conducting wire have hot fel nee yy pees 
Why shoutd our defaultora cron by ea ee Bibeln ute - nok: beol moa te 
y ? piteaua fanari alr, t 
se Alplel ai vauould thee aad to the torments | tensively ag an insulating substquee in all operations 















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ry : 
: ‘ : oz peer pre 








ay: Ree ee hes : : o AUTIN.OAN DATTERY, | 
] VOLTAIC ELECTRICITY. . A Ts Peet LAST tho following dexeription of a 
DY PROFESSOR TYNDALL, D.C. ‘Li ; ‘ : a corres ap Clements from 


oe : ‘ : ; : -* rte ed 24017, —-Amalgamating Zino.—tnka th 
: sy tho Jeltos- of ir correspdnilent: of | the Scientijie 2 ate tery.—T wontor when! |. offsine pout. to be unalgntaated aud tie ett ry 

\ - eae ie ena an should like to: hear “Sigma's o farm of cell will bo auiticiontly oxplained ! . weak sulphuric acid and water, about tive parta of 
Luerunn V. tel ‘ tj pinion of it. It appears to me to offer ono ada é ' to the “uninitiated,” The bichromate cell, if. pro. ! water to ono of acid, then fay it flat on'n tnblo, |” 
H nV. « / ee 3 . ‘ es { pour somo mercury on tho zine and rah pithy a piece 


Wats we examine the-distribution of-heat inthe] 1| tage, and that fs it sill enable itis ‘ of cotton wool until a bright poliah is abtalned 
Neruat 7 us to s Proceed with Vt — 
circuit, we find ourselves in the presence of that 1] pas whet idly becoming. mioanecs feces a. ; SE Dagers ne OOP ARIE hn ean aaaas i 
great principle of constancy as regards” the : : i Vtho containing vewel fsa tin ‘ j {23617.]—Amalgamating Zino.—Tho castest | 
energies of Nature which is the crowning achieve- z { i method for you to adopt. is the following :—Mix 
ment of otir times. Ifwe burn a piece of wood upon ‘ “ : i pe eet medont eaten en eee fae 
a is the «liberated + : ‘ 7 i mn 0 fill call which contains tho 
a hearth the heat is then and there liberated ; and t e cella aro charged witha nee Ae \ : ; i zine plate or cylinder, then dip plates Into tho soli 
if we burn zine in dilute sulphuric acid, the heat. i - tion and taka ont quickly, immedintely rabbing 
is then and there liberated. But. the com. i 13 Dern. a vy a oe them well with somo olf mg; redip if any portion 
mingling of that mysterious thing which we call: {2° 4 : &: : | a f , Torininag tlrty. nee the ‘hale aunanee clan, ; 
a 1 of i : } t ni} 
an electric current’ w ith the phenomena changes ‘5 ¢ ! i of mercury. tub inte the plato well, thon redip, d 
their aspect. If the zine and the dilute sulphuric a, pour on toro mercury, again rub, and repent the: 
acid form part of a voltaic battery, then the heat a bidies ; : y proceas until the whofa surfaco iy quite bright, Bu? 
produced by the combustion of the zinc may be |“ ; an very ali plate hy careful to tunitlaamate every hole: 
or may not be liberated on the hearth where ‘it ig - * perly constructed, will work effectivoly for nn hour. tif nruah ie tofu to cleo cat areal ea . “Afters 
burnt. A battery here in London may heat a i . q i have need tho solution the second Hinig after tho ithe plates are well amalgamated swill in water auc. 
Wire in Edinburgh; the heat.imparted fo such a . * atue of secon ey DT operas t Mit ‘put hy to dey. -W. J, LAncasten, 3} 
Wire is transported by the electric current. The | i : 3 z a i (uni) Amalgamating Zin ~The process of | 
current is the carrier, not the creator of heat. - . 4 = am : j Pinee the aineia mdi ipeenry fs rimplo cnough, 
the Hl ‘ trl i tnd 7 : t ing. whi ‘ ‘Daca tho zinc ina dish and cover it with water, then 
Phe quantity of heat developed by the combusti i y “ : citetent sooty hich wil bo found clean, ant ‘add n Little common sulphuri¢ acid so an to form in. 
: : . i i jearbons (ono remurer in sketch) ton picco of Hiluta solution : one part acid to twonty-four waterds | 
per teear al Sidi, wes ib alvaels Cadendiee . : . ae iNarniahed wood, along tho sides of which » copper escrs well. Pour over tho zing, while om thobath,* : 
s ie i : iallp conducts tho electricity to tho positive binding 7 ‘alittle metallic morcury, ani by tho rid of a aml 
vseruw; the wire from the zine pnasing through the pleco of tow tied to & small picco of wood,"tho | 
centra to tho other, “This nrrangemont is easily: ‘mercury may ba led to diffusn itself avenly over tho 4 
“sot up” or removed without any ruteuel, nnd not; . uirfnee of the zinc, Caro should bo taken if tho 
shal€ so cumbersome, Fused 216, white Hipata, janrinee of the Fine ba rough by brovions ure that ine 
i Hy . ¥ linereury cuter into every crovice, SO W 
which may ba but for 88, Od. per dozen, ‘The power jmareney, tho battery clincuinne “solution will ho to 





of a battory mainly depend: t ti i { 
lor: zine eniploseity- the rier icp lis atl A rece reab avwny of tltssolye Hat | portion whieh toca, fiat 
[th Vattor their conducting power, 13-cella with Lhecome ann ienmatod el fe ‘ion i me yo . 
zines lintf size of your searbons, if joined. up. for. iadopted by a friend of mine whois constantly using 
intonaity, would certaluly produco the electric Hirht |: i Bunsen's cells, Ho allows somo morcury to remain 
Iwith finely potato carbons Jncoutnct; however; try (in, the outer Cee ee athe and ene eh 
tyoaes a mention. therefore the Oe eee eal, {nminlgamated + tho. — {te hp ses the cell we 
Fintction cea ae aay on whee mike oe ' jot ty the habit of ain Uunseu’s, but L fhink L 
i Hi ag ry 7 a a } ral to ki 
ado in hot water. i ierous to. its insulation; try four or sixcells atymost, |/ Hauching tho mercury at tho bottom of tho outer 
1 ne al { ages -" Same abies : . a fool, I nat fald tata corlain targa electro-pinting 
t proce: 
pu in wince, be placed : at (fem ther-tlits Jens ie to think that: sulphuric 
pat Aone ‘ <i, , ‘ Pern wifor charging, ‘Tho bichromnte ian 
ik i ; ate i neid is not usc Q 
; : * “B.A. FT, saya: Ehave constructed a gal. 7 j Yory favourite bathers ek tna for eo itn ML puree 
asieuy treo {i DA piece of : Yo yante battery as follows: One cup af coppers desu s ined i oy oyna ofa certain tale gl mercury 
if ; s r “ ‘bla and 6 Inches in diameter. fe made of very thic! z ‘in’ ng Auid, which, hy 
wy obont . i , ‘ ? sheet copper, Thie vessel {charge with 1 part sulphuric . in the lie ng mercury on the zing (the two metals 
seed to 10 parte of water, Thon I (neert a gises cylin ssess great affinity for onv another), prints the 
connect the A der (Hinches fa dlamater), closed at the lower end wilh . Teel of amalgamating, fio hot a present 
ncharyli th thlotting paper, to thief insert @ cylinder of rolled ap what salt this is, but Lintend mal ng ow 
fluid of one cele celts aown in 0 ‘sheet atne, 1} Inches dtemeter, and charge tt with 1 part : nts, and if I moot with success it 
tin of eect an ie como in : jof murtatic actd and 10 parte water. ‘The battery worke i u th I have never reall any 
would only be th tof £0, the cloctrumative force . a very well for allver plattoms would ft aluo do for nickel 4 laters swhero zines 
concentrated by plaving ty ci, The fluid ta kent; : iptating? A, Boveral cells of thts description may be ¢ 
ecll & quantit: Bad on the zinc plate. of each | ‘ ‘used for nickel ae well as allver plating on m emadl scale 
shown ta Fig? Bt Potash, A dattery of tho culls ¢ my { How should nickel ealts be prepared for 
in constructh tid seem to offer little dificulty : " . jYou will dad @ recipa on p, 51, yo!. 0, 
Prva” kool or equal to tier eae me fitainabte bor pane eee m aes 
“BE qua, the hi cs Of the sam, i : ‘ wine 
BY Yontsodwoaap Wet"? saying ay readera MY POOF to to wauy of your chet | oe ; ts .o cousumpt 


Py JO wy Mt *pauy a oh B. 3, 608) trength of you ay 
4 1 4) ty Sysvy yt Puy nan? ua , ae: tee Ee Aad in hh | not increase the © os It, agoy! t sage 
} ast 15 





RIG Pits IN Sesquroxipe or TRoX.—Thiy apparatus, is conta in ry 
ile is composed of a prism of charcoal which contains sesquioxide of iron ;in. ils pores,’ 
+ and a small rod of amalgamated zine, The latter passes through the stopper, fo the under surlace, 
at which is fixed the charcoal, A solution of ammonium chloride ts. used as ‘the exciting Muld,’ 
‘The reactions are the same as in Léclanché’s couple, in which oxide of manganese is used. When 
the circuit is I, the chloride of ammonium attacks the zine, forininga double chloride of zine 
ant ammonium. The latter, on being set at liberty slecomposes the sesquioxide of iron, ing 
or nearly twi : Ma part of its oxygen and forming ammonia which disappears by evaporatioti, 
as to di y twice ¢ ! . a ook ees E : : ceases to act so long as the circuit remains open, {ty durability and force. are large, | I 
Wspose of. ‘To perform an amou' } [f2%7.)—Loctancha “fou lew 24 : otive power is as 12 to 10 of the sulphate of copper batt i thus well a 
number 3. 1460, by a j{ tallic ino docs not net upon anf tuistaken : mo. [ POR ASS Hindustrial purposes, The inventors are MM. Clamond: and ‘Gaile, and it is inanufact: 
ewer ‘represented by ‘the numb 1] Unter infinence of rhltnin eleetrieiten ete ety RE {Tater genticman, “I 
be tantamount toa creation of powe ; fern beeauss th zine chloride forned co a Hiatal : ts | —_ ev. (go 7 i 
.at variance, with the ime [On'rentiog Trile-chtoriite ffom acting on the zine, ; : . { SOR a 
sical science, 4 jFQites next the sine,—losrernanun, , 
latinum electrodest AED aes we fowl : ; : er . ope Met 
her of platinum! ; : % ee eet Gites, 0 4808 eas 16. an A Now Electric Battery. ‘Soin: Barwin. 


with manganoso dloxid tg eet M, Cerpaux proposes a battery made of a certain num- 


sin directi i hi é : : us ment in the Loclanohd battery. ab od 
; ¢ " : why ‘ . 0,, Sargent horn charcoal, ber of plates of copper and of zinc separated -by » wooden 
the volta ee h : al mares: : nd G ge er cot eet gchar Ly ‘ lath, The plates are plunged Jn sand or molst earth, and 
| ee ca Be a Proasure of SOY itingspletés, ha nella ho’. [an electric current 1s at once preduced, If on tho earth 
Ee aan ry current anc : i : 4 Bto4 por cont, of potaaste bisulphate dhialn chloride of sodium be poured, a very Intense current ts 


they € which form, 
nt are opposed to each other f * os oo . ‘ roslatance by dissolving the oxychlorides, syhets 0 i ; | gonerated. awe-T Te ; 


«lutions diffusc, nnd AmCl again! “” ahi is a : 
A & 


at 














it ‘Qu JomiNe UP cELLa ERIE! ard =” Rappers ; 
[March 25,'t84 


The little instrament, of which tho following ia s leserip- 


tion, may be ugoful to somo of our amatour electricians, It f : y sgh . aN ia ee i : : sone fants, eine — zs 
beast a isaawltch for joining-up cells : at pay tereet ty 7 : cere oer eae * 
A ‘ for quantity or intensity. by one Paborts Invention 7 - x sie : s E CT Rl 6 Ni A N UF ACTU R IN 


‘movement,’ Tho engraving 
slows one for two cells, but ‘ neccnt , . ‘ otek 
{t could bo mado for any limited { ged on eg ni ie eeiaed” ‘ ¢ ys erp 26 : as eee e : 
number. pe { Li] co] F Ing; Jar, was uscd, 2 a 4. : — Sie ake ea : : : 
To the four binding scrows m Of: ti eu Sectonitens See ‘ eos > pe : : j220 Kinzie Street, 

are attached the wires from the nil over: : of; flag, saw: a as r : , 
colls, the Ino wires boing fas- : : x ; fi oe OCEFLIOCAGO, TLL: 

ORLEBRATED 


tened to tho outer scrows, The att ety. : iat a, ‘ ‘ ) a ees ae aa 5 i . 
nee : | V ; \r ee J PRIVATE LINE OUTFIT.) 


connections on the switch aro 
marked insinglo dotted lines: p ; ! : 
« ae p i sea SL foul +4 [ad THE BEST IN THE WORLD, 


C7 SStBEN HLEGTRIG. MANG" 00 


peer aca ana 


tho double lines represent those 
under tho wooden slabon which 
the switch turns, When it is moved to tho right, it Joins tho 
cells for Intensity, and rice ceraé. Sho sma) circles aro brass 
-knobs (tipped with platinum, if proforred), The restexplains 
itself, It may bo of uso on tho lecturo table, A. Trotter. 
z Se heme comming —— 
a Choap Galvante Battory. 
To the Entitor of the Seientifie American : 
Tam using a battery much cheaper and (I bellove) more : i 
permanent than the one described In your paper of January : : 2 Rag : a f 
80. Iv was'’sct up by an Englishman in my employ, of the : ey : b th : 3 ren - Ears ee 
namo of Baron,:two years ago, and T have used. this kind of Sree . i epee Hn ; . 
battory over since: «It consists of a cylindrical glass vensel, Bat ire i « pa oo ts EE fy SKIN’S 
elglt laches deop and about the same in diumeter, On the Bet Ire be ey seat ¢ £ ae 4 . 
bottom of this vessel, a circular sheet fron plate ix placed, ‘ iia ws Oy ! lars : 4 
with an ingulated wire uptonelng fron the plate over tho top , state i} . . p RIV. 
of tho jar, This plate is covered to tho depth of one or two} eS PoE a se auiats iG ia é 
Inches, with sulphate of copper, Another iron plate 1s sus- ‘ . ‘ This improved form“ of Gravity Battery is mecting witha raph sate, Tagless ces hi an from base and. dnaly 
" , . + poten 2 i ind. . 
De a a es Waracictise pee : Ces “a , adopted by the North Western Telegraph Co, and by several railroads. Tb iaohte fi teat toten tiles fa length. se 0: ok 00/6 line 
in until the upper plate is covered, to tho depth of one or two “Gh Bat biact? ake , io: OA at raat 
inches: Thus made up and the circuit completed, the bat. Coy : ; a Reservoir Battery, gives strong, constant current, requires litule attention, 
tery will come up to fts power in two or three days; Int if], uate ae ot the : 7 economical, Se : Fp alte ‘ 
needed to work at onco, an elghth of an otince of sulphuric F M : \ Wi tay Mt ‘tet I; ONPG ¢ 
i actd should bo ndded, ‘Tho plates must bo arranged hori- Boe tenet cle 5 : . ‘ester ht A E eet 1¢ } anufactur Ing UU 
{ , | vontally ono above another, and both must beof Iron, If the} Me ge et : a : Ra Siege Neh cahe aie i jee 
upper plate is a quarter of an Inch’ thick, it will Inst year, n ¢ ; ] resista 4 5 820 Ft Alusle sient Gk foago, { 
ED) These tron plates work just as well as zine and copper, and y el for.to ts, rat ! : Ba . ae i bijou 
can be had overywhure at a trifling oxponse, Ws. i ect q z i ao ie _ az _ 
Philadelnhta, Pa. z ’ | ! g (eew0.)—a : 
“(89 hae 2 ASN Syn ‘ aris . 22520, nlvanio Action of 
te) FBS) says: 1. Dhavensmall battery ~ My n oon : : i Prasa.— The furenan was strictly Teh ees find: 
jnado on the Daniell principle, using zine and pul H bh watt rather straining a point. Tron and copper We: 
plinto of copper but It isnot constant. What em t : Popo? & Ce ck Bunnell“ 4 frou at the Fee re eo lend to consume the 
cep It'more uniform?’ A. Probably " 5 ‘ 3 4 bros ina J outuct ; but then so dova tho: 
water necds changing in the porouscups, Yew x it i no diferenee, andes tho conte, metals woul n ar 





it Becomes sipersaturated wit! * it 
h sulphate ; H Mt r f ent weensed by tho lubricant, ft i 
‘J crvetala form on thozine nnd stop thenetion, ou i i 3 i. would ba any appreciable effect, AY it ant: 
can uso nitmte;of me ‘You l : BR to learn that nny one d . , it is pleasant 
you web hae Tipo instead of sulphiato if j . work.—Stasta.” a 7g ta. niwu at perfection in bis 
Bois H Is cheaper nnd better. 2, r : ve ‘ . : 
4'Howean I cre oe 29999 Ja . eA \ : 
ton coll aimndedy wae can pean induc i i cola the motion Coll The weaker shock 7 B ed se 
Flo copper wire, and airronsiaing Hyer i i wire of fhe range is fart of ‘the, a BLISS RESERVOIR BATT ERY, : 
ne Insulated . ' : 0 current [a from one binding. i * 
| noted with fons les The battery is con. i ho magnet, then fo the pillar inl sree oe hee | : TAs battery took the frat premtum and a sifcer medal for fares * 
ary obtained front th ro colland the shocks se t cia ire er, aud thence through tho primary coils : } | Ovastaney and soonomy at the Cincinnalt Expesitivn, 
cultol thi duiras wine ech aie sae We etre ‘ es : a bee biniling-rerew.— Sia, ; : ute each “Private Line Oatat" te farnlehed one Private 
A 63 niche fe . - zon, —: pe F ! Ine Instr: ne Cup It Ir Battery, the necessary : 
eG ona broken and closed, Thoin wig cl. ‘The . «work let ee Bol aia eae Ine one fo: Chemicals, ite Féounectons ands Manual.” ie ns 
; cd the recondary ef a ‘ ee . arranged a . ‘3 t s is 1 
electrical effects by iuditetion. aa acelvea ia t | ott. 7 indo with Nor at inntead at nes Wo. Tt should bo " ah oP LORD. 
Strout, rom the primary ‘ wane with small current inatendt or large. Tat te : ibe: Hal, semspleles He 
si re ae ER Tl . i will find that, os It ntands, ono xingle Danio . ment Oo 
very compact Hitlo” apparatus exhibited , by) 3 the pork dust as well aw’ nll he ae aha Brake : Heaervolr 
Mesara, Tisley and Spiller, ‘Iho other was a largo instead of lar Nim couple up hia cella nll toyether! ‘ : 
{ crics—that fs, nll coppers toguther an! M . 
H A discount of twenty, par cent, will be alluwed when remat! 


3 


“torpedo hattery, belonging to the India.rubber and all zines together—nddi atts : 
Gutta Pereha Company. 0 had alrendy done a fale noting effet, 5 canis ont one ‘hte Pah ano tance accompanies the order, Hem{t by express, regiatered lot- 
amount of work, forit had been sunkin tho Thames A flo the conuceting-wire, and considering tho rest : *+feFoniertng state letgtio! Iine, vo that the rauistanee of inatro- 

“on September 24th, 1673, and taken up only fn Hot commento este tila in fe wire, Une ments may be proporWoned accord 
October, 1876. During this period it had beon fro- one cell of any form Kk tho bell get nud ND F 
quently used for teating fuzes and torpedoca. . It is : : Cote meets haeeamemen ae ORCCIRCURARY 

Literal toms le Agents, a 


still in'good working order, Of. telegraph instru- : : ‘ : " 
. WESTERN ELEOTRIO M'F'G 00,, 


ments and materials thera wero two numerous 
o11104G0, 





collections, by Messrs. Slomons Brothers and Mr, fi |: i, 
Rt. 8. Culloy, while Mr, G. E. Preece showed many ‘ 3 

specimens of cables injured by cablo.borers, teredos, : a - 4 in fae eae 
and barnacles os ; 








s ‘ er 


: - i oat a =GAlvanio Battetion 
| CORROSION AND GALVANIC“ACTION*. ze Me tom the cht . : ae 
: IN MARINE sea peartines = E aging tt bai b: re Bs : eae k tes agape! : 
AOD a recent’ ‘ Ba at 6 ge 
‘AT angal Fite, eopeentgn pe Bagh s he A NEW ELEOTRIC BATTERY, 
1 teresting disenas: if Polnt, the coo! : 


| provionsefinceting oat f Jravea; wil tai up a eoatin . 4 M. Onimua recontly exhiblted to the French Academy of hs 
* yather sl gnets in commdction with f 1° Oy ropatition ‘of the proc fonces a now and slmplo battory, an engraving of which 
juction on boantship wero mentioned. Mr, Jolson - ‘form of De In Rue'a coll, a 


: . 4s given herowith, Instead of the waual porous vaso hesub. | 
ted that there miyht bo samo ill effects duc to. ! 1 ehtortde Of kino, tha atren; i ‘ : a cy po ohesub. : 
eer iHoyment of feel a ee hk aps made of brass; | | particular. conte nee . . : atitutes «diaphragm of parchment paper, Tho zinc cylin. | Serene, 
Hand «questioned the ropricly of their wo in conueey : saturated Bolutt yt temgth, ee : “pdor, A, being enveloped In the papor, B, copper. wiro, C, in { * som vanity 
{tion with compound maringengine boilers. Mr. | 1 pound over all. The latter holds the papor against th; ine | co DANGER Ds 
Hannilton had never previously heart of such a ease papor agi loxine ; PPER FOR DANIDLL's onLL, * 
ige had side mentioned by ilkp prosident ite. aie rand answers for a fastoning. Tho wholo is plunged in tho } 00113,}—Taxe a pleco of sheet ao : o 8 
iehrist), nud ho stated that sinea compound engines. MT hava hoard and uIphato of capper solution, and tho battory soon works ro. wit att 9 round the inside of the Jar (a jam-pot | : 
had come into uso engineers hat experienced: great, | Fone ee gin ma 20 f [gularly, . For somo, carbon batteries, the carbon Is Cnvoloped | reseed. rele you intond usin 
} 
| 

































































: ferred to, LEYDEN yond bond over 
other words, a. protecting "scale" of calcareousi rl BATTERY, 
| mintter wns hot easily slepasited upon their internal of (mo, but Taboutd [10430.}—Inv roading tho queries of a oid 
caurfacos, Mr. William: Whyte mentioned tho caso: Lut Ht corrospondenta it in clear numbers ra 
tof a steamer that iad sailed from the ‘I'yno. to. or abil Te he Jct ihe * beginners with oleetrical machines and ane 
Croustulé, nud thence to London. Sho had been, i» § under auch contkips ,. Ehnroscen several times plates of glass reco; 
workel with water too fresh, and tha exposat parts, | { atntourcte tho sliver lates intend of fara, Tenn only ailvise that there 
became very much injured. Tho samo yossel how: | ‘8: rato, Hi not bo used. ‘Chey will noone ide ma " : 
i works with water containing at least Gox. of ‘saline « ! Btoht Patt ee with tho same extent o surface wil} moti vi : f ov] Eee 
“eatter 7 tho, gallon, ‘mthier than Stor pad aa pete TromAte strong a shock ay jar. Th in i 7 y Wet } } mt ‘ 0/4 m4 
excellent senate is got upon.tho export parts, - Mr.', , somo, and dis 4 ies . | : 
Whyte said that Protecting “scale” conkt bo pot; | Pescribed tt my, yaa disclinrgo th ’ ‘ : = i 






dificulty in getting tho: hoilerstnbes  enited y” in. |. fearbous.” »Teaanot — L Vestal,” Cut top edge like saw (ack, og Goutaintag : 











! than a jar without a 
iu 2 hours.if the Loilers wero worked withavater - Haacarcely eve havo, jer rithous : 
containing 8ox, of eating matter fo tho gallon 3, but battory. A jar lined wi Dunes. 
if water was afterwards usol which was.quite fres «4 autphato of ain the top of the tinfoil mulaten much sted: 
tho scala woutd disappear, leaving tho iron surface + ug quia, 1 chine will chy 
jexposal. Mr, Hyalop mentioned that he lind proved ts ,. ker one, { rata. 
‘by tho uso of a’ galranometer on board -n steamer » 


4 see tof a A : a8 shown in akotch, 
that galeanic notion did take place, Ho hnd.cone i 0 their rubbers fy i a : 








2 porous pot (containin ’ 
} zine) atands fn centro of copper, ant y z 
nectol the boilers with a plate of rine immersed in aan tel | odio forms n convenient, allt on hice tones l ig. 
j tho #ea, and ho was able by tho usaof agalvanometer: | : ‘ : ope al of sulphate of copper, Aa ® substitute for an 0 
0 observe tha effect produced at orery lurch which. tri " home Screw A wire, W, may bo twisted and bont \ 
‘tho vesrel received from the ination of tho waves, by hi 4 é fs 8 Pra. and soldered to coppor, Ly. straighten. 
In closing tho disenssion, Mr. Gilchrist ‘said, thé “g ir : F me ul pateal slightly, 0 wire from instrament, &o., 
engineer of Messrs. G. ant J. Burns's steamers tas of ‘elreule step by 1 f lasted, recttee in it, nnd will be clamped by 
‘wang zine plates, and considered they hail a very en tho zing fisgit ff d va . . city of spiral, Glatton, 
material effect in proventing corrosion in the boilers; i Band Hawt had i ma _—o:. s 
‘Tho president atso believed that“ Vulcan cemont’® tar of tala ose) harm than pood, . f \ 5 cease % J 
ed internally, and paintel on with a atift brush, Pertence Mal the same. 
{like na onlinary nti-foulin, composition, wag an bees: - 







’ 
excellent preventive of corrosion!” But thera were 


Vi “Pows : 
rome boilorw that could notbe got to" seale.”) ‘That pilationtn’ Powor with Distance 


‘4 tacos tory it, Bs, 
galvanic action was xct up in roesols having ‘dif {| tlon Prevtously put, but to mule, 






















‘ f whi 7 a 7 ifn parchment papor, and around thia fs placed olther a zinc | ¥ 
ferent metals used in the construction of their parts reference, it ts," Why w! | we :, i 
was o very patent (act; for if n castiron deren . p Rear the battery than lt ny wiro orazinecylinder, Tho battory thns constracted will, { 4 
wore wiod on board a woolen yeseel conted with | | rant whin rorbtance in 4 when moistened, work for some hours atter being removed : 
copper it would disappear in twelve months, falling . | reply fv, that it will do ¢ $ 

y fo the bottom of the sca. 












Such veesels now have Is ono, natural enough, et from the oxclting Hquid. 
‘brass ecrowa instead of screws of cast irou:” wh cet atte but oi 

; depeche, Anak stateinent of ¢! out 

¥ geater‘catrent it y E TELEGRAPHER 

% : coer hzough tho wire of the elec } 7 
: ear |~Eheotrical—To “Sraaa"—Why will from tho battery tn of 
nok beoy fo Lend their questions with somothing that Woca not follow that 
+ debnes 





Le subject T oxpect, if ind hy. th i Magnet, oven when It ts 
huve some tw 






HARLES 'T, CHESTER, ; ‘| 
Maul pep airs ffi sateen 184 mata ns oo. MANUFACTURER OF TELEGRAPH INSTRUMENTS, Ez 
i 4 104 CENTRE STRENT, NUW YORK. a 


wostions nro 
gonce nud informatio: 





ATTERIES of avery description for TELEGRAPH and ELECTRO-PLATING | a 


~ purposes, best ENGLISH and AMERICAN TELEGRAPH WIRE, ‘ 


% LINE TOOLS, INSULATORs, ete, etaes DIALS and 
” PRINTING INSTRUMENTS for PRIVATE 
and MUNICIPAL lines. 


THE MAGAZINE.» 









ectric 
en the 
ia tho 


to tho pro. / 
Kk and ity. 
ily-wheel 








ged oa P - 
andl cause a 
which, | masses? ieee 
revolus { 
yt 






AN ENTIRELY ‘NEW BATTERY COMBINATION. 


Vonscening the good qualities of several other combinations, Unt freed from their deficlenclca or kmperfoctions, 
eu Jt can bo mado to 


EXCEL IN ELECTRO-MOTIVE FORCE 
THE GROVE BATTERY; 

In cleantiness and freedom from local action it fully equals the yf 

simiggg LECLANCHE BATTERY, 0 | 

whilo {t vastly exccede it In continuance of power or conistancy, keeping up to tte Work whore the Leclanché attery fa 





















and Joace ita power, i {tlon, conductors of electricity and not il 
"it ny Uo easly charged wens tu pronase lege range of poser eitaay contain withia tooth ecto 
fo 2 AN. IMMENSE RESERVE: FORCE: | 
stored up ready for use, Hence the namo glyon tot Nee oe 
eee ae MAG ASIN EI. 
tions aro novel and peculiar, doing away with ¢ho dangor of Increnalag res! red 
ducting ronal ‘For further paritcotare rotor to : “ ONARLAtS ‘, CHESTER, No,' 104 Coutre 



























-ELECTRO-MECHANICAL GONG STRIKERS, 


fact, ies Sanne opgn ranging from 30 i., the engine house ale, to 8 ta,, for how 
{or Mateo he capable of atrnitig Very taplaly--at Touak two blows th a seconde diseao vary in price acootdtag Yo sis 





aye ‘ 


. . VELECTRO-MECHANICAL BELL STRIKERS, : salt 
fue mr er et hm, en een tee az an 
accordijg to also, ds : Scag Bh” ‘A180, . é Ne 
‘UNESTER'S PATENT NON-INTERPERENCE STREET BOX FOR FIRE ALARM. TELRORAPH ; 


0 arranged that {t ts uiterly iiuposetblo whilv one box lela operation to atart anuther, hereby Preventing apy covfuston of alarms, 
a, ca + ALe0, : : nie Le 


“REGISTERS, RELAYS, CALL BELLS, 


I reavonablo prices, ° era 
AE anene ser TRS mE. Celael Ofles np negaiin mf anal renegade cet titel te ple te WRFCIPAL conrRaors, 


THE NEW STYLE OF REGISTER, “THE. EUROPEAN Ms 

: : : srntNo; INaTRAD, OF Weiaut, Pee ye gongs RS 

HOTEL ANNUNCIATORS., 

lm, In, rellabie, and never get out of order. ‘Tho following Hotote aro ited with our improved aries Grand Union, Barstoge 5 ' t 
La ee re EEE LT areal ea rieeet cay deal wae ON HON 
Bote Awent or WILSON ELECTRIC GAS LIGHTING CO," 

. for Walle, Theatres, Churches, etc, elo. Inducemeuts offered to any persons oblaining contrnats for lighting, “- 
vee NO” LIGHTING FACTORIES, MILLS, Ero: 
button om his bench (he operator lights a section of burners, : 


/ : Very alight contumption of Battery, aud very cheap, . 
SEND FOR A CATALOGUE AND PRICE LIST. 


P, 0, Box a1¢0, : 104 CENTRE STREET, 












er terk 


















By simply, pualite; 














sadvantago | fn «mal 


0) G. PB. saya: I havea zincand cirbon 


alee the carbon plates of which aro aupported 


Von Tu s I 
quart Srote cine Ts thei ee :! py copper connections, I find thattho acid creeps 
inte ns Can 


r quantity & 
! t! ee circus! 
; FestatangéotAbeciccult outside of the battery ta}: 
* yery small, In tho latter caso the 12 one gallon 
| cups 


Ing Hu 


fe up on these connections and corrodea them, What’ 
A. No, untesa tho; | can Fuse to provont the corrosion? A. ‘Tho best 
plan 1s to depoalt coppor on tho end of the carbon 
and thon solder a wiro to tho doposlt. , First heat 
ne will givo the stronger current. If.tho| | the end of thocarbon and touch thopart Just bo- 


| oxterpyl resistance of the cirault is of any consid}, | yond where the copper fa to oxtond (about haif an 


1 eravid‘magnitude, tho best effect will bo obtained || 
t by unitlog all tho colls in sorfes, TH latter com. 


inch from the ond) with a pleco of parafin, taking 
:| caro ft doos not run up tho part tobe deposited zal 


} bination always gives the, highest tension or po- «| should (¢ do 80, howover, !t may bo driven off by a 
I tentlal. 2 Please give full fuateuctions for setting *] strong heat. When cold, cut a fow scores in tho! 
rface to give. hold to the copper, and drill at 


up the Chutaux battery; mentioned 19 your paper | 
of May 2, 1875. A, Thoro aro several modifica: 
tions of the Chutaux battery, one form is mado aa 

‘\faltows: A glass or stonoware jar {is perforated at 
the bottom, and an foverted saucer placed oy 
itho hole. Single plates of zine and carbon ai 

- thon arranged on opposite aides of the Jar, and a 

sheet of tin or other thin metal placed in thu mid- 4 
‘to (botween the zincand carbon). Tho side con-| i! 


holo through, in which fix dnnly a copper wire, 

projectingon each side, With a warm fronepread s 
‘] 2 good Alin of paraMin from tho Ino of intondod 
coppering as far down tho carbon aa tho part to 
bo immorsed Inthe Nquid of tho battery when 
working. Connect a wiroto thecarbon iy facrow 
clamp, and Jnsort ina coppor solution, arranging 
at drat for a quick deposit, When a good deposit 


ning the zino plate {9 filled with sand, th / Uta made, drill a few bolos right through copper and 


to sldo, contatning the carbon, with pounded |), 


fearbon, soak in water to remove any absorbod 


. | Soke, after which the metal partition Js withdrawn’): copper salt, and dry {t thoroughly. Now tin the 


anda thin layer of sand spread over all, Tho ex- {' 
elting tuid {fs contained In an invericd jar over 
tho battery; another Jar beneath catches tho liquid | 
after {t has passed through the sand and coke. 
‘Tako 15 parts, by wolght, of wator, 1 of bichro- 
mate of potash, 4 of sulphide of mercury, and 2 
of sulphurta acid, to form tho solution, 


(44) KX, asks: 1. Whatis tho best alzed cell 
to uso for a battery to produco tho olectric 
hgbt? A, With an cqual number of cells, the 
larger of two sizes gives the most heat and light. 
2. In amalgamating z{ncs with mercury, will It do 
jtolmmerse tho zlncs in mercury, or would this 

* {give themn too much morcury ? A. It Js usual, af- 
-fter tho zines have been proporly cleaned, to place 
thom Jn aabatlow dish and pour the mercury over 
thom with a spoon, Thoy should be carefully |) 
brushed afterwards to remove tho excess of mer- 
cury. 3, How Jong should the nitric acld last in 
tho Grove battery? Why docs tho current bo- 
» {como so weak whon tho nitric acid becomos 
“|weak? A. That depends upon the Intensity of 
chemtcalaction. With a givenquantlty of acid, 
ine, ote, u certaln definite quantity of electricity 
will be ovolved. ‘This wo may obtain ina longor 

Orshorter timo by making tho resistance of tho 
‘/elreutt wrgooremnll; If it !s very emalt tho bat- 

tery becomes perceptibly weakened in a very 

short timo, 4. Doos not the current dopend cn- 

Urely upon thedecomposition of the zinc? A, The 

current is tho reauttant of all the chemival actions 

which take place in tho battery. 6. As platinum 

‘ty a very poor conductor, Is not tho current weak- 

ened when passing through tho platinum strips 

rom the nitridactd to the zinc? Sometimes tho 
trips become #0 Hot as to almost boll thoncld in 
the battery, A. Anything that adds realstanco to, 

ho elrcult necessarily reduces the current p 

portfonately, 

Pues = 


| 
! 
! 
i 


i 


j 
t 
i 
\ 


purt to which tho connecting wire Is to bo soldcrod 
and stand tho carbon with its coppored end in 
meltod parafin till {ts upper partis woll saturated, 
:Whon tho connection {ssoldered, a coating of pare 
{fin may bo spread with an fron ovor tho copper i 
and all parts of the carbon not intended to bo acts | ¢ 
(ed.on. by the Maqutd, ‘ ¢ 


FART ELECTRIO BATTERIES, 
By Jurys Cenvaux, Belgium, 
My invention consists in fe combination of plates of zinc 


and copper, separated by slate and blocks of wood, inserted 
in moist carth or sand, 


ELECTRIC KANTH NATTERY, 


In Figs. 1, 2, and 9, A and B are plates of copper and alt ¥ 
consisting of fat strips with teeth or binds, The plates are 
C Hlicae oléetrte piles nea tixatt UL ialat Carlin oy ag 
{ or 
[n, guscous place, ant tho conner bone at earth or rand, or in’ 
{Produces an clectric current, ¥ Upon the motatk 


Seo ems en prpetenrey 


GALVANIO: BATTERY, 


NeEwitan, of 
ledical; Society 4 


osulation of tho zinc (or other conductor), 


felon of the battery. E shows the mercury or amalgam in 





_ CIMPROVEDAgALVANIO BATreny, )| ins 
ATN8_ arran, nt of n° galvanio cell by }' eran 
“Monara,"J, C, and G, Faller, of Fenchurel 
atreot, London, hag. for ita object the In 
provement of batteries as regards thelr con- 
“atancy and regularity of working, Hitherto, 
according. to tho inventors, 1t has Leon ‘sunt {= 
to omploy a bath of mercury into which tho }! 
zine plato fs fo far Ingerted a8 to admit of : 
capillary action taking placo onthe surface | 
of tho'zine plato ; nevertheless, Srrogularity 

In the power and rmpld diminution of the } 


{ 
4 
Hy 
t 
he hichromate ec 


‘well be 


potash 
produced 


on tho on 
tho othor, 





{ 
D shows the | 
Tho undnguiated : 
ition of this zinc plato fs dusorted in the mercury or amnal. : 
mm, only #o far asia found to bo neccasary for the perfect ; Thon, BIL + 8CrO, 
= Cr, Os + SHO. Fourthly, I have not tried tho 
French oxciting salts, nud therefore can soy nothing, 
Fifthly, 1 cannot spenk positively on this point ; but 
, a8 chromic acid is isomorphous with sulphuric acid, 
i Fshould any yes, by tho addition of protoxids of 
merenry to bichromnto of potash, ‘The bichromato 
of mercury may bo prenared by adding solution of |' 
Hchromata of pol toa solution of corrosive sub- |, 


~ D, 


ple, © 


we used this metal for 
ses, and the result 


the absence of 


es, but | 
it with 


gative as 


mony may often make it a useful 


ip and 


h isoften not the case with 


en formed into thi 


Journal of the 


ricians 


plat 


ted uy 
not so good a ne, 


to the use of 


jin 


ig or disintegra- 


» those, for exam 
be mel 
all 


gto the 


ion of elect: 


sealin; 
y 


rcial value, and ma 
or by 


fc 


. Nunn, writin; 
e attenti 


= 


IN GALVANISM.—Mr. R. 


ject, asks to be allowed to call 
ammcrsion, 


(cheapness 
in their comme: 


LYS rei 
gins immedi: 





it on acoreof t 
i¢ other metal. 


luctivity and other ad 


ge of som 
ty 


Re of antimon: 


rusti tho 
grains, 


vantages are—its chea 
5 


if 


Th 
en plates alway 
» Ralvanisation be; 
¢ chie! 


T have co: 


ij 


f disadvanta; 


HE Use oF Antiniox 


rected by castin; 
iperior ci 
nt. 


aman aay ty 

iW, Gronot’s i 
F.8."" (p, 537), is the ace 
ult ectactenges Bg | 
i ‘ho a vantage, but gives lower pot roa ae 


f Arts on this subj 
percentg; 
Su) 


ile the bri 
final; 
eleme: 














peers 


7 ing up a battor! : 


; and 40 ofip quart: 


‘-tensigh pr qua” 


s Gro tl 
+ resistangd ofANt 
vory amall.. Inf 


ne will” 


{ by unitiog all tt 
| bination alwaya 
itenctlat. &. Ploaj 
up the Chutaux. 
of May 22, 1876 
tions of the Chr 
followa: A glow 
the bottom, and 
itho hole, Sing 
thon arranged 0 

« Bheot of tin oro. 
‘alo (betweon the 
alning tho zinoy 


leg eldo, contal 
Sake, after whict 
anda thin layer; 
citing Huld fs o 
tho battery; ano’ 
after (t has pat 
Tako 15 parts, by 
mate of potash; 
of sulphuric act 
(44) K, asks. 
to uso fora} 
light? A, With 
larger of two al 
2 Inamalgama 
_ ito immerso the 
Igivo thom toor 
{ter the zines tit 
jthem In ashall 
thom with af 
brushed after® 
cury, 3 How} 
the Grove bat 
como 60 weak 
weak? A, Th 
chemical actiot 


zing, ete, acer” 


‘| WIL be evolve 
or ehorter tim 
elroult urgoor. 
tery becomes; 
short time, 4 

tfrely upon thi - 
current is tho! 
jWhich take pk 


isa very poor 


cnedanbe 


ls about 


1,250: 


volts; but it is necessary to work it pee an externul| 
resistance of about 3 kilometers of onlinary telegraph wire 
in order that it may work well. Tho exelting Hquid inny he 
water saturated with sat-ammontic, or acldulated by sul- 
phuric acid, or the bisulphute of soda, in the proportion of { 


10 to 1," 


An element working a bell about 100 times a day would 


_ [not require to bo looked after for a very long time, and; in 


this case, it would only be the zinc dat would require replac 
Ing, ng the platinized carbon preserves Indefinitely its cata. 


lytic properties, 


' The Maiche battery 1s particularly well adapted for elce- ! 
tle bells, Matutenanee not being required, Its fitness and ! 


the care taken in ils whole constriction make it the 
perfect bit of apparatus of its kind. —L'Etetrieité, 


most ° 





SOE 


Febsaary 15) 1875+} 


THE TELEGRAPHIC JOURNAL, 
Vou, IIL—No. 49. 


SCIENTIFIC PROPHECY, 
Paomtuoy ia the prediction of an event—the decla: 
ration of sumething to come, Whea fature events 
—vither in the history off the workd or in the life 
of man—have been foretold from no huown date 
and from no low the prophecy must have been 
divine, for none but Gad cue know the future of man, 
When such events in the history of nature aud in 
the lify of mutter hive been predicted from known 
data and from established laws, the prophecy is 
human and seientilie,  Mvery setence in its growth 
passes through Uiree stages, Hirst, we have tho 
stuge of observation, when facts are collected and 
registered by many tainds in many places, Next, 
we have the stage of generalisation, when these 
well-aseertained and carefully-verified facts arg are 
ranged methodically, gencralised systematically, and 
classified logically, su as to deduce and elucidate 
from thon tho laws that regulito theiv role and order, 
Tustly, we have the stage of propheey, when these 
laws aro so applied thht events can be predicted tu 
ocey with nnerring accuracy. Astronomy is said 
to be the only science whieh lng thoroughly reached 
tho Inet stage. Other sciences are in various stages 
of growth. lectricity in some branches has 
reached the third etage, but in many branches it is 


still in ita infuntine period, Astronomy predicts 
eclipses, Giussits, aeguttations, for any period in the! 
jaunt surrounding condnetors, then E venture to a 


future, and the ? Nautical Almuanack ‘is the inost 
wonderfnl example of prescient Knowhedge; 
anilov say yo away fora five years’ eritise, mad yet 


in this book he will find every event in the motion 
of the planets, the movements of tho tides, the 


rotation of the moon, the eclipses of the sun, &e., 


faithfully and unerringly foretold. Bat Astronany 
has produced greater, wonders than these. ‘The 


planet Uranus was foun to suer from some slight 
disturbances in her path round the sun, Addins in 





THE TELEGRAPIIG JOURNAL, 


oxpeusive, lecture experiment. Laight has given 
ug ono or tivo other scientitic prophecies, Doisson, 
from theory, pronounced. that in the case of an 


{Jopaqte circular diso the illinnination of the centre 


of the shadow caused by diffraction at the edge of 
the dise would be preelsely tho same if the diso 
were altogether absent. Avago proved this to be 
true, Again, Sir William Hamilton predicted thit 
in biaxial eryatuls there were four points where the 
refraction of the crystal upon an incident ray pro- 
ueed a contintens conical envelope. Dr. Lloyd 
took a erystul of arragonite, and, following Hamil- 
ton's dircetions, discovered what the mathematician 
had predicted. 

Whewell predicted from theory that there must 
be a certain point in tho North Sea, midway 
between Lowestoft and the const of Holland, where 
there was no rise or fall of the water, because tho 
creat ov highswater mark of the tidal wave, aud 
the trough ov low-water mark of the same wave 
reached the samo poitit at the same time, but by 
different routes, Captain Hewett, RN, found 
that it was so, 

Electricity has its prophets. Maraday, examining 
Sir Charles Wheatstone’s beautiful experiment on 
tho velocity of lectricity hy means of un rotating 
inirror, suid" If the tivo ends of the wire in 
Professor Wheatstone's experiments were imme: 
diately connected with bwo large insulated metallic 
surfaces exposed to the air, so that the primary net 
of indttetion—nfter making the contact for dis- 
churye--might be in part removed from the internal 
portion: of Che wire at the flest instant, and: disposed 
for the moment an ite seriiee jointly with the airy 


ticipate Ghat the middle spark would be mare 
yetarded than before, And it those two plites 
were the inner nnd outer coatings of w large jar or 
Leyden battery, then the retardation of the spark 
wonld ho much greater." ‘Tho exporiment was not 
mde for xixteon years, Te wag then shown as tho 
explanation of the retardation of the current in our 
subterrumeous and snbmurine wires, 

Sir Francis Romlds, with wonderfal prescience, 


England and Lo Verriur in France simultaneously —ifteen years before Fanuday—sug- 
and independently, froin tho known laws of gravity, | yealed “the peobability that the electrical snduetion 
predicted te existence und position of another which would tke place in a wire cnelosed in glass 
tnknuwa planet. Galle, of Berlin, directed by {tubes of nuny niles in Tength (the wire neting like 
Le Verricr, fund the planet in the spot indicated, | the interior conting of 1 battery) might amount to 








a ee Re ‘ 





nud it was called Neptune, 
Newton, tho grandest scie 


hug perhaps over seen, and the founder of Che laws phetis vision 
that Ted to the prophecy just narvated, in his {ure verified in ove 
investigations on light, predicted the fuet that tho with which ov 


diamond was formed of some’ combustivle material | electricians tu th i ‘ 
‘Hho! the exactitude with whieh the working speed of n 
combustion of dinmond is now wn ordinary, thu | eable is prudictat, dhe mult wad invisible super 


—from its very bigh index of refraction. 


ntifie man the workd [the suddenness of the discharge 


the retention of a charge, or wt least might destroy 
Barnday's pro- 
ision and Ronnlds's far-sighted knowledge 
ry working cable, Phe accurney 
eablo repairers avo dirceled by our 
jo sput where the wire is broken, 











"THE SILVERTOWN ‘IMPROVED- ?OGGENDORFF round the dine (li, dates io: kept pronerly amalgam cd. 
ee he ’ : : charge the battery for or inary work, one measure oO! mereury— 
BIOHROMATE. BATTBRY, the stopper of the merenry bottle forming the mensure—ia placed 
* - : round the zine in the porous pot and Yoz. of the grey compound 
fie The porons pot is filled with water to within an inch of the to 
Tho makers of this battery—viz. (Ahe Indif Rubber, Gutta { In the outer Jar, with the curbon plute,8oz. of red compound ure | 
Percha, and Telegraph Works Compuny—chiim that its electro. placed, and” the i filled with water to ‘within’ three 
motive force is equal to two Daniell elements, and that itis very} quarters of an inch of the top. Should the battery bo re. 
conatint and hay a low internal resistance. The efliciency of the | quired for hard work, the porous put should be churged with 
battery ia duc to the excellent epolarising qualities of the | oz. of the grey compound insterd of 2, nnd ‘water added na 
Vichromate of potash, « This efligionoy the makers have greatly | before, and in the outer jar 102. of red compound should bo 
nerensed by tho use of an improved bichromate compound, and | placed inatend of 8oz. By increasing the quantity of red com. 
by the employment of a new excitin, powder which replaces gul-| pound the battery is rendered much more durable and ‘efficient, 
phuric anid. “Tho resulta obtained y tha employment. of these When the solution in the outer jar changes to a bluinh green tho | 
compounds aro, itis claimed, far superior to those derived from the | force of the battery will be found to have diminished consider. 
; Useof other mixtures, The handling of sulphuric acid ia nvoided, ably. It is then necessary to withdraw a portion of the solution 
“Bh The battery ia further improved by the careful manufacture and | ane replace it by'red compound and water, Should the solution 
“) selection of the porona pots, and thus a battery is obtained that] in the porotts pot change ton bluiak green, half tho liquid shoula 
+ Justa much-longer than ia usually the caso with a bichromate | be withdrawn and replaced by water. If crystals ahould form on ©. 
battery, - The cell is composed of un outer jar of earthenware, | the zine the whole of the solution in the porous pot muat be» 
in which are placed the carbon plate, the red compound, ‘nnd | withdrawn and repliced by water and grey compound in the pro. |“ 
water, “In this carthenwaro jar is also placed x porous pot which portions already given, oa the cage may require, 
econtuing n zine rod, mereury, Grey compound, and water, By | ‘The illustration showa the form of cell beat adapted to general 
placing the mercury (which lies at the bottom of the porous pot) | telegraph purpeses.* 















































THE SILVERTOWN PATENT LECLANCHE Darrery,| 
ae (upnoven_Agaromen, : 

epolurising:, 

We are indeb in R ae 

raph Works uapany for the 
pative ele 


may -be men. 


Powd thon 

* 
.. tained ) clement co 
: liquid ia n 
tion cither 
as the ce 


with the’ ns been d t 


it 
Leclanehé x ly on charging, because the liquid ie brought! ¢ ! 
into direct contact with negative and positive elements, 8, The 
renewal is exceedingly simple, When the battery. becomes ex: 
hausted the depolavising plates which are joined to the eurbon f ; 
+ manganese, d oltrse of in } plate hive only to bo removed and freah onca substituted. 6. By, f. i 
| aubmittédto i j avoiding the use of porons pots. the risk of brenkago and deté.) ¢, 
Hy Plate servin, rioration is very:much leascned, and the coat of renewal consid 
j Zofit up th te laced ( | ably reduced. 
on caalt i : nda ¢ oe 
supplied w ell are h ‘ t 
Bother in the tivo Phices, tach 4 alate 

















zm eae NEW. DRY: ELECTRIC PILE. 7% 
“or — aie ig yriida el” By Canten Louis Van TENAG, Paris, Frane au : 7 : ; . 
i. has just constructéd a e vet ART es 
new galvanic battery, which tho -dnnates | Air now allo eonslste In pega ghee Rages Aae i ne HOrite GALVANICEXPANSION OF METALLIC AIRES. 
Industriettes thinks Ilkely to -render great |=. a Lal ie ceadrolid nc eortith chao beteeee Mice teat: f Eouvyp found that when n current of electri? Ge passed 
“U service both in manufactures and in. sclen- |, ; alse tthe Miieh Mo it blottiv sp aper, sawdust, aand, of , : hrough a metallic wire an elongation of tho wire takes place, 

tifle research. - The original oxide of man- | « eee aba Dict materi i ea en for th : independently of that produced by the heating effect of the 
-{ ganceo battery by the aume inventor consists |i: Tei pena Kiet resanra Bry ede ‘ar'two rounts af} oo: urrent, Tn the wires with which he: experimented, the gnt- 

of o porong jar. Olled with pyrolusite, (per- | apapee preferably ‘pasted thereto, and over the paper I pass 0 ; gyanic oxpanston varied from 65 to 2° per cent, of that-duc kf 

oxide of mangunesy), in which fa contained |' a $ Of soft rabbee or other Ineulating Tmatorlale Tcloso the! ‘ gto the henting of tho wire Uy. the current, Streintz carried { oan b ted wi out. thug 


A itu! 1 
the carbon forming the positivenole. ‘This itwo ends with handirubber covers, or other lard. insulating | : fine series of experimonts on the same subject, which led 


Jar {s immersed inn solution ‘of ant-ammo- gs him not only to confinn Edlund’s conclusion; that th Is a}: 
i : : i : which I make a small opening, which a nclusion, that there is a 
hie In” contact ‘with zine, Mv Leclanehé Pit A pee ey n png. and throu “Hl quae ; feulvante lengthening of a wiro (urough which a current | 


.| has, howover, {ntroduced several Improve- ‘ i i asses, distinct from the thermal lengthentn , but. to nssert |: 
mentsinto this battery. Te ings reece LT pass two amnall wires, ong af whet fa the cont nuntlon of Fat it is very much greater than Edlund Thad found te wel \ 
the porous jar by cong lomerating the oxtde |’. aN ha ui ed S Li ve Pp wate tt re, tH tn ra pot n ' In the case of fron as much na 37 per cent. of the thermal ex: |: Its of zi a ts of copper. nor | : 
of manganese, mixed in nearly equal paris ic a! ord ot 5 ven g hell, Hd Hy ch a Wot nt : ie r om ‘" pansion, M. Exner, In a paper in Poggentorfa Annaten, By in 1 advantageous :for ita floxt. 
with-carbon,” but with. the addition of 1 top, and the otier canal putes the upper extrem FoF n shinies F fdescribes Wiis own experiments In this subject, whieh appear | i enalty ae the thickness of the 
small quantity—5 per cent—of resin for the lin content erithe ed odie ht: vail of whieh: the i armen, $t0 have been conducted with great caro und thoroughness, und | WCaltland batters ie utd eaiinl to that of [- 

‘| purposo of giving consistency -to the mass, in contact with: cach individual coil of which tho Intter Ia gavo very consistent results, The metals operated on were ; the bottom, ma ry. oqitound tho lead plate, at 












































"h 7 , composed, Both protrude ton certain distance outside the 4 , placed crystals of 
an acy, even uber It rahorentersdar when erate ere ead Appetit Ste Sl gn base xg ial frm ie evo of Th, fe 2 
. fader a conmerable rears anata id a deg mehonlem altace to tbe enver afore "pansion ras cxcoed 2 pur e's Jf manta flan 
zs it < plemperaty i Rw fy . yevmeetne wee Sega . g mid, 
BH imeeeare oyllinton ong ee Fuhr), f_, The exelting Hquid which £ make uso of ix chlorido of zinc q caused by tho elevation of temperature. Streintz’s numbers {"_ vi hattery hn been adopted by the tatiana 
‘Tame thine aga porous diaphrgm and 7 at from five to ten per cent.; ora saturated solution of marine " are thus Bhown to be far too high, , To prevent the heating a Tnpany, and by the Italian railwaye, 
positive electrode. But hero n difficulty salt For the purposo of charging my plle, after having with of his wires, M. Exner Inclosed them in gliss tubes, through 8 had fomo appreciation in France, its 
+ 


occurred. Under the influence of the cus, drawn the plug aforesaid, T All the battery therewith, alloy, 3 which was matntalned a‘finning stream of puro cold water, |; ‘ Calta, 2 B00. 
avond, 


i 
rent, an almost . Ing It to rematn therein until tho absorb) ing material sfore- fg One would have expected that the Intensity of the current : 
‘alne was formed, inealatl ea etlorate of mentioned haa been entirely saturated, and then pour out all | would be therehy affected, sineo a portion of it would trav |! 
‘crystalline form in the pores of tl ,) A the remaining liquid and ro-neert the plug. is : crsa the liquid Instead of the wire, but ft was found that, so : eae Sis Par 
:tode,and considerably diminished iu ore: My new pllo can bo made of any shape or size within | @ | long a tho water was pure, the galvanometer reading was tho ' 1 aier-1—-Dantell Battory.—Tho Positive coll 
‘ductibility, so that the - internal tealetaney {reasonable mits; however, in order to produce an avalinhle sgn wther the tube was full of water or empty,” i- a ea era lat ph pelt Rater 20 parts et i 
jof the buttery: increased very ra Ldly, ove Practical result, the inner surface of the chloride of silver {! S ee ET ore, —t .  Ataalgamated by dipping it in tha above neld water | we 
‘{easioning considerable inconventencn’: on. jeuso should not-bo teas than alx aquaro inches, and of that |! : : and lotting it uct rather freely; thon rub it over |; rs 
‘ fally When used for telegraph bei size {t is capable of reddening a platinum colt for Industrial well with mercury, Tho ncid water shduld ho kept |. : : 
ati Leclanché has now aot nd on ne es. jor other purposes, « As it fa only brought into action when ‘ou nn exact lovel with tho blue-stoue,—Etxornon, 
culty by inserting in the centre of the car [the elroult a closed, it in of very long duration In consequence whee pastel Tattory.—Chargo porous cell 
jon and ninnganese electrode, while being of auch Intermittent action, "For instance, it can be made ‘ pharous acid, | part; water, 8 parts, Ont 


i . td Al wit! i 
moulded, 0 amall cylinder of Dtsulplinte of available thirty thousand times, and even more, for producing ov tHE T'erxonari | canner thas youth wan eg poe aulzbato of 


"Adda, This aeld salt prevents the form: th a light, ns 1118 hereafter explained, without its be ing neces- plain thnt wh : De } , (30009.)—Hlectricity.-Tho earth acts slmil 
jof the oxychlorate of zine; and the tattocn sary to recharge it with the exciting Nquid. : 7 a oe me fi ee ‘ton indo comduetore it in fact forma pai 
| preserves its regularity for more then» Hi reserve a central apace or chamber within the zinc coll, rm younger than “I ain <~ body rou apenk of, Thus i€ you havo two balls eons 
{without the necessity for renewing’ the for the purpose of receiving or housing the guses formed ro that’somo of the kei! j Neckar by a chain, then the ono ball uearoit toreay, 

Water of the saline solution, ftefene ty the chemfeal decompo ona of tha elements of the pile, paaa ‘niuster ‘Ihe onpcite one poate ae a negative, and 


» 08 Against 




















ft. 











































































: ; the opposite one positives now instantly ent the 
much slighter resistance than other bat a allowing euch .to combing in order to teact on the elements, 1 Be i Yad 
. re , A . vovor’ chain, afterwards remove tha prima dine 
tea, and gives outa considerable arene” thus insuring a long perfod of duration of the ile, and. a cn Ys however, that if the : | gha tivo balls will ba coverod with the a uetor, and : 
| \ quantity of pp 





“telectricity.  Acsing | greater power, «By pli . nae C tricitien; t this f t heut 
ipl, Aang clement of an sree rpoeee. miler i en {externally andl the ding it, ‘ indinentd firat Dall 'andl the enrth ns csc ear ode ae 
imlo, imme relntively much larger surface of chloride than of zine, ge 7 i ar the dete Shain and sou will bara n completo idea . 

" Whereby I obtatn, Ina: relatively yery small volume, the : i_,{90000,)—Etoctricity.—1 cannot. explain tho 

saa cr ag netunlly obtalned with piles of n consider. ‘ - Pasties ae ze iatatements quoted, or why tho earth fa 4 recelvor 

Demat eer, Yolume. “Aunin, these piles, being perfectly : " 1a lof both kinds of clestricity.” I hava repeatedly ox: 

hormette and dry, are available for belng carried fn the : : ; a ~~ plained that all there atatomonts are pure bos, and 

poe ct, and for producing flame hy contact with a wick ‘list no auch actions ooeae, 18 tn only a for wooks 

Saturated with an inflammable quid, or fire by contact with, itis thoroughly re ton seers Oe thts subject, and 

adry fibrous wick. ; - Y 

oe serge * 






































it is thoronghly gone into in my Electricity,” &c,— 
Stosta, Seem te a 


















at ~—- = fonnmas + yy 
| dan. 12, 1877, ENGLISH M] ‘| [80005.J—Dantell Battory.—You shoul not pat 






















i 
4 f Vlu-stone (eulphate of copper) solution in xing cell, 
or tho copper in it will deposit on the zine in a brown’ 
! powder, nud finally stop tho action, Pat a half. 
* anturated solution of sulphate of zine in tho zine 
— = ‘ : !  ecll, and saturated solution of sulphate of copper in 
aoe at fare ‘ wea? got = ae ' the copper cell, ‘Tho former should be occasionally 
Tho statoment in Mr. Prescott’a book tx corréct. ' roltond [a atrenath _ watering ho zine dissolves, 
iv vanto at te A fs “nm i Katter Kept saturated hy adding crystals o! 
‘ho ponitive plate of a galvanio elemont ie the zine, ; t the sulphate, Thee ought to w a perforated shelf 
nd the negative in tho copper, carbon, or platinuin, | ‘or receptacle for tham nt the upper part of tho. 






ve , {form of a rod, 
i ammonium chlor 









| 
| 

| : A z i 2 

| 08 belo Aller setae ANTG 160 | Sfa0; 0 { : : oH Tho wiro attached to tho copper plate'is the Hositive, ante sengaiice <9, G. 8." must, 
pei a ] pole, while that attached to tho zino tx tho negative. | : not only’ put n saturated nilation of sulphate. of, 


























hid sooming confusion disappears when wo examino | fopper (blve-stone ng a galls it) in the conper call 

. 7 Ae : Kt er] ba 

ho matter carefully, “Tho ent Fopresents a nimple just below tho aurfaco of tho Tiquid, to be reaowed 

le wich i Ivanic clement, having ita zine and copper plates ina they radunlly dleappear, ‘Thin moy be dona in 
Kammnoniieant| connected by 0 wiro, For conyenionée of explana. i 
















vari ‘aya. ‘Cho simplest method T can think of is 
to take an leagth of copper wire and twist it into the 













simple chloride | f tion, it hina ‘alwaya: beon customary to assume. that form of n little basket ur cago, which may easily be 
uble salts is th ” : ae A | do to fit tho cell and hook on to tha edge; cara 
after the ialtery onl : ae tho clectric current, generted at tho point of contact | anust be taken that It dn no way toushes tho sing . 







: makes its appear. ; : es botween tha surfaco of tho zing plntonnd the solution 
| ney, As long os : In which it in’ immorsed, flows through the solution 


sitive plato, and ts 
eaative, bo long is to the copper plate, Cw, and thenco returns over tho 


| i he xt op Aatoon ns oxygen ; e feonducting wire to tho zine plate, Zk nu indientod 
i by the nrrows in the figure, the point from which the 

i : 7 current flows being termed positive, and that to which 
{ current ta generated, and the roautltant strength cy if ca it flows, ‘negative. Tho zinc plat in’ therefore tho 
: if the battery betes eo atiary impatre 5 but ir : posltive. plate, beeatisa the enrrent flows from {t to}! 
, Alli the dust must bo remored from tho sees ‘ ‘ tho copper through’ tho liquid, and tho polo of ‘the 
i goer lato, bit his asganota ta broken wp, [- ed ‘jbattery ‘connected with tho. coppor,is.the positive 
j of’ fino powder tn the ose eo be teat g Ene pole, becauso tho current flows from it-to the line. 
; iy jerfore wilh the petlon of he battery but also to or ee ‘{fhis_ oxplanation will, perhaps, make tho imatter a 
A. BAUNDENS, SOs BMMERICK, ; Mttlo, more intelligible to: your correspondent, and 


— aos yeas mea ees ; }toubtless to othoru wlio have beon;piizzted by it. : 


‘eell’s contents, A little mulphurio ‘acid {lroppad in 

. ‘tho water of tho zine cell will make the battery 

attain its maximu strength _quicker,—Gronas 

atom wade, Tn m 

* [90005,]—Dantolt Battory.—In, tho porous ce! 

of ite ‘tens you sboull pak oithor dilate anil 

‘ hurie ncit or a solution of common salt, ‘Iho 

jatter, J think, would nuswer your purpose, It will 

{require more salt onensionnily, ‘Kho other coll will 

t nleo require an addition of bluestone from time to 

the, ATaclanchs battery would be tho best and 

[ i cheapest you could se.—Os, 7 

: [30905,)—Dantoll’s Battory.—If “I, G..S.'s" . 

“ah? OS artnet ho might fill “his porous cell 

i with sulphuric acid and water, about’S to 1, but E 
; prefer the water alone, as it gives a ateadicr current, 
+. {and is more cconomieal,—-ENDYMION, < 



















































HE s\ oe ieee me 

{ MERCURY-BICHROMATE BATTEDY, 

i ENTION hina been made of the new form of tichromnte 
lat weet Introduced by Mr. John Fuller, The tntrod, 
tducticn, however, of a new battery by ono whose ex: Meret 
fon thy subject extends over sowlde a range as Mr. Fuller 8, 
iMeserves something more than paselug word, 80 many 
' galvanic combinations of one sort or another sro almost 
Idaily being brought forward that wo nara compelled to Duss: 
iby the greater number of them unnoticed, It is therefore no: 
‘stall comfort when amongst the crowd wo alight upon one! 
; Whose behavior thus far docs not belic the fair promise which. 

it at first sight held out, and whose crnployment in the every! 
day work of practical telegraphy scems 1 ikely to be attended ; 
with success, . 
The old bichromute of potas, carbon, or clectropoion bat- 
‘tery, as ft has been indifferently named, was thought by 
{mest people to have become all but a Tantter of history, and 
"fow naticlpated its ro-nppearauce on tho seene of uciton in : 
‘active competition with such rivals as tho Daniell and the | 
‘Leclanché, Mr. Sivewrlght, speaking of it in his paper, “On i 
‘Batteries and thelr Employment In Tele yraphiy,” reat | 4 
“the Society of Telegraph Engineers in the beginning of 1875, 
says: “Tho amalgamation of the zincs, 0 point of vital im- 


portance In hath this and Grove's buttery, hind constantly to 
4 oom op! kal oie he adds; ** Both (the bichromate 
ani Grove's) have now hat their day, so far ns genenil iri 
tical working for telegraphic purposes oes ay i in alt 
probability be speedily numbered amongst the experiences of | 


Mr. Higging, of the Exchange ‘lclegraph Company, stuted i 
Hite iy battor y, although the Dest for their use, was a most | 
‘convenient one," 
: Now, Mr. Fuller, by taking up “the point of vital in 

Portance,” and rend ering his zines, so long as they last, pe 

manently amalgamated, has not only rescued the blehroma 
battery i m being inckuded amongst the bumber of the past, 

~, jut haa gi peo 
longer oxistenice than even in its palmtest days It could for- 
H merly havo dared to hope for, In the necompruy ving Agure 
[evo cells are shown, ‘The carbon plate fs placed fn the outer 
vessel In a solution of the bichromate of potash, 
‘Wounces of the erystats of this salt are placed tn each coll, in 
Solution consisting of nine parts of water to one of wulphu- 
Heneld, Tho zine element, whlel is of the shape shown in 
the figure, is placed in. porous tube, to while: an ante of 
mercury is added, and which tt then filled up with water 
only, "The nddition of this mercury Is the easential feature 
Jot the hattery, and toit the disappearance of the main objec: 
‘{tlons which “were Previously to he urged against the ott 
[blchromate form is ebletly die, The ging plate fs in this way 
kept permanently 


j| tery Inrgely diminished, but its constaney=the atne que ron 
Of any galvanic combination for telegraph purposes—is to. 


3200 meni 
nitruets 


etal, zing, 
Albmoniag, | 


‘on to ita fresh lense of life, and the prospect of 1. ? 


Thre ‘| 


1 
a 


‘ amalgamated so long as It Insts; the cons : 
{pRedquence fs that not only ts the internal reststnnes of the Init. 


vente 
br the battery fs ebarged 
conneated with ene other, commences 
and reaches a maximum In thevourse af 


Onua ontinry 


‘grout extent insured, The action, af 
‘and the clomenta are 
jalnogt fmedintely, 
ta fow hours, 

The maiotennaee ts 0 very shuple matter, 
working. elreuity' eh, for Instance, as a alngto needle or ning 
rately busy prifiter, no extn crystals will he required, after 
the battery ts orice, set up, for n period of six months, Se 

Hong as the solution remafns of an oninge color, none, it ts 
istated, will be required: only when it begins to assume a blae 
Heint need erystata lid added to ft. The only apeeite fait 
{which developed iteetf In the battery during ain oxperlence of 
caver eighteen months was thy cating through of the rod of 
“zine element, under the influence of the nck 
‘akinger has been efectually got rid of by 
with samy protective covering—wax, 
Uke. An objection urged avainst the 
when the cetl was not if 
upon and gradually to dleappear, 
, the ease, for the Mercury has the power of effecting this; It 
j from the result Ing 
found that an electro-motive force will be produce as pow: 
erful ns that in the original combinatigns and the strength of 
current will be in no way dimtnished go long aan pood con 
nection Is insured between this amalgam and that portion of 
the metallic zine whlch rematns, 

Tho electromotive force of ‘the combination fs equal to 
about two volta, or twice that of the Daniel's celts the inter. 
nal reslatance, by var ying the thickness of the Porous vessel] 
and the strength of the solution, muy be mada to vary from 
half an oli up to four oluns, necording to the work which 
tho battery fs called upon to perform, - 

Tn point of cost, thin battery compares very favorably with 
those which are at present employed in England, Taking, 
for instance, the Daniell, and nsoming that both are employed 
on hard-worked wire, say folned up in closed cireett of on 
one of the railway block-signat circuits, the statisties of the 
coat of cach will be found to be as follows: 


8 
0 
Butler's Mereury-Riehromate, 
Prime cost of n Uiree-cell 
tent toa tencelt Daniell), . 
Bichromnte of potash ant 
for slx month... .ceeee cee tee senes 0 
New zines and Merenry at the end of six 
months......... 


er | 


Nor porous pots are taken into 
ct come before ula. ns to how 
Tho former w 


inte battery will 
plons, ns 


{31342.)—Biohromato Batt 
CART RIL 
carbon to; 
that hinve 


To Mus bine 
0 broken plecos of 
bave-' 


4 aurfaco, And press tHe 
when sou will find ee nee”, it a hee . 
Mt the plate will laet na Jon; 
-With onlinary.cara.—W, 7 Tannaaten, 


i 


| 
| 


\ 


emproyed, Thi! 
covering the rod + 
indin rubber, or the : 
Dattery was that even | 
naction, the zine Keemed to be acted" 
Such may doubtless be: 


amalgam whieh is thus formed it wil be: 


beyond the glass ° 
led zine. Ring aig 

he carbon ; 

2 ay be coupled to- 


be closely fastened to th 


and the screw 6, 


ther 


linder, exten 
linder c, made of rol 


‘ : x t 
BES epee 


ea 


my ei 


of the copper cross-bow 


upper part of the carbon cy! 
ler at pleasure. 


attached to the hollow 


and, as Fig. 14 shows, 


is 
or by means 


1 


the zine eyling 


i 


H around the 
is ring 


atid 
thi: 
made of copper, 


i 


cylinder at a, 


clos 
g | vessel 


5 


Separates 


bsorbed 


ne] 
= 
—— 


isa 
dl. 


joned 


PAO ge eee ee 
in 
the 


fT hy 


ive of 


irders 

pins, to 

the latter sup- 
in 


re well coated 


is com. 


2 
a 


y ment 


left free. The resultin; 
‘pontaneously 


© eylinder ix 


given 
platinum plate 


is 


ly through it, 


ic current. With; 


Placed 2 porous 
2 to the end of the zine 


‘“glazéd, and filled with 


's liquids to -p 


Zin 


Rhian Sonne gl 
- 12 represents 1 


each cell 


|. The stand has four 


Tn the holes are 


lators wi 
The stand 
S| 


e glass 
battery 


er is 
en g00n 8) 


tds, 


libs a 
aratine, 


placed oaken 
rs 
1S 


ith wooden shie! 


, pins 


ors dipped in p 
trogen, is 


ind 
ie 


188 : slow 
ions, 
tro; 


rged at the 


ts of 2 hollow cylinder of 
Tee 


und two in diamete: 
hat the plate 


baked without beit 


‘cup allow: 


hia: 


de. 
and sh 


is 
in foil. 
ine 


de of n 


Ise. 


it is soluble, so th 
+ The perox: 


fastened 
yl 
id 


lark brown vapor alread 


fe 


It cons 
i 


tance to the electri 
zinc ¢ 


e333 
inum 


is 


ip of pati 


ite ‘recently, - in 


iz 
in action sulphate of zine is formed 
i 


WH Ens, peroxide of n 


- Within this ey! 


inex. 
inin 
in 


de of nitrozen d 


ing. 


is 


ajo 
2 Of forty such combinat 


ranged upon a stan. 


auch girder. 


Ny 
id 


h 


ri 
insu 
1c: 


hy conduct 


: TUE GROVE hatreny. s ES 


hi 
. giving rise to the 


‘2. 
glass tumbler 
in 
h 


glass 
eavy broy 
The perox! 


led a st 
,in w 


jecting froni then 


arm proj 


cl. 


les in e: 


which are attached 
cr 


id. 
i 


wet, offers but little res: 
TIC acl 


tric acid 


Most powerful 
the mineral 
times its bulk of water. 


ip. made of ‘earthenware 


: strong nitric acid... This’ 


ic and xeiphu 


ig the battery cells. 
tei 


When the Grove 
e ni 


ed ina 
rove battery, consist 


letely insulated and a 


is cup is suspenc 


“ with asphaltum, and th 


and fifteen hot 
portin; 
outer cell, and the h 


th 


“by the: nitric act 


and, when 
thi 
* solution is hi 


* from the 


G 


as chrom 


ith diluted | 
» With concen- 
cup 
e next 
cle- 
pper. 
Finally, - 
21 4 


the - porous 


inder ‘of the - 
eylinder of the 


separate 


fd of th 
copper strip of 


ith the co; 
forth. 


gs in 
cted into'n battery is 


ale. 


cylinder of . the 
i 


linder.of the 1 


to be found. 
“strip |p of -the 


econne: 


‘How: these 
zine 


is 
ts, han, 


th sulphurie x 


it 
the =} “p 


element, 


? ments are 
ird glass, and so 


uss"'is connected vw: 
strip or the carbon: 


rbon cylinder, is filled w: 
The 


second glass, the zine 
second glass with the 


shown in Fig. 1. 
the thi 


carbon 
the. zine cy: 
arrent . pisses in 


linder ¢, of one of the clemen 
the copper 


filled wi 
Tr 
forms: 


hich the 
3 


in wl 


h stands inside the ca: 


ic 


porous clay cup, wh 
id, and the glass vessel 
tric acid. 


The 
sulphuric ac! 
ii 


trated ni 


f the Grove 
ler, peculiarly 


im, is put : 
wof-the ‘carbon 


plitina of 
ling 


ape of a hollow cyl 


ive 


ion. aud 
T, Open at the bot! 


Hinde: 


ces the expens 
he sh: 


int 


- . 
its parts and construct 


E_BUNSEN 
13, a carbon 


TH 
carbon element re 
carbon made up 
resent it in 


v from Fig. 


zine. 


iy amass of 


The Bunsen 
Prepared, 


_ battery by a 


b, 


top; in the hotte 


cylinder, 


: porous clay 


serted 2 hollow. 











Poorabdenneat heater eceek 





“ eee Pee eee 


i : ; : it 
lyre ‘Leolandho Battery:—Fill tha outelde : : : 






| “Fronch’ électrictin, ts 
! ; : ‘ recently ‘studicd tha statio affects of voltaic ole: 
f chloricda | *. ‘ 3 : ae : aie ’ ele! 
2F ammonia (TG) peice an a the xing ay ed Via) a . iq tieans of 9 secondary Lattory of 800 couples, 
‘of tho ana cel with t 0 carbon ot tho other, cy ai Ms . 2 “i i observed how ensy It was to chi F 
ollcrenrbon and enraged, ano soreme of tho]! | : BIBL Fewer 0 A eee ni ingulaied plate condenser,'t 
II, one to cach, andit will ring.—Joun Fortune, couse iv 1 intemalty of the which the m janté connected a certain num. |! 
'30070,J—Leclanche Batte: e ‘ 


, Dy ihe a: .Dercha, parafiln, etc., Mf, Ph 
H : H ; fags — f f these condensers “composed of mica covered vith ti 
i iN require | : i : oR i ber o. . posed a covered with tin 
pat in son ‘Ateaknneontng fall ter. : ; : | ae I Os cs Mates, These he disposed tike the couples of the secondary 
t the cells two or threo weeks nftor ¢! arging, and : ee : 
i if the Senter in low, Gt it np again; it i Soe 
sonked into the porous coll, : Let a wiro from o 


i * | fbattory itself, so ns to cnable him to charge them in quanti- 
ie AR _ ; § Tea if the el ik { 4 i : Jy and dischargo them in tenston, : 

t t matter which) be connected with { . ashy Te. " t 

Su dermal of Real eee 




















































‘ i) All tho parts of tho Apparatus wero carofully‘inguiated, |i: 
terminal ree jou renite, ° The : : ee, ‘he commutator was Composed of along cylinder of hard 
{ fetta al bale ca avi, ” roa ith tho work which tbe batten wanheerteient ‘ ce ; igrubber, having longitudinal metallic bande whieh united the 
{rom ‘tho ollir terminal of tho push to the other! =. form, and the copper or otter erative clement ; ;feondenser surface and were traversed by copper wires bent |: 
Pe yin ‘ largo! stible, wo aa to counteract the injurious ee s Ant thetr extremitics, the ob 
. PUSH aan? i ok effects of * polartentia: With regard to tho third | . = . 







: hject being to associate the conden: 
art of yonr query, the anitability of ® battory for par jgsers in tension.. Metallic wires made spring-shaped were 
¢ production of rarioua sftosta i) depeniant Bohn connected with the two armatures of each condenser, and |. 

“Tae ate, trramemont of quantity” all the |” F ; jg fixed on an ebonite plate at each end of the eylinter, which 

zincs being connected with ono binding acrow, _ an Alnstanay be rotated. “If now the end-conducting wires of the 

4 aicys cner coppers wit Telne AMteeetl en eceet tt , i ‘Zapparatus be brought into communication with ~ 

terminal of bell. Tt docs not matter cither wherein : with ‘cach other, resembling the atrangement of the 800-couplosecondary inttery,” saya M, Planté, 

ihoclreult the battery fade iteclf--tho coolest ninco Aggien jara when ghargiog by “cascade,” —Hanny g ‘even several dnys after the latter has been 

dt best concn petNra Hoop from th dintalsnes y abi Mirae pore Ee . j charged by two pune elements, and If the com. 

t isting gas or water-hipos : had §a 56 cath ng ; mutator bo rotated, there fs obtulned between tho 

; Tunteats "ia ‘al consecians io well monde, and } ep nee arms at which the ‘urmatures of the extreme con. 
bora the wires aro joined to pipes they should bo or " x i 

“ [carefully soldered. ° ‘Cho annexed diagram may | | : densers end, a series of sparks quite similar to 

env ina similar quaudary.—-GEonGs BELL. at 


those given hy electrical machines having con- 

densers, By using an apparatus having but 30 
‘ condensers, cach of 705 square inches of surface, 
| Dhave obtained sparks 16 Inch in length. By 
using a battery of 200 couples 1 have produced 
sparks O32 Inch In length. The discharges of 
( stutle electricity thus obtained aro not alternately 



























































forcaof the battery di : 

which constitute tt aud tho chemical action sat up, | ; . 
> Tho internal resistance, upon which the capacity of 
tho battery depends if’ th : 
small, depends upon. the plat For a 
i calorific effects one larve cell has a lig) tadvantegs + 
*{ Over a numberof: small ones pogsegalog equal total 

‘ al resiata: 76. 











7} cannot be readil: 
fone to erief, 






j 
| 
i 




















this way , . 
ideral Can ‘ 
harged Moat. } .  * we 





























Bath be . : | posittve and negative, but are always In the same 
iI Lt 5 —l —————— : 1 direction, Hence the toss of force resulting from 
tre - i! debs teder wit A Strait Liquin.—Tho elected ; transformation should bo less than in Induction 
cient, ae : i the Iquid Is an_aqueous solution : 
—You will be Anable ito re zinc and graphite, and the iq iq 





so that thor wonld work { of tha mixture known us glass-gall, —T. Jounpain;: tn 


| apparatus, for, the voltate cireutt not being clozed 
Cecasionally,' | : z Comptes Rendus. 


! foran ingtunt, there is no conversion of a part of 
: the current into calorific effect, The machine 
j may be kept in revolution for some time and a 
| contrat number of discharges obtatacd 


without apparent enfeeblement of the secondary battery, 






















AL PLANTE'S NRW RUEOSTATIO ‘MACHINE, 
















oe 














































































; re a eee Se get You dar umvati Aves and {ta application oj i : 
ontin Ne o YIN Wien phe i . 8 2 
Cas he : F Lela IN Witten THE ELECTRODE AT. {92808.]—Dattor on thas mostly fatten , ye 
- [7 Gitoride’ st site sin] ff TACKED 18 oF CILARCOAL On COKE,. mmerenry hor the bichrowal ity In away lila to : az 
' Warren ae la Rue This battery is 7 : By M. Jannocuxory, : > ao that g carbons aud zincs seat Re mate pu i “4 
composed on t ements, cach con. 149) " ensily, or thoy rua: loft i ‘Dg what or where ho 4 
.{ sisting of a tube o length, and c 2160 Into this coke atau niente : ‘g . hon tho Dea form of simp) eoIne. booka have 4 
‘elements formed of g 12°75 c, in length only. lutinum or cist Irons hy 1 z {] of inn little dovica of 919 i Biven In roe) Q 
Ii the tubes are 19 ¢, diameter, and are closed with form of & pot, serves 7 Sa A, i More! i Fetash our medical / al 
Stoppers of vulcanised indi Tubber, perforated with ahole| the melted niter, “Ay atout dis, Tong and sti, deg ot oat yodonot mean i a 
neat the edge to permit the introdudion of rot of | ‘ if} tha twocatace beluig lined vy 0 galvantsm or oy 
: {amalgamated zi in diameter, and 10°43 ¢, in N : d 1] fo the lower part of a box, on tho contrary, wo are satie. | af 
Jength for the fements, and 7°93 & for the £ z wh ay 7 © been greatly Overrated, and { i q 
remainder. of cach tube powdered chloride ; : et : - ms es Te Pulvermacher's galvante apple 
of silver ix eight, compressed |, « . oe bell Be ! \ Imagination of the ; i 
ver wire having ant = 4. : 0, dl cared fousnesa of wear. ; q 
the tube, , tricity , { vagerness for favora- , i 
r tery Which fs antl pe ent ary produced by tho same, ; : 
: ; licity. Tt conniste of as lephone,—W. J, LANcaiTsn, —" °™* or vermacher belt was 80 deranged. mi | 
Stopper, with leaf ‘ th wi , tho latter Sled } : iieeeiatenen Jae 80d soos co. any galvante affect, and St | ea . 
esetve them from tl an irpn fists mc Meride, and haying | j , all tha samo, ‘ 
ppers. The elecrom VoMervte Etter Boley! THo outer folution i ‘ : : ; 
hat of a Daniell’s battery as 103 ¢ i : 





Now Binoxide of Manganese Rlomont, WF: rer : ioe. ¢ Coe ot 

M, Gulffe haa recently made a now galvanic clement, whiclt Economy or Zinc Con aUNPTION in” Barrerres—In 
consists of a carbon cylinder, perforated with numerous Fi : 

‘ 

i 

} 

1 











“{tholes, In which gralus of binoxide of manganeso aro placed, ;- °| another column will be found 2 communication from Mr. |; 
land a rod of amalgamated zinc, Tho quid fs 9 20 por cent | 

[rotton of neutral zine chloride, free from lend, Oxide of 

\ zine ts formed, which falls in pulverulent stato tothe bottom \ 
[et tho containing vessel, : : 


fy 
Désmond FitzGerald, M.8.Tel.E,, in which, for the first time, |! . | 
is given a general formula for caleulnting the zine consumed ‘ 
i 4 in a battery under any given electrical conditions. tas se 
suas ued se a) Petey Mig Ae bbe ie nsannta Cimcnnatnms sitet it 
























Sy EAA) 00.9 Ea CF 2 





‘fe Jw 






: : : CO EE tein nSoimita ons anearcnn naityry 
“sre Preumatie Hdttery. =" ig“ Féinarkable Ldttery : a y 
210 peculiar form of the ord mary blehromate of pone ail 
2] The negative pole ts a zinc plate; but the positive pole, in 
i" aleutt f betng a carbon plate, is, In this form, a com ound 
: metal, plate, formed by coating a copper plate with : battery: capable of. producin; i 
pea esae NB of platinum, a 5 heat, as is required for cauterisin; 3. The negas |. : h vi : 
hee ents f “oF tive plate Consists of a very. thin. plate of platinum, to 
: | per, which a lead backing is soldered, and this. is covered with 
a sheet of thick co per, also coated with lead, the whole Adams, prest- 
being then covered with a non-conduding varn hy” 3 ere elected 


ex: os e exact adjustment is: 
fate i y effected as follows, . 
AN arrangement ‘ 


power be just sufficient to 7 

produce the desired s tures 
{This ts eff ing ap i these i 
the botton Baten 


HN, nnd a we or el eat Wolla ect it, Rut ifa | 
ito the tabe esea C8 i 4 ‘ ttlred e d is Power the armature will be | 
id, This clrenlat ‘on : ‘ ion and will be attracted by the | 
mo ry strength of current in } a pensated, Hesides the armatures * 
oan equally oxtriontinary de b ; : his nxt ies, concentric with It, a hollow metallic ring 
0 cell, Ten of the cells exhthiter ! ‘4 > ith water, and as this Possesses a certain momentum in 
wire, 80 Ing, Jong and No, 14 i : f its rotation, it will act asa drag tending to check the 
on pumping, The heating took i i in case it increases, and in the converse mannee when a 
bag went on, and the wire cooled: i lates are arranged to face the zine plate as in Wollaston’s form tition occurs, | aA blackened dise perforated with rings of 
Pumping was left off, Some f veel, and the exciting liquid consists of twelve ounces of |; Holes of various mmbers also rotates with the axte and by ° 
membered that Neat ngs power here dis. : : ichromate of potash, one pint of sulphuric acid } pacing the eye Pehla the ring of four holes and obs 
. : » i g uy 4 y ] i 

amie ena tk lakes 10 oF 80 Grove y water, Dy using such a mixture the sup & prong of the fork it is easy to ascertain whether the uniformit 
The battery nikecat he 

























































and five pints 
acid attacks 










: oduced, notably he ‘zine and the three atoms of very loosely combined oxygen ie aantained, since in that case the prong will appear to remain 
5 effect, Introduced t auenice of it and he went on xercise a depolarising effect hy absorbing the evolved hydrogen, Wiationary, 
Fy and nt in for the actual \ fine tube dips into the exciting liquid and is so arranged“that 

cessfully performe cently been sue. 

10-cell bat 


pans. The sanie 
electric : tt Vewutlfutly brilliant | 


8, tv electro-motiye 


t conducts a current of air, froma small pair of. bellows, against 


he face of the negative plate ; by this imearis any bubbles of 
* tydrogen are, asi 








‘ere, brushed off, and | the ‘current obtained 
md thet rom a given electromotive force is materially augmented, since 
fin Ne internal realest. he'resistance is diminished, Mr, Preece then referred to sever 
1's by the ordinary instru. 







Nd! forms of hattery in which such an agitating principle 
ntroduced, notably those of Grenet, Chutaux, and Comacho, and 
€ a amall battery of | te went on to describe a series of experiments he has made with a 
In c 4 ins. by 2 ink, a? ‘lew to ascertain the cause of the great heating and illuminating 
s i mical 18 (0°05 in.), could be | fects that coutt be obtained with the apparatus exhibited, He 
Ladd y ty Mr, | hoived that the effects were due to the mechanical agitation of 
Into the ce di ter another, y he liquid on the face of the negative plate; but whether the 
Nh gna was) the action: dd. i freat production of heat in the battery, an the great lowering 

if ag pl 












Frits internal resistance were chemfcal, thermal, or ‘electrical |: 






v, force, 
an Increase of ! 
electro-matlye: 
fou be detected, t no difference ate, the 
‘ le BAMC Way, |; 8 resistanco | d 
dinary means, a to obtai it by or. bly bri d stead: © beln it was shown that, when connected 
‘Burns that thy nof Dr, : rear ae eed { 18 indly lent by Mr, Spottiswooie, 
ithe air oj tence of | a ae -'pitks of ¢ obtained, but this length was 
c's ¢ # ? + Raced: i topping the current of air, A 
about t ‘ {pPllar effect was also very marked when the poles were con: 
P H ‘ ed with wo carbon points, the light {riven out when the alr« 
he explain by 1 rent was introduced being remarkably’ bright and stenly,— 
the cell red y Mr. B ir. Preece then exhibited ait ingenious: method of showing the 
e that th { YT: ibrations of a telephone plate to an aulience, which has “been 
n gol H as 5 p « fevised by Mr. H. Edmutuls, A vibrating plate is employed 
Ne powerful curre . . ' break contact as in Reiss's original telephone, and is intro 
“" | depolarising agent, weed into the primary circuit of a small induction coil, ‘The 
“+ mical oxidising agent, Induced current is employed to ittuminate 2 rapidly-rotating 

























ight be duo ton clr. 


the air, : 
plate Tee that fresh acid 



































I 4 4 Would assint’s tube, and, on juaking ant ie ing contact by'spealiug 

Nereasing the che vould: have the niac) is placed in a porous |: to the resonator, an ilnminated star is observed, the number 

tiga Tenlstanc, Mr, rcace angie ection and diminish. } sitive saa a formed of a rod ‘SC whose arms variés With the p hh of the note; with a very 

atantan it wore due to fresh netd fae this expiant ; of amalgamated zine Immersed in the liquid, and the {! > low note it may resolve itself into a single straight tine,—Lorl 

| platinum were: Shereas we had seen the Me ve oF in d of fine silver or platinum wire “Rayleigh exh Me and explained «an arrangement which he hae 

i ; ne the eating of the : nployed with advantage in certain acoustical experiments, in 
i age with the pumping. rise of current strength, to keep P ploy i rs , 

» Ladd 






-onter to secure alisolute uniformity in the rate of rotation of an 
tutribute the effect t 


axle, After referring 10 the mathematical principles involved 


























ce cc principal : problem, he explained: that the only hope of its solu. 
i. Eda atl the iain Teestaticy | tapldity of de; A lay in the ¢ ployment’ of a vibratory movement, which by 
Dr. Buras), said that De tauited the circuit (resistance of ; 


eat deal of the 

He mentloned tlint 4 

_ a aorkable results by using 
solution, ane digpenst 

a, ithe compound plate, . 


nie atritable device mutt be converted inte a motion of rotation, 
th te whose motion it ix required to maintain uniform is usually 
(ltiven, at an approximately uniform rate, by means of a small 
', pOrizontal. water-wheel, or, in some cases, the electro-magnetic 
Grilating apparatus presently described (Li sufficient by itself to 
tipply the necessary power, "At equal distances round the axle 
fe arranged four soft iron armatures which sticeessively come 
front of the poles of a horse-shoe electrosnagnet placed in 

circuit of a four-celt Grove's battery, ‘The current is 
dered intermittent by the following arrangement, Passing 


\ oa 







Rah turns to its original 
t returns to ig 
ho: positiv the circuit, 


TO. | eleQromotoric force di 
! 
u 























la 


Porous jars of all sizes ure shown by M. Prion, which wo 
shoutd pass by unnoticed except that ono fs a gtunt in tte | 
way, belny ono meter in eight, and. thogsnmo in elreunfer: 
monce. We should not care to tayo bany clements In use. 
gcontalning such po; 

















Bs Calta BS. HE 


(s3971,)— 
The fatlosioene 
vzood LéSclanch, 
-Seleat onter ji 
. Open mouth), 
il atand inni 






eo 
By | the: ion. . of curren 
‘fal a when resistance is suddenly increased, but it rides again 
p60 nearly, ita former value. So, when resistanco ia diminished | 
eho current rises suddenly, but afterwards falla to nearly ite | 
ormer value, In the first case, the diminished current causes i 
& diminution in the ‘aimount of’ gas used; the electromotive {s'” 
i 





copper 
Wied ead 











f 
mall ja i 














force, and therefore the current, bei i 

fo : nf, being thus raised. In tho ! 

jeecond cage, the Increased current uses more gas; the. albotegs 

Motive force is therefore diminished, and the current falls. It 
further shown that the current js directly ag the pressure, 















































j| This seems to prove that there is really.n coniati 
; 4 WY -00 .antagoni: i 
ightly i kept up by hydrogen | pases to the positive wir, ae nae ‘fon math 
» fluida, care should be taken that everything is cooled to the ordi. ‘Posed by Gaugnin, 7 Bs AS BU. 1 
“) mary temperature before using tha cella, Evaporation from ao x Maer tins Cdice ad i 

t cell produces a damp atmosphere in the battery room, and, if the ‘ Fe at ae mattorlens ; 
solutions arc tolerably saturated, a creeping over tho edgew of | a Fae mint } 
lace, which gradually leads to cryatala being Mr. R. J, Munn calls tho attention of electriclang, in tha : i 

; Journat of the Socicly of Arts, to the use of antimony asa neg: ‘ ' at ite 

‘ stron 


the cella takes p 
;atlye clement to replace carbon in some galvanic batterics 
where sulphuric acid is used as the exciting tluld, This ; 


metal, after n trinl extending over five yeara, he clalins hns : 


formed ; theae, by capillary attraction, draw up moru liquid, so 
that'n copions growth is produced, und the fluid trickles down 
the outside of a jar or cell, Bubbling frow_great action going 

vaporntion ia pre- 













tween tho 




























foe mans ey 0S peteeeeteemtmimarannen \ oy 4 
a A will produce the same result. 
ON THE STUDY OF ELECTRICIT $ vented by sealin ¢ the celle over, by a few drops of oil, or, prefer- ; é ea te 
o _ SIONAL Pursurr!® Ay BROFES: ably, li vid petroleum, of high donuity and Tong point, being yielded moat excellent results, ANODE a ana between ‘tho 
3B », 5 dropped into the cells, This plan, however, ia not recommended, mentions its luw price, tho absence of scaling and ‘ mtoronh f Tae, the 
i THORAS Po: Pe BNUCE Wary, i}as the surfaces of the plates being soiled with oil prevent the | [ gention, and tho fact that galvanic action begina almost fin: f Its indeed, T, 
i. «bey : - battery solution neting, Couting the surface of the celle with mediately on Immersion, ‘Tho well known defect of brittle: ° ()2R27!.1—Leotancho ortf oth X attorios,—In 
+, have often thought that a collection of thy, . f ¢ | mel pnrafiin will, to a very great extent, prevent ' creeping.” nega of antimony when used in thin plates is overcome by | | ier sata ATzcuAwta of Juno 7th, page 931, No. 
tterics which have been used would posseas to's orne of Ita repellent action to wetting keeps off the deposition of mois- Mr. Munn by casting tho metal on a core of copper, or by ! nee excription of hi 
y, Features Off tino. If moisture docs deposit, it tends to collect in minute alloylng It with a small pereentago of someother metal, An- re, ‘and 
tlmony perhaps docs not form as perfect n negative element i =Cat st 10 poron 














Usefulness, apart from its high importance as  Eatific curiosity: 


Aa it would ivi ; 
coon intuacin i wold be ety tet, work ing are acrubber covered wire in the beet for battery purposes, 
e vat cepecially where melted paraflin is used for scaling up the cella. 






as carbon, but its great conductivity and, tg other qualities 
may render it valuable in many cases. aG, ty i: 

































so that a student could handle or ing] 
" tent pect them. 3! H 
-Yaltaie combinations. aud armngementa whieh 1° nuuuber, of Ita surface should bo free from felt or other porous material, ane eres 
Pho Spplication is of 1 : Gutta-percha may be used safely if: the core is passed through a Da es : vote ‘ ,,089971.J~—Loolanch 
‘uti nef ditte devices whic udying the | perforated cork previously ‘well 0 led in parnfin wox, The hot ta teagan) Ao Tattois Able ie cae Gree ; os F271, reaianche 
ion of different combi ave ry d raffin does not then soften the gutta-percha so as to injure it. i i} qiren Rattory.—This is ono of Callan's ) Succeed in maki 
present forma of ba Mod in’ the | DP" 13 110 ten | cells, and tho bent thing ite owner ean do with it is i ono no porous pot; ont 
electrical student layingefora the | In putting up a battery, care should be taken to remove all the Ife employ it for haldiag sand or any other heavy | na tho object of the” {cloth 
: har be rated i ir from the eclle and materials, Air bubbles find their way into jobject. The worst uso ho can make of it {s to: maroly to restrain the povede cee 
ee ; {charge It, as itis intended to bo, with, nitric nei), {with Cho vilensnon ee eetneted entbo 
in th and uso i¢ in place of a Grove or Buosen,—Staawa. | Procure a common Peeaution, Fi 
‘ ay +. [83387.)—Battery.—Tho sulphuric acti, untess { of common sheot ah 
h j i <goncantmited, would cortain! raway the iron,— a bit of 
Paina nattoty.— 116 bate ia tion f jn to Fin. 
: .)—Battery.—' m : ; Gin, t 
or Maynooth. ‘The outer tron cell ia to ba & j Dioces, tI alee of aroma sak, 
: 5 th a bitof wire at ono ond dl 






j insido gas rotorts), . 
tho carhon lurid ine oon me 
‘and pack the pounded co 





:more 
* foreii be ? 
T. ah, messi yy werent 
‘ *cenarged with tadiluted nitric acid, while tho porous 
~~ jeoll fe to contain diluted sulphuric acid (commercial 
all of vitriol) 1'part to 7 parts of water, If-you uso 
11 ‘ nq {dilate sulphoris acid in tho iron cell you will die. 
te sulphate ‘ot } f * jsolve it gradually away, as tho oxygon of tho water 
containg, iro: {wilt pite with the tron, forming, oxide at iron, 
ry , iwhich”at onco combines w Oe h 
per, cadmium ioe ‘forming solphate of iron, whila tho I ciratod hydro: f | alt. 
gon cacapen aa 8 gas,—OwL. of 





















| (88917,]—-Battory.—Your battery isn, bad ono, 
j unten attended to carofully, It is ono devised b; 
Callan, To chargo it, tec in the porous jar ent: 
id ‘| pbario ncit, 1 part; water, 10 partet and, in the 
‘'Jeast-iron jar, atrong nitric acid, 1 you uso weak 
nitric acid, tha fron will bo dissolved, aud conse. 
quontly tho coll will bo destroyod. When uning {t, 
and no fames aro given off, thon alliaright; bat tho 
moment you sce fumes of a dusky red colour 
(poisonous) rising from tho nitric neid, ponr out tho 
neil, well ewill, and ro-charge with fresh acid.—W, ver io we 3 
I, LANGAST HEIRS 4, Co sseatsices (99351 J—Dattory Power, 
ecasren.—You cannot send hrough one ¢ 
i wira ina lot without sensibly affecting all the other : 
Points of com wires ; henco [nm afraid you are going wrong, Caz | 
ill you explain mora fully what you want to obtain? | 
Then, T think, woruny fo to work at onco to remove ; 
ed_on ; ‘\ doubts, &e.. At present I muat tell you that no care { 
The ront would bo so sclective as you wish it to be, and, | 
ugh a at (f you require a limited attraction, yon must Timi { 
dotector throug’ pe ‘ the uumiber of wires on both siden Soma of tho { 
nghit; no de- cae Are : + | batteries you montion as being Intely advertised aro 
gE hans 
tl -batgery-board is moved a | good, and. o lot of thom bad;; Lot mo know the : 
tween the e aa ¥ til tho plug being : . work you want the battory todo, and I will tell you, H 
etek ¢ elements in a cel until ii hy M led to tho bost battery for yon to have.—W, J, LANcasTen, ¢ 
currenta from bubbles Pp : wire fa. thee Inst 5 ile aa MRR i 
rom the plates, bel te the wire 


or imperfect. rep} 






















r-plate, 
vad to the 

















¢ iron aud copy 
Ammonia will leave 
ut that ammonia di 























EDT etter een 



























valuable cell of this kind at present used is thato thianchd, : ye : : : : . : E tyA NEW, BATTER’ ot Be Wy for Blcatro-Motal, ; ; : 
[dn which a pelutio aot shiaemanay Hp te alta ig i thie) : } mm : “Yay THE Corre ndance Sefentifique gives thofoll us descrip. re sad diver in the dab satietaetory manner is : 2 a ? 
-o :battery is extonsively ual Upon telegraph cireui a gt in con ‘ > labia ae i [Alon “of a “new form: of ‘battery which ‘was broigit to the {| '88 follows :—Provide n oylindrioal atono. jar, “A,' : : 7 
atant uso, aa well-known single- mi cd Ys ty . : : a itd : noticvof tho Académie dea Selinces, of Paris, at ri Pat ‘capable of balding two or four gallons sonia the far. 
Bipees bat 7 Hay althongle i Showheta. De: Gledvtons ent ; i nm ede : of July tst, by M. du Muncel iu behalf of the luventor: Mf | fn Bitad 6 cylinder of sheet copper, 
" Dr ; 


133010,] Blootro-Matal. 




















s . —to this attach binding 

| ft i ey vee ; ‘i ene ‘Pulvermacher, | In the construction of this appari : Inch in thickness ls salliont to th la : 
A. Tribe r, ‘Proc, Roy, Soc," vol, pe designed mu ar ; re 4 me (* ‘Inventor seems to have solved the question which mete ball, audruspend in Gy means of ronen cover 
battory which’ it was thought would obviate the ovils of the a : ae a i ‘pled tho attention of electricians ever since the fuvention of | . 
Pia aaccoaior call, Unt weiuae Siete HAR ie pe Bey 2 ~ptho Bunsen battery—the dlacovery of a continuous battery ex. | : 
that, thoy epidly polariso, and the film of hydrogen is not |} ° hee Sn fee ° et Y cited by a single itd, M. Pulvermacher Ia the inventor ofan : 





: i Y - 
easily oxidisod. ‘The last-named battery utilises the stores of cleetrical ehnin in considerabte use among Dhival 


oxygen in tho atmosphere for tho dehydration of the silver ‘uy iyo ae ee a Y treatment of nervous disorden, ° Fore tong tiny 


: inthe : Ean 
os i “ 
plate. . The inventors uso ates of copper ant silver immersed ; S ot} : : marked that one element of his chains worked bette 


i 
i" i tion, 
i 
| 
i 
{ 
} 





i y M1 : : f the exciting Hquid than when fmmeried fn 
In an-atrated olution of pure copper nitrate. Tho silver : . ai : 2 : i). eeemeg 
/ Tata has a horizontal ‘position just Thor the surface of the we : d . % ! f the hat whl ted fa io Inatitnte n fortes of exp ’ 
t Fiquia in tho cell, anid ts, in fact, converted into a small silver ! \ x : i j ne production of} 
H tray full of crystals of tho metal which riso in projections 


abovo the surface of the liqnil. Tho copper plate ix parallel | 9 a . | not by ising: nits 
to and underncath tho nilver, soparateil, Pree be, by'n piece : Lay 4 [rat nnd »  M.Moncel 
of muslin, and connected in the ordinary way. ‘Tho inventors rrch i BS 
aay the theoretical interest of this battery in the fact that |: 
it differs from atl other galvanic Arrangements, innaamuch as |! 
the binary compound in solution is incapable of being decom. |; 
posed cither hy the positive met alone, or Vy the ive i a 
motals in conjunction, without tho presence of another 9 : ; | hellx of fino allver or platinum wire wound around the cylin. 
holy realy to combine with ile of its clements when : r ‘ a ' The spirals of The silver wire are separated nt such a 
en Ratesd imati pre et mereat bes the: fact that it is ; 48 ; a : ‘\ distance that no capillary effecta may be produced between 
ia ba ii ai Hepat acl eet nt air battery. | Should, yee TET $ a: { them, and the wire thus comes In contact at nn Infinite 
te o at Tet tale fi vill on come into uso cleewhero d : 1399 : B : : ' number of points with the liquid which transndes from the 
peal ihe lecture cy it will probably bo in tho form of 4 : p Lene |" ‘porous cup, It is upon these numerous little surfaces of 

Ae ere t Of zine. and copper, with an arated solution of tl; e : : : : * contact that the exterlor air constantly exercises ita oxidizing 
sing elloride, for that arrangement as an electromotive force ||: : ‘ action, and thus effecta depolarization, 
: urticulnrly, Limes ie oa For practical use the elements arc united Into battery form 

Daniels cell. tho arrangement H : : ! such 4 wa ae contact with molsture, and convo elt 

it All inve t iu : ; . loss of electricity, is avolded, and the apparatus charged 1 
we Pate nto cell invented! by i a : ‘ i Rr: fons of by cane of x simple deview By taking care to F) azine rod, F, Fill the stono jor sith a miixines 
hibition, and ‘rec | The electro-motiy C nga with a solution ‘ » ronow the oxciting uid and the zine the apparatus may be} 3; of (in nropertion) water, rallou i salphrio asity 

fof caustic “potash ith dilute sulphuric } used indefinitely, since tho oxidizing agent renews itsel Alb. 1 nitio neld, Lor, and Th saltencidalated with 
ieecee of acil’ to ten of wator—it tn hoarly 2 volta, The * Tho clectro-mothve force of tho battery charged with caus: aa 


ry ton of intic actd,, A compound battor 
resistance of a cell with silver wira as the negative pole, and tle potash avernges 1°5 rolls; with sulphuric acid diluted to fore dropa of evfite manner, 1 have. fonod wil 
{9 porous jar of good quality M centimetres Nigh and 35 iil ¢ 

















































: nth it fs 1°10 rolls, | ‘To give an idea of the raplility of} °°: ‘Geposit copper in abundance from a solution of tho 
jtnctres diameter, was 13 olin. | M, du Moncel ‘ended his ie sonata ton, it ts stated tliat in forming the elreult (of a sulpuato. min battery, elaine {ts action for A long 
paper to tho Académia ‘with tho following sentenca:—" In ". resistance of 10 ohma) during ten minutes, the etectro-motive} | time, and tho deposit is very erom, 
onder to give an idea of the rapllity of depolarisation, I will’ » forcu diminished about 16 per cent., and returned to its initial | Acgicust. 

rs : ‘ - conclude by stating that ina cirentt haying’ a reaiataucu of | : value thre the circult. ee 
pirat forin}‘and ia used as th jis sf 10 ohins, itt ten minutes the cloctrosmotive force diminishod | “1h Love 7 anata 
] the exciting fluid placed in’ the | Aabout 16 per fcentey and returnod-to ita. normal value after ae Ener teem, 
capillary attraction’ three minutes rest, ns ie q iH Single I. 









‘i wid Batlery,—M. Pulvermacher.—In this battery | 
gpnillay attraction tho alinospherie ar is employed as a natural epolartaing, ° 
agent, without the uso of any artificial chemfeut oxidizing 


agent, nud gives arelative constancy to the element 5 
ching Hauld rey to the element, The ex 







On Byrne's Battery, by W. Ladd.—This is the jon of | ° 
Dr, Byrne, of Brooklyn, A.—The chief features in this }e. 
tn 

























































































ih battery are a compoun tive platg an Ne mechanical | 
5 (late sulphuric acld, caustic Potussa, or sale mieans for preventing polarbationt ld vs 7: H 
TL INCLOSE the resulls of some experiments Thave lately made | _ fie oulie) is placed in u porous cylindrical vessel: the poal- : ‘The negative plate consists of the exifeme negative element, * 
to ascertain if the cost of working the nitric acid batteries, of |), i ve men Hn orice of a rod of amalgamated zine tmmened -{] platinum, hacked up by a plate of copper to reduce the resist: |” 
Grove and Junsen could be reduced, 1 find that the nitric acid Y i t he ae inl the negative clement ts formed of. thie ance, the copper being Protected by a thin sheet of lead to pre 
can be replaced by a mixture of half nitric and half dilute al nee or H atinum wire cotled round the cylinder, “Tha vent any local a that might occur owing to holes in the; 
sulphuric. And the latter gives a higher foree fur nearly three F spl nt ee sl Wer wire aro too remote from encht other for the ° + ] platinum, which might allow the exciting fluid to attack the 
‘J hours, ‘The experiments were made with a large-surface volta+ aot be ant ah 0 capillary actton, and the wire 13 at an Intinity Copper, and a thicker sheet of lead on the back of the copper, 
ineter, and the gases were collected during one minute every ped +o hol nts fn contact with the liquid exuding from the Porous . which is japanned ; so a plate in section would show a3 consist 
ty. The. porous cell | half-hour; four pint-size cells were used. ‘The experiments were Ay vessel, The rapidity of ‘depolarization fs: such that, on, ing of, first, 2 sheet of platinum, then thin lead, then copper, i 
ver, 80 tliat tho whole 'cell ! repeated, and every care taken to avoid any crror,, Ihave also | closing the clreuit (resistance of 10 ohins) during ten tinates, and last by the thick japanned Icad, the whole being soldered 
ar : teed the mixed acitls very successfully with tweutyecight cells for a the elcetromotoric foreo diminishes by ‘about 10 Per cent, |2ey | together to form a solid plate, The batteries are built up with | 
oe the electrie light, I presuine'the increased power- Is due to the! 1,143). 2 and returns to Ita origival valuy in sbreo minutes after open: fe” | azine plate and two of the compound plates, the exciting Muld 
internal resistance of the’ battery being slightly lowered. by i lug tho circuit, i fe 5 being a bichromate of potash and dilute sulphuric acid solution, 
the addition of the dilute sulphuric acid in the ‘pordus cell, LT | ere : [é iy : ‘This battery would soon become polarised but for the injection 
may add that the fumes were much less than when iitric acid i of air between the plates, which action appears simply mechanical | 
alone is used, y Joun Hexey Kuour “pauses ante been ani not chemical, various pases producing no different eflctss 
Fambam, April 39 (7 ‘ {plate on tho engine he will “haa” When the air is pumped in the most extraordinary effec! iy” 





he produced, the quantity being enormous, being more thai 
pee tis eH iis 1E70 doa ite that of any pthe tery of the same size, It Ln muclt 
3 nS Ulphato of Moroury Nattory.— ised in the States for surgical operations, its extreme portability 
cert fede ete a tan iis or and control rendering it pecullatly useful in this ditectlon, The 
platinum loop can be raised to any temperature and kept at the 
same simply by the action of the foot on the bellows, leaving {; 
ed ahontd both hands at liberty for operating, there also being an entire 
Jess oxpensive,— oa absence of fisnes or other disagreeable smells, 6 
{31837.]—Pontal Doltvort dion is battery af four sell cells will heat nine inches of No. 16 
By the Att Dollvortos,— platinum wire to redness, : ‘ 
| bound by ibe ct of Pi arliamont upon Miter F : ‘There is also another form of this battery in which the plati- | 
very at totter {ho collection, tranemlasion, and delle. - | nun is plat : the exciting solution is composed of: one part |: 
¥ery of letters reate, hy means of » daly authorisod i] sulphuric acit to ten of water. In this form no air is required - 
ro a maristrate, to placcench to be pumped through the solution, ‘This Is used as a ‘motor 
battery for driving sewing-machines, | ‘The inventor states he 
has driven a heavy Singer sewing-machine for eight hours a day 
: : ; im a : : at a cost of twopence, including everything, as yet nothing 
{ , _ } ¢ been done in this dir i land. 

























rly mad 
t grovo moro satisfactory, and uel, Te 


























minsavenmsrntls keke vice teresa anal 











' Atarecent meeting of thoFrench Academy, M. DuMoncel |" 
hibited, on the part of M. Léclanché, a new model of the. - 


yex ) 
well known battory of tho latter, designed to furnish a moro 


Ey constant current (a3 well as being more durable) than the 
{form at present in use. In this new moi! the carbon clce- 


role of the positive pole, instead of being immorsed ina}: 


mixture of peroxide of mangunese and carbon (from which 
* it often becomes tsolated when tho battery Is operated much), 
‘ Is completely detached ; and, forthe mixture, thera are sub- 


palo two prisms of these materials, held in pluce against | . 


the two faces of the electrode by means of rubber hanita, 
| The simple contact of a fragment of this mixture Ia suflleicnt 


| to quickly and powerfully depolarize a carbon plates and]. | 
this elect results from tho local current developed in the}. 


contact. of these two substances, which current causes the 
hydrogen from the carbon to he immediately absorbed by 
the peroxide. In order that their local current be better ese 
tablished, the prisms are hollowed onton the side of contact, 
ant tho depresston titled with a layer of carbon, thus-in- 
creasing their conducting power. By this means the nega- 
tive electrodes may serve for an indefinite period (which isan 


J fmpossibility in the form of battery In use at present), aud |’ 
i when tho prisms aro used up new ones have only to be sub}. 


stituted. Morcover, in this modal, the mixture can be moro 
strongly pressed, and the resistance of the element remains 


; uniform, ‘This system, also, may pasty De rendered port 
able for the use of physictans. nr 74 oF 


ee Crlk Melani thnrtd ofleines 
a ply 29. 857. 


“STANDARD DANIBEL CELLS: . “i 


HATYeRy, «| 
/ Rronmonn, Vai, Dee. 18, 
; To the Blitor of the Journat of the Telegraph. 
Tne Callout battory has proved auch’ n vist Im- 


iMovemont in economy of timennd monoy and, owing 


to improved insulation and conductivity of our wires, 
jhas shown itself 40 offlcient, that there appears to be 
a tacit agreement nat to complain. ‘Thin, however, 

n't do, letting well cnough alono wonld not have 


produced the duplox, that most substantial ‘of our 


Inter wonders. Although’ it 'haa been found to bon 
eat raving over battoriog proviously used, there ig 


F il room, Vihink, for improvement. ‘The Callaud, ; 
is far ns T Nave geen, is linbto to become foul, and | 


vhere there is dirt thero is waste. Te thin aa it nay, 


shore is evidenco that wate ntises from Jaulty con. | 
itrnction, In a papor read recently before the ; 


Zhemical Society, Englund, by those eminent cola. 
aratecita, Tribe and Gladstone, they gaye it as thoir 


poncluxion that “the bower of the Copper Coupte 

Yaw in proportion to the quantity of hydrogen ab. | 
sorbed by the copper plato.” Now, as thix action ix 
?roportional to the deposit from the copper solution, | 
ind as thin is chiefly on tho corners and odges of the : 
plate not covered by the sulphate of copper, it 


vould neem to bo a fair conclusion that the battory 


‘8 proprotionately weak, Du Moncol bas shown 

iComptes Hendu tame 63, PANG) “that whon the alzo H 
of tho negative plate in increased, the Dermanoncy of i 
tho battery is decidedly Greater, Thoro in alao grent i 
dconomy of zine, and. the intensity, contrary to ox. 
peetation, is in no way diminished.” - He #10 gives | 
the following exporiment : «To cells with zine sure 5 


fnees as 152443 gavo detlectiona of 81° 10° nnd 78° g', 


easiest te 


ENGLISH; MECHA 


moteral 


of York, 
‘a * . Joseph ‘Baxondoell. 
19 Obiorvatory, Birkdale, Southport, Dec. 16, 


T eubmit moe 
are micto changes of loner 
finest’ means 


foly bright spot.” Tho 
ns i$ nn equnta. 
"of din. apurture, by 


colt“ ncid-ti 
thotrown cons 


fam-pots, 


= ibd dtnncmenremmeen i aw 
WORLD OF SUIENOE: N 


fop and holtom of this porous 
previously sosked for an in 


. 718 


through 


.) Tro 

\ @ trough 3 ani the 
carries tho pistes, is made to ba 
to any position by moana of rack 


can be doro eas 
on tho ta 


(lL nart) into the zine coll, 

Tug Action or Danient's Batreny.—The 
immediate resulta of thechonical action of Daniell’s 
battery is the avolution of hydrogen yns out of the 


. SE Alito’ " 
jAmatiuice will Gnd it dittientt to ranko the Bind Nquid, aed the deposition of metallic copper on tho 


“For those who wish to maka 
t at batteries we pivo the foltowing 
instructions :—'I'o maken six-cell Matters tako six 
ch tin, high and din.in diameter, 
apound of thin abect copper for Ld, 


nt dd. each. Cut the copper in nix sheets, 


‘hn. by 10in,, punek three small holes in it 
whick you pass tho end of picen of vo 
tong, and hammer tho end cf. tho wir 


ine for 44,3 and & porous cells, ‘ti by Un or 


sheet copper, (Sia Fi B, in whieh 

UM, porous cell: O, coppers ant 1), outer cell. 
Make a mould of plaster of Paris, in whtoh yon east 
six equace or round rods of zin it. by gin, You 
can easily cast a copper wire for a connection into 





T a recent-meoting of tho Physical Boclety, * fhe amallor surface giving the greater force, The 
tho zine by scraping ono end of it elean and apply- 
lag some soltering liquid, then hold that end into 


De. James Moser exhibi { 
r exhibited a novel: form of, conxumption of zing was as 32 and 38 grimmes.” 
the mould wken casting, Varnish tho tops of your 


1 
Yanlclt coll, of tho. gravity type intended as a 
\standard of electromotive force’ It consisted of a, These results were confirmed by Ruhinkorft and . 
* . oye i outer cells (jam pots) for tin., and tke care never 
to web. a topes, fea up "your copner sheet 0 


Jong glass; 
ie Glass vossol of tubular form, shoving.a coppor Delanvier, ee 

pnd a zino plate at Evi > the : . 

! Plato at tho top immersed in sulphate of | Evidently these things aro not now, Untisitequal, |. 1° Yd a : that Ht fast fits Into the outer cell, Melt n coating 

per solution { ffusa upwards into tho coe, jauds is constructed on tho basis ornccording to there i , side of tho bottom of your porous celle nad roak 

i 

j falling from tho oxi ing up the ! Ing porous pots, make them by rollin n strip of 

fad turn oror one end fo that it forms a guad fiat 


Plato at tho bottom {mmorsod in aulphato of co, 
por 
aine.. ‘Tho tio solutions . 
by thete deneitiea: but ay, Poles £8 pee ly ovident that any one of tho various styles of Cal- of elatic glua (sold in penny sticks) over tha ont- 
eolution.and depo: 9 . tho latter top and bottom for an inch in hot melted 
I This diffusion (& ro copper on the zine ata. Sxperiences? May be not—who Mears pana waz. Ifyou bneo any diffeally in proc, 
: vip Foaneny, ff 
solution-below. Dr. Af h “ Pees. ete : . stont brown paper, Lin. by Sin, aver the end of a 
aa : ; mae broomstick, Mako a goot joint with nealing-way, 
bottom to your cell, Put o thick taycr of sealing 
wax over ihe bottom of your porons coll, and 


it tothe inside bottom of your onter cotl~having 
beforehand eoaked tops and bottom of your porous 
collin melted paraftin. Cat ndiso of woot about 

» diameter, and make it to fit tightly over anit 

rily into the porous cell. In tho contro of tho 
dire cnt a bole, and tightly fit into it the xine rod, 
whoso lower end should never tonch the kotlom of 
tho porous coll. : 


fo thoir discordant observations; to further avoid 
j whieh thia other character: eatery formation 
fn equally wel ustrated without it ng 8 
at 1 ee ts - the x es ' ‘ fac-aimile from the modat of its suggested one onthe 
ot aetna gt il _ wmeda tae eee etal getter | ame ah ese, Ge an eee 
‘ g . rogeo, 2H, may then ba considered to take the 
Cal that can bn voce seer n dictates eect nlice ait ‘motutlla clement in CuSO, and wa 
Hf nld) appenes to curve either to tho right, neat A, or : shoul wee + CuSO, = 1380, + Cu 
Raye ¢ Rie A {to rs dt ae at De 7 secord wit. tho ut sing * It this Leuly re reeanted the netion in the copper 
0 ulplinto ft : . ‘ the widea and floor of the cleft when vient: in cacit Cuauaina THe Barreny.—Pot a raturated |ecll, aulphurfo acid would be produced ther Ci 
ei, Bod econ pan etna se ee thea aan Svea Be tinct Tomer area baat A 
i! to the outor cell, and additional crysta ho | is ¢! — 5 
} Bs. € aa pansergecrainary ean OF asa ae ory ts nana ‘att on the shelf, so that you aro cerlnin the | certain, however, that the cliowical afinity of Zn to 
forma of shadow ‘perfectly ana logons to these of tho | solution will romain saturated for some tine. In| SO, Is preater than that ot Cu, and that, 0 pio 
working of tha terminator, both railically to and over | tho ioner Sein oF erator 20 parts nul of aatiiintie baie doposition of ZnSO, Cu-and 2H really . 
vitriol), 5 
te rarent realities ou the lunar surtagec 8 ty veline i you wilt te ‘lava. very constant Cause OF PatLune in Working DANIELL'S 
roe as battery, but fess current, from the samo number of Barreny.~ If the top of the outer cell ia not yar+ 
calls (moro cells for tha same work), puta volution | nished, or if itis kept wot, crystals of sul phato of 
RAOTIOAL NOTES ON HLECTRIC DAT. f aulphato of zing in tho inner cell, or simply waler | copper will soon cover the whole cell outs ide, ant 
of anlp! 
without acid. Groat care should bo tuken that|oncasion great waste. If top and bottom of the 


iso i fuels f inner of porous cell nro not sosked in paraffin, Io nk- 
neither coll is over Hlled higher up than one fuel: from. mn r o¢ porons eet nce not some In pars Gin, te ak 


tha top, ' A ¥ i 
For elcetro.plating and tho working of telegrapts | will be coverad with Drown ‘mud,’ metallic 

a battery: consttucted ns follows is ve suitablo:—| copper. This deposit seta up a current in the ODO 

Muke a trough of Yin, toakwood, inside measurca | site dirretiva to tho current wautad, and the Intter 

l2in, x 8h lor aix doublo cells, with slots | will be wholly or partly neutralised, — If tho copper 

, but 11 slota instead of the 5. | wiro is woldored to tho copper plato instead of ham 

fit wooden partitions quite | mered into the same, currents will bo started in the 

tightly, and soak all the joints with melted paraffin | coppsr from tha joint which is harder, ito the copper 

applicd quite hot; you thus obtain aixeelis. Each twhich fs aofter, or sico vorst, This process Is 


tha Dsttery has been inuction for rome time, boiling 
it down to 4 of its bulk and letting it stand, when 
needlo-ahaped crystals of %nSO, will appoar in the 


ppor x 
6 dl in tho tires, | 


ontained .in n., 
ikowley 


Udon : In. 
% ulphate of | 4 — 


into tha: sulphate of 4 . mas : f 
t 


“by Toying a 
om! oft the coll /— Sagincering, 















































a a t 
int DahtOll Snviron” fied est Sage 
“Cae 6! factlomén 

avedlti fi 
lo yar Jo 
‘pr anek 
et le liquide 77 





























on Bs r ; x ‘ 2 5 e =! 8 " . pe: a 
lier ax Vis ccord EEN oxe 3 : ee SERIE, i 7 es 2 57 eee 
j ours es. Slémants ‘doi AE : “BA RYE = 


Sak — 2 8 — 
} 





? 









Sofontific American Supplomont, Vol. VII, No. 157, 


Solontifio Amorionn, ostablishod 1848, NEW YORK, JANUARY 4,1879, : Scientific American Supplement, $5 a year. 


Scfentifio Amerioan and Supplement, $7 0 year. 


















GALVANIO BATTERIES.—No. 1 The Tom Thumb Battery, Fig. 6.—Thia aiinplo battery is] parchment paper for.the 8 The zinc cylinder, A, 
.  G, ‘ porousivase, The zinc cylinder, A, 

‘ - constant for several days, and is sulliciently. nowerful t har caveligee the: er, 'R, copper wire. O, is wound 
By Gro. M. Horxin work the smaller electrical’ machines. ve fe being enveloped tn ho Ie tho paper against the zine, and 





It may be constructed ns follows: Takea plece, G, of com-| answers for a fastening, Tho. whole is pfunged in the sul- 
mon ahect zlnc—stove zine—slx Inches long, and four Inches} phate of copper solution, and. the battery soon works regu 
: Titty. For some ‘carbon batterjes, ‘the carbon fs enveloped In 

parchment paper, and around this is placed cither a zinc 

wire or azine cylinder, Tho battery. thus constructed will, 


a . when molstened, work for somo, hours after being removed 
LB ; "soe ; . | from the exciting. iquid. “ pales ‘ 


Tur principal galvanic batterics now. in use will bo de- i 
u vapour niis vot. scribed and illustrated fn this series of articles, In the 
nvi F ane : present articlo a number of simple batterics aro figured and ; 

described. * 


eine ty 
ja’ miso en D { 








que nous ayons indiqués, mais: principalement pour, 


iis hoke dy 





The Earth Battery, Fig. 1, consists of a zinc.and copper 
plate buried in carth that is continually moist. The wire 



















{ that extends from the plates to the surface of the ground j ve 

H must be insulated, The surface of the platea must be large, | ZY New Single Fluid Battery.—Figa, 7 and 8 represent a now 

4 to insure good reanlta; from 25 (0 50 square feet are required : Lise oe eel invented, by oats Pulvormocher, he accompanying 
to produce oven a weak t. pry” ZZ Ad uy y vires speak almost for themselves, They show a po 

: i rea currents. bts: bnltery, farolshes.c jar purrounded by nallver thread. This thread fs rolled ‘to: 









continuous current for a long tine. ES 
9, : - j ¥ take a apiml form, and Is used as the negative pole of the 
«Tatra ‘i Dry Tie by pola this battery the elect: 2 : olement, The exelting fluid placed in the unglazed jar er. 
ver and binoxide of manganese. To con- f Z 7 = colates through the innumerable pores, and makes the elec 
struct ono of these n piece of paper silvcred or tinned on ond z PAAR ERNS SS RO tre contact ‘ith the cell com rete, Externally the electric 
ry way; The positive pole 
quid ia dilute sulphuric 
hor sal ammouiac, The 






a aETab ad 0. 
“ghd 





i Hewavo's Batrer¥.—The poles of this cell are zinc 
‘ and carbon, the exciting liquid hydrochlorate of-am- | 
monia, and. the depolariser is mercurous chloride or 
calomel. When the circuit is closed, the hydrochlorate, 
of ammonia forms zinc chtoride ‘with evolution of? 
ammonia and hydrogen, which appear at the positiv 
: pole. The hydrogen reduces the calomel, producing 
metallic mercury, hydrochloric acid, and, consequently, 
hydrochlorate of ‘ammonia. The: zinc is’ suspended 
amidst the solution at a distance of several centimetres 
from the bottom. . The carbon'ls, with its surrounding 
: solution, contained in a linen bag, and the mercury, 
‘which is reduced, gt the carbon pole: falls by its welght d 
through the linen y,, the bottom of ‘the’ cell. In ‘order ne , 
| to ‘prevent evapointion of the ammonia, ‘the: cell ‘is 
: closed.with an airtight’ cork. The-cell is held to be 
; constants its electromotive force after 246 days, during a 6 

' which it was. used for a variety of purposes, being 66 
per cent. of the original value, ‘The original electro. | 
motive force is’t*45 times that of a Daniell clement. | ‘ 


































side Is taken; the other side of the paper 18 coated with fino- E : 7 elreuit Is completed in the ordina: 
ly powdered binoxide of manganese by allghily mofstening .= = ° 18 a rod of zinc, and the excltin 
ft, and rubbing the powder on with a cork, Having placed acid, a solution of caustic pot. 
together seven or elght of these shicets, they are cut. hy . He Re 
means of a punch into disks an inch In dlamcter. These 















15! 













Fra. 1.—EARTIL BATTERY 









wide; bend it up at right angles two Inches from the end, 
Attach a binding post, A, or nick it, and wind around it a 
copper wire, Cover tho zine with two thicknesses of com- 
mon white printing paper, A plece, D, of sheet lend of the 
same size na the zinc js bent up In the same way, or it fs 
provided with 9 binding. post, B, as In the cut, tna com: 
mon tea eaucer place one ounce of sulphate of copper, and 
























Hey 


! Theoriginal resistance is given as eqial to the resistance 
i of 7§ metres of telegraph wire. La 77>, 










eh 
Murat & 





ove 










hittiah dy 





“yry3 
yous 


La ‘pile ido Galffé'est 


ge glalt dana 








Z dito. au ‘-bioxyde: nennaee - 
iraaeletd ainedist erie tet Fe emesantas et 5 Serews 
“Elle'so ‘composed’ Mbibhiehagt@ caveat — CMattery Wires and Battery Screws 
pose d'un cylindre‘do:charbon'c percé;idans . Protection of Ba ery M teen a 





‘toute si'longuewt; ‘d'un: ou ‘plusieurs. trous 

oe Po ay " ‘ iS‘ paralléles: 4 

» Vaxey qui'sert'dé:vase poreux:en éme' y que.-d' 
ment collecteur, et d' ee 
‘deux'plongeant’dans 








Ix oxporimenting with galvanic batteries it is often 
found that the metallic connecting pieces, wires rie 
binding scrows, quickly rust, aud thon hinder ve 
passage of the current. It is necessary again nnd H 
ngain to have recourso to fling or rubbing, in order} 


! a ito 
7 ‘ to have good conducting surfaces. Ina recent no 
gulld'an graaer ne eortna de ‘mangandso- Bike Horlin Chemical Society, M3. Boiletein ond 





























































& 
c--) 
a 
s 
2 
F] 
5 


































aiguillé‘en: = l0B : f : —_. 
| vata en grains: los «‘cavités: : : Sawein, of St. Petersburg, cdmmunicato a simple Fra, §.-ZAMBONI'S DRY PILE. 
i; di i fit ea i bead Rie te luce d : i remedy. ‘They ruball the clean and clear metallic 
i @! eau: contenant: de’: 15:91 parts of tho battery with a well purificd lubricating ; disks nro then arranged In the snmo order, so that the tIn or se ia 
i oil prepared from petroleum. The pieces thus silver of each disk Js connected with the manganese of the x 
conted ‘remain Tong wnaltered. | On, the | meet Having ie wth Te provided with a urassenp at 
i gerows attached to enrbons dipping ia nitrio acl, a3 tach end. The lower cap Is connected with the binding post 
4 thero wns not tho least formation of rust. ‘Tho small t * onthe base. Jn the upper cap here i arod ant melas 
y 2 ty’ ¢ the metal opposes ‘Bh |. which the leaves mo; pressed together, 80 
oi ale Derteieoohs macnn “In the electro- [HG a better contact. Tho knob in contact with tho manganese ma a : 
re ‘ 2 corresponds to the positive pole, while tho cap at the othe : pale, 
lytig oxperiments the authors mndo no difference 3 ? end, which fs in contact with the silver or tin, Is the nega- , | nt wator—it is nearly Bolte, "8 : 
,, YM aptible. “$7 AL aA fe SE é tive pole. ; ‘ ae EY : = 
i porcoptl le. oc ca ran ser ; Tho piles aro remarkable for the permanence of their fn and a porous ; Wh centimeters i han il 5 








, Which may continue for several years, Their action 4 i 3 millimeters a 
pias rently "on the hygrometric state of the air, Two MANY, resistance of 10 olims, 
thousand couples givo neither shock nor spark, but can 4 force diminished about 16 per cent., i 
charge a Leyden at and other condensers, mal value after threo minutes’ rest, 


The Voltaic Pite, Fig. 3, consista of several compound raeruity Chloride of Sitcen Cell. Fig. 0 represents a small form of *; 
+ pairs of zinc and co} ne plates put up in Jnyers, always In De In Rue’s chlorido of silver cell, which Is remarkably well ‘ 
{ : the same order, and Tetweon each pair a mofst conductor Is ! adapted for electrical testing either on shore oF at sea. 
inserted, euch ose ab of felt. olatt or Pastaboard, 80 tat Sees Tho engraving is about 3¢ the actual size. te very 
2M. a succession of the ies arranged on each other from to; m , a + i . 
. ; : to bottom Is a. follows!. Copper, zine, felt, copper. zing, Fras, 7 AND 8,—NEW SINGLE FLUID. 
} Pee felt. Ono end of the scries terminates with zinc, and the y : 1 
‘\othor buging with copper.’ ‘Tho pasteboard or felt disks are | fll the saucer two-thirds full of warm water, Let {t stand 
‘soaked in Water mixed with common salt or sulphuric acid. | until dissolved. Vluco the zinc in tho saucer, and put the 
‘The cut is about ¢ actual size, = lead on the zinc. ‘ 


<" ghe Binple Zine and Copper Battery, Fig. 4, consists of 7 . i Fig. 6.—M, Onimus recently 
stripe of ane nal Cor ner bent at ihe upper one and saldored omnes eT A ten of Bctences a new ant : 
i. : > o cngraving. ‘The jars, : 

y ent tho size shown in the cute are tilted with rater alighaie simple battery, In aia ad foe 
acidulated with sulphuric acid.:. Tho expense of this ba tery : 
is Ca that it may be a fow times, and then thrown 











































: ng el of th rigs use : ¢ 
| fh eRe Sd TOG ay oe ee al we ae ndebied 


‘ 
H f « 











Fria 5.—TOM. THUMB. f 


; ‘ ee a - eek aad 

















Rr oe ere oe as 





Sti 2 
SEARO Sto oye by mone enit , 












BATTHRINS.— i steer to 
= 6 Zino Carbon Battory.~ 5 
: Stake n Powerful Inexpensive Battory for 
; producing the Elootrie LiRtt. noice a 
.J—Bunsen’s zinc-carbon 
3 Pa sorta ‘of Grore's, the only difforence {rom fhe 
* Tatter being -_ substitution of eirbon for i my nant 
ie plato of ¢: 
: fol ao belie in time through tho ac on, of & i 
battery, and should therefore not be too th! i $ ne 
. necessitates a much larger porous cell ¢ han I 
7 Grove’actement, and makes the battery more 4 iq 
Tt ts, howovor, to ba preforred to Groro’ mn for (1 f | 
> ithe touch less exponalte, and 2nlonn ate : : | 
: i mn y : 
: te er a bad | temptation to workmety and at 
i in a mysterious way, 
Hinge dies eemente single cloment of Danson's 
pattery. aA shows tho outer cell mado of gi nate 
earthenware, or vulcanite, tho zine-plate bent roun H 
~ +, wich a binding-scrow, a, at the top. V, Brome F 
porous cell, with a ‘wooden Hd at tho top, tl rou 
‘ qhich a etick or rod of carbon pasics; anc ier 
+ binding-serow, b, is attached to the top of # q 
catbon-rod, ‘The wooden lid at the top is no! 
absolutely necessary; instoad of that a clamp 
binding-serew may bo fixed to the top of tho carbon 
3, (ver Fig. 2), Carbon is a very porons. substance 
4. G€ tho top is not protected tho acid will risa io a 
"by capillary attraction, and soon destroy me i 
+ fixtures by oxidation, For this reason tho top. 
*. encl carton plate or rad phould, before iret being 
is uted) ie oaked in hos malted paradin war ae 
. ‘Wf mtlacial carbon is used, 
1 coll ana shuped liko Zin Fig. 1. Tho carbon rod 


WUHANIO“AND WORLD OFS0IB 


eee : : NI 
PRACTIOAL NOtHS ON ie cates : sok Ps | 





Improve- 
nal resiat. 








































i (86998,.)—Bichromato Bi 






: attery.—You can get 
/Ras carbon almost for fetching from the gasworl 
“Pick out the fattest pieces and thoso of an cyen |! § 
texture, without any bright bubbles on them; : ¥ 
Then cut them up with a long soft-iron saw and {i : : 
plenty of silyer sand and water, or rough emery | 
j and water: eheatd them ou each other with thot? j 
-samo substances, You willsoon got into tho way |! 4 
| of doing them.—W. J, Lascasrene yh, 


». AY 
i+ +{36299.]—Economy of Carbon. + tho best 
“} artmngement and the cheapest is to have ono piece 
H of zinc and two of carbon ; you then use both sur- 
| faces of tho zinc, and as tho carbon docs not wasto, 
| ‘this arrangement is by far tho best. 
i Caster, 





(35205,J—Dantoll’s Battery.—To Tn. W: 5 
DANGEI.—Is there any objection to pal thecat. 
aide cell with powdered cupri phate, and fillin; 
up with water? Would this form of battery work’ 
fle tho positive consisted of a simple rod of |: with iron plate aud feria sulphate? If 80, it would 
¢, the exeiting liquid boing a_snturated |; | © chines it greatly —W, " 
ution of sul-ammoniac, A hundred thousand |}, f {36207.|-Dichromato Battery.—Tho pegs are: 
i Hi Jts so constructed have been act up for use, ne ators, and et thera to prorent the carbousand 

: i grtly for telegraph work, and Iy for hella |.| Bag fonching each otf ho bammer should be 

ae 4 ff getly eer | » and partly moderately strong and clastic; it must not bo oiled, 
aU milway signalling inateaments, When em |!] Have platinum only on tip of acrow and opposite 
yed for telegraph work, M. Léclanché saya |) part of pring. Ieead abont the constraction of? 


t they act very revularly for nearly eighteen he machine before you do anything 
\nths without attention; but whene r thoy Fhe my spoil what may now bo go 

ve been applied to instrumenta worked by |; ANCASTAR, Conad 
ctro-twayiiets of low resistance, numerous |: p P7072 Biche mato, Battcry,—Tho pegs on 
fects have shown themselves, the work done |! Tho spregot th fo keep tho lates from fonching. 
ping a toss of more than GO per cent. of the}! weak, or ft will ‘. "a er ahontd ot be too 

i j a cauno a disagreeable clattcring 

soretical energy. instead of a stendy bum. No oil is required on the 
n proportion to the electrical work accom. ||| screw. Drill n bole in end of ecrow, and solder in ay 
shed the peroxide of mnnganese, which 


price of platinum wiro, using as little solder as 
aia about 40 per cent. of the mass, is reduced poselblo, | Drill o bole in tho apring, where tho point 
the rerquioxide, a body which is not nbso- 


4 _ fonch nnd rivet {nto it ry ricco of stout platinum 
ely a conductor of electricity ;-the mass thua piatinain mill Te amine Fie asda ormamee with 
comes inore and more realsting, besides uy your platinum. It will bo of no ao on tho, 

3 Nite, 






























































> ; tt 11 holo drilled right through fin. 
‘ gat, and with oon can if necesenry, drill the holes 
in the lathe, or with an Archimedean drill. Two 
plates, each 4in. thick, elde by aide, act better than 
a rod of double the thickness. Tho end of a picce of 
copper-wira (mentioned aboyc) ie then to bo pasred 
‘through the top of tho carbon, and twisted as 
‘in Fig. 4. Tho other ond of the samo wire is 
soldered to tho top of the zine plate (sce Fi; 
Tho wiro may bo coiled round a pencil, as shown in 
Fig. 4B. : re wiro connections, and ia, folderedl 
’ and then painted 
ged cake abtate mea has retorts aro saan jee of Braaawiek' tack, appt pot, ‘The 
Tear eit atel ceca ot chin ike tion from olement to elemen ; 
jattersa aa ae seh Pieces of carbon, the erect hare reduces the work and time expended ined by the man of whom you 
{dal oul as nestly as possible of cqual size. i “the bi siderably, arte x or a or pat 
a itonget, zitelo ell H mul tale the carbon call a tho baley ave to fo scl at intra for other : aatares tote quant tice of ammonia ne. hammer.—F, C. Puruxy, 

0 10, or 2, in ‘ 5 i ls a 
iwne cell, ‘The action is aimllar to that ix Grove's ibtrip of ae rH tei etal to the to of the soe : {ndherunes: ‘The resiatanco of the eet}, whiel: 
cop ‘ ate, and clamped to tha carbon of the next cell. 3 primarily onty nbout equal 200 tuctres 

Tho clam required aro sold at 46, per dozen, but 4 inn, telegraph wire, attuing after somg 
rae riage alarmnan iy : ate $ feuatenn series op resitanee: ten the two elements fs tho same, for, the resistance. 
gen tines as grent, fir-placo could be x6 utili Vf ; vot : 

NOE: No. 721. Sax. 17, 1879. This defect is not of much importance in puflefeney of elected fora ana aon yprien ciestly oa Kis distance between the plates — 
legeaphie work; the clectro-magneta of re-}:' 1a not to this point that we desire now to call atten. : 

: ving instramenta having an average resiat- |i on, but to the wasty of power in using tho curront.. 


















: (36299,]—Economy of Carbon.--Astho carbon 
| Insts long than the zine, it is tho zinc you should 
«| ‘sock to economize, Theordinary mothoil is, thero-: 

zense mothod.—Os. < 






































described above need not bo carefully squared op~ 


i pint ditto it would ony in power the pint ditt 
i6 may be of very irreguiar sbapo; picees of ‘the a6 ' : 












{36300.}—Siza of Battery.—Yes; tho samo 
size plates, and at thesame distances apart, would 
work just as well for a short timo in a small cell as 
ino larger one. The reason for havin, larger. cols 
-is to hava plenty of solution so that’ thoy shall uot 
bo uscd up too quickly. —W. Js Lancaster, | ‘° 












Thormo-Rloctrialty save atvarions times 
sud in various places discnsast the qneation: What (36300.]—Size of Batt A rtor=pi 

part. will ‘Thermo lectrieity plat i ; th gine tho anong cureeit for baeet tiene 
regurds Electric Lighting? TI th Seca ieee: cal rat Riva, te, ane current for 8 short tna 


j- 
in not altogother satisfantory, yot wo believe that by | an lut dilto if; tho suetaco of carbon ard xine fs 
| 






















‘Directions for making, at low cost, a Battory 
for producing tho Electric Light, 

Boy 30 ompty aalt jars at 2d. cach, or 53, tho eet, 
‘3 oun porone cells bin. high, fo of 2a, ain = 
‘ab Sa. . per dozen, also leces of zine, 
Moin, by Sia. by'1-8 or 2Gin., ready eat, at Al. to 


no oimple arrangement the waste beat of almost nay tho saine, provided only that tho distance between, © 


















How to Mako Battory Clamp-Screws, 















{Sd. por pound. Bend theso round as shown in Fig. 1, 
by beating them, i€ neccasary, as described in my 
‘Inst letter, and nama gomate thom, .Cut 29 ploces of 
{copper-wire (No, 18), each Lin, long. Buy alao 30 
/Picces of [carbon rad, Sin. by Hin. by lin, ready 


| 






teat 44 OR FIGS 





Buy—at the froumonger’a, or at tho wholesale 
house in Clerkenwellowe pound of flet brass rod, ; 


‘Hin, wide nod fin, thick ; half a pound of brass wire, 


No. 8 gavugo; snd s quarter pound of etampd 
hexagonal nute, Cuts thread om the wito, and cut 
it in pleces of fin.; tap tho nuts, and cither rivet or 


jsolder the threaded wire into the nuts; drill a hote | 


at fin, from one ond of tho brass rod, aud similar 
holes nt 2jin,, Stin., 7tin., &e,, to the emul of the 
rod, all holes being 2}in. apart. Tap all tho holes. 
Bend the brass to shape in tho vice, as shown In 
Fig. 0; cut each clamp off, and Gt the screws in. 
You can make thus your own clamps at about Id. 6 ‘ 
piece, or less, Thoy aro just as good as thore mado 


ce equal to about 100 kilometres, the incre 


resistance in the battery being small com. H 


red with the total resistance of the line and 
truments, the current remnina sensibly con. 
nt. On the other hand, when the clectro- 
pyneta hare, relatively, a low resiatinnce, az 
railway signal inatruments, the increase of 
stance in the battery causea variations of 





rrent se considerablo as to render it inefll- 


cious. 

‘The reaistance of tho mixture is essentially a 
hiction of the conductibility of the masa, and 
the adherence of the carbon to the latter. 


from onv dynamo-clectric machine for the coils of , 





tho electro magnets of the othr. ‘Tho following ; - 


sduotation will be read with intorost, and probably 
supgost all that wo intend to suggent at prosent:— 
“LT desire hore to record what I Telleve to be novel, 
jthat on the 27th of last Juno, with n thermo-olectric 
pile, consisting of 30 patra of biemmth and natimony, 
Ijin. square asd jin, thick, with the radiation of 
rod-hot iron at ovo extremity and ico at the other 
extremity, n roft fron clectro:magnot, under the 
inductive inflacneo of tho electricity thus generated, 
supported 98lb, welght, the moat powerful thermo- 
electria magnot I have heard of; but it must bo 
observed that this is no maximum, for whoover 
employs a largor elementary battery will no doubt 





{80301.]—Improvad Leclanche Cell.—Pleao * 
few back numbers; try the index of the 


search a 


Tast volumo; thoy havo been described almost. ad 


navscan,—O3, 





[36302.J]—Battory Polos.—Tho current’ pro- 
ceeds from the metal or clement which ia the most 
solublo, or which is consumed the faster;: in a 

‘zine and copper couple tho current. circtilates i 
from the zine to the copper. The zinc ts tho posi 
tive and the copper tho ney 


ent of the wiro 


tivo clement, but tho 


rom the zinc becomes the negative |. 9 


j ypoleand that from the copper tho positive, Os, 


56302,]—Battery Poles.--I hayo° 
j a list of clements, o8 per 
well to purchasa somo 


janot. You 


book on electricity} i 


from castings, but do not look quite so well finished, - 

‘The 80 elaments of our battery are to he connected 

na shown in Fig. 5; clamp-binding screws aro to bo 

used for terminali. ] 

i I givo heron list of fair prices (not uoreasonably! 

i on) of all the materials wanted for making up thot 
tory. oo 


Cont of tho Materints for a 30-Elemont Bun-; 
sen’s Battery for producing. the Electric 
1 Light. 1 


30 salt jors,2d.oach on 


would mye you much tima and trouble. . Tho. ola-! 
metts below aro olectro-positivo to those below 
them, nud conversely thosa_below are celectro- 













render it entirely independent of thee two 
ditiong, it is auilictant to employ tho com. 
sked mixture in the form of «plates united 
i a plate of horn carbon, having about half a |: 
wok : fuara decimetre of surface, In this case the 
* histance of the cell depends only upon the 
ductibility of the exciting Hquid between 
carbon and the zine, ‘Chis conductibility |! 
yds rather to incréase tian to diminish in 
ject, in proportion to the work done; chloride 
zino is formed, which ig a very good con. 
o . ctor, and the only varinblo is tho depolurising |; 
M4 H : wer of thomixture, ‘This depolarising power }. 
26 i 
14 
26 


obtain groater effects, not only as regards inductive 

dafiisice fete Iron, but at others 7 wich the F 
influence of tonperaturo may ba oxerted. Thera ‘ i 

ample fiold for inveatigation opon for those who have- nogative hi to ot cach | a. alte Pavids est a 
Idauro on thie subject. Who knows bat boroniter Caustic Potash Hydrochlorie ‘Sulphide « of |; 
j ngnetiam may be omployed us a prime “4 cid “Potassium 
j mover, and that n thermopile may bo tho oxciting ° ‘ * ote: Zi ye ate 
causa? [E. Watkins, in Phil. Afag., Soot., 1897.4 - 
:}It may be that wo shall bnve to record a peed: 
j, Soawer to this qu stlon.— The Elecfrician, 


al ann 7 























ic ic. 

Cadmium . Copper 

Tin. Cadmium 
Antimony «Lead Tin 
Loa «Trou Silver 
Bismuth Copper 
rou Bisinuth 
Copper Nickel _Bi 
Nickel Silver Nickel on 
| Silver : Antimony Tron i 
You will bo nblo to yet all tho information you' 
{ want from this table.—W. J, Laxcasten, 


{86303.]—Equivalent Battorlos,—Rend ans 
awers to query 36163, Let mo kuow for what pur- 
poeo you wish to uso the cclls,and I will tell you’ - 
the Fi Lay: 
































* Antimony 
FIGS i * 80 porous pots, fil. onch esse 


9 
0 
80 carbon rods, Git. 4, ase we 7 
9 
9 







always utilisable ant effective, for it is moro }* 


30 zines, Od. ench wore = vee lan auflicient when the mixture contains only {! 


Qelamps ow. - ae on oy 
Mercury andwira., © ae 














PT few hundredths of peroxide of manyanese— |; 
i i - (deed, says M. Tedclanchd, the reduction is}! 
i . : ected to the last atom. ‘I'he inaintenanee of |} 


} “Many a student han until now, found it imporsibte ements constructed according to this method | + 
H 'e " ecosgary, 4 4 
« . toexperimont on the sleetric lights on account of the most easy, altico it fe only necesaary, when implest arrangement to use.—W. J. 
high prico of the apparatus for generating ‘the: 8 i \ , CASTER, | ae Ye ane ie 
‘current. I hope the instructions given above willl - i : 2 - 
‘onnblo such students now to unilertake the tark, ani 
aa any ona of them finds difficulty in obtaining the) — 
ntcrials nt stated prices I will supply him, + (Sea 
lAdrt., front page.) : “ 
1 Of courso 50 element! 





































‘} using ono yory small carbon or zinc among the 30 
we roduce, then, the quantity of the whole number, - 
and waste our interial ‘Th. Wieacndangor. 





a etog q 
F 
g 


































are 







“thee 
i polarizing the 
parts can both 
the one hand, 
acid, This acl 
of zinc; 
calcium. 








-E ployed is such 


The 


iproperty is, 0s 
cases. 


© We will now consider the 5 


jo sodhim; the 


salts without ex 

‘oniductor known, 
reat number of athe 
Mtrie, notably sal-nmmoniae, the hypochtorite of soda highs 
Jeoncentrated, the chloride of lim 
‘but all have given les 
trumotive force than 





“4 Tins battery has for its posttly 
~{ and for Its negativ 
ae | fry imei orl 
C D Ug 
i cabin is placed echloride of Iino contalned it 
} of elther porcelain, canvas, oF parchment paper. 
: ‘lorie of Time fy, us is w 
. LE bypochlorons actd and It 








rit cun attack the Time and 
‘Pheso two salts are very soluble, aul very good 


: ine In the presence of the chloride af lime is not 

J sensibly attacked, and conse ently batteries with theso ele- 
iments can remain for an ine efinite period without waste; 
jnction only commences when the circuit is closed, ‘This 


i conductors of electricity. 
i 
i 
Hi 
| 
| 













Si ie a er pee i eee cee Ss 
JILORIDE OF LIME BATTERY. AN IMPROVED BATTERY. — earn 
By Anrnep NiAvDET. The engraving shows an Improved galvaule battery lutely; 
eclectroite n plato of zine, || patented by Mr. A. Floyd Deladeld, cof New York ‘city.| 


" q . ee 
Hectrode a rod of carbon surrounded by | pyig -nattery Is provided with means for Increasing tho, 
material. | 









7 strength of the curront by producing «more or less rapid 
into a solution of keyg teeition of the’solution In contact with the elements by 
meehanical means, operated by hand or by a motor, | This) 
is acenmplished practically by. fitting the hegutive element 
upon a shaft for revolution between the zine plates, aud for 






well known, a mixture of 
1g well su at for de 

rgatlve elector Its iwo componen 
pret combine with hydrogen to fort, on 
water, and on the other hantl, ehlorohydric 
id can attack the zinc and produce chloride 
proce chloride of 


‘The clolce of the substancesrem- 
that the combinations which take place are 
Itjs possible that certain double 
caso In all batteries; but if this 

as experiments with the batteries 








is well known, of great importance in many 










son for employing chloride | 
advantage {s, that it Is the cheapest of all: 
ation, ‘The solution is the best quid | 
But there is still another ndvanto ry 
resalts and other lqeids tinve heen 





diluted sulphurle acid, 
stilts and a tower 


satisfactor: 
The reasons of t1 


inferiorittes are undoubtedly very varions; the defect ap: 
{pears fo arise from the formation of an insoluble sulphate of 














ine whieh stoy 


: The eleetro moth 
experiment to have a maximum valuo of 16 
falls tu 16 after hs! 

~ | The depolarization produ vd by the ctiloride of lime ts not 

‘complete or Instantaneous, av it Es in 
atteries; Hf the battery is worked thrav 

resistance the electromotive force fulls, as ts the case with 


almost all batte 
uickly, 


r 


“Ythe cireult bein 
$to 1°38, 
The Internal 


sible, The zin 
jualmple devic 


The amell of 
ewith the ordina 





‘ftects the salt 
securely in the 
be hertmeticall 
batteries, 


Inan experiment, the electromotive force being 
found to be cqtal to 130, the elreult was closed through a 
Zresistance of one ohm for forty minutes, the fores was then 
Hound to be reduced to 1 


: hr, great care having been taken to reduce [tas ninch ns pos 


jeumpletely a rrounds it, but. 


‘{porous cell, atits upper part, with asphalt, wh 


ns the further action of the battery. 
force of the new batlery is found by 
tis, which 


vernl months! Use, 






sulphate of 
ah a low 


rapper 
verti 



















DELAFIELD’S GALVANIC BATTERY, 


ries, Butthis force regains [18 normal value 





increasing the effect the revolving disk is made In spiral: 
form, something like a screw propeller, so that it creates 0; 
circulation of solution in the cell, thus continuously depolariz.$ 
Ting thie (luster teen a reeenennonnrnetnrnees. 


Pre > 


3, bat at the end of forty minutes, 
2 open, it had risen to 1°29, and in two hours 










resistance of the battery is comparatively 





, 


ec ts phacet very near to the porous ofl, and 
i$ prevented from touching by 


the chloride of Time fs hardly sensible even 
ary batteries, hecuuse care iy taken Co seal the 
Ih pprerey 
from the alr and at the same time keeps it] 
cell, The outer cell cn also, if necessary, 
ly seated, ns is sometimes done with other; 









PENTA AW.DHACPHORGLIN 








Snland. Theee, lke the plains 











January 11, 1879. 


SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, No, 168, : 





mountains 2,000 to 8,000 feet Migh were seen some distance 
plow, were free of snow to 
their highest. summits. Sumo small glaciers were believed 
to be seen, but they ended at a height of ubout 800 to 1,000 
feet above the sen. 





to a mixture of about one part sea water with two parts 
river water. This shows inc 


nn easterly direction, Other almilar currents originate from 
ihe Katanga, Anabor, Olonek, Lena, Jana, fndigitkn, and 
Kolyma, all of which pour their waters, more or Jess heated 
dturfag the hot summer of Siberia, Into the Polar Sea and 
render it, during a short period, almost free of tee. 

On the night between August 27 and 28 the Vega parted 
from the Lena off the mouth of the River Lena, ‘There is 
scarcely any hope now that the voyage will be completed 
hefore next summer. No doubt the Vega has got Into a safe 
winter harbor, and that during the detention of the expe- 
dition a burvest of scientitic results will be gathered. —Nature. 








(Continued from SurrtzwenT 157, page 218)). 
GALYANIC BATTERIES, 
I. 
By Gro, M. Horns, 
The Daniel Battery, Fig, 16, is scentless, and docs not de- 


Nena 





phate of copper, Tho porous cell, P ©, contains the zi 
site oe parakeet: a copper, Cc, hing nttacied one 
tket, ¢, containing crystals of sulphate of | whenev y ts 
‘illed with a solution of wo weeks re tink 


copper, The porous cell may be 
common salt or water slightly ncldulated, 








2518 


The zine is not amalgamated. Tho ‘ 
ating, g, of eoarge cloth, which is pa ihe 
tata ay fe Steamed, which uo be onec in 
ance for local batteries, but they are adm ably ade ee 


‘This battery ig especially adapted for closed circults; it is working long Ines. 


lesa suitable for open circuits, 
The cut Is about } of full size. 





Fro, 1.—GRAVITY (ordinary). 


The Siemene-Tlalske Rattery, Fig. ae ts 4 moiifieatian of 
jattcr substantintly in im: 


the Daniclt. It differs from the 

provements in the diaphragm, 
A isn glass ve: 

per-plute bent In 









HARE 


Fro. 214—GRAVITY (with Disks). 


the porous cell, formed ofa piccullarly prepared mass of paper. 
"he muss of paper 
must be well compressed, and afterward n fourth part of its . 
weight of sulphuric acid is pourcd over it and stirred up un- 

UL the whole mass has become homogencous and glutinous, 
Then four times ag much water is added to it and worked 
with it; the supcriluous sour water is removed under pres- 


Z is a zine having » binding post, /. 


Fic, 10.—DANIELL. 


velop any polsonous vapors, and lenca may bo used any 
where without fear of endangering health or acting disad- 





Sy 


Fis, 17.—SIEMENS-ITALSKE. 





vantagcously on the metallle parta of tho surrot ; 
tt - 
Talus, The glass vessel, G, Is filed with a olution of. Tae 





necessary 


sure. The inner glass cylinder, ¢, ts led with crystals of |, 


sulplinte of copper, and water Is poured on i 


it. 
ho space around tho tube, ¢, is filled with acidulated wi 





Fra, 18,—METDINGER. 


ter, or with a solution of common sult. Afterward it $s onl 

neces ¥ to keop Ay inner cylinder always filled with 
pints Of copper, and n 

water in the outalde vessel “ie are ee eae 





sel; ¢, a glia tube; &, 0 perpendicular cop- 
h spirals, and having attached to it a wire; 
de, isa thin paste-board disk; J, the diaphragin in place of 


Cut, about y natural size, 


The Meidinger Battery, Fig. 18, is n 
Daniell battery, but it inns" no PR pe peg 
greater durability and constancy of current." It conslsts of « 
0 ginss vessel, A, 8 Inches high and & Inches wide, in the 
bottom of which is placed 1 sinal) plass vessel, d, of half the 











1 Fi, 20.—GRAVITY (with Wire Spirals). 


‘size of the larger glass, This vessel is cemented to the 
bottom of the larger one with rosin, A hollow zine cylinder, 
4%, which ts supported on a ledge of the outside vessel, sure 
rounds the smaller glass. ‘The tustle wall of the smalter 
gluss, d, Is covered by a sheet of copper, ¢, on the lower end 
of which an insulated copper wire, g, Is riveted. The 
mouth of the larger vessel is cloged by a wooden or tin plate, 
having an opentogin the center for the reception of a glass 
veylinder, 4, 12¢ in. diameter and 8 ing, high, narrowing 
toward the lower end, which fs rounded and in which a 
small hole is made. ‘This tube Issunk to tho center of the 
small glass, d. The larger vessel is wearly filed with a dl- 








Fra, 99.—-MENOTTI. 





Jute solution of Epsom salts. {t port of aalts to 4 or 5 of wa. 
ter), The glats tube, A, is Med with crystals of sulphate of 
copper, formiag n concentrated solution which, being the 
heavier fluid, vinks downward through the small hote in the 
ginas tube, and fills the glass, d, to the center, 
The zine Hsueually amalgamated, 
Cut, ubout | full slze, 


The Gravity Battery, which ts shown in. its simplest form 
In Fig, 19, consists of n glass jar about 8 ins, high and 6 ins, 
diameter, having a zine casting suspended near the top, and 
a copper plate 1s placed on the bottom and provided with a 











he 


-Fia 33, 





5 L wire leading out of (ho jar, One or 
Fro eee of ropper are placed on the bottom 
of the jar, andesough water is poured in to cover the zine 
about J inet g 24 to BO hours, the battery is 
jn condition 2 the name of this battery indi- 












ers Doe rae 








cere tnennmetin na st fey, 






SOO ee eee OTRO ae 
Y ; . BATTERIES VI~THE BIiOHROMATE |/2 al Manon 7, 
Graeked Hattory The bes i) BATTERY 
P : ie : racked Dattory.—Tha: beat comou . : 
ne "succeeded “in solving ‘this ‘diMculty: ; baste 4 for auch a: pu -is simply gelatine allowed; to] * marae (Continued from Pe 88O) - 
rendering absolutely constant the internal resistance | : enter’ and fill: tho! erack, ‘a little bichromate: off | [ 7-J—Bramowate Tatterica of ‘hott “at tha fon, lok two ‘ 
" : ¢ ' f clectro-chemical potash being Hssolvet in It. On allow hig thin to ot plates of carbon, each hin, by 2{in., anda y ee 
of the cell, whatever the amount of electro cans . dry in the light'tho gelatine becomes insoluble. This] - f a teith torminale) of the sumo dimensions, Cut two 
work performed by it. ; ee igi 4 4 in Very wacful for several purpores “but Iam: not] ; iecea of thin mahogany’ boand, Sin, by din, uy Has 
The’ resistance “of the: glomerate is‘essentially uito certain whother it would resist the action of < aad: nnd aclamp such ns shown iu tho illustration 
4 function of the conduc ifity of ‘thie® : ues tho strong bichromate Vatorygsolution,-Siasa., i 
‘of the adherenco! of the carbon:'to' this tnass,: ; 


t thas! 
ot. ; Wig. 2). The clamp should hayoa rings frat : ‘ : ri 
oidigterteked BattePh Stopap themed] (soe ce crm om 8 als 
it ‘entirely’ 3 je +k with paraffing wax, using it liko putty, and thon| ei A 4 t right ain 
render it ‘entirely independent of these two'con : ; naint byer the crack with Uruuswicl Diack, laying i 1 _ two ploccs of wood, AY he aha, the two 
| ditions; it-ig: stifficient to employ the ‘compressed ' i ‘On protty thick and hot.nW. Pec : eft to tho top of the zine 4 te het tho te . 

' eareerate oe a che ped pene nae at tad ~ Gronat's Dattory.—The solution tised F apes G thea shits coment is clainped by | —_ Xe 
vA of horn carbon, having about half a square Meck: “Ss {ff is common salt, Sol-ammoniac is better, Tho solu. » 5 i ‘means of the top-clamp, co The fone bi te 
metro of surfice, In this case tho resistance of ‘the ‘ Hon will requiro little renewing, beenuse by the ; 1 anode with a ceo of bout brass strip, Oy le caldera 
cell depends only upon the conductibility of the i tae ree aatel the susan vlna Lorain neUHB : “ [Ads to ile i ie upri aerate ot trout bens 








: A Blackwell's, 0 Hogarth’s glass jar will | 
{ ito), mt You will fhud tho inside measures of tha first 
hay fe io iat by 2hin, dinmeter at tho top, “Got twa 













AN IMPROVED MANGANESE BATTERY. 





} Ty MG. Lecbaxcits 
Ix a note which I communicated in 1876 to the 
Academy, of Sciences, 1 mentioned that I had suc- 
; ceeded in combining, by hydraulic Pressure, certain 
i Aepolarising mixtures, among others one formed of 






7 
| 








they Hy 
5890,) fc 









ih one’! 
t zine i any other.” 
.,|  ¢atbon powder, Peroxyde of manganese and gun . if { 
: \ lac. Tha clectricity of this solid mass was collected : . j| from the snou! 
‘simply by a small. prism of carbon, three or four M1 Tho bost pla 
centimetres long, - ; 





This was embedded during the compression of 
the agglomerate} the solid mass so formed consti- 
tuted the electro-negative pole of the cell, while the 

! electra-positive consisted of a simple pencil of zinc; 
the exciting liquid being a saturated solution of sal. 
: ammoniac, A hundred thousand. cells. 80 con- 
} structed have been set up. for use, partly for 
; telegraph work, and partly for hells of railway 
signalling instruments. 
With regard’ to their use in telegraphy, I’ have 
noticed that they ‘work very regularly for neatly 
cightecn months, uninterruptedly and without atten- 
tion ; .but ‘whenever these . batteries. have. been 





















described in my next letter, ia adsheslanaeh: 


tos, 
Into 









aud split, or 
sot-scraw, In 
by means of a 
‘Tho solution 















} Applied to. instruments Worked by electro-magnets 
of low. resistance, numerous ‘defects have shown 
themselves : “the electro-chemical work done has 
never attained so’: per cent. of what it ought 
theoretically to have done," : : 


In these cells, in Proportion to the electrical work 
accomplished, the 






























exciting. liquid between the carbon and the zinc 


ainmonia accumulate in This conductibility tends rather to augment than to | 4 




































































rate, with the inevitable iminish ; in effect, in Proportion to the work done, - iB oe . 
the’ latter, whence follows | chloride of ‘zine is’ formed, which isa very cood : (35838.}—Convorsion’ of Bunsch “into “BI i" 
etween it and the carbon, conductor, and the’ only variable is the depolarising "H@/ chromato Battory.—Put a solution of water 10 
sts cells, which ‘was primarily “power of the agglomerate, . aie gene ae parta, nud sulphuric acid 1 part, into the outer cell 
Only abouit “equal to 200 metres of ¢ mm. telegraph hi: 


*. foani ties . i a solution of water 10 pat ule | 
This dey olarising power is always utilisable and Tieton ‘nd bichromate of otha ‘part, 4 , 
‘effective, for it is more than sufficient when the; with tho carbon,—-WisenpaNann, i 
agglomerate contains Only .a ‘few hundredths of — 


Wire,: attains: after‘ some months Of ‘continuous 
Service, 2 resistance ten or fifteen time. 


In telegraphy this defect is not of n 





8 4S great, 
much import- 
















peroxyde of hat the reds i {35858.1—~Convorston, of Bunsen to Bilt should profer thie “hatter to -all olhers: 
OF inh croxyde of manganese. “1 may say that the reduce | chromate Battory.—1¢ you wish{to havonouitrie [fy,g°0uld, mer thle ba erica crane’ sine 
4 Ameo, the electro-magnets of receiving instruments | tion is effected tothe Jast atom, ‘The maintenance avid, make solutions up thus: Bichromute doz, be. Ge to Yn, according to. tho sizes 
| pal inB an average resistance of about one hundred | of elements constructed according to this method water 1 pints sulphuric ncid 167th bulk of solution, 
kilometres ; the increase of resistance in the hattery : 





| being small compared with the tot 





f tho plates and their number, three carbon plates 







is most casy, since it is only necessary, when the 






























t £ you have any old zine. sulphate, uso half-sat; pul two eines being employed in tho largest appa. 

. ‘ 7 j statin it wot sulphuric uct T part, water 10 OF kntus of tho kind. Wo aliould hardly think that 
| the. ‘tine and ail resistance of cell is worn out, to provide the carbon with fresh | 12, "ts ts for tho outer eell—Phont ALONE. i Sfunal outa eo snake thiskind of bata so cheaply 
: ‘sensibly asta ments, the. current remains depolarising plates, 5 cot ! (35898,] — Conversion of Bunsen into Bi- hs it can: Vought, tccauro the bottles aro high 
; étasibly constant. On the Cther hand, when the The old batteries constructed with a mixture of | hromate.—Yot havo gonu to work tho wrong fiu price unless ordered in largo numbers at o lines 
{ slectro-magnets have, relatively, a low resistance, manganese and crushed carbon, contained in a; way. ‘Tho tines are muelitoo lange for tie asbeng i this reason, and becanme tho battery described 
1 Metense ble, in railway signal ry eaenents,the | poratis vase, or with the eylindyleal agglomerates, | Youu relly neyuiry for good elect more carbon thau jvovo is rather expenrive, { have triad to doviso a 

crease of resistance in ‘ihe battery causes varia- | at present used for. igniting platinum “cj fire’ | zine, Now the best thing you can do is to maka up {form of bic! Pry 

tions of current. s0 considerable as to render it torpedo fuses, of somenttat Ian Yires to fire ! 
*  incflicacious, , 7 cs, Are 






Nu paste of carbon, and mould it into a far Ifin. [advantages of the ono described above, and could’ + 
of somewhat Jarge dimensions, : iy wb 


Inthe tructi f ha : Kcr than diameter. of zine cylinder, Fit up tho fbo made by nmatours at a fraction of tho prices 
nthe construction o} my, terics,’ I hive + 





whoto of them in this manuer, and you will have a [yuoted, and I think T havo succeeded, 






















i a 4 ko nuch a battory tako a jar, such ns all 
. capital working battory., “Charge sith bichronate To mal my Indo (or 
‘ ? , been able to diminish their size and weight by one \ aiphurio nel 1, water 10. partemAV. dy Las [yrocers eclt full of John Morsis's Tunanalods, (OF 
, “half. By augmenting the number of plates attached oe pguren, eames ne we 
. to: the carbon, the internat resistance may, so to’ 





speak, hie indefinitely diminished, » These cells may 
+ remain charged for an indefinite period, the internal 
~ action being ‘ai? when: the circuit, is not closed, 
the conditions 













AN 

















coats of varnish (shellac varnish {s tho Lest for tho : Envet of Sawdust and Ordinary A NEW BATTERY, Scuff. } 
purpose). The connections should be carofully ’.. , Y Callaud Batteries. s Tir: merits of tho Leclanché battery, now 8 untyersally | : 
‘ oe Nonw Conn., april 7. used where no great amount of energy {9 needed, are familiar 
‘ ICH, VONN, sipree te loall, This form of battery; which, it will be remembered, 
he Journal'of the Telegraph: is charged with peroxide of manganese and sal ammontiac, 
ding‘tho last lotter in has the great dllsatvantag however, that when once the 
ed.{o me after reading: th: { | Manganeso Ja used up the clement becomes useless, ns it 
iy THE THLZonarn, regarding the saw- cannot be charged a second time, There has been great | 
the gravity battery, that a much need, then, of fame agpiratuy like lis rhiel conld bo | 
. enally charged tke other batterfes, According to u nate re- 
ettling tho question of its epee cently presented to the Society for the Encouragement of 
rity, to tho Western Union form, would he National Industry, by M, Marcel, an improved battery of 
to apply tovit’ Olim’s law, viz: tho strength of our- this nature has lately been devised by M. Gaile, ‘The new 
Tent ina gatvanio circuit, in: equnl to the olectro-| <j clement is arranged thus; Tho binoxide of mangancse 
5 f the battery, divided by tho sum of placed in deep holes drilled Ina cylindsical plece of carbon, 
motive force of the battery, divid y which forms the negative clectrode, atid which at the same 
the internal resistance of the battery and tho resiet-| J time performa the function of a porous cup, The carbon tx 
‘anco of tho closing wire. . placed Ina olution of eliloriiig at zine is an a Vequidl 
7 : é 4 the positive electrade, + 
As the mngnotic power of an cloctro-mnagnet is Te a Raptr azine rod forms 
A ‘ . sot! : of the chloride must contain from 16 to 20 per | 
Pads ard gre shown foie oo ke earlonn, of ‘directly proportional to tho strength of tho current, cent. of tho zinc galt, and must be free from the preseiied of 
copper-wire, and also to a -binding-scrow. Tho . |) ‘it follows thnt tho grontor tho utrongth of tho cur} ‘Tiead, and shottld be as neutral as possible, ‘To Insure a 


two carbon plates of each of the rumaining cella , |: 3? rent, the greator will be tho volume of-sound pro-|, {perfect contact between the carbon and manganese the | ‘ 
tauat be connceted Fellowing cl ta Fig. ae : ducod by the sounder, aud as thia volume of sound |’ utter should be introduced Jittle by Ittle, and well shaken 
dh 


dotted lines illustrate the connections of the carbon |<< Md tw of tho highest importance {ti moat of our offices, gone batons was weadte tani Pye it gy oe 
Plates, The last zing should bo connected to, “LBD wo ahould notloso sight of twhon studying economy |, {thio powdered kind Iy Inferlor, ‘The electrosnotive force of 
are beast fron 1 red. Se ee ean. iar : ‘ in the consutnption of battery material, - ifthis new clement fs 15 Holla, or tho slecieo minlive foieaet 
two wooden uprights, and bent as shown aD and | 4 Enfecting a saving in bluo vitriol, and at the samo a coun aud ee pane ene OTe net attaation ely 
Moth eec eee nando ae fol on ‘eine Nand a J] | timo losing in volumo of sound can therefore hardly}; {innears, morcover, almost. com Kote y when at rest, even 
whcel can be obtained at any clockworker's, or filed ‘bo caltod economy. ' J when tho battery haa been scarcely driven, In this battery, 


Ne out of a disc of brass, It fe Hustrated ‘separately ; Now, let us apply Ohin's low, flrats—with the] fas in that of Lectanchd, there ts no waste of material when 
|FRACTICAL NOTES ON ELECTRIC ane aro attached quae of ait {3 the dowher | “H] western Unton form of tho gravity battery, with two|! | the circuit is closcd, since the weak solution of zine eliloride 


: has no action on clther the manganese or the zinc, An in 
“BATTERIES: VII,— THE CHROMIC] © N, anil to two hooks X and’, and fixed into -B) colts, and n sounder in circnit. 


th Jen f hich carrics tho plates. Lf . teresting feature in the actlon of oN Pmt? da. that tho 
ho wooden frame which carrics the plates, Ke th Vv | y attached to the zine, falla 
SCID OF BICHROMATE OF POTASH! then, the handle N is turned. Highe-handedly’, 5 Two cella would: give uaan electro motive force oxide of zine, Instead of rematning 


i ino state of powder to the bottom of the contuining vessel, |; 
- liko tho hands of a watch, the frame is wound up, 1! > YB) of 2.168 volts, nnd an intornal resistance of six |. , 

(Continued from p. 630, Vol, NXT'11Z,) faut al tho platen re lifted to thy positon shoven Ha ohina,. o>. ee rope acer Gevieed this battery. for medeal 
vidieemao aera srk ge construct a} P18 !+ At soon ax you stop winding, the ratchet 1 ‘Tho sounder would give a resistance of three] | purposes, he hing also — several forts a Hicalile to ae 
; obtain with se ane . ; : of no great] | rs: one, 125 millimeters tn height, designed for port. 

Troutto of reehang pend eat without the ig FIC F a off [obime, and the donmentie Stee: (eu - . (Hane uaess batteries; another, of 160 millimeters, for large : 
lowing desen iio ea " sey ill ind tho fol- : +. Hength), practically none, ‘medienl batteries and electric annunclators; a third, of 185 | 
B iption aud working drawings useful:— B 5a Wo should then find the xtrongth of current millimeters, for telegraphic purposes: and, flnally, one 225 | 

2.168 millineters, for such applications as ay to ee H 


FLOR os 


or .240 of one farad. Second: With tho saw-|  setion of several apparatus, i 


2 Fe 7 lay : ERNAL AND EXTERNAL 
ss - =k : = @ | dust form, also of two cell, and tho same sounder, INT: 
ti 7 


: ri RESISTANCE. 
7 TT Ti Hore wo "have tho sume olectro-motivo forco (for ftayia.j—Memus, axe any Borroxs, se 
tho nddition of pastoboard dixcs ani saw-dlust does 1. 267, {havo miasedt the aint at thg questions which 
vo i virlently as C 

not alter, a Ee aon bats | fase aligns of aco Trt anni 
closing wire, bat tua Jutornal sorisbition of one Dat: gaan in which the internal and external resistances 
tory 6 increased nearly soven fold, for one cell of | | have to bo rantntalud equa in two creumsauces 

. ve is sc f, { 
‘this form will prosent a revjataneo of nt least twenty oa titi ba ot Ae atu exterunl ress 
tot aneo, ‘Therefore additional oxternal resistance has 
poe 2.168 to bo added to minke it equal to that of tho fest 


iy ro — io work out the 
“en seouditions. FE have not timo to work ow 
In this caso wo find tho strongth to lia, ; or joo i tot : ‘| , 


er ied 


Se 


nel p with your left hand : 
n eadebed I pet ! . +050 of ono farad, or only about ono Heth of Chat 
on produced by the standard battery. If wo are ready 
to racrifics four fifths of the: volume of sound pro- 


i lot us all adopt the: 

quantity (1-10th) after’, ‘duced by our soundors, thet 

‘wht are ees neat joner. et mt ; * ‘enweduat arrangement at once, allowing that it at 
* * a woolen y q f y tha s i ; ° . : , 
which are placed 4 cells of Tass Coniter nites for any considerable ‘ save vitriol, as has beon elnimed ; but if wo cannot} 


ware, cach Sfin, high, by din. by 2 G 1 Pp iis, and, wo had better stick to the 
mny tonvententiy Feinnslony i a ee arma tervals of rest), the ‘i uffor this loss of sound, 


mahogany or any be wound out of the solu- A dfrected to bo ured by the company. ~ 
other wood: the dotted tines 7A show 1 cross “i ! : Mt tures : | 
: A bn ection with the 
dann nt sera oA Ban | alr SW eres ei sounder franesy ae arog, it 
He 
tes Tho outside mensures of tho framo aro iii og. oe an re veil “be the samo whatever tho 
iV oui by doin, high, Each cell is to hold ‘two foi testy 7 icon). oe Se eee oe 
ea ron plates, and between them a zine plate, nll Tin. expensive, but will)” 5 ~ |variation: 
iu Sin, The price of such carbon plates ists. 2d, each; oi : : oe ; haa 
hat of tho zine plate depends upon ite weight, It Whera a 
should be amalgamated, nud can bo had at from bw of ebo - 
id. per plate. "The 16 pintes needed for making Tho pl 
yb b-ec Battery are all firmly fxed into a wooden |! 
rame (seo Fig. 1, tr, f, and ntso Yi 2) by being | } Bon 
i in. ‘ 
A Lattery of this description produces a current * 
of ample strength for all onittnty lecturo caper i 
mints, tho working of largo coils, powerful electro! 
mngnuets, heating platinum wires, &e, It produces { 
ho unpleasant fumes, gives io trouble in. roe 
charging, and thero ig absalutely no waste. of.! 
work. you ent ina fone ige uate done ye 
A ‘aw seconda, miso tho pla! 
: and thus put the battery out af action altogether 
fi : T.. Wiesondange: 


wedged into tho slots shown in tho it on Fig, 

reat care should be tuken thutthiswooles tants 

cannot becomo a connocting medium between the 

dna plates, es wool Selected should be quite 
° 

wick black, or it may be rade t a recat Prue 


de to receive sever} 








OH: RESIST. 
ANCE AND CURRENT, 


i 15716.}—T was able to seo the paper of 23nd Ma ! 
a this ovening (Mondo; iy it is, therefore, impos. 
+ Bible for moto rep at ull to tho interesting lette 
« Of Mr, Moberly, 14686, p. 263. I will endeavour to; 
doso next week. But Ido not think ho has quito!* 
seen what my papers mean, very Ukely beeanse, as! 
am well aware, thoy wero not’ so woll-doveloped 
asTliko my work to he. The fact is they originated: 
in 9 paper read by me to a scientille society which 1, 
meant to convert into two articles; that }rocess of; 
Teconstruction aud oxpansion is not farourable to. 
Cleamess ‘and coherence, moro particularly when! 
offected, as this was, at intervals of other pressing. 
work, ‘Then it happened, ns it often hu npens, 
that ns 1 went on the 8 fractifiod and grow 
untit the series became a panorama of thoughts 
rather than a singlo clear pleture. However, that 
will not make Wrong fleas correct, lint then Fam 
not prepared to admit that my ideasaro wrong, and 
as to Mr. Moberly’a notion’ that I do not fully 
unterstand the afsolute system and did not, theres 
‘oro, give it proper form in my “ Electricity,” 1 can 
only say I havo received scores of letters from all 
Parts of tho world Mlocliring that tho writers 
obtained for tho firat time a clear comprehonsion of 
he system by means of my description, and that 
among all_the o1 sins ny work has been sub 
Jected to I shave nover met with one obi lecting to 
‘that part of it, My) igman, 


ON THE INFLUENOR bF FLUCTUA.! 

TIONS mn THE EXTERNAL RESIST.; 
THE INTERN. 

OURRENT, Ruined 


(16717.J—Mvssns, Gays asp Borrow: 
communication (lotter No, 15601) ant subject 
appear to have misunieratood thy question in tho: 


} Magnetisin aud electricity paper which they ty 
S and to havo come to the condlusion it Guokhies 
: ' 


in thoir 


cel 


you 
cell 


7 thatis that the 
required to bo dono cannot he dong; t 
urren! ugh the gulvunomoeter cannot 
Es i Ot oie smitvout also altorig tho 
atrength o internal bat current. 
Lam ot hea ait had sever heen disputed 
thatthe current in 2 battery ie :iufluenced by the] 
“addition ofreaistanco to the external circuit; indeed: 
inalldext booka.of electricity itis expressly statod | 
that “the gth of. current is equal iu all parts 
of the ciroult:through which it flows,” iucluding,| 
of. conractho ‘battery. Therefore tho experiment} 
“described: in‘ the above-namod letter only proves.a: 
_ |fact-which-was-wall known before, } 
“Dut,-to roturnto tho question, I wish to show! 
“|thatat inquite posible, aud indecl easy, to reduce; 
tho etrength of the current:dlowing through the! 
*. |gulvanometer without .altering tho strength af 
: inthe hattery. 
} ue veclution ‘of dh question sroqnires a know-{ 
;Jedge of the Jaw of ahunts:and derived ciresits, 
To reduco the current flowing through a galvanos 


meter toLth of its strength, the galvanometer 
" 


must bo shunted with resistance equal tot, 


of tho galvanometer resistance, Therefore, fn this 
case, tho shunt roquirod is of 142 = 12, 


" But when tho shunt is inserted the resistance of , 
, the external circuit ia reduced. Woinust, therofore, 
find the resistance of the two derived circuits, nt 
odd nufiicient resistauce to mako tho woxternall 
resistance equal to ft first amount, Now, tho 
resistauco of two conductors, forming derived 
circuits, is equal to tho product of their individual, 
resistances, divided by tho sum of tho samo. 
BY Thertore, ho, rositance 4 the gatvanomoter oni 
A Wl ‘ 
1 Trin” | 
eeribeny casois', +i NM. 
To increnao this reaistanco to the original -resixt-, 
fanco of ‘tho galvanometer by. teal , wo must 
Bridently insert a compensating resistance of 121 
nits. “Chen, tho external rosistanco heing the 
pio (121 + 11 =: 132) the internal battery current | 
Brill also bo tho same, and because the talvato- 
eter is shunted by a resistance of L-llth; ono- 
twelfth only of tho’ entiro current will pass! 
hrough it, * : 

As Messrs. Gann and Bottono ovideutly havo 
some facilities for oxperiments, and also somo ox- 
perimental jingenulty, I trast that their clectrical 
“research may prove some {inportant Jaw which has 
“nover been satisfactorily demonstrated, 

TlLitherto, they have proved, fn their firat letter, }- 
that liquids possess high clectrical: resistances, and }.* 
iin thelr second communtention, that ‘the current 
strougth ina battory varies fit the sano way as the | 
current strength fn tho external circuit, both of £ 
which truths have been well known for some tino, Be 

appeutl. diagram of the galvanometer, shunt, und 


compensation resistance arrangement; G galvan 


motor, Sshunt,.Jt compensating resiatnuces;_ 
: Me et e ‘Humble. Boo; 


36580, 
1s wh 
botwoen the two cells, 


you may 
the cells will 
i{ Copper boing exhausted too suid 


a) tents, 5° 


: Jer usyinuco of Lime Batto: 
Narly men 
I write in Mbattery from oxpericnce, 
suporior cell to a hichromate, 
mato can bo bought at a fale price, it, will bo 
chenper cell to ya¢, It alao wor 

longer thine thof Ahp-pic)y 

oot futuro ‘in Atore! 

lo 


a 


—1 havo some 12m, |' 
7 Bs leave about an ine 

per ce! if]: 
use a Pher plato in an outer cartionvate 
ring them much nearer than that aa 

contain sufftelent liquid to pre t 


ily iy ay : 


~Dantoll Coll, 
ich work very well, 


. We havo also to ant 
of Mr, James Ad: * 
Tepresentatiy, 

boy, in whi 

native co 


L. 


i 


ecimonts of |, 
ne A few 
laying tho. 
bar watroet, guid 
éey ql 
POSITIVE ELEMENTS, 
{15612.]—Is yourissuoof tho 18th inst, amongat 
(ho replies to queries, are two numbered $6302, 
1p. 145, nigued by “WT. O.? and Wiesendanger, 
1 on battery poles; in each of thes replica, tho zing 
‘ is put doiwn a the positive clement of each battery. 
‘Thin ts a matter then which I was in some doubt, 
Int tpon reading the replies ubove-tamed came to 
j the conclusion that my doubts wero necdlees ; how- 
over, I thought I would again try whot I had] 
toveru) tines tried before. if took iw battery, con- 
sisting of elyht patra of plates, zinc and copper the 
plates about S4in, squaro cach, anid excited ry Bul- |; 
phurie acid nnd water, ani connected the zine elo: |! 
iment to ono end of the wire of nn ontinary gat~ 
; Vanometer, nnd the nocdle was doflected to thio left, 
1 or weatwards; I then connected the sine clement 
; fo one end of tho coil on an clectro-maguet, and 
‘tho left leg becaine the south polo; I then con- 
aiccted tho wire from the zinoclement of a Léclanché 
, battery of one coll, and subscquently of six calls, to 
‘tho snino terminals of tho gaivanometer and the 
; magnetic coil, and the needlo was dellected to tha 
tight, or costwards, and the former south pola of | 
+ the electro-mnguot became the north. ‘Ther nurt 
| bo some mistake here; am 1 or your reapected and 
_Ablo correspondents in error? Perhapa one or both |: 
(oF them would reply, 1 certainly think that the 
list of ponitive and negative clements requires ro- 


o vision, noogedlag to tho composition of the battory, 
rhe 


| but havo not t! 
ae 


Means for making the expe 


Cis 


Noophyt 


rye a 
sorry I cannot give you any information about thi 
have not yet mada anyy! 
experiinents with’ it; but: 1 betfovo ft to be a) 

and when tho chro 


grandes: pro smitres noad-roncont 
. rds fie d’ondroils:i La plus 'igrindeobdervie «jt 
ici; 8,8C0.'malres:en }se! trouve‘dans:to-nord-oues 
id. iA. ke prolondaur’moyerine da:-4;0/10-malrasy 
laipression ' 


profondeur supporte un poids de quatre cents kilogrammes 
por cenlimdtre, Un homme dans eglte situation aurait A 
résister” a une pression “vraiment sefrayante, Sans nul 
doute, les animaus s'aceg dent aussi bien de ees ter- 
tibles pressions que nous{de colle ‘da Vatmosphire, La plu- 
part ne ge montreft inéme gueére incommodt's par In varia- 
“tion quils subissent cn remontant,brusquement i la sur- 
face, 11 faut toutefois faire exception pour les poissons 
‘munis.de vessics ngtatoire: ion des gaz contenus 
dang Ja: vessie. les enfley rilile fuyon, tes éenilles 
Hortent de la tate. 


sgdlations 2. digs detain vtoatid oe at, 
Le docteur Carpenter ‘aynit-ramené des corallines ou 
( innit :dy,varbyau;rouge, 
ée,., mais, leg. dns 


i 
| 
4 
\ 
| 
| 
1 


, ag 
Opes 


té.das 7had 
_viyant, aux 


gous, du niyeni 
5 on,np trouve. guar 
* lophytes,siquit 
: ddpensiido leura. holes, .peuver 
- commmejles;qhumpigngns ¢la.n08: eaves! 
dgs éofaitilons, pechés fi. 13760. mdl°es avers 
“obnbseneo da dumidre;antrainantPabsento.t bit re 
ale, lejeyale organique eatincomplat.atsles-anitt 


ss deg 
dnt ennt! y:houriir-auy dépans. 
* ‘profondeursidoivont Joreément.se rea jos panies oF IB3 


rganismes.de,ta:surfaced Sans hul cov Te 
liad arrachis aus, rivigesi ener mat uae 

“ nourrilure. Un oursin dragué a plus do } 
fond, nu large des cdtes d’Austra’ ult. cies 
pli do ees herbes marines appa “omigil et Pon rane 
yeu : Findustrie conime erin Ve 1 ae valle 
Gey athe aateiales nitro Australie al ees 
Hébrides, des fruits de (alii a Leake 
vation, oit s'étaient installé ‘dos molt Ss punto WX 
Hen a ad ap alent tes Sables, c'est celle 
besoins des animaux quis peupren) cS | Sr ionoel ate 
pent ent lomber 


pluie continuelle de matidre orgnmisce que 
bat irissilee: Lean pee yy tomps né- 
ur le {i focéan. “ait croi temps n= 
,, Sur te eaten de cos corps légers, bulllt & ieee 
Laan il n’on est rign,-et-les_expérienct de a a 
fositior nt démonté que le-corps duno. salpes aes 
anaes at un mois;dans Peat de mer sans coe 
ot; rmotlfuit ‘moins de qua(te jours: pour 


9 1o,.ve : 
eb; qui 


Be 
4 
4 


ip nto (Reb 
PUB da 08 297 
? if 


pieces op nanqoroateq niet itea Wit 


pupae 


alice, avail Pestomac rem 


t déiplus:do:400/kilog!:pat:centimétro.carnts. ” 
‘alrement dit un objel ou un dtre vivant plongé.4 cette. ° 


yee guvareulur WppGE itl 


s 


@ 


“La destruction’ de ‘In: cuscute 
siaeepee eee : 


ommen. il est désigrdahle pour les ‘cultivateurs « 
do voir les champs.do. trifles: envahis, par Ja 
il, ost difficile de go: débai 

» premidre: précaution: 
run champ de tréfles 


Hi, cuscule, ct combie 
rasser do celle mauvaispherbe. 
4 prendre, quand on vi fu 

est de se procurer de ines 
de cuscute, Si Von aclitte des inconnus de ia graine, 
on s’uxpose & etre envahi: pat fes,mauvaises herbes: aussi, 


it moins d'acheter tout & fait en conflance, est-il prétérable : . stion. j 


de vecucillir sa geaine § , monte ; on choisit pour cela a 
un champ de trefles un-endroit bien garni, bien net. de. : 
manyaises herbes ct surtout exempt de cuscule 5 on jnisse 
miirir Ju plante avant do fi faucher, eb bien steher Ingraine® 
avant de la rentrer ; c'est de svassurce de 
honne gemence, 7" * : 


uel 
simples et, 


apr ras 0 wal 
ment gur la cuscule sans: 0 ons différentes, ° 
Plugieurs éssuis na shee uirrait 
aurulont tonne a ers je. pomme qui ont une’. ¥ 
ayer’ r : AA ae 
également CSs1yrr sh calle des mares do raisin, 
composition analogue i celle ¢ ance Ps Guyot). 


is ‘procdlés ‘do-ta 6 we ie 
eis areil compose, difldrent . 

Lapparet a ‘par Ja sépa Myce 
‘Handis 
stil 


es 
our 
‘had 


oduction , m 


peuyent servir pour 18 0 
ah ee vd 4 ci um 
Wee Te 

antell ete 

4 Tyaed garrh Phe 
eats ce nace UY VO BYE 
King tho aticll by - : 


ala: 

















a date, on s'gn'souyl 


versello, frai 


Co 


ycoup, cependant, qu 
w’ello-devrait Ma(re, 


‘ ; ¢ a aia 
{ Varrachage,;i}p,‘aico! Lon. uk Leauwet 


to:nourritura. (Cela: es}, indisp 
I ces dtives,!dont la, végd{ntio 


2 Thestngocssaira;-en outre, quarto. s¢ 
eb la graine répartic d'une fagon trés égale,.p 


développermont des plantes soil uniformo. De plus, quoique 


ng lo vaso, de 
0 dacide sulty- 
: de Vacide azolique * 


ba 6 ratt 
de: serrage do i none 
it sur nos fe (lo systéme quelconque sone 
nu} Gures ; Pautro, “au sin, / com a 
nalo; Oy au zine,’ pir y 


par 


disf] quand are 





Bes icas : 
en 


ai! 





__FAITS SCIENTIFIQUES-ET-:INDUSTRIELS 


; >”. Uno,ourteuse; industrie. 

~ Suivant uno: stutistique- officielle, ta Hollando a ex} 

- eruseize,anndes,de.t 864: jusqu’gn;§ 877, your plys. 

2 Tanla.milliang de trangs.doiunons sleilenrs; .c¢.f1uh,-don 
gn;moyenne deux;millions cjaquanty,'millg, francs, par, 
Cette, yalupr.naugments d'année.en année, d})l'expo 

de, 1876 s'est, dlavda;d prea, de,,leoip umillions « 


; francs; La,icullure de ccs :plantes, :tulipes,, jacinthes yet | 
““pidy autres du anémo. gente; acupo, 2A0;heclarag di Rap 
_ Bolg B8goud!’tigmiont,.deV. larg 
leqt: en:grand; ony Bhs sf Q) $414 


la woisie, 
nit 
‘gran ie ‘on 
no;culli ces. plantes que pour, lo produqlion 
iventles-fleurs,.on,lesfuncho, sf 
ln'stve,suriiles, On a 
Hleups..Quant nus: oignons)::il 1) 

dans, tous Jes ‘pays: dis, monda, ,cay,ic'e! 

le plupart.des jardinigps is’qdressentipour. ity 


a 


THE PLUSH BATTERY CELL 


out an 


lastrated 


Busi lies rocontly mado tho batter oot iy, and 


D:. Itisn moditleation of the Callau tions, havin 


tt! the usual pro 
ae a 
to it the ins a wi 


lacod sults 
te of tho | ba 


whilo in 


Institute, 
bottom 0! 


side of tho sholf b, 
without disturbing 
story absolutely cor 
that thero will be local 


| Cae ealolf, but Dr, Plush hotds thet p 


tos | action can 


take place, as there 
potween tho leces of zine and tho coupe 
atituted for copper in making tho ots 


of the Franklin: 
bo fed into tho 


aA AAaAR A 


fas 


















































mm THB 
: 1C USE, 

Tim: cost of supplying clectricity for the operation 
vof telegraphic lines and apparatus is not an incon- 
"siderable factor in the expense of conducting the 
i-busincss, ‘The most eflicient and economical form 


of battery for gonornting tho olectricity cequired for 
egmphie purposes is, therefore, an important !e production of thecurrent. A battery with a great: 
question, and necessarily receives much attention iMternal resistance, euch as aro the vations forms of 
from those who aro interested in telegraphic pro- what aro known as sawdust battories, will paket 
gress. Tt is in this rather than tho purely acien. tho material slowly, but on the other hand the: 


tifle view, that our contributors, to whoso. favors amount of curront derived from them for actual uso 






IMPROVEMENTS IN BATTERIES 
. ADAPTATION TO TELEGRAD: vantages over combinations heretofore commonly, 


employed, Another principte which should be con 





ovolved is in proportion to the character and quan- 
tity of matcrin! consumed, and that the purposo to be 


fj have considored tho subject. ‘These contributions) so docs not vary the clectro-motive force of tho, 
if which have of Inte, especially, een quite numerous) nattery. : 
| havo atated with more or Jess particularity and de 


i 


{ 


tail tho experiments mado in tho direction of bette! other conditions being equal, will, whatovor tho rel: 
adaptation as to afliciency and ceonomy of tho bat] ative size of the cells, pivo tho same clectro-inotive 
cries employed, Aside from other consid erntions| force. The difference will Lo that the smallortho cella 
thoy uro intorusting and valuable, 04 thoy show tha] and tho leas the amount of matorial employed, the 
thoro isamong the thousands engaged in telegrmphid sooner will the battery be exhausted. figs ie i { 
service in this country those who think and reasox ples are familinr to thoso who havestudied sie ; ‘ 
for thomeselvos, nnd nro not content to accept ns final gcfonce, but aro restated for the reason that > | 
the conclusions in electrical aclenco and tho tele- our correspondents appear to bo unaware a a ae 
' gmphio art which nro more or less authoritatively and nro, thercforo, led to adopt Sane cae 
‘ sions from the results of their oxperiinents, 








' presonted to thom, 
Our correspondents and others engaged in oxperi- 
ments with batteries should, howover, bear in mind 






Wo would impress upon those who desiro to dis- 
that certain principles in connection therewith ar HASSAN a NRE re anes 
plicit in their statements, 


well determined. Ono of these, and it id ono which w.4 ronson for this will t 

ne Leena enthusinitic exper) constdored that ono tions pinibey aa ; 

in ee ity y é he 
H ho durability of a battery dopendd iy ork with sounder whose lever lint but at 


upon thoamount of work it is called upon to porform 
i play, whilo another wants a loud sound, und a corro.: 


i That a form of battery where it hos but o smoa\ ; 

HE umount of work to do deetops power fora long tin apond ing inereaso of the movement of the armature 
| is necessary; ono battery requires a certain amonn: 4 
Pat 




















































without renewal, is not of itself suf v 
ibaeaaner pie gals teed aac’ of fecding for cortain work, which muat bo increased 
ifadditionn! work in required; 80 that, in avery enae, 
' 


there aro soveral functors to bo taken into account, 
Ifonly ono or two of theso factors aro given, no 
available information is conveyed, and tho time , 
spent in proparing, as well as the space dovoted to 
printing such communications, in Practically wasted : 
Tt ts useless also to send 18 accounts of tho perform. 
ance of batteries of which all tho ingredienta deed 
and thelr proportions aro not given. Let our frienda, 
i therefore, in proparing their favors for our columns. 
remember that it is definite fuformation that ia 
wanted, This enn bo given by stating in hie fs 
unite what tho electrical constants of tho bauer 
aro; or, by supplementing the statement of the! 
amount of material consumed with tho yaluo of th 
current alono, which can bo ascertainad with ah 
cient nceurncy‘at almost any oflico now, ; 
vided with Catland batteries, ‘ 













as all are pro- 
for compari 

; ison, and n 
tangent galvanometer, for Meaguremonts,' can bo 
usually procurod, if needed, nt nny place, 










Wo do not wish to bo const i 
comutunications on thia anne cae, 
wenro much pleased to rocotyo and print (lone 
| whenavor thoy contain fools of value in th teen, 
or that aro calonlated to oxaite, others. to bee hae 
on or_rensont hich “shall po este ee 1 

At s 


would prove economical, or Tis employment offor ad- 





stanUy Lorne in mind Is, that tho olectricity actually © 


accomplished is £0 economize ns much as possible in’ 


havo given placo in the columns of this paper, will bo proportionally reduced. Tho size of the coll 


Two batteries of any given number of clementat + 








(May 16, 1879 


TT. 


which will be of service to our readers and practical 


telegraphy, and to prevent so far as possible the 
waste of time and labor in making and recording ex- 


IAP. 
E is to indicate the drift of the information 


periment 





ts which cannot possibly be successful, ex-.- 


cept in again demonstrating the immutability of 





been 


ples and conditions which have already 


thoroughly established. 


princi: 


















oe Joxn 6, 1879. 





.. OB: No, Tl. 


‘a bumer. Another way of platinixing the silver 
foll hy ihe solution, is to ay nest it by menus of a 
stout copper wire with tho zinc polo of a battery, 
and to attach a piece of platinum foil, which is sus- 
pended in the A atimain ‘chloride solution, with tho 
copper pole 0 tho same battery, Of course tho ¥ 

ininum foil and the silver should not touch on 
athor in tho liquid, ‘Chis is the process of cluctro- | 





pase ares 


Tonz 6, 1879. 








"ENGLISH 









| producing a varnish that will withstand tho action 
: Of ackla moro effectively than Brunswick binck, we |. > 
‘shall be able to work Smce's, Qrove’s, Bunsen’s, j 
-and other cells moro.economically, and tho con- 
stancy of theso Dutterics will bo inercased at, the 
;- Bane time, é no 
Since’s battery docs not givo off any unpleasant 
fumes; it can be used for all ordinary experiments, 
such as working coils, bells, clectro-magnots, mag 
notio engines, telegraphs, &., aud is very exten 
sively used in this country by professionals for 
electro-plating, gilding, and -typing. For tho latter 
process six or more cells aro titted in a wooden 
Tramuwork, go that the plates can be ywound partly 
or wholly out of tho solution ; aud as the quantity 
of the current obtained depends directly upon the 
sizo of tho plates, or, in this case, on tho depth up 
to which tho plates nro immersed, this arrangement 
pres yery useful and recommenda the Smeo 
ttery befare all others to tho clectro-plater. In 
my next letter I propose to describe the arrango- 
ment spoken of, und to givo the necessary working 
drawings for constructing such a aix-coll Smeo's 
battery. Th, Wiesondanger. 


hy Sin. 
eco of 


Sin, by 2finy 
or inahogany, 


ELECTROMOTIVE MACHINES. 


(16717.J—I snout liko tho opinion of * Sigma?" 
Vv. J, Lancaster, ayd others upon the follow- 
ing:—I huvo scen o very compact rotary clectro- 
motivo machino working a watchmaker’a latho, and | 
also a sowing machine. In fact, I beliove it is! 
patented by the Howe Company, ‘Now, what par 
ticularly nitracted'my attention was this; itis well | 
known how very rapidly, when put on a closed 
circuit, the Léclanche polarises. ‘Well, 10 nt any: 
rate wero working this machine well; thoy were 
connected in series (for intensity). I noticed, 
though the commutator was widely insulated, that 
ans ra is, tho contact I think would be thoroughly broken 
by the width of tho insulating muterin laced 
fale 




















AL NOTES ON ELECTRIC 
BATTERIES IX. 
a Platinived 
pesine Aatteriess 
ucted that 
“ one ina porau: 
ater and imperv! 
Ly throw 
of this kind, 
present a i 
hattories | Fig. 
aud, to | foul 
tog 
tho 





PRACTIC. 





petween the two halves of the ring, Would this, . 
thorough disconnection of thocircuit assist tho bat-« 

. tery, and. account in somo moasure for its boing” « 
uscd? Liwatched it (tho machine) for 16 minutes 
full, and was very pleased with the work it did, 
‘but 'I could not gut to sco the construction of it, ns 
the parte ara covered with a sheet iron caso, Asit! 
fs patented, of courso it would be wrong to moke 
one (even ifT could) ; but as an advanced student of. 
electricity I should bo glad if any oue could givo 
‘the detail. | From the outside appearance itappears 
to havo four permanent magnets, in front of which 
rotates a Siemens annature, but for tho ‘reason 

‘ ‘ before given Lnm not at all certain, and mention 

Yel v rt © Ht to assist those who will bo good cnough to reply. 

Coat ‘ ‘Uncas. 

rit mated, 






“ee 












thin saw into 
w of tho fe 

. (Se 
fra. ihe 


AL Aw ene 


water 10. parts 
hed yes both 
! 0) ton at S. xed i i 
{ramo-work G 


f tho 
into ‘ dbs 
vated spiril 
en tho 


f | senling-wax 


jin, by 
dipped into 
1 part of oil 


Oi 
huric seid fore se 
y Me is iinportant to 
oon hy {reo Hydrogen given off } 2 itty nro t ae 
ttory.: If it is dopoaited om acidulated wat 
i wil Yorm there n gascous of vitriol bay j 
arta current in opp cury. a ae 
and partly or wholly nottra iso 
tho intter, ning the action of the lattery. nel 
Tha spocess, whiclt sof the very it momenity aN 
nnd should always po carefully cons 
invention, construction, and iso ¢ , 
S| called the «potariaation ” of battery pl 
E lit changes the polarity. of th 
Many triclans object 
fon’? ; bu 












tho 36} 
film, whi 
tho origin 


i 















isto 
ro that « 






ory 
6d, When usin 






uco only Oo! 
plate, 
austofully comsin 
‘put tho solu. 
tie time that it, 


rfaco We! 


Ve paint 
Pes tained a current 


yng from tho 
r\ nie it meu. tho current 
inary»: Ye 

oftha Suadiuary 

in intensity, white 

surfaces wore | eal 
current, and when 0 

Intion being exhans 

Bs enn current. If wo 


and not on 
on of 8 tion must 
would bo 









urnishing & 6 
| had ceased to 


tho lntter still 
should succeed in 









\mnora expe! 
ito the requ! 
tof platinum 
avare, dip the 








f glass or carth 
Wautd aver a Bun- 











i 




















































verre it lar’ 


seatolinigethcene 
jose qu sry! A AEN 
grammes pour’ cent’ grannies Wea 


Diy 











bs soe’ 








Seton ee: 





{37031.J—Medicat Battery.—E.11. Hills will 
Tam sure, pardon mo if I say I cannot understand 
his reply to my question, Willhe kindly explain? 
Provabl ly there isn misprint. Iahould also like to 
add tomy query Ta it understood that the cura- 
tivo power of electricity is greater from some op 
paratus than from othera? if so, is tho causo in the! 
number of elements used or the kind of clements,: 
nnd is the effect upon nerves and muscles physio=! 
logical or mechanical merely !—J. D. : 

+{87051.]—Iedical Battery.—Magnoto-clectric 
uunchities are generally used for medical purposes, 
The moat useful coustant battery to work a inedical 
coil is the Leclauché battery. You would want 
about 20 smallesizo cells ina caso, ‘The bichromato 
battery would bo less axpensivo and Jess bulky, but 
would want a little more attention than a constant 
battery. —Wizs) a 


(97013.)—Battertes.The con 
of ite bimaneter totic The constancy 





Fle awistons 


(87076.J~Economising Zinc Platos.— My 


.  experionco taught mo that sealing-wax varnish wil 


protect the wooden framo in Smeo's battery for 
some considerablo timo before it need bo rencwed + 
whilo it does not answer so satisfactorily on a metal 
aitrfaco, aud oven less so on tho positive elenseuts of ° 
a galvante battery. —Wirsexpaxarn, 


Veesemn at 





lient ayeo la pile dé Grenet, un courant tres 


t 
tv, l'une “avec 


# Weiius * 


chirditinlédé potnayy 


de"potuss 
% 


i 8el yr 


He bt-eiealnite faa phi 
vee’ La polity: Senin ile png 
um v 











} npent dens ‘ames -de- 
charbon Inissant ealeelles un intervalle @environ: un cen 
timélre U t 


bones a vis cohimuniquantait 
0 luux!'chartions, 
tices hdres qhéyts'ittal | 
ile. 'Cielleréi * ust charge! 
f chbom 
daiis! tes" proportion 


On'évite'en! sig 

¢ é‘vonitivie 

e8 'Mhiinipildliony nude Udsig 

Vacide sullurique et du“bitehiomale 
ate . yee 


“de ‘Vachde veliro- 










should be ground to givo.cluarance auglo on Lath 
vader faces of 3, w point or frout nngle of 907, and 
this ground back on the top to 147, ‘Then place the 
tool sn the rest 50 that the righthand, or following 
cdo, Hes nenrly parallel to thosurfaeeof tho cylinder 
to he turned, “1 suppose ‘the toul to traverse from 

ta loft. on is not quite the best auglo of -. 
rt » 29 120? is hotter, but tho’ above-named, . 
giving a graver point, or, rather, fico grarer edyes, 
of G0’ will suflice.. Thus placed you havo both 
edges cutting, and, with duccare in gotting correct 
angles ani specially attending to thesmall clearanco ~ 


angle oF), you will tnd pho resylt satisfactory. a 
bis Niodants de 


AG 0 % 
MEMOWANDUM OF exelit f { 2 ; 
a 









a aT litnitée,’ por : 
que Von veut frire! des Ruhmkorl, 


‘Ug PbuTasErNousintroduirorn solution dans, la boule ill ‘WITT! A: COAL-GAS DATTERY., 


[16305.]—Auavsr 29th, 1870,—Completed tha 
conl-gus battery Hl each cell consists of a SIb, glass 
fm 


verre (dn énldveilb ‘cdiverolg;:et Je lournantisur luimds 













Jetadels lotinuidate 1 me‘en at q 7" 1 melt mamnalado-jar, inside which is a plate of lead, Sin, 

_ Ot Verse lodiquidatst“onrrefurme n ayant ( F exemple Pour eye t hy Gin, bont rounds inside tHhid fa au Bin. pass 

ra alipportint luflame doizineng t4 nt) es: is i ugir Len ake Bg) F burns chimney, a tho top ot vee it a nleee i 
ee wre ta ae ee, A +3! n am! of mahogany: fed in; a brass rod yoes through to jy 
Getta lahne. set trouveaingi maintenu’ caucdysst canny tt : { plate of lead, Sin by Gini, rolled. ap to: go inside 





i the gaschimney. A small piece of tuba is also put :~ 
through tho mahogany, and all jointa mado tight - 
with paraffin, Tho glass far is filled 2in. deep with { 
sulphurio acid and water, 1 pint of acid to 21 pints : 
of wator, by measure, ‘T'o each of tho tuhes abovo : 
mentioned is attached a short piece of indiarubber © 
tube, and these aro all carried to one comnector, 
whichis then joined tothe gas-burner, and tho gas 
turned on, the inner glasses belug lifted out of tho 
acid und water to allow tho conl-as to blow 
throughand fillthoglasses. ‘Phe galvanic connections 
aro then made from the inner plito of one cell to tha * 
outer platoofthonext. Tho cellsaro threoin number, 
«A current wus given which mado o lowd sound 
\ in the telophione, dutlected n not very sensitive gal- 
} vanometer, und worked the microphone faintly for 
{ashore time; tho current soon fell off to about ono- 
'third of its full etrongth, judging from tho sound 


























rapideoy 

tions que: 
autrement pour, la.dor 
assur courte;puisque: 
fucd de Vob, 







longe: tant que'te liquide. ness’ 
transformer an'sullate de zine,-eb elle dép 
ment de ta quintitt-de soliition coptenue dui 
verve, Géndralementdes:appareits que ven 









Cessning, 
Ie. vase 

























de, ‘in tho microphone, but in about half a intuute wna 

rot Pagain up te ita {ull strength, On the followin, 
faible, ou, d ‘morning, tho 30th August, the battery appeared 
par. exemple, ils. sont. iby sound, to ben little stronger, but soon fell off 
ssujels:i a a when short-circuited through tho tclophouo; it had 


ompreintes: et spgdlatine, 
longtemps maintenus dutis ua 
y an Meee t, 


been disconnected all night from tho gas-pipo, and 
this morning was again connected aud well filled. 
It was tented daily ‘by the telephone, no freak gas 
Deing adkled, and until the tth bo tember appenred 
to retain ite full atrongth, though it foll off day by. 
Quy more rapidly when short-circuited. On Sop-) 
tember Gth thu power was much retuced, but tho 
\ : power of ono of the cells waa about equal to that of 
He on t all three, Ou September 7th, the power was much 

further reduccd, though it still mite a loud sound 












hain electro-chimique. 





eee 












tho p : in tho telephone. (Iho pieces of tnahopany used. 
and 1 1] to stop up tho gus chimnoys wero. oiled in 
pintinise ati i paraffiu, and the lead was the thinnest I could got 
‘nurfaco atthoplumber's.) Oncof: tay tolephonemannotty fh. 
ditce on 4 coroand No, 30 wire placed in tho circuit, au ordin- 
Stasta. : nry Boll telephone cotl of No, St wiry being also in 
one circuit, would attract or repel a small compass 

4 needle 10° on either side, acconling to tho direction 

of thocurrent, September 0th.—No change in tha 

.| latory ; it would not work one of my clectro- 
| magnot telephones, but continued to givo a strong 
sound in the Bell telephone, ono of tho cells being 
ng strong as all threo; I short-circuited tho battery 
for an hour and a half, but it did not fall off per 
coptibly, ‘Tho threo cella of tho gas battery were 
not equal in strength to ono cell of tho Gravity 













ek Pnedtesnnd, Wer the,.auimato 


| A NEW FORY F LECLANCHE BATTERY,**" 
“1 A wew form of Leclince battery hng been Introduced by 
'the inventor, in whieh) the high: resistance of the older 
‘nattern ts diminished, and the employment of a porous pot 
b dispensed with, a corbont is sueraunlee w th a a 
ture of 40 parts of pyrolasite, 155 parts of grain carlon, wn c f 
6 parts of vain, tho latter neling as nt cement. This com- Daniel, which latter had ne been remayet or 
position is heated to 100° Cent., and subjected toa pressure; seni forat Leas two monte eptom ee 
of 800 wimospheres, It forms a homogencous cylinder, te tat wight lochang ho battery, 

the center of which is the carbon electrode, ‘The Inventor { Soptonbor 11th —Tho battery was thort-cirenited’ 
terms It the “conglomerate mixture * battery.’ ‘The elec allalght, and when I tried it this morning thero! 
tromotive force is nlso higher than In the older form, He was only a very slight falling-of in tho strength! 
has also recently added depolarizing plates, which’ can be nud it recovered its full power in n fow minutes. | 


new . They are simply attached by ‘Phis ovening L again charged tho battery with coal 
dere cere ge pis sd : pas, io gas avi been allowed to cuter tho battery | . . 
: ree ini a ‘ t tie elect: sinco Aug. 30th. ‘Thera was no perceptibloalteration 
(le vases plus, grands contenant It appears from. careful experiments that the ites i: 1 sage ae vot tho battery quen hogan yeas just 
; bis ou q uals » fy plug motive forco of this arrangement ts bay of Si otaae ‘| added, but iu nhoutan hour tho current had become ; 
Bart A wt Se a ‘iment, and the resistance when new 0 718.8. U. The elec. tiuite ‘trong, gave t very Jouil sound in tho Bell 
he q delle tromotive force, however, diminishes rapidly when the ox ') tatephone, and a strong sound in onvof my cteotro- 
din copie ternal resistance 1s low, recovering quickly when tho battery maguot tclophones with a Zin, T put the 


: Aras hay : fcrophono in circult with my watch in tt, and tho 
NS Se. 5 di = 1574 . Bell tale Mono also in cireuit tho tick of the watch 
































yas fondly and clearly produced. “I leit tho whola 

1 working, Sad atthoend of half an hour thero was 
no falling off {n tho strength or clearness of tho 
sound. When working tho micropono this ovgning 
tho threo cells wore coupled up for: quantity 3 inal 
provious experiments thoy wero coupled upinseries. 
Sopt. Mth.—Tho battery continued to work tho ; 
microphono well up to this ovening when it fell off 
alittle, no gas having been adted since Sept. 11th, 





un vase de la pile f 

‘ ay Eee y : F 
Daniell, Cy yase est recouvert d une place ‘de ‘hols ‘oti 
mieuy de, cnoutchoue durei & laquelle sont fixées, au-des- 
soug, les flames de charbon et ta plaque dy zipe; au-des- 
sus, les bornes “Watticha “des“conducteurs, bornes qui 
PRK KER MAT charbons et, Jes, zines| cod la” fad thotattory having becn ahort-cfronited through 
2 Oa ern sala, i a vi ay v7 Nt i ye ‘ if J telephone for nn hour and an 
soluilian!tt ttdivierlsal habe tt , ont eoduvre [eluitel de 3 ! : descr halt at o thio on several occasions. - 
son couvercle Sept. 15.~<tho battery would not work through 
Tuiie! the ‘microphone, but gave n good sound in 
AIGUIGL, 1G GC tho telephono; charged tho hattory again with gas ; 
apyler, tn, prox 









































dL lot it blow through, but Tcould got s10 sound | 
in tho ‘telephone until I turned off. the gus, when ! 






wt 
mecarising quel- 
Ura nchon'd 
ahi te Ne ae 3 





PALS 


pasunle,, f 
bestia 


$ 


9! i 


Bes rapid 
rat nen “8 
haste 


ic man 
a te pet 
sli 

























‘ 





NB 


Fort “of /LECLy 
if rot be 


‘ 
f Leolanché-; 
very considarable resistance;:and the 
employment2of a porous pot was subject to many 
| inconveniences, which have. prevented the: greater, 
employment of this.description of. battery. +. In the. 


t 


~ te cewand improved forms the inventor has dispensed! = 


swith this porous vessel. The carbon electrode is 
roundel with a mixture composed of 40 parts of 
ipyrolusite, 155-parts of grain carbon, and § parts 0 
. [resin, this latter substance acting as a cement. This 


. leomposition is heated to 100 C., and subjected to a 


y 


ressure-of 360-atmospheres ; i forms’an homo: - 
[feneou ade in the axis of.which is the carbon 
electrode,» The inventor has given’to this element * 
ithe name- of “conglomerate: mixture battery. 
"(These elements are extremely easy to manage + their 


lelectro-motive force. is higher than that of the old 


é form, and their resistance less. Under the influence 
>. ‘of the current, the peroxide: of manganese is’ re- 


duced tothe’ sesquioxide, a bod ich is not an 
‘absolute conductor ‘of clectricity Tho conglo- 
merate will then offer a more or less high resistance. 
Moreover, it fills up the pores oftheconglomerate with 
considerable quantities of ammonia, which tends to 
decomposeit. Whencompletely exhausted, itbecomes - 
‘a useless mass, which is onl fit to be thrown away. * 
ML. Leclanché. has recently devised a new modifi+ 
‘eation, which is made by attaching to the, carbon 
‘depolarizing plates which can bo renewed from time 
‘totime. ‘The two or three plates arc simply attached - 
ito the carbon by india-rubber rings.) 9) 8 
|, Asregards the value of this new.form of Leclanché ; 
‘battery).in the Zraite de la pile electrique'of Niaudet, . 
‘the clectro-motive force is set down as 1°6 that of a: 
‘Daniell, and as: regards its resistance, M. Barbier: | 
‘states that it exceeds that of an iron wire 4oo metres ” 
Yong and 4 millimetres in diameter. ‘The present 
; ‘investigation was made in order to determine the. 
‘precise valuo of the battery. ; 
Amongst the different methods devi 
the resistance of galvanic clements, 
remarkable for the exactitude of. the results i 
igives, and this was in consequence, the method. 
‘Chosen, \.In-order to determine the electro-motiv 
force, I have employed a condenser of *5 microfarad: 
‘capacity, and have measured the discharge from i 
ona Thomson galvanometer. a 


Resistance Measurements, 


’ J, An ordinary element of the No. 1 size, viz. t:: 
Inyo millimetres high and 75 millimetres square, | 
‘charged, according to.the directions of the inventor, ..~ 
‘with 100 grammes of pure sal-ammoniac, and with 
Water sufficient to three quarters fill the jar, gave a 
« ‘mean result of 1325. U. ,. ; : ‘A 
-AL-The same element, after working an electric 
pendulum on the Hipp systen, and in which tho | 
‘current is broken during 8 ‘0 or go seconds (resistance: ° 
of clectro-magnet 38.U,), gave a mean resistance, 
of rs13S.U. sake ae : 
IL} After an interval of two days, during which 
tho element was not worked, the measured resist- ° 
‘ance was 1°153 S..U, -- . ‘ 
i+ 1V.. Five old conglomerate elements were tested, : | 
‘These elements had -been joined up. at the end of 
December, 1878, and: were since that date often 
employed for the measurement of the capacity of 
gutta-percha wires.. The mean values attained wero * 
as follows :— : Se Sa : 
Element No.1; we ga SU, 
: roar reer Ba ie O32 oe 
woe i usr 
” ain Se eg ote AOS BS 
Rees Pree St STD 


: plates, 


i millimotres, “as he 
“ Gn'the same way-as the pi 


» The measurement being 
the liquid had been place 


| ance was found to be 1370 S.U. a 
y he same element measured two days later 


6 S.U. 2 
1g measurement being repeated a day tater 


Ekeetro.motive force measurements, 


| Aga standard I took a Daniell clement, carefully ! 
prepared. The ‘specific weights’ of the solution + 


cing kept as nearly constant as possible. 


“L The element indicated ‘under the ‘previous : 


headings I, I1., and IL. 


te Two hours after being charged, the clectro- 


motive force was 1°46. ~ 

2.'wo days tater the result was 148. 

ILThe '§ ‘old elements, indicated under the 
previous heading IV, gave the following results:— 


ie Element No, 1 ae 5 ‘ 
. ‘ i a0 1°42 
meats 

1'33 

1°92 


ing tested in the meantime :— a 
ant. No. 1. 1'43 
: J go 
148. 
143 
“TAs | 


IIL, The element with renewable plates, indicated 


under the previous headings V., VI, and VIL. 
- 1, One hour after being charged -- : 


, yn ae oe ‘ 
2.-Immediately,’ after the measurements V. and 


mneo ‘ 


ie F F mie 1°38, t a 
3, After the measurements VIL. 
‘ “140. 


“4. Three days after the measurements VIt., tho : 


element not having been used in the interval 


“ ‘ 143. 


idly when 
lement will 


te, the batte: 
circuit. or 'w! 


“the batteries : 





M. E, Cail has, from numerous comparative experi. 


| ments, been led to advise the Fi 
H ministration to suppress the. silt cate er 


*, NS y 
the larger being, however, retained because ports . 


powerful current and capacity for chemicals, . 
tery of 650. Callaud elements has been er : 
Lille by. 1,440 other elements, The ;Marie-Davy is 
recommended by M. Cail when the mercury in it i3 of 
ood ality hut the Lestanehé, is preferred to it, and 
AS a mai it i 
phe > iating Ls . : ¢ : out for it in offices of the 
Nitric Acto ix Batterie: 
states ina letter to Nature, that a 
and half dilute sulphuric acid is preferable to nitric acid 
alone in Bunsen and Grove batteries, since it gives-off: : 
less:fumes and by. decreasing’ the, internal resistance : : 
inreases the current, at least to begin with. i 


pnetendeety ola 
} Greasep ‘Zinc 1N° Batrertes.—M. Bandechon,! 
jn L’Electricite, states that he. has found a: sule | 


; phate of copper battery with the: zinc'cylinder slightly.: 


greased on the outside surface next the vessel, and a! 


+ mixture of, vinegar and salt for the solution, to give a 
stranger current than the ordinary Daniell. 


“Galvanic batteries, 
by Alfred: Ninisdet, Paris), Dated ‘ Sept. 
19. °6d:" In this battery chloride of lime is the 
depolarizing salt. The ‘zinc poe is plunged: in a 
solution of common salt and water:s..the carbon 
pol is surrounded with chloride of lime in a porous»: 
a battery js enclosed,in a hermetically sealed, , 


Cheanina Eecrropes.—\MM, Beilstein and Sawe' 


' of St. Petersburgh, have found ‘that: metal electrodes © 


arg kept clean by being well rubbed with oleonaptha, a 
lubricating oi! prepare from Caucasian petroleum, and | 


 sold.by Ragosin, in Nischny Novgorod. The residual ; 


oil opposes very little resistance to.the current. : ° 


A Hoxe-Mape Dantuut Battery. 

don Eleetriciin gives the following directions 
for making « ol: Select s small round 
carthenware' hy ‘neod for keeping pres 
norves, _ and ned + the. bottom :with 

utta-porcha, or’ suitablo* cainent, “to the, 

lepth of one-quarter inch, fix,upright in this 
rol of -zino,éof equal hight with’ tho-jar,-J 
which a Jength of bonpor wire has been attached! 
by paastng it through o holo drilled in the uppe 
partof tho zine rod, or by soldcring., Mako:a 
cylinder of. pipo-clay, or other porous clay, 

‘JIargor than tho zine rod, and ‘having, driod 

make it lot in the fire by ddgroes, till it attains 
ared hoat,’ ‘Let this oy finder cool gontly, and 
whon cold place it in tho jar round tho centor 
rod, cnoircling it at a little diatanco. |B; mod> 
oratoly heating tho enc of tho cylinder, it will, 
whon placed on tho gutta-percha, maka an groove 
which will fix tho tubo and provont infiltration 
of tho fluids, Lino the insido of-tho jar with a 
late of thin copper.‘bent into, a cylindrical f 
orm. and having a:fow holes ‘punched :{ it, |! 


oP aD Many AOE 27 
Tue Action or Lrant on vite Vourare Bartery.—Thol: 
question of the effect of light in modifying the electromotiva} : - 
force of cortain forma of battery has been carefully studied 
by M. Edmond Bequerel. Some further researches in this 
direction, carried out by M. H, Pellat, at the Inboratory off; 
the Sorbonno, are, however, of considerable interest. This 
physicist constructed two Daniell couples, of high resistance, 
[fovea of two concentric glass vesscls containing respec. 
| tively the sulphate of copper and sulphate of zinc solutions,: 
‘tand’ communicating only through the minute space inter-! 
yening between the neck of the interior vessol and its glass 
stopper. ‘These two couples, perfectly transparent, were kept 
during five months. Tho ‘zine was not affected ; but tho}: 
copper became coated with a greenish deposit, In spite of; . 
this alteration, the elements were found to have maintained| 
their initial emf, which in one caso was 1:15 yolt and in| 
tho other 111 volt. ‘This at lenst was the result of measure: 
ments made when the couples were in darkness ; when the 
were exposed to the raya of the sun the e.m.f. was diminishe 
by quantity which reached one-forticth of the total value,|; 
or 029 volt. ‘Tho effect of the light was very rapid, and}; 
ceased immediately the rays were intercepted by means of o 
screen. . M, Pellat is confident that the effect ia.not due to}” . 
an elevation ‘of temperature; the immersion of the couples 
in fluid’ at 50°. not producing any very sensible effect,)’ 
whilst'a red glass, allowing tho passago of one half of tho} ° 
solar heat riys, produced the effect of an opaque.sereen. On| ~ 
the other hand, a glass trough containing u light blue solu} . 
tion which allowed of the passage df only one-seventh of tho 
hent rays, was found to transmit, one-fifth of thoso rays 
which wero eflicacious in producing tho, diminution of the] * 
lectramotive force. It appears theréfore that tho effect is 
ue to the more refrangible rays. ‘Wheét'the copper clement} 
ofsthe Diuiell is quite bright, no effect*is observable; it is 
scasaty that the copper surface should have undergone 
By concentrating, with.o lens, the}. ° 
ns of tho couple, M. Pellat ascer- ee 
tact of the tarnished copper, 
ution ia alone sensitive to," 
8 ia to render tho copper, 
ay bo constructed 
pper wire oxidised in # ; en burner; + 
ut in thid case the -effect ig to, ren 1 an 


at 











as sev aorieees 
Be ‘HOWEL S 'S ‘Sirkdveb barrery:: 


Pte 


© tuts! baitery-is'shown by-the figure. It- consists 
of an outer jar of stoneware OF tass.! Inside this jar 
is ‘placed a cell or tubo'n, ‘either with or without © 
‘a‘bottom ;. this cell or tube, which is termed the | 
separator,” 8 made with a number of narrow stots | 
| vor openings in it in the direction ofits length, the 
- slots being of. sufficient width to'allow free passage 
of any fluid, but not so wide as to allow much:of a 
mixture (which will be referred to further on) in 
“the compartment a! formed by the outer jar, to ; 
pass through. ‘The “ separator,” which rests upon 
the bottom of the outer jar and extends to the same 
height, may be made of stoneware or glass, 

“Inside the “separator” is placed an ordinary porous 
cell c, thus forming altogether three compartments. 
-'Ip the outer compartment, ‘or the compartment 
formed by the outer jar and. separator,’ is placed 

van’ ordinary plate ‘or rod‘of carbon’, having the 

ustial terminal for: connecting ‘purposes frmly ate 

‘tached'to the top,“ Ee 

: * Surrounding ‘ the carbon or graphite - plate ‘and 

the’: separator”: is placed a mixture made up of ' 

' opdinary peroxide of manganese or broken charcoal 

of graphite, also’ a quantity of sulphate of ‘man- 

ganese (known commercially as white manganese). 

‘ Rae safety in transit, the mixture, as at D, may be | 
i iu 


d;" such! hs: 


“marine glue or pitch, in, which arg’ trade 4% 
tions to admit of the escape of gates, which ‘perfora- 
tions will also admit of'a. supplof saturated-man- } 
ganese being poured into’ the outer ‘compartment | 
when the battery is found to be weakening. | 
» In the middle compartment 3!) formed by the 
slotted “ separator” and the porous Cell above men- | 
|) «tioned, is placed a solution’ of shlphuric acid and | 
seater, which ‘penetrates the slots in the “separator,” 
ates the ‘mixt 
cabon en nix ure of manganese and 
‘or the positive electrode, in the porous cell or 
inner compartment, a rod or plate of dine P is placed, 
This rod or plate of zinc is amalgamated with 
mercury, and a small quantity of the latter is placed 
in the porous cell to keep up the amalgamation, 


improved - galvanic: battery :are the, 
. has greater electro..notive force, cand -retains thi 





ae anes : + 
: In compartment c! of the porous cell.c, contain. 
ing the zinc rod or plate, is placed a solution of 
hydro-sulphate of ammonia and water. | ; 
The advantages of the whole arranger nt of. the ; 
following :—It ° 
same for a more lengthened ‘period. (when worked 
under the same conditions) than any: other form of, 
peroxide ‘of ymanginese and ammonia battery ; "it" 
also admits of the removal ofthe porous. cell for, 
cleaning purposes without disturbing. the’ mixture | 
in the outer-compartment, or compartment formed | 
by the “separator” and the outerejar, so that salts 
may be removed, and the zinc amalgamated readily. 
he mixture of peroxide of manganese with the 
sulphate of manganese hasya higher, conducting 
power 'than the peroxido,alonie; consequently, the ; 


resistance'of the battery:ts very low... cca» 


. 7 . & cL) Wee ee 


Piléde M. Niaiidet ati chlorure de ehaux 


thane ae, 


te pile dixposée a pew wee ET Aa pile Secor te mo. { 

: a pour substance dépolarisante du chlorure de chaux mete a; 
: des fragments de charbou qui remptisscnt Hintdéricur du.vase porcue : 
att plouge le charbon, et pour Hquide excitateur, une solution de ‘ 


: shlarare de sodium (cdu salée) dans Jaquelte est immergée la tame 
» de sine. : , 


1 Uhydrogine dé 4 ta décumposition de Yeau, eéaglt sur te chlorure | 


: ile chaus pour former de. Veau et de Vacide chlorhydrique, d'oG il 
resulte7dans 1a solution excitatrice, du chtorure de sine et du chlorure 


de calclum, corps trés-solubles ct buns condacteurs, ce qui rend la 


' pie dhergique ct constante. ‘De plus comine le zine 1% 
7 oD n'est pas attaqué 
d'une maniére appreciable cti présence du chtorure de chaua,la pie 
+ Suse fort peu quand ctle ne seri pas, et Maddition du set marin ta 
read evcore moins résistante. 


La force dectro-motrice de cette pile est dea volt, @ Wien qu’elic 


+ se polarise plus que la pile de Daniell 
7 , elle reprend sa force électro- 
invirice par le repos. Sa résistance cot denviran 5 obs, Mals ¢ 


qui est remarquable dans cette pile, c'est la suspension de toute i 


attaque du zinc quand fe circuit est ouvert, 


Pa que Vodeur du chlorure de chaux se trouve rendu inofe | 
Neive par un bouchage hermetique du vate poreux avec un! 


bouchon entaurd de polx, 


+» -/Pite au Bichromate de potasse de M. Cloris Baudet 


ee } 
Pour entretenie constamment saturée de bichramate de potasse ; 


ce genre de pile, M, Ctorls Baudet dispose des deux cdtés d'un 


. Yave: poreux ov lequel. est immergé le eluc, deux witres petits | 
vito ont un, perct de frous, est rempli de cristaux de i 
mate de potasse ct autre d’acide sulfurlque, Le tout est i 

és qul contient ta solution | 


prot daus un vane’ en verre on on 
schromatée ‘ct le charbon. 1. 

_Disehe irbon. Le liquide, du vase poreax of cot 
Introduit le zine est- de, Peau achdiulee . 7 ar 


@ucide sulfurique qui a. filtré d travers te ¥ 


Aspolarieante, : 
4 laptts M, Mouton, ta force éléct 
Je.3 volts, ct sa rdalstance Intérleure,. wu début, scra 
c pg *, i 
AS hin 3 uprés quelque'temps de servi E ieee tee 
oa e cvs & if 
218 de ces Clements montés en tenstoi dilmentent ane Jampe 


H de quelques begs Carcels, 


ectrique de Vauteur dont ta fami 


th MAIOHE'S BATTERY, . 
Tho Inventor of thia entirely original form of ‘battery, of 
Sywhich we give an Wtlustration, hins endeavored to full all the 
conditions necessary to mnke his battery work for an indefi- 
‘nite pertod, and this ident result is olitaincd—thanks to the 


means of depolarization which he employs, — - ' 





; ‘ On. comprend qu’a mesure ~ 
‘ que la solution sépulaes:le bichromate, suus! Viulluence, d'un erie H 


dis - qui te contient, se j 
Issout successivement, et renouvelle constamment ha solution j 


otrice de'cette pile serait : 


{ 


A. porous vase, plerced with large oles, is Axed to mm, 
ebonite cover, which closes sn earthenware vaso Miled with” 
retort carbon, broken in pieces and platinized, The porous 
vase [a traversed by an ebonite tubo supporting a small porce- 

















' 

-Tain cup, In. which is placed n emnll quantity of mercury and 
two small pleces of zine, A platinum wire, connected ton: 
terminal fixed on the cover, dips into tho mereury, aud > 
catablishes n good contact with (he zine, : 

Another platinum wiro connects second termina! with 
the carbon fragments placed in the porous vase, The con- 
tucts aro thus completcly.nssured. ‘Thezine1s notattacked, : 
except when the cireult of thé battery Isclosed; itis plunged 
entirely in the quid, consequently it Is entirely used up 
without ‘any loss, ‘ 

Under the influence of the platinized carhon the hydrogen ; 


i of the water, which tends to polarize the carbon, combines 


with the oxygen of the alr, That this novel effect, ought’ 
for in valu for a long tiie, can take place, the carbon should: 
only be partially immersed in the water; the rest becomes 
wetted by captilnry action, and presents 1 considerable eure 
face to the afr. " 
by the combination of the hydrogen 
rtain degree, to replace 
and which the cover 


ti 


plsulphate of soda, 
‘An olemont working 
would not require to 


for o vory long time, nad, in this case, 


only be the zine that woutd require roplecing, a¢ |, 

a ite ortiees Tho Asiche ta ia spor YC 
» Tho Nai >) 

ally Gated for electris Dells. AMfaintonance not es 


jolally adap! 


of ‘er est celle 

h wiro in order that it ma, ty | ployer est celle ¢ 
tn ay bo water sa! arated tI" 
or acid sulphuric ¢. 


sontnae Enbtiowa De, 


fray 2th ortictoenumennr meena eae mere td Me, 


effets plysiolagiques sont les mdmes que ceux du curare 
lui-méme. 2 


Erratum, — Nous avons dans notre deenier article at- 
trilud wn ittéressunt (ravail sine les ann cotorés du 
Inerenra, & etn dlave de M, Wurtz». Clétail une erreur 
ailleurs explicable par le nom du présentateur qui cere 
tlainement pas indiqué clairement Pauteur, i 
est M. Adrien Guebhard, 7 feny de physique 
Faculld de indédecite, collabora de La Nature et bien 
comm de nos lecteurs. Srasixnas Mevaten. 


ope 


PILE AU CHLORURE DE GHAUN 


DEM. NIAUGET ie 
Y letaet 2.9 Kee. S24 
On 4sat ffine pile ou philot ua élémen if 
ile, ou couple vallaique se compose tonjours Je: - 
deny electrodes solides plongeant dans un ou deux 
liquides. 

L'nne des deux electrodes est tonjours de zine; 
ee metal est en effet de tous ceux pratiqnement ad 2 

issibles fe plus avantageux de beaucoup; sion 
@s de lui snbstituer Je fer & ease de son prix 2 
moindre ov Maluminitin a cause ile ses puissamtes 
affinités chimiques, on obticnt des résultats tres ©, 
inférieurs; la lovee Gleclromotrice est nolablement + 
muinire, Get avantige présentd par le zine était 
défi conus par Yolta qui en fit usage dang sa pres 
mitre pile. ‘bas 

11 est fart possible cependant que pac la suite on 
arrive A lui substituer une autre substanee plus 
avantagetse; miatig ce seri ine importante décon- 
verte et une brillante invention. 

Liautre électrode est formée din metal moins 
atlaquable que fe zine; ot ensploie le cnivrey Pare 
gent, fe plating; on peut d'ailleurs au liew d'un 
metal employer du charhon, ins conductrice © 
quoiqu’é an inoindre degré. ot 

Ces deux électrottes sont plo fos dans des liqui- 

a dtre expliqud. Le premier de ces 
sable, agit sur le zine, le * 

il du moins) ; celte action; 

alive de la production da eou- : 
st [a condition essenticlle de © 

nous dit, le zine 

de Voxyde de + 





heure Pimport 

inier linide est suuvent de} pre 
Glenda; on peut faire msage une solntion saline | 
Lune des meilleures qu'on patsse cm; 
fe chlorure de sodium, ou sel mas | 
ys fa pile — zine, eau salde, | 
icralement employee. Des xpd | 
gendorit moutrent qu'nne soltl- 
fe sodium donne dans certitts 

freelle quvon | 


{s \ 
its, ] quetcondue. 


rin, Dans certains pi 
charhon — est lees ge 
riences de M. Pog 
tion de ehlorure ¢ y on 
eas, une foree éleclromotrice superieure : 
obtient acide sulluriqne élenda de q ate fols 5 
son poids (eat H va sans dire qu'il ya interdt & 


if irod, {ts fitnoss aud the cara takon in ite: 
oe rocnetrustion mako it tho most porfoot Dit of 


apparatus of its Kind. ——Z' Bleetricité, 


ot 












































































































































































































































































































pS : eee zi : : : : ie raves constr! Cuglh /} ha Oo . : 
2 . jose AND OLEN 4 : : : * i (a eccently suygestod a s “Wp rn Chold s Cntener, 
WORT aya ae at. eae clu, al oPieanted ny Mans GL S97 
~ © vate + q 4 yas a rosul ° 4 a) . ; 
7 avin tof” a re : | Maapeate a thnk Ll tO jeulars.of ho | A Less Ce bans ’ ‘ 
plane of th: ‘ LEOTRIOITY ‘gamo: for the bonoflt of thos Pa, hee t0 [nee 7 ieee! i 
f THE PRODUCTION OF E son sy : moro especial! ood dal : ! L41101.3—Bloctrio Belts.—Tnke your battery | 
Fea [Faz THE BATTERY — DEEP - SEA earerre ce of Y, nitrous fi that ite, rivees, well {rags tn hot wator 12 romor the. 
Mets SOUNDING. - ia eg a | ete ea Oa et feet 
isl t one plate fro! 19260,J—Ttnrsx tho ox erimentof *W,T. B., AKL : | ck: after autting up, give another, 
Poultion of pa ie roauces poroxide of lead: tha tole oT, ndinits of wathor explanation, than ae oon [soast thoroughly protect the deal pape, Tus - 
corresponding Iiydrogen reduces the other plate| that which he, with commendable, caution, say® A. ‘ ener clectric ba! V jalan } ‘ammonia . chloride,—ALDERT 
to alowor stato of oxidation, When the battory | ++ gcems?’ to exiat, Inall such oxperiments, whard ; ODO Cr commit nication, } . i 
is put to work the tendency fe to equalise the two] tho total quantity of olcctricity produced In very’ RG. We Chartes: Met 5 [4110t.]—Elootric Bolts —You are, I think, |. 
conditions of oxidation by transferring. halt the | gmall, it is to be rememberod that the correspond . : one of the many who are losing faith in Leclunché, | 
oxygen across the Nquid. Of course these con+| qmount of chemical action Is proportionstely small, C i'Try n few Arops of sweot oil on tho surface of solu. 
Teas aro only imperfectly realisod; ather ro- | gud in this case, in reference to tho stato of the ‘ton, ta pravent verdigris on binding-scrows. ‘Tr; 
notions occur according to the stato of tho plates. | surfaces of tho plates, wo have to take into account, ia chloride of zinc battery instead of a Leclanche, 
and both tho gases ara to somo extent: held | that oven platinuin hasa certain afinity for oxygen ; and I think you will not repent. I have also used c 
mochauteally, whilo part oscapos altogothor; Ju lignd that there is possibly a, vor slight film o' ‘afecell bichromate fonn battery, with ral-ammo- "1 
bubbles,--S1asta. ee s iMatinum oxide on a eloan'? plate-—i-e, one on ‘ning solution, for bella, with great success—no ia 
eee ENG inns ebook oka Cw. +. whe lupdrogen, has not Deon deposited, causing ; itrouble,—Rxginatp HANvEN, y 
1 LISH. MEOHANT AND at’ iseduction of euch oxido. tees ’ * eer i [A4104.J- Electric Belts. —' 8 fo” shoul 
Mn ey ~ th * ane * .—* Sonnerio " shoul id 
{WORLD OF SOLENCE Oy -] Tels aio to bo ronal Rta a the, cory fore y , avoid. ‘beastirork Olt Leclanehg calles Profersing im Mf 
surctoale =~ SEPT.” sete clean” plate is probably covered with a filen of. : BEY potes on! i ‘its {black Japan varnialy “whieh provonte salle from i H 
PA met — : oxygen from tho air. > Fathor this film, or.ono oF jercoping up and destroying the connections, I t 
[11600.]—Danioll’s Battory.—Tho fault is not} ) platinum oxide, would be negative tothe hydrogen Al ct . cculiar” ipiater wires (blacked over) to lead outside battery- | : 
in your zine-plate, nor is ‘the dopoait copper. 1} film on the opposite plato. i i. ‘ y iT a f 'box, having the terminals for connecting the cle i 
think you will find, if you know how to detect It, Sit, BR. Grovehas shown (Phi. Trans. 1813), , ject . battery ol ‘outtide thobox. A Loclanché svt of six colla hne 
that tha deposit is iron, which resulta from ime || that in a gas-coll, of Which ono tube is supplied ; i log worked for threo yonrs nearly on o bell circuit b; @ 
uuro acid ot bluestone. Ye you use sulphuric acid, |} with hydrogen atl the other filled with al luto , simply refllting mite water aastonail vere ALP IU, y ! 
{tshould be colourless, whilo that gonorally sold, sulpburis acid, oxygen ‘is continually absorbed by: 5 lye . 
especially at ollshops, fs tinged with yellow, duo the liquid, and a current continues, but it atmo [11104,J—Electric Bolls.—What has occurred i 
to the prosenco of fron, Is your bluostona clear, or | Pypheric oxygen bo excluded from the accond tube. to your battery is enused by tho rolution cree ing i 
is tho appearance somewhat dulled, and aro tho}| tho curront ceases, ° oy . up the carbon, and oxidising tho surfaces of the d 
crystals Teo from ‘a whitish incrustation ?—S, G. 0. Sir Win. Thomson's patent soundor, inventod | —Oitinon ay’ , . tote oS ae _., |U ning ‘scraw and inlets, Remedy: ‘Tako out tho 
[11800,]—Dantol!'s Battory.~-Tho muddy de- cortainty in oF before tho goat 15H0, soon batter ‘Cxiinox av'aw Buucrno-Posrrive,—In the second edition! | for any’ roll soak fo heats in melted barafin 
. b * at dest y ‘ Menthe ’ . ates : fin, y a 
posit ina imixture of cop; er oxido and the impurities Date Ttcrs al Hat deserper cena is replaced by! on: ' of the “Trait Blementaire de la Pile Blectrigye? Ay dria ck ‘tha parafiin for aufficiont spaca tor 
ny 8 Fine. ‘ in cane y tho a : Lin re ah a glass tube, and tho silver wire by a strip of . ; Niaudet, th RLAMttertontting ht at And is ofbi-| nd ingeacrews to take on. It yu havo time you 
er sulphate in ho porous pot Wi 0 zine, |} chemically preparod papers ‘The Hane ts of steel .. cally more advantage a tliat i might tlectrotypo the heada aud solder the bintlera 
ceeaand agundings can be taken without stopping pally ¢ advantageous than aluminium,’ or any other! to Shiai Dut in any caso you wilt find tho parafin f 
quickly oxidisos into the black coppor oxide, It. thatiD. J. Brown. électro-positive in all aqueous electrolytes hitherto expevi-! Suntan, w eroeping nctlou of the exelent = 
cand be CY reat j oral er finer-graln —_ é : eae with, adverts {o the fact that magneto or dynamo- [4101.J- Electric Belia,--'Tho cating away of 
|. (A9IBT]—Dy anuver to WT" (re 10281): electric machines ave fur more economical still us generators: [fe lex tone cr Ae carbons is duo to the rishi of H 
the following is, 1 beliove, tha explanation of Aby | ree of electricity, since they’ utili onl hi A | {the ammontum chloride, This cau be pravented by . 
| Exxcrntcan. Thetomeya observed a regen 3 eta tod fitel for tl a ducti 3 a ise.conl, which ix the cheapest Le rte ee i core ee 
i preenb Aes ad | plate coated with a film of bydroge : , ie production of he: 7 . i i. ‘ 
ol Copper, Deposlt trig seid thei With clean platinum plate, wo hava a comple to the qiicllga whether ¢: ne pear ae re bit rea Cae er deaeeo te ceppet : 
* contains nitric acid and, perhaps Bruonie he: the ‘yeally composed of a hydrogen plate and a. , \ f) : hether carbon cannot be utilised directly, (Then molt in somo paraflin-wax whero tho copper im 
Somat you eat, got of eoxna wholesale draggiss, and ‘platinum plato there i, therefore, et in the production of clectricity, he deseribes the experimen “ire, ad to the slocteot yee anion aohiter the « 
i P| {potentialy o currkut ongt - . fi 7 i y H 
; ind abd mab the solution toroeyen put Ie wang :potentombines with tho oxygen of tho water, nnd of Bequerel, in which a platinum crucible, containing fused’ {put the zine rod Iito the solution (iehich aout be = 
ea eee das troubled in thio aneao, way, lut| ‘Jiydrogon fs liberated on the surfaco of the (what chlorate or nitrate of potash, is attached to one ‘unl of joins dale Oe Atal ono de fee ae hn popu i” 
row test tho suspected acid thus—put Aan gat | | as) clean plate. Both plates now being covered | , 1 f potash, ached to one terminal of; amalgamated, and io not Tet it touch tho porous van 
quaulity of pure sulphurio acid et inn qlata| | Wit hydrogen, thore is clectrical equilibrium, TE ; ; a galvanometer, whilst a piece of gas carbon is connected to! cell. = Waren IL, Txcx, ‘ 
Aid ties adil earofally a concentrated solution of | |thosecond p obo now eonmacted with a {rsh ean ? the other terminal, ‘Lhe extremity of the carbon being! i {11101,] ~Zloctrlo Dolls. —Tho defectadessribet i 
sulphate of fron; if auy nitric acid be present, o plato, a similar notion cusugs it eqtibsius 1 a e carbon bemg! fare duo to the chemical action of the solution of , 
blank ring will form whioro the two Hiquils meot— | Stable. Tell eee a mn tscxactly ; } heated to redness, a powerful current is produced by immer.’ fenl-ammoniac upon the leaden tops, brass binding- 
: ‘elm ‘ : rae Peery ery ‘ 4 . 5 "8. irs, T i 
Seommuns OF TIE SORE cree in shown by the two following, equations — : \ Bik it ree the fused salt; the direction of the current indi. (roe any Siete 1 i Seyatale i 
3 ‘ fe ‘1 van : : + eating " fe ane i MACY a 
no | eetke bra the aocond ete | ie se _ a teapes formg the negative pole or positive of ral Tot by evaporation Te eer ento THO 
_Teplaco an by pirogen o | tt bias Wi no her words, the carbon here takes the place of jupper portions of the carbon, zine, and jars, und to t 
j alth i rin | i ¢. Without being aware of the previous experiment, ahieck Ova on rans to cel in Newer C 
Lhopo this will bo pufllctontly stones sotrical i { . eee fused nitrate of soda ina crucible of cast; 40 iitted, if tte dusatatoe Bool, jactancl , THR 
: oa iron, using a fragment of carbon as above; the iron was 5 JDoattories of tho bost maky sill wont tN work 
. * ‘ not; {nny attontion for sevoral years; thut which works 
| ee whilst the carbon was consumed at the expense of : ny own hhouso-belfs ies Bren my daily Te for Of of 
Y i i * : i Jyonrs, during which Gime na been filed up wit! 
i ne Oxy el contained in the nitrate. Here, again, the carbon, {sd water fivotimer, and been recharged ouce, : 
| er place of zine; whilst the iron constitutes the nega-, |! noatatot-all the beat kind of greaso for thle ; ; 
' tive clement. Tt is pointed out that in this case ‘the rolative | beret ent 
} vr ‘ee ie at 41101, —Eleotrio Bells. Evidently tho car- ‘ 
ae ne the electrodes ia inverted ; for, if the nitrate be! vat are mado thats is not rods ofratit gathou. 1 
dissolved in Ww: ¥ 1 : wt . Phad ony, and mye rio BO much trouble, aVO UP 
Siiieak in water, the iron then corresponds to the zinc; {using it. Got Bina now ones, mate out Hy eee 
_ whilst the carbon constitutes the. negative element. | |Fotort scurting as it iscalled, then propaty tho ouds 
oe * ‘ 7 com [that are out of thosolution aa directed by * Sigma” 
in hin book (or in Vol, X, of the B M,), and you ‘, 
will not be troubled again, . 1f you do not care to 
go to thia nmount of trouble, thoroughly scrapo tho “y 
top uf thu carbon, fit nicoly on a pleco of sheet ‘ 


platinum fiko an inverted V, fix tho binding-scraw 

on tigtitly, aud then coat the carbon and connection i 

(provioualy _ well warming both) with shellac, 

Yarnish or Brunawick black, As to the zine con- 

nection, do not uso a Linding-acrow at all near the 

coll, drill tho zing and insert o tlnned-iron wire, or 

twiat it round thorod and well solder it, then warm, 

like you do tho carbon, and coat with tho Hrunse: 

wiek black. I do alt connections with binding: 

scrows fixed to.a framo, say, 10 or Winches away 

froin the cells, where the fumes cannot well reac ‘ 

them. Do not wot the carbons or aincs when 

pulling tho solution in i Lmenn that portion which 
th 


\ ja not intonded to bo in, and do not fill the jars 
above two-thirds ALLSoS. ax AS/LE. | 


peeps aera too 








ee 6 




















Tho ingenious French mechaniciun, Mf, Regnier, well-known! 
for hig electric incandescent carbon lamp, in which a small pencil 
of carbon rests on the edge of a carbon dise, has brought out | 
another novelty in the form of a powerful, and, according to | 
accounta,n constant voltaic cell, which haa likewise tho advantage! 
of yielding residues capable of being regenerated by electrolysis 

Tho battery is a hydro-clectric one, and in atrength is com 
parable to that of Bunsen, without the attendant objections of 
the latter. 

The zinc plato is immeracd inn solution of cauatic soda, tho 
negativo plate, which is of copper, being depolarised by a solu. 
tion of sulphate of copper separated from tho aikalino liquor by 
a porous partition, The couple thus constituted ia said be ver: 

constant; and its electromotive forco is high, from 13 tols 









\ } volte, uccording to the strength of the solutions, 
; 4 As the aolutions of sulphate of copper and caustic soda in their | 
WR TF pure state have only a medium conductivity, M. Regnicr dimi- || 
nishes their resistance by adding certain other salts not stated. 
He nleo notably reduces the resistance of {he porous plate by 
fashioning it of parchment paper, as already employed by Sir 
‘William Thomeon, M. Carré, and others, Soveral sheeta of this 
paper are placed sido by side to moderate the permeability of the 
- stance, and made up into.the rectangular shape shown in 
‘ig. 1. 









Theso priswatic vases are obtuined from flut sheets, having the 
edges raised according to a given plan of folding, abown in Fig, 
2. ‘The cross folda are shown by the stronger, and the salient |’ 
folds by the weaker lincs in this diagram. 









With this battery the initial electromotive force, after churg- 
ing, is 1°47 volta, descending to 1°35 volts after a long short 
sf cireuit. The resistance is 0-075 ohms for a cell 0°20 metres high, 

arid three litres in capacity. . 

To compare the behaviour of the now cell with othera in use, 
M. Regnier gives the following table of reaults, in which B is + 
the clectrumotive force, R the internal resistance, 'T the maxi- 
mun external work in kilogrammétres per sccond, as calculated 
by the formula :— . 

f E 
T 


“FRx oer 

viding the valuca in kilogrammétres by tho mechanical 
equivalent of heat wo get tho values of the work in calories 
gramme-degree) given in the last column of the table, 
Consrants, Work. 
B RT 2, 

Kilogram In Calo-. ; 

Volts. Ohms, 


mitres, ries. 
ungen, ordinary round motel, a9 a 


eight 0:20 metre ..... oo ODE... O°F06 
itto Ruhimkorif’s rectungn- - - 7 : 
-Yarmodel, heightO-20métres 1°80... 0-00. ... 1978... F189: 
Daniell, round model, height : : ‘ 

| 0°20 mitre 1:06... 2°80... 0°010 ... 0°023 
: puornsens Ta), i tery. 106 020... OLN... OBL 
Carre’ indrical Battery, wahh 

C “eight 0-60 matro Nea a 106... O22. ... 0238 ... O'b51 
Regnier’s Battery, rectangu- 
iodel, height 020 miro 


LS 












Kinp or Battery, 














a Se 












85 0 0-075 1 L0___ | 





Cat eae eee ey tonemelcereec ee 


o-new battery ot 0°20" taStres 
surpasses larger zine-copper butterics in energy. It would seem 
to 


o about twice stronger than the ordinary round Bunsen of 
‘]\the luboratories, and ia only 


Bunsen of Rubmkorif’s design. 


¥° The zinc is not amalgamated, novertheless i 


surpassed by the rectangular | 


is not attacked | 






hen on open circuit by the liquid surrounding it. ‘The conse. ; 


aenee is t] 


theoretic quantity corresponding to tho electricity generated, 


at the weight of zinc consumed ia in accord with the | 








Tho battery emits no volatile products, and therefore there fa | 
no loss of material, though it is transformed into other combina. 


Bee 


‘Brecelve ao: many: queries avkin 

\ the ‘best’? battery: that wo take advan- 
tage of a list of the princi, 

{) Maes issucd ly; La: Nature to give onco for all a 

1) note.on the subjects Amatour electricians should 


al batteries and their- 


tions. These producte can be regenerated or brought back to : 
their original state. Tho zinc and copper can bo recovered from ; 
the waste liquor by electrolysis, For this purposo the current ; 
from a magneto-clectric muchine may be employed. By paseing 
tho machine current throngh the battery as it standa, ME. 
: thinka the latter could be mado a convenient store for electricit: 

ut we do not exactly sco how this could bo practically carried‘ 
out, M. Regnier has yot to demonstrato this point, As for the’ 
cell itaclf it uppears to bo a very uscful sort, but ia not, wo, 
think peculiarly new. Alkaline dolutions have been employed . 
before round tho zino instead of acid ones, by the elder M, 
uerel,, Wo aro not, however, awaro if the combination of | 
alkali and sulphate of copper has ever been mado before. { 


a 
: (ia, 


A cone itout:ond keop {tins their notebooks. It ' 
j] i {bo seen that our contemporary is frequently: 


askod 1 aimilar question :— 


Wo aro frequently asked which is tho best bat- 


tersy. One may boldly reply to this quostion that 
‘falmost all tho forms of Tattory ure hood, if they 

are properly apphed. We hora give, acconling to 

Mr. Spr te aud our own persona experience, o 

list, which may afford uscful indications in tho 
majority of cases :— 


For Etcetro- Deposition (Gonper, $e.)—Danloll,. | 
m0, bichromate of: 


Calland; Smeo, chromate of I 
| potash, Bunsen, 


Gilling.—Dantell, Bmee. , 
Silvering.—Daniell, Smee, chromate of limo, bie. 
chromate Sf potash, Slater. a 


Exciting Electrs-Maqnets.—Chromato of lime, 
Bunsen, Sater, Smee, Danioll, 4 


afew, hours, tho Bussen battery and its numerous: 
modifleations may bo employed, also the chromate. 
of lime and Slater batteries. ; 


Anduction Coils,—Bichromate, chromate of limo, 
Bunsen, 
Eleetro- Medical.—Bichromate, Smeo, Bunsen; 







silver. battery, sulpliato of mercury, begeisss 
Trouvé's alretight hatiery. oe 


Long Telegraphic Line-In this caso batteries 
supply wenk currents, [assing through largo resist. 
ances, Tho hest aro tho chromate of lino battery, 
the Leelancht, sulplints of meroury, . Daniell, 
Catland, 

Utcetrie Bells and Teleqraph Lines.—Leclanché, 
sulphate of mercury, antphute of.leal, 


Mining Operations, Torpedoes, §e.—Tho Lo~ 
clanché ‘battery may bo used, but Breguet's ex 
{| ploder is: most frequently employed. ‘Tho small 
magneto-electric meching of: A: SLarcel: Depres is 
also excellent for this application. 

‘ot‘time, bichromate, Dantell, Leclanche. 

1 Experiments: with High Tension. Electricity. — 
The best results havo been obtained with a: largo 
‘number of the chloride of silver colls of Do la Rue, 
andl with tho secondary battorios of M.. Gaston 

Ante, 
| For the enke of complotenoss wa ahould mention 
i Thermos Kileetrie Batterica, which givo good results: 


with which the olectrio light may now be obtained. 
| Wo havo licre mentioned only tho best known bat-. 
tories, It would have takenia. whole number of: 
fa: Natura to refer to all tho known batteries 
hick may givo:good results in tho above appli+ 
cations. ‘ . 





Electrio Light—For oxperiments extendiugover: . 


Pocket Eleetro- Medical Apparatus.—Chiorido of! | 


Measuring Electrical Resistances, §c.—Chromate  : 


‘in deposition of coppers iting, aud eilvoring; and, - 









gnier 







































gt ae 









aA 





























































































a ee 










THE NEW LECLANOHE BATTERY,” 
“The ‘Leclauché battery. is ‘now moro generally used ‘tor 
open circuit lines than any other, and its Pecullar adaptabt=: 


of application1a the battery showin tn. tha annexed ‘on- 
graving tho porots cup used In the ordinary Leclanghé ele. 
ment {s dlspen! af with, sind ‘a pale of compressed ‘ prlams, 
containing alldhe materlals formerly used in tho porous cup, 
are substituted for, it, These prisina aro e 
placed: upon: oppositésides <of the carbon  * 
| plate, ind wre kept "In “place by rubber” 
baudse ‘ . 

Tho negattve pole consista of a pencil of 
> amalgamated zine, and the two poles are eus- , 
pended from the cover in a solution of sal 

ainmontae nid water, 
Tho zine being tndefluttely preserved tn (he ( 
anl ammonine solution, and the peroxide of 
* manganese being Insoluble in the solution, no 
-action can take place when the battery is not 
“Te ge, a . 
“Aller thorough tests by the various tele 
phone compantes, this battery has been unt 
‘versally acknowledged to he better thanany 
other for telephone purposes, ns nll of Its parts. 
jure visible, and any derangement may be at 
once discovered. The battery Is readily taken 
‘apart, cleaned, and set up again, Todo this 
retgulres no apeelal knowledge of electrical 
“apparatus, When the eleinents become ex. 
‘Husted from long service, they muy be res 
‘newed by taking off tho prisms, sonking the 
carbon below the head in hot water, attach. 
Ing new priams, and setting it up with a 
snow zinc and ‘fresh sal ammoniac solu. 
: Mon, : ‘ 
+ Barther Information will be furntalied 
“Wy the Leclanché Battery Company, 40 West -Elght 
street, New York, Ps “. ; 






















“a 


‘ 









ire LEOLANCHE PRISM BATTERY.” 


















6 


|Our contemporary tells us that 14,300 gravity battery | 
Jreplueed by Siemens’ machines. 


| object by using a single high tension machine. The potentiul , 


1873 the Western Union Company sent 14,456,832 messages, 


| 










‘rience, a liet, which may a! 
1 of cases == 


| 


tery may be used, but Broguet’s explod 


Schwendler, in India, indicated in w paper which, perhaps, hus : 
not received the attention which onght.to have been given : 


ip 


BB IR bromine wren eaeren ane 









tn TRLEGRAPHY. 





NAMO.. Macurne 


it, how dynamo inachines might be: used for telegraphic! 
purposes. We now find that America is to be eredited with . 
tho invention, which, according to tho Scientific American, is | 
due to the ingenuity of Mr. 8. D, Field, of San Francisco, | 















































elements, and 4,600 bichromate of potash clements arv to be 
Tt says:— All efforts 


formerly mude in this direction sought to accomplish the 





is now obtained by connecting one commutator brush of one 
machine with the brush of opposite polarity of the next, and 
go on, and ncurrent of any desired potential may be had by 
taking it off from the different machines in the series. A. 
current takon from the first machine in the series will havo 
alow tension; that taken from the sceond machino‘will have * 
a higher tension, and so on. ‘Tho electromotive force of the - 
first machine in tho series is 50 volts; in the second, 100 . 
volts; in tho third, 150 volts; in the fourth, 250 yolts.”’ In ° 
























‘IE USE OF VOLTAIC BATTERIES. 


—_— 











We tranmlate the fullowing from Tie Nakaves— - ss 

We ave frequently asked which is the best voltaic battery. 
One may boldly reply to this question that almost all the forms 
of battery are good if they be properly applied. We here 


ive, according to Mr. Sprague aud our own eraonal expe- 
Fone ‘ ore. useful indications fi the majonty 











For Biecrro-Devosition (CorPrr, &e.)—Daniell, Calland, 
Smee, chromate of lime, bichromute of potash, Bunsen, 

Gitprna.—Danicll, Smee. . 4 
Sriverino.—Daniell, Smee, chromate of lime, bichromate of 
otash, Slater. 3 ‘ 
Excrrina Evrerro-Maaners.—Chromuate of lime, Bunsen, - 
Slater, Since, Daniel, : 
Bnectrie Liaitt.—For experiments extending over a few 
honra, the Bunsen battery und ite numerous modifications may 
be employed, aleo the chromute of lime, and Slater batterica, 
Inpuction Cor1s.—Bichromate, chromate of lime, Bunsen, 
Exrcrno-Mepteat.—Bichromate, Sunco, Bunsen. Pee 
Pocket ELecTRO-MeDICAL Appanatus,—Chiloride of silver 
battery, sulphute of mercury, manganese, Tyouve’s air-tight 
battery, r A 

Lona Tennanariie Lires.—In this case batteries supply 
weak currents, prssing through lurge resistances, The beat ave 
the chrommte of lime battery, the Lclanché, sulphate of mer. 


cury, Daniell, Calland. : . 
Prectnre ‘Bens ANp ‘TELEGRAPILIG Lrxes.—Leclanchd, 


phate of mercury, sulphate of lead, A 
an INTNO Orenasione, Tonryvos, &e.— The Lecluebé bat- 
is most frequently 

ine of Af, Mureel 


—Obromate of 










employed, ‘The amall mngneto-clectric, ne 

Deprez is alao excellent for this application. 
Measunina ELECTRICAL REesiSTANCES, &e, 

lime, bichromate, Danicli, Leclanché. 

\ Bxpenurents witht Hian Tension Buecrniciry.—The best 

reaults have been obtained with a farge number of the chloride of 

silver cells of De In Rue, and with the accondary batteries 


of M. Gaston Planté. 
For the sake of completences w: 
Buectrie Batterres, which give go 
copper, gilding nd. silverings aud wi 
may now be obtained. ey ot eas 
’ y ioned only the beat known batteries... It 
Wo havo here mentioned on! tte ae ire te vetsr 10 















¢° ahould mention ‘THErso : 
od reaults in deposition of ~ 
th which thé electric light 

















vo taken & wholo. num! ) 
the. ie patleries which may give good results in the above , 
L008 










1 —— 


applications. 2. A peeterts 7 * 
vial Zo Lecermornes oO 





og 








SOME NEW BATTERIES. ' 
e The impr tof batteries is an impo 
trical progress which ought not to be loat sight of in the pro 
ing diversion in favour of dynamo-electric machines, The nickel 


ReicSTS ob 


‘ono of its advantiges consists in the fact that the salts of nickel 
formed during ita action are snlerble products. In this battery 


| plate, the nickel being the oxidised metal, corresponding to zine 
an the ordinary Daniell or Leelanché cells, These plates may be 
employed either in comnection with no single liquid or with two 
or even three liquids separated by a Porans diaphragin, 

Onc kind of cell on the three liquid principleia made by taking 
}a cylindrical vessel containing two concentric porous diaphragms, 
the outer of which is half an inch wider all round than the inner 
one, In the ceutre diaphragm is placed a plate of nickel, which 
may be cylindrical and eithur anooth, crimped, or grooved to give 
a large oxidising surface. This plate is immersed in the oxydant, 
whiel muy be either sulphurie, nitric, ov hydrochloric acid 
diluted with water in the proportion of ong part of acid to eight 
arta of water. ‘The space between the twe diaphragins is filled 

ha solution of menijul-enrhonste of ammonia, and in the outer 
iveaael is placed a solution of suphate of nickel, or the double 
faulphate of nickel and tunmonia with prigins or plates of carbon 

lunged in it, or such metal as will take up the deposit of metal- 
‘Hie nickel yielded by the decomposition of the nickel solution, 
‘after the manner of the copper eulphate in the Daniell cell. 
In order to keep the battery in continuous operation by 
strengthening the oxydant, Mr. Slater arranges two reservoirs, 
one above the battery and nother below it, und both connected 
with the battery by auritable pipes, The upper reservoir is par- 
tinlly exhausted by an air pame on Alling it; and. the oxydant 
flowa from it to the cells and thence to the lower reservoir, There 
it ix strengthened by the addition of fresh acid, and returns to 
the upper reservoir in order to pnas to the cell as before. B 
simply exhausting the air from tho upper vessel Mr. Slater is 
uble, through, the atmospheric pressure acting on the fluid in the 
lower reservoir, to cuuse it to flow into the papper one of itself, 
and thus he avoids any spilling or wasting of the excitant ; and 
by means of a stop cock nttnched to the upper res 
nt will allow. the atmosphere to ent 
way tothe ‘cells. ‘This plan is» modification of the “ perfluent”? 
arrangement patented by Mr. Stuite in 1848 for the production of 
constant currents, : as 

Another battery, invented by Mv. 'L. J. Howell, consists of 
three separate chimbera likewise, There is first an outer esacl 
of glass or earthenware, next a vitreous cylindrical chamber pers 

ed with parallel stots vertically, and termed f geparator, 
then inside that a porous chamber or cell, thus forming the three 


compartinents. 
t The outer compartment, or that formed by the walls of the 


aren ae mere 








































3 


hay 


4 


outer jar und “separator,” contains a rod or plate of carbon, 
aurrounded with ordinary peroxide of manganeso und broken 
pieces of charcoal or graphite, ng in the Leclanché battery ; 
in nddition to this there ia udded a quantity of aulphate of wan- 
ganese, commercially known us “white manguncee.”’ For 
purposes of transport this chamber may be sealed over with 


} 








escape of the guses generated, ue in the ordinary Leelanché, 

Trt the middle compartment, formed b 
aud the porous cell, n, solution of aulphuric or nitric acid and 
water is poured, 
the mixture of carbon and manganese in the outer 


te middle cell. 


manganese from passing into th P 
plate of zine provided, 


Within the inner cell ia placed n rod or ¢ 
like the carbon plate, with suitable binding screws for connecting 
purposes. ‘This rod is amalgamated with mercury, and a poot o} 
the merenry is leftin the bottom of the chamber, ‘Po maintain 
the amulgiimation, a solution of hydro-sulphute of ammonia 
and water ia filled inuronidthis plate., Or, inatend of placing the 
sulphuric or nitrig neid solution in the middle compartment, it 
; may bo placed inside the porous cell, and the solution of hydro- 
sulphate of atmmonin placed in the middle compartment; but the 
former nrrangement is preferred. aNas 

Mr. Howell’a battery ia, it will be seen, a modification of the. 
' well-known Leclanché ‘ecll; but apart from the novel abape, and 

tho use of the slotted “separator,” it differs from the usual 
Leelanché in employing “ white, manganese * in combination 
with the black, a civenmstance which is held to keep the con: 
| nection between the carbon plate, and the surrounding packing 


{more perfect ‘than in tho cnae, where black ung: 
























il. f 


battery of Mr. Thomas Slater is one of the latest novelties, and ¢ 


a nickel plite is used in combination with « carbon ora platinum § 


ervoir, ‘he can ‘ 
er and force the liquid on its. 









but | 


imnrine glue, or pitch, tuking cave to prevent a vent hole for the | 
thoalotted '' separator ’’+ 
Thia pasaea through the stota and permeates; 


compart. 1 
ment; but the: slots ave fine cnotgh to prevent the carbon und 


nese Alone 18 


eae Lah S wed ae 


igo Of tho arrangement is that the poron, 
un be removed for cleansing purposes more readily thi 

. Whon it ia embedded in the mangancee and carbon fragme 
By thia means the sults can be washed from the pores of the cell 
and the internal resistance kept low. : i 
, Some yenrs ago Dr. Alexander Muirhead patented ’a mnodifica-} 
tion of Leelanché's cell in which the porous diaphragm was! 
replaced by a vitreous diaphragm pierced with smull holes; but, j 
if we are right, this device did not succeed very well, because of 






























{ 
i 





the particles of carbon washed by the solution into the inner 
chamber, enusing a considerable amount of local action on the 
zine plate, By the use of the porous diaphragm in addition to! 
the slotted partition My, Howell entirely prevents this defect. > 
| A somewhat curious battery has been devised by Colonel TF 
Charles McQurty, of the Hue Lafitte, Paria, In thia cell th 
| positive plate in zine, and the negative plate is composition of 
| 20 per cent. by weight of iron filinga, 25 per cent. of plumbagy, ! 
und rbout 55 per cent, of powdered coke ov cout. ‘These three} = 
ingredients are well mixed and moulded into proper shape, H fi 
‘The plates ave immersed ine liquid composed of about 75 perp. 
| gent. of sult ater by weight (sen water will anew 3 to 5 per 
cent, of bichromate of potash, 10 per cent, of vinegar or dilute 
sulphuric neid, and 10 per cent. of mineral oil—aay petrolonm. 
The mineral oi! awima on the top, so that when the plates aro{ 
phinged into tho liquid they receive « conting of oil which peno- 
| -trates’ the pores, and, necording to Colonel MeCarty, prevents 
| the hydrogen from entering the latter.” 
Another bichromate of potnal cell is worthy of mention, It is 
the contrivance of M. Adéle Ergatrém, of Paris, and consists of 
two nearly semi-cylindrical cells placed face to faco at a. little 
distance apart within a cylindvicnl vessel of glazed earthenware, 
which contains the exciting liquid. Each of the semi-cylindrical 
cells is divided by a partition parallel to ite straight face, which | ° 
fnee, a8 well as the partition, the front part of the sides, and the 
bottom of the cell, is of porous earthenware, the cylindrical back 
‘portion behind the partition being glazed, but pierced in tho case 
~ nd in the ense of the 
The portion of ‘the 







water.’ The bichromate is placed in the feeding- compartment 
‘behind the zinc, and the acid in the feeding compartment behind 
! the curbon, not quite op to the hole which hasbeen mentioned, 
i Instend of a alnb uf zinc granulated zine may be employed, 
- portions being fed into the cell from time to time ag required. In 
Thi cage n little merettry is placed at the bottom of the cell, and 
the conducting wire is carried duwn to the mercury, being insu. 
Jated where it passes through the zinc lying above the mercury. 
i For the production of a constant current of moderate strength 
-|-the elements are placed aa nbove described—the carbon close to 
the acid nnd the zine-at a distance from it, and separated. by the 
partition from the bichromate, | When a current of considerable 


























a ats = 









f the zine and cnrboit are ex: |’ 
ht close to the acid. . When's t 






strength is required the positions o| 
changed, the zine being thns brought, N oat 
weak current of long duration is required, only suit! portions of | 
the surfaces are made porous, The power uf varying the, strength { 
of the current nt will is one of the special features 0} this batter, 

aA nore novel battery is, however, that of Mr. Adolph’ Guten- | 
soln, in which « solution of the sulpbute, nitrate, chloride, or 
chrounte of tin is used in the chamber containing the neyative 
plate. ‘Thus pure metallic tin is deposited which may be reduce { 
to ingots by melting in the ordinary way. ‘To ensure that, iu 
tin ig deposited ina crystalline and nota “* spongy form ; ° 
sulntion shou ngth, One advantage o 


Id be of considerable strength, 1 
this buttery is that some of the residue of tin mines, now CconBl- 
dered waste, muy 


be utilised in forming ui negative oot ta 

‘a cuse Mr, Gutensohn prefers to employ chloride of Uni. 

the cadticala form given to The cell differ little from the ord. : 
nary one, An outer jar contains a aylindeit porous chanil ne { 
Surrounding the porous clamber ia the carbon plate made int! eh 
form of a split cylinder. The solution of chioride of a ing 
both compartments of the cell is fed by crystals’ of t ie salt) 
contained in the porous chumber, and a deposit of pure tin is 
formed on the carbon plate. 
f » 


































L 
























{ 






















ATER) 
. Uj 
£-Tie Improvement of batteTies Ia an important branch of 
electrical progress which ought not to be fost sight of In the 
‘prevalling .diveralon -in favor of dynumo-clectric machines, { 
‘Tho nickel battery of Mr. ‘Thoms Slater ig one of the latest 
noveltics, and one of 1s advantages constats in the fact that | 
the. salla’of nickel: formed ‘during {8 aetlon are salable | 
nroducts, “In this’ battery a..nickel plate fa used In com. 
bination with a carbon or a platinum plate, th ickel being 
the oxidized metal, correaponding to zinc 
Dantell or Leclunehé cells, ‘These plates mu 


* Amount focal action on the zine plate, By the use of the 


Cary 


tuanganesc and carton frigments. . By this means the sults 
ean be washed from the pores, of the’ cell and. the internat 
resistance kept low, . 


Pig Tirposes iiore Fondly than when IC ts ‘Smabeddat wrthey 


Some yenra ago Dr. Alexander Mutrhead patented ai 


modification of Leelunché's cell in whieh the porous dia- 


phragm was replaced by a vitrcous dlaphragma plerced with; 


sini 
very well, because of the partleles of cnrvon washed by the 
solution juto the inner chamber, causing a considerable 


holes; but, if we are right, this dovieu did tot succeed | 


: H porous dioplirugm in addition to the slotted partition Mr. 
either in conneetion with a elagle liquid or with two or even fowell entirely prevents this defect, 


threo liquids separated by 0 porous daphragin, A somewhat curtons battery ls heen devised by Colonel 


One kind of .cell on the three quid principle is made vy * Fitz-Chacles McCarty, of tho Rue Tatitte, Paris: Ta this 


taking a cylindrical. vessel contain nF two concentric porous, cell the positive plite is zine, and the negative plate f3 a 
‘Maphragnis, the outer of ‘which is half an inch wider all composition of 20 per cent, hy weight of tron Mings, 25 per 
round than the Innerone, In tha center diaphrigm is placed" cent. of plaumbago, unl about 65 per cent, of powdered coke 
ate of nickel, which muy be cylindrical “aud either — or coal. ‘These three ingredients are well mixed and 
——: ee Molded itd proper shape, 


TW aniositc erlmped, or grooved lo give a large oxidizing. sur. The plates are Lamersed fn a Uquld compo: iVOf nbout 75! 
@ lface. ‘This plate is Immersed tn the oxidant, which may be per cent. of sult water by weight sea water will answer), 3: 
ether sulphuric, nlirle, or hydrochloric acid diluted wi to 5 per cent. of dichromate of potash, 10 per cent. of | 
water in the proportion of one part of acid to eight parts of vinegar or dilute sulphuric acid, tnd 10 per cent, of snineral 
water,” The space between the two diaphragms is tilled with vil--say petroleum, The mineral oll ewlns on the top, g0 
u solutton of sesqui-carbonate of ammonia, and in the outer that when the pltes are plunged tuto the Hquid they receive 
vessel is placed a solution. of sulphate of nickel, or the | a coating of oll which penctrates the pores, aud, necording 
double sulphate of nickel and ammonia with prisms or plates | '° Colonel McCarty, prevents the hydrogen from entering 

of carbon plunged in tt, or euch metal ag will take up the latter, 
the deposit of metallic nickel yletded by the decomposition ; , -\nother bichromate of potash cell is worthy of mention, 
ire Hl wtekel selution, after the manter of the copper sul. ; It is the comrivunce of M. Adéle Ergatrdm, of Parls, and 
platein the Daniell e : eee | consists of two nearly semb-cylindrical cells plveed face to 
In order to keep the battery tn continuous operation by face at a little distance apart within a cylind rica vease) of 
strengthening the oxidant, 31r. later arranges two Teservoi vlazed earthenware, which contains the exelting quid. 
one-above the battery and another below it, and both co ch of the semi-eylindrical cells is divided by a partition 
neeted with the batiery: by suitable pipes, The uppe parallel to its straight face, which face, as well ns the parti- 
reservoir Is purtinily exhaousied by an alg purip on filling it; ; Sion, the front part of the sldes, and the bottom of the cull, 
and the oxtdant flows from it to the cell? and thence to the | is of porous earthenware, tl eylindrical baek portion Mi 
lower reeervolr, « There It is ytrengthened by the addition of | bind the partition being glazed, but pierced In the bata Mf . 
fresh acid, and. returns to the upper reservoir in order to the one cell with a number of holes, and In the cuse o| he 
mus -t1 We: cell as, before, . By elinply exhausting the alr | other cell with a single hole at a high level. The portion - 
rom the uyper.vessel Mr. Slater is a le, through the atmo- the former celt in front of it ya tion receivers sah of 
spherle pressure acting on the fluid in the lower, reservoir, | Zine, and that of a ofhee 7 site a8 a bof earl on 
tp eatise It to How into the upper,oue of St hus he _ the spaces in the cells behind the partitions hold the mate 


ee gy ree > 4 rats for feeding. 
avolla any spilling or wasting of the excitant; and by: The usual materials are employed to exelte the battery 
-meung of & stopcock attached to the upper reservoir, be’ pamely, bichromate of potash solution snd sulphuric uchd 
‘ cun at will. allow the atmosphere to enter and force the| diluted with water, The bichromate fy placed in the feeding 
: liquid on its way to the cella. This plan is a modification} compartment behind the zine, aud the acid in the fecdin 
: Siete ue . feriivent m arring ann patented by Mr, Staite in] compartment bebind ths carbou, not quite up to the hole 
setetiptepiein earnee ' ‘ ‘or the prediction of constant cprrents. which has been mentione 
ORNs cn a Another battery, Invented by Mv. "f, J. Howell, consists] Instead of a slab of zine grinulated zinc may be ent- 
P as % ‘ i of threo separate chambers Jikewlse, ‘There is first an outer! ployed, portions being fed into the cell from thne to time as 
vessel of glass or carthenware, next 9 vitreous cylindrical; required. In this case 9 little mercury is placed at the bot. 
~ chamber perforated with parallel slots vertically, and termed {tom of the cell, aad the conttucting wire 1s carried down to 
asepurator, then Inside that a porous chamber or cell, thus} the mercury, being insulated where it passes through the 
| forming the three compartments, sbove she mercury. ' 
‘he outer compartinent, or that formed by the walls of f° fs constant current of inoderate! 
‘ tho-onter jar and “separitor,” contains rod or plate of faced us above deseribed—the® 
+ carbon, surrounded with ordinary peroxide of manganese and acid ant the zluc at a distance from It,’ 
' broken piecey o€ charcoal or graphite, as in the Leclanche xurtition from the bichromate. When 
battery; but In addition to thls sthere is, added a quantity; a lis required the positions of 
of sulphate of manganese, commercially known as “ white! anged, the zinc ving thus 
manganese,” Fur purposes of transport this chamber nn weak current of long 
“may be sealed over with marine glo or plteh, taking care faces ure 
to provent 1 vent hole for the escape of the gases generated, th of the 
ng iu the ordinary Lectanche, 
In the middle compartment, formed by the slotted “ sepa. 
: rater” and tho porous cell, a solution of sulpburic or nitete 
. eld and water K poured, ‘This passes through the slots and 
permeates the mixturvof carbon and manganese fn the outer 
“coinpartment; but tho slots aco tae enough to prevent the 
carbon and manguness from passing into the mildly evel, way, 
Within tho Inner cell ts placed a cad or plate of glace pro- and not a © spot 
vided, Ike the carbon plate, with sultatla binding senws. 
for connecting purposes. This ral fs amahauuated with 
: mercury, antl pool ‘of tho merenry ts feft in the bottons of 
' the chamber, ‘To malntatn the annilgamation, a solution of 
| hydrosulphate of ammonia and water, is tiled ta around 
1 [Mis plate, Or, Instead of placing ‘the sulphuric or nitric 
feld solution in the mitdle compartment, it may he placed i 
fnstdo the porous cell, aul the solution of hydrosulphate of Tho solution of 
ainmonta placed In the middle compartment; but the former of the cell fs fed 
arrangement is preferred, 7 tw eryst ‘ aud 
~ Mre Howell’s battery 13, it will bo seen, n meditteatton of! Uy ct Iie carbon plate. : 
1 the, well-known Lechinehd cells but apart fromthe novel sane Ge ade vats, ict 
| shape,.and the. uso of the slotted “separator,” it diters © : SS 





YD onesie ee 





PRR pe ee 


from the usual Lectinchd In ntuploying “.white tanginese " 
in combinntlon with the lick, elroumstanes whicl Is held 
Eto keep tho connection between the carbon plate and the 
surrounding packing more perfect Van li the caso witera 
Diack manganese alone iy useel, . ‘Auothdr atlyautage of the 
-gtrangement Je that tho porous cell can ba removed forcteaus- 











wh eh pen ee! 





a ole ia 
NectricaliAdvertisements.—T re- 


(405653) 
gret that prossure- upon my;timehas provented my 
answorlng your query earlier... I.eeudl: herowith 4 
§ 7 


aketch’of tho battery. The jar is Gin, in dinmeter, 

by Sin. deep, and contains'a leaden fannel, marked | 

Hand fv cantizino plate, or ring, as. shown at Z. 
6 zing is suspended from thecoverof the battery, 

’ marked OC, by two'brass rods (inauldted to pravent 
Tocal action),-ono'of. whichis atterminal, A’ stri 
of copper; soldered to the top of the leaden‘funnel, 
w f@ profonged, throu h.the:cover, has a tere 
minal attached to.it; forming the other pole of ‘the 
battery.’ Tho Jar.is flldd: nbont two-thirds of its 
height with water, in which! fins been dissolved toz. 

‘of: aulphate of-zine, Tio: leaden: funnel ‘ia then 
paced “in. position, nnd” filled to. about’ tho: same 

height with sulphate of copper, Aftern few hours 

: the battery ia ready, for nection. Thio power will be 
found: to-{nereasé materially after a:day or two. 

_ Caro rout bo taken not’ to disturb the leaden.fun- 

i mel‘after tho: battery: hasbeen charged. It ‘is 

: negessary to clean the zinc‘occasioually,—Nimnast, 


Rrasptahade 09°? 


A very promisingé“new yvoltaiétatyory fa 
{devised by M, Emile Regnier, the young Pacis) i 
electrician who invented the incandescent electric 
‘ Jann known by hia name, It may be generally de. 
scribed ns a Daniell cell in which the sulphate of 
zine solution is replaced by a solution of ennatic 
potash, In detail, it consiata of a zine plato im- 
mersed ina solution of tho alkali, anda copper plate 
inunersed ina solution of the copper salt; the two 
solutions being separated by a porous partition of, 
parchment paper mado up in the form of a square 
bag. ‘Nhe electromotive force on charging this cell 
in 1.47 volts, falling to 1.35 volts after it has been 
on “short circuit” fora considerable time. ‘I'he in-’ 
ternal resistance ia 0.075 olima, for a cell 6 in, high, 
Jand 12 cubic inches in capacity, According to teats: 
made by M. Regnicr the power of the battery for) 
performing work, cither by producing heat, tme-; 
chanical power, or electrolysis, is twico greater than | 
that of the ordinary Bunsen cell of physical Inbora-: 
torivs, Moreover, the battery emita no volatile 
products, and its waste liquor may be regenerated 
jby electrolysis into tho original materints, 


: GA /BATTERY.-A*_ new gal 
battery with cireulatig liquid, described -by Signo’ 
Ponet in Natura’ G, p. 402, 1870), has the following 
form ;—Rectangular tead channels, beak-shaped at one, 
end, are so placed over one another in slanting position 

~that the beak of ‘the first is over the broad end.of ‘the 

second, and soon, In cach chantiel is an amalgamated: 

: zine plate, and above this a carbon plate insulated from: 

it by two rings of caoutchouc; the carbon ‘plate is per- 

| forated under the beak of the lead channel above, “The 

> lead channels have wires, and the carbon plates, at their 

upper ends, binding screws, with which they are alter-. 

: nately connected. By means of, a, caoutchouc. syphon 

a solution of chromate of potash is conducted. through 

! the system—200 gr. K,Cr,O,, 21 water, 11 commercial 

: murilatic acid; for long use, 3 to 6 litres water and 100 

to 1g0.ccm, muriatic acid may be added to each litre of 

"the ‘solution, A battery of 99 such elements gives a 

light equal to that of a battery of Go Bunsens, and is 
constant in duration. —Nature, 


ol thle Lica nn cea | 
AVinr,—J. 11, B writes 7 * Mn Anierican OCT koe ‘ 


Instead of uaing oil in battery cells I use tallow, which 1° 

iguink much eleanor and better adapted to the purpoac. The 

{tallow should be melted, not sizzling hot, but just enough to} 

:liquify it. A sufficient quantity, to form a crust half an inch | 

i thick over:the surface should be poured into each jar, As; 

j tallow hardens immediately upon coming in contact with water, 

| the jar is nt once sealed up with a substance ensily procured,! 
easily handled, and, if necessary, easily removed. A pound of} . 

| tallow, costing five or six cents,, will seal up half a dozen jars,’ 

; and when sealed upin this way they will require vory little atten. 

; tion, If it be necessary at any time to add sulphate of 

| copper it canbe introduced by merely making a small hole in! 

: the cruat, which is casily filled up with a little melted tallow.: 

| Acell should not bethus seated up except when in good condition ; 

| —work it up to its proper stage, then sealit. Ono great’ 

; advantage in thus sealing the cell is that it keops tho edgo: 

| and sides of the jurs clear of the crystallisation which is 80°” 
annoying, and keeps them elean and nice, I set my local. 
“cella alongside my instruments since they have been sealed | 


"| up, and find them not atall objectionable. Mutton tallow is | 


| preferable, but beef tallow will do nearly as well. Of course 
ithe cell must have sufficient water to ullow of the formation 
.- of the crust without its touching the zine... ac 































































! TELEGRAPHIC “APPARATUS .IN| USE ‘IN’ 





es , 









;DEPARTMENT,. 
eM oot als eb OX | 2 et 
» THe Dopuax Syerem—(continued). 


HE. BRITISH ;POSTAL | TELEGRAPH 








‘Titiz actual form of switch for changing from duplex. 
to singlo working or'vice versd is shown by fig. 59. 
: Tho samé form is used both for direct and. for relay 
iworkings raw ye 
Scag) BATTERIES, 5 li: 


Having in the Inst twelve aiticles considered tho} 
principal. ‘forms of". hand-worked | instruments 
employed inthe British Postal ‘Telegraph Depart- | 
ment, it is, noi. proposed, before proceeding further 
in’ the’ description’ of the~ apparatus,:to draw 
attention to the various forms of..batteries em-" 
ployed to work ‘the 'same.. At .the, present, timo; 
thero'are three’ description’ of batteries in use, viz.:. 


: would be a matter of. some, difficulty and expense, 


“message work done. Tho clectro-motive force of 


. Daniell, or, in other. words, 10 Leclanché cells will: 


‘change will be observed on the metal ; and, further, 








OF Behwscs bustainolalocecamaeereneeeet Lecmcmaeraneeet 








tu Wes hilly . 


the ‘Daniell, the 'Bichromate,’ and’ the Leclanché; 
cach kind has its special value, which ‘experience 
has pointed out.” ° ; Uk ee eine eee 
‘ “The Daniell which, as is well known, is the oldest 
description of battery, has been made in several 
forms, but the essential principle is the same in all, 
Its great point of utility consists in its being able to 
give a constant current inder all conditions, that is - 
to say, whether it-bo worked through a high resist: 
ance, or on practically short circuit, The clectro- 
motive force, or power of overcoming resistance of 
the Daniell per cell: may, for ordinary purposes, 
practically be taken as unity or 1. 

Tho Bichromate battery, which is now largely 
used ‘for telegraphic purposes, is, in principle, an 
old invention ; it has, however, been so modified 
that its employment, which was discontinued after 
trial some years ago, has been revived, and with 
oxcellont results, “The author of these fmprove- 
ments is Mr. John Fuller, < “The ‘great' advantage of 
the’ Fuller battery lies in its high clectro-motive 
force,' which is practically double that of a Daniclt, 
Tho internal resistance of the cells, owing to the 
high conducting power of the fluids used in them, is 
also very low; this latter fact enables a strong 
current, under certain conditions, to be given, when 
batteries of a high resistance will not do so, 
‘Although the Bichromato battery is not as constant 
as the Banielt yt it does not polarise to any great 
extent unless absolutely on short circuit ; under the 
latter condition, the polarisation int minute may” 
be only about 10.per cent. but this latter value 
varies with the condition of tho battery. The 
Leclanchd battery, although it has not the constancy . 
of the Danietl ortho power of the Bichromate, is a 
most valuable battery in cases where a continuous 
or nearly continuous current is not required, and 
where tho “refreshing or cleaning of a battery 







THE TELEGRAPHIC JOURNAL. ' ‘283 








Juty 15, 1880.) 


nat 





















Fic. Gt. 


A eB 















sree 









from the fact of its being placed at stations difficult 
of access, and where the cost of a special journcy 
to sct in order a single battery, it may be, would be 
a heavy item compared with the valuo of the 


the; Leclanché battery is about, 16: that. of: ai 


ive. about a similar. clectro-motive force :to: 16 
danicils,. . The battery when: not.in usc:docs not: 
waste to any appreciable extent, or, in.other words,” 
is almost entirely. free from ‘local action ;" this-is: 
not, the. case. with: the. Daniell and i Bichromate: 
batteries, which, .if-left. to themselves for any con-: 
siderable length of time will become exhausted,’ 
although no current is generated ; this local action, 
however, probably ccases \when: the batterics.are. 
working, that is to: say, the: wholo: of tho: material’ 
consumied goes towards producing the current... 
. If wo take a vessel containing a solution, of sul- 
phuric acid and water, and place in this a rod or 
plate of cither, pure. zinc .or, zine which: has been 
amalgamated. with mereury,. then: no action or 










FG 6o, 


if-a plato of copper be. likewise immersed in the 
Hquid no action or chango.will take place on cither 
metal provided the two do not touch,:; If, however, 
tho metals be connected. together, by a short piece « 
of.wire, then bubbles of .gas will be copiously given 
off, from the .copper or. platinum . plate, and at tho. 
same time the zinc,will be attacked by the acid and : 














| Pp ELEGRAPHIC® APPARATUS "IN IN! 


“us : 
a ENT. POSTAL TELEGRAPH © a inches high, sh inchos broad, and 19 inches from 
: EPs EN}. ‘ ai 


oor ; back to front. ‘The zine plates'are 43 inches wide 
RIVE : “and 24 inches deep without the lug, W ior attr i 
Bat . tinued) : ae 0 ee rineh tong and rf inches wide, the latter dimension 
fats Barrenses—(continued). ; corresponding to the width of the copper strap cori- 
Tus ¢ Chamber” battery, which was described in’, ” - necting the plates. The copper plate is 4 inches - 
the last'article, although very convenient, Is not all. : wide and 44 inches deep. A , er tap. The ‘whota 
that can be desired. Fronttthe fact of its being. - The action, charging, maintenance, &c., of the : or with the de ale, 
made in so many parts itis liable to sustain damage, , new pattern battery ara precisely similar to thoso i the:mereury sell 
especially during ransit, and, moreover, it cannot : escribed for the other forms. : : tnd -tho: outer far 
be packed for the latter purpose except in consider- : be 7 tthe; battery ar 
able bulk, from the necessity of packing material ‘RE , te U, K. Battery. tals that remain ia 
being placed between each porcelain chamber. This battery, which is still extensively used in an be used again 
Now, except as regards the porous partition, the te Postal Service, is so catled from its having ~The zine can be 
« Ordinary" sulphate battery is very substantial in Been the form employed almost universally by the | advantage for ce Pa lenhts ‘ns. ‘ —_— 
make, and is not: liable to damage from rough nited Kingdom" Telegraph Company previous ‘Although a very in purposes. nee Pn pepsin ay 
usage ¢ 3 form of battery, therefore, which would ge number of U. Ks are at & b> 8 Qe, 
combino the strength of the « Ordinary" and the’ ; : : ‘ / oe . ely 
conveniences of the: Chamber,” woul obviously” t ee a re ce : \ : 
Be a good pattern. These facts have been thoroughly, ‘i : ‘, - , aac : ¢ q 
‘ appreciated, and at the present time 2 battery con- q q i i: ny j 
_ structed on these Hines as, comm be cin 2 7 an " 
sloyed in the Postal Service, and wi! form ‘the : ie at ed B i ? Mai tee 
+ standard sulphate battery in all cases where the x ; . : : Ace| oe ragipe : Fanon 
at See lH t ee ries » le zinc est 


| Daniell description is necessary. qi 
i The new vattery will be called tho ' Danicil" 5 3 ” = f ae 5 ; Acamumonine Gt le 
Lsimply 5 its cells aro oO! dimensions : TE WE tS Al oop aa Hane, Hiya pasa 
‘than, those which have i " a As ; ; } oes teuin babe ; : : 
i from the: consequent 1 2 h d . eee ; a $ oe ae eo as ae perforé 
‘ copper plates, their in i. : ae { ti, nag } ichromate de; 
eke the “Ordinary : : : ts Ie Eien : os sos et de potasse, En} 
: consists of a teak troug) rh 3 ets ag profondeurs, ia i 
{ partitions, an whole o cd ; . ; ae  Flale di canals ; 
‘ with’ marine gluc, so cl y f : , ae o ; vet 
watertight; 8 small partition : a oa og BETS vat employer ces 
' igh is set at the bottom of eac! i a bie he a are ; » nploie que ta der 
‘ the porous pots in their place. ‘ to 4 . fa : vs ‘+! tinavee ide Thuile, 
_ pots is similar to those shown by fig : < ee Seen, Fans > pour ebsorbar los 
article, and the zineand copper plat i. ‘ aie ; 5 z mT. 
indicated by fig. 60 in thesame i 1 2 Le aN. ; : roar 
“arrangement of the cells will b : y : ; Zz : BIN Ee ete eines 


ig. 62. . : 
She trough of the battery is 18 inches long 
9 inches wide, and 9 inches deep, including’ the lid ; 

itis divided into five cells.*‘The porous pots are | 





» Bie. 63. 


Ses ‘ 
to the transfer, of the latter into the hands of the | present in-use, it is intended that they shall bo 
State, : a stiperseded by the new “Daniell” battery. 
ig. 63 represents this form of battery. Each : . : . 
cell consists of round glazed brown earthenware Faults prevalent in Daniell Batteries. 
jar, 5 in. high and 44 in. wide, holding ono quart. Tho marine glue coating the joints in tho slate 
A zine cylinder, slightly gmaller in diameter than |- partitions sometimes chips off;: this causes the zinc 
the inside measurement of the cell, js contained in | and copper pair hanging over tho division to boon. 
the latter. ‘This cylinder is ‘of cast-zinc, and weighs short circuit and to exhaust the sulphate crystals.” 
about 2} Ibs, ; it is not continuous all round; but is | and solution in which the copper plate is immersed. | 
cast with a gap; If this wero not the caso it would | ‘Tho fact of this exhaustion will.at once enable the : 
be impossible to remove any particular cell without | faulty partition to bo detected,’ A fault of thiskind’ ; 
dismantling: large number, perhaps all, the’ cells practically throws lwo cells out of use, and can be : 
in a set. «\ porous pot of white unglazed porcelain remedicd temporarily by connecting tho ‘copper | 
is placed: concentrically within. the zine cylinder, | straps of the next and tho preceding cell together: . 
— Reena ee ey eerie want a PT I soem suse att” UIE CIS a : Ag RES i 
| great care should be taken not to waste the mereur 


Tage eS on 


either in the pot or on the zinc. The best plan is 
to insert the pot and its zine undisturbed in an open 














17707.]—Kxowina tho interest somo of you! 

4 rol in electrical subjects, I send ou an 
accountof an improved gaivanic batters, whic L has 
been patented inthis countr, “by, T presume, on Ene 
‘glishman, a Mr. R. OC. Auderson, of Wood Greon, 

4 England. Asyou will see from the illustration sent 





ty rene ME RI a 


SETA 


‘| herewith, tho ordinary zinennd carbon elements aro 
employed, tho zine being. placed in the porous cell 
and iemersed in a solution of muriite of ainmonta, 
‘| and the carbon fu oxalate of chromium and potash 
in combination with free bichromate of potash 
and muriatic acid. ‘Tho negative portion of the 
feell may be charged in various ways, a8, for in+ 
tance, by placing in the muriaticacid auy oxalate, 
uch aa oxalate of copper or of ammonia, and 
,adding ichromate of potash, whercby oxalate of 
‘chromium and potaeh is more or less quickly 
formed in the cell; but the mode the inventor has 
found advantageous to adopt is to add oxalic acid 
‘ton solution of bichromato of potash until effer- 
i ¥escenco ceases, and then to slowly evaporate the 
‘solution, whereby cryetuls of the oxalate of chro- 
“injum and potash will bo obtained. A suflcient 
quantity of this salt is then placed in the bottom 
of the carbon cell, together with about an equal - 
quantity of crystals of bichromate of potash and 
tmuriatic acid, either puro or moro or less diluted 
with water, necording to tho strength of the soju- 
tlou required, and tho carbon fs then placed in’ 
this solution, Instead of dropping tho cryatals 
or other agents loosely {nto the cell containing ; 
tho negative nolution, as tins been goncrally the 
practice, tho strength of tha battery is regulated 
y Inclosing tho crystals of bichromato of potash 
vin an adjustable glass tubo, open ut the top, and 
having a bottom of perforated platinum or of 
Jpletinum wire gauze, or tho'tubo iteclf may be 
‘perforated, elthor at the bottom or aldes, “This 
|tubo is immerred in the negative solution ton 

+s greater or less depth. ‘Tho greater tha ddpth of: 
: ilmmersion of tho tubs the stronger the power of tho: 
_ }battery, as moro crystals aro then oxposed ta tho 
‘* action of the solution. In this way, by adjusting 
itha depth to which the tubo is immersed, tho 
jttrength of tho battory is rogulnted., For & ond. 
‘Huld battery, the oxalate of chromium solution ta 
common to both’ zino and carbon. Arranged in 
this way, thonction of tho buttery, although of 
much shorter duration than whon two fluids aro 
used, tho battery will bo rendercd anuch mote in+ 
tense, aud tho internal resistance of tho coll will 
bo teas. Tho two-fluld form of battery fs em-' 
ployed whoro great constancy, combined with o 
tcertain dogreo of porter extending over a con- 
‘ taidoradte periot of timo, Is required, as, for ine 
, [stance for tolograph work, tho ringing of olectrio 
Lolls, and for tho driving of electro-motora, and: 
the production of tho ‘cloctria Nght, On tho 
ther hand, tho onu-ftuid form of battery may be 
jused, with. advantage for purposes whoro a short, 
Atendy, and powerful uction fe required, To Pros 


{] Vent tho escape of tho fumes usually arising from 
tho acids, the solutions aro coyprod witha ‘fn 
oil, or with a layor of Anoly-powdered charcoal, : 


; Ed. ee 
‘Washington, D. d | Zd. Sanborn. 



























































im of 5, 


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PRESET ES DAR ea sees SET 





Ate 


tovertysceeer: 


ing : hie reels 


Wi pees 


i lL 


M. Reynier a fit fonelionner devant ku Société 
de physique einquante couples qui cient montés 
dans Ja salle méme de lv réunion; ona pu constater 
ainst que fa pile ne répandait: aucune odeur at ne 
pouvait géner en ancune facon. Cette pile a fourni 
un are vollaique eb fait marcher une lampe Serrin, 
de maniére & établir que la pile Bunsen n'est plus 
nécessaire pour les expériences de projection, 

Ona pu également avee ane partic 
faire tourner des moteurs dleetro-magnetiques, mo- 
leur Deprez, machine Gramme, de man i thive 
penser que le moment n'est pas éloignd oit les mo- 
leurs perlectionnés pourront étre ulilisés duns la 
petite indastrie, grice & Tinvention dune pile qui 
fournit, dans des conditions d'un emplot conunade, 
de Méleetri tn prix pen Cleve, 


A. Niauner. 


oo 


PERPECTIONNEMEATS 


APPORTES AUX ROBINES DU GENRE STEMENS> 


Lorsqu’on trace te diagramme dynamique d'une hobine 
emens en ti MH opérer une _révolution compléte 
nctiqtes qui réagissent sur elle, 
que le travail est presque nul pendant deux 
perio vz grandes de la rotation. Ces deux périodes 
corvespondent aus temps pendant lesquels les pa 
dries de ta hobine nt atteint les pal 
deéfitent devant eux, It tons de hi révo- 
lution, qui sont c cute dle fs environ, les 
surfaces magneliques 


lestine 
at mene distance robine n'est done pas 


tourner, le une perte notable de 
Sai supprin : les Windilference et aceru 
Pelfet atile de ‘cae matifiant ainsi Ia hoe 
Dine. Les frees polairey Aru lien Metre des portions d'un 
eslindre dout 1’ Hide avec celui du systéme, sont en 
forme de linagon, df telle sorte quer tournant, elle 
prochent graduellegient leurs surfaces a 
Imant jusyu'au nynenf ot le bord postérieay éehappe te 
pole de Vaimany/ Laction de répulsion commence alors, 
dle sorte que IZ point thort est pratiquement évil 
‘Limportagee de e¢ perfectionnoment it éd¢ anise: en 
dvidence pA une expdrience tris simple, Chea consteuit 
+ deux hobifes SiemensHle indie dinuétee, mene di 
et F enroulement, dont une senlement ait 
modifigég de da manitals indiquée son les . 
emient en tes si\bstilvant Mune i Manteo dans wn 
ir Cleetriqne et ada consta quavee une mene 
fa hobine modifi¢e fodrnit un averoissement de ty 
| considérabte, \ 
1a bobine peut fonctionndy en présence d'un aimant 
permanent; inais je préf Menta comme rdacten 
magnétique fixe un éleetro=aimdat plied Adins fe née 
wit, co qui permed de Seren da courant 
entre des linnites loin hs que les intonsites inside 
lignes respectives de Vorgane fixe et de Vorgane mobile 
cessent de demeurer dans la rotation voultte, 
Le petit moteur que j'ai Chonneur 
yeux de PAcuddinie ost consteuit d 


a coploydes 


\ 


de metlre sous tes 
apres ces principes. Un 


Tennent nanan ten bit hilt aca SRY ANE 


seal couple de Ja pile Reynier fajimprime un mouvement 
de rotation rapid red (rais couples on fait tow une 
machine & condre, Ainsi complétée 
conslante et inodore de M. Reynier, 
im moteur dane: 
inestires dynamonéteiques prises diy mon moteur action 
par cette pile donnent des résultats qui s'approchent d'une 
manidre satisfaisante du rendement théorique indiqué 
par M. Reynier ; 

Est-il besoin dajouter que cel moteur est reversible et 
pet, moyennant de légéres igodifications, étre employe 
connne génératenr d'dleetrici 

G. Thouvi. 


inations dans Vordee de ki 
e unois ernie 
gistrer ict cell 
tare Mode docte 
scum Mhisteir 


is, qui ont}ele nomuafés eh 
la Légion d‘homnenr. 


Un steamer moddle. —|L'Uninfrsal Engineer de 
Jun ttseau navire 

‘ivapenr, la Columbia,*qni doit mittee San 
Francisco et Porthind, L’apparende st qitelqne 
peu différente de celle des y; aires de dens 
“inlérieur, néanmoins, 


cantréle des cect 
frvidié pendant Ve eetrique est employee 
‘ differen ities di 
ail, Quatre machines dynang=Edison, fi dans la 
chambre de ta machiné, fornissatt ta dunti¢re. Les Ine 
i ntrdlies de ‘ 
tapes, qui sent place 
de verre, donnenta Ja chante 
et blanche, Une forte Inniére Ofeetrique est aussi placde 
ant dit re et delaing be mer sur une grande 
stance, Les cahines principalys sont dépourvues de sone 
netles Geclriques, le fimioir ft les salons sont mis en 
communication avee It chambte des. officiers. au moyen 
(un téléphone. Un clriqne sur le pont permet 
an capilaine de noter dans quelle direction le navire se 
dirige ot 4 quelle vitesse les machines marchent. Les lits 
des cabines de [** classe sont consteuits Waprés le systtine 
de ceux des Pullan-ears et peuvent se plier penttant te 
Jour, L'ean est fournie par an systime ys iound d'ali- 
mention, ef une quantité ea considerable est tou= 
jours en distillation au moyen dun alambie. La Columbia 
mesnre 354 pieds de long et jauge 5200 tonnes, 


Production de nignaux par Véelalrage a la 
vapeur, — Ladiministration des Phares (Trinity Board) 
vient de faire en Angleterre des experiences sur une nowt 


' Comptes rendis, séance di 28 juin 1880. 


* Note prosautée a VAcaddinie des seienves par Moda Moncel, 


RN GRMN SEEE YSRRENERN NCAR Woe aman 


‘ r pene tg one erie nr fe TTY 

» 1, REYNIER ‘r2corfidend ge 5 powerful arid constant battery | 

“fs for electric: light work a ‘modi fed Wahitite cl fis pel he 
* ina 


oo AURA RMR RE RRR BRP ETE 


zinc is immersed ina solution of caustic sod spi it arectan: | 
gular porous'cell of parchiment paper, elebtromotive force | 
of this combination varies fram ‘1°47’ td“ 1°35° volts, and the | 
resistance’ may be less 1 Thomson's tray battery: ° The actual 
energy which a‘cell of this battery would furnish is calculated 'to | 
be twice that of the ordinarg round Bunsen cell. ad 


Awnotiten improved bichromate: battery is announced, this? 
time by the Silvertown Company, In no, essential respect does ! 
this battery differ from the form known as ‘ Puller’s battery,” | 
save in,the'addition of certain J exciting powders” to the liquids, | 
a {grey compound” being dissolved ip: the: inner cell in which 
the amalgamated zine is plated, anda. “red compound" in the 
outer cell with the carbon-rod, The use of dilute sulphuric 
acid is avoided’ by employing the “grey compounds” the; 
avowed aim of this change, is the increase of internal conduc. 
tivi ‘Th It is certainly an increase of cost, 





eee 





ATC 


: «a 
siya Dated October 29 
Sa on tet 


| consisting o} 
: différent diameters, 


: and surround the carbo 


Hefei aan ete CEN IIA ACNE ra 











2p St seem anere 





} f ELL ‘CELL. 

Sas ae : 
Mr. 8. J, Browning, of Ports 

acell he bas eolnlitinted. ots A. (es — : 


. “While using the same mitérinls ; 
: i hie, and the same strong: 
solutions us those of the ordinary Daniell, it Tee lee the ' 


amount of current, 


“Tt can he elearly perecived th in obj : 
vat f at my main object haw hee fo 
reduction of the internal resiatance, which 7 believe 1 pee 


‘accomplished to the ulmoat without reducing its eoustancy,”” 
The accompanying dingrama illustrate this ecll. 





















































































































































ty 5 Outer capper cylinder. 
oa Inner copper cylindor, which oncircles the porous cell within }-inch 
3). ‘Tho copper aholf surrounding No, 3 for holdir ph 
(4). A woo lon cylinder with atep turned Grutile. to Keer pee in 
contra a No, 2, nnd with threo wooden pluga, to keop No, 2 in centre of 


(5). Ordinary 8in, porous cell. 
(6.) Cylinder of cine. on 


Mr. Browning uses small blocks of il ised indi 
ownit canised india rubber 
eae in ie eentte - ube porous jar, and ‘ei tiki 
8 jar in the centre of the cylinder. : ise 
of felt for the zine to rest upon. ee ene tee ae, 





/§%o i 
aba us photographs of | 


t 


Le mérite de eos sourees d'électricité est en effet 
trés grand; lélément a en meme temps une force 
électromotrice considerable et une résistance propre 
trés petite; c'est de plus un couple complétement 
dépolarvisé et qui réalise un des lypes les plus partaits 
de pile constante dans le sens qu'on attache 4 ce 
mot, Avant d'aller plus Join, il convient de bien 
ddfinir co terme et de ne rien laisser de vague dans 
Fesprit du lecteur, La pile de Grove est théorique- 
ment constante, c'est-iedire que, si activement 
qu'on Ta fasse travailler pendant cinq ou dix mi- 
nutes, on ne Maltaiblit pas, Mais cette constance 
théorique n'a qu’ assez courte durce pratique, et 
a hout Mune leure ia travail non exagérd elle a 
défi perdu de son’ ch 

Parmi tes innombrables combinaisons dé} 
sayées, une seule, 1a pile de Daniell, a une con- 
stance théorique aussi pariaite que celle de Grove 
eb une constance pratique de beauconp plus longue 
durée, : 

La pile Daniell, la premiére en date, est encore 





























Fig, 1. Elément comptet de 1s pile feynier. 


aujourd'hui le prototype de la pile constante, et les 
efforts n'ont pas manqué pour racheter ce qui lui 
manque en foree. Le couple a sulfate de cilivre a 
en effet une foree clectromotrice 1,06, presque 
moitié de celle de Grove, 1,80, ct sa résistance 
propre, a dimensions égales, est beaucoup plus 
granie. . 

C'est cet excellent point de depart qu'a pris 
M. Reynier. Ha gardd, le sulfite de cuivre comme 
agent dépolarisant, mais ila substitud dans la cel- 
lule du zine, & Vagide sulfurique étendu ou an sul- 
fate de zine, une solution de soude suustique, eb 
il a ainsi porté la foree dlectromotrice a 1,4 
ou 1,5. [s'est préoceupd ensuite de diminuer ha 
résistance propre de In pile, et est Mi surtout qu il 
a fait une chose originale et importante; pour aug- 
menter la conductibilité de ses dete ‘liqueurs, il a 
ajouté des sels solubles et conducteurs par, tesquels 
Ja résistance des liquides est beaucoup réduite, Ha 
daillenrs adoptd des vases poreus de papier parehe- 
min, qui ajoutent beaucoup moins 4 ka résistance 














Hy que des vases porenx de porcelaine ddgourdie. 


Venons maintenant & la description matérielle de 





156° "LA NATURE. 


Vobjet. L'clément complet est représenté par da 
figure 1. L'dlectvade de cuivre (lig. 2) est placd 
dans la cellule extéricnre, c’est-i-dire en dehors du 
vase porous; elle Menveloppe, te touche méme, de 
sorle qu'elle est aussi prés que possible de l'élec- 
troile zine (fig. 5). 

fb Ces deux fenilles métalliques ont ta meme forme 








Fig. 2, Electrode négative cuivre 4 Vintérieur da vaso poreus, 


replige et présentent toutes denx une grande sur. 
faces: les figures font comprendre comment les 
queues saillantes hors du liquide sont coupées dans 
la lame meme et comment on évite les attaches 
soudées, qui sont généralement  pratiqndes et qui 
sont nuisibles. 

Le vase poreux est fil de 
figure 4 le montre achevd; |: 
prendre comment if est ablenn par wn pli 
venable d'une feuille carrée; le pliage epéré, on 
atliche avee des épingles de papetier les gros plis 
amends sur les petits cdtés; ef Ie vase ne présente 
sur ses grandes fies qu'une seule épaisseur de 
papi 

Lfidée d'employer le papier parehemin n'est pas 
nouvelle, et sir William ‘Thomson avail reprise 








papier parehemin ; ta 
figure 5 fail com 
con- 














Fiz, 5. Electrode positive zine & Cintérionr di vase poreuy. 


dans sa pile Daniell & faible résistance; t ais Vide 
du pliage est nouvelle et heureuse, ct les vases (le 
papier de M. Reynier pourront dtre utilisés par les 
chimistes en dehors de lapplication pour laquelle 
ils ont ce imagines. a 

La porosité de cette eloison, sera peut-dtre trop 
grande pour cerlaines applications de Ia piles it est 
aisé de In réduire en pliant ensemble deux ou trois 
gpaisseurs de papier. It est interessant de remarquer 
d'ailleurs que, par cet artifice, on double ou tripte 
la résistance éleetrique du vase poreux; mats on 

































EMM reistonatatuntarsriseriasonsn ccc EINEM 








aye, 


r ad 


1" PROVEMENT OF Ee nites \s 
OVEMENT OF THE. BUNSEN BATTERY, \ | S ; \i iy 
i, \ 





; FROVEMENTS IN EL) 

TERIES.—European : journals: note’ two recent Mr, i 

‘improvernents Tn electrio battories, one of which Afr, Azants, sonata chlefly 
bout tteen e ane yi 




























ia snodification of the well-known Bunsen, dao mt.’ eres 
+t to BM, Acapla. iti in-stated that “he, has ane; The Ih of cautatl Tall ae? rnc! Th C reial 
aa sed i cooromplion cf scan en k of itis \ ‘ : . The Commercial Treaty with Chi 
nft Fea wally a y ina, 
sede fear the coneumPthe. current by no 08 Ustad w Heh contatns AITE text of the two treatles signed nt Peking on September 17, 1880, by the 
i while the prove.’ Commissioners Plenlpotentlury of the United States aud Ching, res wwetivel as 
was-recently subinttted to the United States Sennte for approval. The thiport kent. ' i 
by the Sceretary"of State in relation to the negotiations with Chinn gives detatted | 2 




















‘using # solution of cyanide of,potassium, cauatio 
‘potash ebloride 7 scodinit or sal ammonite is id a gen ele elt if the, 
; 0 jute aulphurio acid generally) gananteds atid consn ete s 
insed ie the ping seal ene. second battery res fi y and ie 4 7 rite meounis of the several meetings of the United States Commissioners and the \ 
‘na follows: ‘A roll of shoot aN + loner a) manner, wh river hn ty ol ; Commissioners of the Clinese Emperor, and of thesteps hy which the latter were . 7 
ian fllowas, A roll of sho. taminum is Place —whilelh ordi 5 ete such a led to recede from the position first assumed, ani to come toa sutiafuetory under: 
aw roned, ge weasel contain ng very a to | © enuplo ene th * standing with the Americat representatives upon the question of ‘Chinese imui- 
Tapdsecha wold or dilate ou are il : ar days in suce - rad used gration to this country, ‘The tlret treaty is confined in iis provistons to the future 
‘cell containing concentrated nitric acid and a atte yo eucling an electri nt I Ce ee i me i Galt Blanes, resend te 
8 ec elit. ErCl paty, 2 te. vhich Is as WH 
7 Mant It gives out Heit “The President of the United States undNifs Imperial MafGt the Emperor of 
a ah China, because of certain points of incompletencss Te exit reaties between 
‘ iss) aN enipotentiney, that . 






































‘araaller roll of slorinara. Each roll has a log 
‘or projection, which ia inserted into a cironlar 
f i: é 
f obo! thelr two Governments, have named as 
. Ange, bf Michigan ; John 














is to say, the President of the United See dak 












obonite, and thus in placo, 
: F; Swift, of California, and Wiliam TRpry TrHNott, of South Carolina ; his In 
perial Majesty the Emperor of Chinn Yao Chijny, i membPyof is Tinperlal Majes ol 
ty’s Privy Council and Superintendayft of the ard of <Nvil Ollice, and Li tung ¢ ‘ 8 ‘ be 
: ig 


oA sew DaTrERy is being ‘produced; having“: / { 
ane of its elements composed of sheat iron lesx H 
than the fiethousandth of an inch in thick ! 


Poubfcr- sss for 5 Yn 


‘Teno, a member of his Tunpertat M nH who have agreed upon 
\ 


and concluded the followlng artl 
“ Antiche ‘The Govern, 


esty’s Pri 











nl China, recognizing 
ur still further to pro- 
Subjects oNd): two powers, mutually 
rhid attention (0 the representations of 
f commerciat intercourse as elther may 





















desire. 


Ant. IL, ‘The Governments of Ching and the United States mutually agree + 


and tndertake that Chinese subjects stint not be permitted to import opium inte 


4 any of the ports of the United States, and the citizens of the United States shall 
not be permitted to import optim into any of the open ports of China, to trons: , 
muy or sell opium in anyt 


port it from one open pert to Ay other open port, or to 
of the open ports of Chiva, "This nbsulute prohibition, whieh extends to vessels : 
owned by the citizens or subjects of either power, to foreign vessels employed by 
them, or to vessels owned by the citizens or subjects of either power and eniployei ; 
by other persons for the tratisportation of opium, shall be enforced by appropri- 
aie legislation on the part of China and the United States, and the benefits of the » 
favored nation clause In existin, treaties shall not be cluimed by the citizens or : 
subjects of either power, Hen nat the provisions of this article. , oa 
Ane. TE, Hls tmpertal Majesty the Emperor of China hereby promises and | 
grees that no other kind or higher rute of tonnage dues or duties ‘for imports or 
exports on constwise trade shail be Imposed or levied in the open ports of China | 
upon vessels wholly belonging to citizens of the United States, or wpowt the pro- | 
duce, manufactures, oF merchandise Imported in the same from the United States - 
or from any forelgn country, or upan the produce, manufactures, or merchantlise- 
exported In the same to the United States, orto any foreign country, or trans; ported 
fn the same from one open por of Chinn to another, thin are tmposed or levied 
on vessels of cargoes of any other nation or on those of Chinese subjects, The 
United States hereby promise rnd nygree that no other kind or higher rite, of tone 
noge dues or duties for Imports shull be Imposed or fevied inthe ports of the 
} United States upon vessels wholly belonging to the subjects of his Imperint Mas, 
i jesty, and combny either directly or by way of any forelgn port, from nny of the 
ris of China which are open to forelgn trie, to the ports of the United States, or 
returning therefrom, elther directly or by way of any of the open ports of China, 
manufactures, oF. merchandise imported in tle same from, 
forelgn country, than are imposed or levied on vessels of other 
rnint the Unite States In tonnage duces 


wo trade, or thin are limposed or levied 


or duties on Sinports, exports, or const! 
ieee Feitizens of the United States, 








(aura AURBNT "OF BUNSEN ELEMENTS CL: Bellsteiy a 
" i b NTS.—L. Beils 

and F, Jawein. In order to prevent the ovidation ot 

the conductive wires, binding-screws, Ke, they ar 

rubbed over with oleonaphtha prepared from Caucasian 

petroloum. The resistance is not perceptibly increased, 

Other mineral oils would act in a similar manner, : 






























< Tuenwo-Cummtcat Researcitts.em alius Thom 
The author. gives in, Kolbe’s :.fournal “fie. Praltsehey : 


aligns hehe eianniiclas ns . ‘ 
fom 1 TEE ae | 
are wena Yon ww AGS, : 








































































of the United States and subjects o : 
mined and decided by the public oflicers of the two natlons, it is agreed betweett 
the Governments of the United States and China thnt sucht cases sha be tried by 

The properly authorized 
hall be freely’ permitted to ‘attend the trial, and 


shall be trented with the courtesy’ Hy ghul} be granted al] proper 


vatching the proceedtn; vy in the interests ofjuattee, If he so desires, 
facilities for vite rial t Nf xamine, and to cross-exumine witnesses. 


he shall have the right to present, to ¢: 
rocecdings he ahall be yormitted to protest aggtinet them 
He dient aw truiistered fit be the law br the nationality of the ollicer 


indetall, ‘The law administered will 
ed and seated the foregolng, | 


ring the cuse. : 
im 0 faith whereof, the Plentpotentiaries hive sign: 
at Peking; in English and Oliineses ete. - 
‘ sston, 
« Signatures of the Chincee omission. wqammaT. ASaBUt, 7 
‘ un BY SwiFty : 
COWinarast HENRY TREACOTT.” 35 
. . ice emer | 
Y President has also sent to the Senate: 
In addition to the treaties with China, the Presive ne ae eyuracnicht of Cer 


" . viding 
the text of atreaty negotiated it preueredl BY Kher country in consequence, 


tain apecitied expense’ aly smite vessels of the other. 

















SEL ele inh etsynae eromansnern if nbs, 


e desiderata In'a'g 
compactness and abil 
trent of electricity, cheaply, 
a Lafsonous or corrosive fumes. ; 
ee OPS The form. of battery described ‘below was designed to; 
: Sem leaply overcome gomo of the annoyances commonly attent 


Int upon the use ‘of: Inrge or énfenss batteries us well as to’ 


RST acme PETE g SoS he 
~~ Pwo terminal and ail interinedinte ‘statlons are shown. 


The index stows Whe yunber of subscribers to stations on | cours 


x er | 7 is 
the circult, and the poston of, the poluter indicates the This 
sie ealled. ‘The al ismade by a push bike an electric | Fo 


bell push. The pual cages the pointer to go forward ‘one: 
Pane the rel ase cates it to go forward another hall 
step; and this action is butinued GIL the number of the 
station required ix reackd, when attention Is roused ni 
the riuging of the bell. De nelion of the instruments wi 
be understood If we skite how the connections arc mw 
‘Ava central station the poitive pole of the local butte 
connected to terminal, 14, Fig. 1; the negative pole 
LZ, Fig, 8 the termimd,3, is put to earth, Ong Nne—say, 
the up Hne—ls conneetd bp 1, and the down dine to Lt 8. 
The terminals, St TC, areconnected as shown, At the ter- 
minal stations, what ve inve called thy up wire is con: 
nected fo the zine pol ofthe line battery, the copper pol 
being put to earth, Thodetails, although they may seer 
complicated, ure not go, bt will he readily understood. 
The conncetions are ther as follows: A wire leads from 


the Ine 1, marked Ty, or upper left-hand terminal of the | po 
signal, looking at it fromthe frout, to the electromagnet, | me 
D, the other stde of thk coil being ‘attached to the maln | batter! 
framowork, The current {len goca by the terminal, marked | the 


- { 
| 


g6g ta Bunyeg saynmogs-hyldns ysoay t oandasd 
01 WOT FEY Modnasayar fapitsy OO) BE I] KU “Syugapuy wa: 
oq Yasaol Hatin If "eaRsDs paso OM GE ap AAIOsAAd 
0} Wag ABOZOIaI|Y 8] 1} LOINYE OMOS AYU APU WANOND “oan ss[Our 
Ke pAyOULT oF OF OLGNIT KE IP AP AMT OF pagodxa sf at UIT AL 
‘atta Toys Avda WUE OptOqiuS UaNpUaHT ONHUIUTT #200 1-0 
pUw OppOTTD wEyOUUEN OUUtUEAT COD. ITAL paanposd ot 
Sour 20j09 pas ynyuag vsavour syqr Sep “wuvays {q paywaye 
you sy dadud orf sue ‘patuaten acy Lut syttopio BI] DLAs aLTIOG 
OUD ‘AT UNYTOUTT oI) JO HORsoduoodp, a4} WoIRUI, OF 
sapio ty “aqyidaosad Ajypuat o8 you By pot OF oFuurya Aly pus 
TaINyQ GaUId9q 1] portaysjour sf 1] GatTAs oMNUdAG ‘aquys Lay “y 
sf Ip Go aodud aqy Aypdusa oF 199q Sf IT saadduys Ol) JO 42 
AOAMOT At]R OF PAYOITIT ya} OF JO_99a]C U {IIs PARO]D 8} 1409 
OIL, “OWUPST] taNpopUD TALM PauaysoUr pew opiog Buy PIN] 
8} PIs} 04 OF OOUMEQNS Of,L ‘FAYPUUND Yurue vf ‘atragoad 
ore AOpy UATAL SITE MINJUUEAIIY JO TEPIDAIOP Ot[) Joy o8t 
jo spaodud sppy, ouysony pyoveour v opus oujtjuusor— pou 
=ftod any waattoo oF Bf UjUOUNAY otf) JO TOWAU AIL, “sodua w 
jo tuaog ory Up sp af ttoHAL BfuottAL Aq ONyUTIND pasofoo At U9u 
tidaad gy santuut pag |sofop-oaone oy up posudoad aadug 
“40109 BTALa[IOd [NJPAVAT V Jo—O]LOUIN} 04 IN]YtE— 
avaddy yas fot) *popsp pul ouyyansos yo Wood ON]IP GOT 
jou tv up poddyp oq sodud pozjaun jo sodysyy JT oyuydnys 


[2} so. Tp ott OVE. paysaatiog samoddq pjow OUOUE ILD) tArosd | 4 


YspMOTae v. or poHauys oq [I] tooo por syf ‘Pappy pju 
OLngdyne oP pur soytss UT PIApossyp 9] ONIN, NATAL 


‘yvanouyy Avaonp Aq 
‘SVD V dO KUOd AHL NI St LL NATEASVINOKICY 


ee ie IMIVd LSA ALYONIGd OXY 
: ‘ox09 pazyoudan 


punoar samy) Aaeur yvo23 w punoas By oy oly A194 O6OILM 
On0TT) BU tots ‘Aug OF ay AUNT) ‘ROUONdITO) yIUKyEOL Ana puu 
“wopsnD 40} PayuNouT HUIUI[O QSUpO"L 19} yHOQN poanbas 
O18 OsdI[) BNGOI. Pood upsyqo OF, — “MMO OPT Os Wasa 
“an Spoq g]yy Jo sopjzadoad 042j99]9 auynSuys ou) pajyusisuowap 
ALU O]YAL Jo suudur £q eNdWPLIdxXo sNOLtUTIeL Oy OF BU (TIM 
au ‘snyuundde opuoydotoyd puy opaorydoypur qn or paydupe ay 

| AOAfO091 LUNMO[OT JIT) ‘Poq{owOp OAT OAs BU PorONspsI0D 
‘ : “ala ‘uopwwudoad Jn apout ofs “urnyuopos 
OL Ju ostgat ot) ‘BaopstatUD OL) YITAL AuaAT Aawa squaua[a 
OU) JO SODUUIHIHOS OT, “LOPO Pood uy ap ind 0} fuinyuapos Jo 
Juyiwoo satyous ppu pus yy qsyodos ‘ujudu oouzing ony oly OF 


~ oxygen of which and w 


zinc, ‘Trial proved the Iden-to be strictly correct; ny 
tron, but nickel and cobalt, as well as gold nud stly: 
the nietals of the platinum:group, were found to’ be 
+ cally as electro-negative to zine ns carbon itself. Cau 
at first litte more etrongly electro-negative than irp 
owing to the ubsorption oP hydrogen in its pores as’ 8 
the circuit ts closed, it ts In practice in no wise super 
Silver ia the most electro, vegntive of all the metals 1 
solutions, The use of fron, tf practicable, has oby 
keveral advantages, The cheapness of the metal ¢ 
freedom frot linbillty to fraettire as compared with 
are strong polas in Hg favor, and it afarts besides tH) 


silitity of making a perfect nnd persianent connect it 


the negative plate for the binding screw, an end so d 
tontialn when carbon is used. It waa discovered, ho’ 
that a simple iron plate polarized very. rapidly, the 
gen sct free by the action of the battery clinging (6 
greatly inercasing the resistance. By aufroundin, the 
with a packing of small fragmenta’ of iron, such as 
turnings or borings, In the same sinner ag the carbon 
in the original typeof Lechinché, is surrounded by fmp 
of carbon ant manganese dioxide, this deletertons acl 
considerably moditled, and diy cell nequires to a gre 
tent the power of keeping up its clectromotive force 
working continously throhgh a tow extecual resis 
The number of potnts presented by the tues or to 
is probably Ghe cause of this, ng it Ts well known that | 
gen escapes with much greater freedom from a roug} 
from a sinocth surface, - The packing of fron frngimies 
in fact, the platinized silver plato of Smee in wnother! 
The greatest cficiency ts oltataed when the fron frag 


are thoroughly damped by the solution, but not innit 


fn It, the obstictes to the exenpe of the hydrogen being 
at their minimum, ‘ 
Although not quite constant when working throw 
soxternal resistance of 20 ola, the battery recovers | 
ginal electromotive force when allowed to rest: with a 
ty suficient 10 allow of its employment on the busiest 
graphic circuits and for most other practical purposes, 
* electromotive foree of the tron battery varies soamewhu 


the onturg of the Jron and the purity of the exciting sala 


ployed. Also with the degree to whieh the Tron fra; 
are saturated or covered by the solution, ‘The Danie 
1, and the Leclanché at ita best 130, the row varies 
115 to 133. Tho last wagan exceptionally good cel 
the average may be taken at 1°20, or 0°07 less than the 
Leclanehé, Bat after working for some days continu 
through w low external resistance, the iron keeps 1 
romothve fe much better than the Lech 

is proved Intely, at the suggestion of Mr. David 
who thonght it kely to demonstrate the comparative 
clues of the two batteries for actunl work by setting a! 
spechnen of each cell to ring an clectro-tangnetie trem 
bell of precisely slinilar construction, and ench ofa 
wee of 6 ohins, day nod night, until they failed. | 
were started at 110 ALM, on December 23° Inet. | 
four or tive days the Leelanehé beesme very wenk; 
although it did not nctuatly stop untit January 13, £ 
terly slmply vibrated the hammer of the bell without | 
jng the gong. ‘The fron cell rang the bell powerfally: 
January 15, and did not stop unl January 23, exact! 
month, or 741 hours, fromthe date af starting, 
+ Pho chetateal reaction of the tron buttery is probat 
follows: there belng present wheo a solution of potas 
hydroxide ty used, 


: Znr4+-KHO-+11,0-+4-Fe, 
the closing of the circuit produces first, 
2Zn0-+K-F 1, 4-Fe, 


That ts to suy, at the positive plate the oxygen of the V 
slum hydroxide and of the water fs given off, nud com| 
with two gtoms of zine to form zincoxlde, At the neg. 


. plate, the potassium and the bydrogen of the potas 


hydroxide, and the hydrogen of the water are set free, 1 
metallic potussium instantly decomposes an additiunnl 

culo of water in tho neyntive portion of the cell, wit| 

th one of tho free atems of hy 

yen t comblucs to reform potassium hydroxide, leavlug! 

four atoms of hydrogen duc to the decomposition of w 


_ free, -. This makes tho final stage, 


24n0-+-KI10-+F11,4-Fe,,” 
ses ss 


In Fig. 2,'A fa, sheet of copper, about elghtcen inches’ 
bug and ten and a half. inches In 
idth, bent U-shape lengthwise, and 
rovided .with na short copper strap - 


Mbtoasium hichromate and: about onc pound 5 


onomize space and Inbor of matntenatice, 


car ata, B, Fig. 2, isnstrip of zinc, 


Pout fifteen inches long and four 
fait dirée-quarter inches wide. The 
fannie! envelope, C, ia mude of one 
Heee, ning inches wide and twenty. 


o iuches long, doubled upon itself 
d stitched together at g and J, 80 
‘to snugly envelop the zinc plate. , 


h setting up the battery, the copper 


coated thickly with a paste of 
Icitied tampblack and dilute sul 
urle ackd; the plate of zinc is fit: 
V Into the cloth envelopo, pre- 
ously motstencd with dilute sul- 
uric acid, and this in turn fs put 
to the copper, 60° that. the cloth 
ejects an Inch or more above and 
low he Intter, Tt is necessary 


bat the copper. should finnly press 


on thectoth cavelope, but it must 


Dt touch the uncovered zine plate. 


yo couples thus arranged are 


neked tightly togetherin a wooden - 


me or case, with a sheet of paper 
turated with parafine between 


Ach, as shown tn. Fig, 1. The 
Bates are then joined in serics—tho 
Bnc uf one, with the copper of the 
ext, and go on—the cars, «and 4, 


ig. 2, serving for connections, Tho 


Ale, PP’, Fig. 1, is made of glass, 


of pieces of glasa tubing jolucd 


& vulcanized rubber tubing, and fs connected with 9 reser-{ °° * 


bir, D, At polnis, ¢, 4, 8, along this tube, and just over the | 
panded ears of the projecting cloth envelopes, aro arranged | 


Haas dropping tubes, so that when aliquid fluws from the 


servolr, D, through PP’, an equal quantity of it escapes 

Brough ench of theso upon ‘the cloth velow. The flaw of 

Fuld from the reservolr can be controlled by the stopcocks 
Eand T. 

The battery is operated ns follows: The reservoir, D, hav- 


Ale been filled witha colution of three-quarters of a pound of 


sulphuric acid ina gallon of water, the, 
p pcock, E, {sopened, and thesolutionallowed 


BM trickle ‘slowly upon and down through: 
Age cloth cnvclopes, escaping at the. bottom 


alendon or enameted tray, Tho batters’ ©” 
5 attanged develops a consideraule elec: - 


motive force, and, when the reservoir is 


operly .adjuated, is: remarknbly constant, 
wkd ‘it become clogged up with chrome. 


Bbm (and. this docs not often happen), or 
Mhen. tt ts not required for uso, it can bo 
Poncd without discounccting it by allowing 


Warm water, instead of the solution, to tlow 


Mrough the pipe, P.P’....The zinc plates can 


casily taken out without removing the 
velopes. A’ battery of this. kind of onc 


Miindred cells can bo put up in.a box three 


t long, ono, foot wide,.nnd two feet deep, j 
‘can be fed from a singlo rescrvolr, and will 
‘avery fate are Nght... 





CSeienfitic American, 
SEPTEMBER. 3, 1881] 


cease ae 














vetoes tah S Ema Sec TELS 


4 








Menlo Park Scrapbook, Cat. 1002 


No. 2. "Combustion of Coal; Theoretical Heat from Boilers and Steam < 
Engine Cost" 


This scrapbook covers the years 1879-1881 and contains clippings 
about boilers, engines, and coal consumption. There are 138 numbered 
Pages. 





Blank pages not filmed: 36-138, 





Sette ey 


> Si nm Esty 
NRWARK BOK DINDERY & BLANK BOOK, MANUFACTORY, 
JOB & MEROANTILE PRINTERS, ° 
oye F i —O—— oo smi 
“} WILLIAMS & PLUM, 
"U7 Broad St, Nowark, NJ," 
STATIONERS and BOOKSELLERS, 
MERCANTILE PRINTERS, 
: BOOK BINDERS, 
FIRST CLASS BLANK BOOK MANUFACTURERS, 
LITHOGRAPH CHECKS, BONDS, NOTES, Ac. 


mas 


“: [the preceding paragraph,” -\:.": 


MA ne rom 

realiso_ on. the: Combustion 
Wm. M. Barr,'a recent war 
vowed In‘our issue of June 28t 


of fuel, is the proportion which the: 

Habte heat: bears to tho. total heat, when 
iven sort of fuel ts burned In the given {i ° 
is here to he under. 


‘ary analysts: being known;.. bit 
ailablo beat ia not so casily arrived at;;and 
-can only be determined, by a, series of more)’ 
oF lesa : elaborate. experiments: or, trinla’ in 
actual use.:.In steam: bollers tho, efliciency |, 
of: tho furnace Is measured by the pounds of: 
‘water evaporated per. pound of coal burned 
‘on tho grate, under known conditions. ‘This 
‘will always bo found to be below the theo- 
retical quantity, and may be accounted for 
in many. ways... 2 fe 
sf Heat, ike water, or steam, must flow 
fom,n highor to a tower Ievel in jorder to be-y. 
ome available, and: in this flow, or transfer{ * 
hero Is n Joss, which is explained In tho arti- 
1a. on the dissipation of energy. |)’ 
‘hora fa'.a logs’ duce to ; tho ‘radiation | 
{heat from the sides of: the: furnace; this 
may be prevented in part by building hollow 
‘walls around tho furnace, <0). , 
ot! Thero ta o loss in the use of cold instead 
of heated alr for supplying the oxygen to the 
burning fuel. .: This may be remedied in part 
by forcing ‘the alr: through tho hollow spaco 
loft between tho two wails, as suggested 


t 


‘There is;a loss ‘occasloned by the aiffer-! 


of temperature: betweon tho escaping 
gases and. that of: tho'atmosphoro. necessary : 


“Hto! produco’ naturnlydraft, : ‘This may. bo) 


argely,: overcomo. by. using a. forced draft, 


“@There is, losa by Imperfect: combuath 
that is, loss. by..tho formation of ‘carbonic}: ; * | 
oxide Instead of carbonic acd. 2 + ss. 
.: The constderation of cacti of these forms 
‘fof: loss has: been undertaken elsewhere in’ 
this: volumo, and need not be repented hero.'} 
There is no method ‘by which the efficiency / 
‘of.n furnace can bo exactly determined, ox-| 
cept by an experimental test in netual ser: } 
vice. ' 
' “Tho quantity of water evaporated from : 
jand_ at-212° per pound of coal, varics in ore! 
inary practice from six to 2... are 
jten pounds ; ten pounds is 
<lconsldored a very fair evap.” 
ition, “and Is" probably, 
“Imuch ‘above the ‘average ; 


" Ithis Is about ‘seventy-one per’ ‘| 
| 


cent: of the theoretical, if wo 
Inssuine fourteen pounds ns 
the average theoretical evap- 
oration power of good coal |" 
and coke, 1a leat eg 
“ With inforlorcoal tha ro-''.:: 
{sults would be far below this; 
ithe quality of the conl orcoke 
used must be taken into'nc- 
count, ds well ag the con- 
struction of the furnace, and! Sy :--+-gemr sr; 
fo obtain the -highest ‘results, ‘the furnace. 
should have ita details arranged with special, 
reference to the burning of a particular fuci,! 
as may bo found after'a trial, the best and" 
-{ eat economlenl arrangement for that fuel.” 


i See EER ARGS 





ERR KRUPP, of Essen, has recently taken! 
“out patents for an Invention intended to} 
‘provide foritho safety of steam-boilors when; 
noylcoted by tho attendant, It is of tho fusible: 

“julloy class, and, as will be econ, differs materi-; 
Jotly from tho woll-known fusible plug. .M{any; ’ 
attempts have: been mado to: produce safety! 
‘apparatus for steam-bollera with fusible alloys,; | 
thut tho contrivances hithorte employed as safety | 

+ lapparatus for steam-boilers have Indicated tho 
‘scarcity of wator in such manner that tho alloy; 
‘fuses or inclts Away whon the tompornturo un-; 

» duly rise, thus frocing tho oriflee ol structed by; 
‘the alloy, aud tho ateam escaping indicates tho, 
searcity of water either by ita nolso or by its! 
‘action ona whistloor other contrivance, Irupp's; 
Anvention differs from othera in that tho alloy is: 
‘shut up ina vessel, iu which it fuses or melts, 
‘when the temperature riscs, so that a signal is 
‘given or appliances are brought into action! 
jwhich influence tho production of steam. “In all’; 
‘eases thoro is no loss of alloy; on the contrary,! 
{tho samo metal can be used over and over ngain,: .. 
jand tho apparatus rescts itself. According to} 

lone arrangement tho alloy is placed in a valvo, 


which can bo pressed strongly upon ite: 


‘seat «by =ncrows, tho pi lending toi” 
tho valve being so aorangol that tho tems 


[Beraturo of tho wnter in it will not molt tho’ 


= ee ay 











Phew Leb UE med ke, OPE 


steam gauge on-No, 7 Loilor, ‘and also one wrought iron 
Efreceiver whioh Joins tho stoam pipes, but no gau Baty 
0. other soven boilers, which wero all coupled 
anght tere gaa Pipes : taal ti : 
a teated that the exploded boiler was mada twantysalx 
cars ago and has been at work ever since, and paper, Mille 
‘PRenerally. work night and lay, showing that thia boiler has 
}gona through 9 reat Binount of. wear and tear, : Iho rivet vi 
heads wf tho shell and those of tho hand-made portion of the h before rupture 
itacs only Pyvleet from juin, to Jib. abovo tha aurfaco of tho thia Loitor would 
sop plates, and thoir form is conical and about Min, diameter at | of 1011b, on tho sqsiaro inch, 
ho Inao, leaving not more than y4in; in thickness of autal of fof only three instead of six to mect 
Tivot head at tho circumference of to body of the rivet, and | accounts for tho tearing of the shel 


alloy. Tig. 1 is a vertical cross scction of a 
safety apparntus or fusible plug for atenm-boilers! 
conntracted according to this arrangement, A! . 
is tho alloy; B tho valve in which tho alloy is! 
placed; Gand D aro scrows for operating on tho! 
‘Valve B; and Fis tho water pipe, ‘Tho valvo B; 
jean be shut by prossuro on tho solid alloy A by; 
‘means of tho scrow D; but in tho event of the 
valloy A melting in consoquence of scarcity of; 
rwator, tho preastro coases, the valyo B rises, audi 
tho cscaping steam signals tho fact. ‘Tho alarmi 
‘apparatus shut by screwing the screw 0; 


down, after which tho other scrow D ie’ ; : whe hie ; : s . , & ‘ 
‘raised, sufficiontly to oso contact with ‘ 1 one A a x : H acter Hil 


ONG StoARY 
< 
y 
$ 


PANE curses mates. 


‘tho alloy; the latter having becomo sct,! 

ithe shutting of tho AL J ngaln pilosted, i : . ie A ‘< i 

iby tho samo screw D, which has first to ! ca roams a eam ae firm ae — Ome a ABOUT 180 YARD GT a nan mee me ee 
‘sorowed down strongly and afterwards clinched: oP Ok ‘ a de ; a 7 

:until tho other screw CO has been raised, after’ 

‘which tho apparatus is ready for further siguale 

‘ling purposes, According to another arranyo-, 

iment tho fusiblo alloy ia inclosed inn box which’ 

jis tightly joluted or scrowed on to the atenm-; 
+ pipe; but in all instances tho alloy when hard! 

‘arrests or holds n pleco of mechnutam which, 

‘when thealloy bevomtes fluid, isrelenved, tonctuato} ett M: & oot / : i ea 

ry Sigua or example, n rack or ratchet! wey } ‘ P i ¢ eri a FRONT «ND 

i Wheel may be, used, ono tooth of which ts cast or ou oat : 

Angorted in tho alloy, whilst a tension is created 

on anothor tooth either by menns of the raised j 
damper or the cut-off valva of a conduit of gay, } 


.ora ringing apparatus, a steam-signal, an cloo- | . ! ty 
, tro-ma; ee or any othor sultablo-arrngomost., e tints ; : vTTERE caetents 
Rig, 2 1s 9 yortical crosa section of apparatus! pie ke 
+ coustructed necording: to this arrangement. A js! 
‘tho fusiblo alloy; B ta the box or valve in whifeh | 
‘tho alloy {a pluced; |G, tho ratchet wheel on tho! i 8 
‘spindlo H, a tooth of tocth of which is embedded: 
in tho alloy ag shown; and F ia tho water tube. 
Tf tho alloy A imolta, tho ratchet wheol G is: 


Toleased, and tho damper closes the flue to chim-- ! % 4 H | Poors 

“‘noy, the gaseflow conses, and tho bell, whistle, at oth . cee S q 

or other signal sounds ; varlouscontrivances may: Th ‘ t SS} 
‘bo devised for acting in a simitar manner, being: { F we i 

a fala in the alloy rah it is hard, and relonsod : . tho x : ay eal \ 

» }ehen or partially 80; for examplo, the ‘ 5 ina i - 

+ “Maoldin, pplinnes may boa bar with cnlan ed: i +f which Mr, Hiller fs tha ifs i i 9°09 

*, end going into the alloy. We should be plod to lolbo 3 
learn whother Horr Krupp has really tried the oer i boing, : 
:plan described, for it t4 not quito olear, if the; en by! 
‘water will not melt the alloy, that tho tomperaturo : i 


of tho steam will, - f ONOXEH ore . i 
a ies © 7 et : ry nce Company, explain eae 5 , i 
xii “S different way. i oy Piany rivets aig much tess than this, some havo the heads rupturo had commenced. Tho shell ani thics were torn into 
© Lancashire ty; adja. a ontirely sheared off. 'Tho diamoters of tho rivet Holos aro, on | at loast fifty pieces, . , 
tho thicknosa of t was’ «| tho sido of the plates whoro tho punch frat cntored din,, and | Mr, Baldwin is of opinion that th es began to collapse 
ixteenthe, the flues ‘y-| ou the other side lin. making the moan diamoter of the rivet | noar tho middle of thelr length ina vertical direction, thereby 
: 2". [holes }fin., aud many of the rivet holes have boon drifted to tearing the onds of tho boilor aud thomsclves to picces, andat 
more than lin, in diameter. Tho rivots do not fill the holes | tho front end of the sholl rupture would commonce and spread 
and in.numorona cases they do not fill by yin, to Jin.; tho | itself over the shell, tearing tho plates and joints to picces, 
nitch of tho rivets is 2in, producing the result wo have scon in tho caso of this boiler . 
Mr, Baldwin bolioves the oxplosion aroso owing to the flues explosion, ‘Tho factor of safety in connection with the flues 
being wok in tho hand-rivetted portion, which ight allow | when now was only 2 to meot contingencies. t 
- E : : thom to collapso oven with’s prossuro of 531b, on the square ‘Thero was a fustbly plug on cach furnace crown mado of 
8g0. . Tho: of ‘ . : inch, as tho metal will havo dotoriorated in strongth and tho} brass about lin, in oxternal diameter and about 2in, tong, \ 
f fio a ‘ “4M rlvot heads would do a0 Hkowise, and may havo beon sheared | with a hole in cach about jin, in diametor Allod with white 





B tf th i so allow th etal, But the smallnoss of thoso plugs rendered thom quite : 
; ung is fenees “lpi. collataieey prasstre, acootding to Sir ancloes, and thoy wore also: chokod up with mud at tho aldo 
on cairn’ 


Willlam Fale experiments when the boiler was now, | noxt the fre,. As wo havo not acen the boilor, we refrain from i 


Moutatinn’ fie, tt con Slb, ‘This will givel SS ;, +l would be 109 1b, on the square inch, if tho flues had beon well | expressing any opinion qa to which of the two oxplanations {g 
8 , ‘Tho frou composing both the shell and tho fluoa ia correct, oes ones veyt 




















RING, 


E 





3 
wy 





ENGINI 





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poyg Fen “aayd orqusny vse yo" OF popuayar ‘pys] iyi pany 





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S1aUOIOD ‘bey ‘aoay “gf 

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neteatssite Say eaNTy ea 


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gine it blew He‘then? aa 












f P Spparently contradict much .'that ‘sound — scientific 
{The explosion of Mr, Anway’s boiler, at Rio |*: 


velf or others, but told tho’ plain. truth and ox.! . } t : Tec eaten 
"plained the ta-éauso of ‘tho ‘explosion, that it} : , 
{ ‘atoing and 4 


of ‘theso : useful ’ servants, threshing ongin 
‘Tho-engincer, a man about 80 years of ABS, ‘might be. 
- {whose countenance is stamped all the appoat 7 ; 

tances of candor and sincority, swears before : 
| jury that ho-had‘one. and ono-half inches: of: 
wator in his gauge glass at the timo tho boiler, 
exploded, If five hundred ongineors and OX: 
ports had sworn to the aamo thing, the boiler: 
plates will just as positively contradict” tho : et 
| esee on ie as Cirsinaeid oinag cae JULY 18, 1870. 7 f, 
{ water was low at tho timo, and 13 
i than to seo that the plates over tho grates—the| ; eid MYSTERIOUS 1 














a 














Te Car ren Gk refer 









catastrophes, which 
panna 


V 
and corrosion are 


for the- failure of a boiler, 
























i fen ; fe Eg go OI cONciusIONA“ paged. on’ tHe UUM: tHnt Ox tosions) °°. fleaKg; go.—"Hore’ again ef 
Roller Exp __] fail bnwo ween before, that, oa always take plaeo ‘bocautio a boiler’ is too, woul to largoly.in_ puro assumption, 
Lo tanning g- See Craze uly ty: ; wero marked with s : he : withstand. normal strains. and these “seid events the Nai 
; [Writhen for the Parse by I. W. Rice). °°] ‘Tmtataken. 0.008 & 


ilor inspecting engines 


nature,” to use a wo 


tee nsceraensseronte cnuner nena 











" . f arnt ; : a clbow Dipe was broken of _ let oie wwaler ru out, 

‘Although it was the causc. of sarion bodil ee authoritios tone Ent che eon TAcmmP of ovidones that B cost irony: 
“Tateca toe diye aap, bs feet peo ofthe injury tohis Ureman’ aed to: hie reputation i 4 : a ipo was broken as aupposed, Mr, Baldwin,: another: 
want of skill that is found ia the manageme an ongineor, yot he did not try to: deceive him. 4 


er, holds that Mr. Hiller is quite}. 
boilor. burst. because the plates lial]? 
become weakened by agd; that thoy’had “lost their)” 
rd woll known ainong iron makera; 
But even Mr, Baldwin finds all tho plates he tested so 
strong that tho boiler should havo withstood on, tho 
lowost calculation double tho pressure at which it wast: 
worked, It is to be presumed that the inspecting engineers) 
of boiler insurance companies are the greatest authorities! 
in oxiatenco on all that pertains to the life and death of 
steam gonorators, Whien wo find any one of these gentlo- 
men unable to form a 


hy opinion concerning cortain 


r not flatly contradicted by}-. 
a professional brother, it would’ be folly. to deny; 
that there aro Jnysterious boiler oxplosions—that!:: 
is to say, explosions which - occur from somo causa}: 
or causes - unascertatnable, That wa shall always’ 
* {ramain in our present iguorance is very improbable, But! 


1 vi01 ’ 1 . {Wo vonture to think thit the solution of our difficulties; 
wore regarded :a9 ‘tn i will come, not from the boiler-maker or the en ineer, but: 
have heen formed a : 











inet , Oceurrenco—-i heated liqui 








85 pounde, Tho engineer at the’ timo was ro-| 
pairing ‘tho lowor. valyo of his ‘pump, which| 
| had broken the day provious, and ho had drilled 
\.aholo through its seat and mendod it with 
wooden plug and had been tryin; f 4 i nine, 
and to keep auflicient water in the bel ler, which peace that wesdor vartal a a | Tie wearenot, In Tact h 
| he had failed to do.’ : When: tho engineer found Wass hormal steam gonorators, nind “that'n ‘great develo mont | 4 : , t i 
i tt pump was notdaing its daty ho stoppod of steam ensued when thio furnace plates cooled a Tittte ; a forthooxplos on of thorornai Pt end Red a 
eat his water low, an Fe trae ease showed 80 much steam being, mado tluts ina faw seconds that the! tion ‘is that the holler, ny y that boiler Mt ack: 
damper and walted but whenit was thought i Can hae Is ow wale way nde in the aide ae ee ee gas 
be nearly timo to start -ho put iu just two small : cious, Another theory was that if a bo! way , " 


| feeds’ of atraw, tho steain quickly arose t ted hot and cold water pumped in it ": this an intalligibta causo of explosion, it muat bo assumed: 


‘ oxplodo ; that the sudden reduction of pressure on, the outrush: 
pounds, ant the explosion occurred, The one ‘an lode _ : ypbviously tho tail f : of steam through the sido of the broken boiler caused a0 
ao. was not moved an inch, and nothing about iar eory.  Tnasnuel I . te i 
i t or the ranning geara was in tho least inured, Hiron is but ono-inth tha large a portion of tho contained jvater to flash into steam, 
+ Had the boiler een doublo-rivoted and stayed, tt follows that. nin that the boiler flow into pieces before the steam so pro- 
1, like tho Hosdley’s, not a person of those near it '1600 dog, ; . |duced could escape, But it is well known that tho: 
| would have beon loft aliva'to teatify,. Mr. Au. ;of steam 1 b : Coltness boilora woro strong onough to atand a pressure 
j way hoa owned this engine since 1874. Heis| — - of 300 1b, on tho squaro inch, and it is dificult if not, 
j Rot ay. engincer himeclE:: aud relies upon the : + Timpossiblo to soo. how steam of any pressure like, this 
men: to employs, Daring tho “timo “he has | M : could be produced. Only as much water would bo con: 
owned the engino it.has always dona Rood sere Hh Pay verted into steam aa would sufitce to restore the pressure: 
ahailk dor ie en ne when ous ad a | iy seh in the boiler to something less than what it was. before 
oa ingen tented hie belle ith, tee hs at ono : | : the rent took place, ‘Io assume pny thing also is also to, 
over 160 pounds, aud alto aya that he hed net A j Assume that dnco tho. procoss of flashing is established it 
seen wator in tho ugo'glaas for four daya pre- t all p b over i | Will go on rogardless of tho pressure set up. | This is a 
! ; a oc c i Sh ry i ' ivory important assumption; nay, more, it is a com- 
ivlous to’ the explosion’; When ha asked the to fit | ‘i i i : 
ongineor. the caus “ ploto begging of the question. If it can be shown’ 
gincer causo, was ‘told by him that the } q' 1 - 
: pipes wore stopped conclusively that tho stored-up cnorgy in a'boiler ean all: 
7 bo oxponded in Hashing water intostoam, if flashing is onto: 
fo Ae fairly sot up, without any consideration for tho accumula: 
tion of that prosiuro whic) ical the operation of 
tho flashing function, thant Wo'ate fics to'faco with'a nowt” 
Tho inapectin | physical law which would clear away much mystery, and } 
ge for | if Tot boilor explosions, like that at Gattness, In a totally ; 
| 
{ think, that a stop to They showed “ snow light. It isa notorious fact thats great many. explo. . 
anfficlont to. tak ft ne n atoate | rst be sions take placo just whon un engine is started. If wo i 
‘may aasume that tho sudden reduction of pressure sots up; 
try tof T I majorit on flashing, and that the process is continued by, if we may f 
, pounds to the aq f fi rosin Hf os 3 uso tho words, its own vis vint, thon it is easy to under. | 
«arith ite seat m od, i] i jatand why a sudden, reduction in pressure may. cause an} 
eae pa to b b bail bi foxplosion ; but’ until some cofinite utatoment of facts ia | 
rating en available, we must hold this idea to bo pure, littlo-sup, 
water ua jported, thoory, and nothing else, Tf wo aro asked how, if 
over, to ‘ {We reject’ tho theories of Mr. Flotchor and others, wo : 
too fa } y i x joxplain the Coltness explosion, wo reply that wo cannot! {.. 
loxplain it, because. there is not suflicient evidence avai 
it 7 ich. a 4 table on Which to base an opinion, 
quite so muc b} | ae : 














about in idro 



































































Vy ' In tho Korsloy explosion we have a boiler, insured, ue: 
ater That by carefully tooked after, and apparently sound, going to] ‘ 
on .told tho fire Occur ovor k i {pieces without having giving. warning, in tho way of{ 
and 64 he started tho o boilors which ; BOE a aE HV a 


should be tho 
i able that 














to direct an inquirer, 
wator heated under oil 





-[from an elaborate process of physical research into tho! 
‘flaws which fovorn the generation and evolution from’ 
i is of thoir steams or vapours... Many sug-: 
t 3 i} gestive phenomena have been recorded which might: servo: 
{ hot ‘plate. it Hol” or | , For example, tho behaviour of, 
vant eae 288 p is, ns shown by Dr. Froat many) 
years Aigo, very curious aud suggestive, Again, water may} 

avo its boiling point altered : 
than those of pressure, vit is not too much to aay that: 
was adduced although tho more prominent aspects of ovaporation and i 
ebullition havo beon carefully studied, a -great deal | 

* {remains to bo learned concerning the ,real 
tion, But coases abont which mon speak 

thoy really know, 


y various conditions other: 


i 


nature of pro- | 


tho moro glibly.the lesa 
eA de 








id boilae thepectors dealingy 
11 Mr, ‘Hiller, tho engineer off. 
tional Insurance Company, took it for granted that} -: 






































ae 









tanner mean 

“Remarkable “Boiler, Explostons: « °/ 
.Two-horizontal tubular’ botlers exploded ‘at Camé| « 
bridge, Bass. one filled, with water,, while the ther o 
contained nio water’ } Tho rat boiler (Fig.'1) was q 
nine.years old, 4’ fee 






B bat tt 
* ; . as : tion if+ywo' wero t Progrosa In 
ama doable riveted, stiell beat quality” Eighty.) “abtialy' : “| malice the exploded ono ¥ ae a ura bollora 
fron five-16th: x heads $ inl | fr; nee vm i i : iy natified th a era is positive dangor, wo aro 
ell braced, enfoty valvo 8 Inches in diameter, | 8g ; : pelos ‘ 3 cil : in endeavouring by tur such bales for insurance, and | 
nd been examined by # U, 8, government Inspec- ‘ i 


dd aubjected by him toa hydraulic prossuro of 180 i 2 ey ord '384—16 dangerous... 
| pounds por square inch ;. considered safo at 100 pounds, : : lingerous,  Taternal car! 
Fig. 1 is its longitudinal section’as originally made, Internal grooving, 8—3: 
! omittlng tho. patches which’ had been put on since, but E angoro' Water gauges defective, 42—4 dangerous. 
, showlng at A: tho location of tho dopostt which per- Sie apparatue defective, 22—7 dangerous, Safety! 
mitted tho fron beneath it to become overheated, By hres oveltoailed, 286 dangerous, Pressure griges| 


7 . 
: the explosion threo porsons wero killed, and a number Y ; valy Trallate wlihicdt eekicea | oto eo 
: i: ‘ ome will Janly hava coufted 79 days, Wefectivo, 187—29 dangerous, un Br aoe , hers ¢ 


| of othors wounded, :, An ‘unusual interest was excited : Baca nae 
yy this accident, and a nuinbor ‘of experts wero called vig Introduces n-traveller, who: think : Bolles condenine ‘23 
tlny tov Into, ‘as he has counted 81. : i Toke! grab cc mw) 


.' to testify as to the cause of tho disaster, and ‘although : : 

thore was no disagreement: among trained boller In- gains thy wager:.by, com 
} spectors, atitl thera was doubt oxpressed by one oxpert. | No marta; the 
1 witness as to the original soundness of the fron, and | $l 

the correctness of tho constriction and-eetting, Tho | fl] bringa:with filma beautiful: nil 





















day $n opt ‘an ayerage one-80th shorter, 
the result, being that when we count 80 
days on coming home, thoso who stald at 
































BH to has saved: $n India from: belng burned 3.0 ae ‘s Fenta.’" A rocent ing 
a on fedeccag: tasslGe wg culty. \ 
alive, and : yet rot Tonge Rey dal tho bodies | 
B} glva tho atory,a tot : lot onjarnin Doherty Thomas Bummer sa ae | 
Tho; book, referred: to:ts.very, ina 1] Goargo Morris, victims: of ten een guly 17." 
Carr-houre Tronworks, West Harter ae Jury found | 


| Steere! ena Rae or omaha ia 

at explosion aravo t wablo‘whother-it-is not 
ficiont stays, 

ee of bad wa tho overheating ‘ 

for clearing the bolle, leading dict “tho ury bey 

of tho te egret that: tha inspection had not, 












havo lost a diy In 







. ‘ ee SEE Gn 5 : 4 ; ho ropo 
marks upon tho plates: of tho back: part o| , + accompany hig (map; taken! from, SO : Veen more frequont, and: cons ently Abe farted 
aeomed, from: tho evidence, to. plainly indicat. a ‘con: | Ne 4 Manual for the u ae from tho chlct works oa hat pol na thoy ought te : ‘i 


“ sldorablo depostt, and ‘ropoated repairs of the ‘ en, After, this lint may’ not bo clasoh, : 

of tho shell had been mado, all yeierat it ry from [fea ts,. wl le ; : ag el Phe Bngincer. iH ie 
overheating where sediment had prevented ‘contact of fan dato iiss to: bo regretted ; thine ‘ Bice Behe i gees _ ; Y 
tha water with the fron, Whatover tho charace °° Ei the tno does not g aight north and | : 
\ tor of the fron and the faults of construction : Fé; south at the Vth meridian of longitude. 
i havo beon, thero would seem (o have beon through Bohring’s: Strait ond, Chatham 

; fictent warning of approaching disaster to havo Islands; buts by a deviation it haa been: 
‘prompted a greater degreo of caro in inspection mt friclude tho Manila Yalanda In should havo forced himaclf into the inquiry, especially aa: 


‘and ¢ DB 4 Nig of the Am jean Continent, |) his report certainly dil not tend to elactinte mattora 5{ 
‘Tho boiler was worke I of ‘at nutwithatanding Ui that’ Now ‘ : whilst bis conclusions wero, as you remark, nt least noret. 
















hava recommended had I been consulted boforo thoy were’ . 


lo. . 
IT trast you will oxcaso the longth of this nication, 
To niakng HT bar cee ae ee he commanteation, ' 
to antor into pny controversy, but torely to point out soma, 































dd 
'o PRGINE urre! trod. i 
Sin,—I note your afticlo in Friday's issue ren 4 0 inet gemueranens gi that reterto to in your a 


‘Stonectough boiler oxplosion, I regrot that Mr. Baldein{ : P be eae é ot nny neck, Ohtof Engine: 



















ort j I think, howover, that.somo of your comménts on our! ° 

\ and, Iythys humna 4 Ceri é 5 Insurance of theso boilors aro scarcely justifiod by the frets zi . 
reckons with Hurope nnd Asia : age of tha curved thy i ot the case, Tho (eotates, supplied Uy tho inspoctor | 3 
onthe map, if will bo, for instance, the firat fay. of tiny and of nes of that partof fio tubo boyonl ae vine 
aonth, or say Sunday; as. econ as Che ship pass to., I had the sketchos checked, and these thicknosses | MS 
































the Hug thoy: find tliat the Me “count: tha scteuri¢ wero roturned 4 a ‘sccond inspector, It is of course 






: y 5 dificult when boilers havo beon In uso, owing to caulking, 
or Monday, ‘noil if they. returi the nino day It beeong *| &,, to obtain tho thickness of lates necuratoly, but Tam 
Whore )88 suiday:ngaln, Thus b&twoen tid Manila Ialauils a1 convinced hat thess tabor would not have collapsed under 
The {nitial rupture Japan or Auatraiia Mera -ts ‘aiinyan day's dilferenc! Aco Tatar, teat mach below 1 "havoc Ae aicly ~ 
2), whe. on having nid the pooplo thera can travel neither, cast; nortt, nd . nover failed by aimplo prosauro at 501b, por square inck; 


sls. , y | gpatbioms ck ‘ Whon [ examined: tha fragments of tho boilor aftor the 
sdulli -for’ any : 100 ur. 200, mile Aelthout a explosion, I was convinced that it had without doubt arison 
change thelr reckoning of-dates dno‘ day alicad : + |from ono of .two aida vit aither from almplo ovor-,- 
. Ing tl 





fo unleratand (ils botter; let tis aupposo: that: {t: reassure, or from overlies! rough deficiency of: wator. | x 
ce et ay ho firat named soamed to be tha most probable eauso, = 4 
Bf infdatght bebweon Deg wh “ y but this could not bo verified, On invcall tion it was I. J 
inight ofthe view year Jn-Japativand Australia, aug found that the blowout pipe was brokon at tho‘olbow; ‘just : : 
\ ‘ {bohind the brickwork of-front cross wall, Thoro wna o 


Will duly. bo-mtdaight: between Decomber 80: aide g largo main fluo running under the firing place, tho chimno: “i 


boing at the front instead of back ond of tho boilors,-ans ” 
terien; tiooni near to tho fractnrod olbow of tho blow-out pipo was tha |’: fe 3 

: fers 1 {downtako into this fluo; tho bottom of tho downtake | : 

‘Aatn, a sé taloping down theroto; thus tho water escaping from the |’ i ‘ 

" : pipo would run dircotly into tho largo main fluo, and the | 2s : 

rapid leakage not bo detected. . Set Bast 

» Ibis also a well-known fact that at starting aftor tho L . 

week-end many. mistakes aro mado roapocting the height : fagl 

of wator, and aftor an-cxplosien {t {s moat dillicult to got | - . 

nt the tenth respecting various matters. I was convinced . fate 

and still boliove that somo of tho mon connocted with or : : 

having charge of. tho boilars conld havo given mo informa- 

ton which would lave sot tho matter complotely at rost, 

had. they been’ so dlsposed...'Tho oxplosion was cortainly ; 

duo to. no mysterious ageusy, but aroso from simplo yo 

: oversight, of‘some kind or otter, of the partics above re- 

fo O. | ee 





rer eee ee heer ol 3 
















sara sf  rieyte te eee facts which I : . 
HH STONESLOUGH BOILER extern Shinfons iro oxprented se Bote ek reer ake ke 

















t 
} 
i 
i 
! 




















re 


two sots of bollera could thus at any Ume be at different pressures, 
and in auch an event, and In the event of certain derangements 
of feed valves, the highor pressed hollers. might tranmmnit “the 
whole or part of their water to the lower. Thi fndeed is sald 
to have actually taken ‘place provious to averhauling tho valves 
Intely, but in py case I would remark that the arrangement of 
piping is decidedly objectionable, and thould. bo avoided in the 
re-erection and replacing of the boilers, ‘Thore is nogood reason, | 
howaver, to supposo that what might havo taken place, na Indl} - 
cated, did take place at the time of exploaton, na Forreat, under 6 
whose immediate charge these valves Were, apoke to thelr belng “=~. = 
in perfect onter, ns also to all the other valves having been 7 
thoroughly overhauled within a faw months of the exploslori; and 
thia was borne out by Sppearances, Water was mpplied to all - 
the bollers by an ordinary force pump attached to the pumping 
engine, or {iteratively by a donkey engine, ‘The amount of water 
in each holler wan indfcated by floats and water try cocks, Some 
of tho latter were, howaver, broken, ‘and others‘ in very bad 
order, and did not acem to have been habitual) used, ‘Thla may 
he in some degreo excused, as tho floats or se! f-indfeating water 
A | Gauges were of a superior kind, and moro rellable than usual, 
‘Tho working pressure of the bollera Ia sald to have been 46 4b. 
Der square inch. . The pressure was indicated by ono ateam gauge . 
common to tho eight joint bollers, and regulated by ono safety 
valvo on each of tho ten bollora, . It fs sald that tho snfety valves + 
were the only stear Eauge for tho two bollora used for the under- ; 
ground haul ny ongines, but this and all otheratatements made to 
mayor will of course probe to what extent you think necessary 
in your ‘prec nitions of parties, ‘The want of a steam Gauge for 
thetwodetached boilers may constitute a breachof regulations, but 
my opinion fs that much want is not of very conalderable moment 
to this inveatigation.. Steam Gauges, ag commonly used, are no 
doubt of much conventence to firemen and engine-keepers, but tho 
aafety valves are the real means of ehocking over preamire, Aa 
alrendy stated, there was only ono of theso to cach boiler, and 
although this is an almost universal practice throughout. the 
district, it is one which I think cannot be too s0on dlacontinued, 
‘Lho bursting pressure of boilers of tho dimenalons given, and of 
plates gin. thick in thelr normal atate, fs 250 to » per 
uare inch, but one of the boilers hero was constructed of plates 
a little thinner than gin,, and {ts burating pressure might be 30 1b, 
to 50 Ib, Jess. The mode in which the boilers Were set in 
fi ing dicey ee fey, oemeral practi 
“flame \n re alon, 0 om and  sidea 
He ie . si of «the bolldr up Bo fy int a intle" below the horizontal 
; ' \- ea a is nay oo : : ie Gente lino where fhe brie varie i cloned In ogalnst Whe boller t 
inspecting en- “ es 3 ; hus; OF070, E lence, deduced from many inspections o: 
i) : . It fs to be preaumed that se 1 t! oH Aue | s F . \ exploded boilers for the Crown, and In the way of iny business, i 
gincers ‘of boiler Insummec companies are the greate { ‘ ° ‘ : has led me to the conclusion that this method of setting ig moat {5 
thoritics in existence on ‘all that pertains tothe life anddeath | : . objectionable, and accounts, ff I may bo allowed to galneny some 
orities Pa When wo find any one of these gen- ! a of the moat eminent, authorities, fur very Inany explostons Indeed, 
of steam genermtors, Mi } Some of tho bollera were supported by wing brackets bullt Inte 
tlorhen unablo to form any opinion concerning certain entas. | tho brickwork, and some auepended from sindera hy far the more 
I vhitch I t tatly contradicted by a professional | preferablo method, ‘The plates of which the boilers were composed 
trophes, which Is no 4 : Appeared to bo of fair avernge quality, both aa to ductility and 
brother, It would be folly to deny that there are ee i tenale nen th, but tnt i 4 mater of whtel t cannot ' al 
9 Vhich oc ee ; altively without teatin ne plates, and the expense of this 
boller explostons—that is to say, explostons which occur fro i id not foul called on to enone withont your special instructions, 
Some causcorcatses unascertainable, That we stall always | ‘This may yot be done if you think fit, but aw both thu tonalle 
remain In our present ignorance fs very improbable, Buti : strength’ and ductility of Plater though nok touch alected by 
‘ “s will | y . . mere ago—ma! very soon detcrlornted by molecular changed if . 
we venture to think that the solution of our dificulttes will ‘ Hs theetron Tet y irregular expansion ‘and. conteaction, | 
come, not froin the bollermaker or the engineer, bat fromar @ a bucklin 5. aliatortion, and other, cates continually in aetion, and 
‘ ‘SW : i inseparable from even tho fairest conditions of working, I do 
elaborate process of physical research Into the Jaws which ; ; Ww, ine para the mero testing of plates without ging staat ae 
govern the gencration and evolution from heated liquids o: fa : ; at time making elaborate inquiry into all other exiating conditions 
thelr steams ur vapors, Many suggestive phenomena have : ‘ i : . can be of any service for judicial purposes, I'he calamity in 
been recorded which might servo to dircct an Inquirer, For 


{ ! int, as already indicated, embraced multiplex and simultaneous 
uu ' nae Vlas d : fds -otntntrea a lostons, nud resemble in this respect that which took place in 
example, the behavior of water heated under oll js, asshown ; ‘ : : 


: i sh-atreet, Airdrie, in 1857; another at Mossend in 1803, con. 
‘by De. Frost many years ago, very curtous and suggestive, ; i : OSION, Surnipg whlch a Sete eperia a ley of min ow ay vel 
| : : y vi ; : : a Pea i , esa boiler |’ ater Investieath this oxtloat 
{J Again, water may have Its boiling point altered by various t be > with advantage in your presont investigation, nis exploaton 
a condos other than those of pressure. It fa not oe much : : _ was suppiicd by AS y 'EVENSON differs trom te referred to only in satay of tho grentar num- 
| to say that although the more prominent aspects of evapo- : : Airdrie Engine Works, Alntrie, 27th Merck fo, | Numerous ‘and voouse thence baye from timo to time 
on 0 . q se ., : b id to the causes of multiplex exploslons, 
_ {ration and ebullition have been carefully studied, nitreat ileal HOMAS CLANK, Esq, PE, i Bren nivanced aa theerien, spose of FLD ple par wholly | 
renitins to be learned concerning the real Hanae aspera : : wba on cl ane in eating torn nl oan i ang extto non 
! on | y the Te yi 0 one In these days ev : 
. Jabout which men speak all the more ell! ly the less they: ap wg A ee ' bok wiiist no one {nth secre cna qcating the Pewee, 
ial # ; ith ous naturation of superheated steam, and soon, it fs Just poasiblo . : 
that the other extreme fs, {n some instances, in danger of betng i 
approached—that fs tosny instead of explosions being surround 
the cause, or | with inyatery 5 herotofore, thelr causes sro now clalined by : 
sasistance in| many to be imade abundantly ptala and confidently tabulated In 
ind attached to | coluinns ns precise na those of tho Registrar-Genieral, It isa 
: oe a i! matter of congratulation that many of th 


t 
# 


¢ old theories have been 


tees Saree : $1 ’ Y abandoned, and place given to more rational and legitimately 
THE BOILER EXPLOSION AT CREWE, ; i § gr 


a deduced feasons 5 but ¢ ronned snalysis of ovyery rent ond rivet ; 
} ntly concerned in an explosion appears to iio o9 absurd a: 
Last Tucaday week, tho Oth inst, boiler ox Hoded: - apparent y anegened in am spl ion ape fee om aaa 
while being tested under steam in the millwright's shop of ( A tera unrated sccratly divide hair twist 
He Crna Waray enuiny tho tontaae death of t¥9 met le frag- | learn that two causes only are, in my opinion, productive of tho { 
ly dojuring soreral Se ean te elena 4 red explosion of two or more boilera at one time, ‘I'he ono [s tho 
an ant the “hae held at Crowe Featorday week, ty : : 7 sulden failure of n main steam pipe communicating with tho ‘ 
pias that the Doller whieh oxploded was of tho ver-! ; 4 Voth th ; q t bole : by Suelon pe 0 each i in i nly Tang ea ‘a i ‘ie 
tleal type, ant belonged to a tugboat seork hg on thet ' : : ctor bared on thé fact at the bole wish frat explode 
Shropshire Union Canal, an undertaking which has been} acta 0 spear or frequently preteen, ong or moro of the . 
Tea e-woller hate forwards woicrvee te pe 2 , ‘ T | of actin, trendy re ferred to, ba wedged into the same block with *| 
tpany. Tho boiler had beon forwarded to Crowo for ro-{ - fort fe the lotr ar Bere beth nee pe anu book wil 
Mile, and had beon examined by tho foreman of tho! .> : fracture, :'In regard to the case in polnt, Whatovar may havo been 
boltor shop there, who reported that the plate just above} "6": : ¢ ; pany me, to see, | the cause of the primary explosion, there fs in ny mind no doubt 
And -arasted auay ly tio : ‘ as far ax posalble, | but that tho five subsequent or secondary—though practically 
the flredoor had been eracked yy by ; secondary though prncticaly 
Main lec heee ene ee ase hedane oe ted Hecate the funel Ha or branches ‘trons the malt stenmn pipe to 
appears to lave been dou to the shell. On the morning: : ae ‘ , c Bcnuae th Junetgna ox branches from the main ant pla 
of tho day on which tho explosion occurred, tho boiler Ia} i the respeative;ollars, ware of moderate and praporti sich 
Moxander Bock and Fraterile Riter the tee ee ral ; : ce of ono or more boilers, even although severance of that pipe brit i 
Moxander Bock and Frederick Riley, the two men who i ‘f , of ono oF more boilers, even althouy ft severance oe a epee oi : 
were subsequently killed, while in the afternoon it was ; : biteeted by the privaney oney sath feo eee etvlontona wore rar 
| rostosted Dy them in steam, and ft was then the explonion : : ; ite Grondelidp itch deformed cvidertig by dhe Proce eera 
| oecurred, Tho fustructions given to Beck wero that the : ; 
| 
i 





t 
i 
i 


of No, 5 which waa amongst thoao to explode, and must have very 
boiler should bo teated by hydrants pressure to 90 tb., : “ ‘ . h ibed narrosely mnie the samo fate nalts follows Nos, oa 8,9} and 10, 
and by steam presaure to 701b, por square inch 5 but tt: » : Aa to whieh attennpt to any, nor dof think itinecenssry te tee 
was urged at tho Inquest that the Inter prosaure inttet : io long asLean form no oplnion of the cause of explosion with 
havo wen considerably exeocded, it being stated by Mr. : inenaurements and calculations, whorover that auflictent ‘clearness to ju fy mo in giving express on, to ie iy 
wea tcit oe, File, the Coren baller) = snl de wreck ad Eoin rat aearact taco Date, ie gration and ry of 
at the boiler was ono which thoy pulderod ; arties ma . 
| atthointendod working prossure, ‘Phe destruction of the : fon. baie exploding bollor upon another, under circumatances like 
bollor was complote, aud parts of tho whell were wiloly i : ka th ppear thoso under conaideration, would certainly be tolahutred, were 
s  weattered, “Tho lend plug won found uninjured, showin oe . : bollers set ‘aide by side in ono Bre toe dammed si * ly L : 
that the water had not heen low, ‘Tho iron, of whtelt ca = : vt Q inal cae other at thelr horleontal diamet ters! a te cpaing eck i 
tn na yi eae specie at i ae ene rt a oe ; . , 2 much boilers should, I think, he olenr i ina the topes , mot er! Ni 
air quality, but uo apecifle informatio afforded on : Xe bedicnt servant +. not only at that part, but all round the top, or, in uther ’ . a 
thls pointe : : e ae Ghana Srzvenson. words they spoutd hang in the furnace Iiko Bt os in the Ingle” i i 
th oot it ia ear a a ten at y : I P AND Fortune Guiwance.1n iits ode of ro hater senate en eal tena ha : a 
to test! Nore was an ny ood 1) FOR PRESENT Dp For J en and safo! q i 
as to what oeeurrel ‘hit tio leant 0 a tate 9 wae sors aot with Bower Exrrostoxs, given It a fale trial and stich teats by fone User have axtendet : i 
carried out, and th ‘ : The bollors at Harthill pit, before explosion, numbered ton, | over 9 period of fifteen years, (On lnstes year’ titer L foot tha | 
tho: sentiet: : hey varied i but wore all comparatlvely new, one or two | had heen set in this Way, after twelve ye 4 F fot i 
: ae tnt had beet, very slightly repaired, eight were used to at pply | plates as fresh, clean, at {reo from eatation hi eheetg Hee : 
stentn for s Inrge pumping engine and a pate of winding engines, | surface ns when now, nailo qualities will, if, teled; be toendene 
both at the pit.bank, ‘Ihe two remaining bollers were used for fiele ductile and hai tha bollers "halt thea age under the 
steamln; underground hauling en ines. to ne eigbt anal the two usual closed and pressed-up condition, with their upper aidon 
pines be eaane: peta respectively taainedatee pipe, ‘The ‘at the mercy of the weather, or concealed and inaccessible under 
h ¢, 





4 Jury exproaned ¢] 
{> pany..were not fn 


wha Sacg ye 























” 


ido thereby making” 
Y tubes, seétlon for Inspect 


t | slic 
In. the center of “all theae“tubes' li ficlent ‘ea 
large: tube,'\G,. ‘of. 8” diameter, love 
Meti eens water, and, in practice, the 


SR SEE 




















B: repeiaecta imalleable iron| r : uM 
shaped sectlons, or connect: | through the 6” center, tubo, thus 
| g00d - efrculation, which ls ay 






oth ‘ ngoment ”M M. Topresent ;: 
“approximation S pifealie ¢ : openings ‘through thio walls, . by.. means. sof. 
: jie régult: hag, ‘Been, thal ‘ : which ‘cach the kections, can’ be-read 
cleaned and Inspected, , Tho hotatr, anil: gasea, : 
tlee from: the fire between the wall Scand 
on top of ‘the sectlons, ‘are drilled LK, and coming in contact with ; 
amo Loci thereby seine, the along, rough ..the., 
Into the combustion chamber | be- 
tween:the walls K and 'L, whore, in thelr, 
ourse’ the gases an 








woe balm 10. TELA, 

















: : : | the laws of which is purely theoretical”: Noi f 

eee ; fa ay : , ‘ ithese loves Gj dave been demonstrated Ay addi. 

Aree ae ocr tN Bn ie He ae aes tees ional row of rivets. would not have held the piece 

“mn saaee ome wabtbaibn, tie ake Steeped antrum a | AG a eee tira te cate 
: 5 bn : 1, ‘ the t i , lers of locomotives; it would.tend to weuken it,|-° - 
Ox Thursday, October the Uth, a serious and very ‘ives wero alo sacrificed, including those of Mr. oP. jen haat Teaving Hel ane In conclusion, I never was. so muchin the dark a6 

















































“folal boiler explosion occurred at Ialifax, under Pritchard, tho senior partner. of tho firm, and!” miffic’ explosion occurred, blowing A piece ‘ont | (0 the cause of an explosion, in -allmy practice, a: 
elreumnttancts wie ot for sony oat ee | tho manager of tho works... EOS sx 5 he boiler ou the rig! it-hand side’ o} te engine f ami in this case. ie eS As i 

* aceldent took placo at ae ney the nod d boiler: Tho ofiteiat inquiry into this catastrophe wasn nob |: 3{aif line with the steam dome and about 2 fi angie 42 ay 
and Pritchard, stuff finishers, f 7 oxP of similar | by any means a diflicult one; ‘Che causc of tho cx ‘antthere(rom, ‘Whe fracture wasa very 
being the end on ofa group of four, al h Tosicn, so, far from boing obscure, was ‘obviously ! hGpiece blown’ out was.five fect en incl 
coustraction, the general arrangement of thes Tine to the absence of staying in the lower, part of ts 'ad and eighteen inches wide. ‘The locomotiv 








generators will be understood from tho somewhat: hich w. at further weakened by: § force of the explosion, was thrown on her el.’ 
imperfect aketches on page 34, ‘Tho-exploded boiler. which was stilt. connoxions with te io ‘nde, and, from some unexplained cause, the engi. 
(and to all four the sane description applica) waa was blown to the left and under the left hind 


sf H 4 idelyer, Death must have been instantancous, ‘The 
0 ft, 4 in. Jong, and 7 ft. in diometer inside. It, fir : an was blown about 30 ft. in the alr, and re- 
cel 


r Ut such injuries as resulted in his death a few 






INGRUSTATION'AND STEAM BOILER 


EXPLOSIONS. 
ai etary J Ataehe Ais 
Sin,—You' kindly insorted any Igftor of Fobrua h 
your papor, and Iam sorry to aco that the subject has passcd 

away again without boing much noticed. 

Tn_your Issno of tho Sth inst. you printed a roport by 
Mr. KE. B. Marten, which proves in cyphors the sad correet- 
neag of my assortions. Under tho dotalled causca of explo- 


siona wo find : i 
Explosions. Killed, Injured. 

























contained nn Internal fluo consisting of ‘two tubes ‘cel ic 
onch 2 £6 74 in. in dinmoter, which were connected | da Baers an Is adte:mortem: statement he a 
ol Go caes pase throngh the bn plat ve of | flere wee tie it coe of wate Ong 
‘of tho tubes passed through the back plate, one of!» ° us r i 7 

thein gorving as an inlet for the lieated gases, which the peculiar nature of the explosion, the Coroner 


1 ed tin boilers, whose testi 
passed along the whole length of the flue, returning te See aca at ee ip irpony fot mei 



















































































along tho other tube which opened into the uptake, ork Stale, was sworn: I received iny knowledge | Internal corrosion 4. = 7 q Caused hy ine 
{The boiler was externally fired, and was not set inj: ffstcam boilers, vtc., entirely in the ractical Foults which ond ha competent. 
tho brickwork, but was suspended froin girders laid I entered a machine shop in 1833, and en eg 9 9) Attendance, 
on the top of tho setting. ‘Tho plates of the shell; : resent consitlered an expert in all matters wwe we 0D 80, 

were specified to bo $-{n. thick, and those for the end’ ining to boiters, I am the original inventor Ww. Wo 3 

to bo § in, and thera appears no reason for supposing’ : hes of the “Pop Safety valve as applied to locomo. Non- inspection (ex. 

that in thisreapect, norin regard to quatity or work; Pi ff bat, tho, ins: tives. | hae caaniined fe Bollee of Abe Locomia. } ternal corrosion) .. 8 8 10 

manship, any deficiency existed, ‘Ihe arrangement wh structurally yoak; ond that. if- they: RN. 151 Lahighy of the Morris ai ster, oa Toto. «. 2b 2h 4 

forinternal staying will bo gathered fromthesketches| Ahem at ‘ally thoy were bound to exure' al fj “Je 1 firid it similar to all; locomotive boilers, [Here Showing that four-fifths of boiler oxptoaions which occurred 
Abo alladed:tae tie ieee bart of the out plates ‘ : vntelfulncad over them; and, in the event of oppo- |): [followed a description of the boiler.J 1 found the ' in 1879 aro alirtistable {o nepligenco, orerelgits ot igno- 

A i1to theshell by six angle-iron and gusse! sition to proper inapee i a . Ny 7 H ranco, a8 ncconling to Mr. Marten’s report thirty oxplosions | 

staya, aod a little below the centro line, Wy two to decling forther sale oe ie latiat thi ae ae elit d deca bean ece arin! took placo in 1870, (In fact, tha remaining fifth of ex. ; 


plosions comes under tho nbovo threo denominations, bat; 
my last letter dealt with tho men" only in attendance on : 
ers. ‘ 
Tilo not mean to say that all thoso twenty-four explosions | 
would have been avoided if the atate of affairs had been} 









ftupported by a halfa dozen braces in excess of the’ 
isda mettiod of supporting them. A great many,, 
locomotive boilers—fully one-fourth of thoseinuse—. 
haye none of these brices, the tisual method being: 


aurAneY com Snide: ; Jnr the: 
prefer the risk of possible ! dered as being fully capable of enduring the 


similar atays marked Land 4. ‘Cho lower part of the! 
plate wag not stayed atall to the shell, ‘here were; 
however, certain attachments between the U ends. .. 
of the flte tubes and the end plates as follows: 


this ia another illustration that insurance and |! 
oilicient inspection do not harmonise. We are very 
far fcom supposing that any boiler in 
pany would y batately 

0. . 








































































boilers to- insist on a pertodical rently facilitated. Why not then find a good remedy to 


underneath tho flues the These braces are not to strengthen the arch: remedied according to the iden expressed in my letter of | 
2 ond 3 conalatta foe there swore th atay 5 fmariea explosions to tho coat of frequent. inapectiona, ut ia of the boiYer, but to assist in iupporting the crown: yer | Bobrunry 6th; overyhoily knows overaighta" lo happen 
perous, eid ti" “tt f to tho: two fl Plato extending an association of this nature, establishud ty make sheet delow, which I consider the weakest part ofa! “4 now nnd then, canso inconvenience, and may prove 
rots. vetted to the two flues, double angle inoney, tho criminal folly of an owner. in placing’ boiler, © Taking the boiler as a whole, considering, = ——> disnatrous, but nobody can deny that tho majority of theso 
rons were riveted to the plate, and a web ex. +, fobatactes in the way of inspection, is more ensil . thickness of the fronand the distribution of brac-) ” accidents would have been provented, i.e., would not have 
tended, Soin sack pair to the end plate, where thoy Accepted a4 an excuse, than if its object were {hat of tng ti nay slely say that I neversaw a boiler’ puree a eon page of tuo bette ni cndant are et 
_ iealie up to angle irons as shown, Stay 6  feceuring life. ‘hat the Unlitax tursytalty Appreciated “lin which the strains were so anticipated and Goi begn creche On Tae ot report tlint boller explosions can 
the end at. the ue nt nie at ay plate, between this fa shown by the concluding sentence of thule vided for... T have made ‘computations providing, bo prorented, ns boiler inspection is the best means of 
Sinilny angle fi au ho end plate of the boiler, iverdict. “'Thoy are further of opinion that aome eli. _ 2S" fal braces removed, and allowing only the boiler: prorenting explosions," and he will also admit, I think, 
Similar angle irons for a similar stay: 6- were . {elent action ahonld be taken by Govormment to 1 ito resist the strain, and {tind there was a On that if tho boilers to bo Inspected wera always freo from 
ilo on the U tube, but the stay docs not ap- the various insurance co ies wi nttertake dhe {nerustation, hismen would bo able to makon mero thorongls 
pear to havo over been put in, Finally, there was inaurnneo of steam mpanies who undertake the oxaminntion, and their avork would bo accelorated and 


‘hanging stay from the top of the Utube to the 


jSnd_ thorough inspection of all boilers’ and their provent corrosion and renle from amongst tho host of 









boiler shell. It will thus bo gen that while tho | iT R i 
no {fittings under their Uthat i { existing romedics, and facilitate the preventivo of explosions, 
upper part of tho end plato was well supported, ' ‘Doile: care, aud that in att cases each | “ ath and thus-iako it inlivost ann iy possibility |: 
ths lower half was not only unstayed buteeas ox. | valye. Aliould lave a separate aud independent atenin i of caplosiony fualend of “n proventiva? : ae pei 


posed to the constant atrains orising from the ex. i* 
pansion and contraction of the flues through tho 
connexions 2, J, and 5. Ono of these (3) had been + 
apparantly harmless for somo time, aa it had yielded} 
P lor to the explosion, but doubtless it had already 
helped to placa the boiler in ita highly dangerotia | 


Several boilor oxplosions have nircady occurred thia years |; 












and althongh their numbor is vory small in comparison to; '.. + - 
Inst year's, the loss of lifo and: limb ‘surpasses already in i 
tho threo rst months of 1800 tho number-of killed and | 
injured-in twolvo month# of | 1879,. and Inm afraid if 
cnergatio steps aro not taken, Mr. Marten’s valuablo aunnal* i 












































































condition, . ‘his and the other bolle { reports on this aubject for 1680 will not compare favourab] ot 
in 1871 by Messrs, Savage and Norton, We itallt 4 TS dy, "The iron was rolled at “Abbott’s Baltimore Mills,'"; ith tho report wi 1879, ae i { 
to conform with a general specification supplicd b ro. co viandiis marked “C. IL, Nost. Itis as good ironas Maunice Soman, i ney 
Mr. J. W. Baline, ona of the partnora of the, ft sf i z hol saiiade anywhere. I know, from personal olser. ..-Mancheator, March 17, 1680, : t 
ownlog the works: when the accident ocoured: Toe ep pero ered ac ig : a i 
hina tho time of their’ installation thoy had been i fH pot have access fe seaioded here is no ! 
Tana reee oon hav cae Moller “: 2tmeans of knowing what pressure was indicated, H ee ! 
. . 4 ved, Aes ANC |; . 
au external examination had been nile, otly a tow i . 5 A iy tested at the General Office of The road, oa 4 
days before tha accident; this Teport was satis- | 5 Rien placed on the engine; steam iy then raised | } 
factory, hough how it could hava been go it ja! : : itll a certain point is reached, generally, 130 Ibs, | 
Gitficult to un erstand, since the Loiler was covered | ind then the pop valve {s set so as to tow oft at |! Baan Mas 
with non-conducting conting, ree: : y Pat: his point.’ ‘The pop valve is commonly set-by the |} ee , 7 
‘The explosion occurred, a3 already atated,.on tho | : iter mechianic, and engineers are nol-allowed to |i 
morning of ‘Thuraday, October 9) when tl onal . : fer it. The pop valve and pressure gauge should |; 
4 pressure of about 45 Ib, of ‘ateam in tho holler. ‘Th | : : ae ya, correspandy and when an engineer finds 
‘ lower and unstayed half of the front ond Tate wae 1 ‘ i : “donot, he: naturally, for a. nie safety, re feet 
i Tont away, tenring the stays 1 aud 4 an a wrtielt ‘ § the case to the madict mechan ae ne wear 
some of the uppar slays, 2 ‘well partially | : ofiisage of pop valve spring Is always on the safe 7 
bet » 13 Well as tho connexion | ‘ .. the spring neyer becomes: stronger. by 
etween tho plate and the U end of the flue, The | : ; : Wear’ “Idid not cxamine the, boiler for a safety | ‘ 
forea of tho explosion projected tha boiler from its | ry Me "as there were no indications, of low wate ; ‘ 
setting for a distance of O2ft, and after pasatn, i eT aa Fiigeon ala s be told by appearance of the crown |. . . 
through one of. tho workshops it was sto ped is 4 veel. If it fs bulged out between the braces, it ts |” , 
atriking the angle of a house, ‘Tho works aero - deg : § unfaliing sign..; There was no such an appear. | & 
converted Instantly into 4 ruin, not only tho boiler. ce in this boiler. Iron, when subjected to a; f 
SOS TREAD At Rs wren parika kg 3} Strain of under 50,000 Ibs, elongates about typ 





‘of its length temporarily, “If the tensile-strain be 
reater tian that, the iron loses a portion of its 
AVelasticity and sels permanently, é 4, its modulusy 
Pof elasticity beconics smaller. Ilad 1 been engi¢f 
acer of that locomotive, | should have felt just ast cal eae j 
safe as {feel now. ‘The thickness of the iron in 7 
“his case was fy of an “inch, which is the proper 
“tickness of locomotive boilers. If it ts heavier, it 
uot so. ‘astic, and therefore more liable to be in- 
red, Ldo not, think that: hard: and sof water 
Bcd ina boiler wenkens it, ‘They-tend rather to 
ct each other's errors, primary cause of 
“plosion isa mystery tome, ‘There are a great 
W forces acting on a boiler, the knowledge of 
. ! ‘ “ pay 



































ae Ee ea 







nue TALIFLS Borer ExelLosion, 


October tho Otb, a serious and very 
fatal boiler explosion occurred at Halifax, 
circumstances which call for somo commont, 
accident took placo at the work of Messra, Balmo ; 
and Pritchard, stuff finishers, tho exploded boiler : 
being the end one of a group of four, all of similar 
, The general arrangement of these 
eneratora will be understood from the somowhat ; 
imperfect aketchcs on page 348, ‘The exploded boiler 
nd to all four the samo description applics) was 


30 ft. 4 in, long, and 7 ft. in diameter inside. It; 


contained an internal flue consisting of two tubes 
‘onch 2 ft, 73 in, in dinincter, which were connected 
a U-shaped section near tho front ond, «The ends 
the tubes passed through the back plate, one of |: ° 
‘them gerving as an intet for the heated gases, which jv.” 
passed along the whole length of tho flue, returnin 
along the other tube which opened into the uptak 
Tho boiler was externally fired, and was not. set in|? 
the brickwork, but was suspended from girders lat 
on tho top of the setting, ‘The plates of the shell 
were apecified to bo 4 in. thick, and those for the end! 
to ho in, and thero appears no reagon for supposing 
that in thisreapect, norin regard to 
manship, any deficiency exiated, 
for internal staying will be gathered from thesketches! 

above alluded to, ‘I'he upper part of the end plates| © 
was secured to thoshell by aix anyle-iron and gusset, 
stays, and a little below tho centre line, by two 
similar stays marked Land 4. ‘Iho tower 
late was not atayed atall to the shell, 
jowover, certain attachinents between the U end 
of the fluo tubes. andthe end plates as follows : 
underneath tho ilues_thero w 
2 and 3, consistin; 
across, and rivette 
irons wero rivetted to the plate 
tended from cach pair to the ¢ 
were rivetted up 
was tade up of angle i 
the end of . the 
lo irons for a ai 
also on the U tube, but tl 
pear to lave over been put it 





uality or work-: 
‘he arrangement: 





ere the stays marked 
plato ‘extending 
to tho two flues, 
and a web ux.! 
nd plate, whera they 
to angle irons ns shown, Stay & 
rons and a plate, between 
U and tho end plate of the boilor, 
imilar stay 6 were 
ho stay docs not ap- 
a. Finally, there was 
n of tho U tube’ to- the 
It will thus be scen that while the H 
plato was well supported, * 

only unstayed but was ex. | 
ant atrains arising from the ex. 
tea through the 
Ono of these (3) had been i 
a8 if lind yielded | 
ess it had alrendy | 
bly dangerous | 
ers wera. mado ‘ 
ny of Halifax, | 


















Upper part of the end 
the lower half was not 
posed to tho const 
pansion and conti 
connextons 2, 3, and 5, 

apparently harmless for 
rior to the explosion, but doubtl 
elped to-placo the bo! 
‘This and tho other boi 
Mossra, Savage aud Nor 
genoral specificatio 
one of tho partne’ 
aecldent occurred, | 
installation they had ‘licen | 
ith the Manchester Boiler | 
‘ower Company, \ 
had been mado 
nt; this report wag satis- | 
could have been so it ia 
ler was covered ; 





raction of the fl 









Mr, J. W. Baline, 
owning tho work 
From the time of their i 
insured for 1007, each. wi 
Tusuraneo and Steam DP 
an external examination 
days before the accider 





117 sa apmearepig 









ery 


aie | 2 BY BD 






#Hoboken at 8:42 P. M., was just ing the depot, 


the laws of which is” purely theoretical 

these laws [?] have been demonstrated, - 
} tonal row of rivets would not have held the piece}. 

blown out. °.The cold water test is never‘ used: in| : 
uestay, Oct, 28, ns the train, which leaves | boilers of locomotives; it would tend to weuken it. 
In conclusion, I never was so muchin the dark'as' 








iriffic’ explosion occurred, blowing a picce out | 1 the cause of an explosion, in allmy practice, as | 






fotthe boiler on the right-hand side of the engine I 
{iniw tine with the steam dome and about 2 ft, dist. 























by H iy anttherefrom. ‘The fracture wasa very peculiar une; 
i thefpicce blown out was-five fe leven inches 
r long and cighteen inches wide. ‘The locomotive, 
: [byorce of the explosion, was thrown on her lel. 

ae and, from some unexplained cause, the eng’ 

cnéér was blown to the left and under the left hind 

delyer. Death must have been instantancous, The 

Greman was blown about 30 &. in the air, and re. 

insy : }iselved such injuries as resulted in his death a few 
ya after, In his ante.mortem statement he af. t 


Lfirmied that the engine was blowing off steamy and {i 
that there were thice solid cocks of water, Owing | 












tovthe peculiar nature of the explosion, the Coroner 
called an expert In boilers, whose testimony follows: |} 
FAY Henry Waterman, M. E.,. of Hudson, New [i 
York State, was sworn: I received my knowledpe 

entirely 'in the practical |+ 












owners and on. the insurance company by tho jury,., 





and it is clear thatthe reason urged—thnt the owneral? r chine shop in 1831, and 
always raised difficulties in the way of internal in-t one 


resent considered an expert in all matters 

ing to boilers. ‘1 am the original inventor 

of the ‘lop Safety Valve; as applied to locomo. 
tives, T have examined the boiler of the locumo. 

7 |tive'No. 15, Lehigh, of the Morris and Essex Di. 
Vie al : fie i ee e »|vialon of the Delaware, Lackawana & Western R.R, 
rthem at all, they were bound to exercise especial fj I find it similar to all ‘locomotive boilers,” [Here 
watchfuluess over them ; and, in the event-of oppo- | ; 


u ¢ followed a description of the boiler.) “1 found the 
sition to proper inapection on the partof thy owners, | usd number of stay bolis; the crown bars were 
to decline further risk, vid : 


declin eee t supported by a halfa dozen braces in excess of the 
Chia ia auother iustration that iustrance -and | ial method of supporting them. great many ; 
locomotive boilers— filly one-fourth of thoseinuse— ; . 
8 none of these braces, the tisual method being : 
dered as being fully capable of enduring the! 
rain, These braces are not fo strenzthen the arch: 
the boiter, but to assist in supporting the crown 
s* [sdeeg below, which E consider the weakest part of ai 
+ tboller, Taking the boiler as a whole, considering: 
i. ftbe thickness of the fronand the distribution of brac- 
fogyl think I may safely say that I never saw a boiler 
{la which the strains were so anticipated and pro. si 
‘ Tyided for, J have made computations providing; 
all’braces removed, and allowing only the boiler, 











































far from mupporing that any boiler insurance com. 
cliberately prefer thu risk of possible 












Hect werg that of 
uly appreciated 








“'|ndafgin of safety of 400 per cer Nhe workman. 
ship of the boiler is faultless! th shown by the, 
i'HMactEthat now, after the explosion, every part, 
ofthe work, in relation to the workmanship, stands, 
intact. ‘There is nothing apparently, afler cxami-; 
nation with a magnifier, to indicate weakness or: 
erystalization of the iron, When there isa pressure 
lon;the boiler, and a smart rap of the hammer is 
to-it, this would be sufficient to produce! « 
tatlization, and, consequently, weakness. A like: 
would be duc: if the throttle were opened 
: Weuddenly, allowing the wheels to slip, and then sud-" 
>. i fdetily closed again, giving a tremendous jarto the: 
“Tedfine. ‘There is no such evidence in this case, | 





















































ON'AND STEAM BOILER 
SRLOSIONS. fy, 
Tir Epltor oF EMAneRtind 
Str, -You kindly inserted thy Igfter of Febrin 
your paper, and Iam sorry to see that tho subject lins passed 
away again without boing much noticed, 
one dasuo of tha Sth inst, you printed a roport by 
BS. Marten, which proves in cyphers the sai correct > 
neas of my asaortions, Under the dotailed causes of expla. 


os 



















Explosions. Killed, Injured, 
Internal corrosion 7 
Faults which could bo 


Non inspection. (cx- 


Total... o. Ob Ea) 47 
Showing that four-fifths of boiler oxplosions which ocenrred 
in 1879 nro attributable to negligence, oversight, or igno- 
ranco, ns according to Mr. Marten’s report thirty oxplosions | 
took placo in 1870, - (In fet, the remnining fifth of ex. i 
plosions comes nnier tho nbovo three denominations, but; 
my last lotter dealt with tho ‘men’ only in attendauco on : 














‘ H 

T do not mean to any that all these twenty-four oxplosions | 
would have been avoided if the stato of affairs had boon | 
remedied necording to tho idea express 
February tth; everybody knows ‘* oversights’ do happen 
ad then, canso inconvenience, and. may prove 
disnstrons, but nobody can deny that tho majori 
accidents would havo 
occurred if “nothing elso than a | 
bean oxercisedt on part of tho boiler attendants, 

Mr, Marten states in his report that boiler explosions can 
bo provented, ns “boiler inspection is tho best menns of 
proventing explosions,” and he will nlso admit, I think, 
that ff tho boilers to be inspected wero always free from 
inernatation, his men would bo able to maken moro thorough 
examination, nnd their svork would bo nccelornted and 
greatly facilitated, Why not then find a good remedy to 
prevent corrosion and real from nmongat. tho host of 
Gxisting romedies, and facilitate the proventivo of explosions, 
“inspection,” and thns-tmnako it almost an “impossibility 
of explosions’ instead of a proventiva? ‘ t 

Soveral boiler explosions havo already occurred this yea: 
















tlo mora caro’ had 











to resist the strain, and [tind there was 0/ e 






















and althongh their num 


vory small in compa: 
car's, tho loss of lit 


and: Hmb ‘surpasses 














The iron was roiled at “Abbott's Baltimore Mills,’" | 
landiis marked C,H. No. 15’? It is as good fron as 
ismade anywhere, I know from personal obser. 
vation (hat that brand of iron is:charcoal iron. I 
did’not have access to the steam gauge which was 
fon{the locomotive when it exploded. : ‘There is no 
means uf knowing what pressure was indicated, 
r the pressure was removed, Sleam paises are 
. : erally tested at the General Office of the road, 
placed on the engine; stean is then raised 
anti! a certain point fs reached, generally, 130 Ibs., 
ind then the pop valve is set so as to. blow off at 
- ? point.’ ‘The pop valve is commonly set by the 
ter mechanic, and erigiicers are nol-allowed to 
alter it. ‘The pop valve and pressure gauge should |! 
Always, correspond; and when an: engineer. finds 
ty do. not, he’ naturally, for his own ‘safety, re: 4 

s the case to the master mechanic, ;-"The we: 
pop valve spring Is always on the’ safe 
he spring neyer becomes stronger by 

















































this case was fe of an “inch, which is the proper 
‘Uckness of locomotive boilers, If it ts heavier, it 
vot so ‘astic, and therefore more liable to be in- B 
gated, 1 do not, think: that: hard: and. soft water. 
ust in a boiler weakens it. . They tend rather to 
correct each other's errors. ‘The primary cause of 
“explosion isa mystery tome, ‘There are a great 
Imany forces acting on a boiler, the knowledge of 














Maunicr Scmyan, 
_.-Manchestor, Mareh 17, 1830, 




















5x7 





ae 
3 
i 
fe 
fn 
a 

















is 
i 
f 




















































































































































es ae 
=z 82S = 5 = 
=B3Sge2EEREsS 
s BS gaze 
a -} es. & ea 
‘ BEoio 2 82°> 
HES. 8328Es¢ 
Skeet ss Shes 
Pees Sstee 
-2 seis 
eZ ESTES ZS 
SEESaegee  s 
2528s $8522 
Pletsetan tse 
22.252 08 2222 
= = = ae ‘= = 
a) oS 5-4 a EES: 
$FebEgetesilts . 
ss 2 eae — od 
SEREZSs FSS CFS z 
ys pe > Seow s 
eee Pp|e =szbegis 
.-4 rv en = Ss ~~ 
Sigssegi2523 2 
SBS PBSC ecoeteses at 
ZBefe]2 se" 2822 5s 
HPSS ee Ge Bsze ses 
PSSESSSES HER FT eBE 
3° cir aed = BeBe s 
SEs ast gas sess ; ~ 
Db Ssgs8ose = Sg ey [3 . ; 
FEE ZSeSSEgye : 2938088 3 u 
3 ERB R25 as — 2828 : 
7 = ~ — Sue22H23 834 £ S2s2e2e285F 5 
a ng ots spe 425223. £55 = S&S Ee ES = 
a Bee shee SEB CEHKE s esas ze 3 as 
3 SE as 2s oS Si. © wea PSes4o8 +e 
2 = = mSsE maw e, ee9k mw Ss GS SBRpEEELZS OS co o. 
4 Becee he Fee328s3. see = BSSESbeSkb ga: 
(ey bezeeee P<F zefeusee 228 3 feeye BRAS as 
SeSSP2 Es = Se ote 8S ae Set Be Osss 53 
2 2 2 “3 eeo 2 Pa sS sg Ss 
a Ps ee eS ,22.8 abe a eee ee 232 
3 Sees es =z.2 Sew l&if20 eie “BES ESE ee gg S28 : z. 
S SeFite FES EEBSSBCS FFE Shere sick Hts ; : 
PPseekisgti Sas Fegsrss Fes oot etm oESseSEees ; 
QB. 2 rf o*3i9 = oe zB = Cam <P as = f i. 
Siescesis ERs ‘gt eet2es B55 ———— ZS8eeuda he, FE Is 4 ; 
S gue rias Eee S-tS7S>8R BLE SS “S555 543 22 o, ood L 
ad $55.55 Sos EenER os Sse —S eae ecoma lS SHe FES gs26 ; 
: Sis 3s < en @ S22 6°53 25 — onset: 22> ga % 
ae f2n SRSaF BE Bs2 25 . woe etEzesixe S sac i 
Co ae SS a 4 = Zee c's see 3e= 2 Ky i 
ee Teuk =F “BS ehE 2S FSS bee pe oer yeseeeid SMPSSS SESE SSeS | 22% i 
pot Piss ens - S2Re Since tz BREF Secs zea SREZPRBTESsSbss bs arc : 
= 823 3 bes wee 28'S P= SZ SS ESGCESSE 222 sf 4 ae BAarte.w¢ge es : 
S2fES | & EPEA STS ESAS ELATET ESSE SSSS SE s2 ESE Es 236 PS SESP SLES SSS EGEE PASS i ‘ 
Be S-"S g Zs $B $& & ms 2o= Ee SS te = ee pase fic e6s755 3 8° ¢ 4 ‘ 
Sects SELSETR Shs 4 F2Sn a sESE whee stwosS&Swk 72 2.3 Res Fates yg 38st .86 : 
aS eRe etzee Sote = QraitseoEtes ser ssat ei sss oe €£$ ¢s3 482080. 2224 Sg2s ft 
SEOs va ee e.so eto SP HMIOESESSSLESP sr seHsezs csi 2? = BSA ES We Ps.08939 es if 
2 £ = eee : SESESZE FEL ssa xs ZEEE SB a2 20 Bees LSS Smo a. 2 ES Fi z 
SE S2EE BE7B2SaBT Sess Sexo Zr TSs+tEae sos" SEES En. sy e@beat ener Teste ate fod 
SSEERZE SSEYSSEPSSMESESTEZSSE5 Saesse5sn8 Ses ,SH 5228 83e25,.92 woes Ss anes ‘! 
BS2esSR Sesser be" se a ee 2 2 a er TSESHIBESES S322 5 Ess * : 
SSeS 8S FESS pes sear ed SE5eR 538528825058 SSEZLZSESR SEP ea sea Sigeatcass 2a 23s R825. { 
e242 af 2 Chace ms - te) zee 2 8 2 Space S255 “S585 ba to S@sasaeee ass oo Besos? oi t 
wERRSOE SHR ePSSSLSS HS oPBESSSsDerBereS As oes s sss —2-8 £3.26 5 5B, : as 6 
ZSsSSzISS Pees SSE SR SES ES ZEE PLssens $55.2 :oyersiSrarceavaarnis sise Be froreenceiass c= $233 : 
28— See et § HESS E E Sa oleh ghia eon te ree ee PS gaa weirs BA3: 2, 3 Ss le o i=} Ste, 8: 
2 oe 5:8 a> 1 s iisek FREE OO OT sa Get ES Bone ep ea eres 3 8 bet PSs. fs) : 
gg a ‘e g POET co” Ler € és Bes BS. Sl c 
Ble os? ss e B : 
bos 2 te g35" : iB & . = , : 
ESOS e3 ed x - 
zg : 
aGicaared pro 





ke 


I 
ye 








{tho ‘steam Generating capacity of the boiler and the inentirel 
} pressure at which they wish the valve to blow off. 
} : The company (of which 












will furnish illustrated catalogues on application, 


























Improved Vertical Engines. 


_ We tako pleasure in placing before our readers rep- 

| resentations of two improved vertical engines of new 
design, and of s quality second to none in the market, 

. -They are of a new and graceful design, and e ‘idently, 
: } “for the amount of material used, give a maxinmn de- 
ie? ‘ree of rigidity and strength, 20 necessary to freedom 


results equal 





tho minimum 






























iy self-contained, rendering it practi 


ible for theso engines to get out of line, Requiring | being a scale of 
as, A. Moore is President a very small floor 


_and General Manager, Martin Luscomb Treasurer and | than any other hoi 
Secretary, and Geo, W. Richardson Superintendent) | from shortness of 


admit of a very high rate of speed. The cylinder is| perpetual watchman, 


steam jacketed, with a steam chest on the bottom, giv-| perature, econo 


ing perfect and instant drainage, all being cast in-one | either carelessness or ji 
plece, Tho platon is packed with self-adj : r 


and outside metallic rings; also the valve, which, | gence that seems almost 
while simple and inexpensive fn ‘constructicn, gives} not only 


matic cutoff, Itisas perfectly balanced as ono run-| of several ocean steamer lines, 
ning In a horizontal position can be made, and requires | British navies, in hotels, public buildings, charitable 





<* gines, and all complicated and expen 
* sive mechanism for operating. the 
* valves,ete., have been dispensed 











Taree tran rater teers nine 

ically impos | “charts” are half size of originals, the horizontal lines 
pressure, and the vertical lines denoting .:; + 

space, they aro more compactly built | the hours of day and night. The records are torn of 

rizontal engine of equal power, and | daily and filed away. eat , 

stroke and great strength of parts,| Thus does the recording. 











rding gauge act as a vigilant and 
Uniformity of motion and tem 
of fuel, 











in numerous mills and factories throughout the 
but may also be found on'board of the vessels 
in the Austrian and 


lo any not supplied with variable auto-| country, 





of power for its operation, It exhausts | institutions, city water works, etc, Z 

through its center into tho ‘heater,| Tho importance of an efficient Kauge as a means of |: 
giving no pressure on the steam chest} indicating approaching danger, can scarcely be over- 
covers, or leakage at any polnt, The}estimated. W ninstrument such as we have de- 
feed pump is simple, positive, durable, | scribed, proper! sted and kept in order, which 
and accessible, in case of stoppage, by | not only points to the danger, bu speaks in clear, ring: 


ger, 
there need be little fear 











simply loosening one nut, without | ing tones when it approaches, 

disconnecting the pipe. The water 
.. heater is separate, and so attached as 
to have no effect from its expansion 
‘and contraction on. other parts, and 
as perfect drainage. “ht 
. We-wish to. add that the low price 
cof, these engines is duo to tho fact) 
ithat all-work of a showy and orna- 
mental nature, which enter largely 
* jnite the cust of more expensive en- 

















with, = These things, while adding 
greatly to the cost, do not, of course, 
add to the actual value of the engines 
for practical purposes, and'n engines 
of this class: pasa’ largely’ into the] - 
hands of those quite inexperienced In 
‘their attendance, it is far better that 
complicated and expensive mechanism 
should as far as possible be avoided. 




















from vibration and 
wear and tear, all I 
securing {ruc economy 
were of a higher price n others of {he same powers 
which they are not, but in fact cheaper, a 10 horse- 

- “power engino costing only $250, and one of 30 horso- 
power $100, : 

Fig. 1 is a stationary engine, with fly wheel, in- 
tended for manufacturing purposes, to be placed upon 
nsolld base; while Fig, 2 is intended as engine for a 
yacht, and especially adapted to small steamers, canal 
cra, pleasure boats, etc.; it has, of course, no fly 
wheel, but a reversible link motion, as shown in 
engraving. Tho smallest of these engines have ce: 
ders of 8 by 8 inches, the largest 12 by 10 inc! 
the fly wheels of es represented in Fiz. 1 are 
from 36 to 42 in ter, make 200 revo! 

2 500 te 900 po 


ly essential to durability, 






























ereswenne st 
t 


Sisco & Co., of Baldwinsville, N.Y. 
{base's Inlcng and Recording Satey Gauge 


j catablishments in which steam boilers 
are used, also all the incorporated 


~ either by waste of water or misuse of 
the same, are indebted to Mr. M. BL 
. Edson for a must ingenious and valu- 
able instrument, in the use of which 
the proprietur or manager can ba 
nt power uf resistance to| eeated in Lis private office, quito a distance it may be [of stcam bvuiler explosi 
and | ftom the engine and boiler, and yet know precisely the | proper attendance are insisted upon, The self-record- 
the end, even if these engines | steam pressure maintained by theenginecr, By means | ing steam gauge and " 
ofa mechanical arrangoment, operated by clock-work, | sold only by the Edsun Recording Gauge Manufactur- 
Acontinual record is obtained of the pressuro, and a| ing Company, 91 Liberty street, New York, 
pencil traces on a diagram slip, placed in the gauge, { all inquiries with reference to the instrument should 
the variations of pressure at every hour of the day and | be addressed, 
night. The instrument is connected with the boiler by 
an ordinary steam pipe, and if the gauge be not on the 
same level with the boiler, a little correction is to be 
allowed, amounting to one pound for every two feet 


ments, and by these means panics will-be prevented | collect rents an 
and loss of life avoided:: The “cuts” of the daily! nut then 


These engines aro made by Heald, 





and Hitro-Magnatc Alarm Attachnents 


Manufacturers and proprictors of 


check or a detecter of, wrong doi 





Fig. 2.—Yertical Yacht Engine. - 








s, if careful inspection and 





iressure alarm is made and 


to whom 








The Future of New York City. 


It is reported that capitalists ara warned by Prof, 





1g at Hish Bridge, 
ill then be aboy 








terest on mortgages, real estate will 
be very desirable property. - 











1 
| 
i 
iT 
| 





cet 























































































a cltat 


20 feet 





ents, before 

When,the 

ho seam B, 
i 


<when a deafening report was 


schargt 
nnon had been -dise! athe 
Sake wan filled with bits of fron and debris fly 
Thocab together. wi ! 
‘of tho: boiler -were complete 


< WERKLY. - 
Tho. alr. belug. 


Uesides 


occurred. was. blown aga 


ntire jclothing, 
ron i] 


vercly injuring the passenge 
- water, 


reported that the {dri 


bl 


: ‘ 
beori found: to. corroborate. thla statement. 
The locomotive was evidently lifted from the 


about 846° P.M., killing the 
ground and thrown, 
k, and about 


nd brace 


Bose ESS eee ese 
é geSSeGesess 
BE SA Fe ee eh ie e ap 
Bo STEsSbyec ss. id 
q Hee oe8Rs edi S = 
E el sSahee ae fe 2 “2 gs 
3 gs keSleces. 28 = 
he ‘BS cse sess gs See. 
rS ea ou, os 22. Z 
Oh) Sas escSses 22 
an es ar -“ . 4 
os) deg hese has 2582 
Sk) Eestsateee 38 s=33% 
c} g2etsa a == Bae 
35|| £28 882282 23 eF 23 Fe 
Se SS ee Rah seks 2 sees 
RE gos esene2ss es S2833) 
2 SsSEFtsee Ses £ ee s= 8. 
“_ S&sg2eoe  sa8s p= 22558 
Eeeeegtasce 8 Bg: geste 
Regs esees far > oe aes ' 
‘ga Se cp ekere 8. = ae 
B2Seeeaese ©. ¥ 
2Ge 238. cr 
SERS ‘g233 (23 a 
ag4 F=5 --toel : d 
eget ESS 2 8 
22 ag2 5 S 
3.3. 2 
3 © 
SegES Ss: of 
35 33 =. @ 
epee So 
= : 
vill jes me 
23 38 8-S 2 e® 
Bess eles: eS: © 
“Sage Boetees 9 
s|/s2E  gstesgs ee 
o Pees tos ses= 1) 
pa eueesegice So A - 
© -TES28e8¢: =: 
“BAU eae lcs SBS ®o. 5 Se 
ise ceaestsstas ®&e = se 
a BStsEsiests : 
A Bot  B8SS2 8 & Bo. bel o 
Ri ssestfs2e32 oe <u 1S 32. 
oO Saeeeessz: eo? * 2! at 
=a 2255222233 >) = zs 
A 2 3g 322222 fo) 3 3S 
| ee S22°55 55 86 5. he 
“wWeieeesta 2 3 = ead & 
HeB]Er Ben = 
8 ZPESwSessst to) S 25.83 BS 
Wess testg2le ig ‘Z2s8 E 
Oe esttie lege © = 2332 S355 
HL2Se FESS 22 2 ® 3 efit sass 
222 3225255 © BE Sls Sse ese 
ae oe eee ee s2°.° BEES 32 
l BZS2n9R835E8 3 = S32 °-59 225 
YP met Besee $8. S25. 7-2 --o- 8 
7 I SePrbsl st Spiz tes) 2a Bee Eee Seas 
32 $5 E5E2,28 2 3 = SEPESES ESS 
B 4 | ogiuise 722 3 S) ReSE 2S eos te 
Bl SEBe ESL EERE 8 : SeotE SSE ES 
A ; BPSHESES EES BeeeeEQreses 
B+? y5=2° 28 8 32. = oRlLE 
Set "*SbeoEs 22 ieaSss. 
Zs gms Tsei2bs s &ESSHEE55 
4 Stagg” 8 2 FES SEERS 5 
Bi 0 ges esge ss <) * SCLlSS Vert ; 
Sessa k sss : : 
: ee ce ; ae a er 3 ea = 
&*E SSEvS 28 2 BREESE SSA 252 6.3 283 SB2s y S'S: 
BSS meeSe Es EPS SERS SSS See se. $F S258 3) eee: 
oe Zeasess SEgigstlezsssoaks SescEEe® ‘s a2 
Wy g2EL%Ss ge etgss = =SERERSE sBeeiei 22 3 sete 
|= S2Ses55 SZPS2EL BSS SBS g SEE. 823 = Be 
= 87 E55 25 FoRES St ES 4 = Se 522525 : 33) 
s $9 --254 S.-2S'6 2 a8 S 2322, 5SE8. 3 28 
3 F822 83 ZBego5 Hl APs ges te SP ESesgas = se 
Wo 2 S.58 eS Ss-<2 = a Ss a c= 2 os. 
: Zeusiee ar ie 28232523338 %s afte S Bo: 
2 SSI ERS 9 geMeess = Fes S “SE FEES 3 Bs 
3 =< g pee [4 ‘ oS s 7 2 
= —=sF8. 2 f2essbset = 5 <8. % Be 
2 Sseksiz 222.2% 3 8 Be 
= 276 a7 lc ok 3 Ee 
2 San. & F 2gezee v3 
22 ;3s6=253 Saris 
_ S2AHSeZs oss 
¢ ssfeere SEeeR 
Sos 3555528 shai 
om Ep ee. 8 seen? 
3 ZESa RS ge 8e 
38% ye Be 52 ss 
5 Baty S25 gas 
s By 4S: Sos ket 
2 9a: g SESES 
-o 28: 3 pot Saekre 
=e Fee" 283 
ef 2448-3 5 


and: had progressed from six to eight feet, 
tho slde-of the boller. where the explosion 





ing-in-all directions 
the ‘driving, wheel 
found lying across the ral 


Moments -Inter, 





heavy. 


2 Stop, f 
. tng the edges 


. fow days after, 
bottom, makliig ano 


Rome moni 
be made, 


ror 
bac! 














pte etter 


Boller Economy, 


° 








_ 





by 





masonry will - generally render ‘the return 
tubular scarcely as economical as the loco- 
Motive boiler, but the §reater simplicity of 
I, Perhaps, Senerally overbal. 

In extreme cases of bad water, 
Way places, In the event of j 
ry, the single, 

plain shel} 


agit 
has 





since the effect. 








of evap. 
{ combustible, This 
nience of comparison, ts 








usually 95,4, 
for the vapori 











it hardly ev 
ount of water which would 
the evapuration Were to take 


r one atmosphere, 
being reduced 


>: |. other pressure ly did occur, pra 

Neither is it a Correct expression of the rela. 

1 tive economy of different boi ai 
{ Particularly of ditferent types of boite 

Sef Anless the evaporation tak 





i 
evaporating the: 

With the least | 
pou 











| 
t 





mospheres would no} 


Romy when worki 
& pressure of two or three 











2, assume a boiler in; 
seven pounds of water 5 
ing 4000 Ibs. of coal Per 5 
» AY, $8. Query: How much 
id the owner afford to have paid fora 
vould have evaporated nine 
pounds of water Per pound of coal ¢ 


Let the cost of the present boiler be 32,000, 
Then 9:7: : $8.00: 20.22; and $3.00—¢6,29— 
78, the saving 


Per day, or $534 a year, 
This would Tepresent the interest at ten 
340, which added to $2,000 

f combustion, J 


340, or the amount he could 
his boiler and 
le Regarding the first | has very little water in it. 
ss—~eXternal radiation | ency of the botler has been 
‘ous—more careful at. 
ection, 








remarkable | day, worth, 
























| siderations, viz, t 

orated into. dry 5 
ure, thi 
{b 









‘Presents a total Joss 
erty of saving it exist 
the | mentioned source of lo. 
ces: /—the remedy is obvi 





-} ought to be occupied by 5 




















Urtailed by pro- 
nductor of heat, 
ding a power ab 








necessary to pursue th 


this light, and yet this is not an extreme : 


On the contrary, it is no more 
tatement of facts 











more | almost universally 
T-scarcely 
had additional 
time to time, 
in. If f 1 S 








ing what ‘their boilers. 
and how much it is costing to do 
y will soon come to demand a 


usual allowance of 15 square fee 
Proportioned }, 


heating surface, Ass 
and must be first fonsidered. On the} that 15 feet may be sufficient, it do 
ther hand it would be‘an example of bad { follow that because a certain boiler 
engineering, under ordinary circumstances of heating surface it is a 
to place for perman 

an ordinary locomot 

forced draught and 
the same amount of 

































fe, materially 
S'rosities as 
tg surface, one-third of 


chimney, wil! 
s Of the past, 





different factors, 
has been widely speculated Upon. = Practi- 
cally, however, it is always worth the 
sideration of the party who pays the 

1. One pound of good anthracite coal! by any Possible fiction 
has a combustible efileiency of 15,000 heat any utility. But they 
units, ence, if this could all be utitiz 


must only be taken 
effective heating su in a general way. A great many patent 
e under a gauge Pressure of | The total amount 

pn 


boilers are devised, evidently with this|' 
«3 pounds, and- froma temperature of 60°, fall right, 
13+ pounds of water. The 


tter failures than anything 
‘Ormance of boilers is hardly i 








































han 24 of this, 





tilized heat is Pe 
ithe best way to determine how 
3 In the first Place it is z and that to furn 

Man cannot change th of | of run is indtspensudte: 
At the best he ean only 









“nature, 
‘ little end 





and then | and ct 
As in the 


50 per cent, 
and thickness of the 










ering in the 
Neither are they par- 








tures—may 

widely 
} the case of the boiler than in th 
e engine. Different t 





& 


ae ee ee ieee ee ane 





BOILER EXPLOSIONS IN 1879. 

We give below the report on tho boiler explosions 
of 1870 just issued by Mr. E. 8. Marten, tho chief 
engineer of the Midland Boiler Inapection and In. 
‘surance Company, through whose courtesy we are 
also enabled to annex the sketches by which the re- 

port fa illustrated, ‘ho data which Mr, Marten 
has collected compare, we are glad to say, very 
favourably with those of previous year, as 0 glance 
at the subjoined ‘I'ablo will show. ‘Thus we find 
that for the Inst seven years tho numbers of boiler 
explosions, &e,,{recorded have been ns follows : 


Numbor of Namborof Number of 
Year, y ‘ Persons Persons 

Explosions. 4citfed. Injured, 
1873 78 57 85 
1874 70 7 198 
1875 os 81 W2 
1876 q 93 110 
1877 - at 5b 75 
1878 pig 17 8 
1879 30 as 53 


Tn considering theso figures, it must be borne in 
mind that during the past fow yeara there has been 
going on a atendy increnso in the number of boilers 
employcd in this country, ao that the fall in the per. 
centage of explosions lins been even more decided 
than the decrease in thoactual number, Altogether 
tho data appear to show that tho various inepection 
companies are doing good service, and with the 
extension of inspection nnd tho dissemination 
amongst boiler owners of a better knowledge of 
their duties, aided by an enforcement of their 
Nnbititics, we may expect atill greater improvement, 
Mr. Marten’s report ia as follows: . i 

During tho year 1879, records were obtained of 30 boiler 
explosions, causing the death of 38 and tho injury of 53 

rsons, 
mor tho 91 persons killed or injured, 8 were owners or 








mauagers 3 28 onginemen or stokera; 53 men gmployed on 
the work woman and 3 men, strangers who happened 
to bo near; and 3 not nscertaincd. 





Slight particolara aro given, in tho form of an appendix, 
of 17 accidents connected with steam apparatus, and no 
fairly iucladed in the list of boiler explosions, which caused 
the death of O ant the injury of 35 persons, 








We 





: Fra, 10, : 
The Exploded Boilers were used for the following 





Purposes: 

. No, Kd. In. 
Tron works oe ww 815 11 
Marino .., on 4+ 6 0 
Mills, various , 3.9 al 
Collicrics a 3°03~=6 
Railways oe 3 6 
Farmin, Cr 223 1 
Tiny and straw wo ee OD 
Saw mill Cr a a ee | | 
Canal boat... oe ore |) 
Chemical CO er GO) 
Hoisting on board ship ou. wd 
Mineral water works ow «w Tt O 1 
Cabinct works... 4. 4 ow 1 0 0 

Total « «30 38 53 


Tho causes of oxplosion aro arrangod under the following 


heads, as in former years : 


A. Faults of Construction which may be Prevented by 
Inspection before Starting or after Repair, 


No, Kd. In, No. Kd. In, 
Bat construction or 


material ow . 3 7 8 
Bad repair... ow 2 7 
—— Fi 6 
B. Faults only to be Detected by Inepection, 
Extermnl corrosion ., 8 8 10 
Internat corrosion 4. 7 7 7 
——— 16 15 17 


C, Faults which could be Prevented by Attendants, 
Shortnces of water «. = 2 12 3 
Ovor pressuro,, oo. 6 7 18 

. 9 40 

Not ascertained ws 3 0 0 


Total tae ne 80 SBS 
Tho exploded boilers wero of the following kinds : 
The causes are stated os in. tho summary, the general 
heads being indtented by the letters A BC, 


Cornish or Lancashire, 


‘ No, Kd.In.No. Kl. fn.No. Ku. In. 
External corrosion... $ 8 2 
Internal corrosion... 1 4° 5 








Shortness of water. 1 
Over pressuro oe 


« Plain Cylinder, 
s No. Kil. In.No.Kd.In.No.Ki.In. 







Bad construction or 
af material we uw. 1 0 0 
+ (Bad repair woe BOT 





B { Paternal corrosion, 2 0 4 
Internal corrosion... 1 0 0 Paetal 
0 {Ghartncss ofwatr 2 1 2 : 
ver presaure w 1163 


wut 
a 


B { External corrosion... 
Internal corrosion... 


Not ascertained ... 1 


——— |} 
Locomotive and Mullitubular. 
y {External corrosion, 2 1 4 

Internal corrosion, 2 0 =) i 

Q ° Over pressure we 120 
——-—— 4 9 6 

Verticat, 

Shoriuessof water 0. 62 0 

Over pressure... a w 2 2 oe og 


Tubuious, 
A Bad construction ow ow Lo lg 
B Internal corrosion. 01 oO 
ome 2 2 0 
Return Tube. 
A Bad construction wae 162 
Totol 1 aw we ae 8088 BT. 

Although the engincer's annual report to tho company 
is presented in Angust, these records aro as usual made up 
to tho end of the year. 

‘Tho explosions 'thia year are much below tho average, 
both in the numbers of explosions and of thosa killed and 
injured. They nro of only average interest, tho greatest 
number occurring ne usual at iron works, 

-Nono of the oxploded boilers were under tho caro of this 
company, : ‘ 

v @ Seconds of 1879 confirm the oft-expressed opinion 
that Inspection is the beat means of preventing explosion, 
and nore than ono sose dering tho year showed tho need 0! 
owners giving ove: acl jor inspection, 

Briof details of tho explosions during the yenrs 1862-3-4.5, 
are attached to these recorda® to complete tho tables since 
this company was cstablished, andat the end will be found a 





completo index of the explosions from 1862 to 1879, and 


y y {interest in tho various papers, 
port Nasco pee he different institutions, reprinted 


for binding with them. 


1, ary Sth, none injured. ~Plain cylinder, 
eral chape td 19feloog, 24 1Lin, vertical, Sit. Qin. 


in, and fin, plates, 50 Ib. pressure, 
‘He pack clamoter oan out, ie boiler iteclf not being 


moved from its peat, Aa theru were uo stays, the drum- 
‘Tho demands upow our space compel us to omit th 









10 26 supplomenta: 




























Conls and Cannels. 







Analyses of British Ga 





face ane cork consisting of the analyses | ‘The preeise ingredients necessary to constitute a Lest quality cod are 
Amo interenting ani valouhte  teaon ine jst Deen issued hy | so well known-{hat it is almort surprising that no attempt as fore 
of ace ah prneticnl gas chemist, Manchester, The | been mndoto campensate for the deficlences of the lower qualities, 
a i i iH anade from bulk, the material being taken indiscrim- | This, however, has now, heen dove, The object of tha invention of Mr. 
ena as : a 0 ofa nmaber of analyses given in every, instance. Cyprien Laurent iv'to secure the complete oxidation Or combustion; na 
ae eeu ans in cubie fect per ton is given ton temperature | it is more commonly termed, of the severnl oxidisable gases and ‘ipora 
of at Folr. tho barometer at 20 in, Some interesting’ information is | developed during the combuation of coal and other carbonaceous faele, 
ko given 7 to the production of coke from’n ton of conl of vnrlous | by combining with tho latter a liquid composition, which, liaving been 
: vat Doth when taken from-the retorts and when slncked on being applied to the fuel hy any convenient menna before it is fed on to the 
owed to drain for 12 hours, We are also tolt how to ascertain the | fire or grate, will xeeuro the complete oxidation of the snid gasea’ind 
iMuminating matter contained in 20 cwts, coal or eannel, which is cer-| vapors, and #o prevent their being lost as rourccs of heat. ay 
tainly worth knowing. It fa done by dividing the enbic feet yielded] — It is well known that the loss and waste incidental, more or leas, tonlt 
per ton by 5, as there were & cubic fect consumed per honr ; multiply | known methods of burning con! or other carbonaccous fel in hearths, 
the result by number of candles illuminating power, and again by 120 furnaces, or open fire-grates, in due to the fact that the gases and vapors, 
. the grains consnmed by ench enndle per hour; divide the tast result by | invisible ns well ns visible, and collectively denominated smoke, arising 
2000 gra. contained in 1 Wb. avolrdupols, and the final result gives the | from the incandescent fuel, ns well as from that jast supplicd to the fire, 
number of pound of sperin equal to the illuminating matter contained | are not furnished with the proper quota of oxygen ot the right timeand 
tn 20 cwts, of cont or cannel, ‘Tho Scotch cannel appenrs to give the] temperature, It ix this desidersted supply of oxygen that thixinvention * 
jighest amount of iMuminating power; but when that inthe ense there | aims at providing. ‘The material he uses te carry ont hia purpose fs a 
inn much less yield of coke, and that of an inferior quality, the Rog-| combination af ingredients finely pulverised nnd intimately intermized 
head cannel coke being put down na yaluctexs, ‘That the selling of gas | hy any convenient mechanical method and then dissolved in water, and 
muat be a most profitable trade is clearly shown, for a ton of coal in| thus produeiug inn liquid form Lis new composition, In thiscondition 
some instances yielded us much as 11,000 cubie feet of gos, 15 to 18 ewts, | and nt thia stage it is ready for une, The several ingredients and their é 
of slacked coke, fram 14 to 20 gallons of tar, and atont half the quantity | relative proportions nre—in variety A, sol ammonine, 3 puts ly weight; 
‘of tar-water. The following shows the yield of some of the Scotch | Glanber's salt, 7 paris; and common salt, 18 poris=28 parts. Ix variety 
cannel, with the iMuminating power in candles as well a8 the coke pro- | 1 he uses—aal ammoniae, 2 parts; Glauber's salt, 4 parts; cominon salt 



































































Warp 
te 


















Sry 
9 
¢ 








us 













































































































duced : 12 parts; and commercial carbonate of potaxsa, 1 part=19 parts. 
Cubic ft. Hum. power, Blacked erke, The tirst-mentioned variety is intended to be used with Bituninoua ke 
pykchead a ae adie it or soft vont, and variety Bwith hard or Anthracite coal, nlthough h ‘ 
Bonth fel, al Isewts. wishes it to be distinetly understood that he may nse the above ingre: 






The curley eaune! of North Wales stands Heat to the Scotch, that at] dienty in different proportions from those specitied above, according na 
the Coed Taton Colliery, near Mold, yielding 12,122 cubie fect of gas t0 | the composition of the fuel may vary as requiring moro or less oxygen, 
the ton—nn illuminating power equal to 31 candles ; but it only gives 10 


Wa 








os 
Gy 


pt hie rh | provided always that the combination ia capable of yielding when hited fF 
ewts, of coke, ‘Tha smooth cannel at the same place only gives 10,700 oxygen in suflicient quantity for the purpose of the invention. Thedry 


enbic fevt of gas, with an iluninating power of 21 candles 5. Tmt it powder prepared us described above ix dissalved in water in the propor. 
gives 15 ewts, of coke, bearing ont the remark provionsly made that the tion of 261 avoirdupols ounces ta 1h gallon of water, produdog a 
greater the illuminating power the leds quantity of coke in produced, quantity of liquid composition wuflicient for 1 ton of conls or other ears 
Tho Laneaghire cannel has long heen nated for gas making purposes, bonnceous fret, Tin immuaterialawhether the water axed be bard or 
and is in good recs o Abd the conity E _ ils ok equal to the soft, ‘The powder may be dissolved nny time before the Hiquil com f 
Scotch on regards the Muminating ower, _ falluwing gives some of position ix to be used, and the latter used hamediately before the fael in 
tho best qualities as to gow iuninating power in candies und slicked used, or time nllowed far it to dry, care always being taken thot thefael 


cake : after being treated with the liquid composition is not exposed to nin, 
hall, or snow, which would ina greater or less degree wash thedepodted 
uinterial off tho fuel, : 

The liquid composition is applied to the fuel in any convenient ¥ 
either by sprinkling or by means ofa syringe or a force-puinp, on by 
immersing the fuel in the solution, ar otherwise, Uhe only yeeee ‘ 
. necessary to observe is to Kprinkle the solution ax eventy as possible, 
Pany’s coke was token ns tho standard, and the iinninating power was His pret in dissolving on ingredients is to Kecure 0 “hue division F723 


peer seg be ee ape 120 868. PEF) and a more equablo distribution of them over the fuel than woald be ae 
ee tame qacie cf tis To rtiilee aduotied veel ee eo 7 845 | possible if they were applied in the condition of dry powder, By the 
will be acen from the following analynes: Boor results, 08 | aye of his composition ho maintuinsa perfect and economical combustion, 


accowpanied by 4 corresponding production of heat in advance of the 



















































Minn. power, Coke, 
1.0 IWewts, P qe. 
MWewls, Or, 
Wigan Comp VWewte, Lar, 
‘Morria’s Art Wewts, 
‘The Wigan coke is described as very good, whilkt the yield ix large, 
80 that in some instances it will realize nearly ax much as was yiven in 


the first instance for the raw material, ‘The Wigan Cont and trou Com. 












































































Cuble ft. Mun, power, Coke, 
1,952 P34 







Towle: owt, thorongh iguition of the lumps ] of oxygen 
+ ant Vorhireco’ 14,109 10 Mowing de fi sie is sede ms ™ ot ue ‘ anil os ne oe t Hs : 
14 Bilkatone coal. 31,100 12 Wewts.dee rom the composition proceeds pari passe with the development from 

+ Newton & Co.'s Sil 10.478 10 aC ¢ 





Id ewe. Our, 
















tho fuel of cambustiblo gas and vapor (such development always occttr- ¥ 

ing most plentifully when a fresh supply of fuel in fed on to the fr¢,) 

tlie Intter nro owing to the presence of n xuftictency of oxygen nt a keh 

tompernture, and derived partly froin his composition, and partly 

the atmospheric air present, iimedintely consumed, and so compeltd 

to produce their full quota of heat. oo ws 
Tko foregoing is not, he says the only way in which his composition 


+ Royatone coal. 9,770 red 19 cwtn. 1 qr. 

From the above figures it will be seen that nearly a ton of coke in 
some instances is produced from a ton of coul from Yorkshire pits, 
‘The samo seams of coal are worked in Derbyshire and Sonth Yorkshire, 
but the qualities are different. Thus, wo find that the Devonshire 
Silkstone only yields 9,610 cubic feet of gux, with «9 iltutninating 
power equal to 13.5 caudles, and 14 cwts. 1 qr. of slacked e; Welln’ 
Eckington Silkstone gives 9,333 cubic feet a gns, with a facilitates the economical combustion of fuel. It is well known that th 
_ Power of 11.0 candles, and 19 ewts. 2 qrs. of coke. To estimute ie carbonic dioxide formed in the tower srata of n bed of burning fuel fs} 
value of the different descriptions of cannel and coal the nominal prices converted {nto earhonie oxido na it passes upwards through the foel 4 
for the different products should bo taken—Sperm at In, per th.; coke, Somining: with additional ‘eorbon.. This: earbonio. “oxide oak 
b 




































































10s,; yas-water and tar, at id, per’ gallon for cach degres of specific escapes unconsumed unless it meots with n proper quantity. of 7 


gravity. Tho water from the Wigan cannol is 43° ‘T wath. | to Feconvert it into carbonic dioxide, ‘This proper quantity of oxy 
and thotar 92° nt (02 Far, 1° Ty at Go? Fabe,; proper quantity 

























‘that of Me E 


~” Most‘of the generators now fn use took thelr origin in this ublished in 


- ON GAS-GENERATING FURNACES. 
es oe GENERATING } URNACES, way. They consist of a single chamber, in which the two 


= By JF, Lunstanw of Osnabruck, 
Se ‘ ROANN | t ee at p processes” (1). of expelling the hydrocarbon I 
ie is not my intention to enumerate to-day all the various | formed in the fuel), and (2) of catverting the femaln ng rot 
Ras generators in operation, but only 10 show the differ. fuel, take place together, and these generators therefore have pt Lge 
' nifeint gueee in thelr construction, ‘and to draw your attention to ea rapliack incommon _ ordinary gratesfiring. Pad far “4 ‘ 
n blast, with thirty-seven awaiting a certaint: Poxplatned, wl; I zs sj tecent improvements thereupon, Heating | back as forty years ago experiments were made to pérform 
y ofa stenly 2 OX} ed, whe b: atrangements, if blast-! th 1 
of the advance to operntions, On the line of she Lehigh heer fuel is intonded to take tho pince of dala or other natwctl niucls, theroby }4 ity nee nay ha last-furnaces: are. not taken into consid- ese tivo processes, requiring ‘such opposite cohditions, 


fi divided into two cl: % sseparately, and John Juckes was, the ‘first. (see his patent, urpose. 
furnaces is less, but the Proportion at work is greater, constituting itself the substance oa ie fe, — Loyal Ainlny : rate~fringy ‘o classes, viz., those ‘with P: Ys John ji as. first. (: I 5 iP 













hent which ix inevitable whenever carbonio oxi 
‘The composition described diitura from ‘ord 





Only eighteen furnaces wero in blast on the Hine of 
the I'hilndel 
and Rending Rallrond at this {ime last year. Now there aro forty-nine 







Iphia 




























‘ and, ‘secondly, those with gasefiting. The -| November 8, 1838, and fig, 1), to endeavour to im) rove the nt fc encrator of one 
furnaces, thirty ore in blast and ten out Ont of forty ‘ére factories ifference between these wwo classes consist inaialy in the]. heating by preventing the disturbing influences which occur in 
: wns, whol ly fe admission of the atmospheric air (which inthe case of grate-- | *ofdinary grate-firing by the charging of wet cold fuel ‘on the: | Th has 1 ain A 
, oN oe Ge EP ee y conl.not only TOF fiting takes place only at one point) through the grate, whilat | Hot'fuel In process of conversion, ‘The arrangement con- HW). Before I describe 
Tho Dickson Manufacturing Co,, of Seranton, hav. friends and themsolvos, § “in the case of . gas-firing it requires“ second: and separate || .*titutes only a grate, and not a gas-firing, because air is ade’ generators constructed 
order of twenty Arateclas . n, have completed nn} stenm, but for the use of their employeos, frie: at the wholesale point. of admission,-In a theoretical way, it might be ae- . mitted only through the grate,” As the horizontal chamber { hitherto 
; ~  ‘Mndeon Canal Ca # consolidated locomotives for the Delaware | Wo think this is allogether outside thelr business, ifs to blame. y gued that the combustion in an ordinary grate also: consti- | for expelling the gases is fixed in the convertlug chamber of | tained i 


Hed 7s 
~ zy Utes a gas-heating ‘airangement,,as all -solid) parts of - the the’ grate, the ‘necessary ‘heat for expelling. ‘the “gases fael on amp 


: fucl are first converted into gasses; which -are-then burnt.-:| ‘ftom .the- newly; introduced. ‘fuel ‘and ~ for © drying ‘and |. prepared, The :gresn ¢, Uj 
-» “Thus. from*‘coal, about 308 et cent. of Its entire. weight is | warming the ‘same‘ls taken, as in all cother prate-firing ‘l In processar”, time to tet rf 
vexpelled on the prate in the form of hydrocaibon gas, and | 94 ‘generators. construsted hitherto, from: the heat before | takes Place o; oy 
burnt as such,:the remaining solid coal or coke: also being it enters the combustion: chamber. “For the heating of |. of expelling’; tt he 
converted into pas (carbonic oxide, and burnt to carbonic. | 8% boilers, which Juckes specially describes in his patent,|° dons, the 
o acid). Grateefiring, considercd in this way, ‘however, also this arrangement: is quite auitable, as. the expulsion’ must i 
> admits the atmospheric air only at one point, namely, through .take place soma'time, and cannot be done otherwise than by 










tho domentic sizes, ia very 1M 





: . q the grate. If the layer of fuel on'the‘grate {s*sullicte: “the heat produced by the. conversion, the ‘waste heat not | 

: ; : y thickness, so that the carbonic acid produced, by the patios having the requited ‘temperature left to perform tke duty.: ‘oke) fi 

‘ me bustion of firel In the lower, part next to the grate can’ only very similar arrangement is that of John Price, for which ‘| ‘tequi mt 
: “| : pass through the red-hot fuel above it,-and again combine. | 2 obtained ‘a: patent on 44th ‘October, 1873 (see fig, pea 0 

_ ; Pe : with carbon, thus preventing. the : passage ‘Of unconsumed. | 2t™ also. forms* only. a Brate-firiog, air baby . admitted :| * ‘d 
‘ f ‘ * oxygen, we then have, speaking from a: technical point of. | Oly through the grate;. but. it differs from: Juckes’ by |e h vanes 


view, a gas generator, as the gases produced necessitate the. | 80¢. having’ a “mechanical: feeding” arrangem, 
: . EN admiston and admixture of ospheric ait anotherpoint? the eapulilon “chamber, being heated by S rasta" heats i 
besides through the grate, 2 a |’ This arrangement, although still’ subject (3 some. of the: 


wants of all’ prate-firing, —-hi : . 
Road at the Divseldorf. Meotlog of rst water? | rosulls,”“as wr have. Ieetied fee eee Serre 





. coke): are sconverted in another. (4), ‘and both gases so 
2 cia By . ¥ produced, ate burned in the’ combustion: chamber. ‘’ 
: - :xt-fs-heated by. the. gas 
waste heat), and the ca} 








bg : ; _ 7 Wsclose 
: j “ : <v whilst its other ent 
; : feeding a coal iia - 
] Bean beg ne 
: . throu & 
a 7 wat Deon est ig, ore deen | 
axing through Dy oy res ‘coke to a bright red heat, 
‘ 3 : soe a OA pale teas : oT ete eee rere emcee ar ee seek Bye Li tad heating ihe resulting col to a bi 4 at 
, , : , : ‘ = daring ie oxidas 
. es t 20,200, an 
= oS on . . oe . . here r te i i the solid 




















ik SEAS 4:3 


amiga ANU smoke shot Up as high as the “Stay: 
‘ning of the 15th Captain Grouting 


” At- 10 a.m." the 
er in the 





ke vineve 1 COAL CARGOES. °. > 

: CONSIDERABLE amount: of interest, not to 
n/ say excitement, has of late been exhibited in 
‘connection with grain ‘cargoes, which important 
‘.- question has at length teceived the attention it de- 
1" manded,- and has been dealt with in accordance 
{> with the notions of all right-thinking and sensible 
{vpersone, an Act of; Parliament for regulating. the 
j- Cartiage of grain having received the’ Royal assent 


on Tuesday: last, Another cognate question, and oi 





one of equal, if not superior importance, is that of 
© coal cargoes, which are frequently the cause. of 
serious loss-of life and destruction of property, To 
this subject we now draw attention, in the hope that 
itmay be taken upin other quarters, and someattempt 
made to remedy the evils by which it is at. present 
attended, . The dangerous character of coal cargoes 
has long been notorious, and the frequent cases of 
spontaneous cumbustion that have occurred have led 
toa general impression that for the most part all 
‘|. kinds of coal are equally unsafe. This, however, is 
not 0, Scotch coal having much more to answer for 
' than the Welsh :mineral, as we shall show, The 
present ‘subject has been ‘forced upon our attention 
, by aletter froma correspondent at Rio de Janeiro, 
j Who, writing on the oth'of August last, states that 


, were named the Afoondight and the Channel Light. 
! ‘They loaded different kinds of steam-coal at. the 
same time, the one Featherstone and the other York- 
shire Hartley. . They sailed. from Hull ‘together, 
arrived at Rio together, and were both destroyed at 
with nine mea, the remainder of the crew, being then | .the same time by spontancous combustion, the effects 
missing... The coal cargo and. ship were burned of which were manifested as soon as the hatches were 
:. about 700 miles from Cape Frio, : ‘The’ same writer opened. : 
‘, further states that the cargo of the Granite City, These instances might easily be multiplied, but we 
| about 1000, tons of Udston. steam-coal, from : think we have said suffictent for our present purpose, : 
1. Greenock,’was in'a state of combustion upon { which is to direct attention to the dangers attendin 
the then recent .artival-of ‘the vessel at Rio. This 
‘was also the case with a cargo of about 800 tons of 
{ . Hamilton coal pet'Prince.Victor, also from Greenock. 
Lastly, he reports: the ‘total loss by fire of the ship 
|. Dora, from Leith to Rio; and her cargo of Auchin- 
} raith Ell coal.’ In each ‘of. these four cases, which 
‘occurred within’ a month, the coal was Scotch, al- 
though of a different description in each case, 
Another instance. of which we are informed is that 
of the Lief, bound from Greenock to Rio with a i and in addition to this they are not so well screened. 
a 0 of. Auchinraith Ell coal, which, upon the arrival The South Wales coals are double screened at the 
: ‘ the vessel at Rio showed unmistakable signs of pit, and again alongside the ship, whilst the Scotch 
i a ing. ; | -coals are double. screened at the pit alone. The 
-It may prove interesting and perhaps instructive if latter, therefore, carry from 5 to:10 per cent, more of 


we here give a few details respecting thi . dust th cdi 
{. Dundee, which are furnished b Hy ciecmmenaee raloaat of Gea eee mevincall Greana 


vhict further element of danger. removing all th 
narrative given’ by Captain Croudace of the burnin } a freer circulation of air is ineured, whi at by ; st 


of his ship.” He ‘states that they left Dundee on th: : ing it the intersti f tt 
_a7th’May, '‘at.4 a.m., and proceeded all well, with the circulation choked ghey enerated, Solon 
‘ fine weather, until the morning of the. 13th July, > bustion sooner or later ‘is inevitable, The ri 
i. They were then in lat. 25°51 8., fong, 28°22 W., and safety of coals double-screened at the pit i id a in 
, 7 yet gaperter fat ain . Foie seen lssuin from at a ship, at once points to the remedy, whie his 
3 7 } out 6a.m, long with the simply good ventilation, Were 
Carpenter and chief officer he went bi Pot gases in the 
thorough examinations fore and aft, and pa oie coal carcino Shunt pestle he Suara 
gonelution that the Sal itch was the centre of the those disasters to coal-laden ships’ which are now *t 
aken off, a * 
tod Into the cargo in over to aiecover ine ie Within rede as cveeyouipbuik de erate cual 
ued al 1s for so; rc n iS vant 
could work no longer on account onthe pee eee ole seehon Ine fail 4 aval themttes ort any 
: gasand smoke that were escaping. The hatches were it would a) pear't b Migtaie Wine. obi 
' i hen battened down, and all ait holes stopped ; and terest that autho it sh ood ate Tacaad os 
1 waeala Croudace made all sail for Rio Janciro, moral obliquity or: ren ar et eo Niagelicer 
vw fol wae his nearest port. On the follow needa p subject is ot H mental obtuseness.’ ‘The present 
th ¢ 14th, they were in lat, 25-22 S., long. 30°36 Ww? ance toc al ropvicton creat but of vital import. 
hatch again (ect c They then opened’ the main underwriters Hand we ast i wie rep — 
: ¢ another attempt ¢ i i a a will reccive the atten- 
‘subdue the fire. :. They, however, fore tonBct at and tion it so seriously demands, Mr. Plimsoll hae d 
ele a ea teuin eat hehe eae || Regge, oe meee arn ber 
ith difficulty they succéeded indomitable per nther directs gy, and: 
About four.in the humane end cote ket eee direction tos his 
“ga help themsclves, torhele ty no afe unable 2. 


on the 23rd of July the captain and twelve men of 
the British ship’ Dundee, from Dundee for Bombay 
with coal, arrived at. Rio in a boat, a second boat 


is accounted for, and, in the second, how it. is“to be 
averted... The spontancous combustion of coal [s due 
mainly to two” causes, the first is heating and the 
: consequent generation of gas, and the second is in- 
sufticlent screening, the firet not unfrequently arising 
out efthe second, The Scotch coals arc. of: a more 


Dy the” gas ‘havin 
ite then put into the 
wering ‘at _a_ moment's: 





| the shipment of coal, especially that of Scotch coal. . 
It may be asked, in the first place; how this danger. |‘. 


: dangerous nature as regards gas than are the Welsh, 


. ON GAS GENERATING FURNACES,* 
.. +, By F, Lunaany, of Osnabrilck, 

It {a not my intention to enumerate to-day all the 
yarious gas gonorntors in operation, tnt only to show tho 
differences in their conatraction, and to draw your atton- 
tion to Mr. Griibo's recent improvements thereupon. 

Aicating arrangements, if blast furnaces aro not taken 
into consideration, may bo divided into two classes, viz., 
those with grato firing, and, scconily, thosc with gaa 


¢ differenco hetieen theso two clasaca consists mainly 
in tho admission of the atmospheric air (which in tho caso 
of grato firing takes placo only at one point) through the 
gente, whilst in the enso o: Giring it requires a second 
and paral point of admiasion. Ina theoretical way, it 
might bo argued that the combustion in an onlinary grato 
also, constitutes n gas heating arrangement, aa nll solid 
tts of the fuel nre first converted into gases, which aro 
han burnt. ‘Thus from cont about 30 per cent. of its 
entire weight is expelled on the grate in tho form of hydro. 
carbon gaa, and burnt as such, the remaining solid conl or 
coke also being conrerted into fs (carbonic oxide, and 
burnt to carbonic acit). Grate firing, considered in this 
way, however, aleo admits tho atmospheric air only at one 
point, namely, through the grate. 

If tho Inyer of fuel on the grato is sufficient in thickness, 
so that tho carbonic acil produced Ly the combustion of 
fuel in tho lower part next to tho grate can only pass 
through tha red-hot fuel abovo it, and again combine with 
catbon, thus preventing tho passage of unconsumed 
oxygen, we then havo, spenking from a technical point of 
view, a gna generator, as the gaacs produced necessitate 
the admission and admixture of atmospheric alr nt another 
point besides throngh the grato, Pear 

Most of the generators now in uso took their origin in 
this way. They consist of n single chamber, in which tho 
two procosses (1) of oxpelling tha hydrocarbon gases 
(already formed inthe fuel}, and (2) of converting tho re- 
malalng solid fuel, take place together, and these genc- 
rators therefore haro this drawback in common with ordi- 
nary grate firing. 

Se far back ns forty years ago experiments were malo to 
perform there two precestes, requiring such opposite con- 
ditions, separntely, and John Juckes was the first (seo his 

patent, November 8, 1838, No. 7853, nnd aunoxed eketch, 
Sig. 1) to endenrour to improve tho heating by preventing 
tho disturbing influences which occur in ordinary grto 
firing by tho charging of wet cold fuel on tho hot fuel in 
process of conversion. 


‘Ths arrangement constitutes only a grate ond not 9 gas 
firing, because nir is ndiitted only through tho grate. As 
the horizontal chamber for expelling tho gascs [s fixed 
in the converting chamber of tho grate, tho necessary 
heat for expelling tho gases fron: tho nowly introduced ful 
and for drying and warming tho rome is taken, ns in nll 
other grate fring and genorators constructe: hitherto, 
from tho heat before it enters the combustion chamber. 
For tho heating of steam boilors, which Juckes specially 
describes in his patent, this arrangement is quito suitable, 
na tho expulsion must take placo some timo, and cannot be 
done otherwiso than by the heat produced by the con- 
yeraion, tho waste beat not having the required tempera- 
turo left to perform tho duty. 


Ayery similar arrangement is that of John Prico,' of 


which 1s skotch is shown in Fig. 2, and for which he obtained 


grate nt bs but 

eee eee font. ki. arrangement 

i waate heat. o 7 

chiveogh si iM oubject re some of tho wants of alt grato 

@ Paper read beforo tho Iron and: Stcel Institute nt 
Diuacldort. . 








ENGINEERING, 


firing, has given yory satisfactory reanita, ns I Lavo learnod 
from the reporta in the technical papers. 

Another arrangement is that of M. KE, Minary, of 
Besancon, particulars of which wero published in the year 
1868 in tha Publication Industrielle, and a sketch of which 
is shown in Fig. 3. This isn real gas-generating farnaco, 


Marth vib ott 


air being admitted nt two places, Tho oxpulsion in a dons 
not tnke place in a chamber separate from tho conversion 
chamber 6, but in an clevation of tho samo, and tho heat 
for oxpulsion is drawn from the heat produced by conver- 
sion, A large quantity of thia heat thus becomes Intent, 





fe opine sctexioastencansenakccrad 


pee 
(Serr. 3, 1880. 


is tho object, it is of importance not to losc heat by radin- 
tion or conduction, or to allow any of tho heat to becomo 
latent. This is the casein Grdbo's generator. Tho gascs 
contained in tho coal nro expelled in onc chamber A, and tho 
solid romains (coke) aro converted in another B, and both 
gases ko produced nro burned in the combuation chamber, 
which is not visible on tho perspective skotcl:. 

A is heated by the gases after thoy leave the furnace 
(by waste heat), and tho oxpelled hydro-carbons leave tho 
chamber A highly heated. In the second part B tho con- 
yersion of tha remaining solid parts takes place, all tho 
heat that fs act freo being utilised in tha furnace. Tho 
generator consists of ona, two, or mora horizontal chambera, 
mado of fire-proof materials placed below, nboyo, or by tha 
alde of the furnaco in which tho gascs ora utilised (such ag 

mdiling, reboating, zinc, fiass, and other farnaces). 

Tho chamber A is closed nt ono-cnd by a mechanical 
feeding arrangoment, whilat ita other ond is open and, 
communicates with 1, Tho feeding of coal into A can 
bo done by hand or by machinery, and roquires yory little 
power. 

Tho atmospheric air necessary for burning tho gases 
arrives highly heated by previously passing througl: 
channols heated by waste heat, its access boing regulntod ~~) 
by valves. Tho waste heat, after passing through D, D, °° 
round A, to expel tho fares from the fuel an heating the ra. 
sulting coko ton bright red heat, may then be uscd under 
boilers, &c. 

Tt ns been shown by Rankino that carbon during [ts 
oxidation docs not produce 14,500 British units, but 20,200, 
anil that 5700 of these becomo Intent in converting tho solid 
carbon into gas, so that only 14,500 British units are por- 


jess, 505,018 kilos. of Licoms aro heated darin ere aE 
Stuns. Far 1000 kilos. of blooms: abou! ai 


and is lost for the desired purpose. ‘The 
yersion passes throngh the channels d d, ay 
sary for burning the gases is introduced 
arrangement consists, therefore, in n ge 
chamber, and is without a mechanical f 
ment. ‘Tho anmo arrangement has lat 

atonted by Messrs, Brook and Wilson, ani 
Facer of September 28, 1877, 

ig. 4 


brick Steel Work: 
generators into Grdbo generators, 


ke, 
of‘ tho 


robot orntora, 14,500 
‘Jatont before the 
0 mado uso of in’ | 
‘onerator, ns they 
‘ithosame. ‘Tho .. 
supply of heat 


‘She Grobe gencrator lins also been in ure ino xluo far. bala) in oxpelling 


nace of tho 


cilla Montagno at Moresnet, near Aix-a- 


4 ant in 


| Chapello, since December, 1879, and n second furnace for my E ‘onorators or 


the anmo yurreve has just been completed. : 


At tho 


ouation chamber, 


iver Leo Iron Works, Canning Town, London, sd-ns hitherto for 


Grdbo's generator is in nso for n ball furnace, ‘an 
although soine trouble was oxperioneed there at first pring eilse's Gencrator 


to the men not being accustomed to gas beatin 
gives satisfactory results. 


ibility of utilising 
43 7 


t ott 
Grdbe gencrators aro nso in use at a furnace fors, t onl, 
into glass nt Mesara. Fourcault, Hrisen, nit“ Co,’ poke, nok on Snel 
Dampremy, near Charleroi in Belgium, and ono. at, Hes coking con}, and 
German rplegel glass manufactory in Freden, near Hanover teaving tha expule 
niso ono for concentrating copper at the Manifeldechon 9 oa will onnblo it 






Deforo I deseribo Gribo's generator, T 


all generators constructed hitherto have only tind ono 

es tained in tho fuel nro cx- 

chamber in whicl: tho gases, cor ined in tie Eo green 

and wnpropared, from time to 

hich aro in process of decom- 

hich takes placo on an 

and as tho.two processes of nine tte rer 
ing gasea oro constant ented, 

2 73, It also forms quality and sonny tao genes pea i the fuel uo ‘Thin generator is worked during tho daytimo only, nnd 

only gent big, ar belo Tamfited only trough tho atmospherie ar, fe required, but only beat, hie for tho 

7 ‘by not baring n | conversion §co! G a 

differs from’ Juckes’ by, tot a into craton ts oxide ntmosphericnir iscsscntial. It a ines coking coal, and 53,141 kilos. oF 19.35 por cont, antiiragits 


pelled and the resulting 
damp fuol is charged cold 
time, upon tho materials wi 
:] postion, similar to tho process w: 


uf te 
of vondetiinge *requiro entirely different cond! 


no heat, but, on the contrary, throws leat off, 






loyed for expolling tho gases from tho fuel ; and 
party come Intent, it cannot bo utilised in tho com- 


buation chamber, 
With oll fring arrangemen! 














ts in which high temperatures 


Gexrerschatt, in Elsleben, oeioaves snub and stop the § 


spe ew ansnny ieee tcnmocneemena 
draught, It has been proved in practice that a mixturo of 
50 per cent. of small but strongly coking coal with $0 ner 
cent. anthracite duat give coko of auflicient.substanco to 
work well. With tho gasos produced from this mixture the 
Lighest temperatures may be obtained. * i 
HN Grdbo’s generator lins been in uso since tho 0th De- 
comber, 1879, inn reheating furnace nt tho iron and atect 
orks of Osnabritek, whore a surface of Oft, by 18 ft. is! 


it consumes on nn averago por. month of 2U turns, 122,580 


ning solid parts (coke) | kilos. coal, of. which 6,487 kilos. or 66.65 per cent. aro 
A 


and 53,141 kilos. or 43.35 por cont, anthracite 


‘This includes tho coal consumed for warming during tho 
night. ‘Tho furnaco is used for heating blooms of mild 
stecl tor railway sleepers, which only weigh 260 kilos. 
cach, whilst rail blooms weigh 580 kilos. cach, Nevertho- 


























she rock of 28 |. CRE ge he Errglish, Mechawie) pels ceaneek ie se nae gn yreaed | 
: es : rans 7 isos 7 sliding door, a oa tie eect ‘Lolssausaminenoed' tp work eit 87874 
: fa eae : rward by blades on shafts which makenbout | and not only i ' 4 
3 i 3 rovolutions,per minute. - The compound | of nt ony is tho dust-goal ued; but much ! aes 


Hoe stan | : ” Ben, —We think perhaps your : 
: yA : AND “ Als rae J ; In fact, itt ‘ 
s kopt-warm and plastic in this conveyer } pulverised. . The operations Beary an : 









i 





niony oF the & 
erratic block, wholly un 
n, found on the summit of 





ag 
q From a sinall 
Bo 




































ie Washingto 
paca Prof. ©. IL, Hitchcock infers that the, ghie tt hee 
was deeper in that region than lias Intherto been suppose 3 é - kop : i ; |p 
‘Fletlr roan mt of Ci Dr grontin OW SOrHNoR aw. ann,’ | - ~ #RSUiL Ragin fi mesg pos tee |S ce aimee 
¥ y ice, us leat’ - *. 73 Py out about pa 

if it wns carrfed to Mount Air het eat Hae been -to- fF taken, ‘Si pale fo (le sin their poriphories.2 numbor of semi-oval Frocks of about 26lb,’ cack. om cr our in ys S| 

Mount Washing iriug tha b dd shipmal al ‘tasting, jeovitica ia horts m confectioners dron- with the dust and gmall ara loaded at tho : ue 

: : 2 . ‘mnaking machine on a lnrge scalo, Mr. Loi- | colliory and brought by a } : 
FRIDAY, OCTODER 8, 1880. ‘seau ‘anys that..the oflicacy of moulding sidings cat the works Fiere ay aes the # 





sheet ut, fone time du 
at Ee : 


‘gollora ig not accidental or arbitrary, but ia | over o receivor and i 

_Rovorned by cortain rules, which may be | continuous chain of emptied ae tps . 

:dotermincd on’ mathomntical principles, if} tho grinding rollers, whore. it. is powdered 
at least with oj and boing mixed with conl-tar pitch, is passed | 























v » OVEN. 5 
NEW PORTABLE OVEN. ww 5 not with perfect oxactitude, 

admitted tat for some culinary operations z. Herrin ONES] ARTICLES, tolerable’ degreo of accursoy.- Moulding | through heating furnaces to the moulding! 

++ rollers accomplish tho compressi of mato-| presses, whera it is subjected tovo pres: | 

rinls moro bya squeczing or bruising action ; | suro of about 60 tons;- ard ‘is then: 


+ Iris generally stove and ninge are Heither effective nor: 3 a ed aleo de 1 the 4 
% CONSOLIDATED FUEL. 






automatically passed -to. an-ondless band! 














































* the ordinary cook {by actual expe 
~ geonomical, aud it hus een determines by set x . tod, and, whi 
ment that In the amitier of baking, ordinary stoves arc waste: : af fort of the veeadl. for | : We have sovoral times in our Inst twont thoy possess the great advantage of equeez- 
ful of oily fuel fat Tse etn In the engraving is designed nat ‘bel Diet f mer eee volumes, notably on p. 167,. Voi. ing the materinls so that tho food is only a} which convoys it to the atacking-yard or: 
ue wet Th ‘ nection with an ordinary portable furnace, - ° XVI, drawn attention to tho efforts that short timo between tho rollers, Tt apnonts, the londing-wharf, as may bo desired, Mr, 
to be sel n cont bong will port amount of: ee ined é ive been iad to utilise the enormous nowovor, that these rollers do not eld an| Loiscau says that the prossuro:to obtain a: 
and ¥ note | so prevents the dissemination of odors from ft ik, ‘The W: : {| heaps of conl-dust produced by years of altogether. satisfactory orally and although good lump must bo at least 3,0001b.par square! 
fuel, nat leo 1 revents (nye inventor contescls the fire’ : 3 4) mining, and though meommerciall: yaetane Mr. Loiscau regrots that. bis rollers arol inch, roferring to tho uso of tho stoam-hoated 
- at ant ina coo tale furnace by Inserting an extn, Ttoads Needies at 3.13. ate ful process has beon devised b; which th ‘Mrought together by scrows instead of] mixture, but it will be scen above that with if}: 
ol i Ne ot tire Tielke; thiy serves the double purpose of, knots an Hout it Mil "> £] duat combined with clay and yeh roft a4 * aprings, ho thintes it will not bo eurprising if| dry powdored ooal a pressure of 60 tons is) 
ng, Ao Tek; thls ery aul of preventing. the, Captal f mattora brought 1 fran, the mines i une -rollera hereafter play.n great part in the} used in this country, and possibly that may. 
annterially rrivo at Pl; AVVerted into 8} a 1 ke it is 7 real bes cay manufactura of artificial fucl. Tho mixe bo the cause of the success which the manu-: 
Root » it is not gencrally _ ho has omployed takes in about 1,0001b. of} facturors in Great Britain havo axperienced. | 


very des t 2 ish to 
arm weather, aera desirable feuture Te 3 oe ehich our he are 3 board : _jfrected into mood belo, i i » ly 
we veather = : anufacturea of a compress i i ; 
“the furnice ns the usual opening for the F . presse tho materials at one feed, and. brings thom) As tho blocks weigh nearly.» quart 
of-the fu j fuel has been carried on for sovoral yoars in dition in about 2) minutes, owt, each, ‘wo net wot aay ‘that: tho rote : 


"Phe top pla | i 
king vessels, To this opening is fitted 2 , | 
5 South Wales with a profit. In tho United: P rep Flier pm pte egroe recon 
: 4 Jeatked to 


ms reegptlon of ¢ " i : 
* oylhideien! casing, elosed at the top hy a removable cap, ane ‘ v a h 

; oylnleal cone dings the upper edge of the fire pot Is fit. ‘} Se ee alls pace Rar Al and is chiefly valuable whoro it 
\ j : ry : ur, convoy B uantity of fuel in the Hest | 
fuol from coal-dust, and if wo may. judgo: in lumps averaging if possitto apnea . T Whether. Mr. ‘Lolsoan’a 
“rollers” will enable the coal-ownors of the 


“i scylinder concentric with the outer eytinder, forming up d 
a ; 
es ~ from tho account of his latest experiments neither drying or bi 


radiation of heat into t 
















te 














+ petween the two a flue, B. ‘The inner eylinder line . Eye ue 
C he top, 60 that the products of econbustion ma, 7 i : t i 
openlng t an ihe inner ¢ inden, nnd downward in the flue, i nec 2 Alby Mr. B. F, Tolseay, jintest experiments 8 
vot i ready for delivery o 
fine: : ith and ly agal The : accomplished in order to mnko tho manu- Jeaving tho rollors. 
well, without any pri facturo of pressed fuol from coal-dust ono” that sehilo experimentin; 
of the most important industries of Ponnsyl- quality of this com 


B, and a plate, C, of refracto materinl 
fay-two revolutions per m! 







Ft 
An annular p 























are supported | ‘on the tire brick, A. ‘The , 
pans, 1), which aigh, are supported oneahove + 2 cating al | wer 5 prosatire of ateatn, BO ib.5 vacuum, TT S{vaula.” Mr. Loiseau seems to havo confined, 
CG; the several pans are ted by ‘Sein. to in. ‘The engines were let out to thelr full power for, By 3 |his attentions too exclusively to what was 
of twelve knots per S00rs being dono in Franco, although from tho 


> another on the plate, 


and ¢! short thine, and gave the acht a " 


Pan oun 
=< jwith Ti7-horse power Indleated. 
















y are all Snclosed Ww a cylindrical 
similarity of tho circumstances wo night hopp 









rests tipott the plate, C. By 7 is arrange | En 
of the fresh products of combustion fs tt \ Q ; Harrington, & lhave tod hi i ii H 

i ” eonte! ine oH Doth as regarde the working of th i Avo oxpcot him to seok information in } 
er a a Met the |" 3 te ves The Wanderer, wae in sew going tin ith all her! Wales, “ie provious attempts to aay bees y_ ropresontod ee 

y ion, ; we on , the draug : nthracito coal-dust with clay and monld it aL. - ——== — ¢ 
| products sf combustion, which y s apward aroun the In oe e and aft, 1Gft.; coal, 100 tons; ballast, 105 into blocks suitable for domestic use were ; 
ter easing, descending. th form an effectual air PZ 20 tones disnlacernent 855 tons, ‘failures, owing. to the difficulty and expense 





of the oven vis feathering propeller, previouily fitted ta the Mout, of drying tholumps; but a couple of years 


‘ago tho old comp ny was resuscitated to try without sny com iT 


u 
jacket whiel vents the chilling 
ody this defect ho mixe 


derer, was set to 16ft. pitch during the trial, 

16 Ret conte Dar, SUMMERS AND Co, 
Northam Tronworke, October 7th . 

ducing the Consumption of Goat. 

neat, ye CY PMA Se OE BAS 

. Engincoring Yhedry and practice have for: 

jong tims plainly pointed to high steam pres | 


-anow furnaco, and in viow of the possible 

failueo of that schemo, Mr. Loisoan had 

dovised a plun by which with slight 
snodifieations of fue. machinery, he could a 
use ‘coal-tar pitch as the cementing * onti 

material, and manufacturo’ a fuel which, Z catirely bare 

if unsuitable for domestic purposes, “value of tho process, 


















howover, from @ come 


























laures sa one of tho surest ways to economy of it une : 
fuel, Twenty-five years ago our ocean atcamors would well adapted for raising steam. : intof view, depends upon tho cost 
me y. y Bi Wo noed not recapitulate the methods which boas : to tarinls Bed tho Toxponsos ts) 

and; as in. certain localities, 


carried only 1G-tb, pressuro to the inch, and Me. Let : 
\ ¢ ® $Me. Loiscau tried, which involved tho uso of 
‘burned 6 to G teu. of coal por hour per horse ‘steam for heating the conl-dust and pitch, error ee er finds a ready 8 
jpower, aro carrying 75-1, tree @ ‘and subscquently an enormous pressura to ‘purposes, it is clear thot unloss it can ba 
our . oxclude tho water thus introduced to tho ptained for a merely nominal sum, it 
\ unas, “because manufacturers of “artificial cannot possibly go through a manufacturing 
‘ fuel,” as it is called, havo long passed that Pp d compete in the opon marke 
‘stage of tho invention, and when ho refora to ito coal itself. Still, as he says 4 : 
'Buropean systems it must bo understood that 1 to utilise tha heaps o : ‘ 
British methods are excluded ; but wo may Jnted in Pennsylvania 
notice that in tho course of his experiments ho naterial until recently 
discovered that it was necessary to keop tho For the purposes 0 
mixturo at o certain temperature until it : n apparatus, Mr 
aro very econom $3) lrenches tho moulds, because tho pitch loses’ f he machines used by the 
‘Her vessels, still it i i lits comenting propertics below 170° Tahr. lo dea Forges ot Chaontidre 
jon the largest and fi When exposed to thantmosphore the mixturo which produce about 9¢ 
chills, and when the pitch coating of some of 1 in 24 hours, whoreat 
sin ono hour, ‘The 


alo for other 








‘all tho latest improvemen 
tho particles, loses its cementing property it his own produ 



















‘to secure economy, worked R : 
and intolligent en; ~ ‘provents the’ perfect adhesion of the adjoin- chief merit of li nears to | 
i particles, and tho lumps, despite the i tho small size o! Boz ) which 
srosguro to which they have beon subjected, | fits them fo heating pur- 
inven tendency to fall apart and crumble. ; noses gonurally, roduction, 
This defect of the procoss was remedied by. Re is complotaly processes 
entione! 








xp ee 

modifying an apparatus invented by Mr. A. dopted -in th ic 
Dietz, of Philadelphia, for mixing sand and be ae Loiseau. 
asphultum for tho purposes of wood-paving. 
: Tn tho mixer as now used thoro are two » a3 to what 
, : y : horizontal ahafte, to, which are clamped a utilising dust no f ee ents 

mt. Y i * f ‘ ® lsorics of biades placed nt opposite angles, | besides many suggestions, numero 

ney and which mako about 35 revolutions a ne eon ken ‘out and tricd. Oly was 


| . gm hainute. When the atorials aro mixed thoy discarded long age, ‘and thoonly ingrodionts | 
x | gisearess tale ‘nna ust thoso. whiok Mfr.’ 



















three pounds of ,coal 
horsepower moan 

coal bill, which is always an enormon: 
tho oxpense of largo boats. ° ” : 





MACALPIN'S PORTABLE OVEN, 





, 






‘Thre design of the Inventor | i 
a Inve! is 10 concentrate 
. waa ue feat from thy fire, #0 that none oe ae 
ut : chimney and be wasted, and at thesame tine to in vo Pp" 
circa oe sto pereoit mors or tess of Ht to & nape 
to the se inny red, and to carry ene} 
BH e olor Aaa sinoke wl commonly rte fas teva : 
» coo! king Ia done mls usual way, . Bither coal or en 
Y Y we 
ba one being made for hotels cnt ektien ant: 
Q twig ote acre furnace by cords or chalus 
: eh aah te ceiling, with counterbalance 
: eee ar eng, i eaten Hy Iolling, frying, or enke 
King. ; by the Inventor t 
salt Cmte pounds wo ounce: inne laa Ide i i aa 
ata pouulear a Le ra lrty two minutes, and that eight nid t ; : 
mg : 4 a can ie baked in the same length of | 
ng So ait atts recently, patented by Mr. Daniel Ma 
ue addressed for further informatie i lac 

















































te! 




















ENGINEERING. 


FRIDAY, AUGUST 20, 1880, 


_———————— 


~J pnpust SMALL COAL. 
One of the ways of utilising small refuse and! 
other comparatively valuclcas coal, of which; 
thousands of tons lie unproductive in many’ of our. 
colliery districts, conaista in tho manufacture of coke 
for metallurgical uso; and it is purposed in tho pro- 
sont article to briefly state tho principles ‘and: 
rationale involved in its utilisation for that purpose. 
Tu the early days of coking alack, littlo attention 
was pad to its purification, and the coking process; 
was not adequately understood. ‘Pho cai nal fen: 
which then prevailed was that the coking of, tho: 
slack was simply to conglomerate its particles, and; 
put into a marketable form, refuse amall coal which 
would otherwise have to be thrown away. ‘Tho 
advance of metallurgical acionco has caused consider. 
able attention to bo paid in recent years to the pro-' 
duction of a pure, dense, strong coko ; and in order 
to utiliso the smal! coal which tho miner gota when 
“heading,” and produce from it coke sul tabla for 
metallurgical use, much skill and ingenuity has been 
applied to the construction of machines for the clfi- 
lent separation of shale, pyrites, and other solid : 
impurities contained in the slack, prior to its bein; 
coked; also to the construction of ovens which 
all perfectly and economically oxpel the volatile ; 
matter, : 
‘Ag in motallurgical operations, the value of a fucl, 
so far as its heat-producing power is concerned, is 
in proportion to the degree of heat it is capable of 
‘generating, and as the capability of carbon to pro- 
duce an intense and concentrated heat is in propor. 
tion to its freedom from ash and volatile substances, 
It is necessary in order to produce a fuel which shall 
enerate the highest degree of heat, to reduce the 
former too minimum and effect the perfect expul- 


‘ston of the latter, ‘To accomplish the latter object}; 


tia desirable that the oven should possess a maxi- |! 
mum temperature, the effect of increasing tho tem- 
peraturo of tho coking process upon tho hydro. 
carbons, of which con’ Principall consista, being 
to provent the hydrogen in ita volatilisation carry- 
ing off no large a quantity of carbon as it other- 
vibe would, the duration of the process being 
shortened, and the union of hydrogen with car- 
bon being dissolved by heat with o rapidity and 
-comploteness proportionate to its intensity, ‘There 
is therefore greater yield in coko at the higher tem- 
erntures, the quantity of carbon carried off by tho 
Hydrogen being in inverso ratio to the temperature 
of the oven. Furthermore, a high temperature 
tends to bake tho coal harder, which will be here- 
‘after furthor alluded to, One of the objects in 
separating the shale nud other foreign soll aub- 
‘ataucea from the coal is to facilitate the attainment 
ofa high temperature in the oven, and thereby the 
{propor coking of tho coal, ns these substances act ine. 
‘chanically in obstructing the ovolution of the gasca, 
jUpon which tho heat of the oven depends as well as 
the crystallisation of tho coke. 

Itis, howover, desirable to separate shale and other 
carthy matter contained in the alack as perfectly as 
possible for several rengons besides the ono just 
altudedto, 1. ‘The shale, &c., increaso tho percent- 
ago of ash which seriously affects the calorific value of 
tho coko ; for instance, if1 kilogrammo of coke con- 
tain 02 Kllogramme of carbon, and 1 kilogramme of 
another quality of coko ,72 kilogramine, tho calorific 
valuo of tho former will be 7360 units of heat Conti. 

le againet 5760 unita in the case of the latter, 9. 

Pheac substances also of courao increase tho quantity 
of slag, ‘Therois, however, silica in conl derived froin 
ita organio origin, which entera so minutely into its 

“|composition og to be inseparable: by mechanical 
meang, and of coursa is not removable in tho coking 
process. But onc of the objects in producing a fucl 
of tho highest pyromctrio effect is to facilitate the 
fluxation of its ashes, and so render innoxious the 
‘allica contained in it, by proventing its silicon bo.’ 
“coming alloyed with the fron, the tendonoy of which 


tn ne, 


at 


_ mpeg 7 PESTA Y 
isto render tron brittle and difficulé to puddle. -O2}: a 


courso silicon in pig is traceable to the: ora: ag :well 


{as to tho fucl,-but wo aro treating upon the facl 


_ | but about one-quarter to onu-half 
‘form of aulphide of iron, ‘Iho tendency of sulphur’ 


only, atte 
"tho constituents of fuel on which ita caloriflo 
powers depend are carbon and hydrogen, but tho 
joro carbon a fuel contains the greater ia tho degree; 
‘Jo heat which it is capable of producing, for carbon: 
burned in contact with air to carbonic di-oxide will 
roduce s heat of 2658 dog. Cent., whilat hydrogen 
urning to water produces only 2080 dog. Cent. ; 
from which ia gathered that the greatest pyrometeic 
effect is obtainable from puro‘carbon. “ho nearer, 
therefore, coke approaches puro carbon, the greater 
will bo its pyromctric power, 
~ With reapedt to sulphur, sulphur exists in cont 
aapyrites, Itisalso found in somo coalans aulphate 
of calcium, and occasionally itis found ng aulphato of 
barium, but as sulphates of tho alkaline carths 
may exist in considerable quantity in the: blast 
furnace, without having any projudicial effect upon 
tho quality of the iron, it isdesirable when valuing 
any uel, not only to know what its percentage of 
sulphur is, but in what form the sulphur exist, 
The most prejudicial form in which it occura in 
coke is sulphide of iron, for sulphur in the pig is 
attributed to sulphide of iron in the fucl, or in the 
ore, In the coking process part of tho sulphur in 
the pyrites is evolved, and pasaca off along with the! 
volatilo matter in the form of sulphur compounds, ! 
4 ratained iu tho 


co 2F LZ 


is, of course, to make iron white, cause it to bo! 
brittle when cold, aud impart to it a pasty condi. 
tion which impairs its ductility, whon hot, 

Pyritea aro largely separable from tho slack in the 
coal-washing machine, their specific gravity being in’ 
their pure atate 4.8 to 5.1, as againat 1.20 to 1.59 ini 
the case of coal, ‘Tho aulphur is further reduced to! 


\. Hie Wedel nas! 
Soanlatmum by watarly thee hs toutlin ‘rbeais 


is completed, If the coke is drawn red hot and 
water poured upon it, tho evolution of sulphurctted 
hydrogen is perceptible in the steam, It iadesirable, 
howover, to continue the hose after the heat has 
‘ceased to bo sutliclent to convert tho. water into 
tsteam, as there remaina in thocoke sulphur ino state | 
‘capable of being washed out, j 
' Tlere it may be observed that coke which has been | 
condemned ag too sulphurous to be used for stuclting, 
jhas, after exposure to the weather.for several yearns, 
‘been uscd with aatisinctory results, ‘The sulphide 
of fron which it had previously contained having 
‘gradually becomo oxidated nnd washed out by the 
‘weather, In passing, we may just remark the 
‘corroding action whic! sulphur has upon iron and 
copper, and that when sulphurous cunts are cou- 
‘tinually burnt under a boiler, the plates are rapidly 
‘deteriorated and the boiter rendered useless, 

With respect to a high temperature in the oven 
baking the coal harder, this ia not to be confounded 
with that “hardening” which is apt to occur in 
coking bituminous coala, which consists in a round- 
jing of the edges of the crystals and blocking up the 


pores, and a general hardening and toughening of : 
the coke, rendering it incapable of giving out an 
intense and concentrated heat, owing to it present. 
sing less surface of contact to the oxygen of the 
atmosphere, aud which is occasioned by allowing the 
coal to remain in the oven too long. Besides the teat 
itis tho geueral opinion of netallurgists that tho; 
higher the temperature in thobearthof n 


10 


. 


thle 


of purity and porosity, thero are tho te: e 
ant heey aud po Y: thero aro tho tests of density 


blast furnace,: 

the more advantageous are the resulta; and density 
is an casentinl quality of fuel required to produce’ 
great pyrometrio effect, In modern high furnaces, 
owing to the great height and consequent weight of 
the column of materials, they become so compreased 
that the coke tuust bo of the hardest and strongeat 
‘kind to enable it to bear the burden. Denaity is 
(Obtained by reducing the coal to small and equal 
particles by crushing, which should be done after it 
has been. washed ; and hardness, as has been pre-} 
-{¥loualy remarked, by exposing the coal to a igh 
jtenperature in the ‘oven, a point, which demands’ 
tin the design of ovens, considoratlon of dimenslons: 


~ {a9 well a8 of form, , 


With reapeot to the so 
from the slack, prior to { 


a ti 
ie 


vens for tho 
uot has been 


q. 


stiSaloon  rineciant nen weet 805 


cite aN so detects 


poses 


j 
f 
t 


W the cylinder, the materials are discharged 
# moulds, 


H the paate, in order to expe! 


‘Sele 277 F pp 


Se oa 
MANUFACTURE! OF PRESSED FUEL A’ 
PORT RICHMOND, PHILADELPHIA, PA. 
’ By E, ¥. Lorseav, Philadelphia, wv 


ive 

IN a paper on the manufacture of artificial fuel, rend nt the!” 

Vitladaigia meeting of Vebruary, 1878, I enumorated the aie) i fb company. 

cultles which I liad to overcome before sacceeding in tho mixin pit may: Begin with 

of contaluat and clay, the compressing of the same mixture, and he supported by both, try 

the waterproofing of the lumps. ‘The drying of the lumps, after, ° ny beat to apply that rule, ° 

leaving the press, was the iremalning ficult: and it was ex-i to work upon, pinta to have absolute facta 
ted that a plan devised by Dr, Charles M..Cresson, of Phila-|- bility, for he t aelty and capa: 

lelphin, would ennblo.us to dry the fucl ox rapidly os it was, deductions di 

moulded, and that a continuous production could In that way ba; 3 

obtained. . The company was reorganised, ‘The works were pure! 

chased by the new company at an aszlgned'a ‘wale, and the oven} 

was modified according Cresson's plan. Antleipating at 


iposathle failure, I had prepared a plan by which I expected to 
‘able to demonstrato that antliracite contalitat nixed with Hob f roperties foi Hoe 
‘could bo manufactured with our present inachiner: lightly ahi; be hou, When expe ed 
moditied ; 80 that after all, 1f we were compelled to give up the lly, and when the itch 
‘attempt to make fuel for domeatle use, there was n posaibility of. o ed Ie revents tio . 
succeeding In the manufacture of a good steam uel, The plan’ fect adh f e. While the relaed 
suggested by Dr. Cresson {ne drying the pressed lumps of coal. lum; Ht and the Thitled 
dost cemented with clay did not wark as well as we expected. partic! Tumps aro cooled 
It enabled us to dry more fuel than we ild before, but Ib tho rubb loose the chilled 
could nat bo inade fo uy more than ono-half of tho lumps again in the coal 
produced by tho press, ‘I'he plan was abandoned, and I waa 
authorised to experiment with coaldust and coal-tar pitch, 
The cement which is ured in Europe to conglomerate conl-dust 
is usually dry pitch, which is prepared by xoparatiny: from tho 
tar, at a temperature of 572 deg. the volatile ‘inatters 
whieh it contains, Somo manufacturers, however, employ crude 
tar, others arich tar, which has been cleared | per cent. of 
its volatile substatces, hy heating it to 302 deg. Fah. But with 
common tar very weak fuels are obtained which de not burn 
well, and give out n strong «mell and a great deal of smoko: it [si watt 
also necesaary to subject them to a baking process in onter to i 
solidify thein; and to ellminate the moro volatlie of the materials 
contained, . This operation of course requires a apectal plant, the 
cost of which Increases nenaibly tho price of inanufacture, with. ad 
out counting the products which aro lost, which have an tndts- iy ‘ 
trial value. ‘Tho crude coal-tar is also very inforior to tho dry 
itch, which can be broken and aven pulverised when cold, ani 
thoroughly mixed with the coal-dust. This produces brl- 
qucttes that Hive off very little amel!, he mixing of the coal 
ust and pltch fs usually carried on in a vertical cylinder, into 
which the coalluat and pitch arc charged continuously and auto- 
matically, Theso aubstances are heated gradually in the cylinder b corkate 
or mixer by jets of steam which are discharged upon thein from clolen y 
all slides; they are then triturated and amalgamated by a series! due eof M 
of bindea fixed on a vertical atiaft, Arriving at tho bottom of f materiale tec by 
in a pasty condition ean ihe great arent eal ing action, ‘They pos- 
through openings, from which they are placed or conveyed to the fred ine eS sh Wantage that the 
n order to obtain a yood Jump from this paste the fa very mt ant a, Thin advantaun te! 
pressuro inust be at feast 3000 1b. per square Inch, and in certain j] matter of fact ai surprtaing if rollera, ax a 
cases, with hard or lean coal, it {a necessary to increase this by | manufacture of 1} play a great part in the 
50 percent. This heavy pressure Is required by the nature of : 
the water which it contains, ani to 
bring [t to a compact condition. In European mixers tho steam. 
injected into the materials cecapes with difficulty and condenses 
raptdly, hence the molsture in the mixture, which fs only ex- 
pelled hy strong pressure. When steam Is injected through per- 
erations into the materials to bo mixed it loses in reality its 


wn from “ 
Thad carefuily tanned eee Di 
mixing machine, fn order to ada 


ht of one Stil, Thad 


keep the mate- 
ieten, Ina hot 





are two hor! 
ladex place 
fivo revolutions 


ere at n certain 


] pressure, that {a tho tendency to push asunder tho aldes of Ita 


contalning vessel ; but at tho same timo it produces a tempera 
turo corresponding to a considerable pressure, Steam gives up 
first its Jatent heat, and then, after suflering condensation, a por> 
tion of its free heat corresponding to the difference of tempera. 
ture, and the mass thus becomes continually heated, This, how. 
ever, requires time, att it uccurred to me that if I could dey the 
cual-dust first, bring the same to acertain degree of heat, and 
mix it with coal-tar pitch in a anolten state, I would obtain 
snore rapidly a plastic inixture which could bo moulied by the : 
samo Fo ers used previously to mould the mixture of coal-dust } Thu feed 
and clay. 
I wan well aware that ny mixer waa not the right apparatus to: 
tnix rapidly coal-dust and melted pitch, but I had seen at work a | 
tnixer Invented by Mr, August Dietz, of Philadelphia, for the! 
mixing of sand and asphaltum for paving purposes, and I bad no: 
doubt that it could be moditied to answer my purpose. Before 
obtalning the means to make the required alterations in the plant; 
Thad to demonatrate tho poasibility of making the fuel in this} 
way. I made tho demonstration ina very primitive way, I hired; 
tivo inen engaged in the tar and firarel rooting business, nnd had: + 
them melt thopitchintheyardand holatitupin buckets, from which 
Tipped tho pitch with a gallon measure, and ernptied it into ; 
the mixer. A certaln quantity of cuat-duat provigusly heated 
had before this been discharged into the mixer. In the bottom of fh moro comp! 
the mixer I tind placed a steam pipe, tin. in diameter, with per- ed therefore a] 
forations of jin., through which I injected ateain into the mate- 
rials untll they were brought to a plastic condition, when I gradu. 
ally discharged thein into the hopper of the press, and moulted 
the same without difficulty. The inoulding rollers aro hollow, 30 
as to cnable ua to wartn them by ateam. Aa I had no steain con 
nections made, in order to prevent the adhesion of the materials atest diffeulties 
to the rollers, tho moulds were lubricated by means of two tin pitch were to obtain 
pans, filled with water, placed undernenth ench roller, and in revent ch 
which it revolved to a certain depth. ‘The lumps were very hard, 
Tho demonstration seemed to be conclusive—at least, it appeared 


ig compa 
nlttetign 2 


very wet we have some ¢ 
“} warin a quantit 
press running. ‘Thie slofect. howeve can bo | 


0° through two . 


re 


nee Ta ETT 











4) figteastng’ tie alze'b for th cacapel of tho molatt 
Bo Increasing He at oe ‘The defects of the present Dlant cout 
have been corrected long ago, had I had the opportunity “of! 


carrying out my Ideas, Through force of circumatances I waa 





compelled to alfow others to try plans of thelrown, The result!” 
















waa expensive, unsatisfactory, aud unsuccessful experiments, the 
iealtimate ‘outgrowth’ of whlch was disappointment, disa; 
ment, loss of time, of money, and of production. At Jast, how. 
ever, I was allowed to have my own way, and the result was a 
att although obtained with imperfect means, The coal was! 
placed in the market by myself, and I introduced it from the 
atart for domestic use, “It waa supposed that the amoke and the 
strong smell of the burning pitch would be a serious objection to 
its use, but by careful instructions given to customers, the incun+ 
venience from tho sincll and smoke was handily perceptible to 
those who followed instructions, While experimenting with the! 
fuel in different heating apparatus, I ascertained that when the! 
lumps were but half consumed, if the poker ‘waa handled 
runghly, the particles of coal woul disintegrate and would fall, 
unconsumed, through the grate-bars into the ash-pan, acem- 
ingly increasing the quantity of ashes, but in reality losing the 
heating power uf the unconsumed coal. This was caused when 
: the lumps were red-hot to a depth of about a quarterof an inch, 
; Each lump would then heconte, a0 to small retort. ‘Ih 
‘pitch which held the particles vf. coal er, in tho centre of' 
‘the lump, would gradually be drawn through the red-hot crust of 
the lump and be consumed, and when the fump iteelf waa partly! 
jdurat, and reduced to about one-third of its volume, there was 
not sufficient pitch left in the nucleus to keep the particles of 

; coal together until they wero consumed, i 

In order to remedy this very serlous defect I mixed with the: 

anthracite coal dust about 8 percent. of powdered bituminous 
coal. ‘The result wasa better fuel, which did not disintegrate, 
coked in the fire, and was almoat entirely consumed, leaving but) 
8 small quantity of ashes,:when compared with the fuel made! 
from anthracite without the addition of bituminous coal. Thin) 
last fuel has found o ready market. It ignites readil 7, Inatea oa] 
Jong as the ordinary anthracite coal, and fe does notclinker, A! 
‘ool many of those who have tried {t do not wish any other, and 
they send in now orders whenever their supply ia exhausted, It 
has been the main object of all inventors of machinery for the 
manufacture of artifical fuel, to‘ obtain a large production in. 
lumps of a amall nize, It is easy to obtain a Jorge production in 
lumps of a largo slze, and no better machiue haa yet beon dovised 
to obtain a large production than that described ty Dr. Grinthaw 

_ tn the Journal of tho T'ranklin Inatitute, of September, 879, 

jand which Is manufactured in France, by the Société Nouvelle: 

! des Vorges et Chantiers «lo In Méditerrance. The production of; 
adouble machine, of the smallest size, docs not exceed {6 tons in! 
twenty-four hours, in luwps wel; hing very near. 3lb, My 

will manufacture in one i 

each. - These Jumps requi 

veyed to a ecreen ih om 

cool tho lumps, 

fuel would le 

washed 

































f ! fuel fa 

‘earrted on by ng or by } y 
Jarge will be nelitted ea Iedust, Mihieoyt 
considered until recently u worthless anaterial, I have wtrugglod 
luring twelve years to obtain this result, I persevered under 
i tho most t. lng circumstances, having to‘ overcome financial i‘) 
j well ns mechanical difficulties, ‘Iam satlsRed now that very littlo! 
Pete te be om ticles, in onler to make the manufacture of 
arena from lust ono of the. most finportant industries! 


‘a, 
4 "As [hope soon to have an opportunity of reading a paper on 
: this subject before a scientific audience 1 need not ‘occupy your 
‘ valuable space by replying to your correspotdents of last week in 
detail, J may say however that the scheme has been carried out 
“\ in practice at a gas-work to which I shall afterwards refer, 
*“¢ When it was found that the apparatus for making gas on an 
: extraction of six hours was insuficient for supplying the wauts uf 
.- F the long winter evenings the distillation was stopped when gas 
* had been removed to the extent of 50co cubic feet perton, ‘The 
Jarger quantities obtained from the coat per unit of time and the 
» Superior illuminating power obtained per unit of volume tided 
over the difficulty and rendered the existing plant sufficient. 
_No practical obstacles were discovered in discharging the 
itetorts, EF do not think the difference between an extrac: 
[tion of soco and 3333 cubic feet per ton would make a 
‘inaterlal change in this respect, Mr. Matticu Williams points 
_ Out® much more serious obstruction in the plethoric indifference 
i of the gas companies, In reply to E, RF, 1 may say that the 
| fuel resultiug from a uniform extraction of 3333 cubic feet per 
ton is practically smokeless if it is taken hot from the retorts ant 
immudiatuly quenched with water, 
Westmiuster, December 27 W. D. Scott-Moncriere 










Rare poo 








Coal-dust.as Fuel 











Respecting the value of conl-dust as ful for ! 
{seam purposes, n Mr. Garsed thus reports in 
{in the Boston Journal of Commerce :— 


“We went through a test, some 
if under t patent taken out for bur 
i We fitted onr furnaces up t 
:jbars and blowing the lar 
‘{burning pure dust, that 
j| buckwheat size taken on 
:|ubout twenty-five cents 7 
:{ probably a yenr, 


rer day. ‘Takin 


leeai twenty to eight dollars 
the additional dirt out of the 
down the expenses about one-half. 
i In going through these experimen 
iithnt alurge volume of air was needed, rather 
*Tthun pressure, ‘The preesure would blow the 

“dust, and deaden a portion of the fire. i 
ja dificult matter to keep the fire clear from j 
We have now adopted buckwheat, and Ti 
{ibelieve, where the draft is suflicient without a 
‘fan, probably at present “prices .it is the most - 
ceonomical in use for miéyyfacturing purposes, 
It seems that insbirning fine coul it is 
necessary to have a large amount of air 
und no pressure. Otherwise you will dis- 
turb the surface, and let air In_in greater 
quantity in places than it sho 
proper combustion of the fuel. 

The valuo of various sizes of conl was - 
stated as follows:— 
he cost per ton, for -grate conl was 
5,90, und for pea conl $5.05, this being 
the average cost in New York, not ut the 
Pounds used per horse power for 
8, pea coal 2.70. per 
lore power per hour with grate coul, 6.13 
mills; with pea coal, 6.29 nile, 

The waste on ae guia coal was 

ent. in ash and clinker. 

MF the pea con) was 15,74 per cent, 


ts wo found : 


ning conl-dust. +, 
closing the grate. |: 
n, and commenced {i 
is all the coal down to? 
Wo burned dust for: 
per ton, for a lon 
Wo burn it to th’ 

‘{reduced our expenses more than one-hi 
/1ike all other articles of waste when they be 
price of coul-dust very soon ue 
dust, but sercenings nl 
advanced to such a point that it 
more economical to burn the pure coal, : 


in n few yeurs, uid be for the 




















ce 8 ph ji 
7 be Iready promised, 

BILLINGS’ NEW IRATCHET-piiLL, 2 sci a : 

_In our ex verience, the firs 


c t lesson 1 
Uhyt it was neces: appa alee 


ary to put water with 
Sus-burners and forced 
ng the drafts under the 
satisfactory, exeept 
The iden was 
tragite conl, it 
combustion, to 
ec, that was the 
was reduced |, 





1 Pulverlzed Coal tn Furnaces. : 
| The Iron Age learns that Messrs. Alexandre & Sons are | 
making some very successful experiments at the Washington 
Iron Works with pulverized coal, Tho coal fs blown Into a : 
furnace and burns freely with a strong heat, but the appar’ 
 ratus fa belng altered to secure still better results, after which i 
the process will be practically tested on one of the Euvans, 
steamers, The coal is fed from a perpendicular funnel, and 
tho air ontors horizon 


water through them alo; 
The result was 
ners would fi] 


that, there being no water in antl 


d, in practic 
Mion of fuel 


eon 
MSbeaawce € 


fuct. The constiny 


ntaily from the side. 
ONE byte. aL ee 






neer, noted—for his eco-|. 
hat hin success is dua to 


Jf icoxomizixg Fusi.—An on 
nomical use of fuel, clnims t due 1 
j breaking up block con) na fine as nut coal, thus getting 20 
per cent. more stenm out of it, His fireman also pnys at-|: 
pping the fuel just where needed, the secret |: 
iring being to have an even fre allover the}’ 


nath Ve % \ 


+ tention to dro 


eer ere 











jaanacra OOAL AS A PREVENTIVE OF THE LONDON SMOKE HOTSARCE, e) 





At last two great centers aro likely to break froma lethargic slumber 
and shake hands over a now industry, to tho great boneflt and antis- 
faction of each other. London has, from timo immemorial, been periodi- 
cally troubled with smoke-fogs, and South Wales has, from a still earlier 
period, been in possession of the purest anthracite coal, to get rid of which, 
remuncratively, has been a problem to solve, Tho uso of this smokeless 
coal for the suppression of tho smoke nuisance in the metropolis has 
at Inst excited tho attention of colliery owners in Wales and of tho 
authorities and consumers in London, and influential meetings have been 
held at both places for the purpose of affording information in respect to 
the use of anthracite coal for domestic and genera! purposes, By permis- 
sion of tho authoritics,an exhibition of smokeless fuel, and of stoves, 
grates, and other appliances for the use of anthracite, will be held at 
South Kensington. si Othe on Pee 

This matter has heon largely brought about by the ‘ National Health 
Society,” a purely philanthropic organization, having the Duko of 
Westminster as its president, and numbering among its patrons and 
subscribers members of the royal family und somo of tho leading 
scientifls men of tho day, Tho result of thoir investigations went 
to show that unconsumed carbon, up toa certain point, was not injurious 
to health, but that after acertain point it became actually poisonous, 
Tho remedy was in tho hands of South Wales. Ata mecting recently 
held at Swansea, South Wales, under the presidency of the chairman of 
tho Anthracite Coal Owners’ Association, resolutions were passed to tho 
following effect : “ With a viow to anthracito coal being tested by oxperts 
in London, to be appointed by the Fog and Smoke Committee, in con- 


Juection with tho National Lealth and ‘Kyrlo’ socletics, this meoting 


doaires that a local committco be started, to obtain subscriptions in addi- 
and that 2 subseription-list bo opened 


accordingly, ‘That this mecting is fully convinced that the only successful 


y occur lis, 

reagan of het an the cose deal ‘ocala of, the 

a cat behead Sa ca has not eons ait 

ae a i rer cnmon not bee ee 
a matter spare a Pe eer ce 

roe a acne ehich tho American ee aaah - eerie sats 

fakery Be ete (he auc vaiioe has been fairly made, these 


details will soon adjust themselves. 
—————S——— —_— 






































and has the advan- 











OFFIQIAL REPORT ON THE STEAMER ANTHRACITE, 
Wo have recelved fray asthe Burean of Steam Engincering 
of the Navy Depariment\a copy of the full oficial report of. 
the Board of U.S. Naval Engineers, relating to the tests of the 

| machinery of the Hite British steamer Anthracite, made at 
the Navy Yurd, Brooklyn, N. Y., August 13 and 14, 1880. i 
The board was composcil of three Chief Engineers of the + 
U. S. Navy, namely, Glas 114 EXioa. 8. L. P. Ayres, and 

+} Geo, W. Magee, all geatlemen ona ity. experience, 

The Anthracite, it wil be remembered, isan iron steamer, 

* 86 feet 4 tnches long, 1Oyfect 1 igeu-wide, 10 feet 2 Inches i 
ideep, draught loaded, Oi fect. ‘Meola! welght of engines, | 
:boiler, shaft, propeller, hind all fAltings was 25 tons, Her’ | 
propeller was worked with threo si ean cylinders, the first, | 
single acting, 72f inchys\diametef; the second, single acting, © 
1549 Inches diameter; Whe third, dopblo acting, R244 inches 
‘dinmeter. Stroke of pikions, 15 injies Tho snost novel 

_ feature—the Perkhiss ayatem—was the high steam pressure ; 

* intended to boca! ctet snaniely, from 890 to 500 pounds ta} 

ithe square inch. Thcpressure gw usunlly carried on tha) 7 

- {best sea going vessqterarely exer i 45 to 80 pounds, “st 

ve Ina previgns running vig Of ie Anthrucite in England, , 
jby Mr. FY J. Brmwal, C.ES“Mayse2, 1880, with a hotter: 
‘ pressure of 360 se the total Roreapower per hour was’ 

> obtained by an expengtture of 16,7191503 units of heat F. 

(1°35 pounds combygtible used), 

In the Bro nt], mada with the vessel tled to the 

_ Wharf and witha boiler pressure of 31014 pounds to tha tneh, | 

jthe total horse pov haute Was obtained by an expendi, 

ture of 2040822 units of heat F. (1-02 pounds combustible! 

cused), i 

/ Mr. Bramwell’s results were 19°85 Per cen! tare cconotn!. 

+ veal than tle Navy Yard results, ‘I'hu reasons for this dite yg: 
‘ference are clearly shown by our engineers to be due; to the } 
‘differences in the conditions of the (wo trinls, Thus, the’ 

coal used by Mr, Bramwell was superior; he did not lose 

heat by throwing open the furnnco doors to remove clink: 

‘er; he carried a lower water level, and consequently super: 

_ cheated the steam more, and lind less cylinder condensation; 

: “he carried a higher boiler Pressure, nad so obtained n higher 
fnittal pressure in the first cylinder, ele, If the proper caleu- 
lated deductions for these differences in the conditions were | mnanee doposits of low-grade orca ia asaurod, and 

allowed our englucers find that thery would bea discrepaucy | Eureka will bo ono of tho greatest smeltin 

Detween their results and those of Mr, Bramwell of only 4 centers in tho world, The conncotion by rat 

. [er cents they are further of opinion that the difference of matter ota lithe time, ante arn . sbeute 
the results was wholly due to the difference {1 the cylinder ; to beliove that Eureka will be drawing ita fuel 

_jeondensattons; these belng greater in the Amerlean trinta from that seotion inside of aix or oight years 

! }gave poorer economic resulls, Our englucers apenk very it a 

highly of the Perkins system, as shown by theirtrints of the 

Anthracite, ‘They think that her sucresstul nacenen af tha! 

Atlantic and the ellicient condition of her machinery on 

arrlval here ought 10 removenll doubt as tothe practicability, | 





tant industries, and furnishes’ amployment to a 
largo class of our people, bnt it ia thought this 
industry will soon be greatly lessened, if not en- 
tirely cradicated,’ by the importation of coke 
for uso ag a molting fuel. _ In tho carly days of 
Eureka amelting, and even at tho present time 
whero tho old-fashioned stone furnaces aro 
used, the burning of coko cannot bo aucceas. 
fully accomplished. © ho heat genorated from 
tho coko is of so intenso a character as to too 
rapidly burn out the soft firc-rock used in the 
construction of stonc furnaces, and for other 
teasons it in not as practicable a fucl aschar- 
‘| coal, but in the more improved iron and water- 
jacket furnaces that are fast auporacding the 
old atone furnaces theao objections can not bo 
advanced, | In compariaon, coke is far tho au- 
perior of tha two fuels. Charcoal is « bulky, 
variable and unsatisfactory fuel; to pro- 
ure, unwieldy and troublesome to handlo, and 
losing from fivo’ to six per cont. in the proc 
of use, while coko {a atcady anit reliable, m 
intenao, doos not lose in handling, and, it is 
claimed, gives moro r'tiefactory re ta in 
smelting .in overy way. At present, glish 
coke that comes “the Horn around,” a distance 
of at leant 20,000. milcs, can be Janded in E 

reka for £30 por ton, whilo the ‘Amorican arti- 
ole tranaported by rail across tho Continent nets 
$55 per ton delivered in Kuroka, At theso 
‘| rates tho uso of coke is sadly barred on the 
Tange, and it cannot become « genoral fool until 
by means of competition tho extortionate rates 
of the C. P. and U, P, ronda are lowered, which 
will surcly como before many years, In Colo- 
rado, whore coko ia thu standard fuol for amelt- 
ing, it is delivered for 86 to $8 per ton, and 
thoro is no doubt that when the soveral south: 
orn trank lines thatare in courac of construction 
across tho Continent, aro reachod by railroad 
Connection from Eurcks, it will bo landed here 
at a trifling advance on that price, When that 
time comes, tho profitable working of our im. 
















































































































































~ > of tho system. : 









rae) SroNTANEOUS , Co - - 
|Hoedicke, in Dingi pp UaTION OF “Al 
‘an interest 


: oat pro. 
phere, sulphuric acid F, 

Ure in ex F 
sa emo st 






























































































178. 





‘The Manufacturer and Builder, 


mrs ere Dx 7g 


[Avause, 





Strains on the Shells of Steam’ Boilers, 


BY A, NM. MARTWELI, 


If ft were practicable to construct of sullable mate. 
rials perfect hollow lubes or cylinders of aufiiciont alzo 
for steam boiler shells, the strains to which the mato. 
vial would be subjected when exposed to internal Auld 
pressure would be cumparatively simple, They would 
not be entlrely simple, because the pressure tends to 
part the material in more than ong direction, aud in 
thie respect the force differs from the simple or alugle 


one ustially etnpduyed in testing for its ultimate tensile 
strength a plece of the metal by pulling it in two ina 
machine capable alse of weighing the furce to which it 
ylelds, 

Tn the present otate of the arts, all forma of boiler 
shells of considerably size must be made by joining 
metal plates by imcans of rivets, and all furms that 
have a clreular acction nist be tnado of bent plates. 
Moles must be made for Uo rivets, and sume form of 
lapped ur butt joint constructed, which Involves more 
or less irregularity of the curves or planes that aro 
Jolued. 

To estimate the strength of a joint made of tmalerial 
< of known tensile etrength, « calculation is made of the 
amount of material remaining between tho holes, sup- 
posing that.the resistance uf the rivels to shearing 
Preponderates tho slrength of metal remaining belween 
the holes, nad an allowance Js made for the effect of 
the punch on the strength of tho metal immediately 
surrounding the hules, But, for obvious reasons, the 
] resull Is only approximate, If an altempt fs mado to 
Durat a ahell fur the purpose of ascertaining the elrength 

of its joints, they aru likely tu become so much atrained 
Zand dieturted befuro breaking, that leaks will prevent 
the accnimulation of euflicient pressure with an Inelas- 
He tukd lo make a decided test, except uf tho very 
weukeat part of the etruclure, Although this Is the 


aan va ts oe RA Serene nT 









(Pent th eNO NEE AIT POET 








ees Pigs Be 


real tienstiFe uf: the alrengih of the structure, still Ie 


-steength-of the suveral forms uf Solute, is hy testing 
Paue models of each having a uamber of rivets, by 
pulling them in two, 

When tested in this way, plane models will, before 
f.Lrenking, bo distorted (os shown iu Fig. 1) more or 
leas, according to the ductility of the metal, If it fy 
Pretty Detttte, and tho rivet heads are strong nud suf. 
B clout to prevent tho.bending uf-the plato on the lino of 
j She rivet hotes, then the plate will probably break ad- 
Jacent fo the’ end of its fellow G or F, Fig. 13 or, In 
caa0'Of ‘tho single.covered Unit, the covering plate will 
break in the nilddlo, Fand H,° But should the plates 
be sof ana duetile, or the rivet heads tow and insufll- 
clent, then tlie bond and break would occur at the weak 
line Urrough the holes, . 


SEEM Nenana ARRAS AS RATAN 





Tig. t, 































foro on all parts of tho band, and it will stil? bo go If 
the number of eldes of tho figura is indefinitely fue 
may be destrable tu knaw the strength of tho stronger | cronaed tii it becomes o semi-circle, Now : 

parts, “Tho best way of ascertaining the relative} weights bo removed, and the ends of the band be fol 


If the plates ropresented in Fig. 1, A, ete, were 
alrnight at the joint, thoy might, without much streteh 
of the ininginalion, be considered n plane drawing of a 
teclion of a tranwerae or clreumferential seam of two 
holluw cylinders, But it ts plain that if a force is ap. 
pited tending to separate two cylinders joined in this 
banner by pulling lengthwise upon them, the dister- 
Hon that would happen te the tested plane plates would 
bo resisted by the transverse curvature; and before 
this distortion could take place in the eylindricat joint, 
tho extrema end of the inner cylinder, 1, Fig, 1, must 


cuntruct in diameter, and the unter ono correspond: 
ingly expand at its extreme end, M, Involving in the 
inner ono a compression or upsetting, and in the outer 
ono a drawing of the metal, The same mny Lo said of 
all tho joints of a globe, if they aro properly fitted, 
Hf the joint bo a butt, with a single outer cover C, 0 
similar contraction must take place at Loth of the abut- 
Ling ends and a contraction of Uho middle of the cover: 
ing atrip, while the converse of thesa muttons would 
take placo in the caso of the juint with the inner 
cover B, It appears clear, therefure, Uint theso dis. 
tortions aro not likely to take placu in a frmnaverac 






















Fig. 3. 


seam of a cylindrical boiler shell from the effort of an 
internal fluid pressure, Tho bult joint, wilh two cov. 
erlng plates E would scom to be able to retain its shinve 
when tested In plane form, 

In order to Hlustrate, without mathematics or ab- 
struso physical rules, the fact that tho material of 0 
hollow cylinder is alfected by fnternal fluid pressure 
about tho same as though ft wero a plano aud pulled in 
watraight Hno parallel to its aurfaco, the dingram, Fig. 
9, Is here Introduced as a simple mechanical study, 
rather than a conclusive demonstration of the problem. 
Let tho line Ji, F, H, {represent a flexible Dand, sup. 
ported on tho frictionless rolls on fixed axles F, B, and 
loaded with thu weights H, [, It appears that all parks 
of tho band aro subjected to n tension of 1,000, If, 
now, the band bo supported in the game frictionless 
manner at tho points A, 1, 2%, 3%, 8%, 3, tho band will 
represent tho sides AY’, 1, 2%, ete., of tho semi.poly+ 
gon A, 2, B, ant the tenston will bo the same ng be- 





ater Stretching. 
Fig, de y 
to cirele, the lower, half being | The be! 
in all respects like the upper half. It fa 0 matter off ponds greatly 


F t 
diggore dtretching. 
ab D, 9 point in a comple 
Indifference, ao far as tha band is nffecte 


tenslon $s caused by 


























the eff 


Ab has be 





supposed frictlunless supports tu extend radtully, theres 
fore Ifa lension equal lo 1,060 is produced by an ex. 
pansive fluid (which is frictionless practically), se con. 
fined within the Land, which uiny ba any desirable 
width, a3 not to Interfere with {ts freedom in fullowing 
tho direetion of tho intertur force, it will Appear that 
chon the band is tho eamo ng thongh Itwere 
slratght and loaded with weights producing the enme 
amount of tension, Ft will probally oceur to the prace 
lical reader that an fron band is nat flexible; buta 


‘o 
a 

g 
£ ho, 

> 
Cigacg 
Fy 

i 

jo 

lo 


Hy. Be 


Tittle thought will lead lo the conclaston that though 
iron fy comparatively stiff, yet the tenileney exists the 
game as though it were flexible, and, so far as the band 
is overpowered, ft iy Aextble aud will yield aud assume 
the forms described, If the force is #0 great as to 
overcome the power of the fron to return fo tho form 
and sizo it had befure the force was applied, ils elns+ 
Ueily fs destroyed and a permanent set will oceur,: 
This power $s generally retatued by tron up to ‘about 
half the breaking tension—that te half the force that! 
would break it 1 
and when the force is vemoved it cannot contract to its 
original Jength, as leather or rnbber does’ when; 
stretched, eee ii 


pulling will destroy Its elastielty;! 





en shown above that the transyerse jolts 


of a cylindrical shell are not likely to be dictorted to 
the eame degree oy johuts in plane models, but the be-, 
havior of the plane models may (it appears from diaé 
gram 2) be accepted asa fair int at what may be ox 
pected of the longitudinal joint of s cylinder when, 
overpowered by an Snteraal fluid pressure, Tapped, 
longitudinal joints are shown at A’, Fig. £5 slugle rive” 
eled and single covered butts at Land C’; D! shows,” 
n duuble-riveted, singlecovered butt. Fly. fa ing 
tended o shuw the condition of a narrow strip of soft} 
metal, Inving a hote in the middie, that has been nie 


ABTA SEE 
PRESSURE 40lbs 


141,03 
‘ 
‘ 





ee 
big. te it | 


jected to shmplo overpowerlug strain, Tho hole that 

was round has become elongated (lengthwise), and wary 

Jeb tho | rowed transversely ae tho metal ylelded; Lit he bole, 

ned | that have bees ocenpled by rivets, ng at'Y, y 

4, aro distorted Ina different manner, ‘Their Jaterst 
A 


- Batt 





contraction is prevented by the body of the rivet, nt 


they rem 
strained; 
while the 


ain the kame Lreadth as before they were} 
Lut they are elongated behind tho rivets; 
metal before the rivet has been crushed andj 








upset, showing curved wriubles. In the wide model, 
Fly, f, the metal betiveen the second and third holes, | 
wy, would be ealled upon to yteld towards both 


selvedige 


holes, and ibwould therefore be thinned, or 


else the whole platy must be narrowed on Uransverso 
Hines louching the holes at thelr right and left sides, 


a, whether the | fibrous o 
the welghts ur by the effort of its | probable, 


4 





Jvior of the broad model fn this respect de. 


on the duetility of the material nud tts 
¢ homogoncous character, ft is not at alll 
therefore, that n narrow elrip gives a fale In, 





LPs. 








renee bekth nde, TPF 3 


te 


AMERICAN MAOHINIST. 


which, viewing all the conditions from the|his-term of seven years of apprenticeship, 
atandpoint of to-day, seems hardly poasible.|he was promoted as foreman of Darhy's 


(Fennvany 19, 1881 











Remfulscence. 


High-Spoed Engin Workmanship this bridge Is probably not : : cute 


excelled by any structure of {ts elnss and 


eaten y G4-inch elrcutar saw! works. In 1975 the citt y 
By A. B, Couct. The probability that na » In 976 the eltizens of Broseley de-|size of mod: mince: 
as might somo day be carrled directly on the}ctded to build n bridgo acroas (he tlver ny, aa it Wants. ast 
I nc 


erid ofan engine shaft, making about 600 


Severn, and employed John Prichard, nn 
rovolutions per minute, was frecly discussed, 


In an article in a recent solentific periadl- and perfect in all its pata, alitotgh tn 


The “ Muley" saw mills 
were becoming popular in 


dimensions was doubtless 


anes aaa anti j Porter-Allen engine is mentioned 2s architect of Shrewsbury, to prepare the de-|constant use . : 
I 34 vibes of Mateapead engines.” The|the leisurely long stroke was voted a hum-|sign. Tho plan aud specications which {Ing trains of ate rede a ih 
I writer is reminded of 1 tolerably-successful| bug, and the era of high-speed engines) he Presented atipulated a key-stone of cnst-|to or from the neighboriug works, 

attempt in that directlon made thirly years] seemed to bo opening. All the time, how-| fron, Upon enquiring of Abraham Darby! Robert Stephenson, In the “Eneyelo ee 
H ‘ ago, n brief description of which may pos-}aver, It waa felt that, while thelr use in saw |1f he could: make the koy-atone at Cole-|dia Britannica” (8th edition) . ape Hit 
{ geas some interest, and certalnly cannot de-| mills was a pretty severe test, a bettor ficld brookiale, they wero answered in the bridge: “If we consiler that tne man ah 
1 ract from the well-earned e 3 Intion of cast fron abs 
' + high positlon of the Porter- then comparatively in its 
H Alten engine. infancy, a bridge of such 
| 

{ 


miich of the lumber region 

f Pennsylvania. Tt was 
sual to drive them nt 280 

to 800 revolutions per min- 
ute, by a belt, the engine 
having a long stroke and 
very moderate velocity of 

: piston, A concern of 
, Moderate pretensions, in 
: o the valley of the Susque- 
: hanna, was engaged in 


made a good many of the 
muley saw mills, and in 
1850 or 1851 commenced 
buflding engines expressly 
for driving them by direct 
attachment to the crank 
shaft, 

The cylinders had a bore 
of 714 inches, ant a stroke 
of 12 Inches. An inde 
pendent expansion eccen- 
trie and valve were use, 
- cutting off nt one-fourth to 
ono-thirdof thestroke, All 
* the wearing surfaces were 





* Frost Virw or Bornen, 


* 
| 
6 
i 





* Rean Exp View ov Boren 


HD 
if 


i 





a hold as well ng an origi- 
nal undertaking, and the 
efllciency of the deinits Is 
worthy of the boldness of 
the conecpiion.” 

Robert Gregory was 
buried in the village grave- 
yard, near the Severn; but 
long since the slab that 
marked his resting place 
ling disappeared, Now, 
when the travelerenquires 


making engines, boilers ( Itt for Gregory's tomb, the 
and mill work, They eS citizens of Colebrookdale 


point to the tron bridge 
neross the Severn, 

_—— 
Improrements. in Bate’s 
* Steam Generator. 





In the March, 1879, issuo 
of tho AwERtcAN MacitIN- 
1st, appeared a fully-Hlus- 
trated description of anew 
steam generator, designed 
and butlt by William T. 
Bate & Son, East Consho- 
hocken, Pa. This boiler 
lins since been used in 


of liberal extent, most of : many large miltsand manu- 
them comparing well with approved practice/ would be found, and their application tolafirmative; and more than this, Mr. Darby ! fueturing establishments with most satls- 
of the present day. The cross-head pina}more general purposes was nuticipated, —_{replied, “ We can make the entire bridge of | factory results, In order, however, to ree 
were of stecl The days of steel valve} But changes soon occurred which turned iron. In 1776 Arrangements were con: duce the loss of heat to the smallest amount 
stems, piston-rods and crank pins had not|the attention of those most Interested In/ cluded to construct the iron bridge, and the: possible, Mr. Bate hing added the steam 
yetcome, There were Uilster steel, shear other directions; and eo ended what at one {location was near Colebrookdale, at which }drum shown In the accompanying engrav- 
steel, cast steel and Cer. Ings, besides minor altera- 
man atecl, cach with well- tions In bridge wall and 
defined qualitics and uses, other parts, which can be 
. | American steel was along best understood by com- 
ai with American watches parisonof the former with 




































and American hardware, we lsat tn, = the present Illustrations. 
and those processes which ara pM oot sama v(] ers eae |e ewes al Tho following {a the re- 
eetat tasraen Sewn Counce Bastar Nt esse 
. have rendered possible © Festa [ees eevee port of a test of ee ot 
<y, steel ratls and bollers and Sescune terete Seeesen seems Sorswers eecaneer ever poe these bollers In operation 
: [sawen earsous aasnom mouvors raaveve! Savee soctoee foes eran eaten] hes seeom eX Blantyre Mille, 
shafting were unknown, = EES Foor eaasacr nc reoe at the Blantyre Mills, 
! A : oo poten Manayunk, Philadelphia, 
The intended boiler press- SLOTS iaeerEn Lem NoNateriA teceress bomen eH Pe . 
‘ure was about 00 pounds, : oo ee enema even] rere The test was conducted by 
y jeoet mewronty suse Senvaney snes. oun tessa servos sues eanese oe] E<aas3 Mfred Wilkinson, acting 
When an ambitious saw- (Sswaon saearvee Secsrtans avin Senesen atoreee pe ESS lung Ineer. 
‘yer ocenstonally mints. : Swen maweers smeent seetieet waren Ieoweer ame core severe nl Fooepoaem| ay consulling | engines : 
i tered to the quiet of tho fo) Soerees setacn Soeicens enters sentany Raves beeen erone meres ease lhy ‘The boiler used tu ae 
f one eee eee att ss sy? 
H , - ECE NeaDine SeaDaeNs See eN Demme Toes eres be AEE ts GO” diameter and 
i safely valve by piling on ‘  Seameren Soren snot even Nestea ce tesweras aromas nee serine feet Jong, contalniug 61 


aslab, he might truly be fourineh tubes, and hav: 


| 


j 
i 
i 






























r sald to be “going tt bind,” oo So Ee igs Rene ae eres Ht a lower 
for pressure gauges were seaerean sresvuee someueen Seneca Sasveost Fae eoe See by poate SS = ee erg ‘teep ad a” 
rarely used, rae eS | Se ee eS | er ta set long, contaning 39 

Uy ptt oo oro a ee el feet long, 

The engines were sel- pa toes Sareeak Eerene seastenn sarees seere oem I enero eaceere et four-inck tubes. This sec 
jom run at leas than 280 a cares ao =e SS  Scecal easel caves enareens seen nent i ceoveee somone bers tee tion is submerged In'the 
evolutions per minute,  Sorees Sane nests Secsune ewer Sees ee Tea ee | ei combustion chamber be 

jand frequently above 800, EES EEE EEE cscs cereeenew eer S| hind the bridge wall. ae 
“The value of the reclpro- ee tet rene rns Seen ane er oo aot j ‘Tho top boller is 43°" 
Teating Sensual Getareeas Reusnemn weDwae SESS mesoneer! Pe or. | and 17’ long, Sut 
cating mass, Indlstributing oe jcnorcere sesweess saannens Ssevenen Sesaen Mets coonnns eS Twa | meter rum, 
‘the work of the steam ng NerSans eusteae mectens eet bavsee eee —————— eee amon iit mounted by a steam Urum, 
tens well spewed i j — oe I Come mene oe womens wellcovered with usbeatos. 
: nized: anc } acs nomeers tevesnen srgrnen srmmae’ Seavoeny Serer Or Senne” PeNS Sore pa y 5 Ing surface of 
: sconsidercd, Many of the % oo SU peoewen moro esters ereenien toromarmeee') The heating 
i Humbermen “anil mill Hf senewens seswncr’ snevowe seewares posers soe ote ==-O! nance ea eeeremwvereerr| this boiler sums Up ete 
rat wn —— 1 ee ete ns seemiees we aon eoete oar . The 
iS wrights, however, were poo ee rt Soe marneon mente total of 1,801 #4. i » for 
ture that, aa one of them ee O) i con es eens ree ree el core wel potler furnished pari 
expressed It, “snaking all rece eermeteey Seton eatoes aes in semere eepae pe a Corliss engines a ke,” 
that iron back aud forth so meen mae en erent ey iinet i 3 “ei in foe 
fast must uso-up a lo Serene tanetaes hase oop TI Se SAE with a pistot : 
Pp a lot of So er minute of 432. 


Power." Tho only: argu- 
ment available with theso 
Was tho tangible one of 
lumber sawed compared 
with fuel burned. g 

Thea were dificultics, The mills belng 
often built merely to work Up the logs from 
8 Mmited tract, the {den of permanence was 
apt to. hold a secondar: 


‘After noting particularly 
ho water level, condition 
other details, tho 
the water . 


Enevatton or Hoenn SErting, 











andthefof tho fires, 













timo bid fate to prove an important chapter potnt the river bethalia eater go. walt ( waa bog 

{n tho history of high-speed engines, at atin nett Robort Gregory, |and ite fuel, - 
: — built from 10. 

the Firat fron Bridge. and constructed ‘under his management, [the ong 


: ity 
y giv ‘attention to the perlodical 
The flrat tron brldge built for: public: use Mr. Darby giving Leeer wetlon. The an:average I. vs ibe, 10 ia 


n- [sumption of ps, of water, show!0g 10.04 













































nn evaporae 









































was dealgned by Robert Gregory, during abutment: ni belug # co} i 
and with dim cro {his apprenticeship as a draughtsman In.the| bridge was ead can opened tion: ef 100A. of fuel, , ts r aa 
with dificulty, obtalued.. Yet] employ of-Abraham. Darby, at Colebrook: | thiuous’ arcls of 12 n-design «and Ibs. of waler cee b 7 OE gate 








wero: successful to adegree!dalo, Enginad,, When- Gregory had-eerved| fdr public uso in: 171 














—f 


Menlo Park Scrapbook, Cat. 1003 


No. 3. 


This scrapbook covers the years 1880-1881 and contains clippings 
about electrical conduction. There is also one clipping for 1884. There 
are 144 numbered pages. 


Blank pages not filmed: 1-5, 12-144, 





4 


ates baht wade, FL 





4 

















ore rae ve 







A ; 

-. MOTIVE: FORCE 0! ELEOTRIO “Al 

Wuar resiatance tlocs the space which separates. the tw 
Carbon polnts offer to the pasqage of electricity? Does thot: rebier/ety 7 rae IN, Ds 
clectric current: traverse this ;apace continually, .or- only : Experimental Physics In University College, Brlitol. 
when its Intensity haa reached's certain degree?’ Does thud: : 4 (Read before the British Association at Swansea, August, 1880.) 
‘}ore act only asa nimple resistance, or, as announced by Mr. fae oe ot aie 


























‘ ‘ Ediung, n3_.an_electromotiye: force’... These queations are oe aoe ea , : 

: : LEC TRICIT. r a : : : Aue werel by Mr. M. J, Tanbert as follower At ae eeoaeny i . Bap ry 4 ae the fetlon of Magnets on Mobile 

TA) tan EL’ D'E LEC? 5 4 ‘} when tho Intensity-of the carrent Is null, then the differen : : Conductors of Currents,” read before this section a : 

JOURN AL UNIVERSEL’D Nid ee, of the potential.cnorgy-between the two carbons fs equally |: ago, the author discussed a number of cases of the flow. 

sore —ierbas = null; butin aninappreciable moment of time this difference ‘1 of electricity across a-magnetic field. These included, 

- ae sg, ca orn : ; Teaches a strength of 40-45 volts, which {t conserves, with- * | gases of-truc metallic conduction, of ‘clectrolytic con 

Je metrompe, nials je voudrals bien en etre positivement sir, Jes jours de!’importance, elle est l'objet de t : e 7 out varation, ntl die ramont when tho current hecomea duction, i of those less understood kinds of conduc.’ 
Pee 7 A ‘ sient dy iisister un peu. * : thai agaln very weak. ne final downfall is very sudden, but,d- ‘ tivity, which occur in the voltaic are, in. the discharge 

Le scul moyen efficace de défense qu’on ait Beet contre si etil cba Z iesinlli ine ‘a ee a Phcco hieca able te folly hk le lie dents, ater: | inns fied medin, and fn the lusnince bees 

les torpilles est, en effet, de Ics voir A temps, et ici I’tlectricité cs premiers is remionte : 4 : to determine the important fact that the potential difference |. ata point. For the case of the convection of electricity. 

joue un role de premier ordre en fournissant la lumitre puis- | dés l'année 1855 (voir Applications de T'électricit; vol. V) sur . {not only remains unaltered during the whole period when cither automatically, by self-repulsion between electrified 













sante qui permet d'éclairer’au loin I'espace ct de découvrir | le Jérdme-Nupolon, avec les niachines magnéto-dectriques "ia current whose mean tatensity remains the same js passing, particles of a gas, or mechanically, the electro-magnetic 
















. * eg + ‘but also when this mean intensity is made to vary within effect is identical’ with that of a current in which tho ! 
Vassaillant, de V'Alliance ct un projecteur fumincux combing pac les in jcertain Imits, 1 must, however, add that this difference] - |] same quantity of electricity would be transferred in the 
Au reste, cette application de Wélectricité aux fins mili- | génicurs deccite Socitte, diminishes when the intensity increases, and that the varla- 


5 ) Sg eee 
tion renches die sinsliauint of a or volts. ate explann. | same aime, the “rate of convection” re being, in 
tion of these facts is evide The resistance of the are i thes th . ie g 
very weak; it rarles with the tomperatara and dim Intshex us cnet equivalent of the strength of the 
the temperature Increages, we alfference of the potential - Maxwell's -theo: ol Ihe, Art, a4 ‘ 
energy between the:two'carbon points is duc, for the most}, virtual identity orn Wol. hy Art, 768) ‘conceraing. the 
part, to an clectromotive force, which Is indepondent of the sheet moving in ‘its own plane, with a velocity. equal to 
mtenslty, and on bo valued a itty walks, <Tilngs £0 on " V," may be extended to the case of linear currents 
betweon the two carbon points exactly stwee The identity may b i bei *aneec 
the electrodes of. voltameter. A phenomenon of polariza- Honccurrents be gencralised to all cases of ‘convec- ana 
tlon takes place, then follows n downfall of potential energy. 
iand from that. moment the work produced depends solely 
iupon the quantity of. clectricity which passes between the 
jearbona aud is proportionate to i 2 an _ 


| 


taires est commune Ala marine ct a la guerre, elle prend tous En ce temps-l, il ne s'agissait pas de voif,: mais bien 













































EXreRIMENTS by Forbes in 183, and by somic others 
| since, seemed to warrant the view, now commonly held, 
i that the metals fall into the same series as regards cons ° 
duction of electricity and conduction of heat, that the 
uotient of the heat conductivity by electric conduce 
ly constant.:': Horr H. F, Weber, inclined 
us contradicting {lie view (proved for gases 7 
that the amount of heat transferred within : | a 
fromWayer to layer is‘most intimately con. | * Af 
the specific heat of unit volume, made new ' 
in thiyelation (which. he has described to BO sy y 
cad WW) He measured the fentveandte: ; | the ene 

vin, cooling of various metal rings in : Menta off" °- 
y : i onstigt temperature, and the electric con- t 
Tm ! se ad Al BS: ‘ ata : i ver ec tame tings by noting their : sd 1 tel 
i Thien 7 . y : 7 t the oscillations of a magnet. The d t+" College of Yokio, Japan, have elicited the fact that 
| Breese.” a (7: ; . ; anticipation, the quotient of heat, the resistance varies more slowly when the glass is 
a ’ —s iil . p q Nectric conduction being found in the ; ‘cooling than when it is being heated, aud that. 
a) ra F ote sith the specific heat of unit volume, a piece of glass may have its resistance greatly ° 
by a dMigrent clectrical method for metals : SV increased by being slowly raired to a high tempera-- 
electricity, badly (lead, bismuth, &c.), and | ‘S32 “ture and slowly cooled, “There seems, in Mr, Gray's, 
G ar result. (Ten metals in all | Of opinion, to bo what may bo called a permanent; 
i &. ¢l 
{ 


ve en TM 




























n the other hand, non-metallic 2 * 
lolol gt = Samet autres wan Mi ae 
nae nt ald at et “SGN change in the quality, ‘This result has n practical 

bearing, for it shows that a loss of insulating power 














contluctivjty and the specific heat. . Thus 
¢ connected with the ‘metalli 








XN on the part of glass atems, or electroineter joes &e,, 

















Herr Weber found the heat: ! | may be cured by keeping the gloss at a high tempo- 
all the solid metals examined to ° ‘ rattre for a considerable time, a treatment which is 
, decrease ger’ temperature, but) at“a‘con- ye sometimes fulopted in the cago of badly-insulating | - 
siderably less rate thin the electric conductivity, He © RY5 — chonite or hard rabbi . iz 


; further offers explanations of the erroncous view 
‘ adopted, noting, inter alia, that the experiments in 
* one case, though exact, were on too few metals, and : ji 
these had nearly the same specific heat.—Naiure, 7 eae : 


i‘ 




































: hes: | 

Projectenr : Me Cyye of Shy wit 

; “ c lectri- ts havo: shown. that iron in oxtremo.thin 

‘ely po fot seh serteiel : aie ie tha mast Stable masaril 8 id ri 
3 th tl nd in order to au 1 domand, 

may bo transmitted through the namo, and even the; the Pittsburg mills; have snccested vin. manu © - 

weak. intensity currents of the telephone, and thir}. - , 7: | facturlig rolled iro awh ie so thin that from : 

ak ‘ i a “ at 12 heats laid on cachjother equal : 

without the person conducting the current percoly. a rae “oh in: thioknos, AW dnstramont 

: s 7 +f out of this matorial has-almost the same 

gow and the telephonic current led through a circlo} °. ete reponsivenes to th ich the eyo haa 


etre u,-ct cdtait. comme fanat d’ 
‘on cmployait Melectricies, Les résultats, tout en donnant 
de grandes espérances? he satisfirent pas complétement, im- 


perfection dune part, tin i it 

: peu de routine de: Iau 7 

Hon fut a peu pris abaridoniée, es ph 
Non loin de cette Spoque, 


une grande puissanée { vers le sitge de Paris, 







; en 1870, Beaucoup de : 

pellené les rayons blancs fortene de Ianane cau ‘Mon a 
Valérien, ct tournant lentement ‘autour de Vhorizo a : 
. somme on nveut PAs ungrandrésultat, les Altemands ata 3 age ing anything. Thin hs been teated recontly in Gins- |: 
‘pas fate de travaiix d'approclic, ‘et ta tumitre pioduite a Valle H , 





























3 






cn 1859, on pensad essayer Ja 


















Juimidre a Ia guerred' atic - de piles nayant point” et o . z : fho joined: hands, nnd the expectation)... | tovbard Hight" ~ 
mals ilstanissait de ce'eorsie ten | on rece tat point: cui assez'de poride Lr \of persons who joined: bands, ane tovtard light 
Les élee ques} inutile de JV sagissait de se'servir des °|’ au loin leurs batteries, ae M4 = ote! cherchi [was fully realized, the human links in tho, crane pete 7 


dire que Hidde était pou Applica MM, Sa 









notwithatanding. 


i 












Sooo bah a Ee TELA 





om: pe ales chs 


oS Piaer eases 
ae ya as ; 7 t all.the effects I ahn' t : os : 4 iz 
Teun Hoditvtd Mivkted all bodlée acceding (TPs inngnetian ‘of the wi mn P : fre. heat tho “wire wi Pi a find the sounds |}: thie ites are gSE aes 
ul extent bn which they are alfested by clectrictty, into two J a5" an; instant through‘ this eame wit, a Sale iat hs 0: to'90, maximum’ alightly |! also variey, and whew wort 
ie conductivi sce With. the ie ¥ . | 4 + . * y : = i 
Rreatera (dlelectiea)” and (2) those in which: it decreases with | ©”. | gules nro inatantly, polarised, aud 4 on, and the magne ation |" is it nctiviy hey Te ote at : bil rsa ia 
‘lee of temperature al elertres bene eayours ie ries * ‘ reatore the wire;to: tts ori a ceuRreat far more powerfil and | b ie he sounds pro. |! other hand whe ae +, On the - 
mere bs et with cach oer 3 iid sontact elect 3) induced by tis peat Sron ‘than tempored atecl. --This ma; -be pro- : tion fs in the dlireet{o the varias, 
{fie Sete has always the same sign aa that which arises'| —- more persistent ;in 80 t eth at in tempered or softened atcel we © again received |! ‘Tane ia fe of resist. 
ith gentle friction or pressure, ‘Tho aometimies different action | - due, however, to ‘the fac t duo to-tho rotation’ by torsion of é ie te p : and fead ed roenats brass 
; caren Not a yeaaye Nature loca seewcish fava thn i © {find peeeony of tio to three degrece of sonometer, whilst iron-| ! : 2] crenge ve dy Under com easton by the 
the alferent hestanotion at the pitees of contact of two hieten. is imoteoules fiy a current of 70 sonometric degrees : t | Russian Phy, . Chwolson, of St, Petersburg, 


of tant, i i] 1 i *{ On suh * 
nous substances, but the causa fa fully aufficient tp explain all grees const : rrenta, we must give n. : y t I : | toa hydraulic pressure ef 
relopment of stectretty,, Le a of oy Se te between its zero point. Hl 4 80 cen two steel .plates ho 


re c ‘ i {tho index to the right, and t Of inereass per atmosphere 
i ae havo a current during the motion ° ig inex te | copper batt mosphere 
% QeQueetuw \ ~ ue, ky \ acontrary current in moving the index nts with the oscilla. | ie She role of the ! 0.000011, for lead 0.00011, or ten’ times ‘ng much 





If we uses 
4 i moyeme! m! ; as for brass, . 
galvanic Ties but with te telephone it gives ou continous i Pp to 50 degrees, being at notiness of that mete we Samy aie ante 
f Sr eel can for cither. movement, the interruptions being only those i 5 ng, distant; but if Hint in i recent paper to the Royal Society, Mr 
ne Saree Donte aan mere | aemet ye tom S Ston: ob eer oP a ha] [veh haa el el 
gre. wade 5 y of 
on an Evgcriic Oonpuctina Wine, di a he ae or iegutive gives equal sounda, but at the he greatest inductive effect on the one wires Is temporarily changed by the pasans 
Tn my paper of March 7th, ‘On Molecular Electro-Magnetic. : Thouieut of revereal of the current a peculiar loud click is heard, i when a ingnet Js aban angle of 45 degrees with ! pubrtrelelicitrrent, rca 
Induction," I showed that induced currenta of electricity would ' due to the rapid change or rotation of the polarisation of its int and, ulso, considering each anolecule aa an separate : aa 
be i ‘duced in an iron wire placed on tho axis of a coil through e Mie les, and this peculiarly loud momentary click ia beard independent magnet, we find that at a given distance fora given 
ein | mol eculeas “and in ateel ne in iron, proving thut it is equally magnet the force of rotation ia equal to that of 45 degrees; b 
| wa rined by the current, but that ita molecular rigidity prevents tppronehing the magnet wo increase the rotation but diminieh 
+ “ Moleoular Hlectro-Magnetic Induction,” v, p, 232, Vol. VI. Potation by torsion, We can imitate in some degree as ; ory dity fora et teeily Hele gerahod nie, henea the ieortane of 
* " Ki i et ‘ + yeral permanen' . C i if y suet. And to prove thi 
peal Permanent Moteentar pion of ogeincting Wires produced hy tho, of a) by giving the torsion fe then reduced from 70 degrees to the function of the. elustic torsion is simply to rotate the 
hich intermitte ; \ P a that these 7 40 degreva due to’ the mechanical atrain of the twists remaining polarised Unolecules similarly to the magnet, we place ue sive 
which intermittent currents were passing, and that these cur. | |< * "Celtic torsion of 20 degrees, and approach gradual ly 
rente wero produced only ‘when fh wire Was Sen the influence ©0°8 of a Danioll battery. tho magnet na before. One pole now will be found to increase 
of a torsion not passing ite limit of clasticity. It became ovi- |. 5 eee mneecert ates ese - tegton ca fh 
dent that if the Intermittent wagnetism induced by tha coil pro- | {a constant; nndia weakening of the current is nleo remarked if at! purposoly arold using the terma'’ magnotio fluid” and " coereitive 
duced under torsion intermittent currents of electricity, that an} | with a fresh wire we pass in toraiun its limit of clnativity. % " 2 2 grees ae 
intermittent torsion under the influence of n conatant current of | | If a new soft iron wire of 2 millins, (giving. no traces of a ithe sounds or its angular polurity, the other will Acerense until * 
electricity 4 fy constant magnetic field would produce situilay current by {oan hoe presed through Hs a momentary curnnt fo: ee contin, dintanes 7 efors HF dave perfect pilenee, Tho 
currents, This was found to be the cuse, and as some new ple-| fof elect ty, and then wire observed free from the eurre veton exiate as before, but the molecules tre uo longer at the 
nomenn presented themeelves indicat 1g clearly the molecular} {itself, it will be found to be alinost us strongly polarised na f}. [same angle. On removing the magnet we find that instead of 
nate of the nctions, I will describe u few of them directly} iwhen the en ns constantly on, giving by torsion a constant the usunl 50 of enrrent we obtain barely 5 or 10, Have we, then, © 
relating to the subject of this paper, of 50 sunometric degrees. 1f, ine ead of passing 1 current : destroyed the polurity of the molecules, or do they find 9 certain 
The apparatus used was simila: ithrough this new w I wv it atrongly by a permanent | reaistance tu their free rotation to their usunl plice? ‘Vo solve 
of March 7th, An fron wire o! magnet or coil, the longitudinal magnetism kives ulao 70 degrees this queation we have only to shake or give tho wire elight * 
centre or nxis of a coil “Sof current for the first torsion, but weakens rapidly, 80 thatina : meehinieal vibration, und’ then instantly the molecules rotate 
dianeter of ig few contrary torsiona only traces of a current remain, and we more freely, and we at once find our original current of 50 
cireular P-;  jfind algo its longitudinal magnetisw almost entirely dissipated. |: degrees, T will forbear mentioning many other experimental 
it; ;Vhus there ia this remarkable diffe ence, and itis that whilst it provfa of iny views by thia method, as there are many to relate 
+ He almost impossible to free the wire from the influence produced y different methods in the following chapters, 
iby a current, the longitudinal magnetism yields nt once to n few rah 
galvano-j ‘torsions, We may, how » trausform the ring or transversal |. (TO IE CONTINUED.) 
lastic tore] magnetism into longitudinal ma snetisn by atrongly magnetiaing : re 
ang) 3 iB y Bry mang, 


om ssa ps 
ordinary} 'the wire after a current has passed through it. Vhis ling Ind < ‘ 4 y 
the effect of rotating the whole of the molectles, and they & wl, aN Mv : aN \% < \ . 
— 


® Abstract of Paper read before tho Royal Society, 


are all now symmetrical with longitudinal inagnetism. Then 
however, ths by # few torsions the wire is almost as free ne a new wire, and I ~~ Breerue Coxneny agp er 
file a havo found this method more eflicacioua than heating the wire PEECTIUC CONDUCTIVITILAND STIESS, 
of the curren wred hot or auy other method ye tried, If I desire a constant The inilt 
jeurrent from longitudinal magnetism 1 place at one of the}: ¢ and 
t t but by! extremities of the wire a large permanent mugnel whose sus. [rcs 
ib escribed In my pauper of | taining power is 5 kilometres, and this keeps the wire constantly . 
ean current ia broken charged, ik cacmbling. in some pects the effects of a conatant 
ay fd i hen we are able to current, The molecular magneti mor the current obtained by |: 
einen sie - neon 8 micro-| #tursion is nut. go vowerful from this, my atrongest mugnet, aa |i 
bbromntenc ae fev so : arte ¥ it produced by the siniple Passage of u current, being only 50 |; 
verve thie ilhn sete hare ly pug sonumetric degrees in Bhice of 70 d rca for that due to the }- 
; he oraton o} the; | parsuge of u current. ‘The mere twisting of a Jongitudinal t 
ield of magnetic ! tet, without regard to the rotation af its molecule having no band 
jeffvet, is proved by giving tovsion to 1 steel wi strongly may. westerly di right angles to the 
inetiaed, when only traces of t current will be seen—perhape one earth's line yeti force, urust of necessity | 
for tw x ind a conatant suuree of Inngnebtens or cle be f Clophonic perturbations, “Steet 
1 ty NO mensurable effect. Evidently we ha : 
| cquatly twisled the rrapuctised stecl na the soft iron. In the 
nety of  ateel we have a powerfa magnet, in the soft iron a very feeble 
spon tha; j one; still, the moleculur rotation in iron produces powerful cur. 
cone int; | renta to the almont absolute ‘0 of tempered ste has 
ft named! ik ¢ wire whilst the current is prasing, and Itallin’ doctor De 
4 oft Uy charged with both Inagnetiam and elec. 
a , expe! | t, 7. Surata are at pace diminished from 70 degrees to 
we place r r fei A ¢ bave here two distinct mu netic polurigati Fs 
effect by tore Tee net Feira prods toy a a ght angles to cach other, and no matter what! pole of the 
passing through it, nor do We per | rotation te a eaten ine frently diminiahed, the 
it fron Wire (2 anilline sn diametor | Hes ted of the two poluritica-would now Tequire n far greate 
igh which an electric} ‘jas yet “be ap he importance of this gtperiment cannot |; 
ieigntive: experiment, change whi eed until we learn of the great molecular 
ie ei Y. occurred, and whioh:woe obger here by 


and divectio 
“| plona in us 


ae ROR ee BIRT TY 











YSIONS OF ELECTRIC LIGHTING LEA 
f We givo as a supplement to our impression of this week 9, 
f practical diagram for facilitating tho determination of the proper 


j Size of any copper lead of 96 per cent. conduc for electrical |’ -: 


purposes, moro especially for electric lighting by incandescéence.: 
Vith the very slight calculations required, ‘any intelligent clec- 
trical artisan can toll nlmoat. ata glance What size of lead ‘ho 
should use for any given. numberof lamps and given distance 
from the generator, and thus the uso of conductora not suitable 
for the purpose on hand may be entirely avoided, and in many 
cases the not infrequently marked difference in candle-power at 
the different parts of the circuit will alao be avoided, There is 
little doubt that the diagram will provo: practically useful, 
though it does not, os Jrofessor Forbes would: say, include 
all scientific minutic, It can bo applied in all. circ 
atances in which copper conductors of 06 per cent. conductivity 
are used for clectrical purposes, Mr, J. 8. Beeman, who is the 
compiler of the table, has had considerable expericnce in Its use, 
and he accords it the more value as being the result obtained 
from a practical experience of the wants of electricians, 
Tho following are examplea showing how tho diagram: or table 
ean be ured -— 
Ecamples, 
_. Questions. : ANawens, : 
Required the soctlonal area for Meferring to ‘ 
he carry 300 ainperes aah trea equine sicrser a 
‘® differonce of sau , 
fotehiiat of 101-205 volta at tho ordinate to the abeches Of 


the 
terminals, and 1°25 it. 250 
taro ee ne vane 


Required, the acctional area for Iteferring to diagram, wa fin 
awire tocarry 73 amporea i onlinntoot thentertis oy ue 
yarda,all tho other conditions equals 0 $04 equare Inch sectional 
Fematning tho aame asin = arca, Dut the current being 73 
Question }, amparea instead of 100 ampdres, 


O'SO4 must Lo multiplicd by a 
which cquala 0-222, and is tho 


tilred sectional t 
Team acct area in equara ; 


SaBlx 2. 
100 


whero S=acctional arca required, 
Hlesacctional rea (outd by 


ny 

. Omcurrent in am; i 

Referring to diagram, mrs osin 

rea”: Examplog, 78 x 2roquires 0-354a0c 

Honat area; but thocurrent being 
*43 ninpdres, 0°304 ts inultiplied by | 

jp also, tho EMP, Deing 85 

volts, Snatead of 100, 0-304 4 

ae multiplied by » hey 

53 iGh : 
B= 300 ( 7 x) enals 0°20), | 
tho required soctional area, | 
Butt, 2 i 


Whore Bs RAMP. in 
Ai~equre, tho aetional area for We tale here aha pends 0, 3, 
i - rT : me 
FH aapirey lr align and tuultiplying Wby ER woget 
ostion vin, H 
a fall of’ 0 D100 on tho roquirod sectlonal 
Of Ts pee contin ESSLE 1. 44 


i 
| Ovands: eter Ab 20 yants (belo; 
| aes mete eae ing and Ind the acct! 
' por col 
cent, in the EM, . spubying the a 
Exatnplo 4, 


Sm ois 13 xe 
“Tagalvods” 7008 sectional area 
ere 
‘ 


Lumiére Electrique 
Journal universel d’Electricité 
51, RUE VIVIENNE, PARIS ; 


EDITION BI-MENSUELLE 


Paris et Dépastements 3 Un atteess sevecseeee «1G francs, 


Union postales UN ate. eecceeseee o veceescee 20 rancs. 


Le numéro : Un frane, 


Administeateur ; A, GLENARD, 


ire Décembre 1880 Tomo II 


SOMMAIRE 


Des etfets dectziques produits au sein des corps medivcrement cons 
ducteurs {2° article); ‘Ih, du Moncet. — Des lucomotives élec- 
trhques (3+ articte); Marcel Deprez, — 1a National-Zeitung 
a VENposition; F. Geraldy. — Profet de docks etectriques; 
1, Hospitalier. ~ Regutateurs de vitesse; 12. Napoli. — Etude sur 
Ja transmission slectrique desimpressions luminctises; M. Leblane. 

, ot Revue des travaua récents en électricité, De la polarisation 
tlectrolytique. Conductibitité des corps pour Velectricité atmos- 
Phértque, bes éclairs en zigeags. Double pince pour piles élece 
teiques. Action prosuite par ta lumitre dans le photuphone, 
Auncaux electriques. Disposition nouveile de annean Gramme 
par M. Heincich, La lampe, Swan. A propos du mesurene de 
sourants de M. Deprez, — Etudes rétrospectives, — Les dernicts 
travaux de M. Gaugain (suite); ‘Fh. du M, — Renseignements et 
Correspondance; lettre de M. Gravier. Lettre de M. Klimenko. 
Lettre de M. Shreymohi, — Failte divers. : 


DES EFFETS ELECTRIQUES 
PRODUITS AU SEIN DES CORPS MIDIOCREMENT 
CONDUCTEURS 
2 article (vuir le numero du ts nosembre e8So}. 


Parmi les eflets electriques produits au sein des corps 
middiocrement conducteurs, ceux qui résultent de la pol.ri- 
sation sont particuligrement remarquables. One sait que la 
polarisation est tne action clectrique secondaire qui se 
développe a la suite da passage d'un courant, et qui se 
produit généralement dans un sens inverse a ce courant, 
Bien des savants se sunt occupds de ta cause de ces effets, on 
a publié 2 ce sujet un grand nombre de mémoires, et j'ai Te 
reget de le dire, toutes les théories qui ont été entises ov 
peuvent s‘appliquer A tuus les cas que Ton observe. Ce qui 
est certain, c'est que cus eifets secondaires peuvent résulter 
de beaucoup de causes dillérentes qui peuvent se mane 
quelquefois simultangment, et qu'il est souvent tres-di 








Wisoler, Souvent meme, ils peuvent etre confondus avec des 
effets dlectro-statiques d'induction. Sur ce point, il est 
imprudent évidemment d'ttre trop aftirmatif, ct nous 
groyons qu'on doit voir dans tous ces effets une application 
de ce grand principe: qu'il ne peut y avoir d'action physique 
développée sans réaction, Quoi qu'il en soit, nous n'ttudicrons 
en ce Moment que les effets de polarisation résultant de La 
transmission d’un courant 4 travers un corps qui n'est 
conducteur que par I'humidité plus on moins grande qui 
Vimprégue, et nous prendrons, comme type, le silex 
d'Herouville, dont il a dté question dans notre précédent 
article, 

Ce silex, comme nous l’avons deja dit, est remarquable par 
son pouvoir hygrometrique, et les expériences suivantes de 
M. Damour peuvent en donner une idde exacte, « Un 
fragment de ce silex, dit-il, du poids de 6 gr., of10 ayant ce 
exposé, pour le dessécher, A une température de > 65° A 
+ 70%, a perdu au bout d'une heure o gr., 0560, apres quatre 
heutres 0 gr., 060, Ayant été exposé A Mair libre, ila repris 
cn £2 heures 0 gr., 02500, et, aprés trois jours, 0 gr., 03700. 
Vlacé sous uae cloche de verre au-dessus d'un vase contenant 
de Neau, ia repris, aprés 24 heures, son poids primitif de 
6 gr, osto, plus un exeddant. de o ge. 1350, eh tout 
6 pr, 1860, » 

Hrésulte de cette Geulté hygrometrique, qu'un silex ou 
autre corps de ce genre traversé par ta courant et mis cn 
rapportaves un galvanométre, peut indiquer les variations 
de Phumidité deVair aux différentes heures du jour. Jinsiste 
sur ces conditions du conducteur dont je parle, atin qu’on 
soit bien certain que sa conductibilite est surtout tlectro- 
lytique, Voici maintenant les effets de polarisation que on 
constate ct qui: sont trésedifférents de ceux que Ton 
obtient avee les electrolytes liquides, ordinaires. 

Sion fait passer ad travers le silex en question fe courant 
Wane pile de 2 cements Lechinché, en prenant comme 
electrodes des lames de plating bien Hambécs ct bien décapees, 
on trouve, apres avoir retire ta pile du circuit ct avoir relié 
les lectrodes un galvanométre sensible (de 50.000 tours), 
lus résultats suivante t . ? 

1° Tl sz produit un courant de polrisation dent Miutensité 


et da dunks angmentent aves’ te tenaps de Uilectrisation deta 








oo 


MU made TRS. 











VL eT ALN we Be TPL 









: Menlo Park Scrapbook, Cat. 1004 


No. 4 "Electrolysis" 

° 1 This scrapbook covers the years 1873-1881 and contains clippings a) weathgs  g8 ait See ead 
about electrolysis or electroplating, along with a few items about other , 
scientific or technical subjects. There are 138 numbered pages. 


Blank pages not filmed: 2-3, 36-138. 





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mig BOOK DNDERY & BL 


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October igi 1875. THE TELEGNAPHIO' JOURNAL: 295° 


of. the’ Rio Boissy-d'Anginis consisted’ of three]! 


sheet-iron fanks, one of which; of 7 eubic meties 


om. 

capacity, is filled with water, and two (of 5°90) 
with air, Communication being eatublished at wilt 
hetween theso three tunks and the tubo by which 
the despatches are forwarded attached, 1 pressure 
of 16 could bo attained. ‘Che compressed nir sont 
tho carriers in one direction; movement in tho con- 
trary direction could bo effected by allowing the 

- water to flow ont from tho tank, ‘Uhis system was 
very simplo, but it could bo apptied only whero the 
quantity of water was sufficient. : 

Before we examine the London pneumatic inbes, 
we will completo the preceding historical notes by 
the mention of: trinls made to the ent of transport: 
ing pnssengers or pnrcols, 

After the establishment of his pnoumntic tubes, 
that is to say, in 1859, Mr. Latimer Clark formed, 
with the English engineer, Hammel, a‘ company 
{the Pneumnntic Despatch Company), whose aim was 
to apply atmospheric pressure to {ransports of 
every unture. Thoy constructed in London, in 
1863, an atmospheric railway (about 550 metres in 
Jength), connecting Euston Station ant the North 
Western District Oftice; The baga and packets of 
letters: wero cnrrict by these tubes. Tho tubes 
were of cast-iron, Q-shiapeil; tho vertical axis being 
o'8s metre, and {he horizontal: axis 0°76 metro, 
‘The tubes were about 2°75 metres in length; thoy 
wore cemented at the joints with lead. ‘They formed 
two curves of 33. metres radius, and one of 12°16 
inetres,- ''ho slope of the lino varied from t in 80 
to t in 100, A carringe with four wheels (2°40 
metres in length) ran’ on rails. ‘Lhe motor was 2 
ventilntur of 6°38 metres diameter, put in action by 
asteam-engine, The ventilator made 100 to 100 
revolutions per minute; tho pressura wns y's to 
rio of an atmosphere, representing « force upon 
the piston of 46 to 62 kiloxrammes. The speed 
was 8°3 metres per second: In 1863, 15 trips wero 
annde per diem, at 2 cost of og frane per double 
trip. ‘ho use of this line was abandoned on Oct. 
26th, 1866, ‘I'he contitions under which it worked 
wore disndyantageous. 'I'ho traflic being but small, 
tho larger proportion of fuel was burnt whilo the 
eugine was nt rest.* 

Jn: 1864, Rammel: established at tho Crystal 
Datuce,- Sydenham, an: atmospheric railway, 547 
inctres in length, carrying passengers. ‘The arrange: 
nent wag similar to the preeeding, : ‘he tube was 
of Inriel:.3 metres’ in height: by 2°13 metres in 
width, ‘The carringes werd furnished with paddings 
of silk, opposing the: prissaye of air by friction 
against tho sides of the tunnel, ‘The carringes con- 
tained 30 to 35 persons, - ‘The journey was mado in 
50 seconds; with a+ pressuvo ‘of: 44. atmosphere, 
The ventilator: was 6°38 motres in diameter, An 
aceident-happened, and tho: experiment was discon- 
finned, 

In 1865, the: Whitehall and Waterloo Railway 
Gompany: was formed to conneet by an atmospheric 
lino Waterloo and: Charing Cross Stations, antl the 
East ‘Londoti Railway Company was promoted to 
connect pneumatically different: lines of railways 
the pneumatic tibes being intended to pass through 
‘Thames ‘Cunnel. 





* Blneo tha date of tho reparter'n lait to London, this Uno haa 
Icen extemted to the General Poat Ontleo, with an intermeliate 
atatlon at Iolkorn, and the traMahas beon found aumlelent for mort 
advantageous usc, J 


7 Tu Italy, two* projects wero‘ proposed’ by Messrs,‘ 
Kewaris and‘Dargremont, but thoy did “not “méct’ 
Uio' approval of thé! Commission. “Finally may bé" 
mentioned thintin America Mr, JohnH. Ward pro- 

posed a similar line.to that of Rammel. It is sufi- 

cient to say that, in'spite of the numerous failures, 

tho problem of the pneumatic transport of pas- 

sengers and parcels is still to be solved, But that, 

on the contrary, the transmission of telegrams by 

these tubes hag given excellent results in towns of 
the first importance. 

(To be continual), 


PRACTICAL: ELECTRO-PLATING?: 
Wr: commence under this title a series of articles 
on tho art and’ practice of Electro-plating. It is 
not intended that the articles shall follow any’ 
prescribed order; for it ia considered that to pregent 
either improvements or known details of tho subject 
as they may occur, and not to wait until the 
improvements lave bacome nearly obgoletd, so that 
n certain arbitrary order may bo followed, will’ bo 
tho plan likely to render these articles more widely’ 
acceptable-—Uiat is to say, these articles aro intended 
to be bath w guide to developed processes and'n’ 
record of what is being discovered in the art, ‘To 
further this aim, tho articles will bo sometimes 
original, but necessarily more ‘often an account’ of 
what has been ‘done abroad or at home’ by others. 
Now formulz, teated hy practical work, will bo 
given; the formule ‘obtained from other sources 
Will bo tested ‘whero the authority is not’ stated; 
and, indeed, every care will be taken to render theso 
columns of practical worth to Use electro-plater. 
The papera will be revised, and’ in some part 
written by a practical plater, sometimo engaged in 
the works of Messrs. Christofle and Co., Paris. 

Yo carry ottt the intended principle of recording 
present statements by others, we present to our 
readers the remarks on 


Nicxrn Pratixa, 
communicated to. tho’ “ Franklin Tnstitite,” by 
Dr, Lewis Fouchtwangor, Ho says:—An_ impor- 
tant branch of industry has beon it practice in tho 
United States for'the Inst ‘fow years only, although 
it was recommended by Alfred Smee, F.R.S,; in his 
Slements of Electro-Metalhirgy,” in 1852, who, 
in pago' 193, speaks of nickel in the’ following 
words =~ nek 
“Niekel is the last in thd list of noble metals, 

being the most ignoblo of that class, ‘The nitrite” 
and sulphate of nickel, the ammonio-nitrate and - 
sulphinte of nickel, the nikelo-cynnide of potassium, 
but especially the chloride of nickel, require con- 
sideration: Tho’ nitrate’ of nickel is very soluble, 
but the metal ling no great inclination: to bo 
precipitated, for the hydrogen appears rather to 
prefer being cvolved than to reduco the metal, The 
sulplinte of nickel is. also’ used a8 n double salt, 
and the motal ia reduced moro'readily from it than 
from tho nitrate. It is best reduced by the com-° 
pound battery process witha, piatinom positive pole, 
though a nickel positive polo" may bo employed 
‘The solution of cithor nitrate or sulphate combined 
with alkalies, those of ammonia ‘ deserving tho- 
preferenco, ought to bons strong nq possible: © ‘The 
chloride of nickel‘ forms anexcellent minterial ‘for 


ae ee ne trangia an 




















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PHIC JOURNAL. Cpt H qe 






































af 





Capacity or Etectnotyres.—The following results 
are taken from a paper by M. Herwig, in Art. der! 
Phys. VL, p. $56: It is well known that when a current’ 
of sufficient strength to decompose it is passed through 
a liquid electrolyte the current gradually diminishes in: 
strength until it becomes very feeble; and if the current 
be then interrupted a current in the opposite direction 
will be set up. The effect is analogous to that pro- 
duced when a condenser is substituted for the electrolyte, i 
Assuming that the clectrolyte under such condition | 
behaves like a condenser of capacity ¢, and the resist- 


so te at . , 
ance of which. is w, the intensity of the first changing : 


current will bea function ent (4 4, Jot the time , 





and the current of discharge will he another functio 


—at * i 
ve —nthese two expressions the factor ai 
. 4 





Dari ¢ 
is the same, and equal to Ht +e ), R being the i 


resistance of the circuit external to the liquid. By’ 
measuring with a galvanometer the values of #and i: 
at different instants, we can then obtain the quantity 
a, and, as Ww can be deduced from the intensity towards 
which the discharging current tends, weean calculate ¢. 

In this way, ¢ is found for the same experiment to 
have very different values (in the ratio of ‘1 to 10), ine 
creasing with the time, as well for the current of charge 
as for that of discharge. ‘The resistance w has other. » 
wise nothing in common with the resistance that the 
same liquid presents when traversed by a current 
strong enough to decompose it; (ij an experiment 
where the latter resistance was 6 ohms, w was found to 
be = 1,031 ohms). For the rest, w does not obey Ohm's 
law, and increases much less rapidly than the resistance 
of the platinum plates serving for electrodes; it even i 
varies when the direction of charge is changed. 


Esrtstation oF Zinc AND; Leap tN MINRRALS ‘BY 






Etectrotysts.—MM.-G, Parodi and A. Mascazzini 


(Gassetta Chimica Italiana vil, 222-224) find that zinc 


can be precipitated on, platinum in a coherent film, | 


which can be: washed and weighed, if the solution be 


first rendered ammoniacal_ and then acidulated with an 


organic acid, preferably acetic, and submitted to elecs 
trolysis, ‘care being taken to adjust the current to the 
strength of the solution, “The iron, lead, &e,, present 
{i calamine, blende, and ‘other zine minerals, should be 
remoyed ‘by “Schwartz's: method before electrolysis. 
{The ‘presence of a traco of lead increases the coherence 
‘of. the film, if, no mineral acid. but sulphuric be present. 
Lead may be precipated ina coherent state by acting 
on alkaline solutions containing phosphoric and tartaric 
acids. , ‘The presence of acetle acid tends to keep the 
positive pole free from tead peroxide. . 


Ke 78 






and attributed the deficit to the formation of hydro. 
genated water, M, Berthelot is of opinion that it cane 
not be oxygenated water which is formed nor even 


| Peep ae 
Weare Boyt 





J" Evecrro-Citésican Action or aN Atusinust 


Axope,—M. Beetz has found that when water, acidu. 
lated with sulphuric acid, is decomposed by means of 
an anode of aluminum, a portion of the oxygen 
combines to form alumina which {s dissolved, while 
another portion forms a coating of oxide upon the 
wire, and a third portion is disengaged in the gascous 
form. The sum of these quantities of oxygen is always 
too small, Experiments made with the acid diluted 
in the proportion of 1 to 12, and with an aluminum 
anode, and a platinum cathode in a voltameter, have 


given losses of 10,1, 8, and 5 per cent. Witha feeble . 


current, avery gentle disengagement of gas, and wires 
of aluminum, if the intensity of current and surface 
of the anode be increased at the same time, the loss 
becomes Iess and less until, with ten Bunsen coils, it 
becomes nothing, In the first case, the small bubbles 


are absorbed by the liquid, and diffused into the air; * 


in the second case, the warming up of the liquid and 
the rapidity of the gascous current forbids absorption of 





ON THE CHEMICAL ACTIONS PRODUCED’ 
BY THE DISCHARGES. FROM AN IN, 
DUCTION-APPARATUS. : 

Ky M. BECQUEREL. 


papers. 


Etectrouysis or Diture Sutpuuric Acip—It 
was observed by Faraday that the dilute sulphuric acid 
under clectrolysis yielded a volume of oxygen less than ! 
one-half that of the hydrogen simultancously disengaged, 





ARS 





Tue memoir commences by recalling the experi: } 
_ments of Wollaston on the decomposition of water ! 
by the electricity from the ordinary electrical ma- . 
chine, as well as those made by Faraday for, the? 
purpose of rendering sensible the decomposition 

of salts, when he sought solely to make evident , 
the presence of acids and bases by nid of test- + 


aes With a Ruhmkorff induction-apparatus, which 
3 gives a much more rapid succession of sparks than 
the ordinary electrical machine, more marked 
















effects are obtained, The arrangement | have! 
adopted to exhibit them is the following i Taking ' 
a plate of guttapercha on which was placed a small ; 
slip of platinum in communication with the posi- ). : 
tive pole of the apparatus by means of a metallic; 


‘| stem, I applied to this slip of platinum astrip of} 





paper moistened with a metallic solution (copper! 
_or_ silyer), and then to the paper the point of a} 














ED 
BBB 2) 


Pw 
SPLANNSS cy cinete as bs Savon stanary Lodeeih- ay , 
Nv platinum’ wire connected’ with the’ ‘negative polc.! 
It was not long before the metal was seen deposit-| 
‘ing around the point in adherent layers. Ona, 
slip of platinum being placed between the paper| 
‘and the point of this metal, it likewise became 
coated with a thin layer of metal. Submitting to 
experiment successively various solutions, the ap-: 
paratus operating with only two chromic-acid ; 
couples, and sometimes with four, I thus obtained } 
the reduction of copper, nickel, cobalt, iron, lead, 
bismuth, antimony, zinc, cadmium, silver, gold, 
and platinum. 
I likewise applicd myself to the formation of 
amalgams by aid of the same apparatus, following } 
‘the method which Davy employed, with the pile, ; 


to obtain the amalgams of potassium, sodium, and |, 


‘other metals, On a slip of platinum which was! 
brought into contact with the positive pole of the! 
apparatus I placed a picce of caustic potass slightly ; 
: moistencd, and introduced into a small cavity in; 
its surface a drop of mercury in contact with the | 
point of a platinum wire or the negative pole of 
‘the induction-apparatus; after a few moments} 
“the globule changed into a pasty amalgam in‘ 
‘which I perceived’ some crystals of this com: | 
‘ pound, ! 
1 ‘The copper amalgam was obtained by operating | 
! with a mixture of a solution of nitrate of copper | 
! and nitrate of mercury with which the band of! 
' paper applied on the platinum slip was moistened 5 | 
jn the same way were produced the amalgams of, 
\ aluminium, magnesium and other metals. I con-} 
yccive that the discharges of an induction-a; par 
“ratus, when proceeding from electricity. of high 

tension and taking place in rapid succession, arej 
: capable of producing powerful chemical effects.— | 
* Comptes Rendus de UAcadémie des Sciences, vol.’ 
‘Ixxxii. pp. 353) 354+ ! 


even Our \5 Khe 


ne Oem 4 wer 7 


‘ON SOME RECENT. ELECTROCHEMICAL 
DISCOVERIES. 


M, Bertuetot, the distinguished French chee ; 
mist, has lately brought before the French | 
Academy of Sciences a series of remarkable 
experiments, which, in addition to affording other. 
results, point to an important and brilliant dis- 
, covery relative to the reactions which occur 


4 : 
: [PHIC JOURNAL 


between the gascous elements of the nir and the 
organic compounds of ‘the earth. The nature 
and effect of these reactions on vegetation consti. 
tute no amall portion of the science of agricultural 
chemistry. And regarding the question of the 
source of the supply of nitrogen to plants, it is 
well known that none is more closely enlisting the 
attention of chemists who find, in the | loubt 
encircling present accepted theories, the stimulus 
for further and deeper investigation. 

We know that, for the support of vegetation, 
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen are needed, 
and that the source of carbon is the carbonic acid 
which exista in the atmosphere in the proportion 
of sha of its volume. Similarly, the water 
always present in the air supplies hydrogen and 
oxygen necessary. It is not so easy to trace 
whence the nitrogen is derived, and here opinions 
have fiercely conflicted. Previous to Liebig’s 
time, it was Supposed that organic matter (humus) 
supplied the chief nutriment of plants; but this 
the great German chemist denounced as * baseless 


* and absurd ;" and after detailing his own experi- 


mental researches and those of others, he aflirms 
that ‘nitrogen ‘tis derived cither from the air, 
whence it is conveyed to the carth in rain or dew, 
or from organic substances accumulated from a 
scries of generations of dead or decayed plants, or 
else from animal remains contained in the carth 
or incorporated with it by man in the form of 
excrements, * * * ‘The remains of extinct 
animal life, which are embedded to an enormous 
extent in sedimentary strata, or which of them- 
selves constitute whole masses of rock, attest the 
extraordinary distribution of organic life in the 
former ages of the carth: and it 1s the nitrogenous 
constituents of these animal bodies, passing over 
into ammonia and nitric acid, which still play an 
important part in the cconomy of the vegetable 
and animal world.” Such is the present theary. 
It is difficult to conceive of its more complete 
reversal than must follow the acceptance of the 
facts which M. Berthelot now places before us— 
facts which the clearest of subsequent investiga- 
tions must substantiate before they will: prevail 
over Liebig’s conclusions—facts which lead to 
the ‘assertion that free atmospheric nitrogen is 
fixed in organic nature, unchanged in form by 
atmospheric electricity. 


It has long been -known that the silent electric , 


discharge is capable of producing special che: 
mical reactions. In order to study these, M. 
Berthelot devised a simple little apparatus, com- 
posed, first, of a bell-mouthed test tube nbout 
which a ribbon of platinum was coiled;:and 
second, a V tube of glass closed at one extremity. 
‘The test tube filled with the gas or liquid to be 


i, tested was inserted over.a mercury bath, and the - 


closed end of the V tube was inserted in it. One 
pole of a Ruhmkorff coil was attached to the plati- 
num. ribbon, the’ other communicated with a 
conducting liquid {acidulated water) in the V tube, 
‘The current then passed through the then annular 
apace comprised between the vertical leg of the 

tube and the inner periphery: of the test tube, 


which space was of course filled with the material’ 


under examination. ° By this instrument he found 
that ‘organic compounds, at ordinary tempera. 


tures, cabsorl - {ree * nitrogen, while “under: the.’ 








» Experiments by ") no Consumed 
{ During the Decomposition of the Liquids —Iweighed 
{the zinc consumed during the two minutes the 
‘eurrent of the galvanic tattery ran into vessel 


; A alone, whilst vessel 4 was detached from vessel} - 


uj; and I also weighed the zinc consumed during 
the two minutes that the current of the same 


; battery ran into vessels 4 and 1, whilst the bvo]- 


vessels were connected in the manner herein do- 
scribed in section one: and I found that there was 
ag much zine constmed during the two minutes 
that the current ran from the battery in vessel « 
fone as there was consumed during the two 
sinutes that the current rn from the samo battery 


: into vessels 4 and n whilst the two vessels were 
- eonnected together as deseribed in the above-men- 


tioned first section, 

Sumuuary.—It lias always heretofore been sup- 
posed by scientists tat when the wires of a galvanic 
Dattery, or magneto-electrie machine, are attached 


“jn the usual manner to only one decomposing 


cell, Uint all of the electricity liberated by the 


| battery, or machine, which enters tho cell is con- 


sumed in doing tho work 6f decomposition in this 


+{ one cell, and that if an ndditional he ndded, as 
=} leseribed in the firat section, the trivity would 


be equully divided betweon the two cells, so that 
ench cell would contain ouly one-half the quantity 
of gus that one cell would contain when used 
alone; but L discovered that tho contrary is trae, 
and that the above supposition is erroneous; and I 
algo discovered that a galvanic battery, when 


; attached to two decomposing cells in the manner 
Aoscribed in section two, produces twice the quan- |: 

' tity of gas ina given timo that tho samo battery 

' produces during the same tite when attached to|! 

‘ only ono decomposing cell; that a givon number of 

| tueng of the crauk of n magneto-cleetric machine, 

{ when attached to two decomposing cells, produce ; 

* twiee the quantity of yas that the same number of | 


turna of the crank of tho samo machine produce 


- when attached to only one cell; and that there is 


uo more zine constimed in a given time, whilst the 
yalvanic battery is attached to two decomposing * 
colls, than thera is consumed by tho samo battery 


i during the samo time when uttached to only one 


ell. ‘This process, or method of decomposing. 


‘ Aguila by electricity, is infinitely cheaper than any’ 


other process or method heretofore known, 


The experiments mentioned are tho average, 


1 yesults of w very Jarge number of experiments per- 


formed by mo between the middle of the month of, 
ptember, 1867, and the iiddte of tho month of: 

September, 1872. { 
Si. Louls, Sept. 29, 1873. 


liquid state, being condensed by pressure when neces- 
+ saryjand not in solution. They were contained in 
_ narrow glass tubes, and decomposed by means of 
; Platinum. clectrodes.a- few millimetres apart.) Ace 
cording. ‘to Hittorf, ‘those - compounds. : possessing 
ievery vactive chemical’ propertics,: or which easily. 
yield. hydrogen, should.’ be casily ‘clectrolysed., But, 
water, alcohol, ; the’’ liquid: “hydrogen .: acids, - with. 
one exception, are.-‘difficult to. break up by electro. 
lysis.. It: should -be mentioned, however, that these 
acids in the . pure. liquid state ‘are not very; active 
in their chemical : properties, ‘The anhydrides ‘of. the 
; metals, on the other hand, are both chemically active’ 


, and conduct electrolytically, The amides, amines, and’ 


hydrocarbons showed no correspondence between theli. 
,chemical properties -and conductivity.” Nothing’ defi- 
inite could be-ascertained as’ to the function’ of .hydro-: 
igen, although . alli-the substances:‘cither’ contained 
shydrogen® or, &s:metal;'. These experiments Show: 


ammonia and ‘hydrocyanic acid_to’-be good electrolytic 
cit to be good electrolytic 

| conductors at ordiniiry temperatures, ‘tho only ‘known’ 

eae of pure liquids acting in this manners. 5: 


ete a Lag dos 


aagistose tasty 















: the well-known effects of passing a current of chemical 


i electricity through a non-metallic conductor, are: (1). 
: Electrolysis, whereby the electrolyte is divided into 
; primary and secondary products, which, speaking 
; generally, bear to one another and to the electrodes 
“a relation homojogous with that which the metals 










a me peewee saad tay ANU ke ; 

Electro-Chemistry.—On the intervention.af- water in 
mixturce of saline soluttona, neutral, act, and alkaline, 
—By M. Beequerel.—The-chemicnl actions which take 
place in the mixture of saline solutions, acid nnd 
alkaline, are accompanied with calorific and -eleetric 
offecty that servo to mako known tho method of 
tho intervention of. water in tho effects produced. 
Calorimotric apparatus give tho mensure of the 





Gers oor ean 



































































































































e quantity of hent disengaged; but in order to de- 
i i ‘ ive *éel ermine thos ity io effe 
ite bulk by heatin WPet a eee of ceponed wath es, tay the ‘getlve cells Herr ts one anther om te, thelr Wie ts uccuners an ovstonte s-choctrorlice torte 
~~ }the zinc becomes ex external circuit, to show by its a earance,! i liquids. (2.) There ts a bodily carrying forward of the ‘| which occurs with tho action of water on each of tho x 
\, ithe bottom, All this\ime dry carbon resistance of the circuit. Then P tinge into Hy whole electrolyte in the direction of the current, and ‘/ solutions, und of tho solutions ono upon the other. 
f through.’ You gee nov liquid the negative pole of the battery; arou; i é this is more marked according as the electrolyte is a ‘| The clectromative forco iy elremical actions is in re. { 
i siderably in bulk, becabge some of it has b piel yg around it a y +] intion to their greate Th 
aN “into powder; Sade zs ome oi oe token down shield of light appears, saint sensible disengagement worse contuctor, (3). There is an action compounded ' dntlon to thelt Greater oF Jens onesey ho-apparalut 
jand welgh it out as we\want it. . He or Secs calles bein incandescent, the! . i of the above two, If sulphuric acid be clectrolysed, the '¥ forces were the following :—Cracked tubes (described 
~ ‘Powder was removed from\the flask.) ‘luminous sheath disappears, and id x acidity is increased around the + electrode, If sulphate i +] in an carlicr number of this Journal, p, 109) 5 a very | 
ty if the ‘most intimate copper | gas takes place at both poles, : of copper be electrolysed between platinum poles, | sensitive galyanometer; two constant clements, formed 
iWhich'one ‘can well conceive, 2. With a series of ten seco ' Iphate) travels to th tectrode, but | '] of couples of amalgamated zinc, pure zing, solution | 
lay ut je prepared to act u; pared to | ‘charge was equal to that from copper (as sulphate) travels to the — electrode, bu i of sulphate of zine perfcctly saturated, nud a porous : 

: 3 jag ke-the ins oad co; ‘potential series, the same ex; F ie notin sufficient quantity to replace that which is there | porcelain diaphragm. This was thortandard, the other 
A) hey aul is at ut mersion of the negative pi tq deposited, —(Hittorf, Wiedemann.) Remembering the / clomentheing composed ofcouplesof caduifun, sulphate : 
~ H myriads of poin Ae gore thedl i 0 place wie kind of explosion, and:a flame diveragly s 4 ; molecular indifference which crystalloids and colloids a lgnmnated Zin aulptiate couples’ and 
BS brought Into canned one witlkthe other by means of contained but smal ; hear to one another, the question presented itself: Is equivalent to about forty-five of the former. ‘Tho ox- 

‘another plece of métal, while her they are “already in | complete fusion of the met . | there, ina mixture of the two kinds of matter, sufficient periments wero commenced by ascertaining the olectrio 
~ ‘connection with ofe another. ‘Tiley are touching one | accompanied with a cracklin . continuity and mobility amongst the crystalloid i{ stato of puro water in contact with several salito « 
i another, and the Jiquid is touching fliem, so that instead | from. Indudion “ji ‘ i ic chain? If b jeolutions; and it was found that tho water was ; 
Ay. e ¢ of having one large cell with a large amount of resistance, | sparks ver Ten; hhened fo : molecules to establish: am electtic ehala itt) fhere. be ‘poritive, and consequently played the part of acid 
Nay ve have. cell in which the ny is reduced to-an deereading the cancnt's atrength ¥ B so—molecular currents being wholly suppressed Sef ane : | with rogard to solutions of sulphate of Potash, soda, 
\ q i esimal “quantity, because the\ liquid completely | ::3.°Th ti te colloidal obstruction—a valuable means wou! ¢ fur. 7 i] magnesia, baryta, Klrontium, lime, &e.; but, on ihe * 
Lali +! seizes the two/metals—t y | <3+ The most im ¥ ‘ . “ +, 1 qi ? q vi e i 
A ie touches the atthe pola tate it iene and mnixttire of chlutde of sodium, iv nished for tracing the * wandering al the fons.’ Water SGI ot Wari, Uvvetieie nega aediane 
} point of jungion between the tw © | Hegalive pole first, Bp i was boiled with sufficient gelatine to form a stiff jelly. ‘eo, In working with a solution of sttlphinte of ammonia 
i Wo metajs in every direc. | bringing the positive \ ; : ke. In working with a solut 1 
ion ie ton oe _ ewer 7 the two metals, whatever we small luminous glob; F : ' In this, while warm, a little sulphate of sodium was introduocd into n cracked tubo plunged into distilled fag 
\ ay call lth cledro-motie powers" Wihleve roses | eee ey feats nele, with ole, i ieee dea uahate eel senaiies xi eolien « Salat! Geek SAN Te toe alton ahs 
“| may be, ft is exerted at the best possibl i ht boats rea : ; + drop of dilute sulphuric ¢ brad aS tubo, the other in tho test-tube, the mean of ten. ox. 
ay 4 Ne way noir take tubieees real advantage. meter; by deeper-immersion, a rapid gyratory movement : : ‘ ' drop of ammonia, When the jellies had set in glass periments gave as the ele stiva faved : 
_ Vee | whe Mer at very great resistance, and, by using thls tached itself ay thane tee crrala seeds i Hew s * cells, pairs of sheet platinum electrodes nearly fitting the 7 Sete Sulphato of ammonia a Riceaee 
is 4 '. “ ! . 
N. [etic powder, tear them asunder’ better than with all | its disappearince being accompanied with aa beri ra i cells were thrust in, about two inches apart in both Distilled water... 
NS galvanic apparalue whic oe a Hg than. by one aoaed name at, the negative Pale. The globe the author, 4 cases, Six pint platino-zinc battery cells were rae 1 i carhonats of soda .. a 389 
i the Institutions in London " th 0: be gascous, because the conditions of, 4 to each (in succession), Flattened bubbles of gas ; ci a Re bee eo a 
y 2 ic €: t ” - . Sul; f onin, s 
Nat P foci oot the experiment were. not favourable ts the detomponition I forced themselves up from both poles with a crackling Catumtsot note tat 
ay || ; ———S= St articular. spheroidal state, illuminated by the eledirichty’ { noise, In a quarter of an hour, in the ee Pern ; Theso results inulignto that tho alostromotive fovea of! 
ae i : ed ‘ i aanes ae ig * cell, both faces of the +- ctectrode were clothed with a tho second couple is equal to the sum of tho other two; . 
i li ON.PHENOMENA PRODUCED IN LIQUIDS. By | ,, 4, Instead of plunging ‘the wire into the middle of. me fe ere arent red envelope, but some- nnd this lawrholds good with the subsequent ox- 
i ELECTRIC CURRENTS OF HIGH POTENTIAL. | Aiud et i approach the glass sides of the voltameter. : te ee towards the other electrode. The — | periments :— a 
. ~ . an i a iminous eddy {s produced, and a brill of a B what thicker towar : Wie” gat ae 
AY, | io. By Mb GASTON PLANT#, ae Snacue o rounded zigeag form, winds Mat furrows of w : ! electrode was coated with a transparent blue envelope. j ; uN + } 1220 
13 Tue author studied, with facility, the phenomena he now Should it reach the! neighbouthens gp ithe | santiroettes. ; i | ‘These two conditions spread, and met Si apie . aan : 
N explains, by means of his secondary battery; wheres, | trode: it occasions-an' explosion, of a mfee ne cles fy ~' about three-quarters of an hour, in a vertical pane ; Sitnie ne 2 
Ra various Savants (among whom were Davy, G td ver Dele flame, as before. .The TJesson: sot rhe: to. ny Pir erirgeaiay q H between the two electrodes, somewhat less than twice | | aa eld 7 4 { 
inva 4 high’ penent tring ordinary batteries, instead of a ve! dete phenomena is that these luminous globules, charged! a ‘as far from the — as far from the + electrode; the ’ Nitricnetds. . c+ 
i e investigations, He saya: © by Tollawion’ thoes enele ducing a. zigtag. harowe, aden netheon! pres y | blue band being the widest. This plane was maine; | . Ammonin .. 2.4. = J 770° 4 
ie | } Currents of variable potential his i wide’ wes Passage of | wiehy. an exp! Bion Oe intton ies dispersing ; themselves | tained for three hours after: its establishment with the Nitricncid., 6. 0. +1 
Na HI i peal in i rengate between the’ eleditic flow and ke image of globular-lightaing, or t ade eaaent i current in action, and kept the same for days after the | Lo Het Sey cas! He. =i, . 
i lie or molecular and chemical) which tend to main. | oat ‘i 2 oP 3th : i had been broken; .although by automatic © _ i L sete ee Lg 
Entire the metallic molecules of the él ta 1 current hat ‘ e ie. 2 Water.. ce ee ae of 
; Al i slements of the liquid body contained tn tovemene ay a N diffusion, the blueness and redness have nie a ! " M, Becquerel deduces from tho facta stated in his 
43 f Ifthe eledric flow possess a high potential, the. mecha. Pals warrvew? > wards, “A similar effect was produced in the blue jelly. + memoir tho following cousequonces :—-In the mixture 
Re nical and calorific effes dominate, the molecular attrac: i 4 © ae ‘The heat: developed’ produced a slight fusion, which } of two nentral salino solutions giving place to. double 
en tion {s overcome first, the ele@trodes. are disaggre ated, oo h Jectrode,—Pxor. GuTHRIE in decomposition, theao decompositions operate by the 
. hos melted, or volatilised. : If the potential ig somewhat I : ‘i A-(s 1 ¢ 7 Vv. § was confined to the —¢ % see ag ' Intervention of tho reaction of water. on the con.| . 
aoe: the eledtrodes form the seat o luminous phenomena, roe ‘ egies # the Pop, Se. Review. SE Sas, . { atituont-parts of tho salt, In tho reaction of acid] . 
iy vat _ fdluced by the space and the rarefied vapours surroun rie Nature, Vol. x., No. 247, aes 4 ! pene ! golutions on alkaline solutions, water fs still thot * 
la Re tithe; the liquid, scarcely wetting the cle@rodes, is onl: Vapourising Metale’ by Electricity.—A. totter from § . i principal agent by tho intervention of which thoy 
N fone gted e-Wwith gificalty, Pet the -potentiat:- stiff A. Rodior—in a papor, soo 'Tennonariie Jounxan, cs i commence their action, Tho afinity of ack for alkali, 
PNEN II |. she, her decrease, and the principal calorific and luminous L Vol il, p. azo, Mr. Mopking gave a short doscription is | ate anhydrides, plays but a small port in the production 
n R ] whites chemical. decomposition of —_ oxperiments on vapourising matals by olea- Py ; of {he staatromol/ve force. The researches.aro tobe 
aly j-and-as,:on.the other. hy ticity botweon two microscopic slides, and anid th : 1 continued, 
. | U J other: hand, the 2 A int 4 an ave, 
: | = Tn) Abstradled from L, — — ; tho layer thus produced can bo investigated b: fero- ; 
i | ee From Leh Monies oxane ake : Beopo, nnd omployed in various ways fo dotermine tho . 1 
' charactor of tho motal. But the author did not point i 
, out tho wonderful figures shown by tho layor, ohieily F 


whon a alight gold shoot is used. ‘This fact, very in- | 
teresting in connection with molecular vibrat (ona, |; so : 
i ding ‘boon illustrated by Prof, Mogrini in n lecture |! : 
! dolivored at tho Musoumn of Floroneo some yonra .ngo, 
j and -translated in La Revue Setent jque, with some|; : 
: » Woodouts prepared by Prof. Magrini tiene : | 








pes er rs os 











aerate 


S BEPTEMNER 2h; 18 





e a vt: 
ELROTHo-"LATING. Wi sis of, hyfrochloric 


vos off II Cl tho forco of union of which] gt sand oxygen iy sct free 
gh results oven 8 rio onsen ir 
venki uso there & 
weaker Gnity_ of the clec- 

















1 WITH COBAL —Tho_follo a : 
procesa of George W, Beurdalce, of Brooklyn, N.Y. ide had aioe os ee ietae > a ith 
atated to form rr tiek and use ul covering, white vil 5 ‘ : boing 4623ft.-Ibs, == 068 5 (3) Sulphate ates as wo 
very porfectly protect tho plated atirfica from the actlo \ res nbout th ki ne Bs : atinum electrodes — EM FE jwel 464.21 3 renses 
of the elements, und form n most boautiful plating, vers} heme treatment. Go mat think Ke rouk séqutre do pc eeayigaee Boy py . sane wer resistaiices;+/ the common © current bbe oxygen: atoms -in tho vicinity. 9! 
white, exceedingly hard and durable, tenaciously ade .- flax, exept perhaps aomo carbon, to servo against YOE.—_No.. 466 botivcen the lines in the oppo- tite 

bs : : e—NO,-466..... 


















EPTEMBER- 25,-187-4, ch were measured, and the | trode: ; which oxides 














berent, nud not Hablo to tarnish: “ Dissolve the pure ion, arid it any, probably “bottle glen would 

swetal cobalt in bolling miuriatie actd, nud oraperat ers The purer the blekel tite greater heat fy will aD casurod.aleo {n'a theanm ero fic Such aro the 
re uire f ; YSI8.—II ee: : ‘ 

this solution to dryness. ‘Thou dissolve frum tuur to’ req moelt tt, a6 tho metal greatly reeembles iron, ELEOTROLYSI8,—I11. ‘.° « breathe ;.therefore when ; tho: water, [s-polar- of 1,2, c eo, 






F neh 3 . Which, when, pa: i" 7 " 
siz ances of tho salt thus obtalned 1 gallon of ite|  Righettrperatoro to molt than when inthe state of = Pi By J.T Semaave—"Brasta." _ {lmalan w dielectrl and its hydrogedtends to | Tater lols 
on tent paper the sulutia just Hehtly alkaline to show) ‘ateet or cast Jron.—Branta, ¢:* : -N tho-artictes in Vol-XLV. on tho origin.and {oxanes it finds ftxclf ntways in presence of 0 . 
aw ont mn undo of the watal wotutt in dea Thon pte ao ; TL Covelopment.af Eloctro-motive Taree, it was} small quantity of ‘oxygen, and thnt, also, 1, 2, and 
er saves Neosat th e 4 nts tt Reanular form | n that ina batlory or generating cell, at the| {2 8 probability condensed “upon the platinum latter 

Pieces, free fram inipurities, wa ; sitive ‘metal & +f ME was seleup, hart of which postesses the property of 60. condensing 
5 93 , 





































































follows: Tako'o plate of carbon, or of som other ma> Fon some years much ai ‘ wnses 5 hesi i i 
- terial that Is a conductor of electricity, but not we: ‘plating of Tuotala, cepeciaiy hon line been drawn to tho galvanised Huich wns absorbed ‘nt the neyative plate, ‘and | thir waren a eee ree al es ; deposited tate wi 

ee cis being attucked hy the plating solution, and ictal nickel have een. much anata Jnrger Bates sti f t ight be regarded ns a — ¥ AC Hy the oxcess of tall Taree and ek highly a tnt the mi lia a ring 

ploce it within w ack or envelope minds of some mne galvanteing nickel enlt baths. T S nabaes OF tho Pic + cnergy being tho EMF of the cell. Inj cn, rent wer Y 19 rh 

terial that in noither conductor of electricity nor at- ; of pure motallle nickel has een aft nerlnneyrefrnetory natu Bho Inst paper was shown the analogy of. the Hagar et he ny slight it ts) which sere tho laws ot de cite ae oe Tight efectos throngh the film, 
i Hackabie by tbe solution, forved with open nieshes or ‘am gon I ier 0 Plater, Horchert, however, saya the Scientife pecomposition cell; that nt tho anode, if this Were) \irich set upa + E-ML¥, snflicient to enablo oven 1+ rived circuits, bs ed which diminishes in thickness. a3 jta distance 
: culate. his ongelone ‘lata rege lady in }14in, broad, ‘ond tn eine 4p oxatin niclee] lates 18in, long, est poe te vadueod: peat PE wien 1 stnall tension to pass & current proportioned to it junctions of 1, 2, 9, 1d | fromthe point increascs. iS 

i In iW ¥ . er Hi ead ee gohy . yanen re 

» ahape to tho eathun pinte, aud Iarge onough to tenvo'n Wurfelnickel of 08 to 99 per cent, strength, is fused Teeetne * Be the — HALE nt the cathode, or that, according oe reactions: commonly callod tho ei 


In a simpto brazter'’s furnaco, bya coke fire,’ Tho fuaton 



















































ma ume a anew anette we | | al nacre te »Peseert Seer th attit £| emma one cnn ote 
cobalt, which will, as ia evitent, surround the plate aud must bo cant ei eauee Oring, Aa soon as it becomes fluld, fi ‘ “TlEt nt tho anode, or there might bon — 1: MEF | HED Buses 60 Not come on pes soly otal 

; ut dolay into th abd, it “ J d tho exact theoretical meastires are rarely obtained, 

fended aah ny cowrd| freee tere ta ea «Piste sot fas |onae spn ol ea i 

exposed to tho netion of tho solv tet barat iim vonsitle in which caso n renewed fusion in tho same Turns ols = Diy Nea may now a i these’ theoretical iplos | bydroxen at tho! cathode! ‘Thess ary loth: re- 

2 solvent, and the steady |; ‘7mpomsible, seamen ones pte hs Teo nctunl elle in ehtch wollknown reactionearg | matknblo substances, ax possessing. tho contra- 


flow of tho entire battory current through tho cob H is . i 
* secured, thereby rendering the dissolution anda | . J gatricdon, : ue Hid aa etl vecriog — com 
tion of the metal ateady, uniform and very perfect, : i §¢ CL) Ina copporing cell, with a soluble anode; contalning: threo ntoms instead ‘of two, and veh 

















































































































direct tion of nitrogen aa hydrogen, thus: 


















d this ts oxactly: nlike in. | 





This anodo is to bo connected with the coppe . Ne : —. y . 
battery by connecting thy wiro ta tho enn Pata ua | TENSION AND ITs DISTRIBUTION. Fae cide vm Cathinde’”«¢ | tHe third molar Has err a ore ds + . 
: > suspending It in the plating solution before deserved (9164.}—To ‘mak ly to HT (1g, ‘" Cu SO, Ca So, Cu— oppor athe a i oxy Ren san cid « HFO, 
and the article to be plated is connected in the solution p. 173) nected to: others, the Anbect Ise ms th . mt a ly pg ey red ning ot Te ton tater rant mnmnon) 11, PO 
with the zine pole in the usual way. A battery power Peplaineds On p. 284 of my book on ** Electricity,” 1 ‘ EMP 164 °° 186 hydrogen froma redncing| agent to fonn water. , 1g 2307 
. af trom tot five cell isin batters) will be autli. hare explained that the quality of deposited metal, | ; Tho copper, in combining with tho ack, glvos np Bho enet lost: wile Peuees en eee ; Oe Terra patt only, 
. Care should be taken not to :J depends, to anme extent, npon the tension existing: 1-26 Equivolts of energy, as + 5 MF. (less come Fp eae EH road! ors vee 
it th solution to los ite slightly alkaline ehar I mt tho: enthode one Se I explain A effect, i little Tost in prereomiins cohesion), and the finnl ‘Rio HIT ILO Gaenoag 
= nites wwe Tato of deponiecapon bik eae mein ay | Act of deconiposition absorbs tho samo ns — EME, node O} pre} iro, Cathode. Tams ast 
ter, ag, if thia ts not maintained, the plati i unture of the solution. 'I'o do this I arrange on: leaving only the seneranee, of the cell: to ont 7 ee : “and tho Tams q 
will be rendered imperfeet, the oP lating aperation! experiment with 6 cells in scriea, with different raton: | Gome, #0 thut tho weakest power can effect this] Anatom of ice teleased atitho anode, and thodo, and equn 
and uniformity of thy depea W tenacity, adherence! of current, and“on'p. 281, arith different solutions ' + action. : its two atoms of hydrogen acting on two molecules ‘onnodo atte 
atted.—Setentific Ameri post becoming’ thereby fin- and tho same current. 5- paar 4 (2) Inon ordinary voltameter, giving off both |of water, so ns to forin two,tmolecules of free , Oxygen g 
Noe eee : rcun, : Jd Now “HH.” suggests £Atho observed differ: gares, wo hinvo— hydrogen and one of liydrogen peroxide H,0,. ‘ sovoral nekds. peers 
Jences may have been duc to difference of tension. ; Anode pati 7. Cathode | ‘Ihreo ‘such reactions give threo atoms of oxygen dae AD Ty ‘THON Xo 
hn the intes Father than simply to the nature of; ; +0 H, SU, H, SO, 1, — toform amolceule of ozone O, at the anode. Ht rt Hy xe Fo tO [ iro Na . it A 
Scone , . Wat his reat ditenlty ine f trngine hee thisking | rT eer ee jieslty st eeeastal este recurs ster neal Dawe aaah feo 
<1 grwmemttee aie a ae se ‘ Fea fa EMP 146 - eed by a powerful current, gouerates nitric acid oO Na Yo, 1 1 Na 0 
ELECTROCHEMICAL DEPABITS OF ALUMINIUM J [Site wen deectey er The ek oy pecan ees | ging ede th revitnee of tho ell. a =| HINO: at ie anode, ty nitogenand water tking | 8 Na. 104 Wolo xe) | bn} 4 
o 18M . mater. Ttis the dij tensi ot SMV of 1-464 Volta; so that a alngle Danial Lup oxygen, aud ammonia ut .the cathode by Ce ee —~ . 
AND PALLADIUM, MUTH, ANTIMONY, ’ which is to be ho difference uf fensions in eneh cell: | at of Volts 1-07) cannat pass current at all h g q L) 


Four units of current (Ef == 1).in ono cell, de- 
























































/, all the cella upon his tions, that the revistanco | |. this cells but if in it wo substitute a copper | Anode.2N ‘athude 2N° oy 
M. A. Benrnann, . of all shall bo equal. ‘Tension ean be menured, and: i Dich gives a + EMF , 03; v0 reducing H,0=2HNOs:" . 10H eNT HAIL composo four molecules of monobasic mote 
Tr author has obtained deposits of alumint . ne is a el ectromative foree only between two points ‘tho! 1 to. ‘G34, current passes freely] | SU Boney, F hhosphate of soda in one cell, freeing at the anovo | 
posing with a strong battery n’solution pi ntum on decom. . bd bis ut hear d finite relation to tho wholecirenit.:In | lhydrogen is giver off, nud sulphate of copper These and many similar. litdo-studied reactions var molecutes of the acid containing, of courts 
/Of aluminium and ammonium. A late f ec ouble chloride clectromotive farce, aaa (aoa on teat of an: | formed. E : peve's deep) significance, litierto cretion four atoms of phosphorus ; in nd eon de wd 
tho negative pole, whitens ual) ¢ conver, fonnin, tine fo tho proporite, june ak hadi ference of tenslors \ Hi -Water-net an cctrolyte.—Almost- oil tho} Phoy have been commonly Hsmissed as slight fact upon only, ono molecule of tetra! che Pine! 
cwith a layer of ‘amine et ‘al pa comes covered whole cireuty wind the trata te ancl tint of tho ! books give diagrams, and speak of the decompo- /oxceptions from the establistiod } laws of: electro; soda, roleasing ono moteenle : a 
under the burnisher. ‘Tho double chlor ae 5 brilliant polish as it is in tho cells of the battery, T think ri Has | “EEisitton of water ; In fact they commonly attribute | lysis, or as incidental resultsiof:.*! socondary \ toms of phos ord 
ammonium in an aqueous solution is i ity magnesium and will reo this If ho rends section 216 again. My pee. this. processes of electro-metallurgy to recondary action. ‘hoy really show that this: indirect, antities o! oxygen nt 
‘the battery, giving ina few ininut readily decomposed by}: vious ndmission that the tensions world bo different, - inctton of- the hydrogen act free by tho stecampo- chemical, or secondary action isn delusion’; lise the samo num! 1 
homogeneous deposits of mag: atu es strongly adherent anid hut might be disreynrded, was based upon tho fact “sition of waters they speak also of water: being | mlesing it, we canascend to that higher and moro 
A [lt polishes rendity. ‘The gnc lum upon a sheet of copper, that the solutions being different, and having differ-- ‘a bad conductor, but ‘tnato better by tho presence | general law formulated, page 2. ‘ 
i imlum is best deposited fi 7 tle must bo powerful, Cad oe resistances, there would be varying tensions at of acids and rults....he foregoing principles] - ‘Lhisuow conception, in fact, establishes an ana- 
: rom the bromide to which a little tho different cathottes, enablo us to define a true electrolyte asa pair | logy between the effects of electricity in electro- 


“sulphuric actd has been added, I 











t is then very coherent and T felt protty nnro that “IL. 13." contact fall. . of font which mill‘breuk up under a tension} ysis, and thoso of heat jn destructive distillation. 


























tt 
cf 
4 very white, and takes a fine polish. Th ture wan daw ‘to solder, but f 
i 7 ¢ sulphate, if e : der, but lid not reply, ns be no fentent- to the nfinity. which holds’ thom} As iu this: Inst case the substances arrango-them- 
ul ‘ Py Also ves an Immediate deposit of metallic caalntaes Thon ae Unt the rokder bad not affected i. «Begotten esis doubt -whother: pure. water | solvesinnow forms suited to tho forces existing in 
‘ i ae geetve, and capable of a tine polish, Blam th 1s de- in the wiatinne. ndopt i4 to make n hole and riveti fg; not: ono ‘of. the - strongest: - insulators ; | theretortasideprees of temporntitre, soin thedecom- 
.., posited from a solution of the double chloride of bien ade. th ance att ree and then-solder on the back oft tall.oventa, it will not only:not electrolyso.under | position cell they arrange themselves informs 
{ammonium Upon copper or brasa by senutt a { bre i in ie A 1 ro tush will not: auewer sn sharp S al of 1G Volts, but; it. resists a hundred Mnited to tho forces existing as dogrees of: electric 
| fort cement. Tt is very adheaivo; d euk fs needed, and this the brush will nol gire. - i = rae Wat teunioit: therefore it is not ov olectro- ‘on or electro-motive foree.. 7 : 
itton of o recta polleh, and may be i arias _— izte., This point lias been often argued. | Somo 4 a cotsequence of tho balaucing of clectro- ra 
§ solution of the d aE - ontimony can ty pave sald tlint alternating currents..will decom} motive forces, when # current enters n inixture of But; ns the cauatl 
‘atcommon t louble chloride of antim water, only the constituents: reunite ot’ tho} olectrolstes and passes along them, fit the mtio-of part of tho current, and then comment 
fa platinum bi: ke cratures, It frequent sted ‘Betcctrodes ;.this plan is obviously merely re|the resistances, It also: decomposes: them in the ‘of complicated nctions at tho anode. | dno 
‘" oaits of Mad na number of fing art manufactures, De’. , '  Depouiting Cobalt upon Metals) Pater’ “Bi vorsing tho clineges of s condenser, awinging tho | order of -thoirelectro-motive forces. We have’ no longer given off alone, but, some oxygen, 
" Rosalie pa lndium are obtained with caso by meang of hi i * ‘ «(Chem, Cent Slat ale upon Metals.—M Betiger] Wi wator molccutes backwards and forwards, nob] seen that: it will act on- nono whose—H-M I" ox- “companies It by tho following process i, 
without oride of palladium and ammonium, olther it brs Clements a brillfar fy Nil, G40). By the usc of.two Bunsen ‘BB breaking them up, nor passing current through) ceeds tho tension to which the: electrodes can. bo Nake oe am 
| out the battery, The solution must be perfect! with or, panies a brilliant deposit of metallic cobalt was obtained iM the water nt,all. Others have tried to diminish | pisca 5 yet it may do so apparently, as.in the caso “ ff ONa HHO 
i So neutral, [ chloride ae OF CODRER, i040 Salt emplo d was the double the resistance by colting up tivo platinum plates} of water. It-mny'nt ono electrode. sclect.one ion —— 
age eee cone eee a oe veer eS separated k, giving great area: aud little) atone, anid at the other eitheran jon, originally ne) iHO-NeG 


: thickiesa nid. ; passed (current, and) forming part of tho atmo; orof a different clectro- 
got gases Y lyte 3 or it may'rolenso'scrernt nnd: te-listribute ity edintrioe 1s tteclf b 

the other constituents, It will relenso,‘in fact, at Tho samo ction also asic 1s t 0! ott 

ench electrode, auch tonaaa take up least energy. ‘n.motecule of tho salt, oni lees yeen free. 

If, the tension. ls raised much beyond the, pone ‘chlorite, instead of setting tho oxyy , 


‘G10. Nec 












needed for thi fons requiring mora. euorgy. will 

tl be. releised, in ratios dependent largely, upon tha 

quantities. presont, and in contact...with ; the 
olectroiles:  * ot ee PT oes 

If, instend of going. through: a ‘mixture’ of 

Li several electrolytes, ‘the circuit Is divided: into 

--| several branches, or derived circuits, witha decom- 








SRLS PC PST TE 














i08 of: this and similar reactions, 






a bcp 
n: conseque 





position cell in each branch, containing ‘electro- ther oxygen salts may be formes 
Tytes of different — E M:Forces, thena difforent Elomtcs ae en chlorides aro electrolysed, ine 
set of conditions will’ ‘arise, The’ result . stead: of “the full cquivalent of chlorine being 


will be “governed | by the-Inws of derived 
circults discussed in tny papers on the Wihentstona 
Bridge, Nos, 470 and 471, but with, modifications 
duc. to-the presence of thesg varying: opposing 
electrv-inotive forces Let the represent 
the eh derived chrenita.(4) containing sul- 
piurie -acht with a’ copper anode, with a — 
iM Fas above ==°631 ; (2) Lydrorhtoric acid 


‘ 




























ELECLRO-DEPOSITION OF METALS, 
Hy J.T. BPUAQUE, 
Continued from ps 349+) 
















Copper, Solutions —Thoao aro of two kinds, ace 
cording to (hennture af the objects in which deposit 
is to bo effected: for all objects on which no action 
will occur, tho slienpest of the salts of coppor— 

iJ tho sulphnte—farnishes tho beat solution ; itis su- 
‘| porior to the nitrato or chloride, becnusg it produces 
a purer metal, Tho yeason why a nearly puro 
copper is deposited in‘electro-motnilurgy is not, an 
-} many suppose, because tho prqcess can only deposit 
tho one mutal at atime; it is Lecausa tha carbon, 
lead, and tin, inthe ordinary metal which forms the 
anode, aro insoluble in sulphuric acid, and are 
therefore left behind as the dirty’ coating which 
; | covers tho anode, while the iron and zino—which do 
dissolvo—remain in solution, because they require 
go much higher forcoin their reduction than copper 
docs: tho presenco of nitric or hydrochloric acid, 
or tlicir salts of copper, is objectionable, therefore, 
as thoy. would carry over somo of tho impuritics 
which stilphuric acid leaves undissolved, 
(1) sleid Solution—The best working solution 
consists of & saturated solution of the sulphate of . zt : 
copper, diluted. with. one-fourth its bulk of water, . — es js PETERSEN g vg ; eee ee eee peers 
containing one-tenth by, measure of oil of vitriol, pig : . 
This solution is a good conductor,: aid has water 
enough to keep the anode freo of crystals. - . 


‘ q 














































oi Martin and Delamot fOpose 

‘ i] propose to. use ft. | 
nickel anita with organic :nelds Instead of : r Fal stab 
those generally employed. : Tho bath Is} Feta 
Prepared by dissolving 1,260 “grams citric; 






PHTO JOURNAL. 

























- ———— = : = F ae = - acid, 600 grams sal um : ‘ j tes of tho cleotro 
2). llhaline Solution —Ohjectain iron, zine, and | sired. In silver aut other solutions tho rate suit- 2 moniac (or sulphate Bie a 4 (éondi +a ‘i 
some othor metals, will not take 9 deposit in an} able will greatly depend upon tho condition of the of auimonia) and. 600 Grams niimte of : set antit' ths nation wa creel ape i 
acit solution, and theso it is necessary to cover | solution, ns.to the presence of fece solvent, other amunonia In 16 liters of water. The solu-| - _ of ff with theso views of Grotthus Faraday, on 
with thin film in suitable solutions, then finishing | salts, Kc. ~ tion Is heated to 80° °C.,- ani! produall : electrolyte may bo regarded an/a dielectric whoso 
* Rradually oe ‘ : :| molecules aro possested of the power of mutually 


in tho ordinary solution, Great care must be taken! Z'he electromotive force required for depositing 
that the object is perfectly cleaned, when the} metals is nbout— - 
transfer is made, by thoroughly washing off any 1. Capper. 
traces of tho alkaline salts, then dipping in the 2. Silver =) de ng 
usnal pickle, and transferring to the acid solution. 3. Gilding a. ae wee 

The solution most frequently employed is the |«pj workine x 
eyanide of capper, which may be mado by means of} ayout— 
tha battery. Cyanide of potnssinm is dissolved in 


saturate wlth freshly prec - ! oe 

plated hy= vie ; : exchanging their constituents during discharge. 
dested, poinclfoon orc nee hie Be Es Thia view, jointly with somo su posed volute Pot 
ee pga : resemblanco between magnetic and electrolytic sub- 
fen ¥ utumonta stances, led to the experiments detailed in the com- 
ded, and water enough to make 26 munication, 
Uters, so that each Iter of the bath con. 
tains nbont 60 prams of tlckel. When 
cold 600 grams carbonate of ammonia Is 





t 
ae Volts 0°5 lo 10 
«o 20 
oS 
forces of the ordinary batteries are 

































































water at the rate of three-quarters of an ounce per added, the sediment nil -| 5 per cent. solution of potassium chloride. Gas was 
pints a largo nnade of capper is inserted, pa % 2. Smee oie ace cee ove filtered. ‘The igig Se ae to ratlo, and : at once giten off from tha end of tho wiro facing tho 
small eathotle, which is best placed in a porous 3- Daniel... and stands at 119 a bluc-back color, | ’ . positive Polo, and after the lapeo of a fow minutes 
cell; tho liquid is hented ta about 150° 1, and 3+ Nitric acid cells ta ee 28 ata mal B. The galvante cur. |. os tho en Incing tho negativa battery polo was found 
current passed from two Bunsen’s cells of adequate | Therefare one Smee or Daniell ix suilable for cop- [itn epostte a thick, brilliant white layer, ; . 

size until copper begins to deposit on the cathode:|pering in the ncid solution, three Smee's or one ‘The bath inust be use at a temperature ‘ peAtheetteetenne nt 2 nonew te Me Anenen Thins, 
















tho solution is then ready for use, It is better to| Grove for silvering, and one copper or Since for 
throw down cyanide of copper from the sulphato| gilding, provided power is not wasted by bad con- 
with cyanide of potassium, and, after washing. to] nections, thin or long wires, Ke. : for quick deposits 
Aissolvo it with cyanide of potassium, ‘This solu-| higher forees are required. 
tion requires to be worked hat, witha battery power] — /esistanees should bo balanced, and, a3 a rule, 
equal to two Bunsen’s or six Smeo's, and go ns to] tho area of objects, anodes, nnd battery plates may 
give gas off freely while depositing copper. bo abont equal, subject, however, to the genernt 
Tho following solution—which I have improved | principles of manngement. 
upon ono givon by Watts—-is more advantageous! ‘Tha anodes should be of tho samo metat as ia 
than tho cyanide, heeanse it works cold, Tn all| being deposited, nnd should bo of the purest metul 
other respects it works under similar conditions, | obtainable, fine silver aud gold, in those solutions, 
Tho materials per pint of solution are nbout—|in order to maintain tho solution uniform in quality. 
Sulphate of copper, 4 0z.; cyanide of potas-] Asa rule they should be in sheets, suspended round 
sittin, 3 atrong liquid ammonia, 1 02. ‘l'o nmko} the vessel, and distributed among the objects, in i : ; 
it, dissolve tho propor quantity of sulphate of|such manner as ty scenro the carrying-out of the while still mofst’ it ts submitted to a saturated solution of 
capper in water, ned ammonia till nll precipitate is} conditions of equal resistance nt all'points already : ammonia gas, and thus is formed a doublo nitrato of allver 
realissolved, forming a clear blue soluttons thie add | explained; for wherever the resistance is greatest emt = }and ammonia, easily reducible. Drying 1s then comploted 
eyanido of potassium till this colour entirely disap- | there the deposit will be thinnest, und whenever any > oon B tata mild temperaturo, and the object is then suspended in F 
pears, Ammonin and cyanide are to ho added when | part of the surface ls a much lower resistance ‘mercurial vapors and completely metallized ina fow min: . 
needed in working; if they ara deficient the anode| than other parts, there the enrrent will be in too hutes. By this method, the author says, le hos obtained a 
hecomes coated with a bluish powder. Tf too much | great propoztion, and not only will thero be excess al 4 f leav low. insects, 
ammonia is present copper does not deposit readily, | of deposit, but its quality will be likely to be i a eas he alas al fare chi casa er Sa fe: 


of about 60° C.° Caustic. 
glvea a thicker deposit . Potash or soda Exyeriment 2—Four thin silver strips were 
a cobheece aupported lengthwise in a line between copper,’ 
olectroles in a 5 per cent. solution of copper’ . 
sulphate mixed with n little potassium chlorido.: On’ 


' 
| woking contact, silver chloride immediately formed: 
! 









| Hicctroplating of Leaves, Eusccts, ete. 

A new and Improved mothod of motaltizationof organic 
}aubstancea, so as to fit them for recolving galvanic deposits, 
{has been dovised by M. Cazencive, It [a both moro rapid 
j and. moro gafe for the operator than thé ordinary way, The 

nitrato of allver. which serves for tho .motallization is dls- 
jpolved in wood spirit, by which; meang ‘a thorough impreg- 
Pinton of-the object {a“obtainable:-.. After maceration (more 
“Jor lea) the object is dried through rapid agitation, but 









upon tho ends of tho strips facing the negative pole, 

| aud descended in clouds, being apparently attracted 
towards tho battery poles. Copper was deposited 
upon tho other ends. 2 
The preceeding experiments domonstrate that an 

‘insulated conductor immersed in an clectrolysing: 
flaid may become endowed with tho power of doing 
work exactly rimilar to that dono 4 the battery 
poles; mny, because na fy xubeequently shown, the 
working power of tho insulated connectors depends 

‘pon ite length, position in the fluid, nnd con- 
{ ductivity, n9 well ns chemical notivity, 

-| ‘The netion is ensily explicable upon tho supposi- 
{lon that the battery clectrodes charged with on 
electricity polarize the insulated conductor through 
the electrolyte, just as static electricity polnriees an 
ineulated conductor in nir, tho difference between ; 
the two phenomena heing that a high elvatric tension 

{is necessary to effect the depolarisation of tho 
particles of air hy discharge, which, of course, i+ un+ 
+1 necompanied hy decompos' tion ; whereas otily a very 













































































































































Se ar a oe ge 


































































as it. is re-dissolved. red b iso : i 4 
: . * ‘ x iat sateen? 5 d gle une “uutred toe 
: Rate of Deposit—As explained (Ts. Jouns.,| Scraps of copper may he used in place of sheets, : : 7 ee to pain Me tectealg ty itl ote ike 
vol, ii., p- 348). thera 8a particular rate of working] ona plan published by M $ Guerin, the fol- caaeestite os wer ites 7 . ; trary, ic always aceompanted by decomposition. 
suited to cach solution, and which can be estimated | lowing description of which is taken from the Slectrolysia may, wnder certain conditions, Experiments 3 and -+.—A series of twelvo strips, 
best under tha fovn of density of current in chemies | Scientifi : take place-wjth devclopment of hydrogen ati ‘din. by fin, rare fuprorted in Ho asin the Inst 
per square inch of surfaco of object: the form and] Fig. 1 is a representation of the receptacle used jboth,poles, AVhgn magnesium is brought into’ seen ee contol “was 12in. long) anne wala’ 
: size of tho object will, howe introduce some {for holding the copper seraps, Tt is simply a contact/ yith ,afater, weakly acidulated with: mm | gne-oightts inclt distant from the ond atripes A 
mmotifications ; thus a spherical alject with no edges . <teulp) hat ened, ita digpolved, and hydrogen: ‘dotormination of the nmount of copper on ench of 
| or projecting points would bear a much higher Kio, 1, {given . the so diluted Pat thoro : ‘the strips showed that the amonnt of decomposition 
d density of current than small plates. ‘The following ° only avery stall dovelopmend of fha, and a: . wan cqual throughout the length, ; . 
! oxperiments wore mado with a plate r inch s¢ “inre, ‘ platinum tqire, also dipping inthé liquid, bo- i Experiments & and 6.—Upon replacing tho brond 
H with only ono side exposed, aud in ench cn Lene 3 connected with the mngnesium, tho production: : i electrodes by others only half an inch jpide very 
i i tinued anti a quarter e iionteut sa ch ease cans ‘of gaa (according to }. Elancsser) is at once: aliferent regula were oblained. ee ion reas ay 
PEE depoatalsglfog sticker reat (eames Iinerenw, al ves atthe planus eo, ining abet Che le ofA Bs, ant one 
{ 5 {3 ani the current were art f ot eae Tho maynesfin gots conted with a thin dark: the positive as at tho negative electrode, With tho 
al 4 battery controtled by i hei nity roma Daniell's ilayer, whi jsappears when péntactis broken, ' exception of this difference at tho two electrodes 
; is Ty controlled by resistances -— ! 1f the tw wires, instead boing connected! these experiments are explicable upon the hypotheais 
# ; . 1—0'r chemic, 30 hours, excellont coating. i together“lirectly, be coprfected with a galvanic of Grotthus. The influenco of the direction in 
] 7a 2—-0'8 4 1S 4 gan tough co per, hatter, the magnesiyfn forming tho anode)! j which the strip is inserted is shown. = Whon placed 
| 1 ” 5 a beantifal dlepail, tho same phenomenafoceur, and ‘the dovelop.< ucross tho line joining tho clolrodes it bns no 
j 24 Me aang T * J mont ofgasincreases with the current atrength, ; netion, nor docs it interfere with tho action of tho 
" 24 | very good. “(1 Whether the battery is used or not, only half othur strips. 
a 1h, sandy at edyes, rst ae ih is di ny tat the suade an atl: | Beperiment 7,—Tho amount of action is shown to 
” toy Dad alt round ¥ Meee Te ealicaenne. nialvata showa that increnro rapidly with the length of the strip. i 
. s tho cathode. Eudiometric nnalysia shows tha: | '"Frperiment 8,—Piccos of glass, charconl, nnd 

















} platinum wera anpported in solution of copper | 
' pulphote, On connecting tho copper clectrodes with | 
magnesium, but tho zine merely dissolved, {° tho battery it beenme ovident that the platinum gaye: 
withoutdovelopment of gna. With aluniniun } tho grenteat netion, the charcoal a liltlo, and tho; 
2 j flee fo This Musteates tho effect of con-;: 
. duetivity. 1 
Bzperinent 9.—Tho  influonco of the chomical 
netlvity of tho strips wns determined, ‘Theso! 
} numbers were obtained for tho relative activity r= 
} Zine | .. Tie 
~ Aluminium 2 
i Copper 
head 
Silver 
Platinun ase 
Experiment 10.—By tho wv 
thronghout the lic 
clectrodes of atuall dlimonsions aro investigated, and! 
tho electric influence is shown to apread out from the | 
olectrodes in a manner much resembling the spread 
of the Haagaahe influcnco in tho mngnetia’ field of 


tho gas doveloped is pare hydrogen. Experi- 


Tho fi i + listing Jsrmati 
irat four deposits wero scarecly Uistingnish- | prismatic box, about 14 inches broad, snatained in : ments were mado with zine in placo of tho 
2 | " 


able, being all sound tough metal; i 
waa ath tte 3 in 5 and 6 tho} the bath by the two lonvitudi re ¥ 
tee portion wns similar, hut all round the plate | top. The acting sides eae : ina wih abot 
Tewnnae eee and sandy, ’ soo holes of of fuch in dinme per 16 square 
tsaci na bar esrb the ent oeuneatk He agents oat 
aes ¢ 5 Irrent | ora inch thick. Before it is put together, th ° 
may rigo lo 14 units, or be ag much elower as ia de- | ratus is vhanged iu au bath ormetted was ‘areovered 





Seer a: 













there wasa slight dovelopment..__.. 







Sa am 


De wee eratmrnensyemegen a eerpeninnt 8 













4 


































tivo dissimilar poles. 





ae 








oy ener tek ee TEL 


: On Mleohroplating Metal with Nickel, : ; : : ; ; 5 f : BESS ar : : 
: ragglete’ . Skies TES - * E i Gacrsie se = pemicdearemare’ 
piste, decompost: f he™ Manufacturer. ‘and “Builde: 
bees uly ara 
int renewal of the Electrolysis of Water, ‘| number for 1875.) Tt makes little or no difference ff the}; 
: electrodes are far npart, the decomposition gocs on all 
ne analysis ar decomposition of chemical com-| the sno, the liquid between showing no change; and 
Rounds into thelr clemontary constituonts, if performed | therefore it has been asked how this could be ex- 
eumenn of tho electric current, Is enlled electrolyals, | ninined, and how, if the decomposition takes place at 
{andthe way to effect this operation is to submit the! the eathote where the hydrogen $9 developed, the oxy- | 
ubstauce fo be decomposed to the current of a anf} con passes through tho Hqulid without being visible 
Ally strong voltaic battery, auch as we have de-| and appears at the anade, or vice verat, In nnawer to]; 
sribed in former numbers. In order to pass this cur-| this we will state that this phenomenon proves that an 
Ht through the substances, two metallic points, wires | interchange between the combination of H and O takes |, 


Sor vides 7 voter y] : 
 or.plates, are prov ided, and each connected with one place in the liquid, whieh wo can Lest explain by the}: 


water, 0 part | per, 
le, constating | kat} 


cr, 
purpose and » Presenta n very 
It takes vith 8 not right-—a 
tHe lia tint, an f Peel off — ant of 
+ tain that polish m 0 Fee “n | ‘al and 
docs; then unlike The [ness by d ip bri Bb 
add- ofthe two conducting wires coming from the battery, | following graphic representation : 


HY by sulphuretted hydro, i 
cae a : 5 and plunged Into the substance which has been lique- HUN Wn... WO Wt mW oat 
00000,..00000 


Uy} . 
e pai } oe 
i by huralng soa] or gas. fr ts” ceed DP any: ; saad by nolution—ustally in wator, If nothing ta djs. 
Bi shop ft Be ogee such p Vin the Intter, tho water itaolf is decomposed into UUM... aH 
weights, which then eg L : Jemonta—two gases, oxygen anil hydrogen. I now by the current the hydrogen atoma nro driven 
@ Washed or The ndjoined figure represents an apparatus intended | jn ono direction and the oxygen atoms in an opposite 
Htosaccomplish this, and atthe same tine show the | direction, the beginning of the action will cause a con- 
eration to n class, It conslats of a trough wade | dition which may bo represented thus: 
pbwo pleces of heavy plate'giass, kept together Wuwwu kd. . uy 
ES a by.means of screw clamps, nnd kept at a distance by n 000000.,..00 
Z trip of Indla-rubber placed between and along tho toW a leo. 
ges. At the bottom this rubber fs perforated by two] 4 poneard thus: 
nietallic wires, which rlae perpendicularly in the liquid, HW Wu 
“andewhen connected with the battery, will pass the 0000 : 00 


ting by ent through the Hquid and manifest ite action upon 
mM Oy congulti we uit ~ Hot 
* te action, dub alved Inf rind CULAR for 18 Bey He DReee he anne by decomposition, In case the products of 


of them of| of 300 parta | p= a 5 UK Inia-decomposition are gascous, tho eseaping gases niny i nm nit 
© specific f (206y) « Huxghe LATING Phasten Castas-You ps 2 collected by inverted tubes placed over the ends of] g g og O . : 00 


 allver ts expe: 5 1 1. The electro de-}} plalnly what you aro after, . You ‘say you want to ™ _ ‘wires; they are closed on top and entirely filled ul ‘ : "ou H IE 
maak ith the liquid, while during the dovelopment of the And at Inst: aie 


certain p; dinary galy: coy i f 

: softness, fan ee mn posite patel | tious rissectepie ea conper clectrotypes are Impres- 

if wih to the Iron or s to- about 100°] | are eometimes backed with —copper films or shells, which 8, these will ascend into them and drive the liquid 

will wear by of the gulyanfe! | neve, and the maln ‘ott | other material to give them eit. |{¢ low. 

Js Nabt B r] bi Ing to the num | | otherwise they eannos pepehate barter i In;the engraving it Is also shown that the relative 
pare the articte \ otro sik bow you can make,.them “tadhere to lUIK of the two gases into which water Js decomposed 
te well cleaned for cont. : n-motaltle suface." two to ane, It wilt always be found that the 

te soda yy Aira | basin which the hydrogen fs collected (seen at the 
| , aft fafde) wilt contain twice as much gas ns that in 
ich tho oxygen fs collected, (seen at the right eide,) 
ence we know that water is eanposcd of two volumes 
fliydroygen to one of oxygen; and this is verified by 
sfexperiment that If we mix the two gases.in that 
them by fon and explode them, no gas at all will be le! 
afterward : at{"}¢butiboth combine entirely, prodiscing a comparatt 
ana Tron or tee z all quantity of water, which in bulk will be very 
© thin cont of jy the two thousandth part of the gases, by the 
eat done by the eyanide imbinntion of which the water was produced, 
mi, by dssolving recipi. JvjAe oxygen ts 16 times heavier than hydrogen, 1 
y Potas- une of oxygen will welgh 16 thnes that of the sane 
inode, ‘ghune of hydrogen, or 8 times (int of 2 volumes of | side, and the oxygen to the oth 

ipted, ’ : Hrogens hence the observation that the two gases} Interchange of IT aud O, the water is not being de- 

for 1 + . aibine by welght in the proportion of 1:8, and the } composed, : 

be its e , . : 1° ald formula for water, 1 O, in which the value of H=1] We ought to add another remark, It is customary 

ting nickel, the real d . i] Said O=8, Te tine been found however that, assimtng|to add sume ackl to thy water to be decomposed, in 
he tele the value af O=16, we are more probably correet, and | ordur to innke it a better conductor for electricity, as 
ena water combines $n the proportion of 1:8, the} used to he wald by the old practical chemists, who 


* the hardness of 


lates, which lo 
n 
sie atta 
| ‘ : 
rane Inds 0 ickel platt 
American patent, and t 


Patented method wi 
in Industrial pursuit, Some: 
may —be learned touching 


And so on: 


Ds 





i} Parts with a 


H.W VW HUW 
0000000 0.0 
HOW IW I WoW OI 


It is thus scen that the hydrogen ts alt draws to one 


IS 


a 


4 


Copper wit 


eWPrepared ag n 

Walssolved tn co lows: 
{Of aqua rela: 
almost ¢. i 
solved fj 


Waalied ‘re 
collected 
iv 


‘he co; 
able. a 


Posits: morg 
+ but it is 


P 
rable ev, 
Bas; this 
T, and the 
tte 


ea8) to 8 
brilliant ‘Alms 
should, be 


in 
b 
go ' 
be exerted; tor 
apinee cell-is 
WAYS corre. f— 
stance fects to be d 
be cont 


Ity in the way 0} ‘at 
nt a elt are 
| almost imposaltte to obtain ee be 


Onodes itis Rot 

mucdes notlmes atated ‘that 

ie Will answer, but.this fs ndtite 
: Mee o ‘ 


how formula for water is 11,0, and the graphic repre. 

tation of the combination of its atoms may be ns- 
weil to be somewhat Ike this: | 

I-0-I1 to 

32 We ought to montion that the metalile conducting 

wires through which the electric current is dlacharged 

tito the biquid, and which are called tho clectrodes, 

Loud not consist of a common, ensily oxidizable me- 


Bent, but of gold or platinum; tho Inter Is usually em- 


Bployed. If it is copper or Iron, the electrode, where 
the oxygen Js developed, will combine with the same, 
and became oxidized instead of setting the oxygen free; 
and Sf tho other electrode, where the hydrogen Is de. 
veloped, wero a metal easily absorbing hydrogen, a8 
fa the caso with palladium, it would prevent the tle. 
velopment of hydrogen, nt least to n certain extent, 

A very curlous phenomenon Sn this decomposition 
tn thnt the wator fs not decomposed in the path be. 
tween the electrodes, but that the component parts— 
the gasese—appear at the electrodes alone, encls tle- 
‘veloping Its corresponding gas, the hydregen only 

the electrade connected with the zine of the battery 
the enthode; and the oxygen nt the electrode connect- 
ed with the enrbon, platinum, or copper—the anode, 

(sve reply ‘to Query 1400, page 264 of our November 


found that withint this precaution tho, decomposition 
intended did not suecced well, Modern chemists how. 
ever maintain, that’ this acid (usually nitric) plays an- 
other réle‘thah merely acting to linprove the conducti- 
bility, but ts decomposed Itself, and that the oxygen 
developed ia not from the water, but from the nitrile 
ack, NOs. According to this doctrine, the NoOs 
gives off its oxygen easily, It boing held with only a very 
wenk affinity, while, having lost some of its oxygen 
and changed tito NOs, it will turn upon the water 
1,0 and rob this of its oxygen, by which the hydro. 
gen will be set free, We nro inclined to ndopt this 
theory, because If, instead of nitric acid, a salt Is used, 
(sny sulphate of copper,) and dissolyed in tho water in 
small quantities, the reault will be, not a development 
of hydrogen at the electrode connected with the zine, 
but a deposit of metallic copper upon the sain; the 
other pole, robbing the dissolved salt of Ste oxygen, |, 
will relinburse itself, not from the oxygen of the water, 
but from the ‘oxygen combined with tho inetal, as 
proved by the sepnration of this, and not of hydrogen, 











M oN THE “ANALYSIS OF PLATING AND 
} 7] GILDING SOLUTIONS.* 4 / E 
4 By Apyasp HW. Auten, F.C8, 
TS hero the cloctro: 


fe 


ito tho assny 
|| Tho mot! 
for tho determ' 


Tt haa been recentt 


Cieripersis OF 8ULPHU 
MOA 5 
: (Tr fs supposed that 
;Phurous nel iths resolved. g e 
sulphur apeating, at the 1 

ve, f 
so simple. If the rien: 
current, the positly 
Jt may be shown 
sulpburle acid is P 


le the product fs1 ¥ 

: : V 
ieee cpa fate eto ofthe 3c na 

s he electrode, i 
pe cepoalt of sulphur ts complete, and a relise Boe Pe 4 
fybenes at t he oulbct, A solution of aulphurows acid tere. 
‘going to the positive tte natty i roe rain aay ae 
. and the hydrogen to 

‘polo, where it reduces fulphurous acid to years 


acid, which latter, by itsalmost instantaneous decomposition 
n 


gives riso to a deposit of sulphur, 


ir n 


M. Houvet, 
decompos! 


‘pressure, ‘The 
over, ia the san 


and treated i 
converts it rapidly and completely into silve 
bromide. If any sulphur appear to havo separated, 

a drop of bromine should be added to the residue, 80 :- 

[as to insure complote oxidation, Boiling water [s | 
now added, and tho silvor bromida in washed, dried, | 
fused nnd weighed. The high atomic weight of | 
bromino gives this form of waighing silver some little 
advantage orer the chlorida. . 

have been unablo to deviso a satisfactory and 

rapid mothod of determining, in tho wet way, the 
gold of gilding eolutions contatning cynnides, Tho 
following method, bowover, leaves nothing to bo 
desired :—A measured quantity of the ng solu. | 
tion {is introduced into a porcelain crucible aml 
cautiously concontratod when in n syrupy condition 
& few grammes of puro red lead or lithargo aro |: 

/ | added, and tho evaporation is continued to completo 


i From tho' Analyst" for Dec, 30sh, 1 


observed this 


out being aware that it had been: | 


jously.by Prof.Beetz, He maine 

in Of. the:-volumnes.of hydiogen: in 
tength .of-the current, and-to.a 
Concentration of the saline solutions 


CLE 


sition of a give P Ccomn 


Hau 7 


Veeed be ane. an 


Deroranisation of Exzctnoprs sr Souurions, Br Mf. 
Trprstann.—The depolarising power of certain salts has long 


been known, ‘The first constant current battery constructed 
in 1829 by M. Beequerel depends on the‘ use of copper aul- 
phate, whilst zine nnd cadmium sulphates have been utilised 
by MM. Du Bois-Reymond and J. Regnault for the construc. 


‘| tion of impolarisable electrodes and of constant clements. 


This property, however, has not been studied. Tho author's 
experiments reveal an casential condition of the phenomenon. 
In order that an electrode may be depolarised it must bo 
formed of the metal which is contained in the aolution. Thus, 


‘| copper is the only metal which is depolarised in copper sul. | 


phate, whilst gold, silver, and platinum are polarised in this 
solution. On the other hand, copper’ is polarised in zinc and 


Jeobalt sulphates, &c. A salt depolarises only’ ‘its own 


metal. This principle -may be applied to the: detection of 


ametal inneolution. Taking, for example, copper, if a wiro | 


of this metal be plunged in a solution under examination, and 
taken as the negative electrode of a feable current, it will not 
be polarised if the liquid contains 1-5000th of copper sulphate. 
The presence of copper may thus be detected in a mixture of 


like manner—Compt, Rend. 


metallic salts, With a silver wi hap al wee detected in ' 


mi 


if 





By N.S, Keeri® 
{Concluted from page 683.) 


CREASING the sizes of the galvanic cells will decrease their resistance, so that more electro. 
lysing cells may be added with increased cconomy. Increasing the numer of cells placed in 
series incteascs the electromotive force; increases the spec! of deposition and’ the cost in the 


same ratio, Vour times as many depositing cells may be put in conection with a Bunsen cell ‘as i 


with a Smee, but withaut increase in deposition of copper ina given time above the other arranges 
ment, The invention of dynamo-electric machines lias piven us means of cheaply develop’ ng | 
electric currents of high clectromative force such as are required for telegraphy and the production j 
of electric light, and of tow electromotive force, fer use in clectro-metallurgy. Where we can! 
have, in an clectrolysing cell, a soluble anode of the same material which we deposit on the! 
cathode, no force is absorbed in the reactions incident to solution and reduction; consequently the : 
lowest clectromotive forces will cause the reaction: The difference between high and low being : 
in speed of operation, Machines of high clectramotive force, when made of Jow resistance, so 23 
to give large cursents are very costly. ‘Ehey, however, require smaller anode and cathode sure ° 
facea in the depositing cells fur a namount of copperdeposited, Machines of low electromotive 
force and low resistance, giving currents of great quantity are much more cheaply made, but they 
reqnite much larger anode and cathode surfaces for the same amount of copper deposit, So it isa 


question of cost of original plant and maintenance, coupled with the different amounts of material ! <~ 


under treatment, Copper, regulus, blac metal, black metal, &c., vary in. their constitution from, 


to 98 per cent.‘of copper, with ing proportions of sulphur and iron as the chief). 


impurities, “Make some of this impure metal ‘the anode ina solution of sulphate of copper, and | 
for the cathode a sheet of copper; copper and iron will be dissolved, and copper will be deposited ; 
onthe cathode at the same rate as it ts dissolved. Sulphur will remain undissolved ; will rise to 
the surface of the solution in flocculent masses ich may be collected, Tron remains in solution. 
Lead falls to the bottam as sulphate of k Zine remains in solution. If gokl and silver be 
old will fall to the bottom as a metallic powder, and, by the addition of smail quantities 
es to the solution, silver will fall to the bottom as chloride, Such insoluble residues can 
he readily collected and treated by known metallurgical process After having dissolved a 
sufficient quantily of the impure metal, the solution will become surcharged with iron, zinc, Xe. | 
To counteract this, remove trom time to time portions of the solution, and replace with water and 
sulphuric acid, so that a solution of nearly the same constitution may be kept. ‘Thus the solution ‘ 
an indefinite length of time. ‘fhe addition of the acid is to furnish a solvent for the zine, 
iron, &c., and only the quantity that combines with them is necessary. ‘Che portions which are ; 
removed will contain none of the precious metals, but must be treated for the complete separation 
of their contents of copper. t 
The nearer pure the materiat the Tess acid need be added, and consequently less solution to be 
removed. ‘This action can be tested by any one having the materials and a galvanic cell, Do not ; 
use more than one cell, ‘Ihe economy of the operation consists in using a proper dynamo-electric ; 
machine, with large vats, large surfaces of the impure incta}, Jarge surfaces of copper to reccive the 
deposits, composing each electrolysing cell, and many of the cells placed in series. The following : 
extractt serves for illustration :— 
“M, Thenard has recently made some investigations into the advantages of the compound bath 
in clectroplating, the source of the current being a Gramme magneto-clectric inachine having a 
permanent Jamin magnet, and driven by a Lenoir engine, he It uid used was composed of £25 
pats of sulphate of copper, the same amount of concentrated sulphuric acid, and tooo parts of 
water, Number of revolutions from 1209 to 1300 per minute, ‘The electrodes immersed in cach 
bath were three plates of 64°7 inches area, cach placed parallel and facing cach other, The outer 
plates of cach group, distant from the middle one 0-73 inch, worked positively, the inner plate ‘ 
negatively, so that the latter on its two faces became charged with the copper from its neighbours, 
teen baths were arranged, and the current established, At the end of one hour the exact weight 
of the middle cathodes were determined, there being upon each a regular and strongly adherent 
deposit, ‘Then at intervals of twenty minutes thereafter one bath was removed, 80 that the current 
it first pass through sixteen, then fifteen, and so on, until all the baths had been taken out of 
ie middle cathode of cach Bath in tum or stoppage was removed, washed, dried, and 


; accurately weighed. ‘The following table exhibits in grains the results of the investizatio 
poccicadahlc Aiidhds., eehhwenacaasn aii REASONS 


Augmentation | Gata per cathode | Total weight of 
‘ Period of “of weigh ‘and per twenty | copper deposited 
Hooter iamersion. useliide. | Minutes. | fa twenty aniputes, 


.. 49°300 
zl aes ? 338 

te oe 7314 

oe 2 3 

oe 8 3 14°b5a 
dd sf . 13620 
oe we 3 125546 
te we : : 11°352 
see ‘ : rit 
on oo : 8-880 
ee) E , 7°500 
oe oe 2 s 6160 
vee ee : 4710 
eed) 3:280 
oo : . 26'290 1-649 





11 will be seen from 
number of baths, al 


{. ‘The mech 7 ¢ 
tietination in number of baths. ‘These experiments were many times repeated with uniform results, 


The electrodes were then connected for quantity instead of for tension, and it was found that the 


sun of all the deposits was constant, regardless of the number of electrode: he quality of the 


Ithough the cathodes of each one of the latter js charged with a less amount of 


n this that the quantity of copper deposited in a given time nugments with the | 


hanical effort on the other hand was found to increase very sensibly with the 


oo 8 PCS dept hinnemteptemret MEMENTO 




















Which gives curious results, It may casily be constructed, 


aoe : ; Q i No. 25, june 24, 
epolarisation of El 

ikemann.— The depot ines 
ng been known, The a ve 

structed in 1829 by Af Etgcraonyres,—M, Syeisi 

7] Copper sulphate, whilst 2} 3) Finca "thae’ the eleetrle’ care 

pee at ded aia WD ae J i ¥ ( Iphate, of potash, sulphate of 

I atant chee ni | 2, hy “ammoniate \of 

: ntudled. nee ba LY : ey aie ind green); Increases with 


j j. From a long sericea of exporimentson electro: 

The chemical action under Preasttre (100, 200, 300 
This. | , Ati, &.) M. Bouvet atrives at the following |. 
a tnetal in ae aM Bony other facta: Thy decom, ition of water | 
by a current is indepondent o Pressure, The |! 

5) quantity ciitot at heceasary to docomposg 


: le may be qj 
solution, Taking 


‘tt given wal; htof water in sensibly the: same; |: 
whatever thi preasure, Oxygon'and hydrogen, |}. 

Copper may thus be detected < whatever tha pregaure, are berated vith equal {/ 

ts. With a silver wire silver jfacitity, Whether thoy aro Produced in one teat |: 

| DE oe oud ahaet ee tube or in two there aro no secondary pheno. ; 
: Raa ery mena causing; . , as |, 
| ‘fue Detoxating Vourameten.—B, Venelle, in. La Cor. ! ‘hay beon ellovag eanpanition entailed toa. 


. H : i i ed hithetto, When united in ono |! « 
respondance Scientifique, describes a simple piece of apparatug teat tubo, even ata conkiderble pressure, and 


though forming. a dotonant mix tira,’ thpy, do | 
Rot offer any danger in handllay. WA yoy 
< ony y 5 


fie ee ee AN 8 


“000 of ‘copper 


and we think the following will servo the Purposes of our: 


“readers for experimental work, Take two similarly-aized, tow Yaeed ser tredh, bene, 
wy \s, \%e vy 


_jtest-tubes, and ent them short, making tubes . of 2 int! 

diameter, and 2 or 8 incheg Tong. Hit the month of | \ 
{one with a cork pierced with threo holes, two of these for |; 
‘Jeonducting wires, one for 1 small glass tubo to go through, 

“At the end of the conducting wires within ‘the tube solder |. 

“platinum plates; the other ends Are connected with Vinding 

‘Screws. ‘Lhe second tube is fitted with a cork with ona. 


(hole, through which the previously mentioned. small glnag: | iene casei ma 


lube which gn 

‘ position is fixed 

‘inverted tubo ix 

110 of Hy 0). The b 

i a battery equivalent 
Gases aro ra Ndly (giv 


the gasea sporitan ously coming an, 


in an inverted 
hole. Tho upper and 
water (1 of Hf, 80, to” 
then connected with eras both F 
Bungen’s elémonts, ut man, Front at}: 
F togother, and |! 


, | With 30 clementa the Gases Afro pg 


bottom of the 


chem lysis may 
‘aw; wo may ho sure, e, that cop 
® solution if n, copper wire cannot become 

the passago of n current, Mf, Lippmann cal 
Presence of evon 1-5,000th of 


: Cans, providod |: 
~0.action upon the other.salla,_|' 


|. YOUTAMETRE pETONANE. 


PHENOMENES CURIEUN DE POLARISATION,” 


DES ELECTRODES | 
Pan, DENTIN : 


Les experiences dont’ nons alloys i 
fort inléressantes, elles sonl pee conn 
tent de Petre suvtoitt eft ee-moment 
of Vomplot de-forls’ connats Clee 3, 
triques est devena frdyuent. : 

Mo Dartin a doiid Vexptication des” 
phenomenes: qu'il mek en dvidence 
dans un remarquable méndire pas 
Mlié ent 1857 dans tes Anates des 
chimie et de’ physiqite, 

Quind of “éleetralyse un liquite 
a moyen de lames de platine, ces 
fumes se" polarisent, clestetedira 
qu'elles aeyuidrent ke proprigté de 
fournir un contre-courant capable de: 
recomposer les produits de I'électras 
lysalion, it aoe 
“ dleetin- 


peoduire 


reil Gonstruit par JAM. B. Dueretet et Cie 

> 1),.se compose uri ‘elucho’ G reiwers 
Jermide ju’, un bduchon pie ‘tra¥ersent deux t us 
de plating.avee'larges lames de platine HO, elle ‘est 


‘tube de Nerre T ouvert & ses deux’ 


te bottelion dune prouvetic 
el“ amdnent un courait 


décom- 

ergique d'une batterie de 50 

Itgen,-on voit Te niveancde Pon baisser 
dnvent- eb: quand la cloehe. est, 


ety av 


tn pew d'labitide, ont pout maine 
Garner anne <i . 


inal f 


des lantes de platine, 


nt antomr de Pappa! 
hortir sa: clinte. : On pent: 
atte observer de junds’ cet interessant 

phénomiie, - i . 


HT parait dépendve moins de Ténergie du eourant 


i quia déconipasé Mean, que de la tension électrique 


aequise par les lames Jorsquielles sont sorties 
‘ Sang Ins HL ata 


eau et plongces duns fe mel 


“pas Hien’ aves 50. dldnieats’. B ny iL se produit 


aves 40. Sion emploie 50 Bunsen; ta sdélonation 
n'n done’ ines lien, mednie | joutant.10 {dments, . 
inais elle se pruduit immediatement . sion ajoute! 
encore 10 atitres dénients, 'e gi’ porte. batterie’ 
430 Bunsen, PPS al tes 

. En employant’ 30 Uhiments, an‘ liet dost détona: 
tion on observe un phenomene d'une autre’ 

Hon moins euvie Lean, qu ‘dabord rile; 
pidement Jusyu't quelques. Uindtres atialessous : 
aurdte tout A coup, inalgrd 
le dégagement de gz. sur, les ‘fils, 
Les lunes recomposent par le haut 
les gaz que les lils “Sépivent par Te! 
Ins, : : ma 
En prenant “ de’ Gut ordinaire! 
“(eat de pompe) da décomposition dg 
Voat est plus lente, et ta délonaZ 
tion ate. se produit. plus‘ ni avec, 


AO ni aves 50 dhéments, : a 
Un phiénomnéne tres-curieuy se pros: 
‘duit encore + Tea hatisse Jusqu'tt la’ 
base des Tantes, un pet plus sila: 
courant est (rés-forl, un pen moins 
s'il est plus thible, A parti do’ ee 
. Moment, te niveau de Peat ne fait | 
plus qu'oseiller, entie la base ot lo, 
summct des lames. Tanti il res 
stelionnaire dans te premié 
tion, puis il remonie rapid 
fu seconde, dod te courmit te fait 
aire, Trente ements conviennent 
bien pour vette expérionee. Lean est ddcomposty, 
par Ie bas, recompose parte haut. Un courant plus: 
faible decompose tout i 
Ces plitnontines doivent dtre rapportés & la pola} 
risation des dletrodes et non pasa la five cataly-: 
tique du platine, cw on tes obtivnt avee les i 
trodes de différents indtaux. On appelle force eats 
Iytiqne bi piropricns que fe plating pa 
{res corps, de provoquer par lenv seule p 
des actions’ chimiques dans lesqueltes leur 
ient A 


actuclfoment 
idressant d'en. p 

its. poutront: tes vy 
euxstindanes. «os 


Esnous.at pare ins 
fA nos lecteurss: 


Le Propridlaire-Gérant? G. Twsasnen, 


10823, — Typographic Lahure, ‘rue de Fleurus, 9, & Dates, 


22 nO mn ep eaeereterent anime gt SP TTR, 








= 


2p 








Oxipation oF Atconot f 
‘Renanp, (“Annales de Chimioet de Physique,” vol. xvi. pe 
289.)—Electrolysis has been chiefly studied in its relations 
‘to mineral chemistry. Exeepting the electrolysis of organic 
acids and their alkuline sults, the application of cleetrolysis 
to organic chemistry has heen neglected, although these 
isolated experiments have given remarkable results. i 
‘author has investigated the subject of the oxidation of the: 
principal aleohols by the gas yielded during elvetrolysis, and} 
has obtained results of so favourable a nature as to lead hin 
to prefer this method of oxidation to the ordinary proce 
asit has the advantage of being effected at a low temperature 
and in the presence of weak reagents, and allows, therefore, 
‘of more easily learning the different phases by which the 
‘substances become oxidised before they ure completely con- 
sumed and transformed into the ultimate products, carbonic 
According to Berthelot’s recent} 
lexperimenits, electrolysis, besides yielding oxygen and hydro- 
{gem also produces persulphurie acid, ozone, and oxygenated 
jwater; under the conditions of the author's experiments 
‘these products either did not occur or their effect was ren- 
‘dered null, ‘Lhe phenomenn are therefore confined to the 
‘decomposition of the neiduluted water with formation of 
thydrogen and oxygen, and the fixation of the oxygen upon 
ithe alcohol. The hydrogen disengaged was found to have 
;no effect upon the alcohols experimented with, since when its 
{electrode was enclosed in a porous vessel the alcohol con. 
‘tained therein was not subject to any ulteration. ‘Lhe author 
Jeonsiders that this method of oxidation might be advan. 
‘tageously applied in the study of numerous other organic 
substances, ‘The battery employed was of Bunsen elements 
of about 1°5 litre capacity, in whieh the zine cylinder was re- 
placed by n eylinder of cast iron, carrying a lug, to which is 
itiveted 0 copper strip, curved at right angles, and immersed 
tatits free end ina mercury cup, formed in the carbon of the 
‘adjoining cell. ‘This battery can be rapidly mounted, and is 
‘economical, owing to the absence of umalgamntion and to the 
{substitution of iron for zine. Bach iron cylinder weighs 
lbs, and will suflice in constant use fora period af two 
‘months; the quantity of electricity furnished being about | 
‘three-fourths of that given by « battery constructed with 
ine cylinders—Trane. Inet. Civil Engincere, 


“ucid and carbonic oxide. 


I, 


i 
1 


ed 


ace eek it PY 


ELectronysts. 


| 


{ 
| 
| 


TIO Q 
corded in 


t 


rolytic, i 


o ‘9 
clectromefive force’of the primary curren(/exeveds in the} 


smallest degree the electromotive force of the simultancousl 
developed polarisation,’ Tn his experiments the author used 
olectrodes of the finest platinum wire, tind thede, were views 
through a lens, in order that the first ,indieations of the 
extrication of gas might be observed. 'The primary current 
was derived from a therinopile, so arranged that the electro, 


t 


motive ferce could be gradually inereased by 


‘ing more and. 
more elements into the circuit. ‘The electromotive forces of thy 
primary and polarisation currents were measured hy mothodi\ 
described in Aan. Phys. Chem, 6,888. Up lo about 20 
Daniell cells, the primary current developed a polarisation 
electromotive fores equal to ils own, When the primary 
current was equal to 230 Daniell, :the polarisation current 
was equivalent to 2°03 Daniell, and at this.value it remuined 
constant, notwithstanding the further increase of the primaiy 
current. ‘Lhe dveomposition was first observed at this poi; 
namely, when the primary current had an electromotive forte 
exceeding that of the polarisation current by 0-27 Danial, 
Yheso were, the results with pure water free from dif. 
solved gases; the ‘effects of, adding a few . ‘drops sof 


‘| sulphuric acid. wero that tho decomposition commenced 


t 
H 


J 


witha somewhat weakér, primary current,) ind thet 
cess of its electromotive force over: thit ‘of ‘polurisatign 
awas now only 0-09 Daniell... With electrodes: of-copper in, 
merged indilute sulphuric, acid, deeomposition ‘first took 
plaeg with a primary equal-td’ only 0°54 Daniell, sind exceed 
ing thé polarisition current ‘by ‘only O03 Daniell, Similar 


Sai EST 


Sar 


VASES 


i experiments with other metals led to the conclusion that any: 


effective electromotive foree of less than 0:03 Daniell sullites] - 
to decompose water, A general Iniv of electrolysis is derived] - 


from the discussion of these experiments, namely, that. in 


any cloded circuit, of whichan electrolyte forins a part, tho elee- 5 
trolyteis decomposed ag soonagan effective electromotive foree,| . 
however smull, predominates throughout the general . circuit. | 


‘The researches described in the second paper hive for thet 
object to prove that there is no essential difference between 


i} a polurisation clement and an ordinary one.s"Lhe sotireh:of| 


the current is, in tlie latter, the oxidation of zine;  in-thed } 


former, it is the oxidation of hydrogen. ‘The paper} gives in 
detail the munerical results of experiments: with? difieren 


s | substances, the experiments forming 29 seriesty Lhe corréel- 
‘Yness of the author's ‘conclusion is exemplifigd Shy a tabl 


i 


ishowing the close correspondence of the caletidted and ‘th 
jobserved electromotive forces of polariation Gtirrents in’ 2 
cases ‘whero’ different electrolytes and elecfrides wor enh 
pléyed.’; The’ disctission Of the results intludes sorh Mya 
iservations on the theories of clectrolysis aiid related oul 


—Joiirnal of the Ohemical Soci ty. 


: 


a: 


~ WWature, an interesting reference to the 


. N ‘ : 
rol ed 
5 3 Shed KA NWA molybdenum, setexium, anc iat as 


| Ghem, Journal, Z 


Rafa okathg Ad eislateniaticniaicernad Knsed Tce 


fhe i i fs * ‘ . 
Electro-Deposition asa buostivute ror Uisting.—We flied London 
f atl process of elvetro- si i , 
poterred to ta pig dtopartm t of the Journat, aud ee fon date 
ipreticnt aitbotite te ‘ab company of Brussels, promises to become a 
fuctical oaths to “for casting in “the production of bronze statuar: 
ineeeedted ny mens cenatnaibar pravious wtntoment that thiscompany hed 
veded int prod Palossl statue of Van Eyck hy the d i ; 
re Saree ely he : lay model, The aamenutlorit pedo ata 
10 pro u f Ad ‘tion of bronzes on the Ne g 
ree be carried ant. : T re any aster Sxure or group, ils 
ack-lead, an x or ha in 
tary cleetrotyping, Attach ‘tn vere arargeer lath as ino 
lowly a thin coating of copper. Then y 
van oven until the plaster model shakes ou 
‘wow only a thin copper shell of the motel. Vi 
ito prevent further deposition th ere, nd replace tn th 
istronger battery power, The pper will ow ¢ 
{when the same becomes thie enough, the 
2 ” 


ON TIE EL ECTROLY TIC DETERMIN ATION 
inside, a: 


0. 
a : .. Le Ac By bi Dwig. Scuren 
E author's researches ye ksh 
itrantum, thallium, indium, ind rar m, wean 


ates 66 Denmarn ttn 


cipitated “from its solutions in raleral oe 


secondary retion the 
a effe thi 
oxide is reduced to unions oxide. oeron 


a t 
ie Awe WAL \SSH 
. It Is separated In very small: quantiti 


ain a an Sie Fest pideansy Oo tin we Alkall f 
0% aN UNUBU Of88 OF Bunctno va fui) or mae wih me ol tl 
Lede MAtiazr, WM. fo» { quantities of Uranium, The eel Mike 
lon, 


readily re-dissolve in dilute neta ted bi es not f-! 


solutions of thall re 
The acidulated oe wore hae nt 


A GALVANIO battery of six couplesof Smeo's eon 
ANI r 3 meo's c 
frend agile lates about 16 by 7 centimeters was 
- sconnection ‘with “an induction ¢ 
# for iecture-table ‘purposes Wii Tie nen depo 
. 4, Cn not required in actl ey 
ates, all-attuched.to the aume fe whiten 
fe luc & wooden iframe, were 
ipower hn nena oer cent a 
of a ratchet-wheel and pawl: The two teri inal copier as 
Of a ratehi : erininal copper wire: 
were Bencrally. collet loosely together, 80 us'to be oat of the natin Wing 
| Wy ‘hon the battery was thus set uside, _ - ” was if s io 
fe in una oceaston the ‘apparatus: was carried froni the Ice. - 7 
i ane al fy aldol g aon, the Plates havin: heen ratsed 
4 -romulned unnoticed for two or three: y 
days, when T pe re 7 ron its 
plied an the latent fale sped na: Hs ah 
: Mersed fn the acid liquidl—originaily conststl 3! 
5 uy ng 0} Ke 
: part, by weight, of aulolarig nel toseven or Sigler water Bo 
; aut to which some additonal strong acid had afterward been from Plt 
fa ded by pouring directly into the cells when, during n lee. } motel tel 
: ben tie netlon was fount insufletent, the appuratus havin { Ye poe Oe 
i ntervuls for some time. Thin additional | cnadiurn.—Vi 
ny se vale nal acl | ae nadia "i J i 
a not ucetate iy we ied or sea 7 bat va *"poured i, jcontatutn . Wydrochtorle tell ant ent giaol ed tn water i 
i Sealitan y the eye, in eqtenl quan. Pde eee ttt tho ble ry being | 
! oie ute gael call. nt emptying the: trot; is nnd waa warely reduced t0 oxide, “Sulpturaa cl ong mi ack 
{it was ot , i nae of zine were found much corroded, uni rete uce Merely to vanndium tetr oy Ve ns 
1 rene no FB eee, cue of tlie alteata of thin platinized aflver, reduction occurs in the alkaline solution hee The samo 
ha un was quite ati and very consider. Palladi i ; dig 
ably thickened.:  Detachtng { ik Nto tines 
. ig it from the rest—it hel " a fa 
the third cell from one ent, or fourth from ‘the at ell Drowsonletad faire at A 
found that the surface on both sides was thickly conted with ne 
anetallfe ane. - By immersing it in pure dilate sulphuric 
te na beaker 14-818 grm, of zine was removed, and then, 
ke solution taking pluce aiowly. connection was made ‘with 
the hegative pole of n-simall gulvanic battery, and an insoli- 
le opposite clectrode from ihe vositive pole immersed in 
the sume beaker of eld, when 16°763 grn., more was. re. 
“Moved; so tnt, the: silver foll being. now: clean; 80576 
-gramines altogether of zinc had been ;taken from ite sur. 
? : 


{ Obviously the condition of the Nquid had not been | 
c t bee 
the sanic in all-the divisions of tho trough, the soll tations 
tn of different strength; doubticss; as tho plated Jay nee 
Blected in it, it had first: become completely converted into 
jane sulphate in this particular cell, in which subsequently, 
the elreult being closed by tho Inoso contict of the terminal 
‘wires, the cliemfeal action of the battery hind transferred it- 
self from.hydrogen sulphate to zine sulphate, this, becoming. 
8 “decomposing coll,” and metallic zinc was electrolytically 
throwu down from the strong solution of its salt, 
Although tho explanation of the fact is simple cnough, its 
actual occurrence is new to mo. Such an accident may havo 


often been’ observed; very probably by telegenph operators or this purpose, 


‘often eon observ, ery probably by telegrap Toliurium behaves Hko selenty 

i aes teeta moro resis bel am, but it fs reduced much 

ee eect car wa Bua tak elon: Fenn aon eal dented 
evn Ae doa ute He i Positive pole, with neon 

tinea re ia. much fetal fa presont-it Hloats on 
Gallium, like zine, fy thrown down completely at then 


tlve polo in: 
tung? lo inn pure slate.—Derg und auenmannteche Si 


cea eee = 








- PHYS AL NOE 
:  Corper-PLATING ON Zinct-The use of, Cyanide. baths 
‘for plating on zinc has the double disadvantage of; 
ibeing poisonous and expensive. Hess, it is statcd, has ‘ i 
“overcome the gbiections by rendering, the cyanide _ : 
uniiecessary, his he accomplishes by the use of an : " ; 
_ organlc salt‘of copper, for instance, a tartrate, ‘Dissolve | , . THE ELECTRICIAN, SEPTEMBE R 4, 1880. 
12 ~ 


; grammes sulphate of copper (blue vitriol) In 2 liters : 
: ’ : . HH Ii Ht C A 
of water; also 227 grammes tartrate of potash and 286 : CANTOR LECTURES.* | ing but it must be remembered that, as soon ag the tearing a ELECTRI T N, 


grammes crystallized sarboniate 7 — iF are ers f an 7 i ian 
of water, On mixing the two solutions a light bluish. 4 —— action of the rolleva ennbles water to penetrate betwi un. into positi es 
green precipitate of tartrate of copper is formed, It is| : THE INDIA RUBBER AND GUTTA PERCHA | foreign body and the india-rubber, this: ody is ins fair way rf Hlagrame. The wee? ‘ shown ‘at the tower 

Mirena on a linen filter, and afterwards dissolved in half : INDUSTRIES. i he earried off by tho stream of water, ‘he rubber, ag it leaves series of counterpoises, 80 t} ig doors or traps is b 

7 iter of caustic soda solution of 16°. 13, when {t is ready , pean : | the washing follere, containg « considerable amount of water facility. Tho central’ ¢ i iat. the ®pparatus ca 

er ues. The coating obtained from this solution is ve OMAS HOLAS, F.C.H, Hy locked up in its pores, and in order to remove this, the washed would represent the a nh ztled ig tuted, 

pliable, smooth, and coherent, vith a pine surface, and ace (CONTINUED FROM PAGE 178.) sheet is taken to a stove or drying room, where itia bung up water-way passes threen ee tof 2 cire 

q any desired thickness If left tong enough in the, Lrerunr 1L—Denaverny Femvany 9, 1880 until all moisture bas evaporated, A considerable loss occura duced during the ninatigitine at I 

. . | during the operation of converting the crude indin rubber into rated by a stream of cold irate “ perfeetly trength 


bath Other metals. can also be employed for plating in, r : 
the form of tartrates,. Instead of tartrates, phosphates, ox- FMechanical and Chemical Purification of India Rubber, Working | Wished sheet, this loss occasionally amounting to over one-third ably lik somethi 
Hike 

To illustrate 


alates, citrates, acetat ‘O a i i i ‘i $ 
fo that it Tans naka ns ET eet tinued 7 of Unvulcanised Cuoutchoue. Formation of Blocks, Sheets, | of the original weight of the material; and the following table, 
of cyanide baths. ‘ . i : z and Threade—Elastic Webbing, Other Uses of Unvuteaniaed | ¥ hich is extracted from n series of excellent articles on indin h unninsticated rubber 
India Rubber, ; yabben and gutta percha, which have recently mppeared in the put 2 slice of raw P, 
i oe firat iter. ren jeduatelilpuritieatlon of (he raw caout- | which varions sertleeel catintocs tee subje a hes loua maaticated Para, 
: Hy chouc consists in Loiling the crude material in water for sume eke , i 
Evecrro-Brass Nase ‘i a “MShours; and during this process the caoutchoue hecomen se far ! Quanity or Caourciouc.* Losa by Washing, 
(|) Society's Ton tac coercing tothe Ohemieat, | softened that it can be easily cut into slicea by means of a knife, | Para we 15 per cont, 
wT which. differs snatesiily fon fatinns formule etl ‘In actual practice, large covered rectangular tanks are em. | Negrohead Mow 
grammes sodium bicarbonate, 54 grammes ammonium; - Al}ployed, stenm being injected in order to keep the water at a boil. Guayaquil Oy 
chloride, and 13 grammes: potassium cyanide. are: ing temperature, Tho opcration is imitated, for the purpose of | Borneo 5 
dissolved in-a'litres of water, ‘To: render the bath’ illustration, by the arrangement you now see on the table, ‘Lhe Ceara 
_}. active the sides of the vessel are covered with ‘a. shect! aT water in this glase vessel having been kept boiling hy means of African Bal 
_ of brass, which serves as ‘anode, whilst another piece off  Aisteam daring the lust two hours, these humps of raw caoutchoue African Nigers 
Deass hangs in the bath and forms the cathode. The! : ‘Tiare tolerably well softened; nnd you will notice that the india Mitdaganear 
curent s; allowed to. pass through the bath for one rubber baa ‘become whitish from the absorption of water, ‘This African Longin wow ‘ 
ae inn 7 ready for AY pel i re) bmploy . meena ie han most likely absorbed as mmel aa fifteen or! he washed sheets of india rub! saidercd 28, ahuets, are i“ 
uses the f i i rit on 2 fl bat. mo practical uti- f/f! 3 
es the following mixture : so grammes sodium phos-! °- i of. water, ‘The lity, for they ure Skorion oF Mopen vse ro Tinusrn, 


sesame 





ATH THE i 
HE ACTION ap unvuleaniged rub! 


hate, 0 grammes salammoniac, 25 grammes sodium | 

£ i ac, 2, iam ‘softened = lumps ivregular, and full M. 
: ASTICATIN on P, 
. : , B CATING Macuine, itnelf, this latter ‘ara cnoutel 


icarbonate H 4 
nate, and 25 grammes tin salt dissolved in 1 are next cut up b F of perforations, 
i ‘oration due to work! 0 avoid the d 


litre of water.” Instead, of sodiup: ph : {hi icki 
yy pp fishes Rochelle Hinto thickia but the waabed 


salt may be employed, 
: i lalices by 1 tong Be sheet rubber is Tn the 


the starting point 
ne regards most 
of the further de. 


‘sbarp knife, un 
{during thia ope- 


aller the ot j \ 
man throws nside velopments of the . popernizta PT, 
jany stonesorlarge , > " 3 . rabler induatry. was ; anecte by 
‘ {particle of fore s 6 y By the operation - Ey haa heen expended on machines 
i m inatter with as of mastication the = i , into threads, and sever “utehia. 
which he imny : washed sheets are times, for 
manek. be pair of Xi ae ie worked Mp, into * : D) . f 
_ {rather large even- at y \ compact —homo- ‘ _ be ‘ i 
t speeded roller : 3 i niigses, Es J ae k H iid 
are next brought Seat i = : £ mm ‘Lhe muaaticating : ne . ‘on by fay . 
ifinto — re tisition : / F : i ‘ fai i machine invented : ‘ F td = bund Tet ete iene sheet rubber, ani 
tocrush the slices ‘ 3 B oby Thomas Han- ai eta from which threads are cut are view aly ap cad aptlon. 
of softened rub. eS tal : y cock consists of : He nature of which will he explained in a future lection dee 
ber. These rollers : Ns ‘ x oo 5 nn internal cylin. calendered ov rolled sheets are sometinies e ole ecture, although 
-work in the same need der of metal, ‘ of the aulphing mployed in yuleanisin the cred. jie excess 
horizontal plane, anor = : — which revolves in removed hy boiling the threads in a Oh ? rubbe 0 fonerall: 
lor nearly go, and = ¢ . E n cylindrical iron Kk + | caustic soda fora period varying from qit per cent. solution of 
Hare fluted on the = : E ie casing, ‘Phe indin hour, tng quarter of un hour to one 
‘ace by a series 1 a 2 rubber to be inns. a if On the table y 
‘Mof deep spiral : tiented, being if Ae tha’ A ry | Manntactured fr nds and of webbing 
‘Hfgrooves, diamond Wasnixa ov Caourtenouc, _ placed between : d by thy | that eight thousa: reads being so fing 
Habaped — projec. ' therotatingoylin- i enevally | India rubber nd, . : 
Ntiona being left between these, During the erurhing of the india der and the outer enaing, becomes subjected to a powerful mix. n boxes, f interest, 
ubber, a atream of water ia kept running on it, this water being | ing and grinding action, which ultimately reduces the india rub- ‘re, for example, empl i's facture af eluatic 
enerally hot in the cago of the first crushing operation, The ber to ndong solid Jump. something like a sausage. Here is loom, a tcc instead of weights 
to illustrate the action of the musticnt- a F occa. 
im.” 


Aiirst pair of rollers reducca the enoutchoue into the form of a yery | model (Fix, 9) intendec y mt 
“Hfrou; i and broken-surfuced ahect, from whieh many of the [ing machine ; and if 1 introduce 1 little washed shect india rab- f d 
: ound. 


mechanical impurities have been removed by the erushing action ber, previously softened by a gentle warmth, and get Mr. Barker r 
‘Hof the rollers and the rinsing action of the water. The very to turn the linndle, you will suon see that it is reduced to a com- bi heots, tho block released, 
‘Hrough shect produced, as above described, and of whieh a sample | pact form by the continual rolling and kneading action of the manitiachtd to a slidin, i des of yo 
is before you, is again washed by meuns of an gomewhat similar, | machine. * ie taken As the block yor hende, 
:[{but smaller, pair of rollera, cut on tha face with a mucli finer Fia, 8, . on off b, i any bay up in the 
UM diamond-shaped pattern, and _ peel ui contin sunt ull Y have the germ of n 
‘Hmechanical impurities are worked und washed ont of the rubber, p pare saepecey tty shal : 
! Here are come'samples of ‘washed sheet,” and you will nutice ae ‘ : ‘ dinaae te tho erat to refer to the 
the peoulinr broken surfaco which it preaents, while by looking r ; ; rf neiating of tho forse of aquirting,: 
“Hatitin certain lights you will be able to trace out the diagonal | a it ing and cutt A r hole, reing of softencd 
i[{ pattern imprinted by tho rollers. The engraving which I now E 1 as been divide h , ‘ 
a k bs h such na surgical goods, 
i ) tre manufactured from ‘the 





} project on the sereen will give you some notion of the_ operation : cia : fi i 
of ‘washing india rubber on a large scale (Fig. 7), and T will now E a t, ‘you will find ; t 

(J show you a diagram illustrating tho maunor in which the surface : have been it ¢ fonsidernble 

| of « washing roller is out (Fig. 5. The cute ure made from |th k 1 cnt by the fitms 

HE to 1-20th of an inch apart, according to ciroumatances. a " f : RECS 

. ‘Tho next thing is tb illustrate practically to. you the operation « i ite Hei none gan beat be illua. 
of washing. . Hero isa pair of fluted ™ at on pasainje some t ‘ lot A ti 1 1 ure satel f Morse Process Of 

RE ER Cite em : in a, fow,times, .you ) i rye | Secs ane oa favourite ‘toya with éhi}. 

a atroninco bi wars J: rative o: Fea 1 siti, for 

; “ Saal Sereg tcl’ balicons 

ee bet} 











RTE RESET ASIEN ROMULUS ay 


é ay Bde : 
qt Rigpigortana WGAge 
oO ASEH dalt: inatriétive: experineiqs on the Mietnat and: 
optic behavior of gases under the influence of eléctrie dis-! 
charges, has, been recently made by Herr EB, Wicdemann, 
At.the end of hia paper, in the Aanaten der Physik, he offers 
some theoretical obsorvutions on the subject, which sre to’ 
the fullowlngreffect: + : : 
If we now try, on tho basis of the forcgot g facts, to form 
aconception of tha propagation of electric discharge through! 
cases, We first sco that the theory of G. Wiedemann and R= 
Mhlmann can no longer be held, ‘They consider the dise! 
charge to be caused by molecules driven out from the elec. 
trode, charged with e! etricity, and, on meeting other mole: 
cules, giving up thelr electricity to these, and so on. The! 
same theory has been adopted, ia somewhat altered form, 
by Crookes to explain the phenomena deseritied by him, | 
but, for tho most part (doubtless without: hia know’ ng 1, 
fong since. published by Hittorf and Goldstein, - By this 
theory the tudividual outtying molecules must, of course, 
. have veloclties corresponding to that of propagution of elve-! 
tricity In ga But from Wheatstone’s experiments, on: 
discharge fn gases, this Is, in auy case, more thin 260,000 m, « 
or 80 geogmphical miles, Soe great a velocity of translation; 
In the direction of the current, th particles certulnly lave 
not. When Herr V, Zatia examined the spectral Ines ina 
Geissler tube, the axis of the tubo being frst parallel to that| 
of the collimator, and then at right-angies to {t, he found no! 
Aisplacement of lines, though the dispersion was so rent! 
that even 1-f0th of the interval between the two D linc 
could be observed, A displacement of thts amount woul 
have corresponded to a velocity of one Bcograpiteat mallo int! 
the direction of the uxts, accontiug to Doppler's principle, | 
A velocity of 80 geographical miles would Nave produced a 4 
displacenient of nearly the whole width hetween the D tnes, | 
So great an Increase of the normal velocity of the molecules! 
was in itself mprobable, ! 
In my opinion, tha process may Derlinps be represented 
thus: Tho electricity furnished by the machine, which we. 
muy concelve ns free ether, is partly accumulated on the 
surface of the electrodes, ant there, by the mutual action 
between It and the metal parts, Is hindered from passage into’ 
the surrounding apace, Such passage can only occur when: 
Ita density has reached an adequate amount, At tho same 
ine, the'electeicity in the surrounding medium produces a 
dlelectric valarizatton, in suetin way that the ether envelopes 
of the Individual gas motccutes are deformed, and dur ng 
rotation of the maleeules on their axes, maelatain always a 
certain orlentation, If a discharge occurs, the studiten change: 
of the dielectric polarization thereby caused. fy frat’ propia 
gated from the cleetrodte through tho ether cuvelopes of the 
ag moleciies, nad so sets Chem in vibration, A passage of 
free elvctricity can then, of course, also tuke place out from! 
the electrode anit from molecule to molecule.“ j 
Ag tho light-ray, in the case of phosphorescent and fluor 
escent bodles, produces, in tho ether envelopes of the mole. 
cules, oscillatory movements, the kbuctic energy of which | 
; Considerably greater than that corresponding to the temper 
; ture, tho sane occura here also, As in that case, the eth 
| motion causing light Ia gradually transmitted to the masses 
of ‘the malecules, and prod heat motions. There is, 
similarly, in the cave of the electric discharge (us a secondary 
effect) a raising of the entire temperature : 
~ Af, What is to say) through this transference, two mote- 
* cules of a gas havo a greater oscillatory motion than belon 
{ to thom avcording to the normal relations between, transli- 
‘tory and oselllatory (rotatory) motion corresponding to their 
temperature, a part of tho Internal motion is, on their col. 
Nalon, gradually transformed into the translatory, titl flaally 
tho nortnal state is producadl. 
' That, In electrically Jumfnoua gases, such an excess of 
Internal motion is acttally present, [a shown by Uheir low 
lemporature, ; 
j Tho transformation of oscillatory motion into translatory 
goca on uncommonly fast, Thave shown that, by the laws 
of heat conduction inn tube tctm, wide, a perceptible frac- 





tlon-of the snitlal energy must stil be pereeptlbio in the 
natake of the tube after #000 second; none the lvss,the tuto| 
appears in tho rotating usireor Allecontinuuisly luninous, 
ihe Ifanover tubes, so that we mutst hence infer a much 
quicker transference of the Interior motions produced Uy 

tie current Into heat, (an the conduction of licat in gases 
ieee vibratlons roduced by the clectrie dischurges may bo 
‘60 alrong that tho molecules are decomposed into their 
‘ators; just ag In incldeuco of chemically active rays on 
' chtorlde of silver, we perceive decompositions, or, in ine 
{eldence on chlorine, an-eutrance of this Into an active 


1) (; anv ee One i 


if tho oscillatory motions Tend to. 
motceuies, tho oneey reqithred’ for age 
molecules by the soiree of elasticity 
thelr. reunton; given up to tho calortinater, 
this case, the whale heat Produced 
Fjrocoss, ts nob 4 bo readily decided, 

ho passing clectricity is np cn 

mean tomperaturo, likewise tepeuding on cuir a! ule 
ie eta atory protign, and # loosening of the molecnies is 
! there ected, Then the following 
| complete the decomposition, nine POR LaNsof slezeety 

Between the productions 

+ through a weakly absorbing 

discharges, there ts n remark, 

1, Ifa conically widening 
weakly absorbent medium, the 
{t in euch cross section is earl, 
Amount of hent yielded by the ol 
orgs yretions isthe same. 

acy We Increase the intensity of tho beam of Jig! 
Tet ft pasy, correspondingly, only a short time, et sh 
gunnttty I absorbed ny the two cases; and the samo holds 
Charges when. y ul ¢ 
dish Hee anges Ww Wo Increase thelr strength, but 

. If wo Increase the strength of theo; tic absorption, 
by lucreasing the quantity of absarhont parts In palit 
ing solution, the quantity of heat develo ed 18 correspond 
ingly increased; and similarly, the electric development of! 
hent in a gas ts rcater {n the'same section with Increasing: 


ht ray passing 
jose by Hectrie 


therefore, that tho giving up of tho; 
cheng, kes place In the anna Wig md 804 
bint th of a transmission ‘of vibrations, 
which give up a part of their energy to. the B08 particles, | 
Vo must, tn that case soppose that “the diuplitude which a! 
quantity of cleetricity, o, produces, fy proportional, not to: 
Neale, but to han : 
ut even on this supposition, the Phenomena of electrid 
discharge do not allow so fully of explanation as the ‘optleal 
enomcua, Lecuuse a large number of disturblog Influences 


come jn, First among these are tho stattcal discharges of - 

the glass walls, causing a certain polarization of the gas 

particles, and increasing or diminishing tho yield of cnergy 
of the discharge. 

Tho very grent differences in behavior of positive and 
negative electricity may perhaps bo explained by assuming 
that the propagation of the latter ts alone produced by propa- 
pation oF dieleetric polarizations, whereas that of the former. 
associated with 9 passage of the free otter from molecule 
to molecule, such as Ettings, Nansen, and Hall, have in- 

1 ferred from experlmunt, 5 

The propagation of the dischargo from the negative clecs, 
trode Is subject approxiuutely to the laws of light. 

en cee ee 


‘aamed 


Stight is about to have a fair trial in Warring 


‘peculiarly adapted for the electri light, as it is but one 


== SS 


sea ene A tare secre anieaens state aioe aotsons 


co Mo 


| r 
i 


BN9 it PS 


Tie Bexerrio Lraivr iv Warninaronythe. electric 
s 8 tn, at the new 

works in course of erection for the Guardian, opposite the! 
| utrance to the Town Hull, so well known for nuiny yenrs. 1s, 
fine residence of Lord Winmarleigh. ‘The new building is: . 


| § storey, covers a spaco 150 by 93 fect, and has its inside walls! 


i 4lined with white glazed bricks, which will materially reflect 
‘the light. Tho arrangements comprise two Grummo ma- 
| Schines, giving light to four burners, cach 4,000-candto power, . 
}“These machines will requiro about. ten- 
them, which will be found by steam or gs engines, both 


| 


horse power to drive! 


being provided for tho new works. ‘Tho work is Lecing carried | 
t 


{ out_by the British Elvetrie Company, 











eS Latta WN gy ats = 
5 ELECTROLYTIO DETERMINATION OF SILVER. 
By WT, Presents and F, Benawann, iy 


Tr Is generally known that : 
silver can be precipitat t 
‘compact metal stato From tig solutions dt silver Sei 
‘current i cyanide by. meang of the electric | 

7 bo nes he ts HGS Luke tlemonstrated that silver may ! 

p y ned in this manner, He pointed ! 
entat the same time that electrolys jnaden aa 

fu other eee ectrolysis may be made available |, 
wee ae he quantitatlye determination of sit! 


‘pate iy the reduction of stlver chloride 





ce negative | 


of silver nitrate, 


Concerning tho Intter 
Process Luckow 
current from two Meldinger elements is cont Lit 
neutral dilute solution of silver nitrate, met silfo ate Mt 
(et nets ho ails | 
‘and the lower surface of the platinnin dee ees 
\ platinum did: ‘Sr 
baalttve polo ja covered) with fine black n tag, the 
per 7 ay hich, however, disappear Utmost éndrely on p 
enged ae an of the enrrent. It, owhen all thos Iver In 
ben lepos ted, the gupernatant Nquid Is decanted off ile: i 
sani anetal th icateddly Washed wit Jicr, drled 
wrply, i e Welrhed; the -increns weight | 
gives the proporlion af silver it) ie Higa alittle eenant 


the reality, ‘The Boss (8 dh 
7 al ue tothe frewthat ’ 
iof allver Is depasigy ie disk of the pontine yegtinaalty 

he reditetion o} the.peroxide.”» —j pelsiowhng 


Tha more recent meinglr on th tris 

eusrons pone une " he npplication Othe electric 
a eohdneanetce Capri anh Sho 
; Ollver ts precipilated by the w i 
tHons containing noL more than geal cure 
a) ie acid, ina ry, bulky metallic st westnt 
quills Write ieee q ohaalted at the vomttive white 

i ee be provented hy awaddidon dt 
, aa or tartariondid,” No finer nfo vat 


been published on elec! 
alison the electrolyte sepfration of Fitve: 
D accordance with Litckow th i 
Pik i I he authara olisery, i 
N rotten ces ind completa y prog! Mate from ie 
:folu dispoced er eutn ore Simat ng free acid, but tliat 
: e : ry 
cul it a Pat ngy Hloeeient form, so that it 
veighed. "The precipltate agsine: : 
ries i une een teposited trae 
i xy lon, by the nett " 
eh By ushnge dling oe tction of a moderately strong cure: 
}huthors have succeeded in down the ‘allver ie 
i ty to the elve renpubie 
ri) | i" awe, ie : 
(of being readily welvhed, —" ‘his result Wa ony nt capable 
od in! 


ips i TOM nent Y 
ay Current precipitated the silver tn 1 fioca get ote eanle 


i author's experime floceu! y 

he mitus deseribed ett Wore conducted with fie sani ny ne : 
eres sc : b Dae 
H inickel and cotant, Memo on the de a 


+ Ry u 
(2.) By the separation of the silver from eeu olution | 
‘It tie! 
Ly 



















r from 








i i the d 8 hy) ! 
It of inetal obs appear suitable for obit 

a ole dens nelallic silver fan Olitaining ; 

HE! Ge. of Hquld sutmttte aa pict form: In 2 

i 0:08 t ed to ele Mero should be au 

f 


At a distance from. éne 
tL evolve 100 to 150 th of the current such aece| 
1 fir Analytise he Ohana oma ng gas per hour,—Zeilachrift 








i Sapte 


* Manufacturer ‘ana ‘Builder, 


j Very successful fn productnis artistic ob 
{ such aa stntucs, ote, In frais by aieaeetee 
1 dn place of ‘the Process of casting, which haa litherte 
‘been wntformly ‘ded for {hint class of work, ‘Tho atato-| 
{ ane t tind ‘reepe ve 
Ahat they havoaticceeded hy thelr pons roles : 
8 colossal statis of Van Eyck, the great Flemish paint | 
or, by tho clectrodepoaltion of copper upon the clay: a 
model, A slinilar process fur the production of bronzes | ; 








4, ‘method of procedure, th 
same as mentioned in 


gramea free n{br} 
and the stren 
nixed gases from water per Yu 
compact inctallic form on the negatiy i . 
_ : f gative pole, no silver pers 
oxide being deposited on the positive.—Ohem,.Soc, Jul. cel 








KCTHOTYPING 


wir Gl 
4 process for atcellng copper plates b: 
clectrotyals, 
hundred parts of ferrous-ammonia piace 
with 50 parts of sal-ammontac, : 


of pure water, a few drops of a 
toncidulaly tho solution, The copper plate is connected 
tu the negative pole uf a battery of 2 ar 3 Bunsen i 

tneats, an iron plate of equal size being employed a: ae 
;panode, Tho solution ts tualatatued at 60° to ne “The 












ulphurte acid being added 





) Euxernonytia Eat 
and I, Bergmann) 
olectrolytically 
Anal, Chent, 1880, 1; this volhms2), ‘TI antl 

investigated his ‘procags an } go ie 
inttery and 


fd. Tho elec 


ur, 


together *: 
aro dissolved in 500 parts , 


epost of tron is of o hard, atecl-liko quality, o y 


‘ 


in *(by “HY Frogtiiug 
—Tackow first proposed to catimato silver 
(Dingl, Polyt. J., 178, 48; sco also Zeit's 


have ro! 


aa Nthe following, 

me god of ete being ve 
Abstract..3 . i 

be employed, colity inti 0-03—0°0, paid of dharcad Bl 

u sees sat be 1 cm. apart,! 

of currghfh pable of evolving 150cc. of 

The silver separates in! 


"ate ste, 


panne CEASE 


AMGuiahh a yes 
Witn ‘the 4s pice nearer the mechanic | 


action of electrolysis, all action of heat being excluded, 
Signor Basso has lately experimented thus (/f Nuord 
| Cim., ser. 3, tom, vii). A thin square glass plate is 
covered with collodion, and on this when dry Is puta 
thin layer of good gelatine, mixed with about A, of its 
weight of a saturated solution of bichromate of potash, 
The bare side of the plate is exposed to light, to attach 
the gelatine la er. ‘Then the plate is put in ari aqueous 
solution of chforide of gold til the upper layer ts im- 
regnated with the gold salt, and it ix exposed to dif. 
used daylight. Next the covered side is strewed with 
fine graphite, and the glass connected by means of four 
fine wires running along its sides to the negative pole 
of a battery. The plate is then placed in an ordinary 
bath of sulphate of copper. The copper is deposited 
regularly on the whole of ft, In a few days wrinkles 
and bubbles appear; and if the copper has been de- 
: posited as far as the borders, the plate may at length 
‘even break, thus proving the mechanical force, which is 
a direct Consequence of electrostriction.—Nature, 



















* advantage to be got from holding meetings of the kind we 


ty 


spermanent magnet, the ci 


 ‘oylinders (b, 















THE ELECTRICIAN, SEPTEMBER 4, 1880. 















much greater than that inherent to the cylinder and helix; it: 
would, however, be easy to construct a machine having 0-0008 - 
ohm, resistance even when heated. ‘Lo work this hypo- 
thetical inachine to best advantaye, say in the reduction 
of cupper from an acid solution of the sulphate maintained 
anturated, would need that the electrode should haye an 
aren of 200 aquare feet nt n distance of 2 inches apurt, 
to give an equal resistance to that of the machine, or a total r 
sistance of ‘001 ohm. The assumed electromotive force of 1 volt 
wonld determine n current of 1,000 webers, which 
would yequive two burse-power to maintain, This enormous 
current could be ensily inaintained provided the contacts could 
be kept at the low limit of resiatance. The amount of metallic{: 
copper deposited por hour would be 2-7lba, ; and it would be dedi 
posited us n fine regutine nmeas, judging from the ratio of thet} 
current to the unit area of electrode, ur in other words, tho 
density of the electrical current. By reducing the distance}! 
between the electrodes to lin, the area could be reduced to 100% 
Y /aquare feet, with the same amount and character of deposit 
Indeed, the distance between the eleetvodes could be reduced to 


are referring to on quite uninvaded ground. The weather 
has been most enjoyable, and we hope it will hold out for 
the benetit of seience on its holiday, whatever it may do for 
legislators when they condescend to take theirs, 






































THE COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS OF ELEC. 
TROLYSIS,.* 


BY PAGET 1110Q8, 1 , ASSOC, MEM. LC.E, 


Unipolar Muchinee—Vhe difficulties brought nbaut by two 
‘attendant evila of magneto or dyname-electric machines when 
employed for electrolytic work, lave led inukers to consider n 
nieans of avoiding the causes, ‘These causes ave more prope 
one, since they both ave results of the interversion of the inng- 
netisin of the cores of the machine, This interversion, caused 
by the passage of the revolving coils successively before poles of 
opposite mane, gives rise to leat in the iron cores of the miygnete 
and needs aleu that the currents produced, avhich are of alteruat- 
ing direction, should be brought to one direction by nieans vf a 
commutator, ‘The heating baa been got rid of in practice by 






































passing cool airy or water around the easing and coils of the 
muchite, but the commutator still remains, “The happy idea of 
ovevers oe Yoth obstacles at once is suggested by the adoption 


of unipolar ninchines, F 

In some philosophical instrument makers’ windows, there are 
still to by seen apparatus, to illuatrate the rotation of a conductor 
nrround a inagnet, of the following description :-— 

A horseshoe permanent mgnet constricted from round ateel 
bar ix mounted on a stand vertically, with its pulefaces upward, 
In the centre of each pole-face isa pivot-puint; on this pivot 
rotatea (around its long axis) a thimble afcopper ovef copper wires, 
which passes over the pale and down Ue inugnet limb, to about 
one-third of the length, being concentric therewith, | Ench 
thimble dips at the lower end into w concentric channel of me 
cury fitted on to but inaulated frony the magnet limb, From 
these mereury reservoirs a wire ia-led to one pole of a buttery, 
und Che othe? pole of the battery is connected to the body of the 
nit braneles passing up each limb 
of the magnet through the pivot to nnd down the thimbles and 
leaving by the mereury channels, “When cireuit ia completed, 
the thimbles revolve on the axis of cach magnet litnb and con. 
centric thereto, but in opposite directions, ees 

As in mest other forms of electro-magnetic engines, this 
motor is reversible, and by imparting motion to the thimbles, in 
their respective directions, currents enn be generated of op posed 
polurity to the enrrent from the buttery. It should be noted that 
the opposition of direction of motion, under the action of the 
battery current, is apparent only, since if the horseshoe were 
straightened out into w bar the rotation would be in one divee- 
tion, regarded from one end, ie : al 

'This principle, which was embodied in the earlicat philo- 
sophical toys, hus been utilised in the building of unipolar 
machines by several conatructors, notably by Siemens, who 
patented suck an adaptation xa recently as 1878, Thia machine 
employs the principle of mutual-uecumulation, as tn other or 
‘bipolar dynamo-clectric innchincs, snd is constructed ns foul- 
lows :—"- y 

A inasive iron or stecl horae-shoe magnet, M, haa its 
‘polar branches enpped by copper cylinders, 0, which are ket in 
rotation by pinions, p, gearing into n driving wheel, P. Nis a 
hollow iron magnet to increase the magnetic inductive effect, y 
je n mercury. bearing at the foot of euch cylinder, O, to maintain 
cirenit, Solid copper helices, I, serve to magnetise the cores, M, 
by means of the current generated in the cylinders, the circuit 
being from -+ through the right-hand helix, by the mercury 
joint to the cylinder, and from the cylinder to the mugnet base, 

» Which carries the terminnl of tho muchines, -- 

Such a machine is capnble of generating enormous quantitics 
of electricity, aince the cylinder and helix resistance can be made 
almost immeasurably emul, “But the electromotive force is ouly 
that to bo obtained . from the combined’ length. of tho two 
inaulativg one of them from N), aud must therefore 
t may roughly be nesumed that under maximum 
thicoretical conditions four fect length of cylinder would be 
‘required nba reasonable rate of spec of revolution to produce 
anvelectromative force of one yolt, The chief resistance in auch 


a inachine will consist of the contact resistances, which will be 
* Owing parti 








ag AY 
For these renaons mich thought and trouble have been given 
by many inventors to’ the construction of mngneto-electro, 
machines: without a commutator, ‘These attempta might be) 
classed wnder two heads, the unipolar machines we are discuss 
ing, and machines iu, which mechanical devices are employed, 
Andalthough digressive, it is convenient here to remark that} i 
the Intter may be said to be all included under the original form] ‘ 
described by H. Wilde in his patent No. 842, of 1867, Wilde's! 

















device inchides bringing the ends of the wires of the revolving 
coils to two solid rings inaulated upon the shaft of the machine, 
apringe or brushes being arranged to carry off tho alternating 
currenta to a comnitator, Reparte from the machine, ant 
worked by a belt from the mncbine shaft, Compared with bi- 
polar. dynnmo-machince of ordinary construction, puch. an 
arrangement only introduces two acta of brushes instead of one, 
or what must necessarily be two bad contacts inatead of one, 
The advantage, of course, lies in the production, by tho bipolar gageyr 
syatem, of « higher clectromotive force, This advantage con, 
However, be obtained in unipolar mnchines by a modilied con- 
atruction which will be next described, ‘ 


(vO BE CONTINUED.) 





bo small. 


ho indispositiun of the writor, and partly to pross of 
hin Dusinessin Hy to fects arid in othor cottntrics, the continulty of then 
artlelea has Deon somewhat long intorruptad. Thoy will bo contintied now 


with notes bringing the matter up to dal oP. 


Bayt 








eS Ae oe oe Loree ie arenes 


S 


Qe 


a 
uy 

= 

sy 


‘Tins very important salt, used so mneh in : 
{ Bilding and galvanoplasty, ix only snecessfally 
‘inade hy the observance of the utmost care, 
| The dexeription of the process, ax given in 7 
| chemival treatines, is very wecagre, and almoxt 
‘wholly wanting in proetical details of the tn- 
/ nipulation upon which sttecess largely depends, 
"SN writer in Design and Work low tuken up the 
subject, and given minute directions, of whieh 
we avail ourvelves for the benetit of our Tends 
erm. He says: ! 
{ Inipme Thave found the mixture of one | 
neastire (sy one fluid ounce) of nitric acid : 
h three measures of hydrochloric neid, to! 
‘give the bext results, This, when good, will 
{ easily dissolve one ounce of pure gold, It ix 
‘ext to nse only 


I will now give direetions for dissolving a 
“quantity of gold, and dexeribe the apparatus 
used Dy ine for the Purpose, In most looks 
on the subject the Operator is warned not to 
Ureathe the fumes given off from the mixture 
uring the operation, for they ure undonbtedly 
boisonons and injurious to heulth, ‘They pro. 
jue headnehe, dizziness and indigestion in 
healthy persons; whilst to persons with wenk 
‘Tongs, or suffering from bronchial or asthmatic 
inflections, they are positively dangerous, asthe | 
‘WMmes irritate the air DaNsages, producing : 
+ Koading and other distressing symploma, Ag Tt 
found that those fumes could not all be carried i 
wat of the workshop, even by the aid ofa trong ! 
driught up the ehimnoy, I devixed an appans ; 
tus which thoroughly protected me from their j 
intluence, : ‘ | 
> Ehnd a bene innde, of the following dimen- 
#ona: 8 ft. in length, 2 ft. Oin, wide and 3 ft, | 
in height. A ratsed rim was formed around 7 
the honeb, and the top covered with wheet-lend, 4 
In the centre I Urranged a sow of small gas} 
8 oves, cach surrounded with a salteglaze cylin 
der; over these [ had a cupboard erected, lined 
with sheet-lead, and Corminnting ina conieal 
tp which communicated with a lead tae din, 
( in diameter, ‘The front of the euphonrd wos 
i made of a fred sheet of slags, sliding in 
srooves, and which could thug be adjusted te i 
regulate the draught, or shut close to Prevent j 
al fumes from escaping, Sand baths were | 
» placed over the gas Rtoves, and on these Inrye | 
beakers of Bohemian floss, in which the soltt- | 
tion of the gold and Svaponition of the exeess ! 
, Meld was effected, All the vapors and fumes | 
: Were earried up the leaden tine, whilst the Ope; 
+ eratar could wateh the ‘procers through the 
i glass in front, and Tegulute the heat ly con- 
i trolling the supply of gas. ‘The lead lining | 
, Was found to be proof ogainst nll vapors rine! 
1 ing from the Operation, and in thig way stipes | 
ror to wood or iron. ‘Tho #alt-glaze eylindera, | 
however, were not Proof against the hent from j 
{the gos stoves, for they all cracked and fell to] 
; pieces; I therofore Fecommend in their Aten j 
» Chose made of pluntngo and fire-elay, or cru} 
: eblecly. Stelean ‘pparatus can be used “| 





f any olfensive chemtoal Operntionss and the lend. 
+ eovered’ ‘whiys of the bench ord xpaew for! 


; the vessels which are Used itt Mteri pi | 
; the erings preci pi- 
‘titing and decanting, elon H 


wee es 
“With care to nvord tho'tumer, OF course, the 
operation may be conducted over jany soured 
of artificin) beat, nat Dhave found a) gna stove | 
best for the purpose, | 
Iwill nowgive directions for sunking quan. 
tity of terehloride of gold; and as the method 
should be the kame in targe op sanall quanti- 
thes, no diflenlty should be experienced in fole 
lowing them, for it is obvions that persons 
wishing to make small quantities any do wo hy | 
reducing the size of the party or measures I 
tony mention, and the capacity of the vexsiely 
they nay require, ‘To reduce ono ounce ofgokd | 
we shall want one thin Bohemian glass beaker, 4 
lipped for pouring, of about & 02. size; one |] 
ginzed porcelnin evaporating dish or capiile 
holding 1002.3 one glass funnel for Altering 
purposes; a few sheets af beit Swedish or 
Vreneh filtering papers a few lengthy of glans 
rod, and a pair of leather gloves, It in well, 
also, to havea graduanted 10 az, glows measure, | 
a Miter stone and a round ring of tiinted hemp 
or felt on which to plice the capsule whilst the 
Nani is cooling, All the vesucls must be per. 
feetly clent, und distilled water aved-in atl the 
openttions where water ix directed to bo axed, 
unless otherwise indiented. All being ready, 

‘ Mneasttre ont one part (or onnee) of nitric neid 
an pour it into the beaker, and into the same 
pour three parts (or ounces) of hydrochtorie } 

‘weld. Place the benker on the sand bath and ; 
light the yas, Whilst the neta is Ketting hot, 


the form of yenins, leaf or ribhon) and proceed | 
to divide it into sinnll picces, if of tent or rib. | 
bon, with w pair of stout. seissors or sheam, 
When the acid is bot, put in the gold in sunt j 
quantitien, Heavy brown fines will nrivo ns 
the gold dissolves, and appear to flow over the 
kides of the beaker; n violent action will ntso 
be obxerveil, resembling the boiling of the Ii. | 


ons to throw ont spurts of acid, lower the racy ‘ 
ant pit in less quantities of Bokl, Soon the |} 
neid will become less turbutent ant change | 
its golden color to a redder tint, but the oper. 
ator must continue to add Bold until the Inst |: 
little fragmant rofises to: dissolve, Then pre 
i pare the filter by inserting a cone of filtering 
{ paper in the gins funnel, and placing that in 
! the filter ktand nbove the evaporating Maly 
{moisten the Waper with w little water, mnt |: 
“then, armed with the leather gloves, pour the, | 
* gold solution fromthe beaker into the filter, and | 
allow it to trickle slowly into the dish below, rt 
Many ymy powder or white grains remnin at 
j the bottom of the benker the first may hoe one 
j ofthe rare metals found with gold, such as os. | 


y ond be transformed into a protochtoride AuCh, : 


i) Which ina pate yellow, ttnatable compound, of ° 
welgh ont one onnes of gold (thik should be tn {i 


proc: “ANA eryntaltngg 
(hore. By thus patiently turning it. ate ball 

: the liquid will floally crystallize inn rity yy 
«daiwa, and the opemtion: is now completes If 
‘too much heat is applied the erystata will axe 
; summon brown bronze hue, lone their chlorine, 
v and metallic gold will be reduced on the xidea 
of tho capsule, If thin aceidentally happens a 
| brown powder will be found after the crystals 
have been dissolved in the water, and this tony 
: be trented with aqua regia wn before, If the gold 


i Salt i4 to be damedintely made Up into eyanide 


| of gold, it may be advantageous to thus drive 
} of the free chlorine and: disolve the product 
{ with wv strong solution of cyanide, ‘Thinis free 
! anently done Dy persons uning arnll quanti- 
‘ties of gold-plating solutions, and, providing 
| the goht and acids are pure, Eaee no great oly 
; jection to the practice, It in trie that any 
{ quantity of chlorine present will enter into 
(combination with its equivalent of potest and: 
‘make chloride of potash or potassium, whieh ! 
Vis not good in: gold-plating solution; but the: 
‘ qitantity of ehloring left is mall, and this the ! 
objection reduced toa tinimum. : 
MWthe object of the operator is to preserve ' 
! the terehtoride of gold in the form of eryutats, : 
| Rreat care must he taken to regntate the Teat | 
| for if allowed to rise to about. 8202, the" ters | 
i vhtoride AUCH, will lose a part of its chlorine; 


1 Hittle or no importance in the arts, i 
+ Ehave thus entered inte minute details cou 


seerning the operstion of dissolving gobl, for 


the benefit of the amateur electro-silder amt. 
the nitmerous classofquerixte applying through 
nr columns for information on the subject. 
Gold lerehlovide, ar aurie trtelturide, AWOL), cote 
Vining weight 309.5, 4 the most important - 


; Conmpatnd of gold known, aa from it all the 
i quid, If this becomes too violent, and Ghrent. | 


Lother usefal preparations of gold are tule, © 
) When crystallized, ity eryatals ore very fusible, 


nnd defiquesce (absorb moixture and become 
watery) on exposuro to the aire It is very eniily 


; decomposed by heat, light, organic substance, { 
Pont all deoxidizing or reducing agents, Hence, | 


if the Hugers or writing-poper are tonched with: 


: the solution they became atnined of a violet, 
Fcolor when exposed. to, the sun's tight, and 


henee, alxo, its ocensionn! se in photography. 
{tis soluble in water, in alcoho, and in ether, 
and this latter solution id sometimes used for 
gilding siyall steel articles, When prope tly! 
» AUCT, contains, U7 parks of gold and 

25 party of chlorine. Both it and alt other: 
norts of gold are poisonous, its netion on the’ 





minm or iridium, whilst the white powder ix 
probably chloride of nilver, In this way these { 
metals can be Keparnted from xold, and thus { 
an alloy of gold and silver parted, for onty the 
wold enters into solution, ‘Che capsule von. 
talning this solution ts now to be placed in tho 
fond beth, and bent applied to drive off the ox. 
cons neld by evaporation. When this Jina pro. 
eceded wntil the quid assumes a reddigh- 
brown tint, and becomes thick, it will require 
Some cure and attention to completo the oporm- 
tion. It must be frequently stirrod with a 
glass rod; care muat bo taken not to ovorheat 
It, and ng it thickens and darkens the loves ! 
jnust be drawn on, the capaulo taken in the i 
ond and ‘frequently turned around to minke | 


stomachs of men and ankuate being nensly an 
alogous to that of chlorid’ of inerenry; even 
one-tenth of a grain lias been known to cases 
violent fever. In the hands of skillful ph 
atcinna it hak been enployed as a medicine: 
with some sueceas fn the trentmont of virulent: 
diseises, [a untidates arothy xnine ng those of) | 
mereury, i: 2 


‘present will settle 


; Cams Sepkre e 
Engerkonrtre.- Estisiation of Conaur, Nicken, ann 
Corren.—After enumerating the sourees of crror and incon. 
venience if, the estitnntion of thesv inetitls by any but the! 
electrolytic process, tho author deseribes hia method of pro. 
cedure, The current wag produced by a small Grunme | 
muchine, the rate of revolution of which was under control, | 
moderato speed producing a current whieh exused a deflec. | 
tion of 70° on an interposed sine-compass, When nickel is. 
to be deposited in the presenee of little oy no cobalt, a very 
stroug current is neevssury, but if the quantity of cobalt is - 
large, a weaker current must by employed to secure a firmly j 
adherent deposit, Copper may be separated by means of ! 
& very strong current if it does not exeeed 400 myms, | 
in weight. ‘The mete should be deposited on a 
platinum cone formed by riveting the parts together, 
any folding together or curving of - the edges being 
avoided us they tend to retain the metallic deposi 
As an example of the application of the cleetrolytie pro} 
cons, the analysia of n cobaltenickel ore in given, After de. | 
composing the ore by treating it with strong nitric acid or! 
aqua regia, preceded, if necessary, by fusion with sodium: 
carbonate, the sulution is evaporated to dryness; the residue’ + | 
is then dissolved in n little atrong hydrochloric acid diluted,’ 
and sitlphuretted hydrogen passed through tho hot solution! 
until it is cold; the Pessuge of the gas through the hot 


solution should be repeated, whe rsenic and a 
: Paiute ri a hicloa "hf ‘iy "the 


colour of the preeipitate, copper is judged to be abe! 
sent, the excess of sulphuretted hydrogen should be TOs, 
moved by heat before filtering, since arsenic sulphide is soute 
what soluble ina solution of this gus. If copper sulphide is’ 
present, the: removal of the gas is omitted, and a Blight: 
error arises from the arsenic sulphide present in. the: 
filtrate. ‘The filtrate is evaporated with addition of the potas. 
sie chlorate to oxidise theivon; the residue is taken up with! 


reaction, and the precipitate dissolved by addition of nectic ; 
acid ; the liquid is then diluted and heated to boiling to pre. : 
cipitate the ivon. ‘The filtrate from the iron ig cvaporated to | 
dryness, and the residug dissolved in water and dilute 
sulphuric acid, nixed with excexs of ammonia, aud subjected 
to electro As soon as the liquid has been free from ; 


dark colouration with ammonium stlphide, the platinum cone , 


yf with thir deposit. of nickel and cobalt is removed, washed with 


water, then with absolute aleshol, dried, by Jolding it over a 


ei hhe nickel is then estimated in 
f ted surface, and weighed. ‘The nicke : 
t ihe ites by Plattner's method, aud the cobalt found by 


imati » nickel is linblo | 
iffe ». ‘he method of estimating the nickel is 
a ee any OY percent. ‘The alternative plan 
isto: dissolve the electrolytic deposit cin dilute One 
neld, und separate the cobalt with potassium nitrite, ‘Lhe 


i] previpitate of basic ferrie acetite is free from nickel and , 


i race hose metals, and even if 
vobult, or contains mere traces of t eta 
rete should not be completely precipitated, a amall 


‘{amount of ferric hydrate precipitate present ae rR ‘ 
J lysis is harmless. ‘Lhe separation of nickel, Co) i , a 
; copper from the solution of any substance iseffected by elle ; 
i aulphiretted hydrogen slowly into the cold solution, w 


| 
' . \ i «de | 
hna been freed from silicie acid, until the copper sulphide 
separates ; the arsenic remnaing ulmost entirely in solution 5 7 
eee eee ro tear a a ¢ 








d 
Sauschielaun v4 in Rdelmets Hen nue”? ; 


dilute hydroehloric acid; soda is then added to alkaline. [ 


U nashville. tes. 


Ho vers nemt cna euomntitn avery i RETIREE ITIAD, 


a 

pitute is filtered off rapidly, and with the): 
filter ff heated with nitrie acid, then evaporated to dryness j 1: 
the residue is dissolved in nitric acid, diluted, and the copper | 
precipitated by electrolysis; any arseitie present sepirates 
after the copper; the current is, therefore, stopped when the’ 
copper is coiitpletely separated, and the solution, freed from 
nitric avid by evaporation, is mixed wilh the former filtratey 
from which the arsenic is then precipitated as sulphide and 
estimated as ammoniim magnesium arsennte, Iron, if present 
in any quantity, is precipitated ag hasie fervig aeetate, and 
nickel and cobalt are then separated from the ammonincal: 
solution by electrolysis, any ferrie hydrate precipitate which’ 
formy on addition’ of tunmonia being added to the fron... 
precipitate, ‘The alkaline earths can be determined in’ 
the liquid from whieh the nickel and | cobalt have 
een separated, Zine is the only inctal which need be 
separated before estimating nickel and cobalt, It must he 
separated by passing sulphuretted hydrogen into the acetic 
avid solution ; the filtrate is evaporated, the residue dissolved} 
iu dilute sulphuric acid, and the ammoninent solution is, 
then electrolysed, Copper ia separated from arsenic as ae 
scribed above ; antimony should be removed by twice evapo 
rating wih nitric acid ; and lend, if present in any quantity, 


should be precipitated as sulphates traces of lead will hot) 
interfere, since the metal separates as peroside on the posi- 
‘| tive pole, Silver is separated as chloride, and dismuth as 
\| basic chloride. The author's experience in. the application 


of the electrolytic method to the quantitative analysis of]. 
metal ores leads him to recommend it. on the grounds of, 
economy of tine and great acenracy,—Chem, Soe. Tul, 


Phi sc hat 


ren Erzen, 00" een 
ad aie ».. Das. metallhaltige Biz 
i, Witd' tach deni D. R. Pat, 
"11204 dureh den Triehtérg 
mittelat “des Kettentrang:: 


be 


Slefiss A ci 

selbst sich die 

‘Bestaridtheile 
Smit! dem" 
1 Dies Wit 


a bee 
ae 


Das Kupfer wird’ in’ Por 


auf, ele coly teak Wee - 
datiioiigeschniolzen: und: dariifs 
Logirung, binzugesetz a Seep A 















2 ho 
REDUCTION op OLD SILVER BATHS BY 
ELECTRICITY, 

By H. Stoye, 


uci old negatives and 
Process caster or helter th 
silver In 


nee Rome 






! 
! 


We Peal 
ws 








Printing ‘baths there is 
hun that of preelptiat. | 
melalite form by means of the electrig | 
Po ‘clirrent, and as the method Tam about to deseribe willy ! 
Qtire no mare appiratus that are Usunlly found ju most j. 
| Photographie Jaboratories, it May be of sonic use to some of 
yay, fell Y photographers, if 
Suppose you have Bol twenty ounces of old bath solution, 
our It inte nw tall gh 8 far (0 siveet-bottle Will do very well, 
and inay be pureliase of any grocer for about two 
and ditite ie with an ci ity of wate; 
chlorie acid tilt all the s down 
chloride, which Is to hy ed by ttering. 
Lelng toa certain extent Insatuble, and left a 
paper, You will now require a porous ¢ 
following manner: ake a piece of whit 
about ehht ined In diameter, and plaice 
wr or any other cytindricat aedele nbout ¢ 
diameter than the Daper, and smooth ft do 
golog to make a cove) 
































ee A geonetenseeine, 

















erly, ike Ht of, und AY 

ale plate seven inch 

1 Copper wire solide ult 

quired, Pine 

Mt the ba 

Must How be y 

plate bent over 

and placed ith 

in the space bei cll; #0 a8 10 halt 
the saucer, is tl hours, when 

the chloride will 


em 
Oo 
nS 
— 
ry 
SS 
<y 
3 
i] eto the B Ss? 
of a course gray he washed to form 
> 
a 
J 














p 
lorie. Perhaps the 
TF quantities fg to place the Preelpt. 
er hour water over it, and after 
‘ettle, a nthag the cloar solution, re 
nition two or threg ‘ines, When it fy Wasted 
Hour off as mbeh of the Water as possthle, 
eacld, taking care to add only Just Chough to dissolve fi 
tho precipitate, wis It will easily do without the upplicas 
Pi tion of Heat. If the silver ultrate be Wanted for the briat-[: 
se ing bath it will not require toducrystallized ff care hag been 
taken In adding the nitric ack, nut tng 
+0 the proper Working standard hy 
: the argentometer Stands at G0, But for the ne alive 
Iiith, Ie ts best fo test it with lve Hing paper, rand if it] 
redldens it, to drive off the aeld by the atd of heat, ‘ 


The following Dhotogra bh of the wor 
: € 


Bs VO 






Peat. 






and add 
















at once be brought 
adding distitled Water 



























king Apparatus wit! 3 
on 


ot 
POAT, 














ese 
| > 
“Tt perhaps take the process clear, A iy thesuncer: B, paper | 
a a | [esi zine phite with Copper wire, D, tttuched: hilvos | 
NE 






+E, silver j 
» the dark portion 1 ked Fhe! chlor] Be 
{duced Parag h or Neettee ed F being the chloride re | 

i 













E SOS. Be bef ht Su oe eos 


FOB 














Jo to meet our peculiar needs In this direction, 
d 

ert 

i a ELECTRO-BRASS FLATING. 








tery, f Rn ae 


————~ owe. 





Y 
Analyzing Motals by Blectrolyasts, 
Penuars the most 


earlier sessions ut Ju 
Wolcott Gibbs's new 
Inetuls by. tctrolysis, 

the metal 

mercury, 4 
eleetri¢ jt 
metal wid 
and the by 
the procesy 
welgbing 
















0 determing the metal by again 
e vessel aed the mercury, ‘Mis 


Ua, cobule? and 6 metals. It did wot 
apply enic gud antimony. He did 
hot dem) of vey log potiasiun and 
sodiun by the pigtey 

perkmen with mem 
sticcess til, 











Muty and orca of a revelation 
mended it Every 


With great {e also usted whut | 
battery p Professor Gibbs } 


tery was fama. | 





wor 
‘| terial, exergy 








nw. The stronger 
the power%: lequired tor 
() the pry CaS, 
Burser 
 preelpite 





je from a; 


{solution In from 2 ty 25 minutes, A but! 


tery power of uwu or turee cells would 

probavly Precipliate dor 4 sraniies of zine | 
{0 au hour—National Aca: ey Of Setences, ; 
WN. Y¥., Nor, 10, tey0, j 





ethod, he‘atd, Was applicable to uereury, | 


Hunt gaid this proceas came! 


ane J sy gE) x 
Scientific Avevican. 


builders w yeotlors to show what aAtmerican genius can 
it nd Invent t Lint Atmerlean geniu: 








position, of zinc, or cheap, 
Maby nelle hea jin by electric pee Re | 
He neti aa luster, which is more casily th He His 
ee ines + such nsurface, ‘The brass ay i a 
Ueltee male aotliea to fron, steel, and compos Ns ee 
ee fniiniey and Anishing operations wm mi Vo" 
ee as i aie the same for brass as for ou es 
pete " vane applicd for brass vne ae ely ‘ 
Naa sition wire, ete., ‘ 
stron Se eiee di alkd used ube not Pra 
ia ee ‘ fiat bath fs usually contained o pe lous 
pore aller Hined ete asa mana ese ae 
’ in a woodle 
ee See uate, The anodes nie ue a 
ceetne jolned together and arranged along the iar 
ae ae the Inst carbon ar copper dar eatin eye 
mite th of battery current dy regulated by peel 
aa carte ss to beelectropinted, ‘The articles nent ls Y 
ae ia jiwage=be copper or lrass hooks to ae i a4 
Tees pial all connected with the lust zine 


important informa. 
tion presented to the Academy, during ite 
ist, Was Prolessor 
tethod of nnalyzing 
His plan iste place | 
solution inn beaker, add pure | 
et connvel the mercury with an: 
ery. By theelectrie detion the 
Hrown down upon the meretry 
ker beforehand, and then after 


i 


4 wlthotylt tds exe | 
netuls hud not been ! 








i 
awaiQQurther developments | ° 
Y J 

















A WEEKLY RECORD OF SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS. 


ILLUSTRATED, Se Os : 


Entered in the Office of the Librarian uf Congress, at Washington, D, C. 
No. 31—Vol. I, - January 29, 1881.. P 





rice 10 Cents. 


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sj serfous doubt, Ita’ uso 


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i] 
ate t 
rAdvantages of Electrls Light tu Certula Clreume | 
or. atunces, — Ce fc 
As tkoort of photography is founded upon ‘tho 
fact that certain salts or chemleat combinations 
odecompored by the action ot Nght {t becomes 
t interest to know what. effect, it any’, tha latest 
Jmprovoments: In ‘eléctrio “and” other ‘artifical’ 
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i BVENING Posr called nj 


SB Aand asked hin lis vi 


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ero Is.0 quostion ; ‘of ‘ite necessity In por: 
tralture fn this’ country {n'this ‘cliaiato there {4 
this country ‘ts woll’ 
“known, and fn {London ‘it ‘Ie {n daly ‘practicat’ 
use, But tn acletice much {sdono which provost 


{| be of little practical valuo; the resulty of olectria 


portralt ‘photograpliy havo “so: far‘ta this ity, 
arigunted to nothidg mors than p'ossant experi.’ 
‘ment “which sorved to illustrate Lectures, Tho 
limo Nght, “woll' krown’ os tho Drumuwond light, | 
was (it ured th these experimonts; then vari 
forms of tho magnosiuin' Nght, dad ‘then py 
technic compounds, which during’ coinbustl 
‘gave'n strong actinicor ohomical ray,” Thoelec ", 
trig ght produced from ‘coll’ batteries hiay boon; 
alo uséd, but tho ordinary Mo Nght was, until, 
recently found to bo tho most satlstactory a | 
wos wed for the copying of pic Uror, Py, plane, 
tc, which hed to be dono at once and of night, + 
For enlorgicg asmalt card photograph to. o lite 


all ctr. 
elo, 


lumina: 


Netlo chemical power, 


| ta photography becauso It fs cheap, caally adjust | 


| with an yonlous‘ apparat 


di, tnd perfectly steady. “The ‘quality of day ; 
‘Tight. chaogoa overy moment; ‘mo Nght fs; 
steadlor thon! daylight, «Tho ‘degree of dange: 
attending tho uso of tho Imo light, ith ft oy 4 
finders of ox: nd hydrogen gae, bay set {a-% 
wantors on ite searph for n subal(tuis Bigntor ' 
ten soars’ siuin' wire waa in i 
ten yoars ego magnesium | i: purainn it ts 

ave asgood actinic’ Hgbt, . abling fatr por: | 

tralta to bo mado in fittoed seconds, But tt wet H 
‘expensive, beside which’a great cloud of white 
aemoko filled the room and ralaed ‘all prepared 
platos with which it came in contac! Tus oleo- 
trio Ngbts from cell batteries. wore found to bo 

dy and exponsive. Tae nee 
wpe’ bse of'a current‘ from a dynamo we 

chino has nppsrently-solved the -problem, “A 
“Londen photographer, named Van der Wolde, & 
‘Phitadelphian, had been turing & Ught produced. 
by the current from’a Qramae masoblty 5 
uses no akylight ab‘ail, depending wholly’ upou 

fs’ artificial: « lght,'~ and “the. number “ot 

London’ being. far fa. 
esa of ] ber" here,” ty’ ia ‘meeting’ 
‘with’ fale "au Ht 
eculiar appears! 
“faved suadons and large; 

fo the oyes ; they-’are not 

‘pfotures taken by daylight 
, 4 A 


- “In this country T do not seo any advantage in 
it for portraiture.“ We have hore an ayerugo +0 


; yoar, with a good portralt light, of elght hours, 
‘even in winter. - The new sensitive plates of, 
‘which the Evenina Posr spoke roceutly opablo, 
us to mako excellent ‘picturoa aven in cloudy; 
weather In from three tofoursoconds, Thofleld,' 
therefore, for tho elcctrio Nght fn photograpby 
Mea in: mechanical-: photography,  photo-litho- 
jaraphy .and -photo-engraving. .Thoso now, art 

Processes are urdoubtedly destined to create.a 
| rovolution, We can ‘now, by aid of sensltive 
gelatine plates and tho eloctrio ight, makea 
motal plate ofa photograph roady for tho press 
| Sneide of four hours, : I intond to havo tho Brush 
Mght in my cperating rom as soon as the conn, 
pany can givo it to'mo to’ enable us to do this 
kind of work after the day's business {4 over. 





poe Si Darah rrsmee 
ELECTRO-BRASS PLATING,* 
"ANY articles of brong scm 


sor cheap alloys ree 
ctric’ doposition, as (a 


ithe disposition of 
'ae rout roplat 

{a i with Hs alloy. . her 
i 3 Us aro not usually: heated, 
‘Tho hot bath’ fe unually contained. {iran oblong 
“open fron bollor Hus Hes aes brass, whilo that 
for -cold plating is gonoraltypla a woodon 
tank coated with percha dr agphaltum. | 
‘anodes aro of ’platqor al ot ligne joined to; 


we a 4 he aideaallbqainectod with 
jaa aoe mo copper of th 0 battory. 
° 0! 


th, fory current is regathted by the 
surface of the articles to’ be oloctroplated. - Tho 
articles aro suaponded in tho usual way—by copper 


°”* gp thrass hooks ito stout rods. of tho samo motal, 


all connectod with tho Inst zino of tho.battery. -, 
The Brass Baths. seed: 

H tho ordinary cheap commoréial cyanide is 

saioged the ‘ollowing enswors vory. wel i 


, Sulphate of coppor . 
H Sulphate of zine : 


we OL vane 


issol' id proc! wi 
‘ous allow to Rie, docant the ol 


‘svash the procipitate several tin 
“ator -aftor parts sottlings. 4 


washod precipitate: 
Carbonate of aod: 
Bisulphite of soda 
Wator a 
Stir to wo last ‘two, thon'stic 
in ordinary: cyanide of potassium until tho Higuia 
becomes clear and colourless, » Filtor if, much ron 
or {ron oxide (derived from impuro zing salt on 
oyanide). remains suspended in the Nquid. An 
additional half ounco or ao of tho cyanide Improves 
the conductivity of tho solution. 


Cold Brass Bath for. all Motats. 


* Carbonate of ‘coppor (rocontly pro- . 


‘odtbone! 

jon 
Garonate of soda 

uhito of noida. ++ 
of potnaaium (puro) 
Aracnfous acid 
Woator cee 
Filter if nocossary. 





"The arsenious eld ‘fn added to brighton tho 


V deposit—an coxcess is apt to givo :tho motal o 
\ graylah-white colour. : 


two hundred and twenty seven clear days tas. + 


read, 
Gon 4 ISS] 


Uptu, 


Omg. Me 











ny ene s bak en Bekas 


as 











Management of therBath, 
, . ,Tho losses of tho bath aro to: ba ‘repatred by the 
‘7 * addition of copper and zina- salts (and arsenious 
acid) dissolved in freeh cyanide, and water, Tho 
operator dotermincs tho juiromonts from tho 
rapidity of deposit, its condition, colour, and so on, 
; Tho difficulty in brass cloctroplating, capecially 
with small baths, ia in Kooping the uniformity of 
‘ thacolour of tho deposit, as tho electric current | pure, 
s having to decompose two salts, cach offering aj abont! 
differant resistance, must, according to its intone torido} 
sity, vary tho colour and composition of tho i To thia add cnough sitiphate of 
nee feable iusrent: peinetpally logempeaos t] nickel to turn tire solutton adcep grown colour; the solu. 
: Mn ebOnes While :| Mon fs then heated fn a Wedgwood or other porcolain veasol! 
foo great {ntensity in tho current decampotes the to ihe bolling-point, Noxt, suspend tho objecia in tho, 
* From the Scientific american, ‘| water for half an hour, when a brilllant. white coating will: 
zine salt too rapidly and tho deposit isa white ot aye 
Uluish-white a toy? It the ‘loppait has an earthy {| Articles ‘thus plated will.bear 
‘or ocherous appearance, or if the Nquid ts bluo or ;] The: solution may’ then bo 
‘greenish, the solution is defictent in cyanide. used sgala with'a small. adilt 
When in proper working order tho liquor is 
coluutless, is {ho coating Lecomes dull _ un i using sulplate of. copalt In 7 
equal, a. slight addition of arsonious acid will és te : 
suualy improve it. If the deposit is too red, use The colour of the ‘cobalt ‘Ia very 


: } 

more battery powor or add more zine salt; if too Hl polished steel ith a slight rose tint, but iti 
white, decreaso the current or add ynoro copper : a ; 
salt. The specific gravity of tho bath may vary. 
from &° to 12° Baume; when it exceeds this latter: 
‘gravity af elioula oe dituted with frets iwraler, te 

ecrease tho olectric rosistance. ho brasa dos, "hte dines ney 

sit is irregular, retnove tho articles from the : Ma, EDison has de: 

ath, rinse, acratch-brush, and put ngain into tho more ingenlous than. 
Yath'until the colour and thickness of the deporit, year ago to fix in houses 
are ‘satisfactory. Scratch+brush again, and, if new instrament ¢ 
necessary, rinsu in hot water, dry in warm white ince cell containin 
wood sawdust, and put in tho stovo-room, Tho a branch circuit HH y 
last three operations aro indispensable for hollow | 1 hn rough | 
qisces, In ‘tho disposition of tho brasa plating current Is shunted, ‘the copy 


th it is always necessary to havo all tho articles jarm to adjusted that wh 
suspended at about equal distances from tho rcertain amount heavier (b nO! 
anodes. The bath may be sulxtivided by soveral ;8rown an equal amount } the Te 
anodes, forming Dart fons, #0 shat cach Jeaded rod j ae current through the 

la botween two anodes. ‘The anodes should alwn: registering i 
7 removed hen the bath is ot la sito, In oriae cuistering dial-ap 

hat tho brass electroplating of zine or copper i 
may bo lasting the deposit Bunt, not be too ¢ ny pack wehen te current, 
and must bo scratch-brushed, washed {n limo water, jellected. Each “tip” clearh 
and dricd in the stove-rvom, Generally ten to jexact quantily of electr! 
twenty-five minutes’ exposuroin the bath auflices indications are there 
in ordinary practica,to throw on a good coating, ul will tt work? * 
Cast and wrought fron, lead, and its alloys require ay gees ke 
a bath richer in the motals tha: 


in when. brass , . ,. . 
plating zino or its alloys, Tho battery power Orgluk, MtechanieV intl of beinee, 
should alto be greater, For, load:tho bath works J 1002, : 


é 
: 
4 
4 
i 
mek 


n 

Detter, warm (at about por Fae.) When once Gla Aa eats ‘ 
Troved about, wether Py ondene Sunder such (41160.)—Eloctrolyals of Wator.—You mako 
‘clroumstance to tho formation of.a re deposit. i atnlatake fn supposing that tho total quantity of 
b. In bdrase plating wire tho hot bath {¢ usually eloctricity of tho induced current nt tho brenk is; 
ae iployed. As beforo montioned,.the vessel, pid i | proator than at tho make. The total quantity is! 
\¢ faluing the bath usually consists fa ‘an oblong oper | in cach case oxactly tho same, but in the caso of| 
tron Siler, lined. with, heet brass anodos, and | tho break tho pritnary current is stopped suddenly, ; 

heated by fire, steam, or hot water, ,.A: stow cop: ~ and hence tho oleetromotive foreo in the secondary, 
per or brass rod in tho diroction of tho longth of . Cireuit is atrongoe than nat thao tonke, where selfs). 
the bollor rests upon tho ed from contac {nduction prevents tho primary current from rising 
which it, fa fusulated “by pl to its maximum valuo oll at unco. At the break 
+» The rod-is connected Ww! thoro ian strong current fora short time, whilo al 

battery, , themako therol awoakor curront. fora longer time; 
+ the two quantities being exnetly tho game, a9 may 
} be shown oxporimentatly or proved mathematically, 
+ As now tho amount of electrolysis depends on ite 
quantity of electricity which passes through the 
‘electrolyte, you cauriot oxpoct to got auy ck 
‘Ayala by alternating ourrents, but must to 0 conse! 
; mutator to scud all tho currents tho anmo way | 
whero through tho electrolyte.—T,. 1. E, | 
Note! oo Doo cimtrneatsn ne z # pote 





_—- ee ie 


}- 


lactro- ; 














Menlo Park Scrapbook, Cat. 1005 


No. 5. "Mixed - Etheric Force" 


This scrapbook covers the years 1875-1881 and contains clippings 
about etheric force, the phonograph, acoustic devices, and a variety of 
other scientific and technical subjects. There are 130 numbered pages. 


Blank pages not filmed: 22-130. 




















A NEWARK 00K DivDeRY & BLANK Book MANUFAGrORY, 


. JOB. & MEROANTIDE PRINTERS, 2 £ de 


“WILLIAMS 3 & ‘PLUM, 
“YTV. Broad Bt, Newark, N. Sys 
STATIONERS : and BOOKSELLERS, 


MERCANTILE. PRINTERS, 
NOOK HINDERS, :' 
> inst CLASS BLANK BOOK MANUFAGTURERE, 











‘ 
git st erat eeprmensnwanenmony sre Bs 














Lee beets 
: SUBMARINE: 

'sunam ntvrenvonn * ig: ale Bevonrass * 

DIciKION Agatxar THE: PBTERN UNIO: Th. i 

OAPI COMPANY SA> MESEENTO or A DErAtitnp | 


ee 















_ Iutgo Batchtont,.in» Unter: Staton’ Ctrenit’ | 
Court, yavo an fhipartint. and longthy ecistan, yea | 
lerday, In tho easo of Gllnitan Ge Colgate; anatgrion Ge | 
the Jato Arthur W, Eastnian, ve, tho.Weatera Unlon | 
Telegraph Company. “Thiet mult," iniyn:the Judgs, | 
“in founded on letter ‘patent, granted (o Georgo B, 
Slmpaun, aa-tuyentor, on May M1867, for an ime | 
Provement fn luawating: xnbinarine cables," Tha! 
anecliieation staton that Stmpron had Invented “a new | 

M tinprovenient in olecteteal contnctore for: 
legraphic purposes,” ‘Tho kpecificatiou tn then ab | 
forth: and tha dudga goes on torsys—"It in plata, | 
from the language of thin‘ specifeation, that tho 
Polnt ‘of the’ invention’ In to ‘make Uso of tile 
stool? that qutts. percho tn “ nonoonduetde ! 
of olectricity, «tos fnantata® by: moana’. of 
“Bulla porcha a metallia wire, whieh fn a conductor at! 
slortricity, and thus prevent the crcape of etoctricity | 
from (ho motailte, wire when 1 I muapented. in tha | 
aie or mibinerged dn watorsor finried: in the | 
earthy, on, but! for “anch’ tneulatton, thie 
i iyo from tho motallio wire. ‘The 
Neauribed (a to comblte the Kita 
percha and tha metaltio wiro in anch manner thatthe 
wiro Will ba cororedt ort all nites with » nulforia coate 
Ing of gutta pered: sAdettuate” means Of, softening 
{ho gai and putting it ite auch condition as to por | 
mls {t to bo ro editubined with tho win ara. net fortt, 
aud tt In declart that auch mote of combination ant 
lnsudation colifues the elentrla. current to tho wire | 
Aud aliields tho wira froin contact, with alf dutornal | 
‘clectrio intltences, It In mauttest that the'ylat of thie; 
Invention tn tho dtwcavery af tho tyet: ist gutta | 
percha ts adion-eohductor of etoatrleity, Tho apple! 
cation of that fact ti pirsctlcat two da.by combhating tt, | 
by tho fireaiin ‘apcetfied, with a metatild wire, In the: 






























autier described, atl then walny thd eable fariaed | 
j such combination for the fzvone of Sinlaelie i 
: : . electricity ‘along: tho euctased wir, ‘Tho auswor a: Jef 
, a 3 : 


tulte the tina hy the dofarlant of aubaarine cobiia! 
tlie’ hraulation of which gnite perelia wha eine | 
Ployed, Wut dove not adinit’ eteat it 
. ‘ Ut favention patented to Himpau 
1 ; : Hat the alleesl thvunthin wan dota 
J ‘ Weeds that it 


1 commenting on | 


: a a Hiito great atatt an to | 

: pneltiden as Cole 5 
on! a ty te 

! 

‘ 

H 





a Pa pallets 
Be 


aga 
aa wis ; 


aworn : to dhe sand: 
waa.’ too. prior, 
offen feo, © ond 


j fowooe.“Tlodgels, fi anaearet Bae extititted! 
OF cre, ot: . ! 
\itactiwention tho usyjand Late at Ualthingry 








OENtUB, a ; i. 





tho autumn 
application for. 


Uo ro! 
in Wwe, 


the ame it 


frow bia {il access nnd -bels Diehod 
waa obliged to withdraw hie to 
Yrelna Coust, whero hu ret 
o 






















‘hla ay 
and Bimpeon, bovontt 


.' Ho ata 











~ b3H60 “Bimpwon + mee 
rille?, , ant 


Jgtcen” for 





{gute tad’ Dee Dear; 


‘ 
) fonuth, three 
41 


fy Bom Cre 


| *" Porductais Men In Ohio. 


he ntarlor ce 


Mox, tnnitensed, but not shackled nt t 
Tho re hi 


sktn of Cho convict in various placoa, Euplaly, 
with tho Ronse. A nrisoner tucns’ a: amail 
C 


foncarn ts so Amat tint. it looks like atoy, but 
it makes tho aud 


j folded. Ho hing no kden whore or whan he is 
! folng to bo touchad, nnd“ds not norved ugainal 
t, as ono woth! bo who takes hole of tho voles 
of a battery with his oyes open nnd bia thoughts 
for tho oxpeetod. shock, ‘J'ho 


dtgcona lay 






0 


-five. About ono man por woek fs sont there, 
Serenade 


ten Quinn suporintonds tho pun- 






given by that bod: itrrlity of the inven 

ton, and on May a2 in’ tha next year (1867), hy was 

drantod oo ,paloit a4. tho arigiuator “ot the 

ret practle. ocean, 
tolographs, aud tuaulating ‘wires wit, quittas porch, | 
At this tho Mrs Ninpean waa dn: the 

rervico on Sayiaater; with hia station at Nuw Orlean: 

nl the fruite of hin want: 
















methad , of constructing > 
rite Htat 

















7 
° 










nd Ws bow, 
Mishmont by Doputy: 









consists of toudliing tha bore 










boon dononsed with a | 













































tho Violet “Ray. 


toe r 





. .of Science, 











mess ‘nung 
1o thos 
‘arawa when tho’ 








bi 







. “Pando 
' 







Y. ee 
a “Manel FLEY7 





BLUR VS... THE “BLUES.| 


Fashion’ Sanctioning the Progress 


The. foterestiog speculations of Ganeral Ploasonton, 
first brought to public notice through the colurmps or! 
tho UrraLo about p year sinco, acem to have, im 
Prossad tho generat public’ favorably, for coball bluo 
Blass has divided tho honors of. attention with une of 
jSHié greatest political aunesatloda tho conniry has avor 
fexperioncod, Durlug, tho;heat of the recent political . 
‘controversy many of our staual promlnont citizens 
‘sought tm the violet ray that soothing nuit. curn 
Uv¥o influence which is credited with subduing caninca 
nd euriig deaf aiutes, } Seeptical, ‘at: tral, of the 

validity of tho claims of biuo glass tu consideration, 
“HONS Fontured to make public profosaon of tnith,m It, 
‘and Ite uso.was surreptitious A picca of glans was” 
mes) ‘hung in tho’ window mort ‘oxpured 
but was): Immodiately with. 
pationt ‘within had Juitied tha ine + 
‘atructions pubhahed vy she Conor, Not s0 to-day, | 
‘A pano of blue glass ia ow tho oxcutchcou of progrons : 
and calightounent, and n0 kuuve 18 complete without 
‘st. “Day dua oyght the blue embteta ta to bo seen inthe 
windows of many of tho Hucat mansions of Fitth nad F 
‘Madisen atonuca, . Parlors, whore woo of tho evita of 
ra/s box havo over been esporionced, unit In trout 
which aoctora! Lorex have licen known to batk, are 











sUnned this practica for about a month he woe aston 

|isned to Oud’ Guat.tha sickly, plants ad gatood vigor. 
“ jmnd that iho healjby on bad grown apace, Theso 

jdomountrations of the power of inusio would seem to 
Mteraiizo. tho. metaphor of Cosper, “Atusie. hath, 
charms to sootte tho savage breast, to aulten'rocks,”” 
jke, and if their conductor aucceols In doduclug teow 
{them -a. sy tmotrical theory overy Nothousa In tha | 
country will doubtless bo provided with an organ 
grinder, “ 








eats MARVELLOUS MPYecTS. 
| The tales of the Persian riagl acew as commonplace 
{realities when contrasted wittt somo of the well au; 
{thontcatod cures offectod by whic glass. Ht Is doubtfut-; 
ft Ib Is 4Uo eatholicon ita cuthuslaatic admirers clalin, 
but (t bas shown enough tietue to cominend It to nube | 
No attention. The ductors, of course, do not think t 
much of 1, and generally depreciate itm offlcacy, Ine | 
{dood a narrow-minded practitioner told tho writer that 
Ab this thing did ot stop aomewhore all tha mowticht 
colleges In tho country inight closo thor lecture 
halls, Whon photography waa inventet i was held 
Chat tho art of portrait panting wust become obsolete, 
"That ¢ho effect of that great dlacavery lian beon to cle | 
sale Ihe throttened art toa Neight unattaloedt botore, 
Thougnttul medical mea ‘ara Inclined to regard the 
Aixcovorica uf General Vearonton tu a tesa gloomy: 
Ught, aud many tntntain thas tla only a now dincuye 
ery, (n medicine, aud as such cannot bo of detrement to 
jthe sclence, Tho ease with which blue glans ty applhted, 
jhowerer, makes overy man ns own doctor, 
NOW TO UFE ULUK OLAS, 1 
{ No general plan is laid down for ite uae, but: 
‘tho necessary conditions are that’ the bine of 
Viotet Mua Hight shall coma frum the direct raya of 
tuo tun, and that the ordinary Dgut stall not 
‘bo excluded, Thia betug sho case, tho dealers have | 
S simple frame enclosing a’ picco of blue glass about | 
eighteen mchos tn width and In longth sho ordinary 
wldih of a window enah, which 16 eantly Inserted with 
Aho gash, Thte, tt 1s sald, norte all the blue Nghe that 
le necessary for a single apurtinont, and punsenses all (> 
dhe curative and other Dropertics attributed I 
{ 

























Apectes ot Might, Tho accompanying iMustrattons with 
thaw how elmplo and oaay ts tho Introduction of 












py if tiupittens ot other éured auidst aa martenuas, 


LER 






Oy aro coded for tho: 











Tee 

















j. the ble discavary was mada knuwn to tho world”; 
:, The theory of thesd woudertat carce 1 that alt tho’! 
ital forces of the body depend tor ineir healthy exers! 

{ bi0 duon electricity, tho triatn proot belng: that the ” 

jdikatine ant acid Nuida necessary’ for the Renoration:? 

re lcclricity tn tha body astualty do exlat (i auch pro. - 
Portions and fn ench places ag th 
Generation of olectrioiy, o r 

Posy SRWTON IN A XW LiddT, ‘ 

"These now theories ‘of blonded' tight do away |* 
swith” many of the’ ol fashtoned ’ - nottons 
swhiets havo been? ‘grouped together under.’ 

} thor bead of natural ptillosophy, « Among: tha 
most important of. those Is Gissipation of the Newtoe 
ftan theory of gravitation. . If Gencrat Meayonion te 

“HiBMt Whore te no solar radiation ot ‘heat. Tho aun te 

3 A Broat inagnest, fegulating ‘and controlling all the’ 
3 ‘panots at his system by Invgnetlam, Klectrtetty aod 
blue glass, not gravitation and ccutrifugil and contrs. 

+ Petal forces, are the scerote of Mite ant of natore. AIL 
Wicao nssutnptions wore sos out as great longi in tha 
Innate whoa Ganeanl Heasontou's thoaries were fret 
Provouniled, and thy general adoption af his mothoda, | 

Joa bleh aro now attracting 20 muct altention, iy the. 
Ff, dlteet reautt of the pubitelty whieh tht Journal gave at ! 

: dhe time tothe now discoveries in science aud modle | 
fine to which manktut now.scoms disposed to'cune ? 

fore ey ee eae 

















|[pripay. APRIL 19 








> * Nationa Academy of Netoncen: 


AN INTERESTING SESSION YESTENDAY EDISON, ; 
THE MODRUN MAGICIAN, UNFOLDS THE MY~! 
TEMES OF TUE PHONOOMALI 2 

“At the sclentife session yesterday a paper i 






Ha permanent character, have been" recorded, since : 












ov lnkthna Dee, TELE 
















tS 











































ko thouth y 

i the ano 
caused vibration 
and indentations 
bolbe was a; 

































outy 
clare, 


ia 
i 









fence 













ressiveness of the 
tho ap 
any visil port ove; 
ee nlncares 
secon! fonk 
yes, waleh wore. 



























































































































































sand electricity, they wero taken cum urdng aatie, but 
jexperimont basproven the correctness of hin viewn A 
>} theory no,lese ttartling than that of Mlossonton's has 
: |rocently been promulguted to England, in whtot it te 
. holatined thas flowers aod plaute-are 

jebarme of music. The anonymous ner of 
tates that he had & number uf feudlo pl 





uhiaud betweon . 


{tn tho cura of Bervous diseasos, Neuralgia aud m 


jf Mheumatisns bayo oven rete: 
j Dluo Neht—that 
body “ainica’s 









- i) 08 “The Effective Force of Molecular Actlo 
x avo jalonded light Into any apartment, fe 0: i] 
* Roi# decked In vartogated ginsd pance: tu lact a plaigiot j i ek ‘ [ease tee eoronaand dlscussad by 1 ‘ mained 
man ofa broom ots mah rig oF V0 a nea Feber dunce gate Vat te rai 
‘mont o} elrootn as , es e 0! i e 
to tho front parton, Ba j 7 the Engilsh Tolesconte Observations,” by Prat,‘ ean ae 
(eae . 7 : , ‘eters. This paper caused a Hvely disettssion que way 
RLCK GEARS Abt THR RAaR, ; : among the astronomors on the sublect of tha ; ; 
' Tha demand for this pecultdr tint of rou of ato a t : waaay ti paulinates for the paraliax oft Koa 1 
wt it arnow 5 gas ball fuctuatlty 1 ‘OW Hinits.! | 
) era bet ee tian aan etic Se 7 : “galled the sun, Nn Neweoinh, i ceferrin A 
Grown into life, At protent there are eeverhs house i fo the “black.drop” theory, sald’ that at onu.: 4 Prema a EN eG 
Gevolod to tho exciusive sala uf this glass, anid overy 7 Mino the question of the nature of the black.” . ceeded + Balsa 
Gay Increases tho business, Even tho curbatone mers ie Grove on ‘That anany Rianeheten regeea oat : 
: chant, famous tor le devotion to the intkponsable ' ff apeaieing dlreapecthuily gt the Lite ey ae 
collar bution and the sinuaing putomaton epldor, has “ [| Simost as had as spehking disrespectsal y.of i 
dosertod sheso aud gona Into blue glass. Several onter. as : ihe, icePs ahdgaked at ong staue of the de i 
“prising individuals aro at present canvaming the clty |, . : “VY be repented In tho ncadiony. atte eke ee 
qwith knapsack frames atrapped on hele backs, afer i ! ed bad read an easayon “The Vortebracg Fayna i. * 
fhe suet Wavameunain me dpenteg poe] 2 1] fear eahitatttSgel ea 
4 analuilate ate “at che hte ae ie eae THR DAW OF THK ThKoRY, |” a AN the Ural mountalns,: ‘A eptson oo : 
rasta patent toot mt _ Breaso 1. 149 loteresting to recall same of Gonerat Plearon: rae Silt, THOMA! Ne 4 Sane g! , 
5 Wee is now oullstoxt in tho cauay of aelence, I : flon’s experiucnis in view of tho recent goncrat ape 3 Pere prated inventor. Paeired by Invitation { The Invontur tsa y and ee 
jas lao boon mentioned that tho laundsicn use moro jfation Of htattoories, No Orst tried tt in hie &rapery, phonograph and carbon telephone, whieh not show olf at all ornamental 
Hodigo now than formerly, In soveral pnrrooms tn pivery,elebeh row of glans belay blue, to Ave montha . a} tary’s th m fils fans solutes tie weer. o biter the extiettadte 
How whiskey tv clapoueed from Uive Valtles, ad 14 ;Ihe tus pany vines had obtstued a vigorous growth SST crawaea whithend “aenaseiag dalls wrery now. {gan embarrassment 
iwarrantod not to produce tho “triangles”. [t $s quite . E Rho other vines whiten had ant the benene of tho btue "Lf Bathering of ladies ant gentiomen. The doors, * ton, As Trot, Bark 
(unnecessary 10 make any: masitlon of tho favorite ~ [Hight were puny tit Hla also uret tho blend | |} Where the aghontiger poy atdotning the ball “InANK of Fopreteh 
jtotar Ineyegiataes oF to spenk at iength of the Nort. ;Mabt In bie plgzery aut eulwequcntty upwr hte. enttle, § dilly With salmon and othoe been Toul were: . ring to the numbe 
jeattural uses pene See are cen Muaryem . [fie ettects Were tut eo tiarked tm the ticrmare of | taken from thelr hinges. 10 rte eat there 
sg yas WOM a, Wa weight of ‘the swine as in anvtgorating jeny: and” Fee ag Ola Itare’ to ot A poops at | 
It should not be muppotia shat tho effects of bine Mogfo anlinats,” One vt the Conerata mutes, which Fave. rentemieane tie tits A . é 
| glans ave of Fecent discovery, for auch Is not the casa, j had beeo with bimon tha dulttary rervico during the? illdren were all turned eurlously on . I wanted to, I. 
| Dering Crimean war a furoie wus occasioned by jel wan Lad become deaf Wiroust tthe firing of heavy 4 atte an eee. fh, Taece tha Mint toeaeag eae j 
: bigo glesnin Hogland, aud all wortn of artificial light }Bbn4 and to'tho animal Was put under tlde toss, - ideale Rutt esaa ae nay + Stan man asked? 
{ wore taoaided.by and trauanitted through i. To Gen. Which not only éured him of bis denfuens, bul piso of > EDISON IN! PEREON, Pear to hear at the thea. 
ee eral Veasonton, however, belongs tho Lonor of having jPheumatian by whet ba liad been attacked, in ro. : na rab oe ba (hervousis It hk i 
: then Sieh ea awn ony ops irs he : jSardtotte otfeets of the btun tight mon the human : panera ‘Wis ahaguy brows tag stood lita « 
‘ she” é "4 Shecies, ome of the carer which fave be cf 
| General frat propounded bis startling teorten of light | bas ate extraurdinary. It eceina to be capecritly etieaciut 7 
i, ; 















Is theory; 
bis hot. 












vere 












‘ Sy eet 











seit Leh R ne Des TRL Foe 








Han se rreyerstrunnemn niente Ain 






0 
Ul 
ne 





of tlie errand; tha f atteyi ii aN 


‘ i iis tlie boy proctedca; wy = ay. : ae — 

the instrument, and then the oxplosion. alinost: ny itd ne tial Ch Lo Lee ts tateot 4 + 

: ee tho dle store. Then the character of tha exhibition | °°" : me : 
srbinpove, ed, und Ars, Jewett was heard aweeping the floor,” ‘At: 


. A : : — ry 
conversation was then carried on, tho apenker in'tha! !- eer Sere J 9-P 
5 drug store standing nbout two fect in front of tha instr) Rie : Z A fe : 
ESBION: e und tho replies were digtinet] heard, A wateh placed in the hoe, wee cee 5 
hotometric 9 non was lend ticking at th . ° te ed a or 
gio" ; r jeking atthe other end. Other experiments show 
; i Et, ec ee 7, vfepthat sound was transmitted equally well when diffused through al |! 
wees, Worus oll E . : number of terminal inatrumente, .- 
oud As one van examination of the instrument. iteclt revealed nothing to, 
indicate its peculiar power to gather up sounds, carry nngl diffuse: 
them, Iho Yeceiver is m imere wooden box, about the size of a: _ producing sounds ata distance from their; 
cigar box cut in two, ‘ho open front is adorned with 2 mnrrow. source wes secontly presented to the world by, 
border of gilt frame, the sides are of black walnut, the back of M.C. L. Weyher, of Paris—at any rate hia 
Nets: : thin iron plate, Al i eae ‘ nGK o invontlon did not’ go beyond tho atago of pro. 
pinte, About an inch forward of the iron plate, and fll. : . t f 
for lustance, : ‘i hig up the sides of the hox, is u disc or sounding | ‘of hii Fistonal protection, Lt conalata of a opparatu 
luo Danube" fh ine, witl vay u ry hiigeds ig of white for reproducing: words, and: Hkewise musical 
ft a h nu Openings wbont un inch in diameter in the center, and other aounds, at any distance, for the pura! 
: from | ih aguites of this opening «small funnel of copper plate! poses of communication, and “for enabling: 
Alex oud - k through the sheet ivon plate, aud an inch or go theatrical and other public performances to bo 
eyoud, Where it receives. and fits closely around 9 thin bras -{heard ‘at localities distant thorofrom, The 
Wire, About two yards of brace Wire are used at either end of . {9pparatus consists of n. thin sheet -of ‘iron;| + 
-| the line, the intermediate connection being of Copper wire, My,’ ;{¢opper, or other: motal, which is alimply au 
Jowett calls this funnel 1 it mity be asid—the: pended or stretched on a frame at a conyenien' 
brator,” about the agophone, itis! point in’ tho theatre, hall, or room in which 
remay be some secret, which th : ‘| tho mualo or other sounds ara produced, This} 
Iin the constructio i metallic plate is connected wit! 













55 sy 
REPRODUCTION OF MUSICAL AND 
OTHER SOUNDS. BY ELECTRICITY.: 
QvE of tho many niothoda proposed for rot! 







































































a 


jay tn “Novem Pa selentitic 
I reassemble In Washington 













































AGOPHONE: 
peaking of tlie Agophono, siys i 







" 10 26 ents | yf: ek : aE one, fae oe § eye 
OL the Oaths Rak Tsearoeas wee are’ ? . One of the defeets of Edison's telephone, with its complexities 
[dying ont. : One old man speaks the tangunge ( . ‘of electric battery, disks, and mouth and eav.tubea, is in ita inabi- 

SMUT oe eee oe Ls aera the dity.to receive other sounds than those uttered directly into the f 


Tndians and represents tho pronunclationof:|t smouth-piece, or emit Uhose carried with sullicient foree lo be 
| thelr: words. by, Kngllst: syllables, - Another cad . LPs y nee than an inch or two from the 


\ ~ TROLG © a heard again at greater dist n inc Lt a 
‘| Tenothing donnie. The ponogeanh wilt “our tubes This defect waa partly remedied in the invention of 


Is nothing define. Tho phanograwh will pro... q wu 1 er the vibrations of; > 
sa rsey ekguinchation, | the presilent i .' tho microphone, an’ iistrument: which mugnifies sound. “The f leas distinct. On 

| Watone ale the NartivAmortenn tribes,’?, {  twhole is very complicated, however, and fails to reproduce sounds gular, and ecemed to be trang. 

» Blarn" Ye b vin their original strength of volume, or to reevive sounds which Lhe Messrs, Jewett ave pre. i : 

/ Are hot capecially directed against the disk of the receiving in. ir drug store down to St. Paul Above the electro:magnet.is placed-an-iton or: | 

‘atrument, * aes ? z Ro made so far, but the 

‘It is not n little strange that the only important improvement v transmitting sounds great dig.; i Bou . 3 
{upon the telephone, by which sounds uttered, at large in room id of electricity Hemming to be proven, 43 , Tho action’ fs ns follows :—-Each’ sound pro: 









































































































can be gathered up, tranamitted, and aa loudly diffused again, : : ; t C : , 
should have been perfected, in ‘t country village by men who . : : throws, the. motallte plato into sibention ant 
poss}bio that : ‘nuke no pretensions whatever ag scientisté. ‘Che professor takea gee presucst aoreeapondiag potsiiens i ‘ nt : 
Iuh ‘tho indented ' the longest way around, aud the schoolboy finds the shortest way ‘ : [zum ne th xirtions hia Frode the - 
: ‘ |. When the reporter entered the “ curiosity shop ” of the Messrs. pe ; me {pound hae note de hue by th is trepidation o the; 
, i Jewett, at St. Omer, Tnd., he fond a group of neighbours H E ‘ : itnet ‘with the plate, and tho circuit is made and! 
; Eanlredy uiterunt apie ta Yi .gathered in the store listening to n conversation between the pas | broken sub each:vibration, the cucrontspasing 
} say ‘phonograph’ q relder Jewett in the store and his wife at their residence on the i . ‘by the: line producing ‘tho samo number o 
Ana the I i hill, a quarter of a mile away, My, Jewett was leaning against ‘ j vibrations of the reed or vibrator, which thus! 
: ‘the edge of the counter, three or four feet in front of a little sg . ; accurately reproduces the aounds with all thotr) ”, > 
owlin yout’ ‘instrument attached to the ease of post-office boxes, nid which ae ; ; different intonations; Tho app 
si 0 to pul ; seemed to be nothing move than a sqttare wooden box, the front . ‘ s Fi ‘1 {used for all kinds of telegraphic or other‘co 
oF that gize,” i jend open, and the rear counceted with a fine wire running i ; j munications as well ng for tho transmissio “Of. 
through the window. He spoke in a natural, and casy tone, weet : . iusical sounds, ar aingle _ wit il sorte, 
apparently directing hig words to some other object than the rca : fora punshee 6 sreeelvara by using fori yod \ 
| instrument. The replies cama back with auch distinctness that , : : : neha a a biopotiaate “Bovacal -eonteatl 
they were understood equally as well in the furthest corner of Byes ae tn ciate may leo bo applied to the enwo vibrit, 

. | the store asat the mouth of the instrutnent. Mr. Jewett then ae " : ng plate for transmitting the vibrations along 
tasked: Mrs, Jewett to sing, and the words of the pretty hymn, ns many lino wires, The battery may bo pliced 
iMOver there,’ filled the room. The only difference apparent . : at any point of. tho cireult, and may bo under 
{between the tone as heard and the original was Ut it scemed to : : yore . tho umedinte control of "the perion at’ the 

hive been uttered in ut adjoining room, through an open door, : Freceiving end. clei. Saute mentee teehee | 
r ! Mr. Jewett afterward went up home, and, by request of his son, : aa . 
7 Burl do vot tink thatitls ; took no seat uhout eight feet distant from the agophone, and ” 






1 you go to Paris this summer, : played the * Arkansus Traveller” on his violins Every note was ; : , 
athena te busy in getting out: tiatintly heard on ie street ten oe teat feet in feont of; ne “ : i: 
i . el a ° + drug wtorey and in tlie rear yard avhich wae separated by i 

Se Te ed a wal: : nother _ from the drug ‘store, Mra. -Jewoté then! : at 

j pgoReaDN played’ in dir, on an “organ, standing back of. the ago- Pane 

- ‘{plione” cight ‘or ten feet, and ‘¢é ry note was heard” by! " 
‘fall in the drug’store with equal distinetucss, ‘For a surprise tol . 

Mrs, Jewett she was akked to listen, and a lighted firecracker { 

. } Was placed in tho box of the instrument, When it exploded tho} 

H laughing of the intiates of the house waa distinctly heard, “Did! 

aycaks foretl you hear nuything 2” was the qa. from the ature, «.'T should: 

Inthe evensn think I did!” waa the reply. ‘This is'nt ‘tho Fourth of duly !* 

Academ: Ou: : luzy boy was then sent up to the house with hal€ n dozen firee: 
orackers to experiment with there,.and the lazy boy picked ‘up 

j Suother Inzy boy on the way nnd proceeded tothe House, When they 4 

J reached the house the party in the drag store heard the door close 

{Myon thematho conver ‘eittion en the threa ng.to the purposs 

fl N, ore eee oe FC Ug seks 
























“A 



























































URS 


ns it buracd continuously by night nnd by day np 
tho wharf for twonty-roren or twenty-eigh 


the Trinity 
periment dit Into th to tho Mouse} means, 

and anchored into tho sen. close C an, a 

lightship, when it again burned continuously night} the frao end of this lover is fizo y 

and day for a second period of orcr threo, wet wood as a caro for n glass pen, ‘suc! ae 
‘showing a bright light to a distance of upwards of: graphoscops, A ricco of paper is Li if 
‘four miles, Bnoys upon the samo principle can’ ha] under.tho point of this pon ‘by means of ne rollarss 
made hy Pintach’s Patent Lighting Company; tojand a writlng-tablo conslsting of nn adjustable bras: 
burn uninterruptedly for periads of #ix or even mora pport is fixed below tha pen and the paper, 


months, and I bolieve tho Trinity Board will, ero|+Dhosa who po:sesa 0 phonograph can ‘aro ity: 
juoat haro at peelere of those iatgo buoys on trial; | eylindoe for tho aame purpoie instead of roller and 
ele ee G Lux. (support; psperin fastenad over tho cylinder inatosd of » 
nr) * ftinfoil, ard tha mouthpiece of the recordor is fixed’ 
‘ no tht the lever ja at right angles to the axis of tha 
+ {THE MULTIPLYING SOUND eplinler. My first instrament, was nade with a 
Wh ie RECORDER non-throwed eslinder, Jf ‘rollers sro employed 
- (5001.]J—Digcovenens and inventors devote | clockwork may Le mado to pass the paper on with 
their efforts either to practical or scientific purposer, uniform speed. 
‘and they generally tako Into careful consideration ir C.2 
befora-hand in what direction they shalt choose to ec ’ * 
-work. Tko electri ht, tho ‘generation of tho] 6 ny 
olectric current, its diatr.bution and reguiation, aro | an arama ; 
at the prosent timo practical applications of acientific (om) é 
principles known Jong ago. Any direct romlt in . 
“this field of work can bo readily ‘nppreciated by ths 2 ‘ 
Roncral sputlic. Such i. pury ie fa ot m dlsetdadty Oo a 
ractical natura, in the other hand josophers : 3 7 i 
Tare for many yoara teled to fathom ‘le myetorien| ‘Tho paper Lost euited for tho purpoi is thin, 
cof articulate wounde. Whentstone, Faraday, and {foreign Ictter-paper. Tho pon inate of thin plas 
Helmholtz, especially directed their mont earnest { tubs should be trwn ton very fino point. ‘The con> 
attention ¢o such ancnd, Results In this fold of {nection betioon tha centro of the diso and the lovor 
labour hava eon vory intersting to tha philosophor [is mado in the following manner :—(Seo Fig. 2). 
and the atadent in acienco, but the publle in general {'Uwo anal] corks are fitted into the ends of » pleea 
nro not jn posscasion of such nttninmonts and|of thin indiarubber tubing (foeding-bottls tube) 
technical training as would onablo them to.appro- aboot ono Inch long. One of these corks is thoa 
cinto actentifia results of this description, ‘Cho|mlued on tho centro of tho membrane—the other [1 
invontion of tho apenking telephono wns n direct ont-|fixed on tho spring by means of # pin parsing 
como of theso discoveries. Profestor Uoll’a name | through cork and laror, roldored to tho tatters 
beenma famous in the shortest space of time, and the} sco Fi » (References za, glass pans be pene 
great public whose oduention is acquired mainly | boldar ; ¢ d, epring lever; ¢, pins fond 9, corks; h, 
thron; Wraitaned articles in newspapera only, never | tube). ‘The rollers ean bo made by Sring on an axle 
thought of tho hard aud cnraost Isbours of those | diso of wood of Zin. diameter by fin. thick between 
patloat workmen in ecioncs, who discovered tha} two disca of braes of 2hins diameter, Whon the 
prinelpto of action of the telephone, and genorously | recorder ix to bs wrod tho operator speaks into the 
mado over $ho results of their endeavours to} mouthpicca while ho or some ono cle drives the 
inventors.’ oe tn om handle round rather quickly. The paper Js then 
‘Tho Multiplying Sound Recorier” fs an instra- | marked by tho pen, and tho oxamination of tho writ- 
ment whose production is necicntific result of the} ing ia a matter of groat facility. This instrament 
vAdnd mentloned | alore, Immediately nfter tho| bas enabled moto make an unexpected discovery of ' 
nppearanca ‘of tho 
linvestigattons into the naturo of arliculate sounds j courso orersbody, expects to obtain as a recor! an 
‘wera renowed by somo well-known scientific men, |undulatory lino with variations only in the widt! 


of 
‘who thought the indentations marke! in tha tinfoil | the dorintlons caused ly sounds of differant ampti- 
- would yary sufficiently from each otker to enablo| tudes. ‘This, howoror, is not the case. Wo obtain 
bom, by means of th to ‘unravel {au undalatory serics of dots and daabes inatend of n 
\natore’s own unconscious handivriting, ‘Tho results |contioucd tine, ‘This result clearly proves that’ the 
of such researches havo been unsatisfactory: up to} vibrations aro universal and not in ono plane, ay 
this time. Differences in depth only can be detected (some eminent ecicntific men concluded from the 
on the marked foil, aud these marks cnn be oxamined | reverse action of n repeating phonograph. ' In spite 
only from one point of view. Investigators giva up| of the membrana, whoso position fs an obstacls to 
the task because tho differanees in shapo of indonta. | tho fera davelopmant of such uolrersal vibration, 
tions produced by differant peoplo’s utternucos of | tho poiot of tho stylns of a phonograph diso not only 
the samo vowrol sound wero oven moro cocsidorable| advances and recodes, but it moves also up and 
in appearanco than tho distinctivo features of the down, to and fro... Thoto atudents of acioncs who 
indents of different yowel sounds produced by tho} could nob reconcile tha nppencance of Chindni's 
sama person. Tho difficulties encountered in those | figures with the explanation offered until now of 
Apparontly fruiticss rasearchoa stimulated my|the action of tho phonograph, will 
inventive energy. Two results wero - nocossary | newost fnatrumont ono of au interesting charac! 
hefore suscesa could bo certaio, . Tf it will becoino m voady means of saccoss(nl study 
« le Tho differences inamplitude, pitch, and quality | of tho secrets of articulate sound, I shall feo) ninply 
of tho sound utterad should produca marks that|romnrded for tho timo nnd effort spent ia its 
sould be viewed in a line perpendicu'ar to thelr own |inrontion, . a 
variations, Saag Sia R 


0. misroscope, 


Thoodoro, Wiosondanger. 


telephone nad phonograph, | considerable importanco for acoustical science. Of; - 





@_. 


yan Simultancetn 
The Phitade' 


4 
3 
4 
2 


often seen In our long experience with this “ 
clnas of persons, that the samo inventions | * i 
often emanate from different sources about - 

the sume tine, The editor saya: 

“The discovery of discoverers 1s a well- 
known stage in the process of making public 
any new invention, From tho statue to | 
‘Ether’ on Boston Common, which Is 
popularly supposed to represent your choico 
among the men—one, both or all of whom 
gavo the world Its great anwsthetic—down to 
the rivalry of carbon button makers, Edison 
and Hughes, over the microphone, on instru: + 
ment which liss magnitled fn its own way the | 
small proportions of the disputed potnt, even: 
tothe active Miss Hosmer herself, who has 
furnished motives for two clalmants to ane 
nounce themselves, whatever may be proved 
of the dynamics of her mngnet, thera need 
not always be suspicion of anything more 
than simultancousness in Honest chulms, Tho | 
air ty charged.wlth electric and magnetic 
hints, and, while so many minds are quick } 
nt seizing and following these, the wonder: 
Is not so” much In the plurality of clatn-- 
ants, but rather that a discovery ever an- 
nounces Itself in singleness, when In work-, 
shops and laboratories patient investigators, t 
the same appliances are open, are making 4¢ 
world’s aum of knowledge. Mr. Gary, of Bo: 
who also lias been prospecting In the mngi 
hos been working ten years over it, has the tr 
there may be other ways of arriving at his ¢ * 
force nnd motive powor may be produced f 
magnets, with or without tho aid of an el 
but that, if Miss Hosmer has 

inne the discovery In his 

) way, and before he did, he ts 

ready to tuko a back scat. 

If she fins made Ht Inter, 

but Inn better way, lig dis- 

covery will yield in competl- 

tion to hera; if by an equally 

tgnotl though different road, 

‘there is room cnough In tha 

fworlt for both — of them, 

"tbls bia wa refreshing, Band Lae 

Huhout it, in contrast. to tho 

srl) warfare which somo 4 
selentific opponents indulge in, and predispose one to read, 
with interes! : r Gary saya for himself” ! 





vy renee bat na day 


: ACNEW RHEOSTAT, 


AST May I invented ‘a now rheostat, which : 

; Li ie: used for. tho Faradio na .vwell as the con 

/ fdinuoun current. It recommendaiteclf forsimplicity, 
durability, aud cheapness, A line of pliumbago of 
variablo ongth is tho only menue for the resletance, 
For the conatruction of the iralramont the following 
fow'artteles aro required :—A ‘small lunntity. of: 
plumbago, a pieco of paper, two blading screw: 
terminating in a. wire of Lin. length, and. Oi 
thickness, trvo boards Cin, by 2ffo. one of them gin. 


the other din. thick, : 
shellac varsish, perhene ween ane ae 


To mnko the rheostat :—Lny out the thicker boa: 

as shown in Fig. 1. Tho uppor lino should bo aa es 
{pout thera Proportionally ] this should be 

diy i equal parts, and the : 
tines into neve n; acl tection of reTyalplng fone 
doable tha length of ono of tha former. Bare holes |) 
through the boiard on tho dividing points indicated, |: 
argo enough for the end of tho binding rcraws to 
{fit ensily, not, loosely. Gluo a pieco of. writing 
|parer on tho, ‘thinner board, ndjust the perforatod 
jboard over it, and press with. tho wiro end of tho 
tbindiog ecrow slight improsions on tho papor!: 
‘through the holes. Cover tha end of nsinall stick 
Jor match ‘stump with a atrip of reft leathor tin. 
tore moisten {6 elightly, dip it in the bost! 





‘powderod/ plumbage (stove blacking), ani connect; 
the marks on the papor by a linc of tho blacking,; ” 
as indicated in Fig. 2, Pass oror the linos sovornl . 
times with the plumbago, so ns to make a dark, cone, 
tinuous, smooth lice of about fin. in width, Blow 
off alllooso particles. Shellac nll parts oxcopt. the 
lack lines, nn] scrow the thin board on the thick 
ono. ‘The rhcostatis now comploted. When not in 
suse, 1 should bo kent faca downward to prevont 
jt from entering. This rheostat bny over 20,000, 
ohms resistance, but if tho black lina should. bo; 
mada brouter, it wauld, of courso, offer tesa resis- 
rtanco, and vice versd, 


> ar re coe 


{THB ROIS8 TELEPHONE AS A RE- - 
|. CELVER TO HUGHES' MIOROPHOND. 
} |15182.J—Ir npprara to mo very alrange that no 
fous na (to my knowledge) tried o Rojas telopbono 
aves receiver to Hughes’ microphone, Hariug with a 
ty Vory rough apparatus succeeded in hearing faint 
, sounds sud tho sound of voices (particularly chit. 
jdren’s), I send you tho suggeation that some of your 
ivenders may experimont in thts direction, and 1 feol 
“auro that with approprinte arrangements tho reault 
will provo vory satiefnctory. - 
j Gibraltar, Nor. 10. 


Cc. V. do Bauty. 





we 








-__ NOVEMBER 29, 187 


of M, Fontaine, it fa fim 
i 





"ot 


EDISON'S ‘TELEPHONIO “AND ACOUST 

wr F - RESEARCHES, pOuRS 

. | Weare indobted for tho followi : 
.Prescott, to the ‘Blectrician 2 onan Paper by Bee 


been made fn the appl ¥ 
tlical 





he carbon telephone {s only one of many contrivances for re- 

producing articulate apecch at a distance, but, owing to Its clear 
‘and truthful articulation, {ta simplicity of construction, and tho 
far greater volume of sound which it creates, it Is likely to be the 
moat extensively used. Other {natruments of Mr, Edison's Inve: 
tlon, however, are not far behind {t, and may by improvement 
‘ be mado equally effective. Asn rule, Mr, Hdlson has succeeded 

better with those telephones which produce s variation in the | 

resiatance of tho circuit than with auch as depend for thelr action 

upon a varintion of the electro-motivd force or atatic charge. 

An inatrument very similar to the carbon-transmitting tele. ‘ 
phone hown in Fig.l—devised November 10th, 1877—the 
easential difference being that the carbon is replaced by bibulous 
paper moistened with water, This semt-conductor, like the carban, 
changes Sta resistance under tho influence of varying pressure. 


0 paper in key rota us 
‘one end of which ipa dita arenes tang tth ein se 


hy 
devised June 27th, 1877-14 shown a forin of the carbon tranamtt. 


ting telephone, requiring no sdjustm 
ent 
0) erates well hotwithstanding the arog Helty oT Ne sone Ne : 
at conte eaten ally of a plate of metal resting on the bottom at 
pabollow veasel, and carrying a block of prepared carbon, or 
Pri bes one Rad inetallie plate {4 Tadd. The welyli ot 
abe Into the mouth of the veel so carbo ee ey 


ease! 
replaced by a disc of cloth, the pore; whieh a flock filled 


with pulverisod * blagk- 
lead, By thle treet: 
ment the cloth becomes 
allghtly conductlve. ‘The 
instrument thu mod. 
_ fied a ahown fn Fig. 3— 
devised September 20th, 
1877, In F ‘a 4—levived 
August. 12th, 1877—the 
pulverised plumbago, P, 
a Hosted Upon mer- 
ry, M, and is com- 
pressed between the an 
@ Mercury and 

a tnetalllc block fastened 
to the centre of the din. 


Fi." 






























H 
t 


i 
{ 


t 





nt 3 TAG 


hi another form of the icdison” transmitter fa ahiownr 


in Fi iB 5, devised Ji uly th, 1877. ‘The carbon, O, rests upon the 


japh 
laphragm fl 


handly cortain that ita act! 

solely: to inertla, ‘Tho carbon C is placed , 

between two metalile plates, ono of which ia | 
- fastened to the disphragn, and the other is held : 


by a screw bearing in 8 framework attached ta !* + 


e'diaphragm by insulating supports, When : 
vibrating, the wholo system moved, instead of : 
the plate P alone, as in the ordinary carbon | 
transmitter. Mr, Edlson’a explanation of ite : 
mode of action is, that the degreo of pressure ! 
with which the carbon rests against the plates | 
is varied during. the vibration. Thus, alter a! 
lngrement toward, is Fight, the Ginpliraggn } 
A suddenly 6 , and the carbon pressed in vi H 
of ‘its inet on the plate i ‘ me 
n advantage which the magneto-telephon 
Fra, 0. had over’ the ‘earlier forme of Mr. EK isons 
telephone. is, that its diapliraym does not touch anything, and 
can, therefore, vibrate with perfect freedom. On the other! 
hand, the. @aphragm of the carbon telephone, used before his! 
adoption of the present non-vibrating right plate, pressed with) 


, considerably force upon the carbon, and thus caused it to make’ 


' falso vibration, : : 


offers 


In the fqrm shown in Fig, 7—devised June 25th, 1877—thts, 
difficulty istnut encountered, ‘The dlaphragm carries ru eat! 
turo’A of soft fron, which confronts, Hu aloes not touch, the 
magnet B, A and B aro opposite poles of the same magnet,’ 
Detng connected at P, and polarised by o local clreult, “Tho 


magnet JB pressea upon the carbon at C, the pressure being 


regulated by the screw'S. Tho attraction betw 

varies wit the  fildtanes between them, aes iy stating 
ren towards ne attraction rn 

leasena ita ptessure pon, Cc. During a Totlo nremnens and 


nin the opposite’ , 


direction tho attraction diminishes, and B, drawn by the spring,” 


3, increases ita pressure upon C, 
. A similar contrivance is {Huntrated 

ok Bm ip, Fg, Sdevised April 10th, ian 
The ¢ faphragn carries an armature: 
A, ‘which “by its motion ‘changes tho! 
potential of two, electro-magnots. ; 
Theae changes ‘in magnetiam cause a 
bar, situated in their magnetic field, | 
to reproduce tho orisinal vibrations, } 
au cuda of he bar. -_ held by the | 

_ magnetic force agninat two phi 
carbon eand ¢, Theso an the bar | 


are ineluded in tho primary cireult of | * 


an induction coll. "Th y 
h9 clreiik decreases when the Dar a i 
drawn 
degen - Increases on the bar 
substances wh : 
been teated in the increta 
creasing and decreasing the realatance ‘ 
of the circuit by the effect of the 
sonorous vibrations, lamp-black from; 
the IMghter hydrocarbons proved the; 
beat, It fa very essential that tho} 
x Jamp-black should be depoaited nt the 
il : lowest temperature possible, and tho! 
flaine of the lamp should not bo 
Fio.7. « allowed to play upon the deposit, 
resistance, and wholly unsuftae te aie Arnone’, Cosy 1 i 
Jnmprllacke of he beet auality scarcely al owt n current” io ame 
hrough wile that obta’ 
uh I digit resetanse raed by tho process horein deserted 











9. 





StNaLE Corins, ; 


ALLS 


Punapenrma. SATURDAY, JANUARY 8, 1881. . New Yons. 


oo) 


$2.50 A Yuan, 1x ApvANoE. 


65 CENTS, 


























CONTENTS. i 
PAU, baat, 
Alternate Lettars from Two Great Cltles, 129 Chess, 6 ee ee WT 
Tefferson Davis, John McCullough, . «190 | An Open Eye on the Capital, Synehrotts: 
Topica of the Week, eee) cae Sih tleal Literatnre, Amusements, War,» 18 
Eaitorlal Paragraphs, . 0.0. +» 182] Letter from a Lady, Definitions of Old 
Foets About Women, -» 6 6 +e 18 Wonts and Phrases, A Hook Worth More 
Commercial Sketches, No.7, 56+ MM, 1355) than ttaName, 60) 6 ee 189 
Soclal—Study Sketches, No. 112; What Does A Modern Miracle, 60 6 6+ 06 ee HO 
Mra. Grundy Say? Home—Bella's Letters, Cheerful Literature, =. 0. 6 ee AL 
No, 112; 'Teliles Light as Ale,” oe WOT 


JOHN W. FORNEY, 
Editor'and: Proprietor, 


S. W. corner Seventh and Cheatnut Streets, 2d floor, Philadelphia. 


Trnms: One year, $2,605 six months, $1.26. 
ee 


TERNATE LETTERS FROM TWO GREAT CITIES. 











tee 2 New York; January Sth, 1881. 
« JSymny road leads to Rome,” says the old adage, Every sea and 
Jand-eonverge and contribute: to London, Nearly the sume thought 
applies: to New York. ‘The coiiformation of the.carth, the habits of 
humnnity,.and the currents of trade, all geem-to prepare this great city 
for an inealeulable destiny. “It stands within sight of the ocean, with 
an empire behind it and before. It absorbs the tnste and trade, nnd 
then, after gathering all things into ité maw, discharges then right'and 
left, East and West; in other words, planting seed and scattering har- 
vest. Other cities ‘are branches, but New York, is a great trunle tree; 
others ave rills, but New York is avast reservoir. As I trace.the prog- 
ress of commerce and watch the growth and wealth of Philadelphia, I 
am compelled: to admit the truth of the axiom, as applied to New York, 
that-all the roads tend to Rome, and nearly every city is,.of necessity, 
contributor to the universal opulence of 2 great metropolis, Money, 
letters, society, art, politics, invention, all gravitate and. centralize in 
New York, and hence it is natural that if this is all true of the present 
it ought to have been measurably true of the past. ‘Thirty years ago 
New York was a miniature of what it is to-day, and in 1850 it was the 
centre of the Republic. . ‘he Western capitals, to-day so large, were 
unknown or small. ‘There was a little Chicago, a sleepy Cincinnati, 1 | 
drowsy Louisville, and a modest St. Louis, but Denver, Omaha, Kansns 
City, even: San, Francisco, were. unknown or infantile—-predicted by 
men like :Gilpin, Sutter, Fremont, and Stockton ;-but these were set 
down as adyenturers or idiots. Still, it 1850, New. Yorle dominated 
the country. How easy then that New York-should.grow into a giant 
now, when all else is colossal, and that, if New York had the: post of 
honor in 1850, she should be without. rival in 1880! OF i 
From 1850 to.1860.1 was in elose correspondence with muny of the: 
active men of that decade, In that short space of ten years the whole 
destinies of the nation and of the world were decided or changed, Tnto 
that interval were poured the preparations, for war und revolution, 
‘The decade from 1860 to 1870 was, of course,. more important, but 
the first. steps to rebellion, universal emancipation, and suffmge, were 
all taken in the space between 1850 und 1860, From New York | 
came many of the actors and plang of the whole twenty years. In 
January of 1850 Clay, Webster, Calhoun, and W. 1. Marey were 
all living; in 1860 they were all gone. , Other men led the Republic 
just as the qurtain, rose upon, the tragedy of the rebellion. Douglas, 


Breckinridge, Lincoln, Sey rr, ‘Steveng, Sumnery, Broderick, “Baker, 



















- past amen NAME mb eh die 





Wade, and Robert J. Walker, now they, too, ure gone. Still, the world 


moves without them, and the Republic grows stronger, and the nations 
confess their wonder and admiration ut our progress. 

{ turn to my treasury of autographs, and the first to meet my eyes is 
the following telegraph dispateh from Robert J. Walker, dated New 
York, October 20th, 1856, .after. lhe Ind heard of the Democratic 
triumph in the State election of Pennsylvania, when I was, Chairman 
of the Democratic State Committee, - His enthusinsm was extreme be- 
cause his relief was unspeakable: : ‘ 


We have nnbounded confidence in you, ‘What you say shill by done, God bless 


Penusylvania} ' She fina saved our Union and the liberty of the world, 
; Rd. Wanken 


Next is letter from John Van Buren, son of Martin Van Buren, 
whom I had invited to speak in Pennsylvania for Mr. Buchanan, This 


was hig answer: : 7 


Recent extensive opportunities of ascertaining: the vi ; i 
York, Peunaylvanin, New Jervey, Ohio, Indiana,” llingis, cand Wisconsin, ut 
that the American people are tharunghly, zoiteed to the imminenee of the ori 
will meet it ike men whose persona! concern itis. ‘To Pennsylvanin is ausigned the 
post of honor, She ig in tho.ratiguard, antl comes up to the foe in October, while most 


of her allies cannot reach him tll November, If she is equal to the post of duty the 
final reante will he more of a rout than 2 victory. 






J, Vas Bure, 
Nhw Youx, September 15th, 1856, ; 


At this time there was living in Albany, New York, a very remark- 
able man, still kindly remembered for his generous, genial, aud un- 
selfish nature, and also for his unusual abilities, He was a natural 
leader, and what gave him power 
when he had a principle or a friend to assist. 
years ago, while riding through Central Park with 
Develin, and his loss was mourned by the people 
‘The inclosed letter explains itself. Peter Cagger too 
handsomely by his wagers that Henry A. Wise wou 
Nothings of Virginia. Wholly unused to the betting 
little myself on that exciting contest : 


He was killed several 
his friend Jolin E. 
of the whole State. 
Kk my word, and wou 
1d beat the Know- 
ool, T won a 


Annasy, May 10ih, 1855. 


reliable infurmation pale 
trys make an a 
probable result of the coming election in Virginia? tis Maligs hero offer 
“ment or two on Wise if there Is a decent ehance to win.,, tt Washington Sand sundry 
freely to bet on thelr candidate, and, ax J. pr pane 00 vis ke them pay the expenses 
other places next week, [ should he entirely vailting tom? 


A % snventerice, anil oblige” 
of myjaunt. Favor me with an auswer at your entliest : Yours truly : 
nee : : P,Caa 





‘Joux W. Forney, Esa. 


As if to prove how speedily the snot, 
mind, I think it is enfe to say. thit.not one ™ 
fe 


rf ops this 
Ak see ‘ 
nd Flournoy the Know- 
, from the noise it i 


and yety 
rid have suppos 









hitter contest between Wise, the “‘Democt 
Nothing, for Governor of Virginia ine 1859-7 wi : 
mude-at the time, in New York and elsewhe™ aie after Peter Cagge? a 
it would be retiembered for a century, geveral he prize, Mr. Buohanan i} 
was putting up his money that Wise worker o 4 
wrote me from London us follows, on th 


ane suber 
‘Uyitep StaTHR 

ia Usirep States | 
xpos FUM0 8th; 1855. 
11} TONDOS 
Iylttemoe: J! am,naloiust nervous . : 






. : MES Pye 


‘Sune have received yoursuf the! Ih 





LMy. pr) 









jews, uf our, citizons tn New 





was his utter contempt for money” 


























SEPTEMBER, 15, 1878;); THE ‘TELEGRAPHIC JOURNAL, 


aoveisisy 






in, long, when it,was found that upon breaking contact 
junds were heard when the magnet was held to the. 
at ily placing the, magnet against the lid of a pastes 
ard box the sounds were much intensified, in ¢ Ay then’ such’ 

ne Mining that stronger niagust would pivebetter results, 7 ih renin co dnilatenst aniline 
the‘author toak a horseshoe magnet 6 in, tong, and laid ! is ‘as 3 i an q 
along one hall of it from two to Uitee yards of the same. eal anelyis as yet, didnot apply to any, such 
wirey a much louder sound wasthen heard, and by placing” 
the -Iid ‘of a tin box on the flat side of the ends of the 
magnet’an excellent secelving instrament was obtained, 
With this, singing, whistling, speaking, and violin music 
were seadily renilered audible. 

‘Che battery consisted of a singls Leclanchd cell, the 
transmitter being two pieces of carbon pencil attached to 
wires in ciscult, and slightly touching cach other at their 






































; Argued by the first of the two authora of 
the ‘paper, that: if the: tourmaline possessed: a: unilateral 
conductivity for electricity ft would also be found to pdssess 
unilateral conductivity for heat, sines the researches of Tait 
and Kohlrausch had shewn that the two‘ conductivities are 
comparable in almost all points’ of analogy.’ The experi+ 
mental research therefore had divided into two branches, 
Delay had taken place from the difficulty of meeting with 
points, One of these wires rested upon an upright pastes | suitable specimens of tourmaline crystal, and this difficulty. 
board box, into which the souuds were directed, was eventually overcome through the kindness of. Professor 






«dn making some further experiments, ‘the small bar | N, Story Maskelync, . fret 
hogs magnet was found quite suitable, and the recciver,as now | , The method first ‘suggested for comparing the «wo 
i cextilblted to the mecting, has acted well, although of such | heat-conductivittes, ‘as'’ measured : in opposite alirections 


small dimension’ he magnet is 3in, tang,’ %g in. broa'l, | along the axis of ‘the crystal, was that of De Scharmont, 
and fully 2g In. thick, and has about six yards of No, 30 {slic of te exystal waa eut with parallel faces contaning 
covered wire passed along its longer axis; it is placed ina’ | the crystallographic axis, ‘and: having ‘been ‘covered: with 
shallow’ pasteboard box with two. tii plates above and | wax, of with Meusel's double lodide ot copper and mercut 

below it; the Hd being placed on constitutes the whole an | was heated froma, point by:a hot.wire, “: When the expert. 
casily portable pocket instrument, ment ‘was rapidly’ made, the elliptical [sothermal. surface 
< With n comparidvely simple arrangement and with a | marked out by the melted wax or the blackened fodide was 
single Leclanehd cell, speaking, whistling, breathing, &c., | found to be displaced from the centre, and this displacement 
are readily transmitted, was towards the analogous poles slewing that whilst thie 

‘The author has been unable, from other duties, to follow | temperature was rising the conductivity in that. direction 
up these experiments so far as to show what sizes and was greater than in the opposite direction, When however 
atrangements are best, but from the very satisfactory results | the experiment was done slowly with a thicker crystal, so 
got from the atrangements tied, hie believes tha there [sa |’ that thermal equilibrium was attained, no such unilateral 
veiy Interesting field of inquiry in the dicection indicated, | ' effect could be observed, Rough preliminary experiments 
which he believes wartants him in bringing the subject | shewed the unequal semi-axes minor to have a catlo of 
before the members of the British Association, about 10 to 12, but there was considerable discordance in 
Since the foregoing was written, the author has found |. the vasious results. : 
that sounds can be obtained without a magnet, the receiver A calorimetric method was next adopted to measure the 
being simply a plece of tin around which a few yards of."| flow of heat across a thin wall of tourmaline cut normally 
covered copper wire is wound; the vatious microphone | to,its crystallographic axis, Steam was applied below one 
‘ : phenomena can be exhibited with this simple receiver; the | face of ‘the crystal, and the heat which left the upper 

: 1 sounds, however, are very much reduced In loudness. surface ‘of: the crystat was applied to heat a quantity of 

mercury, Experiments with this apparatus made 

alternately fram opposite faces of the crystal showed that, 

as before, the conductivity for heat was greater towards 

the analogous pole, so long as the temperature of the 
crystal was rising, . 

In respect of the electrical conductivity, time had only 
permitted .a few pretiminary experiments. The slice of 
crystal was heated in a steam bath; and then a § 
microfarad condenser charged through It by to or 33 
Dantell's cells was discharged through a sensitive 
‘Thomson galvanometer of 7,000 olims, resistance, The 
experiment was then repeated with the tourmaline 
i, Tix authors regarded, the phenomena of pytoclecticity as. _teversed, » A very slight but constant difference of cons 
“exhibited by the courmaline and other crystals as of the ‘ductivity could ‘be detected, but ‘only whilst the fempeealure 
| ‘utmost significance ‘In the theory ‘of the relation’ of ° ‘was still ddsing or falling. * The principal oi ty ay In 
| i : ‘electricity to the particles of matter, Dr, Lodge had read |’ the very great tesistance of the tourmaline. © ‘The oul hors 
' ‘ oe ; , R:paper at the British Association ‘meeting at Glasgow on “hoped ‘to be able to: continue’ the investigation using a 







































ON UNILATERAL CONDUCTIVITY IN 
‘TOURMALINE CRYSTALS, 





Ny Professor Siuvane's I, THOMPSON, and Dr Ottver J. 
LODGE, 
Abstract of Paper read before Section A, British Associaton, 
August 2oth, 1878 







‘a mectianteat: model ilustrating the’ flow of an clectele | “higher: temperature and’ a fac higher Clectromotiv force. 
current’ through a circuit. ‘The considerations: therein .| . They would like to try. that of 1,000 ells” st 
-aivanced’ Nad’ independently’ led ‘the authors'to conclude fot 6 et, : . 
that the phenomena of pyroclectricity could be explalned if 
it could be shown. thae stich crystals as were pytoclec- 
‘tile, possessed unilateral conductivity.: “The principal 
“phenomenon of pytocleciticity was this: that a,tournaline | :. ary . : 4 mre 
crystal whilst {ts temperatute’ was being taised became ‘Owe of the most curious ingtumenta’ exhibited by 






















- EDISON'S ELECTRO-MOTOGRAPH. 








i mm: ; _ “positively electrleal ut that end called the analogous pole, |. cd 

7 : tnd meaeaiely cee at its antilogous pole, erhe term Mr, Edison—at least, ns 19 als tha eieete oe 

. b : : “Unilateral conductivity.” had’ been given by Dr. A. by it and the applications 0 ete devised ‘as far 

i : ie gee ‘ 7 “Schiister to.a phenomenon’ of some obscurity, obscrved by | : 1% the électr vegnotagraph an instrument been used as 
i : Be chim jn certain cases, aud which formed’ the subject of a back as 1873, and‘ which has already been: uscd! 


vand telephonic recciver,”* ©. * 
plic relay and teleph obtain mechanical 












oll ee . “communication ton former ‘meeting of the ‘Associatl tetograpltic rela elt 
“The teem unilateral conductivity was define 4) foll + This instrument cnables us 











Camextina Lasnes To Metans.—If the tin or other 
{bright metallic surface is frat rubbed with a mixture of 
: murintie acid and alcohol, the operator will Nd it wn ensy 
mntter to eausy the labels to adhere by using a very thin e 
coating of paste. 






























neem SE 


THE TELEGRAPHIC JOURNAL: [Serrisuhien’ xs,’ 1878; SEPTEMBER’ 15, 1878.] THE TELEGRAPHIC JOURNAL, a 


382. hues 
’ a ne 











































effects with an exceedingly amall electric fore, and’ | cylinder ¢, which’ is in electric communication ‘witti are the ‘reproduction, moro or less faithful, of the | medium. of: an -india-rub be, "Jet:.bei 
upon very long circuits, without the intervention of | the key and so with the negative pole of the sounds whlch affected the transmitter. : According ignited at. tie orifice Hap ek ae atate 
so that a flamo, about half an inch‘ high, ‘is :ob- 


any electro-magnetic organ, It is based upon the | battery is a lover. c 
principle that if a_shcet of slightly rough paper, ] a picce .K,, which is pivoted horizontal 
steeped in certain solutions, be laid upon a platinised | lever, furnished at its lower end with a platinum of the human’ :voice,. notes which :can ‘scarecly 


metallic plate, and there be passed over ita strip of | point, anda ‘contagt-maker. 11 oscillating between be distinguished when clectro-magnets. are. em- 
shect metal, preferably lead or thallium, but which } two screws a, 4, constitutes the moveable part of the ployed. : . Basie Bie teas hae ae 
may-be of platinum, on the passage of acurrent, a | relay, and is acted upon by two antagonistic springs, With this telephonic receiver, the transmitter is 


certain slipping of the surface is produced, which | one of which R, tends to hold it-down upon the almost the same as the carbon onc of the same in- 
pe J P i ri er 
ventor, only, instead of the carbon disc, it is a -platl- 


makes the friction much less and gives rise toutilis- | paper by means ef the points 5, the other. x’, which 

able mechanical ‘effects. “Thus by employing as | tends to draw jt towards the screw Ain the other a num point which is used, and. it must not be in 

rubber a jointed metal bar held in position by a direction in consequence of the tractile motion of continuous contact with the. vibrating plate, It is, 

spring, this bar being dragged onwards byits friction | the paper and the rotation of the cylinder c, ‘Tho in fact, analogous to the Riess telephone. : 

F on'a travelling paper band, can, aprin back ench | screw Ais connected with the local circuit of battery According to Mr. Adams, it is possible to 

time-a current passes, and may thus be made to | , in which ‘is “interposed the electro-magnetic transmit speech with this system when using 

close ‘a local relay circuit.’ And ‘by adapting this | apparatus &, worked by the relay, and the point s is : Edison's carbon transmitter ; it is, however, only 

f rubber to.a sounding box and interposing it'in the placed in connection with the positive pole ‘of referred to in the journals as a musical telephoue— 

B circuit of ‘a Battery. telephone, one can obtain from attory t. This_ point, therefore, ty teason of the : L'Eleetricit. eee emer Peale. 

the resonator, vibr ‘which are'the counterpart } unequal friction it encounters, constitutes tho relay. ‘ pe Prema 

i of the sounds emitted in, hie, telephone, We may “Mr, Edison has in this‘ way constructed relays Bia ghee SE 

in this. way have a ‘telephonic, receiver , without which have worked through a/ million” ohms,:a, re- : : ' . 
- A TELEPHONE ALAR) 
by gis : 


tained, A’glass tube, about ra-ins by g-in,, is then 
assed over the flame until it commences to sing. 
I'he glass tube is now raised about an inch, and the 
singing stopped. Oy placing the finger, for 2 moment, 
on the end, ‘Tho telephone and glass tube being 
hold in their respective positions, by suitable 
supports, the arrangement forms the’ alarm for 
one end of the circuit, A. similar arrangement 
is adopted for tho other end, care being taken 
that the tubes of both arrangements are similar, 
so that the notes produced by the two flames may 
coincide. : ‘ 
If, when the flames’ are silent, the note of the 
tubes be sounded near one of them (cither by the 
voice or a tuning fork), then when the flame in that 
tube starts into vibrations, the latter will bo com- 
municated to the diaphragms of the two telephones, 
and this will sct'the’ flame ofthe second ‘onc sing- 
ing also, and thus give a call signal,” ” 


; Ls isa lover pivotin Mersleally at Lon to tho American journals. this: instrument; can ro+ 
ly. This ‘ produce ‘with. great intensity the highest notes 






































































electro. magnetic parts; and capable of vory.great } sistance which with the battery employed, was too 

sensibility. ‘The.arrangement..is,- howover, prin. | high for an clectro-chemical. apparatus with iodide ‘Sacaserhtaiants 
cipally applicable for. musical,sounds, although Mr. | of potassium, and sufficiently high to give node, o - tae 
Adams; Mr." Edison's :.collaborateur, affirms that ) flection on an ordinary. galyanometer. ..:Iho-author 
speech has been reproduced in this way. : remarks ‘that .as. with .this system ‘there aro. no 









_— 








By ALFRED.CHIDDEY. |. + 








y 

‘Tits arrangement, the invention of the writer, .con- 

sists of a slender brass’ tube, eight inches in length, 

havingan orifice of onc-twentict! ofan inch diameter, 
‘ oe te Seats. rhe a ‘ + eet. 


: EDISON'S MEGAPHONE, 





Frost the time of the first man until now, men have 
endeavoured to circumvent nature soas to grasp that 
which tho, unaided, faculties could. never attain, We 
have telescopes for viewing temote objects; microscopes 
for making. visible tho’ minute, ‘telephones for. talking 
over; immense’ distances, and’ now, at last, we'have & 
megaphone, which is to the ‘car’ almost what’ the tele- 
scope is, to: the eye, or the telephone’ to ‘the ‘vocal 

ATs let Lee eR Le 




















































organs ey . ie 
i The ‘spealeing trumpet, which, for ‘two ‘centuries at 
least, Has been employed to'direct sound so that it may 
be heard over'a long distance, is much used at sea, and 
is often employed on land to direct vocal sounds so 






























\ 
that they may be~heard above ‘other sounds, It is 
: * tolerably certain that the speaking trumpet is of modern 
; origin, and that it is the invention of Samuel Morcland, 
: 1070, ? Te Bee ae 
t v {ircher, in his Ars Magna ef Umbra and in his 
i Phonurgia, mentions a kind of gigantic speakin; 
* trumpet, described as the horn of Alexandria,. Accord- 
i m ing to Kircher, this horn enabled Alexander the ‘Great 
‘ i we cae Ris ‘ ‘ few Wa Nees [wee to call his solders from a dleianes: of Noni males: 1 The 
: “pha action’ abovo ‘referred’ to hay be easily | secondary currents'‘duo to reaction of clectro- i‘ diameter of tho ring must have been eight fect, an 
| imoticed . by, takin, the’ apring between tho fingers, .) magnets, and as the electro-chemical action Is in- = a ee cone oe pieteter moun er one 
| } -interruptions of the, current causing scnsiblo pulsa- stantancous, a niuch greater speed can be attained : Late in the Inst-'century Professor Huth, erman , 
} tions, The above, effects may, be produced with a than with. tho, ordinary systems. “The. apparatus made a model of the horn, and found that it served as 
! snumber of substances, but the polo employed varies transmitted ‘a powerful speaking trumpet, but we sre: considerably 
: withthem. Thus, when employing Hasate iy dite, cover 650..words per minuto, and it could. even act 7 in doubt as to the distance through which sounds can be 
otassic ferrocyanide, and most of tho alkalis, the d ‘for: the, electra- ‘projected through such an instrument. 6:0 
‘ rubber should -be connected. with.the positive pole, aka albbd (‘She ear trumpet, which is the counterpart of the speak 
! while pyrogallic acid, strontium, nitrate, Ke, require |. <u\s.a telephonic. receiver tho olectro-motograph ing trumpat, has-been made in various. forms during 
the fast tivo centuries, but no form yet devised has any 
‘advantage over a plain conical tube with'a bell-shaped 


the negative,’ With’some substatices, however, such 
as silicate of soda, potassic, hydrate, &c.,, either pole 
may be used; and jwith others, such as sulphate of 






or flaring mouth. . en ee pltei Me he 
Professor Edison, In his researches on sound, has 


made. many curious sxporimens one of ‘the most 


a 




















1 -aniling, the clfects described are produced in circuits 

: * of high resistance, but not in circuits of low resis- ¢ : weer ee Aca ; ‘Interesting of which is that of conversing through a 

| athe fi sure sliows the electro-m: aph arranged pe en ae eT e, i: ~ 14 | distance of 14 to 2 miles sith no otlict apparatus than 

! ne iN ¢ clectro-motograph arrange ‘uppe tab tg goldered to. telephone | ‘afew paper: funnels, These ° funnels’ constitute “the 

as a relay... F, represents, the strip of sensitised : : a PT ei para and a thranch -megaplione, ‘an instrument wonderful both for’ its sim- 
: - Miaphraguy, 3 ; " ‘plicity and effectivencss, ‘ ‘The ‘two larger, funnels arc 


connect it with a gas supply through the : 


t ‘serves to cc 





;paper;, drawn along: as’ in. the’. Morso instrument, 
and held with 9 ‘rortain’ tansian ‘nian tha ‘niatal 









; f . 
| ve 3 ' 1 ° Onaentina Lasens To Merars.—If the tin or other 
‘bright metallic surface 1s frat yubbed with a mixture: of 
‘anutrintio nef and wleoho!, the operitor will find it an ensy 
matter to cause the labels to adhere by wslug a very thin 

conting of pnste. : : ‘ < 

























& 
[i Reateatg craaraTuabiesconlackackl i's 








(Serremner: 15,: 1878; 


THE’ TELEGRAPHIC JOURNALS 







3047 









6 fect’ 8 inches long, and 27 inches in diamoter at the old colonials! times’; .overy.: scrap of information, 140 : SEES TET ye 4 
larger end, ..These "funnels are cach provided with a, | about tho pocts and horoesof these days is.zcatously THR TELEGRAPHIC JOURNAL, [Areu 1, 1878. | 
flexible ear tube, the end of which is placed in the ear, | collected ; and this worthy enthusiasny was recently, 3 i 

: i 











fig.-2). Ti is cas o hight ii i 
if). In this case the tight is accompanied by the | silica itself being decomposed by these currents of 
















The speaking trumpet in the. middle docs/not differ ; reata a i - z 
materially trom the adaary ones, .,. It is a little longer,. ptt ue reset ae ee fear Nie ald giving. off of white vapours, the glass being at tl H * 

ie ene eet i ve eet | Nore Secoverers.” ven sais it in the. history, of a ; \ same time strongly attacked. ‘The ‘light may also bigh tension the luminous effect results, according 

‘ . je produced at the edge of a porcelain disk, and: is Wahgone alae te hey ect silicon, 

. ‘hich have been shown by. 








science, Electricity is one of the youngest of the 
sciences, yat-it- Id cnough, ‘and settled cnough, 
to begin to fecl a'roal: interest: in its youth, and in 
the lives of ‘those of its founders who have passed 
away: ‘The clectric telegraph has ‘risen into exist- 
ence within the memory of men now living ; never- 
theless, the men who gave it birth are one by onc 


th i ‘i . " 
Iniociha's cctie ands US HS ME OT | AML Sint Chie Deve “and “Wher th 

The luminous i Ee fe diamond and graphite. ‘To distingui: He aie 
uy mena aus oka i gl | bere Oh ram atone cain 

sor 4 rents, by MAL du Moncel, i ante Prelit eee ! arbon 

aealot Grov © Rey may likewise be compared with Teas ial tante las given to it the name of electron 

at trea c. . 
i ‘ birt, One mi; . aide Etching on Glass—In 9 i i 
disappearing from the scene, ‘Their work has been this Heht ight te led to attribute the brilliancy of periments, M. Pee a genes, of analogous ex-, 
accomplished, and the many who have entered into : ‘lass, te lime combined with the silica in | Veins or rings form Heed that the luminous 
their labours already turn with reverent cyes toward : . aan ut an examination of the spectrum it gives | of a ovrertul aces round the positive electrode 
the story of their +" oa. Tho life of Alfred Smee, 5 : OWS NO appreciable lines, whilst i fragment of | on the surface of the, emule sonelines. Beaven 
by his daughter, Mrs. Odling, will be welcome to 4 saline solution, and his observation sprtauning a 
number of electricians, to. whom the name of Since apply the electric current to etching on tase to} 
ja Familia 7 a househald word, and lie lesira to crystal, Tho surface of tho plate of glass pail 
know something of the character and lifc-labours o .crystal is covered with Ht ‘ 
a pioneer in their science, anda contemporary of potassium nitrate by simply pouritg ae solution ok 
Faraday, Cooke, Bain, and Wheatstone,- tt in a shallow vessel, ‘t vratintarn agi ond 

Biographies by female relatives of tho deceased, : ee : round the abject, within the liquid, and is connected: my 
so common at the present time, have their advan- ‘ F with one pole of secondary battery of §0 or 60° 
tages and disadvantages.''-‘Thoro ‘is a tendency on * . ; i 
the part of a man's widow, or tho daughter whom 
he loved, to magnify cack petty detail and peculiarity 
of jis. behaviour. and: ac! hievernents. to .an undue 
importance ;"'and 2to sweeten . with hie: honoy,.of 
their affection, cortain personal: traits, which wort 
' : . source of gall to all other parties who may have 
‘and has Bell ‘rhouth; | With this insframen had dealings with him, Long private letters, eml- 
conversation can be readily carried, on, through a ‘dis. nently suggestive of the waste asket, aro too often 
tance of, 14 to 2 miles, . We liave conversed: and’ heard | made a source of weariness to the reader, because { 
singing through the distance named, although, both’ the they happen to excite tender feclings in the memory oe tad ; : Fi 

of the weiter; and a partial and biassed view of the : 7 Ge te 
: , calcareous spa, subjected to the same conditions, 



















































( 
} 












































































singing and, talking were in the ordinary:tone of, voice, | a 

A ENS Whisper, witered without using'tho' speaking | whole man is presented with the most charming 

trumpet, is distinctly audible at a thousand feet,;and | candour. On tho other hand, such biographies ‘ : not only gives a vivid light, but also shows th 
' characteristic lines of calcium, if 


enerally reveal to us phases of tho man’s home ifo— 
a subject which is always highly interesting, but one 
which the ordinary biographer would scruplo to 
unveil even if it were always in his power, Every 
thing considered, then, wo think that biographies 
by female relatives; if they may be suspected of 
" givin ‘an imperfect: picture of tho man, at least 
on pe gh ee ON } . urnist raluaile supplies of pale for a moro 
4 apunoty of the late Aired Since. By his. ~ | correct and concise biography in the future. 
Ao of ae Afr Sine, Dy his Davoren, | “OES most arking feta ofthe Hoof Ala 
‘George Bell and Sons, . York. Street, Covent Smee, the accomplished physician, oculist, dis: 
Garden.” 1878, ' mente coverer, and inventor, was the varied nature of his 
: : poraulle. From the beginnin eto, the end of his 
f 


Tere is a stage in tho life of aman or woman at usy career, he devoted himsclt to no’ ono subject 
f which tho mental:gaze, instead of being wholly fixed | in particular, and pursued no special road ; but, 
on.the present or the future, is sometimes turned to {| the contrary diverged. into every by-path that py 
dwell with interest on the past. It is still a youthful sented itself, As a consequence, ‘ho led a f 
‘stage, but it is in that advanced youth when earlier | and most uscful Jifo;.buta life which diffused his 
youth is. so remote as to seem another kind of | energics, and weakened his fame, “Wherever he 
“existence; and the career, in tho world has been so 7 sawan ‘abuse that could be corrected, or a deficiency 
‘far won and made manifest that the whole energies supplied, Alfred Smeo.at once undertook the task,** 


are no longer employed in striving and looking for- and, what is more, invariably, succcaded.”. -If ho ° 
went for a holiday to the sca-side, ho was sure‘ to. ~ 


‘The lines of silicon being feeble, accordi 
: : i i according to M, 
; Kirchott ’s analysis, it is conceivable that the should 
-., not be detected, by reason of the intensity of the 
spectrum formed ; hut the si/icte origin of this light 






walking. through grass and weeds may be heard ‘st a 
much greater istance.-Seientific American, : 


, ath! gt oa ou 








































‘ a SS 
Robiefy. 
pairs; another pl : insulated, except at! 
dean yi is taker land and the required} 
sign traced out’ on U™orkice of the glass or: 
cry pale a urninous murray is produced wherever! 
he ches, and whatever th vith! 
which the writing or design is traced oie ie pct 
is left neatly engraved upon the surface, ih 
speed is stow, the track is deep ; its 
pencent upon the dianicter of the plat 
_ 7 if this be drawn toa point, the writing m: 
je made very delicate. The wire conveying tt 
surrent becomes thus a specially adapted fever for! 
Bet in, re of the hardness of the surface to! * 
quires no special effort an th { 
the operator, lor only necessary woh fa 
wire lightly over the surfer to abtain a Mremtices 


































































































ward, ‘There'is a similar era, too, in'the history of 
a nation. In America, at the present day, there Is | discover that the’ fishermen, needed cheap" Bar ‘ bt ht 
‘evidence of a warm snd. growing-love for the few | meters or storm drums, and the fishermen straight WF : Fra,'2, by the sett The corroding force is furnished: 
ntiquitics which the ‘carlier American colonisas | way had them. If his holiday ‘trip wero. to the! ‘od 3 is proved by the*important fact that it i electri Retion, at once thermic and chemical, of the 
‘tion can show, , Old mansion houses ’of the British Highlands instead, ho champione er ere “ ke S with pure silica in the: form, of (auicarentriens ric current in presence of a saline solution.* 
; 1 j crystals’ ep utz | oO. 
rystals (fig. 3), It is only necessary, in this! case, * The figures produced on flass by static electricity and | 


“Ho was cither 
alvanic’ b: 









Governors‘are surrounded with a halo of historical 
-nssociation ;“pocns and. tales, without number aro 
written to portray. the manners and incidents of the 


to employ, with the samo sali iT rod 
4 the imprest bi 
arg eR samo ‘saline solution, a some- pressions obtained by Mr. Grove with indu ‘ 
‘ater force, say 100 secondary couples, ‘The by ‘dyaamis eeetrieliy But ae he qua ror tee sls 
' ntity of elect: city 





Cremntina Lanees TO Mutané.-If the tin or other 
‘bright metallic surface {s first rubbed with a mixture of 
:murlatie acid and alcohol, the operator will fluid it an eusy 
mntter to cause the lnbels to adhere by uslay a very thin 
| coating of pnste, ° 





t 




















" Avnit 1, 1878.) 


di 





‘Date. | ‘Vie. 





an, 


= 
~ 





Jan yi 


Peaeareuaeii 








Bouweeowe 
eee pin 
So®slesto 


G4 





13 40 pan, 63 















65{ se 


wl 
sep 
47 o 
ws] + 
ot 0 
Pong io 
» 

45 

2 

t] gs 
wf 88 
oe so 





3S 
32 
a 











wo § 5? 
ta 320m; ” 
B15 4s 
nto 13 
i808? “ 
s2 {30 
so 43 . 
Rl 43 
Bp so} oe 
1 39F ow 
i727 az] ow 
7s 16 on 
ai - “ 
4 fas 
(Bas faethe 
10 55 “ 43 
1240 »{ 42 
7 Pam is “ 
rho ted 4 
ig ot ’ 
tor | foto — 40 
arze | 3” 
12 4g pam +3010 = 30 
173! La 3 
, 30 “ 
5 t§o 
lao 
1340 “ 
{410 o 
Ms “ 
4 Gay ” 
a 
3s 
ad 








86())] Steady 


"| Deeres 









equal to 


Steady | 


St fio to g5| Swinging «+= 
tte eo 3 Canning. direction 


Steady: slow 


creasing + + + 






Unotea 


Steady i decreasing 


Unsteadyz swinging saiscat Fae aera he These two kins of electricity were termed “ y 
yocrnyeero st EFFECTS OF ELECT RIC CURRENTS oF } reous " and “res. ous °— mproperl y so, since i 
ou. : THIGH... TENSION, q ha. been shown that the kind of electricity pro-! \ 


Steady = + 
” 





Changi 








Stead 
Steady» + + 
Decreasing - 





fern « 


Very variable 
Steady + + + 
Very variabl 






Changi 











inging direction {fine. . 
ng! iB; divecsion. Scotland to Norway, sometimes in the opposite 


lanche’s cells + 
Stealys 2 2 + + 





Peas ‘ Tissandier, in La Nature, gives an account of some 
Changing direction 

Constantly increasing] 
Steady oa. 


Steady ; decreasing ye 
ai dia ‘direction muy 


Rapldly Increasing 
Chang ing direction 
ly increasing ‘ the commutators, the battery can then be arrange 


i Swinging across 


pVariable «6.6 © 
i Steadye ee 0 6! 


Decreating + + - 
di 













THE TELEGRAPHIC JOURNAL, 











strengths of the ctirrent and the deflections are.not r iron _ Hable and from all ty numerous obsery 

ectly proportional to one another. tions, which have tended to confitm the above results, 
—~--—~ | without however, throwing any now light on: the 

Detlection. Remarks, Weather, subject the following conclusions may be derived :~ ‘ ~ Cai di ‘ 

ct, isto B 3 ee Gite cae CANDED) MUD 

: 1s sie is always a watural current 4 signs "of clectricjty.< in’ “any ‘body diss pear; 

oe - aicsay dedeaian | Wiehe Hot ahivenes ° ; : : and when so-called non-electric bodies are 

a] 38. y a nt is sometimes ftawing from Properly insulated and exzited, electric action is 



















immediately manifest. ‘Thus, an apple, a potato, 
and other substances were readily electrified by 
friction with fur when they were insulated by sus 


4 Le direction. ‘ ; : 

gré.—That the current after each change of 
direction increases gradually, from a minimum to a 
certain maximum strength, and then again decreases 
until, alter passing the zero-point, which onty 






























ty ine | 







pension with a silk string, ‘The Professor als 
inaulated first his Genstant and then himself, b 
a 4 7 standing un a board placed on four war 

occupies about a minute, it assumes an opposite | Mers, vinen struck aa the back warmed tors | 
direction, ns sh they each attracted a balanced lath to: 
lhe at the change of direction takes placo 4 their fingers by the electricity which had been: 

ahout every six hours, fe, 4 times in the 24 hours, stopped in its passage to the earth by the glass 

5th—That the normal maximum strength of the susulators. Du Fay's important discovery of the 

H natural current—as proved by proper measurement tence of two kinds of electricity was next 
—seareely ever exceeds 3 toy Léclanche's cells, : explained and fully illustrated, ‘That philosopher} 
Gtho—'That great metearological disturbancesnstally § observed that 4, stl leaf was first attracted and then | 
| are preceded, accompanied, or followed, by similar repelled by the same excited body; that when it! 
+ et Pines foony. | electric disturbances in the cable, ; was repelled b, -ubbed glass it was attracted by | 
rubbed resin, ‘and that when it was repelled by 
bhed resin it was attracted by rubbed g! 33.4 











Pa ey 















duced may be ~ versed by changing the rubber. 
‘It is now agreed, iciely for convenience sake, to 
term vitreous electricity positive and resinous! 
negative, ‘The remainder of the lecture was! 
devoted to numerous illustrations of the following 
fundamental law of electric action-Bodies charged) 
with the same electricity repel each other, while 
bodies charged with opposite clectricities attract} 
each other. The examples of repulsion included; 
strips of cut paper and the particles of a jet off 
sand, 1 





. cet Fo.towtne up a serics of former notices, M, 










of the recent experiments of the eminent French 
physicist, M. Gaston Plante, with his large battery 3 
of secondary clements, | ‘This battery consists of 

800 pairs, and is arranged in sets of 40 pairs each, 
Before commencing work, the pairs are joined ! 
up for “quantity” by means of commutators, and 
are then charged or polarised from a ‘few Bunsen 
celts, When the battery has not been tong unused, 
a few hours suffice for the charging. By turning 
it 


ee for “tension” and discharged ‘at pleasure, either 
immediately, or after some time, 
Tho experiments aro usually conducted in a 
darkened room, in order to study the himinous } 
phenomena produced, i 
Eleetro-siticie light—MC a_ platinum wire, passed 4 
through i small glass tube, be: immersed in a solu 
tion of potassium nitrate, and connected with one’ 
of the poles of a secondary battery of 60 couples, 
» | an electrode from the other pole being previously ; 
immersed, the lower end of the tube is fused within 
the liquid and gives out a dazzling light (fig. 1). 
The end of the platinum wire is found to be scaled 4 
into a small globular mass of fused glass, and tho ¥ 
light ts vividly maintained until the coalinng of they 
glass insulates. the wire from the liquid. When aj 
solution of sca-salt is used, from 250 to 300 couples J 
are required (o produce a similar effect, They 
manner in which saline solutions behave, in presences 
of the silica in the glass raised to high temperature? 
by the passage of the current, is, in fact, very varied, 
in consequence of the greater or lesser fusibility of 
the silicates formed, a fact already recognised by M. 
Carré in combining various, salts with the carbonse 
employed to produce, the ordinary electric light. 
‘This vitreous light may also be caused by bring- 
ing cither of the electrodes near a plate of glass at 
alittle distance below the surface of a saline solution 















Vine weathers” 





















{To bo Continued.) * 






‘ 
t 
5 
























* 
THE NEW FORCE. 
(Fram the Journal of the Telegraph.) 
© des ISB==16 76 
Tsu er force” claimed to have been discovere 
by ‘Il. A. Edison, may be demonstrated in the fo 
towing manne: . 
Upon an insulated table place an ordinary Morse 
key and an clectro-magnet, the coils of which are 
so wound that no magnetism is produced in its 
cores by the passage of an electric current. | Use; 
for an armature a piece of the metal cadmium, to; 
onc end of which fasten t spring. ‘The other} 
end of the spring attach rigidly to a standard fixed’ 
on the table. Adjust the armature a short distance: 
away from the core of the magnet. ‘The standard ; 
is to be connected by wire to once end of a glass: 
rod or tube, say two fect tong. ‘Ihe other end of: 
the tube connect by wire with a graphite point (a; 
lead pencil will answer), Another graphite point: 
is connected by wire to a gas pipe or other suitable: 
mags of metal, not in contact with the apparatus, | 
and the two points, in position similar to the: 
arrangement for producing the electric light, may! 
be placed ina box from which light is excluded, | 
but with a hole in the top for observation. Place 
10 or 15 Bunsen cells in circuit with the key and’ 
the coils in the usual manner. Now, if the ke: 
be closed, a spark of considerable brilliancy will 



















i. Gales w 




























































































sMoys oR “papisqns Ajjainb gay ‘1019 uo poseq 


‘yonyas aydvadaja 7,94) suede poywangnw 

sosiay jo uta y “sane omy Fa stoqqs o7uy Us} 
spreaaye pus ‘pajpuoy yey ye sea, odaz * sty, 
3YLIS 97 07 19]suTvI) 8p} 9auIs ootAras ydwsTO]a, Lots J 
wonypuca [epaunuy pur vopmaysiurupe oy) ows ROA’ 
iu o ANSUILT, U7 Aq poiujorde Day UNLOD 917 
Jo woday aq Aqy{nos Azda soppuny suaanavg ayy” 

*yoos 

‘tor wBMAN 1717099 ,, OPT, slopuott pea 
as Bevery Agr coagguniog Aansvray 943 j 
fo sag opwastoajogy ony. piv sydvadopy poysog EAA 


‘goog Jo easy O,2 














i 























‘uoyuasedas aap 4q [uo paysyuyan: : 
% SI puv ‘911399/91p 94} Jo ssoUyDIYY ayy oy pentot 
Z ai Jo aounjsip v Aq dquo poyusudas vaya ous 94} 
5} atpaou vw uodn yausnw w yo uoNoV ayy, “wonod 
ayousau jo adussed ou} 0} worjana)sqo ou tayo 
OT [AIP sw JOU YO! soouTjEGNS ; puorag 
edb Twp Apvaad st yySuosys oy) ‘pusy oy pury” 
ay Munsy oY} YFnoayy* st uopoatuos 93 way Ay 
ni uaaya uruyao vw jo st yauds ayy ‘yd9u 947 Jo 
MS YOq OF payouyyw syulod. wos spoq uvuiny 943 
: nosy poyoNpuod ef Dos0; ADU OY) UAYAL SINT 
BYU Paywsystoulap Ary UaDdAVZOY SurysIxd ASoyouv . 
a aun Aq paqioddns s] mata siyg, ‘uotusedos Aq : ; 
Aqua pauoyuon st puv sajoujsqo [utzoyour fq payonays ' 
YO JOU st Yo A JoMod oNoUAELU snolayssur yyy 
Jo uoH eRe quar uayedyd oy} vasJap ows ur ase 
u ourauiat ayy Wy? ayquqoadurt you at yt nq ‘AN 
“xn ads Ajpouas quonaad yu fasanoa jo ‘st yafqns oy} 
5 td soayy AUY "yOAYo 40 asnuD DY} JaAOdgIp OF 
ee aa eae Ou dJojoyouaY yng ‘syuaW 
tadxa Sur WPYAs sunpoiyaa]9 <q passa’ 
uaoq Apuonbowy sey yinds SI} JO asUNUnoSD oy, ie 
“kau . = ee 
svg ue ae ayy ‘yysuay Aq BoResiaur _ 
as MOUY ISAT RIE Jo BuO Jo aoULISIS 
a ‘YY AB WLYY OST puL ‘s1ay}O saA0 _ " _ 
7 aa na ef autos 2940 Jo ySnosyy sassud 
4a au ayy Aytonyoo(a oyry yyy ‘wor : 
| puu ‘poyyys a40q) wy ot) c hLeaioel 
; puosagq pado aa 
ait Tuyyyou yng ‘adpapaouy owuy an autos duu 
“a 4 AU Uti opuMt Uda aauy squauadxa 
ie WN paydagoy oq ysnts UOIsTyoUOD Alyy ‘AUOsard 
au aren Ot TN aussi DUII9[9 9Yy OF S[LoIWaYD 
aariguas Oy put sazauWoUKArNT ayudya 
SL eecpra AEA a ienls &q paquouraydins. muy 
I udd Ss! Usa; oY) SU IR 
[wo12799]9 you BI ADJOg AY) UY) DAO spine 
Auo(Y BIT, ‘aqny sRUpd oF aq snymaeddo ony 
Tha J ayy Aq snyrandd 
Ho Ie aut bed poywaudan st ‘rapanssoiy “aoe! 
if wnaara CaqyeEq aly Uy JOU st a: d 
aL ayquuryjdxaun Aquasudde puv dandae'g 
aa vuowauag Oty WY) olay Bf 3] JOUytOD YOA yw: 
a " wena yavde ot3 ‘syuyod paydauuOIsIp ay} UId.ANy 
aq Sppydes so sso[s soo -apwus oq syoujU0D pur 

































cae | 
















egperseeeee = G ; : ‘uayouq st uunjuwpus oy): pur add sud 

THE TELEGRAPHIC : + "Tico ‘uphpatevos ott ge utd duo “(posojo Sutures 
aie ; im TELEGRAP ave 3inoay5 Me ssaonoy he nye 
Apri. 1, 1878.) THE TELEGRAPHIC JOURNAL ; Mutesgagod ang yurod onudes i ao oN i. 4 








went 








inches in diamotor at the old) i 

re ench provided with a | aboiistrengths of the current and the deflections are not From this table and from all my: numerous observa: 

‘which is placed in the ear. | colledirectly proportional to ane another, Lions, which have tended to confirm the above results, 
sos | —-—--— | without however, throwing any now fight on the 





he middle docs ‘not differ | carri- <j ———— 
ones, [bisa little longer, | wort date. | ‘Time, | Detlection, | Remarks Weather. subject, the following conclusions may be derived 
Nort__-—|--— tst—-That there is always a natural curren! 
scict Howing through the cable, 
scior™": * ea og andeThat this current is someti 
Scotland to Norway, sometimes 


ae | Steadys s+ 6 + That the current after each change of 
Soe See difection increases gradually, from a minunum toa. 
certain maximum strength, and then again decreases 
until, -afler passing the zero-point, which only 
pout.a minute, it assumes an opposite 


© of direction takes placo 









a 









mies flowing from 


33 | Steady deflection» NE. brecee 
in the opposite 


‘o. | Changing direction [fine, 
oo Steady. + 2 6 * 
Sy Lien equal to 4 Lee 

clanche's cells, + 



























occupies al 






3 | ealinging “ction | 
to. |Steady-* e+ ot 









AD ORGS SOS 
RZERG cS oTsseo 


H 3 
9 creasing | lio That the chang i 

ef H about every six hours, fe. 4 times 10 the 24 hours. 

1 Bas 30 | Sea creasing | sth—Tliat the normal maxi strength of (he 

to to 35, Swing ms natural carrent—as proved by proper measurement 





-—searcely-ever excecds 3 (0 4 éclanché's cells. 

Phat great meteorological disturbances msi) 4 

a \ are preceded, accompanied, or followed, by similar f 

860) Steady. + + + +) Fines frosty. electric disturbances in the cable, . 

33 Unsteady = eee 

42 | Steady? decreasing 

ve | Unet ysawinging 

acrowzero + ° 

oe [Unsteady 6 6 + 
vy | Steady « 















Steady: slowly ine 
ereas 





ve Changing ye 












EFFECTS OF BLECTRIC CURRENTS ory 
HIGH TENSION. ¥ 


: wg,| FOLLOWING up it series of former notic 
zd issandier, in La Matiere, giv’ : , 
of t z « 
Me vee . battery consists of 
6 pairs cach 
rg are joined ; 
ators, and : : : 













impor 
their: — 





mouth... With thi 2. 

dily carried on, through a ‘Als. $s 

|, We. tiave conversed and heard 
f , although, both the 

a in the ordinary.tone of, votcc., 
“without ‘using “the’ spealtin 

fudible at a thousand: feet,» 

imay be-*e 








for “quantity 
then charged 





can tien 
pleasure, 





dy tho:} 






order, to stt! 


platinum wire, passed 
bo: Immerse 
Narhble ee ‘and connec! 
Ue aaa artery of 
: f ‘ er pole bein; 
ota al : Dae f the tube i 
def OF beingwholly fixed i + {e i iq dazzling 
: ‘Ys‘sometimes turned to | the: a 3 ‘ 
pn the past. It:is-still n youthful ; into n<pmall 
at advanced youth when earlier Vight is vividly 
e'as to seem anathor kind of = °* ) Changing direction glass insulates: the wire, 
areer, in- the: world:has been so won. 20 | Yarlable. : solution of sea-salt is used, 
manifest that the whole energies q | Steady. : ‘ are’ required. to 
loyed'in striving and looking for- : ; ; ee manner in which sal 
Sinilar ora, too, in‘the history of |” : 2 3 \ of the silica in tho gl: 
rica, , ent day : : : a hy the'passago of tli 
: ieee ges in congequence of the f 
the silicates formed, a Inct 
; Carré in combining various, 
| ~ | employed to proditce, the ordinary 
ms “his vitreous Ii hit many also “be 
| "+! To tug either of the clectrade! 
alittle distance below the surface ol 


til t 


the ae coups ; a 


“Variable 6 +. 


ho. few 
Steady «+, ¢ 


onis: 









Decrea : 
Changing direction 
wee 





BERS Oe 


Pra reres 






cand, tales, without” number ‘aro | 
the manners and incidents of the 


aia 














Ly MST EN ad bes TPE 














February 9, 1876,] 















theory T suggested and used merely as'3 temporary" 
working. hypothesis, At the present time, the 
weight of evidence in my mind ts in favour of the 
theory that this ix a radiant force, somewhere he: 
tween light and heat on the one hand and mag. 
netism and electricity on the other, with some of 
‘the features of all these forces, Experiments of 
the following kind are of themselves powerful 
arguments in favour of this theory :— 
When the wire conducting the force from the 
“"  hattery to the dark box is divided in the air, and 
the ends are separated even a sixteenth of an inch, 
; No spark appears in the dark box. Lay these ends 
: of the wire on a semi-conductor, ag wood, and the 
force will pass when they ‘are separated a mode- 
rate distance. Place small pieces of tinfoil about 
these ends as they are suspended in the air, and 
the force now passes one inch or perhaps several 
inches through the air. Place pieces of tinfoil of 
. Jarger surface about these ends, and separate them 
“a. wider distance, andthe force will yet pass, Make 
the surfaces of tinfoil larger still, until they are a 
. °° foot square or more, and the force will travel 
. several feet through the air, Prepare three large 
‘pieces of tinfoil, place one piece on cach end of 


from the battery, possibly in tome grfinite ratio, 
although that is not yet demonates re 

Any form of electricity giving’ spark like the 
spark of this force woultt respond to some of the 
physical tests of electricity, would produce readily 
perceptible physiological effects, would be power. 
fully resisted “by the air, and would in all its 
phenomena suggest polarity, even if rapidly re- 
versed. 

Again, the four facts regarded by me as favour- 
ing the theory that this force is allied to electricity, 
are, when severely analysed, not so convincing as 
they might at first appear. “Ihe spark of this force 
resembles the spark of dynamical electrielt ys but 
so also dacs the spark produced by combustion, 
‘The velocity of this force is great, hut so also is 
that of light, ‘This force is best. conducted by 
metals, but so also is heat. ‘This force is resisted 
somewhat by non-conductors, but so also is heat, 
and both toa less degree than electricity, 

Ifit be,as I have suggested, a kind of clectricity 
which, after the manner of the shuttle, returns to 
its source by rapid forward and backward move: 
ments, it would yet be electricity under very differ. 
ent conditions from those under which We are wont 
































































































































Led ‘; Bury 






‘the divided wire suspended ns before, and the other to consider it, and would be practically a new foree. 
aan bi. hiece about equidistant between them; and stilt | ‘The more [experiment in this department, and tive 





or. 4 the spark may be seen (though faintly and irreyu. 
ies “—"darly) inthe dark box. ‘he force must jamp from 
the picce of tinfoil at one end of the wire to the 
middle piece, which acts as akind of resting place, 

and thence to the piece at the other end of the 

wire. The spark has been obtained (though with 
difficulty, and only after very nice adjustment of 

“the pencil points in the dark box) after having 
Passed: through four pieces of tinfoil, the dis. 
tance from the first piece to the last being cight 

“fect. The highest tension statical electricity, as. 
Kenerated by Holtz'’machine, could not do this ; 

and electricity prefers to pass by points, ‘Through 
experiments of this kind we have learnt one im: 
portant law of this. force, namely, that it prefers 

to pass through surfaces} and the larger the sur. 
face,.the better. it passes through any bad con. 
ductor, at Jenst within certain limits, “ : 
Phenomena of the kind here described shgpest 
: Magnetism: more than induction or dynamical 
mea clectricity; but this force docs hot respond to the 
‘ vo + test of. magactistn, the power to attract iron ; and, 
Moreover, it exhibits phenomena that do not be.’ 
‘long ‘to magnetism. It is attracted hy iron and 


F other metals, as conductors, but it docs not itself 
». 2 attract iron, . ‘ 


The points which favour the radiant theory of 
this force may be thus recapitulated: Ane 
1s It does not respond to any of tha: physical 
\ . | teste of electricity, except the spark.” : 
Be : 2. It. produces’ no perceptible’ or demonstrable, 

physiological effects, Itke electricity, ] 

"ge It is not resisted by non-conductors, 4s. air, 
water, glass, rubber, and parafiin, to ‘the samede- 
“gree as electricity... SA ae 

t+ It gives‘no cvidence, in any of its phenomena, 

of polarity, . et See Ae acs cat 
Fa It passes through: non-conductors,’ ‘as air, 
rubber, glass, &c., most readily. by larve ‘surfaces 

~ nt the’ terminals, while electricity prefers’ to’ pass 

2 by poltite, io wed ee oT thou thinner resistance. When only the ter- 

G, it diminishes in atréngth syith the-distance | minals of the wires were applied “to the resisting 


cc 





more closely T reflect on the results of experiments, 
the farther I seem to be driven from the electrical 
toward the radiant theory of this force; and there 
would appear to be no ready escape from the cons 
clusion that we have here something radically 
different from what has before been observed by 
Science. ‘The relation of this force to the other 
forces may be thus represented — 
Light, Heat. New Force, Magnetlim, Eloctrieity, 


The above would represent Mr. Edison's theory | 
of x radiant force, nearer to light,and heat than to 
magnetism or clectrivity, 

The theory I have suggested would bring. the 
force nearer to magnetism and electricity than to | 
light or heat, as follows ;— : 

Light, Heat, New Force. Magnetism, Electefelty, ; 


The discovery that broad surfaces at the ter 
minals are hecessary to conduct this force through 
non-conducting solid bodies, as glass, rubber, 

arafin, Kc was made but a few nights Ayo, 
That the force passed through air when farge sur. 
faces were at the terminals had been proved pre. 
viously by Mr, Edison's experiments and by my 

Y 







































































































































THE NATURE OF ‘THE NEWLY DIS. 
: COVERED. FORCE. « 
ly GEORGY M. BEARD, M.D, 


In my letters to the Tribune and in my lecture; 
before the Polytechnic Club, I advanced ‘a theory 
of the farce recently discovered by Mr. Edison, 
that might perhaps ally it to electricity, though 
not to any known form, and account for its non- 
polarity and other phenomena exhibited byit, This! 


- Se nN 








own, A large surface of tinfoil (6 by 6 or ra by 12 
inches) was connected with one end of the divided 
wire, and laid ona table. Over this were placed 
broad pieces of hard rubber, glass, or paraffin, and 
on the top of these were ‘placed a similar piece of 
tinfoil connected with the other end of the divided 
wire, through which the force was to be conducted 
to the dark box. In: this way it was proved that’: 
the force could pass through 2} inches of dry 
‘wood, two plates of glass, cach inch in thickness, 
inch of hard rubber, } inch of solid paraffin, and 
ive layers ‘of? paraffin’ paper. When the surfaces 
at the/ends“of ‘the wire were’ reduced in size, or. 
when the tinfoil nt one end was removed, the force 
passed less easily, When the tinfoil at both ends. 
Was removed, and only a few inches of fine wire 
constituted: the. surface, the force passed, but 





































































































i eters 7 








[February 1) 1876. 


48 

























§ icti ted that a com- 
force would not pass at all, or buta very } useless restrictions. He suggeste . 

ree Hite “The force passed through eight | mittee Wee pe appointed to dry ve cone 
inches of wata, and was apparently but little | to Lord John Manners, P ostmasicr 4) - 3 < ay : = 
iiminished even when the surface at the terminals | testing against the stamp order, Mr, I. Gibson . the very opposite principle, Safety must be con- | manner in which the experiments were conducted 
_ but an inch of fine wire, — The Scientific | said the stamp question was not the only grievance : ; veyed by a decided and unmistakable signal, the | and as faras I can gather they?.74 of a similar! 
wan but ; business men had to complain of. the department a of which shall, in itself, be an indication | nature to mine, and [ feel warraléd in believing 
persistently refused to give receipts for nee i of danger. that they can all find a satisfactory explanation by| 
so that any one who sent a Messne. Hd a etiie pone — : the presence of induced electrical currents, without} 
ari feally had no funrantes ah his Masel a} : . THE “ETHERIC” FORCE, the gatervention of any neh force Whatever: ‘ “| 
had been deposited at the office, : — $ : mmediately on reading the first publishe: 
receipts caused considerable inconvenience, and Wr often hear that “there is nothing new underthe | account of Mr, Edison's experiments, I repeated; 

Tur reportof the Anglo-American Telegraph Com- he mentioned an instance which came under his sun” anda fresh confirmation of the fact will be 


; my original experiments in connection with my: 

a ea pemer cd at neve oe th Aa fe ae reds by found in a paper on the “ Phenomena of Induction,” | friend, Professor Elihu ‘Thomson, of Philadelphia. | 

, ‘ |} grams sent to South America were q 
the total receipts from the rst of july to the 31st |B! 


by Professor Edwin J, Houston, which rin} Ta do brief descripti xperi i 
f December, 1875, including a balance of £66,066 auditors. As he had no receipts for money, ie dhe Journal of the Pain tnstte for axt month T he induction cai ead sngntioned <wtant 
of December, y 3 yen statement of facts on an affiday ‘The author. it appears had, as far back as ti warke: means of an electro-poin battery i 
brought forward, Sport to, £33 aga ane ike batts a commissioner in Chancery, He proposed ot ¢ red. an f wily of tae the 
total expenses were i yt. The 


February 45, #876) THE TELEGRAPHIC JOURNAL, — 






























THE ANGLO-AMERICAN ‘TELEGRAPH 
COMPANY, 














































commencement of the year 1871, published. an | cells. coupled for an intensity of ten. ‘I'he! i] 

¢ ton“ renewalfund,” | that the subject should be embodied in the memo- p 
set apart the sum of £50,000 to 6 + rial to the Voutmaster General Several gentle. 

¥ en addressed the meeting, and a gencral feeling » 
4 percent: per anniiins was br opposition to the regulation was expressed. It 
was stated that the system of payment in ordinary — 
stamps or by cash answered very well. The old, 
telegraph companies issued stamps and stamped 
messape-forms; but they made no charge for then . 
but allowed a discount‘of to per cent. The ‘Pelee 
graph Department, on the contrary, in addition ‘to* 
the compulsory use of the stamp, actually made av 
charge of 2d. for twenty shilling-stamped messnytin 
forms. A committee, with power to add to its 
number, was formed to prepare a memorial, and 


account of some experiments made by him which, 
both in. their method and results, bear a resem- 
blance to those recently made by Mr. Edison; 
and they further seem to indicate that the action 
of the so-called “ Etheric” force, of which so much 


elements of cach cell consist of a single plate.of; 
zinc’placed between two plates of carbon, ‘The 
available surface in each ‘cell is about three by} 
six inches, One pole of the battery was placed in 
a metallic connection with a gas pipe and the other! 
has been heard of tate, was observed then, and {in similar connection with a large insulated! « 
was settled as being nothing more nor less than | conductor, On-working the interrupting break. 
the effects of Electrical Induction. Professor | piece, a torrent of characteristic white sparks: of; 
Houston says: condensed electricitv passed between the platinum 
‘The experiments alluded to were made with a | points of the coil, Under these circumstances, 
Ruhmkortf induction coil, capable of throwing the | that is, while the discharges were occurring 
induced spark six inches in free air, I found that | between the points, sparks could be drawn from all} 
; by connecting one of the poles-of the secondary | metallic objects in the same room with the coil, 
f coil with'a gas pipe by. means of a good conducting | or in adjoining rooms. | ‘Ihe sparks were especially 
: wire, and the other pole by similar means, either | noticeable when metallic objects were approached. 
with a large insulated conductor or with a semi-|-to the gas or water pipes of the building, or to 
insulated conductor, as for example, by allowing | metallic surfaces in connection therewith, as in the! 
the wire to rest on a dry lecture table, that the | case of the pneumatic trough, steam engines, and 
yolume or quantity of the spark was greatly | boiler. before mentioned. As. already implied 
increased, and at the same time the characteristic actual contact between the gas or water pipes and} 
whitening of the condensed spark .produced.| one of the wires leading trom the coil, wast ° 
‘rhese results I attributed entirely to a condensa- | unnecessary, .as distinct sparks were afforded by a! 
tion of the spark by connection with. extended | stove in the same room, and from another in an; 
surfaces, similar to the condensation produced by | adjoining room. : E i 
the introduction of a Leyden battery into the} In order to test the suspected similarity between! 
circuit. ae these sparks and those described by Mr, Edison,} 
During the progress of the experiments the] we submitted them to the tests proposed by him. 
following facts were noted, which bear upon the | We made a number of experiments, and obtained 
observations of Mr. Edison, While the interrupter | the following general results, viz.: 
of the coil was in operation, making and breaking | First. ‘The gold teaves of a delicate electro.! 
contact with the battery, sparks could be drawn | scope did not diverge’ on being." brought into} 
from any metallic objects in the neighbourhood of | contact with metallic objects yielding the sparks, 
the coil, and, indeed, in adjoining rooms. Vor } although in every casc the sparks could be acen at 
example, by- holding a small metallic object in the | the point of contact. 
hands, sparks were drawn, in an adjoining room, | Second, ‘The needle of a delicate astatic gal- 
from a large pneumatic trough, in connection by | vanometer was not. sensibly deflected by. the 
soldered joints with the water-pipes of the building. | sparks, on an apparent current being caused al 














leaving a balance of £238,471. One interim divi- 
dend, at the rate o t 
paid on the rst November last, absorbing £70,000, 
and the directors now recommend a final dividend 
of 14 per cent, leaving a balance of £63,471 (in- 
cluding £32,470 surplus cable) to_ be carried 
forward. ‘The decrease in the traffic reccipts, 
amounting to £83,405, for the past-six months, 
compared with the corresponding period of 1874, 
the report further states, “has been caused b 
competition and the reductions of tariff which 
came into foret on the st May, r5th Supteiiners 
ovember respectively, the result of which ‘4 J p 
ond oth ting oft a8 compared with the correspond- present the same by deputation to Lord John 
Plaaberyeti on d t the 2s,| Manners, the Postmaster-General, Mr. W. Felix 
ing periods in 1874, of £643 per day at the, 2 | Robinson, of 33, Poultr; appointed honorar 
te, of £1,212 per day at the 1s, rate, and of £485 inson, 1 Poul : : n uy 
edagiat’ t rate.” With reference to the sceretary, Gentlemen ing to co-operate wit 
qlee tate, the re ort adds that “the carnings | the committee are requested to communicate with 
under this rate are fairly satisfactory, and therefure the honorary secretary. 
it is not proposed by the directors to alter the rate 
for the present, but to offer such increased facili. ; . 
ties as may tend to encourage senders to nugment) | Tin following letter refers to the breakage ~f 
their business, and to make a greater use of the | the Direct Cable :—Sir,—Again our cable is—orin | 
large carrying capacity which this company is} the opinion of most people has been—broken; but 
enabled to offer.” The directors have decided to] I am glad to hear, on inquiry, that the completion 
hold an extraordinary mecting after the ordinary | of communication with New York vf Quebec is 
one for the purpose of again submitting the scheme | hourly expected, The Faraday returned yesterday, 
for the division of the stock to the proprictors. and brought back the broken end of the cable. 
From the nature ot she -brealey ne ihe directors 
have no doubt that the cable had been broken both > 
THE NEW POSTAL TELEGRAPH REGU- | times not only by force but on purpose, Before 
LATIONS. the opening of the traffic the cable had been lying 
—_ _ | safely at that place for longer than 14 months, and 
A cosrerrser of several gentlemen engaged in| now, during the short time since the openii 
mercanti pursuits has been held at Gresham.house ; has been broken twice. Of course, we have no 
Old Broad-street, for the purpose of considering: right to suspect any particular party, but it is 
the best means of obtaining the withdrawal of the! evident that this ought no longer to be tolerated. 
order relative to the use of telegraph stamps, Mr.’ ‘The directors have already offered a reward in 
H. Nicholay occupied the chair. ‘The chairman.) America for the detection of any one concerned in 
said the order referring to the use of special stamps | this rascality ; but is it not the duty of the res ccs 
for telegraphic messages had taken the mercantile | tive governments to give the company all their 
world by surprise, as it was unnecessary, and | possible aid in finding out the felans who rob the 
caused considerable inconvenience, He could see | people of their property ? With the shaccholders, 
no possible reason for the introduction of such an | however, now rests the duty to unite like one man, 
absurd regulation, except that it had been done for | and demand the laying of a second cable, and pro- 
. the purpose of throwing obstacles in the ny of | viding a repairing ship, which could at the same 
business men who largely used the wire. He had | time watch over our property. Certainly, under 
been informed that the order originated with a’) these circumstances, we shall find many honest 
subordinate official in the ‘Telegraph Department; | and well-minded people who will help us to raise 
but he trusted that the unanimous voice of the the necessary capital—I am, sir, yours respect- 
mercantile community would show that their busi. | fully, A Sharcholder of the D.U.S.C. Company.— 
‘hess was not to be hampered by unnecessary and{ Daily News. 


































































































































































































Similar sparks were drawn from a half-horse | traverse the coils of the instrument. : 
power engine, also in metallic connection with the | Third, A small shred of cotton woo! was not 
water-pipes, and from the steam boiler in the | sensibly attracted or repelled by objects from 
chemical laboratory on the floor below. A person | which the spark might be obtained. 
standing on the floor could draw sparks from any| J‘ourth. ‘The so-called retro-action of the spark 
of the gas pipes in the adjoining rooms by holding | was distinctly observed, On looping a wire back 
a knife blade to the pipes or burners, ‘These | on itself, a decided spark was seen at the point of: 
results I of course attributed to the. action of the | contact made by the end of the wire with any 
induced electricity from the coil, and published a | portion of the wire itself. : 
note of them merely as a new experiment with the] All the above results are in strict. accordance 
induction coll, On first hearing of the alleged | with the known laws of electricity, as will appear 
discovery of the “ Etheric Force”, by Mr. Edison, } hereafter. i oa 
I was led to think it probable that the phenomena | ..To still further compare these results with those 
observed by him were similar to those noticed by | obtained by Mr. Edison, we dispensed with the 
mein 1871, but, from the brief descriptions | use “of the. induction coil, and employed. an 
published in the newspapers, was unwilling to | apparatus similar to that described by him, viz,: 
make a public note of my belief, In ‘the \.¥.| An clectro-magnet in connection with the battery 
Tribune, of December 9, however, .Dr. Beard, of | already mentioned, the current of which: was 
New York, | ished a fuller account of the | rendered intermittent. by means of an ordinary 



















































































/ ’ 





. hf Sig he Slap Paha fea Saag oh dideweeecn Ln atin Serge sorte tian teem 


* 4 


toe bal AE ma He, ORES 


Hi <ocukramennentinmesinmuen? Mittin, 









THE TELEGRAPHIC JOURNAL, (Pebruaryiyy tt; 











i er. ‘sth this arrangement, a wire in| Edison and Dr. Meard endeavored by careful 
pal a ath RSore of the magnet yielded sparks insulation to climinate in the rpparatus employed 
having all the properties described by Mr. Edison. | by them the effects of induced  clectricity or 
~ From a carelul reading of the published accounts | induction, since it is a recognised fact in electrical 
of Mr. Edison and Dr. Beard, it appears that the acience that the more perfect the insulation the; 
alleged discovery of a new force is based on their | more decided the effects of induction; of which, 
failure to obtain. from the sparks, indications of | perhaps, no better instance could be found than, 
electrical charges or currents; or in other words, | the care taken to thoroughly insulate the secondary 
in the apparent absence of electric. polarity. All| coils in the induction on Ruhmkorlf apparatus, 
the effects noticed, however, are readily explainable | In view of the above considerations, we feel 
by reference to the presence of an instantancous | warranted in the belief that all the phenomena 
outgoing. current, immediately followed by an noticed by Mr. Edison and Dr. Beard are explains 
incoming one, with the complete re-establishment | able by the presence of inverse electrical currents 
of clectrical equilibrium. When we bear in mind | of considerable quantity, but comparatively smal] 
the enormous velocity of electrical currents of this | intensity, instantancoualy produced at the making 
character, probably some hundred thousand miles | or breaking of the battery circuit, 
per second, we can readily understand that the| There was noticed during the progress of our 
flow and reversion of the current would take place | experiments with the induction coil, the following 
in an exceedingly small fraction of a second; a | curious phenomenon, which appears tous favorable 
space of time insufficient, were the current merely | to the explanations we have adduced, One of the 
direct, to produce any decided divergence of the | poles of the coil was connected with a gas pipe, 
leaves of the electroscope or the needle of the} and the other with an inaulated conductor of 
galvanometer. The presence of the inverse current,| considerable surface in the room containing 
immediately following the direet current, would | the Ruhmkorff core, This room is in connection 
absolutely and necessarily prevent the exhibition of | by a telegraph wire with the chemical laboratory 
dleetrical polarity as exhibited in the motion of the} on the floor below, and with an earth circuited 
‘electroscopes, galvanometers, and of similar instru. | station, D, in another building, about five hundred 
ments, . fect distant in a direct line, On the interrupter 
‘It is doubtless due to the fact that the dircct | of the coil being worked a peculiar clicking sound 
‘and inverse currents are opposite in their effects, | was heard by both of us in the line wire in the 
‘and therefore produce instantancaus electrical | chemical laboratory. ‘I'he operator at D was 
equilibrium, that Mr. Edison failed to obtain the | requested to observe whether any unusual pheno- 
characteristic twitching of frogs’ legs, or the | mena were noticed at his instrument. feat once 
discoloration of iodized paper; for, although these | telegraphed to.us that a distinct © tinkling sound” 
results would. nnquestionably follow’ an electric | waa heard, which did not vary whether the 
current in one direction, their presence would be | ordinary batte y current of the line was opened or 
masked by the phposite effects produced by the | closed.” Since he did not know what to expect, his 
instantancously following inverse current. confirmation of our observation was very satisfac 
, The possibility of the existence of the direct and | tory. ‘he production of the sound is probably 
inverse currents as above described, may be| referable to a rapid succession of molecular 
questioned; but when we bear in mind that the | changes produced in the wire by the sudden 
sparks can only be obtained by the interruption | reversion of its clectrical states. 
‘of the battery current, and that it is necessary to | ——— 
Pass the battery current through a long coil of i ‘ ae 
wire, conditions in every way favorable to the DYroceedings of Societies, 


productions of instantaneous induced or extra 
‘currents; the direct and inverse currents followas| TIE CHRISTMAS LECTURES AT THE 






















eas RE 


: 


a npr generate enna tae ene ane ns Soeninon wena, 














a matter of necessity 3 for the induced or extra ROYAL. INSTITUTION. 
currents in the coil of wire necessarily produce, Uy PROFESSOR TYNDALL ' 
‘in the core of the magnet and the metallic wire in (Contiaued from page 29.) 





jconnection therewith, an electrical current in one |, 
direction, instantaneously followed on the cessation | THe Levorn Jar ano Tue Etectric Discttarae. 
of the induced or extra current; by a current in| Provessorn Tyxpatt’s fifth lecture on Experi: 
{the opposite direction for the re-establishment of | mental Electricit » Was devoted to the. Leyden 
the electric equilibrium in the cores of the magnet, jar. He began yy exhibiting the first form of 
} . It is a fact well known to all versed in electrical | this Apparatus, “as invented by -Kleist, in 
acience that the induced current produced at the} 1 45, and Cunus, of Leyden, in 1746—Vitu a 
moment of making contact with the interrupter Ate three parts filled with water, with.a nail 
flows in the opposite direction to that produced on Fixed in the cork and plunged in the water. They, 
breaking the contact. ‘This fact would in itself, | nail was electrified, and the charge gave a smart 
exclusive of the above explanation, be sufficient to | shock when the phial was held in one hand and. 
account for the production of inverse currents in| the nail touched with the ather. The effect was 
the core of the magnet, when the interruption of | increased by Wilson in 1746, who laced the phiat 
the battery current was sufficiently rapid, Dr, containing water in a vessel so filled with water 
Beard admits that the phenomena may be referred | as to bring the surfades of the liquid to the same 
jto a somewhat similar explanation, but the value | levelsand by Dra. Watson and Bevis who substituted 
jhe attaches to his supposition, may be judged | shot forthe water Inside the phial. Dr Revis 
from his subsequent adoption of the term “ apolic | coated a plate of glass with silver-foil.on ot 
force” as a referable term to “etheric force.” sides, within ahont.an inch af the eduae ong 
















































































PHIG JOURNAL. (Decemnen 15, 1877 
Jn 


{ 
| 
1 
\ 








187, “A magneto-dynamo-electric machine"—P. ¥ 
Jabrocukorr, August 22. : 

sag. Improvements in and connected ne eae 

: ing same electrically or pneumatically, —— 
gs W. Vor Nagnocks (communicated by A, Leinke), 
September 7. . 

9469. “Apparatus or appliances connected with 
generating, conducting, measuring, or testing, and 
applying electricity.” — J. S. Putvermacker, Sep- 


* tember ty. 


} 


87. “Electric telegraph apparatus."—L. A. Bras 
sen Rnd S. WM. De SUSSES, September 18. 
. “Improvements in an instrument and appara 
tie ane ae the telephone.”"—T. W, Many (commu, v 
nicated by J, A. Briggs), September 21. 

4552. “Improvements in the construction and ars J 
rangement of magneto-electric apparatus and the 
application of the same to signalling and other pur- 
poses."—A. S. HicktRY, September at. a ; 

9597. “Electric telegraphs."—F, +H. W. Higgins, 
September 25. : 

3639. “Electric telegraph apparatus.—L, A, Brass v 
sun and S. W, M, pk Sussex, ' 

26. “An improved duplex ‘telegraphic printing ,, 
apparatus."—G. an Vanpen PLora, October 8. 
"9743. ' Magneto-clectric machine."—-J. H. Jounsos 
(communicated by J, Miot), October 9. ‘ 
9750. “An improved electro-magnetic hydraulic 


5 engine,—W. R. Lake (communicated by H.C, Atwood), 
x October 9. 


3822. “Electric telephony and telegraphy."—D. D. ¥ 
Repaonxp, October 16, 

4839. "A new system of distributing and increasing 
with atmospheric electric currents proceeding froma, 
single source of electricity for the purpose of supplying 
several lighting centres,”—J. Janocitxorr, October 17. 

3854. An improved expansion, and contraction 


3 coupling for signal and telegraph wites.—G, PickERS- + 


¢ GML, October 18, . 
3906.—Improved electrical apparatus for indicating, 
the existence of ies or defects in roofs, bridges, and v 
other structures,"—I', Barver (communicated by J, 
Forbes), October 22, : 
3981. “Smprovements in clectro-magnets and in 


magnetic motor engines,"—M, #f, Ssutit, October 27,,¥ 


$036. " Electrical apparatus for application to railway 
brak Hi. A, Dinntx, October 31. 
053. ' Improvements in clectro-metallurgy, and in 
apparaius connected therewith.!'—H. Conrant (com. ¥ 
municated by E, Andsé), November 1, 


59.“ Improvements in or connected with circuit J 


closers foretectricalalarms.”"—B, Hust (communicated 
by S.S, Applegate), November 1. 
4193. "' Means or apparatus for regulating the speed / 


of clockwork for telegraphic and other purposes."—J, + . 


M. A, Strout, November 6, 

4232. " An improved magnetic apparatus for tinging 
bells, operating telegraphic and other signals, and for V 
similar purposes.”—G, Zannt, Novernber 13, -. 


4321, An improved system of a double telegraphic f 


transmission.”—J, X. E. Ginur, November 19. 
4941. “Improvements in the method of applyings 
{ and in the arrangement of, the conducting wires con- 
; véying clectricity to be used: in-sending telephonic 
messages,”—A. G, Butt, November 20. 
4402. “ Apparatus for the transmission of sounds by 
electricity through wires or other conductors."—J. A, 
Ewtna and F, Jenin, November 22, 


"| 


\ 
i 
! 
t 


eae 


Y 





; appto was only tho menng to direct tho thouglita of its electiicity, ng mig 


q laboratory with the energy of n ballet dancer, bofore| ono of the balls, 


(i meena tacmmoeauenacsaensaece 


May 2, 1875.) t 

7 THE TELEGRAPHIC J OURNAL. 07 
THE TEL EGRAPHIC JOURNAL it would havo led to the discovery of cutroné loo. 
te J Saeed pir thore had beon a trained mind to 

‘at. IEL—No. 54. waloh ita antics, to follow up it ti a8, An 
feo faeet ont it ‘itatie ee 

————————SS——— == ‘aguorro's discovery. of tho ftifluenca of ti 

on [ o's : Meno 

DISCOVERIES, vapour of moretiry upon gonsitive platos of | le 

is 7 ; — is anothor which is included Amongst chalice diai 
Discoventes fn Scionco aro the roauit uithor uf[COVeries: Mo had booti oxporitientiig on stlveg 
exporiinent, of thought, or of olinneo, An oxpori- plates rendotutt sensitive tolight by fodiiio, and had 
sel Hiseovory is usually the result of a well-| “for oxposute put them by in.a cupboard fail of 
tv! el a tipon sume denvoss of Daine Natura pen ae his surprise lio found, aflot 0 timo, 
_ , ovory sap, and ovory battery, being | Pictures developo themact i i altel: 
well considered aud faithfully followed ; a it te: biiting tho effurt to soi ‘dba Hosein iv i 
sults from tho attacking force perceiving indications | #0 chemicals one by ono, until all had Deda te 
a range sony or es trensuro, and abi ae effeat, howsvor, continued, He thin 
; p with caro and determination, | OUnd an unknown atid forgotten flask 6f hiotcity, 
eye discovery of tho safely lamp is an oxample which gave out its vapoiir, and thts bodied the 
an he first kind, Something was wanted—its ro- else ene ad ain this was the origin of tho 
Httlranents wero well defined ; Nature was asked to] “28"errcolype process, But this was not Duroly 
supply thoso wants and requirements, and slo waa} {Ho result of chaneo, It was tho provious training 





forced by experiment and ongitity to reply, {9 péevious experiences which atranged the coudi- 


Varnday's discovery of mogneto-electricily was of, tions that lei to tho dtseovery, atid wh 

the second kind, He was engaged in aviary q{fho mind to seize upon tos vory eer 

difficult and hiteleato problem; something attracted |*eulted In euccess, ‘ralning nnd oxporionéo ar 

his attention, ho followod it up, traced it out, and theroforo ossontial in sctzlng tipo abnormal hale 

was rowardedt with tho discovery of what ought to/°*tous of Naturo, as thoy ato in comproheadin 

be univoranlly callod Jiradaton, aud approciatitig hor laws’ and tn opplying ict 
A discovory tho result of pure thotight must bo offectively-to practice, aa 

based on oxperionco. Ati experiment acts 


“that tnward HE 
Tafcueuenenens THE ROYAL INSTITUTION, 


: a-working, ‘Pho imagination is brought into play. 


Thought pictures something that should be, and 
observation finda ont that it fa, Graham's disco. 


4 vory of dinlysis, and of tho occlusion of hydrogen 
« by iron, was of tliis charactor, So have been tho 


innumerable additions mado to organic chemistry ay 

hy Liebig and his followers. So havo been the raul 
strides madoin tho theory of enorgy by Mayor, Joulo, | spliore omployed ini (9). ingle 
‘“homaon, Clausius, and others, Exporiment hing} 2. Tt ig still mnore strikingly Proved by two 


"aot the ball rolling, thought has kept it going, and {SPheres motinted on inautating ‘stands—say’ warm 


imagination lins said If I only direct it in such 0 tumblore—-and connected by a chat. Brin 

1 : . ‘ 5 Boxe 
path Tam auro to alight on somo trensuro, or it ia distant anaes "8 Ta cinged il oat fhe 
vO, 
t . 


sure to bring mo to tlio goat I aeak." . tho adjacent sp} i 
BO ! UT ao : ! Phere swith 
Discoveries cannot ba anid to be the simplo result | catrier which has touched ait hor Lalgrmetnanttt 
f puro ofinnee. . Nowton and the appto aro anid to Touching lstant ball it repels rubbod lass} 


havo led ‘to the discovery of gravitation; bit: the arb 7a hermerreeie perpls rub eft gultaporchias 
linger, 


appt : I it ht b 
tho plilospher in a cortain channel, ilicli cor-|tho carth, But'the nino occurs ‘wlan ihe didjucent 


{ninly ted to success, but whitch liad beon proviouaty | all fs totiched. In all casos the rep, ¢ 
pondering aud weighing fnnumorablo oliiee allah ant only ta si i} and no tater what pag 
nols and courses, Calvant and the frog ara sald to cleotricity—and Teanitctlan is fouched, the freo 
havo led to thy chanco discovery of voltate clectri-| , 4. Tlic iriduced cloultieity of oth tonne bi 
city, but tho frog may haye jerked ita loga on tho shown by ineans of tho strat cloctrosconte ralesred 


professor's balcony, or skipped in tho. physloist's i ee sae bale eet te ae uot ara 
cles 0! 


tho straw is posit voly electrificd. 





fal ade TELA 
































* Fen. 11, 1876, 





ENGLISH MECHANIC AND WOKLD OF SCIENOR: No. 568. 549 











ho ict. sreckly. temperatures for Dublin, as] ‘The annexed diagram illustrates piston of [ radii, or nan Jens equivalent of 381 radii, and 
Sartre 1 frou the rnutuorology eal Gbacevat fons double effect, na M. Giffard describes it:—A | thut of the crown lend 10'G; or, to put it in 
hag arnanee nay Higes here given; in tho packing ring, D the hollow behind, and something like formula, R= radii of flint lena 
joy aiey autre Ba f iy for a considerable | E tho passage for the steam. In thie cage, ns | 381, and r = that of tho crown, 196. 

@ British Islands. will bo ween, there are two rings, the piston * R . . 
thus being automatically fitted in both up and | ‘Thon rte 1°95, tho proportionate radii of 


down ntrokea, 1 y 
mnetaltio ‘tand, Pee Aa aa pe dlink sine! baathes lense for the correction for 
chromutic aberration. ‘heso {proportions 





















Moun ‘Weekly Tomporaturon at Dublin. 
Week ending, ‘Lemp. | Week ending. ‘Temp, 




































don 7. 402 Suly 7 ry are placed in the groove, tho n 
Pn ly i pe being in close contnet, m Pit Right eniad should be strictly adhored to in ‘tho conatruc- 
” at » Wow however, bo uscd, stich as leather, rubber inj Hon of nn object-plass from theav kinds of 
“fy, 78 ‘is one thick or seven] thin bands, homp, gnaket, | S184 to gectira. the proper correction for 
7 pees "OL wood, compressed paper, and other suitable chromatic rbermtion, 
_ ie matorinia; but it ia important to keep tho} For example, wo take the flint lena in the 
proportion of 20 to 1, or na 4 » find the cur- 





channel or groove, D, aa amnll ns possible, 
aud to mako tho holes, E, for the ndtnisgion of | Vatures for a ona of 38:1. rndil in the above 

Proportion, i é oo 
104+ 2 — 42. 40 «x 2 = 80 


42 — 80 = e or value of x. 


§ 










. PHYSICAL’ SOCIETY. 
Sabha April agth, 1876. - 
ent, in the Chair, | 


RES 


§ 







Prof. Grapstone, F.R.S., Vice-Presid 
























fot ” 


embers of the: | 
EB, H, White. 





| Society j F 

\ ‘The a i : : : ib a) i 
: vm i 4 400° ler=e", Ilxauee. 

4 vate 3g 
R= 381 x 4 = 40 + 2 = 20. 

38 
* R= 98:1 x 80 = 800 » 100. 

3B 2 








wered mirtors 
and he has ao op . Oa : 
ement is less yf : Taye large ays oi aa ateam, in no greater number and no larger 
! ‘ i ties tied than is speared 2 allow the steam to 
@ writer has hadan opportunity exerciso the desired effect as soon us pos. ‘ : 
no of the new nyipromaluer foe Fe sible, That this syatem of packing patos is of cuevabee of flint Teng, na whove, the crown 
: hy Nhe degree of aeenracy attainable may | good one cannct be doubted, Mut it may he? hed Myon at ie in the proportion of 
i ‘ ; . : gathered from the two following compari- | questioned whether it is of such excellence as } 0 + ‘ = 5g het ‘Il nn o| ject-glass of 
, mi with observations made with verified dry | to cause any great demand for it, M, Giffard | 9; tanga nie the | following curvature of 
—to the spar’ ; : ne ics rot bulb thermometers. is anya Hint se he inody of eonsisuclion fa entirely | HES TOME ChOWT ADRES 
f: { i : pe ‘ E Thermometers, | HW» extremely economical, enaily adapted, Tint, 20 + 400, radii 38:1 “ 
pri si wk H Es Dry Tal, Wet Bulb, [244 the wear compensated. Tt is also infallible: Crown lens, 10 x 20°, radit = 106 7” 1:95, 
Therresults of th Pp i : ms : zs in ita working, lasts n long time, can be casily) 
. ‘ wee WL ET nnd qt renewed, enables cheap piston’ ‘Tho inner surfrecs of this form of object- 
¥ a agua oage to be obtained, having tho minimum amount { ginss may be balsamed—in fuct had better bo- 
of friction, and stich an absolute hermeticity, {s0, to save light in reflection {reo Fig. 2), 
or proper tightness, as to enable cent. per cent. | ‘hese being the curves for un object-glass of 
of the volume of gases, fluids, or ateam to bo | 50in, focus, any focus may be obtained from 
utilised.” ‘ them by simply dividing or noultiplyin tho’ 
c curves by nny munber suitable to the focus- 
required. ‘his form isshown in Fig, 1. Ina 


CONSTRUCTION OF ACHROMATIC | further papor I intend giving proportions for 


t 
Then, na r' and s = inner and outer surface of* 
flint ens, wo havo 7! 38 3: 203 460, or radii 





























1 ans 

2 we 17S 
« 87 percent, 
or 


























5S grains, 

8 R 

wo ae, OBJECT-GLASSES, an, object-glaae, from giier, iin at gest 
r ie ol ingble in England and ity ontinent. 

ereas the Klinkerfues hygrometer gave By W. Otprinen, (principally Germany), with their densitics,. 







THY for some tine intended to pen a} with proportion for correction of both 












by observin: Comparison 1 ae BOM 
tne ninore ‘ 1 eae We : practical article or two on the construc | gpherical and chromatic aberration, as a guide 
: 274 Relative i 1 87 porcent,| tion of telescopes und object-glasses, at tho} to the amatour; but in no caso must the: 
3 i request of many of our readers, I will endea- | amateur commence to work sn object-glass 


one, each spark rt! : 
Gar'bl times Under exrtn } F : oat » 3 
to charge an ele@roscope c! h : ‘pablo yi ” FA 
means of the spark, and N ns = 0 ‘ 
the spark Ignites a Je ot eer “ i : conatorstion. ne fey fae would he a ular be eure thee. densities nro compariblo ie the 
tallic wire. or ignite owders H : ey oe sf i : ig to w hem zt voly inetenc sures. Before nda tho subject T inten 
other veapenimients, which will. b t é IFFARD'S PISTON PACKINGS, of symbolically, I have omitted’ thom, and algo dealing with Heralds when not 
occasion, the author concludes that t oats of anew force us : now method of packing pistons, in.| given proportions calculated from thom with | quite correct, including the appearance of a 
nomena is obvious, and that the hypothesis ob & : ented by M. Paut Giffard, tho well-} great care, and adapted to pructico, Thave/ star when in focus, and also within and with. 
ig unnecessarys:: . son the same subject, ; : rench engincer, has been patented in endeavoured to show what will mako an | out the focus when not correct for apherical 
_ Prof, MeLzop tefcrred. to a paper OF Nie Sen Sly : : eens untry, tho letters being scaled on the | object-yluss perfectly free from spherical and | aberration. . Possibly too, T may have some- 
which appeared in the Ct A magonees ot November, by speciil order of tho] chromatic aberration, which will by more) thing to say about the mode of correcting tho 
p. 173), by Professors Houston ar ! the tension of the Lord Chancellor, although the application was | wefut to amatours, the glass being obtainable} enme, and also on n mothod of eentreing 
Mr. Davin Ross, B.A, enqu in the exneriments, but fidoon tho 28nd of May, 1876, being thus|in Englund. Now thero are several propor- | object-glasses for astronomienl telescopes, 
Leyden jar arrangement used in aid be ‘very dificult emoldays over the specified time. Wo ara| tions which I shall give—one for each kind of | which, if not dono well, wilt destroy all the 
Mr, ‘I'hompson pointed out ie tine F id earn ¢ of the not’sognisnnt of tho causa of the delay, and other good qualitiea of an object-glaas. | ‘Tha 
of determination.on account. of the rap: Bc | al ly imaging that nat tho last moment the 3, grinding, amoothing, and polishing I wilt on- 


58 ‘graina, | vour to mako it ns plain and clear as possible. | from these curves until ho has taken tho 
70 ” I thought of giving formulw, but, taking into | density of both flint and crown discs, so a8 to 
























































deavour to explain in tho production of true 


















spark from positive to negative... tor was in doubt nbout going on with the . 
ap jibes . hoy, ts Howover, the following is a brief 8 apherical aurfaces for achromatic object-glasses, 
200707} Magnotic Spark.—I beg to furnish tho | : ption of the new piston packings :—In oo curve’ seg | 13 there depends uch more upon the smooth. 

itollontng copied from Golding, Bird, and Jrook’s ' Se i ecification a very great deal hag been x ° ing and polishing of the surfaces of nn object- 

"Natural Uh Horophy 2” A sory elinplo nud read, fs : madoyof the invention, and not only are § glug than wany may think: the coment, or 

jo magneto-clectric spark, as {t . a deyoral drawings of various packings givon,| - s¢. 2 2 F1a@,7 | hard polisher being the only one that will pros 
buteaingle-acting piston ia shown as well as duce really fine definition in astronomical 





jmoilo of oxulbiting tl 
His termed, by the induction of a permanent magnot, 
\ja to wind round n picco of soft iron, {seo 
“gkotch), about 10 yards of thick insulated copper ° f i . 

sigta of aw circtunferential groove cut 


‘ysiro or ribbou, Lat ono anil of this bo soldered ton a : Rey 
‘Plate of amalgamated copper, C, upon whieh tha | ; : tg'tho piston, into which a band of leather 
‘ ; utchous is mud to fit tightly. ‘The 


object-glasaes ground by hand, or any other 
glass, Tu tho firat instance, the glass chosen | method; but up to sin, is about the limit of 
for this form of object-glass being Chance's | hand-work with really gocd and sharp deflni- 
ju use flint and white crown, sped. gravity | tion. ‘ 


{ Sees Hs bottom of ia streitmnforentiat groove is he ( nnd eros 245. Bost lo votenetva and 
Bnei i ha and thus forma n hollow behing the | dispersive mtios are sueh as by formula re. 
i pace band, Into thia hollow steam ontera | quires the curves of the crown lens to bo in ‘NOTES ON THE Ce heed 

Sand’ fives the picking ring against the surface | tlie proportion 10 ; 20, and to correct this the INDUCTION-—ETHERIC FORCE. 

Of{thY cylinder, gceuring perfect tightness of | flint long should be in.tho proportion 20 ; 1, te recent publication of the experiments 
ethoyplaton without thereby increnaing tho} which will, when correct for spherical aborm. of Messrs, Edison and Bateliclor, and tlie 

SQ trio! Hoh to an excessive degrde, ‘lho holes for| tion, require the inner surfaces of flint and | alleged discovery of x nuw force named "Etherio 
r {tho admission of the atenm to the back of the | crown lena to fit throughout their whole extent | Vorce,” haveled Prof. Houston, of Philadelphia, 

© pistaitering are drilled from the upperand under | of surfaces, ug shown in.Fig. 1. Fi fo present. the following notes on the phe. 
tikfako of tho piston. ‘Sho band of loather or} Now, by formula, the proportionate radii of | nomena of Induction to the scientific world 
‘cidutdhouc {a x0 fitted into the groove that it| crown and flint lenses for theao kinds of glass} through the medium of the Journa’ of. the 
fefWithout play-—with tho greateat possible | must bo 1°05, or for an objcct-glasa of 60 inches | Franklin Institute, Some notes on the inves. 


chtiiosa, and the ends overlap each other by | focus the surface of tho flint long should be | tigntions carried on by Prof. Houston were 
in the proportion 1320, and the savie of its | published in that periodical in. tho middle of * 


Ai thennnexed iustration. ‘The simplest 



























4 
k 














dally thinned surfaces, 












‘other end {s mado to press with elasticity, and is| 
‘nlao vory sharply pola d, To mnko this polut press | 
‘on the copper plato it is bont round in an elliptical 
‘form, D1. On placing this armature on tho poles } 
‘of n strong magnet, N S, the bar becomes mnguotic | 
induction, aud on auddonly jerking off ona ond, ; 
from tho pote 8, tho bar lotes nearly all ite / 
arity, and the olectric curront davcloped isshawn . 
ly a vivid spark occurring at the point whoro 15; 
promses on O aa it becomes slightly ralsed from tho , 
nate by the mudden motion communica' AB. 
— IODYy oa 















































‘electrical currents must 1 


“2 (do nal of tho Franklin Bat uted 
SLEUTRICA PHENOMENA, | 
JRER-=-TKAT. EXPERTS 
UCD RLRCTIICITY, | 
‘and Prov. Enanu Ti0Mmsos 


iments of Mr, 


pe existe 
ae followlng considerations, - together 


‘i iS 1 that w 4 
we belluve to bo,crucial-in establish. _ tant at en tia 


reed naw force with. Inverse cur. 


' " ycexslly for the | dence of that 
Sei Hn iteasnortedd lack af | which teant hive thus fi 
posite pliaaca of the so- | aauniption of the discovery 

That. the not-appearance 
oxact neutralization of the two op 
force,” Is. shown by bringing any 


arco being bith 
ow haw two ap} 


tralize each other, thus conclusively | 


‘a Mr. Fdleon’a experiments, Inverse 
i Me ly ciel. nowwithstanding 
nna occur only at the opening or 


tho fact that the manifestations dicciva life ty pleal experiment 


' breaking of the clreult, we 


t 


fehargo in one direction, while the tension in the tire ie inerenta- | 


| 


{Norham inthe cores of tho magnet, consequent on the 
‘charge of the tire itee/f, the wire and the cores of the mag 


| 


wires: have ‘heen apy 
+ ppark, At every hrenk, th 


in detail, In Fig, Lawehove 
the well-known. arrange: 
» ynent forthe. production’ of 
the alleged new force, On 
the completion of the .ctr- 
cuit, the battery current 
flows’ as* shown by the are 
rows, and M becomes nmiag- 
net, ‘On breaking the con. 

. nectlonasat K, the ao-called 
etherte: force In manifeated 
It ly evident that the above 
Edison's experluente, 

h aconsiderable longth 

tas ate Kya bright 


te 


refore, the wir surronnding th 
core of ‘the magnet accumulates 1 static charge of consid 

blo tension, which fs mpidly discharged. ‘This charge, actly. . 
Dy induction on the core of the mugut, induces fn it, and 
in all-motallic masses In connection therewith, a flow or 


ing, followed Inatantancously by a flow or charge in the. 
revurse directlon for the re-establishment of electrical que 


Dearing the same relations to each other a4 the Inner and the 
outer costings of a Leyden Jur, Here, then, we have all chit 
in necessary for the production of the so-called etheric effects, | 
apparent non-polarity Included, ‘ i 
order to provent the possibility of a charge of any ten- 
slon renaining In the colle of wire on the interruptlon of the 
current, We arranged the following experiment: A battery of 
sieht cells was divided into two sets. of four cella ench,. an 
. a awe A shownin Fig 2. The 
: sounder imagnet M, 
used dn this experi 
ment, wae connected 
Fi asshown—thatis,one 
wend of the cofts with 
the posltive pole of 
the Jeft-innd battery, 
and the other end to 
the negntive pole of 

the right-hand one, An interrupter placed midway betwe 





ithe remaining poles of each battery furnished the necessary 


Ureaks, as at KK. Under these conditions we could obtain no 
appreciably spark in the dark. box at P. In this experiment 
the maguut fs placed #0 as to ocenpy the exact middle of the 
chreuilt, one halt the wire in the coils belug intluenced by that 
part of the oxtra current which produces a posltive charg 
and the other half hy that which produces a negative one, 
When thus arranged, the inductlve effects of the exten cur. 
rent, being equal and opposite, Mtralize cach other, and 
hence no inductive spark appears tn the dark box PL dn thts 
experiment thorough insulation of the batteries, key, and 
connucting wires is necessary, in order to neeute an equal 
division of the effective cireult, 

‘The absolute necessity for the equality of the.two divlalons 
of the circult and of tho nelghboring conducting-suriaces, in 

he above experiment, Is shown by connecting any part of the 

ircult with a conducting-surface, nx, for Instance, » mars of 
hnetal, or even the body of the experimenter, when sparks at i 





soon whore the wire from a 


E fc I, i 
crineneun current produced Ja M is the'op 
‘M‘, represunting, ae thoy. 
continued from the battery. 


into contact 


firmed our expectations, I 
periments will have eatabllated ‘st 
that all the manifestutions classed 

to furerse currenta of induced electricity. 


‘ ~ Pie « 
oxperlniont it In evident; that tho pol 


in neu, 
i .calted etheric maulfestations, 
Se ee ane ed: no spark: war obtalned, 


af a net force, 


the peaitive an 
Under these elreuminianeer ue in 
r A core, being opposite, noutralize each other, 
E re atl) belluved by [duced charges in encl core, outealTza each otek 
Elise a force hitherto-un- | and no spark 1 Since, however, cot ! 


Mor et both were connect: 
Min thie eriment ia preaented unquestioned eci. 


i 8 parently been wanting, fet 
poate sears med She wily grounds Sor the ‘ 


posite of that It 


negative: polel 


the ‘spark at P was duo 'to a: 
a pants pharesof the ‘etherie : 
conducting: surface, an thie 


with any part of the circuit, a1 at a and uy 


sparks appear at the dark box P, 

Comment fs unnecensary. Hq 
It may be Joteresting to state 

thot the foregoing experiments were thought out in accontance 





Jaws of olvctricity, and tho resulta fully con. 
eieiithin Rane ts It in hop Ml tliat the foregoing ox. 


tevdly the fret 
are dua solely 





‘, this appar } 
2 { Asyeryidellento electrometer was exhibited by Professor ‘ 


ithe elect 


CIETY OF TELEGRAPH ENGINEERS 
fifth concersazions of tho Society of Telagraph En; 
was Intely given at Willis Ttooma, in James’, and 
intevery respect a splendid success, ‘The preaident for 
Prof, Abel, F. Tt. Band the four vice. residénta, 
Preece, Professor Care Foster, F, R. 8., Major Bate. 
m Ampant, and Mr, Carl Siemens, ‘Tho concersuzions 
Owed! ac of We buctess Bi tho ale and judicious mannge- 
MeMr, Slvowright, the acting sceretary, . 
‘attention ‘in diteetin the Eaintnnar ees, 0 


ject of telegraphic engincering,, aa they Included 
nd instruments for al Purposes: conneeted with 
ing, recovery, testing and.repair of telegraphic cables, 
Numerous applications of electricity to various use. 

in dally life, Some of the exhthite, and of theso 


several, were of a purely selentifle character, and: 
rofessing to have any; 


cited great Interest, without 
aring’on tho main object of the gat herlng. 


fith 
axhibii 
Willa 


Inciple, and was engn 


ont 
 {eub éctiyas ninco at tho tima of his death, : 
# Babine nlso exhibited an clectric arrangement by which ; 


;posaibic to determine so emall an Interval of timo as the 


mth part of Agccond., It is known from mechan. | 
ferations that impactian great pressure of short du- 


hort us to appear to tho oye utterly innppreelable, 
Aianvil ia struck by a heavy hamnicr, for instance, 
rpencirates into tho other, moving througha minute 
he wholo foree of the blow Is expended, and the 
in contact have reached the extreme of comprcs- 
Y the force of elasticity is called into action, nnd 
id Boparates the two. ‘That a very inal] Interval of tine, 
(houghatill a finite one, is occupied by impact Is proved by | 
tus, and its duration is measured. t 
DowdrSofiCambridge, Tt consists of two vessels contalnin, 
mereury,gvhich communicate by means of a horizontal glakes 
tubo, into whitch the mercury from eich cup flows on elther : 
sends, Tha two columns of mercury 
‘bubbleswhich moves along the tubo under the influence of 


Wo. saree of clectriclty passed into tho reservolra of mer- 
a oe : 


Toe 


i 


ht, tho heated air acts upon a smalt piece of | 


aincd in the apparatus, and by the expansion of 

tric clrcult Is completed, and immediutely 2 Moree 

clegraph'ig set In motion, with the result of Informing the 
t firo station of the address, Ona lurglar’s forcing an 
centry Intoja house the polico receive a simitar intimation. 
‘Theso'devices have teen in use in New York for several 
By,nnother of these contrivances a pollecman, in- 


CNTs, , 
"stead: offepringliny his rattle, can, by meraly turning a key, 
ft 


jnform the station that ho wants nsestance a n given spot. 

Tt. oletti, telegraphic engineer to the Metropolitan 
and Great-Western Companies, exhibited a great varicty of 
very aimple and effective apparatus for the safe working of 
lin fsrailway, First among these must be mentioned 
rio signal, which may he worked at any distance by 
uel ngakey, ‘This liberates a detent and an elec 
ese 
x 


reliminary atrangementa | 
oxhibita wero thoroug hly representative ofthe | 


aire separated by an airs ; 





| Feprvdry 8, 187700 


raises tho signal by means of the samo electro-magnet, | 
nother very. useful contrivance Is tho lightning proofi 

needle, Lightning acts Infurlously. on the signals sent by], 

needle instruments in four dliforent ways. : It either wenkena 


less, or roversea them, or St fees the whole apparatus, Of theaa? 
four. heads of disorganization, thig. instrument completely} 
obvintes tho first three. -It Is largely used on most of the prin-| 
cipal lines of the kingdom, and works very satlafactorily, 

Another useful invention of Mr, Spagnoletti’a is a: tel 
tale, which warns a signal attendant In his -hit that a_per- 
ticular signal lamp haa gono out, nnd requireanttentlon, This 
fs effected simply by the Introduction of 9 piece of metal 
into tha lamp ense,: “As long ns the lamp Is burning, and the 
temperature therefrom high, tho dilntion of the metal com- 
pletes an_clcetric circuit, und. tho telltale shows the word 
“in.” When. the lamp: has fiona out, -and the temperature 
has fallen, tho contraction of the metal opons the clreult and 
tha word " out” appeara on the face of the instrument, - 
‘Wray’s thermo elcctric battories attracted ‘much attention 
also,’ 'Thoy are vory simple, and for many purposes would 
. be both eftfeient and economical. 

Tho electric telephone, a yery curtous Instrument,.was ox.’ 
hthited on the same table, Its object, ug its namo im lies, Is 
to convey sounds ton distance by means of clectriett ys In 
the apparatus oxhibited, the sound of the volco sends atmo- 
spheric undulations against a stretehcd membrane, which 
thereby receives « rapid and frregular succession of vibra. 
tlons, ‘At its centro a smull slip of metal ig nflixed to it which 
; fy In conneetion witha Lattery. At the end of each oscilla. 

tion contact Is completed, and the cireuit closed. The mem. 
_bnine Immediately recedes, and Is again sont forward. Thus 
~ the curront passes aud fa suddenly Steeked, according as tho 
waves of sound break upon tho surfreo of the membrane. 
At tho receiving station tho core of an electro-mnagnot fs 
thrown Into a corresponding atate of rapid movement, and 
sotinds are emitted, which, being increased in voluma by tho 
ordinary means for that purpose, are rendered Plainly: audible 
at the distant station, j 

Sit Georgo B, Aly, tho Astronomer Royal, exhibited tho 
record of galvanic and magnetic currents’ passin through 
the earth, ag taken at Greenwich Observatory. 'Thiesa plates 
were never before oxhibited, and represent u very careful and 
useful work which las been carried on for some timo with 
vinw of tracing out theso currents and showing their con.’ 
nection. ; : 

Jumleson’s iinproved grapnel for recovering lost cables was 
tinong tho apparatus exhibited. A great fault of previous 
grapnols was that they caught in ledges of rock, when their 
claws broke away, atid thoy would then pass over the cable, 
and the vessel would have to return and pass over the sama 
track again, thus losing much time, The new instrument is} 
80 contrived that, upon coming into contact with a resistin; 
object, the claw opens out wy moving on a strong pivot, and, 
when the cable is reached ft is firmly caught by tho claws, |: 
and muy be hauled on board at once. The instrument is 
being made by Toe & Co, 

aAtiong the'sclentitie apparntug exhibited were somo ve 
Interesting ones hy Mr. Ladd. Farnday’s beautiful experl- 
ment of polarizing Ight-by electro-magnetization was shown 
by a very flng apparnius for the purpose, The light from a, 








the: 


violate any of tho conditions on which -the 


strong lamp passes through a Nicol prism along a glass bar, 
and agaln through an analyzing prism into thy oye, and the} 
charge being passed through tho coil surrounding the mag-/ 
not, the change of tint showed that the Nght had beon polar. 
ized or twisted, : 
Another instrument, extilblted by Mtr, Ladd, was much! 
wdintred, though it was.a mere magnetic lov. tt 
ws stron, 
Tnsido the terminal uro two thin disks of fron in contact with 7 
the poles, Thoy ure of bright metal, and have a bevelled! ¢ 
edge all round thelr figure, which is n long closed curye,} } 
‘The armature jg a steel arbor, upon which brass wheel is 
mounted, "Tho arbor being laid horizontally upon the edges’ 
of the disks, and tho Instrument held obli quely, tho wheel 
rolls wong tho edges, and ts brought back by attraction on!"Y 
the other slde. By forking tho instrument at the bro er § 
tervals, the wheel sscends and descends continually like a} 
bandalor, ' 5 

Mr, Horatio Yeates’ voltaic gus lighter was ulso exhibited, 
This is a small battery of low power, the current of which ts 
sot in motion by n totich of the flnger., A piece of fino pli 
tinum wire, whitch Hes in the clreult under a bell-shaped coy- 
coring, Is thereby heated to redness, and on a stream of gi 

| being cirected upon it it ls immediately inflamed, 

| _ Ono of thu most popular objects in the whole ex 
howover, was that of the electric pon and autographio press. 
Tt was exhiblted by the Electric Writing Company, and many 
specimens of writing porformed with tho pen were given. 
away, By means of nsmatl battery nt tho top of the pen a} 
needle plerces tha paper with fine holes nt tho mito of 8,000 
per minute, Impressions are obtained by passlug an Inked 
roller over the pforced paper or stencil,” the Ink being 
forced through the finw holes to the paper below, 2,000 can 
be taken from ona stencil at the rate of 860 per hour, The 
battery is about the size of a crown piece, and ft did Its work 
most perfectly,” (This is tho invention of Mr, Edison,. of 
Newark, N. J.) : 

Mr. Browning, of tho Strand, oxhibited a very fine spec. 
troscope, and by menus of it, and the ald of 2 powerful in- 
duction coll, the apectrim of tron. To exhibited, also, somo 
flue binocular microscopes, in whieh’ the results of deep sen 
ilredgiugs fn various parts of the world were vory beautiful- 

shown, : 
vPho Poeumatle Dispatch Company put in-an appearance 
with their apparatus, which worked very perfectly. In this 
system tho written menage {a placed in g cylindrical caso, 
which fs put into a tubo, by a lateral opening, and then shut 
in. Tho caso may be sent in olther direction, 

Ina darkened room adfoluing the great saloon in which 
tho conrersaztone was held, Mr, Apps, of the Strand, gave 

ant display with rich combinations of Geissler's tubes, 

ding his power induction coils for the production of their 

‘orgdons offects. . . 
The visitors wero very numcrous, so much so that the prin-. 

cipal atands were at Uinies very difficult of access. —Zie Hn- 
gineering and Building Times, : . 





a 
u 
KI 


Tie Brofect of amalgamating tho Anglo-American and the 
Direct Cables, in order to put up tho prices, fs not encour. 
aged by tho U, 8 Government, The Jandiag permission 

ven to the Direct Company forbids, . The. President fs of ; 





oplilon that the control of tho United Stntes over its 
Jurladictional-wators oxtends to tho right of discontinuing 
ant provonting their use by a cable whose qrontletora may 

overnmont has; | 
hy quilescenco’ or allent‘permlsaion, allowed its lundlige ne 
well ns to tho resistancennd prohibition of an original landing. 











tro-magnet drawa tha signal, down.’ “Touching another koy! ‘ 


the signals or neutralizes them, rendering them therefore uae.) 2"! 








consists of}: 
horse-shoc magnet, mounted vertically on a stand,] 3.‘ 
























Sheen nae 


: =" AgapEMT : 
en aka TES: 7 5 
Electrical Conduetitty and Electrolysis in, Liquids.—Dr, 
Bleekrode hfs communicated to tho Royal Boclety a prelim- 
ina sper on the researches ho has teen carrying out, 
partly himself and partly in conjunction with Mr, War- 
Ton Bo Yn Tuo, on tho electrical behavior of certain liquids 
whieh have never been (in this way) operated on fe 
‘Many of these were liquefied. guses—*. 9. ammonia, 
en, hydrochloric acid, ete.—the liquofnetion bela efter 

«ly Fatnday's method in strong glass tubes, which had plat: 
num wires fused in at thelr extremitics, The battery used 

<twas, Inthe flrat Instance, one of eighty Inrge Bungen’s cells, 
and afterwards tha powerful one hotonging toMr, Dola Rue,’ 

“Jeonsiating of 8,000 chloride of silver cella, Tho electrodes 
svora separated from each other by distances varying from 

Ttwo to four millimeters, The spark from an fnductfon coll 

‘| was also used, but with this apparatus the condensed gases 

‘! generally exploded. As to the galvanic current, even the 
Strongest did not pass In a peceptible degree through the 
following compounds (among others): Hqu ld carbonic acid, 
Uquld ty ‘trocklorie acid (or any other hydrogenized nell, 18 
Bril, IH, with exception of ONT), liquid cyanogen, Disul- 
nuide of carbon, benzine, tetrachloride of carhon, z ne-cthy 1, 
fa the cago of these liquids, when the electrodes were re- 
moved from the battery and connected with a delicate Thom- 
son galvanometer, the index remained perfectly quiescent, 
this result indicating that no electrolysis had Leen taking 
place in the Hquid, A iquid aminonia, however, forms a re- 

1] markable exception; it conilucts tha current even of a mod- 
erate battery, and is, at the same tine, electrolyzed; the 
Hquid becomes of an intensely luc color, and muuch gus is 
evolved, We shall took forward with interest to the moro 
full-account which Dr. Bleekrode has promised of these very 
interesting experiments, 

Rotatory Magnetic Polarization.—In 1846 Fanvlay discov: 
cred that a powerful magnet exercises an action on miny 

Hl) substances placed between Its poles, such that ifn ray of 

Wl ptane-polarized Nght traverses them in. the direction of the 
line of the poles, the plane of polarization Is deflected 
i through a certain angle, ‘Thedlireetion of displacement-ac- 

cording to tho further experiments of Verdet—depends upon 

whether tho medium between the poles isa diamagnetle or 

@ parnmagnetic substance, M. Henri Beequerel has lately 

presented to the French Academy an Important memolr in 

which he endeavors to find some relation between the rota 
tory magnetic polarization uf a substance and Its refractive 
index, and has with this object investiguted the optical prop- 

Hertics of a great number of substances of high refracting 

power whieh have never before been examined from this 

point of view, .It appears from tho numbers given that the 

Totntory magnetic polarization increases with the refractive 

index, but much more mpidly than Ina simple ratio. | With 

{ respect to aoltitions of salts, It appears that the rotation In- 

| creases with the concentration, and, moreover, that noma: 

Tous rotatory dispersion is necompanied by negative magnetic 






















rotation. In connection with this subject we may menticn 

Riaisome observatlons which have heen made by Sr. G. FP. 

Ml Fitzgerald, on the subject of Dr. Kerr's experiment. It will 

bo remembered that at the last meeting of the British Asso: 

Ali ciation Dr, Kerr announced the discovery that the plane of 

\polarization of a ray of Hyht refiected from the polished pole 

fof n magnet is rotated. | Mr, Fitzgerald offers an explanation’ ~ 

of this remarkable fact by reference to the action of a dia- 

1 {magnetic transparent substance ina powerful magnetle field 

on-a ray of plane-polarized light passing through it, The 

® plane-polarized my may be regurded as the resultant of two 

M circularly-polarized rays, one right and the other left-handed, 

the former of which fins a higher refractive index for the 

medium, than the latter, if dhe rotation is toward the right, 
and a less, if the rotation ia toward the left. Applyln 
this considerntion to the case of reflection of a polariz 

it ray from the reflecting surfaco of a south magnetic pole, 

Ajalr. Fitzgerald arrives nt the conclusion that the re: 

faiflected beam ts elliptienlly polarized, the major axis of the 

Bicllipse making w small angle to the right of the plane of tnel- 

dence. This theoretical result was confirmed by n direct ex- 

eriment, and appeared also to be da barmony with Dr 

err’s experiments. We understand dint De, Kerr has ob 

Biitained somo further results in addition to those which he 

communicated to the British Association, We shall be glad 

: A eemiwhen these are published, so that we may eee their bearhiy 

ty ae a gon Mr, Fitzgerald's conclusions, 


Thermo-cleetria Currents produced. in an Electrolytes 
mple method. of showing that a current ia produced init 
} us I ‘circuit containing an clectrolyte when the two clectrodes ure 

3 maintained nt different temperatures ts described by W. 
E@ilellescn ina note in the Comptea Rendus, ‘Two test-tnbes, 
BM connected together by a short tube, are Mied with Ue e! 
trolyte ( y., copper sulplinte), One of them contains a cop. 
og U4 er electrode near the bottom, the other (which cay be heated 
’ by a spirit-lamp), a similar electrode, near the surface. ‘The 
wo eloctrodes can thus: be maintalned -at different tempera: 
tires, und it is found that a current of considerable energy ts 
Veveloped, the current proceeding outwards from the lee: 
trode at higher temperature, which becomes promptly coated 
with a deposit of metallic copper, The electrolyte 
thus forms the battery by which its decomposition is ef. 
fected, oon ipa aca eet 
Vibrations of QulinsIntent 0° = 











































trodes of Dubois Reymond in con: 
Qroflecting galyanomoter, 
thon bo observed by tho 8 
ht on ‘a transparent. screen. This“hoa often beon ob. 

by physiologists, but, considered as a iecturo. oxporis 
t ia very: instructi GA, 7 





cart of a frog. on 
nection with.asen« 
Tho rhythm of.the pulsations 
Winging to and fro of the spot 











a WORSSAMS TREE FELLER,” ~~", 

NE annexed wootcut represents hand. \<! 
ll follor, by Mesers, 8. Worssamn and Co, Chelsea, he rack 
is intended for felling 
treos, or . cross-cutting 
them after: thoy havo 









of alight cast fron frame 
mounted onwheels, Tho 
saw Js carried by 9 rod! 
working in guides, and: 
_ Feciprocated by means of 
® counecting-rod : and 
vortical crank of suitable 
atroke, to which motion, 
ia given by a strap work-| 
ing. from a fly-wheol. 
driven’ by hand on to a 
rigger in connection with: 
bevel: Bearing, and the’ 
crank ahaft, as will bo 


illustration, A feed mo.', 
tion is given to the saw, 
by means of a weight at! 
the end of a ropo, which’ 
passes round a drum en. 

circling tho crankshaft,;' 
The machine can: bo 

. 2 worked by two men, 

br : . : and lightness of cone; 
i atraction makes it casy to movo about in the forcat. If neces. . 
i] #ary, it can be driven by steam power by an ordinary portable: 
engine, in which case the flywheel shaft shown in the’ 
Hlustration is fitted with faat and loose pulloys, If tho’ 
machine ie to be. used for crosa-cutting the'trees as woll as: 








Tacitus on the Aurora 


THERE is a passage in the “Germania” of ‘Tacitus (chapter 
aly.) which Ido not think can have ever been examined by the 
historians of natural science, or it would have creuted a con: 
siderable stir amongst them. Side by side witha plain account 
probably the earliest written one—of an arctic twilight, there 
lurks in it's description of the aurora borealis, which morcover 
Tends countenance to the still prevailing notion that the northern 
lights are accompanied by sound. 

Speaking of the Sulones, a tribe on the northern borders of 
Germany, the great writer says :—" Heyond them fs another sea, 
calm even to staguation, by which the circle of the earth is 
believed to be surrounded and confined ; because the last gleam 
of the setting sun fingers till he rises aguin, and so brightly that 
it dims the stars, 10 is believed too that a sound is heard, that 
the forms of gods and rays from a head are scen {persuasio 
adjicit sonum audiri insuper formas deorum et radios capitis 
adspici) Up to that point [however]~and the report [L have |! 
given) is truc—everything is natural,” 

As to the question of sounds being heard, the din of carts and 
factories in our city, and the roar oft trains in our suburbs make 
an observation here for determining it impossible; while the 


: tarity of the phenomenon in England generally keeps spectators 
from ueing onthe watch, But { have heard nn intelligent old 
f 


wan who has often gazed on the bright streamers during the clear 
still nights of ‘Aberdeenshite declare that he has plainly observed | 
sharp switching sounds to proceed from them, — It :eems to m 
robable, since electricity can change into sound and takes part ; 
in producing the atirora, that the spectacle is attended by | 
audible vibrations, M. 1. Rouss 
Chislehurst, Kent 














beon felled,. It consists . 


easily gathered from the + 


felling them, a slightly different arrangement is adopted to | 
Pete ne ee I ete 3 


Soden ode VS BR | ieonee Se 

















~ 














































































peer eres ero 


Menlo Park Scrapbook, Cat. 1006 


No. 6. “Electrical Testing and Apparatus" 


This scrapbook covers the years 1873-1884 and contains clippings 
about electrical measurements and testing apparatus. There are 122 
numbered pages. 





; )ROOK ‘BINDERS, fey i 
Ni FIRST CLASS BLANK BOOK MANUFACTURERS, 


ciixckks, BONDS; NOTES, Ac.” 








~ “ewe rane Pe ee eee 
Practical Method of Testing a Battery: Element... VW 


M..Lretaxcnt, eae eh 
Iy-a figure-he gives three curves representing the : 
intensity, clectro-motive force,. and resistance, | 
With the two former, and by a simple interpola. 
tion, a certain electro-chemical work being given, : 
it is always casy to deduce the electro-motive 
force and Intensity corresponding to the battery 
which has done this work. And the third. curve: 
representing variations of interior resistance canbe: 
calculated from the other two. ; (The third curver 
is an ascending one, the others descending.) - Mec 
Leclanché gives. some results from varying the 
temperature. A> Daniell couple (porous vase: 
+12 ctm. in height) having acted for about three: 
weeks, presented a resistance of about B35. 
metres of 4 mm. iron wire nt the temperature 
+ 10% At o° its resistance became «= 1a58m. At 
4°, it was tyoom,, and at — 6 the crystallisation + 
was considerable, and the mass became pasty and 
almost, solid. Between — 6? and — 10° it was 
hardly possible to measure the Tesistance: this; 
Went on increasing to about 20 kilometres, | ‘The. 


{sulphate of mercury couple presented like varia. ° 


- ordina 


| 


| 
L. 


tions. At— 15° the resistance was 20 to 25 
kil, On the other hand the clectro-motive force. 
of the’ two couples varied little; it was weakened 
only a tenth, while the resistance was increased . 
more than tenfold. With the Peroxide of man- 
gancse battery, under the same variations of - 
temperature, the resistance was hardly doubled 
(230m. at the beginning, to y2am. at — 18°}; in 
freezing mixtures, 2 solution of sale. 
ammoniac does not even become pasty, The 
electro-motive force varicd only about 3, A 
saturated solution of sulphate of copper solidifies ; 
at — 5°, of sulphate of zine, at — 7° ‘These 
facts are interesting for telegraphy in the North 
of Europe, . a ae 


“Ona New Tangent Galvanometer ant @ Reocorit— 
Dr, Friedrich Miller.—Ordinary rhicontats nro too 
Inacctirato, and aro only available for smut intensities; 


! snd In tho ordinary tangent gnlvanonieter, thosonsitility 
' diminishes with ‘tho anglo, and tho reading wastea 
, me. ‘Theso faults De, Milt 

) Salvanometer necdlo is deadened by being immorsed In 
+ Blycerino diluted with 4 of water; nbove aud in rigit 
* connexion with it, isn horizontal fine glass tubo, from 
» either ond of which 
: Mpwards, go that tho two wires aro in one plano with 
, tho suspending thread. A seale is looked at boyond 
* and along this (imaginary) plano; tho motion of tho 
, ueedlo, of course, Producing divergenco in the Platinum 


ler sought to romedy ; the 


Proceeds a platinum wire bent 


wires, Tho wires of tho rheostat aro kopt cool hy 
iatitled water, 


A panten, i cay . 

-{ (20) A. Bask: 1. What amount of vlog 
trloity fs meant by O09 of a weber, and how ts it !, 
ascertained? A. Tho wober Iann olectrival unit by” : 
tneaus of which electrielans are enabled to convoy 
Heflnito Informiution regarding the strongth of a 
jcurrent. Ita magnitude is such that thounttof lec 

‘1{tromotlye force, called a, volt, divided by tho unit 
Of resiatanoo,an ohm, equals one weber FO of al 
webor ls tho strength of current Usttally omptoyed{ 
on telegraph Ines to work the ordinary Morne TO. 

\ PInys. 8. Docs tho Consumption of matorinis tn 
z [battery vary Inversely as tho Foelstanco of tho clr. 
“feult? A, Yes, nstdo from focal fotion In tho bute 
tery. 9. What relation «to thoy sustain In that re- 
speot? A. Tha leas the realstanco, tho Rreater tho 
action. 4, Would it be coonomtcal to insulato tho 
return wiro of a short tolegrap’ 
Lane 


: ii 
i » By M. Moutos, 
| Intronuce into a circuit a rheostat R and a 
galvanometer G; the latter gives a deflection 8, 
: Then throw a bridge across the cireuit of resist. 
fance S; between the battery and instruments, the 
‘deflection diminishes, but it can be brought back 
| to its former value 3 by diminishing the wire of 
i the rheostat R. Let G be the resistance of the 
! galvanometer, b-that of the wire of the rheostat in 
/ the first experiment; then making é the intensity 
of the current corresponding to deflection 8; 

the clectro-motive force of the battery, and 2 its 

resistance increased by the wires necting at the 


: bridge, 7 = Re ¢; In the second experi. 
ment the cheostat is reduced to u, and if, by the 
equations of Kirchhoff, or simply by Ohm's method 
of reduced’ lengths, we calculate the intensity of 

{ the current passing in the galvanometer, and still 

; equal to i, we find 

: is 

in $e 

Rs bb G) es (i! + G) ; 
whence, equating and reducing, R= s inet 
a formula which requires the knowledge of the 

» resistance G in units of the rheostat. 

| ordinary galyanometer and Pouillet rheocord (eee) 
at its maximum resistance, to obtain a deflection 

* of 30 or 4o degrees, it will not be Necessary to send 
the whole current, but merely a shunt from a 
length not exceeding three or four centimetres of 
4 copper wire one metre in diameter, ‘The resist. 

ance G, inferial three or four centimetres of 
such wire, becomes negligeable in comparison with 


6" in all usual cages, and the formuta is reduced to: 
sb: bb — bt 
Res —j— But the factor “ar being - 


often necessary that the body 
iho removed from tho instruwm 
tino ho must bo able to obsory 
of its needles. 


i nd 


| 
| 
| 
: 
| 


With an | 


Me interior 


ny rane aL ma Fre, 


ay 





























































‘Jadvantngo of giving to tho roflocted beam‘ an angular” 


motion the double of that givon to.tho infrror -by tho 
needlos, Moro. recontly Tyndall haa dovised an 
inatrumont based on tho prixeiplo of tho megascopo, 
He throws avertical boam from an clectrio Jamp on to 
tho dial and needle of the galvauomotor, and, by means 
of a lens and inclined mirror placed above thom, ho 
obtains thelr images on tho screen, Thia kind of in. 
strumont is of limited application whon compared 
with tho very simple apparatus I am about to describe, 





Tho galyanometer has na vertieal glass shado, on - 


whiok aro drawn in India-ink tho vortical graduation 
lines of the instrumont. The nocdles ure fixed to the 
lower ond of a picco of aluminium wiro, whoso uppor 
end is perforated with a small holo, fo that tho system 
may be suspended by o silk filro. <A fine wire of 
| German-silverisattached transversely to tnenlumninium 
wiro, and ling ite onda Lent downward at right angles 
to its length. This tranaverse wire can be placed nt 
any azimuth by rotating it around its contre, which is 
coiled two or threo times around the yertieal aluminium: 
wire. On ono of tho bent ends of tho transverse wire 
is cemented a dinmond-shaped piece of light paper or 
foil, and tho other end carrrics o small bail of wax as 
a counterpoise, 
shado at about 1 man. from its interior surface, with 
its lower point juat above tho lines of graduation, A 
“beam from tho limo-light lantern is thrown upon 
tho graduated sido of tho shado, aud the rays aro 
condensed by on objective upon tho opposite 
‘side of tho shado and projectod un tho screen 
Tho sealo thua thrown upon the screen is not 

+ ‘graduated into equal angular divisions; but its units 
represeut units of deflecting force traversing the gal- 
vanometor; and this senlo is derived from n careful 
‘calibration of the inatrumont. Tho sharpness of tho 
imago on'the sercen is admirable, and with the calcium. 
light is distinctly visible in a room considerably Mini. 
nated with daylight. With less illumiuation of the 

. room T havo used tho instrument when tho ealcinm. 
light was replaced by a keroacno flame, Evidently 
tho procision of tho indications of tho apparatus just 
described are vitinted by tho parallux of tho index, for 

it docs uot describo o cylinder, which is an oxteusion 
of tho ono on which aro drawn tho graduations, This 
crror is avoided by ceimonting on tho inside of tho 
shade a curved picce of glass, whose radius of curvature 
jequals tho arn carrying the index, and whose centro 
-colucides with the axis of aluminium wire. With this 
modification in the apparatus wo have suceceded in 
‘reading with precision detections to G' of are. By tho 
“following arrangement. deflections {o 2', in an aro ex. 
{tending 5° cach side of the o* point, can Le determined, 
-A thin slip of microscope cover.gluss is conted with a 
‘layer of black varnish, and through this varnish aro 
cut, jn a dividing ongine, Ono equidistant lines. Tho 
‘Ainmond-shaped pointer is roplaced by alight of cover. 
glass, also conted with yarnish, aud Laving cut on it 
ono fluo vertical line, Theso Jines aro illuminated by 
tho lantern, and in front of thom is placed an juck or 
an inch anda half objective. On tho ccrcen wo havo 
the graduations os a series of bright linca on a dark 
ground, aud along them moves the bright index-lino 
of tho pointer, My oxporiende with this instrument 
‘has Ted mo to prefor the uso of only ono maguetic 
needle—tho one cuelosed in the coil of the galvano. 
meter—and this needlo I render more or lesa astatic 
;by means of o damping magnet placed nbove the gale 
vanonicter, and sliding on n vertical rod, and rotating 
on its centro around tho same, By means of tho mag: 
not ono can, with oxpedition, adapt tho scneitivencas 
,of tho instrument to tho requirements -of epecinl ox. 
:perlmonts, and thus tho instrument is admirably 
{sulted for all experiments in radiant heat, electricity, 
or magneto electricity, Ono might suppose that the 
‘hent from tho source of Heht wou 


"air in the shado, and rmnko tho noodlo fuctnate; but 

Thayo not mot with this dificulty, nnd if it shonid 
* arino it can bo removed by placing in front of tho con- 
i donsing Tenses a giaay tank, containing s solution of 
; alum, 











cause currenty of 


Tho diamond courses round the | 





oe {Fen 





RUARY 5, 1878, 


LOCALISATION , OF A PARTIAL DISCO? 
‘NECTION IN A SUBMARINE CABLE. 


Panriat. disconnection faults, although. they are’ | 


1 

i ts i . 
{seldom met with in cables with gutta-percha Sores 
{ n 


frequently occur in thoso whose insulating material 





the substance ; for when any. undue strain is put on 
the core the conductor breaks, but the india-rubber 


conductor come together and make contact more or + 


‘ 


is india-rubber. ' ‘This arises from the elasticity of“: 


i 


less perfectly,” If the break is noticed at the ° 
moment the cable is being Inid from the ship, its 


position is of course known, But in some cases 

n fault of this nature docs not develop itself until 

some time after the submersion; its locality can 

then only be found by testing. s ¥ 

» Such faults are difficult to locatise, as none of the 
- ordinary tests are applicable to them. ‘I'he follow- 

ing method, howeyer, is susceptible of considerable 
+ accuracy if carefully made. i 





Tn the fig. let r, r be the resistances of the 
of cable on cither side of the fault, ¥ being the 
resistance of the latter." Let p be the Tesistance of 
a battery normally connected to: the cable. by a 
discharge Key, and let G be the resistance of a gale, 
Yanometer, through which the cable can be ii - 


rtions 


_ charged on the depression of the key, : 
> Now, if the further end of the cable be to earth, 
|_and v be the potential of the battery when its poles 


: ( are free, then v¥, will be the potential at the end. 


0 of the cable, and v will be the potential ata point ° 
distant v from in, And further, anne will repre: 
sent the charge in the portion R of the cable, and 
uFG the charge in the portion 7, ! 
, Now If the key is dastantanconsly depressed ‘so as 
* to put the cable in, connection with the galvano-! 
meter, the chiirges in the cable will flow out at’: 
{. both ends, « : a “ 
1 Let v.de bea differential part of the chargeanne, 
~ then this portion will split, and the portions flowing. 
out at the two ends ‘of the cable will be inversely 
proportional to the resistances on cither side of it's’ 
thus the portion flowing out through G willbe: - 


dg myhtytrox: 
Snot y ee 








low : a 
: VuAlDURE Yt IRE Yt r—x, 


therefore : oe 
ey Rt tr—x 
ade Oey tP ! 
that is - : 
dg=vy, (A+ y + rs)? 


ataty en Wty FD), 1 
and the-integral of this between the limits * 
xem Rand sm 0 - : 


will ‘give ‘the quantity 9! flowing through the gal-! 
vanometer, that is : pita at 











only stretches, and an ‘earth fault is not made. : 
When the strain is taken off, the two ends of the | 








Bic cin saree ce Aeon hn once 
















eyes 
G@tReytnRty ty 





Na (stzsta vin?) 
oy GERtyte) (REED Pe Ge i ik 
: ome VAR Rt GRO + +3 ty? 
: ag. Get yt) RFF. 
Similarly we should find. that. the ‘quantity .9"" 


flowing ott from’ the portion r'of the cable would.; 
bomee 





F var: 
. SOREN Ry br, : 
and therefore the total. quantity q Howing through 
the galvanometer will be : 


“1 gt ae 





“abot a (uta » Gtr) +9 ite) br (4) 


(a-bR-by-br) (REE 2) 
imo Qs 
Now : 
ViVitepbRee bri Rhy te 


yy ee MAR Hy be 2) 
i oe 
therefore : 


gm Y RG ES Rb 9 UtH Er 6), 





3° obetytr) Gy bety bey 
But the total quantity 9,, which the cable would 
take if its end were insulated, would be 


i Q=V (Rb?) 








or 
vm 91, ‘ 
‘ R wr . 
+ Substituting then this yaluc of v in equation (2), . 
Wo get : 
qm Gt RRA IR (yea yt) 9) be? 


_ Let . 
Pi R bo eb, therefore rom LR, 
Rb yb rm Ly, therefore y 4 rm Ly — RB, 
Substituting these values in the above equation 
wo have . 


van 81 RPG Boy — Reg (ty — RIDER)? 
ae ae 


we 28 REZ LER Bh RFLP — BEF REGERIN—R? 
gu" AGfLy) (pty). * : 
By roultiptying up we have sont detest: 

| Borat ty) Pt) 2 pat ge (ut — it) | 


- 





: Pmgr (ty — 2b), 


therefore ag : 


BS we AOE HE) Pt) —t 9, 
RP —=B (ty ob 2) =a oa oon 5 


therefore : 
oa . 3 
mont) + ER) (Het) 
JO Lath) (pb) — Lg + 


Dy My by 
that is ce Heine 


new ttt fF YP — 30L (be) red a” 
2° 4 3% (by — 2). 










For examples 5 ‘ ages 

fhe conductor-resistance L, of a submarine cable 
which had a partial disconnection in it, was 5,000 
ohms. The‘conductor resistance't, when the cablo 
was perfect, was 2,000 ohms. The discharge 9, 
from tho cable, when tho end was disconnected, 
was equal to 300; and the discharge 9, when tha 
end was to earth, was equal to. 60. The resistance, 
of the battery p being 200 ohms, and of the galvano- 
“meter G, 100 ohms, © What was the distance R of. 
the. fault fromthe end : 













































(100-+-§000) ‘(206 -}- 5000) = 


1 ga0'x (5000 ~—-'2000) ©": 
| ae. 


9099 = 4ot ohms, © 
That is, the fault is yor ohms distant from n. 


, The formula just given is only correct when the 
fine is freo from: carth ‘currents; but as this is 


: seldom the case, a correction is necessary in order 


that the true value of x may be obtained, 
Supposing that the clectra-motive force of the 


carth current, whose strength we will call x be 


taken to act in the same direction as the batte 
current, then at the moment before the key is 


| depressed to take the discharge there will be in the 


cable, besides tho quantity. given by equation (2), a 


: quantity g due to the carth current ;- this will be 


go XM RRR G tN Eat) +e 
Be GORY ET) PEREY +H; 
but when the key has connected the cable to the 


{ galvanometer this quantity becomes changed to 


’ v Ra ERO tN EI tr) +73. 
an GER EY ENO REY +7); 
therefore the quantity discharged duo to the earth ° 

current will be . 


joa’ = 2 faortsnyentsornnte} f 





J ' t . 
obaty+y) pbetyby) (Gbety+y GErtyty 


Rw. 


} ¥ niet +g at ta te) tt 
gu 


Obity ty) bbaty bn: 


a se eet 
and the total quantity discharged through the 
galvanometer will bo ~  . “ 


We 2 galy-r) ta Ute 
oti 9 aye reper) pbatyty 





|. ‘the battery current, then’ a will be negative. 


1 o— = 5 
Ctiserere me | 
or fh » x8 z e. i ‘ 

n(o-trty+s) y nw cban Oh ; 


EERtytN romp 3) GHNHITE 
tayente asa 





ptatytn A, noe 
From (2) and (3) then, wo can sce that), : 
et 
: Gru): 
4 3M a oer : 
L (yt)? _, nia + ty) +b 2 
— wh ’ ( ma ; 







3M: 





Cay) 


5 (yee tyes: 


If the carth current is in the opposite direction to 


vai ter necdle from: + 
The throw of the galvanome 
which q,.is dotermined : dua partly so the actual . 
i artly to. the i : 
erie ery mt q is the observed throw, and it 
the observed permanent deflection when the needle 


his come to rest, then 


o, = Vai — add, 


(See Tetncnariic JOURNAL, Aug. 83, 187, page 229.) 
For example + : 
aerate irst example if tho earth rabbi 
' bs : 
one-tienticth of the strength & ie SEO Eee 
at iy, if tee 20, and if the throw ol : ‘ 
mater needle was equal to 100 divisions Ww, and 
the:permanent dellection 18 divisions (@), then 
bes Eager a ewes 
Qj. Vv 1007 — 3 x 100 x 18 = 80 
jand ae deny 


ot (alps a = 
TO tipo —p 


Paes We then have « 


20 * §100 
20 X §100 +f 100-200 








x 1229 (199 -4. s000) (200 -+ $000) -- 20007 x 300 
101g 
% Joo x (5000 — 2000) 


= 598 ohms. IL RK 


m= 9500 —= 2902 





fo hMY wa Dake TPE. 


























































7 
Te AAS 
wales ecnermenrione 
ee a Cane 23 
j 
area gtterernmnn ene 





ase 






— 























fl 






Sontheuncerteeeeten 











‘ 


feng een 















‘ON THE EMPLOYMENT. OF. AN. ELECTRO: ¥ 
‘METER WITH A WHEATSTONE'S BRIDGE. 
ee oi Dy W. EeAYRTON and JOHN PERRYS ood 














. testing with a Wheatstone’s bridge, two. points at 

!” the same potential have to bo experimentally found, 

+ one in one circuit, and the ‘other.in another circuit. 
This may be done cither with-a.galvanometer or { 

_. With’ an ‘clectrometer ;. but,.as a rule; a galyano- | 

“meter is ‘always employed; since the galvanometric j 


++, method: is usttally far “more sensitive. ‘There are ; 


two cases, however, to which attention have not been | 
sspectally drawn, in which. the employment of.an : 
» electrometer will lead to far, more accurate results ! 
. than could be obtained by using a galvanometer. - | 
. First. When determining by means of the Toop i 
test’a very small: fault insa short piece of cable, ! 
Here, since the resistance of the ‘fault is extremely 
great, many megohms perhaps, but a small current 
will flow into the’ cable if the fault. be introduced 
into the battery branch, or if it be introduced. into 
the galvanometer branch then the galvanometer 
current will be: smatl, even when the adjustments 
‘of the resistances are far from those that give : 
balance ee: 
But if the connections be made as in the accom-”* 
‘ panying fig. 1,‘atid by means of an ‘clectrometer, a ‘ 








point? be found in the resistance coils 4 », having. 


_ the same potential as the cable tank or the point F! 
tin. the cable where the fault exists, the delicacy of: 
the test will bo: practically independent of the resist-i 
ance of the fault, and, therefore, for very’ sural! faults: 
will far exceed that obtainable with x galvanometer, | 
And, again, since the methioil is‘s null method, it! 

i Will give far moro accurate results than’can be: 

! obtained by that of Mr. Latimer Clark, which con-! 
sists (seo Clark'and Sabine's electrical tables, page: 
“59) in-‘measuring the ‘potentials at, the two: points 

GM, fig. 2;.by means ‘of taking discharges of con-'.,. 

s.densers of known capacity, charged by connectin 
them respectively with the two points G and 1, and, 

; using the well knowh cquation : 4 

. resistance of G F. potential of c ‘ 


resistance ofn FB a potential orn 7 








2 Af there be an electromotive force ein the faulty i 
_ then this cannot be altered by the iiétliad of testing : 
shown in fig. 1, since whether »and F are at the 


same potential or not, practically no current. passes 
through the fault... To find the position of r when 
there.is an electromotive force in the fault, let Pid 
be the resistances of the two portions of A 1 that 
‘produce balance when the battery is in the position 

_ Shown in figs 1, and let e‘be cqual'to the difference 
of potentials of two points in the coils. B, separated 
byva resis! neo 4 





. 7= 5 ots 
: ‘if is the resistance a F, and / tho resistance of the 
1 Whole loop. ‘When the testing battery is reversed, ' 


Pot cable 

















_ quadrants. at the same potential when ot and 7 are 










C ican wish to pre- 
serve the Have to employ more 
than one repairin; ah 
in two /places, ‘the 1 
and the cables. on 
tering state that a 


sh} 





¢ 1865 cable broken 
antic. broken in one, 


‘, 















any has 
to repair 







with the F 
manent in 
there will 

The E 
to learn 































that their 
It is 





















extremely delicate galvanometer to detect: it, 
whereas" if an, electrometer .and ‘compensating 
battery s, fig. 4, wero employed, .and a point at 
sought for in the circuit» MN, sdch that making 
contact between x and T no deflection’ of the 
clectrometer needle is'observed, the arrangement 
would: be extremely sensitive. We would. there- 
fore suggest this asan improvement on Mr. Lodge's 
proposal, te 

The object of the battery s is to bring all four 


huch use offas when Anginckrs were\more to 
thelfront, and if seems possible that shardholders 
may find it necessary to go bagk a little to 














continues, may Icave us with scarcely any sub- 
marine communications at all. 4 













ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT OF 
SMALL INTERVALS OF TIME. 
By ROBERT SABINE, 
Wunw ‘a charged body, accumulator, or cable, is 
discharged steadily, the rate at which its electricity 
is neutralised is a definite one, depending upon 
the resistance of the circuit through which the 
discharge takes place. If, during the first second, 
acertain per centage of the original charge is 
neutralised, then during the next second the same 
per centage of the remainder will be neutralised, 
and go on, until the whole of the charge is reduced 
to zero, ‘This behaviour is very clearly explained 
by Dr. Lardner in his manual of clectricityt, in 
the chapter on the dissipation of electricity and 
imperfect insulation. 


‘ommunicated by the Authar. 6 v b 
+ Manual of Electricity, Magnetism, &¢,, by D, Lardner, 1841, 


vol. 1) pps a8¢'to 307. 


VERY 







not in. contact. As it sends no current, it cannot 
alter the ‘electromotive force. or -resistance of the -| 
battery under test.. As the resistances 1 st Nand 

L Tare not varied, but only the ratio of 1 st to MN, 

no adjustment of the battery s or of the clectro- 

meter need be made during testing. Of course it is 

not necessary that s should bring all four quadrants 

to exactly the same potential, all - that is 

required is that the electrometer needle should be 

kept. permanently near its zero position when 

contact is not made. between 4, and N sd that the 

aa may be adjusted as ‘sensitively as. we 

please, - ; ben, 

: Instead. of a- quadrant clectrometer a. capillary 

electrometer, with or without. the compensating 

battery. sy may...be employed, and with such an 

electrometer one ten-thousandth of a volt (accord: - 
ing to Mr. Dewar): can be measured.» Now the 

charge produced by such an electromotive force in 

any ordinary. condenser is immeasurable: on any 

ordinary galvanometer, et lie oes 


































“SEC Ly UCP CDSs He ney 2 en tne Key NAVIDG 
resumed its position of rest so as to recharge the 
accumulator, the wires @ and & are successively’ 
interrupted by firing a shot through them, ‘The 
interruption of a puts the battery out of action, 
| and the charge which is in the accumulator at the 
moment commences to flow out through the resist- 
ance 1° This flow is stopped as soon as the shot 
reathes and breaks &. ‘The observer, when he: 
hears the report, depresses the key and reads the’ 
excursion (c) duc to the remainder of the charge. 
‘To ensure accuracy by this mode it is neces. 
sary, of course, that the resistance ¢ should 
bet very great in comparison with that Jof 
the battery; and, furthermore, that the accumu 
; lator should be so well insulated that no perceptible’ 






















of 


engincers to remedy astate of affairs which, if it 4 





7 or 


| 


| 
| 





bua. 







loss takes place through: internal leakage, cither 
during the interval of discharge or between the 
separation of the circuit of r and the depression of 
the key. In practice these conditions are very. 
casily secured. : : 

A series of experiments was made with a small |. 
breech-loading pocket pistol, the bullet of which : 
was fired through: wires at different distances ’ 
between rand 4 ‘fect apart, the first wire being 
close to the muzzle. The resistance r was 100,000 : 
ohms ; the accumulator 0°333 microfarad as before. 
The following are some of the results :-— 

















Excursion of light, | ‘Timo of fight | Mean Velocity 
Range. | | cateutated, |” of tullets 
ss af c P 
c ¢ clog 2 7 
" Bearers feet per recond 
-t ft. | 300 280 0°0023 436 
2 | joo 259 0°0049 408 
3} 299 | 240 0°0074 408 
"dow } 299 230 0'0087 458 








— 
‘The differences of the mean velocities are pro- 
bably due to inequalities in the charges of powder, 
The method by which the results given by this 
system are checked with actual time, I have ex- 
plained in the current (May) number of the! 
Philosophical Magazine, : ; 
The system appears to give very concordant ‘ : i! 
and trustworthy results; it is however, of course i a I 
limited to isolated intervals which clapse between | 
successive mechanical actions—the making and | 
breaking of a contact, or the breaking of two cone} | 
tacts, and which cannot be repeated very quickly. } 
The advantage which it possesses over the 
systems with chronoscopes is that there is scarcely 
Ny 
















a limit to the minuteness of the interval whic 

it is capable of appreciating, Itis very gencrally: 
assumed that the leakage formula is only strictly ; 
applicable in dealing with slow discharges throu; hi 
very high resistances, This is a mistake; the! 
law is equally applicable for discharges through ‘ 
very small resistances; but the precaution must: 
be observed not to allow the accumulator to be too j 
empty when the discharge of the remainder is read, | 
otherwise diselectrification current will affect the; 















result. It is well also to arrange the resistance r! : 
so that C and care not too nearly alike, because a; 4 
.smallerror of observation of citherof them makes! } 1 
"a greater proportional error in the difference ig 
of their logarithms, By arranging r so. that! FE 
C is about twice or three times as great as ¢,/ va 


no great error from these causes is to be feared.: 
The constant of the galvanometer, and the’ 






electromotive force of the battery are neither! 
required .to be known, but must not change! 
during an observation, ‘The only value required) 
to be known are rand f,, both ‘of which every, 
practical electrician has ample command over. |; 





























e 


pe prmmemrnrarae 























a a 





Tei. 





“resistance; then ‘there will bo equilibrinm ‘when 





Anuguet 1$, 167341 + THE. TELEGRAPHIC. JOURNAL... 











E, For equilibrium D D' must be equal and 
opposite to BB. But AASB BSAC: BC, or 
LE: E'aG-+k:G. 

III. Lhomeon's Method of Measuring the Mee 
sistanceofa Battery——This mothod, although much 
moro recent than the others, is senrcely of leas im- 
portance. ‘tho galvanometer is connected with 
tho battery, and a reaistance, R, interposed, to re- 
duce tho ‘deflection, Ht is then removed, and tho 
galvanometer shunted, until precisely the samo 
deflection isagnin produced. Call B tho resiatance 
of tha battory, I’ that of the shunt, and G that of 


the galyanomater. Then B= R Rr, In Fig. 3, let 


AA oqual the potential of the battery, AB=aB, 
Vea, 3. 


A GEOMETRICAL SOLUTION OF SOME 
ELECTRICAL PROBLEMS.* 
Dy Prof, EDWARD PICKERING, 




























Tux analytical solution of tho following problems 
ignlways alittle complex, considering tho simplicity 
of tho results, and therefore unsatisfactory to the 
student. It is hoped that tho following geometrical 
method may prove both useful for purposes ‘of in- 
struction and suggestive of a simple solution of 
other more difficult problems. 

Tho method employed is to represent by hori- 
zontal distauees or abscissm, electrical resistances, 
and by ordinates, the potentials of the various 
parts of an electrical cirenit, Thus, in Fig. 1, 
neglecting the lines to the left of as’, suppose 4c 
equals the total resistance of the circuit, and that 
the battery has n potential aa’, If, then, one pole 
is connected with a, and the other with the ground 
at c, the potential of any point, a, may be found by 
drawing tho straight line a'c, and’ erceting the 
perpendicular un, ; 

I. Wheatstone's Bridge. —~ Four — resistances, 
M,N,0, and DP, are connected together, end to end, 
two opposite junctions being conneeted with the poles 
of a battery, nul the other two with a gatvanometer. 
Tho needle of the Intter will not bo deflected when 
M:Nel:O, To prove this, Iny off (Fig. 1) 





i] 7 
BD=R, DEsG, ‘The current passing through 
the yalvanometer will then, in the first cage, bo 
measured by DD‘, When the galvanometer is 





his .o shunted its resistance is reduecd one . Lay off 

y a BC equal to this auantity, Tho current in, tho 

D, secon case cvidently equals 13 B', and sinca the 
deflection is the same in both cases, we must have 

’ DD'sBB. Now AN-DD' DD's BER: G 
van id ad AN - BB BB|eB: FR gence 


AB=M, BC=N, ED=O, and DAsD, Suppose 
the battury counceted ata, erect the perpendicular 
As‘ equal to ita potential, and draw the lines 4c 
and vr, Draw also the lines wn’ and po’. They 
will represent the patentials at tho terminals of tho 
galvanoneter, and will bo equalif no current passes, 
But AA LB =M4NiNand AAD D'eP+0:0, 
and if BB'= DD’, M4+-N: N= P+0: 0, hence 
Mi NeP:0, 

IL, Poygendong"¢ Methods of Measuring Poten- 
tiala,—Let 1 equal the potential of the battery tabe 
tested, and 15 the potential of that with which it is 
to be compared, and which is taken ag a standard, 
The yalvanometer is connected with the Intter 


Gh G+h 
B4+U:a sbi ery or GB G+R) GR 
(B+4+N), GB+GR Re GBR+GRR and 
GB=RR, Monee nat, 

In the samo way the delleetion which will bo 
produced in any given case may be determined, or 
tho resistanco which should bo inserted to renter it 
a maximum, Tho many applications of this 


method are, however, so” abyious that further 
illustration seems tnnecersary. ‘ 





Vio, 2. 
A 
y 
AW c 


battery, interposing n resistance to reduco the 
current. Now connect the two terminals of the 
othor battery with tho galvanometer, so as to pass 
a current through it in the opposite direction, and 
vary tho interposed resistance until the needle 
comes to zero. Call G tho reststanco of the gal- 
vanometer. and Tt that of tho standard battery and 








E:H’=G--R;G. Lo prove this, let AA (Vig. 2 
equal H, A BeR,and BGeG, Let 1 also cal 


ner, 
Tho Journal of the Franklin Inrtitnte," vol. xerl., No. $70.53 





ae 





Aiitiaeadbate ue babes mee 


Seen, 


eet es 


ED ied eteedib oan ents 
























June tg, 1673.) | 


THE TELEGRAPHIC JOURNAL. 








(1) of n metal having a high coefliciont, and (2) of 


THE TELEGRAPHIC JO U RNAL. Jan alloy having a low coetlicient of increment of 


Vor. L—No. 9. 








. : ON A 
NORMAL RESISTANCH THERMOMETERS 


resistunce with temperature. In imnking up this 
thermometer I tako two lengths of wire, ¢ and d, 
whose resistances aro nearly equal, and wind 
them together upon 2 common spool, connecting 
their ends together, in the point ¢, with an 
earth or roturn‘circuit containing a battery and 
koy. ‘The other ends of the wires are connected to 
insulated leads, whose resistance is made inappre- 


(A letter addressed ly Sr, Hubert Sabine, CE. to Mr Culley, | clably small in comparison with that of the cvils, 


* Engincerin-Chict of the 0.0, Telegraphs,] 


"I nave to acknowledge the receipt of your letter 


with reference to the subject of thermometers for 
the ptrpose of mensuring tho temperatures of 
various parts of the pumps, ducts, aud containers 
of the new extension of your pneumatic lines. 

Tho xystem which [am of opinion you will find 
to givo tho most accurate results, with the least 
trouble, is that of a form of resistance thermometer 
modified in such a way ns to obtain direct rendings 
of temperature without having to make reductions, 

Mr. C. W. Siemens, whose uno is in so distin 


. guiahed a manner associated with this subject, has 


proposed several very benutifnl forms of resistance 
thermometers, with which Ihave had na good denl 
of expericnce. ‘They are, however, not nornal ine 
struments; but as hitherto constructed they are 
secondary apparatus, depending upon readings 
taken dircetly from mercury thermometers, or upon 
cocficients determined originally by means of mer- 
eury thermometers: they in fact hold, in relation 
to mercury thermometers, only the same position 
which aneroidls do to mercury barometers; what- 
ever crrors aro incidental to tho one being neces- 
sarily reproduced by tho other. 

It nppenra to me that an electric resistance 
thermometer, in order to be a normal pliysical in- 
atrunmont, would have to fulfil all the following 
contitions :— 

1, Its graduation must be independent : that ia to 
say, be dano without the help of any other 
thermometer,—» fact ng if no other thermo. 
meter had ever uxi.idd, 

2. Lhe readings of tomperathves must be direct, 
unit frea from any reference to tho co- 
eflicients of the metals used in its con- 
struction. 

3. Its indications must be totally unaffected by 
the temperature of the measuring apparatus, 

I have recently subjected to. series of experi- 
ments n plan by which all theso ‘conditions may be 
easily obtnined, and havo succeeded in producing a 
resistance thermometer Judlenentent of tho coctli- 
cients of its constituent metals, and infinitely moro 
delicate and exact than any thermometer constricted 
of glass and mercury can be. ‘This modification is 
as follows :— 

Instead of making tho thermometer coil of a 
_ single metal to form one side of the Wheatstono 
balineo, and forming the other threo sides by three 
realstauces of the mensnring apparatus, a8, lias 
hitherto been dono when using tho balance, T put 
half (ho balanco into the thermometer, anil keep the 
other half only.in tho testing-room, by which ar- 
rangement tho cflect of tempornturo of tho mea- 
airing apparatus is entirely climinated. ‘Che half 
of tho balanco forming the thermometer [ make 

* Communicated by the Author, 





Tia. 1. 


1 
i 
1 
t 

: 





ewe concn ene nen nner eee 


Leading 


The measuring apparatus consists simply of 1 
bisected wire, In order fo render thermometric 
readings with it convenient, I coil up its two ends 
on spools, ‘Tho sniddle portion, te (on which tho 
readings are talsen), is provided with a sealo and te 
travelling (bisecting) contact; the end portion, on «, 
is nbout 32 times us long, and the portion 4 about 
3 times ns long ag. With this relation, supposing 
the coil o to bo mado of n pure metal, andl d of 
German silver or platinum-silver (the resistanees of 
cand d being nearly equat at tho mean temperature 
of the air), tho bisecting contact on w will stand 
short distance from one end, in order to balance 
tho yalvanometer needle, when tho thermometer is 
placed in metting ice, and a short distance from tho 
other end when it is in boiling water. 

Nese two points on the seale being exactly noted, 
it is only necessary to subdivide the spnea between 
them into roo equal parts, in order to have an inde- 
pendent centigrade thermometer; cach degree ot 































































a  rermensanineverrenbi aa 

























the Di-Blectrleity Cans 
dod) mM. Is. Boltzmann 
blo with now instruments 
Tho capaoity of 


tess to delermine the ; ential Determinations, 
—Process to determine the Bprante of Inet 
to this invoatigatlon, 
augoh condenser with 
ed for varying distancos of the 
Meront thickness of insulating 
elweon tho plates, and ite 
According to tha 
the capacity of tho con. 
ricity nt tho odyo of tho 
latanco, m, of tho plates 
leotric Iayer, but not on 


‘an ordinary Kobir 
iplatea waa measured fo 
‘plates. Thon layers of di 
substance wero 





Maxwoll-Ialmholtz theory, 
‘donsor (oxctuding tho cloct: 
late) simply deponds on tho dl 
‘and tho thicknona, u, of tho dt-! 
vorition of this botwoon tha plates. 
trio constant of tho layer It ia fuversely pro- 


‘portional to tho expression monte ; nnd go to the 
This was fully confiruted+ 
homson's eleetrometer, and in ono 
il nanereury-condenser 
The following val 


distanco of tho 
Tho author ured ‘1 
series of oxporimonta substitute 
“for that of Kohlrauseh. 
electric constants were obtained :—Hard gum, 3°25 3 
paraMn, 2°32; sulphur, 3°35 5 eulophony, 
numbers differ widely’ fram those of prov! 
‘gervers, Leing higher. 














P Rod Ro@ +) RoGFote 


By the above processes the relations between 
e degrees of force and those of the galvanometric 
scale may be far more readil 
cither of the ingenious methods of Nobili, Bee- 
querel, or Melloni. When we consider the changes ; 
{to which the needle of a delicate galvanometer, 
especially if it be astatic, is subject from the in- 
| fluence of strong currents, the vicinity of magnets, 
‘and, in a tess degree, from changes of temperature, 
and in the intensity of the carth’s magnetism, the 
importance’ of having an easy means of re-gradu- 
ating the instrument, and of detecting the changes 
cit has undergone, will not be esteemed too lightly, 


30g gs 


© An EtecrricaSeismocrari-Anim 
in'the Paris Exhibition. was an’ electric: 
Scismograph constructed by M. 
the deviations of:a long pendul 
of terrestrial movements or solar. 
consisted of a heavy pendulum 


sets ee, 


Boltzinann thinks tho 
‘ Uifferonco cannot have arisen from acchtental difference 
‘of material or temperature of observation ; 
{apart from less fino monsuremont) somo of 
‘ viony observers may have uastimed the space 
‘the condenser plates to ho entirely Aled with 
which can nover bo fully ri 
plates, too, might bo torced slightly 
hho juterval is Alled too densely, 
the valnes too small, 


determined than by 
















































j sulating substance, 
in experiment. The 
further apart whero t 
Both chreumatances would make 
Tho author's results confirm Maxwell's thoory, ne- 
_, jeording to which, if clectricity nnd li; 
“tof ono and the sama ancdinm, the quotiont of ro- 

‘fraction must be the geometric mean between tho 

{coofictent of «i-clectric ty und Uhat of magnotisation, 


Se eyes 


{A Determination of Stemens! 
: The Philosophical 








ght aro vibrations 


Py wk 


oe unit Gf" resistainge, 
Magasine for January, Februar; 

March, contains an account of an impertant determi: i 
nation, by Professor H. F. Weber, of Zitrich, of the 
‘absolute value of Siemens! mercury 
jthat ts, the resist 


lum under. the influence ' 
lunar attractions, It: 
suspended by a wire’ 
and carrying a pointer below: 
ty to a horizontal 
travelling over a flat metallic, 

pair of ‘rollers in gear with: 
The pendulum and metallic plate 
ne another and were 


ow 





unit of resistance, 
: ance of a column of puro mercury ; 
one metre high and one square millimetre jn section, ; 
His results were obtained by three different methods, 
{namely w(t) from the variable currents gene. , 
{magneto-clectric induction ; 
icurrents generated by sudden voltaic induction; 
jfrom the heat developed by steady volt : 
; The ratios of Siemens’ unit to theahm or 
revation unit, thus determined, were respec 
1 0°98S4 0'9550 to.4, The mean value of these fs 0°9550, 
ithat is to say, one Siemens! unit <= 9°9550 ohms, This 
er cent. higher than that obtained by.! 
lation Committee of 4 : 
composed of Professors Clerk Max: 
Balfour Stewart, 
rentered in our text books 


which traversed 
sheet of white paper 
plate, by the rotatio 
the train of a clock, 
were insulated from o 
connected to the two terminals of a sin 
coil, wwltel was: iy a rrevement in-the ¢ 
ally placed in circuit for a few 

Whenever this took ebpaine 
paper between the pot 


(2) from the variable 


lace sparks pass 
inter of the pendulum and 


a series of perforations to be produced on ’ 
and, which could ‘thus b : 

or as a stencil ‘plate for. makin nOdMasae ies 
similar process to that emplo 
Edison. ~Engine 


reproductions by a’ 


electric pen of Mr, dies result is only) p 


‘the Beitish Associ: 


well, Jenkin, and! 
d by them, and 
and telegraph manuals ig 
3 In 1870, a determination by Professor 
Kohlrausch, made the ratio 0'9717 to 1; but this 


value was not accepted, at least in England, 
experiments of Professor Weber may be he 


Igned to the ohm by the British 





The ratio as educe 


ances required, . ‘Two 
tesistance of the line 
+ determined by, the pos 


firming the value ass} 

















eg 7 


Aric JOURNAL, {Ostuter 1 1675, 
















merely hint that the sos’ to which Grammo's . 
machinea night bo put toas signal lights on boant 

j ships, aro yory oasily suggested to tho thinking 
roader, 













{ 

atriking and distinctive sign.’ In addition, wo 
, i 

i 









Yantous Inpusrna1AL Uses, 
Small machines havo already found their way q 
into soveral industries, such nd clectroplating, In i 
numorous factories, likewise, whore Jiunsen’s, ; 4 
“}) Grove’s, or bichromnte of potash batteries are used, . i 





















{ RESISTANCES AND THEIR MEASURE 
MENT. 
By Th 1. RUPE. 
(Continned frum page 4.) 


XIXN—deiat Vesting, 
Jotsrs ave tho weak points ina eablo, and it is 
therefore casontial that thoy should bo not only, 
wrefully made but curufully tested, ; 
joint boing a short tongth of tho core 
offers, or should olfer, a vory high resistance, it 
would therofore bo impossible to teat it by a 
direct deflection method, thut is, a mothod similar |, 
to that by which the insulation resistanco of a eablo 
is taken. Evon with a yory powerful battery the f 
alyunometer deflection, provided the jaint bo good, 
! would bo almost inupprecinble, consequontly ano- 
thor plan must. be adopted. ‘Iho one most gonorally |: 
employed is that known as Clark's accumulation 
inethod, : Mi 

A gutta-percha or ebonito trough is provided, 
which is susponded. by long rods of gutta-percha 
or obonito from any conveniont hook. : 
The good inzulation of tho trough is of pront im- 
portance, and consequently tho susponding rods 

should bo us dry and clean as possible, Tt is usual 
; to give thom a rub with n picco of parraflined rag, 
' which provonts tho formation of a conducting fil, 
i of moisture on their surfaces, Wo may horo ro- 

mark that surjfice loakago is almost the only thing 
+ to be feared in olectvical apparatus, aud this should 
always bo secon to by keoping all surfaces, over 
which leakage is tikely to oeenr, clean and bright. 
Tho peculiar formation of cbonite causes minuto 
i quantitios of sulphinic acid to form on its surfice, 
which, howover, inay Uo removed: by washing with 
cloan ator, Tt'is na woll to do this before rubbing 
with tho parrallined cloth, : 

The trough is fled with water in which tho joint 
to bo tested is imimorsed, and held down by two 
hooks placot at tho bottom. 

‘Lho portion of tho core on cithor side of tho jaint } 
should bo carofully dricd, for the sano reason that |" 
tho suapenting rods wore so treated, 

A motal plato is placed in’ tho water in the 
trough, and connectod to the front torminal of tho 
discharge key. A. battery of about 200 cells has 
tho zinc polo connected to ono ent of tho conductor therefor 
of tho coro, tho other ond of which is insulated. hareiure, ¥ 

Tho other polo of tho battery is-connected to one R, or KR, ss loge 3 log 
, forminal of a contonser, thoothor connections boing Ue 1 

tho samo ns thoso for taking tho measuroment of | V, aud v, boing tho potontials obsorvod ut tho ba- 
| a condenser discharge. ginning and ond of tho differonco of timo i, with 
‘+ ‘ho whole arrangoment is, in fact, {ho samo as | say thojoints, und VY, und v, tho potontinds ubsorved 
this lattor, with tho excoption that tho polo of the | also at tho begisming aud end of tho differouce of 
battery which would bo directly attached to tho” timo T with tho longth of core. 











































































































it would bo advantageous to employ Gramine's j 

michines, Soto instances in which they might ‘ 

ho enecially user us exeiters of inugnotion, are: : 
oI itd EO BFE oS 






t 


ay ch ee 

































Ccemibaide Sk 























spHIC JOURNAL’ ~~ 


em 


‘Zo (Avouar- £, 1876 _ a 


= - | 
ON MEASUREMENT OF -THE ELECTRIC. : 


~ RESISTANCE OF’ LIQUIDS BY MEANS;; 
OF THE CAPILLARY ELECTROMETER. | 
Us. apemiees eo? - 
Is the ordinary methods, for measuring the. rexist- | 
ance of liquids, one ‘operates (it is known) not‘on | 
a simple liquid column, but on the complex system | 
formed by the liquids and by the electrodes Which | 
bring. the. current. ‘The polarisation ,of these | 
electrodes intervencs in each experiment, but it is | 
taken account of by means of double experiments. | 
M. Lippman has submitted to the French Academy | 
a method which requires only one simple expert> 
ment; it is independent of the polarisation of the 
electrodes. : Meee 
The equality of two resistances r, 7’ (he says) 
may be recognised by means of the Jaw of Ohm- : 
Kirchoff; the resistances being placed in the samc 
battery-circuit, if it be found, with: a sensitive . 
electrometer, that the difference of potentials at ; 
the extremities of ris equal to the difference of | 
potentials at the extremities of r’, one may con-: 
clude that 7 is equal tor’. In our experiments 7/ 
is the resistance to be measured ;_r'is-a.graduated ; 
scale of metallic resistances, ‘The ‘liquid to be} 
operated upon is contained in a cylindrical alas 
tube terminated by.two metallic electrodes which} 
bring the current; these electrodes are plane and: 
perpendicular to the axis of the tube, ‘so that the! 
equi-potential surfaces of the tube may be parallel 
to them. ‘Tivo fine holes pp! are made in the} 
tube for putting the corresponding points of the 
! liquid column in communiention with thepoles of: 
a capillary clectrometer; by ‘means of a cup. 
commutator, the poles of the electrometer may be! 
connected necessively with p, p or with’ the! 
; extremities of a box of graduated resistances r’.; 
The current of a Bunsen clement is passed | 
through the tube full of liquid and the box r. We | 
open the resistances in this box, until, on moving | 
the commutator, we no longer produce any varia- 
tion in: the position of the index of the ‘electro- 
i meter. At this point, the sum of the resistances | 
opened in 7! is equal to the resistance of the liquid : 
‘column contained in the tube, and comprised |. 
between two straight sections at the points p and | 
'r it will be observed (and this is the important 5 
point) that this liquid column f A! does not contain 
: any-electrode traversed by the current. It is the 
middle portion of a -homogencous tiquid column. 
» Polarisation docs not intervene. ‘The electric com- 
: munication between the points p p! and the poles of 
i the clectrometer is established by mearis of lateral 
} ajutages cemented to the glass tube, filled with 
} the same liquid as the tube, and in contact with 
j clectrodes like those of Du Bois-Raymond, ‘These { 
! compound electrodes are more convenient than 
\ the simple ones, because of their constancy; they | 
do not here serve to obviate polarisation by the | 
j current of the battery, for this current docs not . 
| traverse them. Before and after each determina... 
tion, we verify directly. with the electrometer, | ; 
{that they do not present an electric difference | 4 
j equal to anh of an clement of sulphate of copper, |* 
The numerical results furnished by the methed .;° 
Are of great precision, : ie 
‘The use of the electrometer has a special.ad- 
| vantage in the measurement of great resistances ; 
it ‘isy that the sensibility -does not, diminish even 





cs 


ee Nye Bincemni se pelea pcemend shoei fat aay as oe 


! when the resistance is ‘indefinitely increased. 
| Where it is desired to observe quick variations 0! 
resistances, the capillary electrometer has further; 
the advantage that the movements of the mercury 
i index are aperiodic and sensibly instantancous.' 
jit has thus been observed that the electric con- 
) ductivity of a wire placed ina bobbin of iron varies 
‘ suddenly at the moment of making and of break- 
ling the ciirrent in this bobbin. Similarly, it has| 
{ been directly ascertained that the action of light 
{on the conductivity of selenium is sensibly instan-| 
:tancous. ‘The mercury column of the electrometer: 
{is suddenly displaced every time you intercept or; 
admit the ray 6f sunlight. ‘The ‘actions of mag 
netism and of light being instantaneous, one may 
conclude that they are not due to variations of 
temperature, : 7 








on Correspondence, 


| METHOD OF ASCERTAINING RESISTANCE OF 
: GALYANOMETER, “——""" 


‘ To the Editor of the Telegraphic Journal, 

» Bin,—Tho following nent mothod of ascertaining ap- 
; proximately tho resistance of a galvanometer, when 

; Becond galyanomoter is not at hand, may bo usoful to}. 
: somo of your rcadera nod students generally :— 


at fs nny resistance (siy 100 ohms); o is the galvano- 


jmoter (say n Thomson's mirror) whoso resistance fs lo 
‘bo measurcd; so rosistunco-box; and a singlo cell 
“shuntod" with a short pieca of wiro, so na to obtain 
Aconveniont doflection ona. ‘Cho combined rostatanco 
of tho cell and ite shunt is usually n email fraction of : 
an obi, and may therefore Le disregurded. oe 
Naving arrangod tho apparatua og shown in the! 
figuro, first disconneot 4, depress tho koy x, and noto 
the deflection ong. Now halvon, making it 500 oliing, 
Join up 6, nnd vary its resistanco until the original’ 
deflection on c fs roproduecd. : i B 
Thon wo havo by tha first arrangomont— 


see (th 
Aud by tho second arrangomemont— : 
B 
es eee reed 
aN Ry Gs ees Q). 
2°dF8 
From which wo obtain— ‘ 
G@eaeB .. . (3) : 
As tho electromotive forco of tho cell will Probably’ 
alter Lotween tho two operations, they show bo por.’ 
| formed ng quickly aa posstblo, and if would oven bo; 
advisable to snake two or threo observations, ani tako 


(ho mean of thom as tho nearest Approximation, : ody 


This mothod is somewhat similar to that desoribed 
at p.84 of “ Clark and Sabino's Electrical Tables, &o,," 
but it ta moro accurate and (ns will bo seen by a coms 
parizon) far moro aimplo, ~ 

J. J, Fame, 


Tatia, 23th July, 2674, Asso0, Soe. Tel. Enginoers i 


eben Whe EAS 





THE USE OF THE MILLIWEBER. 


S1r,—In the number of the Journal Télegraphique 
of March of this'year, translated in your numbe 


posed by me in a paper read before the Society of. 
Telegraph Engineers. His chief objection consists ' 


: in deploring the destruction by me of the harmony 


and uniformity which exists in expressing other 
ierivatives of the units in use by the submultiptes 
megaand micro, But is this harmony and uniformity 
destroyed? . I-do not vary the unit. That has been 


} fixed by the Committee ‘of the British Association, 
: and. expressed. by the Council of .the . Physical 


Society thus:— 7 ‘ 
» “The practical unit of current is the current due. 


to an electromotive force of 1 volt working through , 7 
j aresistance of 1 ohm. It is sometimes called the.” 


weber, We have 


ee! ; : 
fo’ jo Of CG s unit of current.” *, 


Moreover the Committee of the British Associa. 


; Io’ 
1 weber ex =, 


tion Committee on Units, in their first Report say, 
i 


“For multiplication or division by a million: the | 
prefixes mega and micro may conveniently be cm- 
ployed according to the prescnt custom of clec- 
triclans,..... The prefixes kilo, hecto, deca, deci, 
centi, milli. can also be employed in their. usual * 
senses before ail new names of units,” t 
Tn accordance with these views we use the micro- ° 
farad, the megohm, the ohm, the volt, tho milli. . 
weber, as the most convenient multiples and 
submultiples of the absolute units used in tele- 
graphy. In other divisions of electrical science it , 
S quite competent to use the farad, the hectohm, 
the decavolt, or ‘the microweber, just) as in 
mensuration we use the metre, millimetre, or 
centimetre, as it suits our convenience. We do 
not destroy harmony nor break through uniformity 
by doing so. General: practice has confirmed the 
convenience of the milliweber in denoting the 
strength of working currents in telegraphic circuits, | 
and I cannot admit. that.there is any inconsistency 
in adhering to this solution. The system has been 
introduced into the British ‘Telegraph Department, 
and it is found to work very well and to be of very 
great convenience, °« + i 
“W. H. PREECE, 


er of: 
May rst, M. Rothen,’ Assistant Director of Swiss": 
Telographs, has questioned the policy and propriety” 

r of the introduction of ‘the milfiueder as a measure 

| of the strength of currents used in telegraphy pro- | 





Tus little known experiment is very interesting, 
in that it inakes apparent certain phenomena of 
polarisation of: the plates of an_clectrolyte which 


| are ordinarily produced under different conditions. ; 
| ‘The instrument constructed by M. Dueretis, and, 
: of which a ‘figure is given, is composed of an in- 


yerted bell c, closed by a cork, through which arc 


i inserted two platinum wires, terminated by largo 
Yelectroucs, Hands! “Lis arrangement is supported 

‘by aghss tube 1, open at its two extremities, and 

{ fixed in the cork of a glass vessel FE. ‘I'wo terminals 
if and — serve to connect the platinum wires with 
: @ powerful battery (50 Bunsen cells). 


> "The belli c being filled about one-tenth full with 
acidulated water, the battery is connected to the 
apparatus, and the decomposition of the liquid which 


. results, forces the Intter out of the bell into the 
i vessel &, and when the bell is almost full of gas, the 


mixture explodes spontanconsly, and the bell. is’ 


" iNuminated., , This experiment is without danger; 
- the recomposition of the products of the electrolysis 


taking place.spontancously, and during the passage 
of the current, 


‘The current of polarisation which gives place to . 
this inflammation should have a certain potential, 
for the phenomenon does not take place with a. 
battery of 30 cells only. Under these latter condi+ 
tions a phenomenon of another kind, and hardly less 
curious than the first named, may bo observed. 
The water, which. at first sinks rapidly in G toa 
distance of some millimetres below the plates, 
stiddenly stops, in spite of the disengagement of gas 
which takes place from the portion of tho wires, 
below the plates. With well water the decompo. 
sition of the water is less rapid, and the explosion is 
not produced even with 50 Bunsen ce Is. But: 
another curious phenomenon is observed. ‘The! 
water sinks down to the base of the plates, and at 
that moment commences to rise again, and this! 
oscillation is continuotts, the water being alternately 
decomposed and ‘recomposed, A current of less: 
strength than. 30 cells etfe s decomposition oly. 

"hese phenomena are entirely due to the polarisa- | 
tion of the electrodes, and not to the catalytic force - 
of the platinum, for the samo results may bel 
obtained with electrodes formed of other metals,—; 











: : (' 

* KOHLRAUSCIL ON ELECTRICAT. ; 
Aieet MEASUREMENTS, i 
Mucn has been written rpon Electrical Measuroment,. 
yet within a cortnin limit much: of what has been | 
written is confined to the method of the meagure- 
mnentand not to itsaeeuracy, /Thoadventofa work’ — 
he translation froin the German of Prof, Kolilrausch’s, 
“Physical Menaitrements,"—devoted entirely to nc- 
curney,. or, porhaps it should be said ‘to the 
climinntion ‘of error, is 1 matter of moro than 
nnasing interest to the electrician, ‘Chose electricnt 

1 Tivva tliat make,themsclves manifest on the crudest 
of inalruments havo beon read and recorded ; 
investigators inthe future will derive most profit 
who employ the most accurate mothod, Prof. 
Kohlrausehhas so long been known as an authority 
in experimental method—measurements recorded 


? in his Inboratory Imve ‘always stood tho test of 60 


lengthened veriliention—as to have drawn students 
to his chair from all parts of the world, ‘Tho issue 
of awwork fronvhis pen, and the translation of this | 
worlinto Englieh, is an event of so high importance ; 
that: too great stress can senroely bo brought to 
hear, We propose, thon, to, pince before onr 
rendors-n selection from Dr, Kohlrausch’s work-— 
his simple remarks on tho measurement of currents: 
with the {angont galvanometer. Mor the calculation ; 
of the errorsof observation, to mean and probable, 
crror, tho detormination of empirical constants by 
tho method of east squares, &c., wo must rofer to 
{ho work itself; itwould bo impossible to condense, ; 
antl to oxtract would he uscless, \ 
Yho caso first {rented of is thnt of relative, 
measurement by the tangent compass, in which wo | 
nro told tho “angles of deflection should bo noither | 
very Jnrgo nor very small, those of about 45° being ! 
most advantageous. It is necessary, thereforo, for | 
currents of very different. intensities to employ ; 
galvanometers of dilleront degrees of sonsitiveness ; ; 
that is, with coils of different diameters or of; 
different lengths, or the instrument may be so con- 
atructen that the current may be passed through ; 
fn -greator or less number of coils as required, 
‘Tho results of different instruments. may bo com | 
pared with ench other by Dnssing the same current 
through both at once, “If, for instance, we obtain 
s}in this manner a deflection of 66°5° in the firat 
instrument, and of 14'2° in the secon, the tangents 


of tho deflection of No, r must be multiplied by—- 


tan ry'2" __ 0°253 
fan 665° 2°30 
to make them comparable with those of No, 2. 


sz O'LI0, 


“Tho tangent-compnss is usually adjusted go tint 
the needle points to zero when the plane of the | 


coils is in the mngnetic meridian, Whether this is 


accurately tho case must bo tested, preferably hy : 


tho emp loyment of a very short necdle, for the 


proportionality of current-strengths to the tangents ; 


of tho angles of deflection only holds good if tho 
instrument bo exactly placed, and especially so 


with poworful currents. ‘This dificulty may, , 
however, bo easily avoided by passing the current : 


successively in opposite directions through tho gal- 
vanometer, nnd (niing the mean of the deflection 
fo both sides (half the combined dellection) as ¢. 
In tho value thus obtained, errors from incorrect 
“/ position nro eliminated, It is convenient for this 
purpose that a commutator should bo permanently 


connected with tho galvanometer, whigh will allow ; 


the current to bo reversed without altering nny 
rother part of the circuit, ‘This gives the additional 
iadvantage of a dowble degree of accuracy, and 


‘renders it unnecessary to obscrve ihe zero-point + 
‘oxnetly; and, Instly, a well-arranged commutator | , 


. “Rerves conveniantly to open nnd close the circuit.” 


Tho deviation frotiv tho Inw of propdrtionnlity 
of tangents is- thon, considered, with tho ‘best 
means of bringing tliv.needlo to ‘reat... Valuable 
ing do matter would be, we cannot hero enter into, 


"the mensurement of currents in absolute magnetic : 
‘units with the {angent-compags, ke, ‘Thora is ono 


‘more quotation that will recoinment itself. to the 
rendor, and it relates tomensuromont with reflectin 
‘ngtruments, to {ho reduction of observations with 

the senlo to angulnr measure, . 

“We will reckon all angles of rotation froin the 
mean position® as zero, and denote by ¢ the angle 
of deflection Urongh which the magnet, &o,, is 


{turned from this position, As scnlo-deilection, we 


{ake the difference, 2, of tho observed from the 
middle gente division. 

(2). For small deflections the angle is propor: 
tional to the seale-reading; and, indeed, if r be the 
distanco of the reflecting surface from the scale, 
expressed in scale-divisions (millimetres, if it be a 
millimetre scale), the value of 1 division in degrees 
of are is— : . 
= 28:68" _ 1718'9" _ 103132" 

ro r r 
Tho error may amount at most in deflections of— 
1° 2 ° est 
in paris of the wholu to— 
 p'0004 0'0016 0°0036 o'0064 o'oro, 


(2). For n deflection not exceeding 6°, we may ; 


always with anMetont nceumnoy thke— 
ge 17189" (yy nt 


Frequontly a trigonometrical function is required 
instead of the anglo itsclf— 


ii $e APB (RY : 
qr § 2 . 


3 


Tfenica wo reduco n seale reading # to tho corre- 
xponding are, tangent, sine, and sino of half angle 


by subtracting 4, J, 2, or 3} “ respectively from n. 
(3). For considerablo detlections— 


. 8, - . 
Tho last formula is given by simple geometrical 


considerations, the othera by taking (ho first tio: 
{erms only of the series for the development of : 


4, tun g, ke. 
‘Lo congratulate the translators, who hava added ‘ 


. Several useful tables and appendices, is needless: 


‘the Vook will be invaluable to avery physicist, 


 Gantambas ve. tien : : THE. TRIERARAPHTA. Tatar. 


; September 28, 1873-] 


given sum placed at com- 
pany years, at such a rato 


Here 
forma ; anil 10! 
commin. ratjo? a 
ug t6 raigof, the Mon raNo to the x! power, 
iultiply the reafilt by fhe first term, ‘The 
of r=1'05 is 0'02T1893, agd this multiplied by 
fr 3 (sco Rule 11LLyfor logari ims) ig.ax9'0635679. 
log. (og 3)=20'06: 5679 ji 
log. f 2273=3°3 


é a 201679 =log. 26312. 
Anawor £3631 10%, “ 
Und wo fromthe amoynt $2631 ros. sought the 


principal, 1 ving given, the following 
fe reverse of/the preceding—would have 
ted s— ; 
*=:principal, or 


wee} 


fs 
loy,:2631'2=5342016 “ 
log. 1'05*=30'0635679 ra 


3'3365999=l0y. 2273. 
“been demanded, tho 
ployed would ofviously havo been that 


by the oxpresgi¢A-- 


300835679 vr? 
O'oat 1893510g, 1°05. 

vos is an increment to pot ogxor 5 In the lun 
dred (per centum) “, id 

Ha tlio timo béon 6a irbd, wo, finds, 
log. ross +log. 1 petyethe numberof yénrs; or— 

Leo? 
, ° 

A very neat application of the Inws of compound 
intereat to electzical scicnce will ba found in tho 
appendix to Mr, Culley’ Waydbool of tho ‘Tele- 
sraph,” in tho detorminationof the state of insu. 
ation of a cablo by fall of€hargé, 


Witar to no 18 a Truxnenstptist.—A person reclining 
on n sofa or bed, at a distanod from all the walls of the 
room, coult scarcoly aufler injury, ovon in a house 
atriok by lightning ; but most absoluto scourity in ob- 
tained by lying on au/fron, of brass bedstend, of tho 
form Jmown as tho Arpbitin bed#tead, in which tho 
hend is surmounted by‘in iron orcotion supporting the 
curtaing, A person lylug or,sloeplug on such a bed- 
stead could not possibly rocoive any direct injury, oven 
if the hougo wero demolished, and his bedstead forms 
tho most complete lightning. protector whitch could woll 
hodevised. Awooden baddtead placed against tho wall 
does not afford any spinal apeasthy——Datlmer Clark, 





THE TELEGRAPHIO JOURNAL. 


; + ON TOR : . 
ENERGY OF ELECTRICITY, WITIE ESPECIAL 
: REFERENCE TO THE ; 
MEASUREMENT AND UTILISATION OF IT.° 
By tho Nev. ARTHUR RIG, ALA. 
Tho onorgy of electricity is being manifested in 
phasea now to mon day by day. That which in tho 


carly port of the present contury was unknown, is now. 


80 woll known na to win neithor surprige nor notice. 
Tho telegraph which girdles tho carth—the electra- 
deposition of motala—tho Nght whioh palos our 
brightest—tho power which melts tho most rofractory 
motals—thoge favo beon handod down by selence to 
[romete tho commiorcinl and social welfare of man- 

ind. Propositions botter established than that which 
asserts olectricity to bo non-produciblo fron: sufi- 
ciontly oconomical sonrcos have fnded into oblivion. 
Tho cnorgics of electricity aro manifested whenover 
thoro is a molecular disturbance within or amongst 
bodivs. Whenover any chango tnkes place in anything 
whatover, and amongst any molceulos whatovor, an 
electric current is. produced, ani if not necessarily 
manifested to us, atill it always is prosent. Probably 
there is not a singlo act of our lives, and it may bo 
not even a thought in our heads, which fs not asso. 
ciated. with an electric current. Kindly undoratand 
that tho loctura ig on tho energy of electricity, and, 
theroforo, time mist not bo oceupiod in describing in- 
struments. Galvanomoters aro now-n-daya made fo 
dollcate that if you Iny ono finger in ono trough of 
salt water, and another in anothor, and simply tighten 
the miusclos of cue arm, a current of cloctricity passea 
through tho galvanometer and deflects the needle. 
Wo usnally speak of n galvanic battery os being 
formod of zing anil copper, or of metals in chemically 
difforent rolations to a Hauld ; if, however, you tnko a 
pleco of ordinary coppor bell wire, aud connect the 
two ends of it to tho galvanomoter, then cut it in two 
with a pair of scissors, and dip cack cut end into salt 


‘and water, or put them into your, mouth, an electric 


curront pneses,and tho galvanometer abows that thero 
lng been domo species or other of molccular disturb. 
anco which has caused a manifestation of clectrical 
energy. Thia energy of electricity hecomes kinotio 
whon it is nllowed to pass freely, For examplo, in 
any bodies which aro aqutescent, it is kinetic, but it is 
potoutial when resisted. If, for instance, n current of 
electricity passoa along a wire nud tho action ts, 
resisted, the wire becomes hot. If it passes through 
any compound body, aa, for instance, wator, thon it is 
resisted, nnd tho wator is immediately decompoded. 
Consoquently we aro dealing with an cnorgy manifested 
In moloontar disturbance, and having both a potential 
or stored-up power, nnd a Kinctic powor in motion, 
Tho question now is, how ja this cnorgy to bo 
tensured, Townrda tho middlo of tho last contary. 
(about 1746) the first cleetrical machine was made, 
In 1650, Otto Guoricko, to whom wo aro indebted for 
tho sir-pump, suggested tho schomo, but “"Hawkaboo 
was the first to make one, His machino consisted of 
n ball of gulphur, aftorwards alterad to n ball of glass. 
Tho hands wore employed to rub it, and 6 largo fly- 
wheel, about six fect high, was omployod to turn It. 
Silk threads from tho coiling held what wa now cal? 
tho conductor; and by tho oxerelso of a very largo 
amount of inechanical power thoy were onabled to got 
asmall spark, to tho surprise of all, to the curiosity of 
many, and the dread of not a fow. Aftor that wo 
come to tho plate machine, which is arranged, as you. 
tro aware, with cushions; still wo havo those aparka 
which were supposed to havo much onergy in them, 
We then pass ou from tho glass-plate mac hine to the 


ea A OS 
ry  Abateact of thoF Lith Cantor Lecture tellvered before the Soclety 
ol s, 





se EakU wade, TELE 








1. October 11873 - THE TELEGRAL 
= 


Students’ Column, : 


On the Plow of Mevtricity.at the Two Eads of a 
Charged Cable, By TH. Rs Kearns, 

Wins a well-insulated cable, whose further cad is! 
jusulated, is charged-by menus of a battery at tho! 
nearer end, tho potential at all parts of the cable is! 
thé same; and if the twe ends are then put sinvul. | 

“taneously to carth, obviously an equal amount will: 

sescape at each end, ‘The case, however, is different ‘ 
if the cable is charged when tho furlher end is to? 
earth, for in this ease the potential falls to nothing j 
at that point. : . 

Tet R represent the resistance of the comtuctor : 
of theeable. ‘The cable having bean charged with | 
the further end to carth, the battery is taken off | 
and the nearer end imnedintely put to earth also. 


¢ . 


Let P bo the potential at the neater end at the | 
moment this end is put to earth, and It (he aren of 
tho triangle, ADC, represent the charge in the} 
enable, Let paar be a differential part of this aren. +. 
This will split into two parts, ose part going 
+ towards .\, and the other towards B, in the propor. 
_ tion of R—2 toe. ‘Lhe total quantity (Q) flowing 
outat A will then be-- i : 
iy 


nOW~ 


therofore— 
pes 


K 
therefore g_, it 
a el (h--ayt de 
~ o 
aw oR 
~ Tee (2 3 ) 3 
and the quantity (Q*) Rowing out at B will be | 
gee PROPR LER 
i 


ahh 


2 3 6 
therefore Q=2 Q', which shows that twice as much: 
flows out at A as at B. | 


ae SUPE e ee cee 4 


Scientific American, Vol. xxix., Nov 11. : 
Automatic Registering and Printing Thermometer! 
i By Prof, Mough, of Dudley Observatory.—Tho instru 
inctit conrists of a plaza tube bent. in tho ‘form of 
. Ayphon, the eldsed leg of which {a Alled with aledhot 
and-the open one with increury. On the surface of: 
+ fhe morcury in the open end, there reata an ivory float: 
suspended fron a-delteste balance, having platinum; 
wire attached end of the lover, When the} 
column of mercury in tho thermomoter tute risen or : 
» falls from the effect of temperature, the platinum wires ; 
: dip in small merenry cups underneath ‘them, thereby ! 
‘ causing a current of electricity to pass through one of; 
; two clectro-mngy i i 


brenking the cirenit. Whenever n change of tempera: ; 
ture equal to one tenth of » degree Fahrenheit occure, 
the magnetic circle is completed, andl the serew be! 
moved a spaes equivalent to the chanyve in the hi 

of the mercury in the thermomet 

timo tho clockwork mover tho type i 

the tomperature, which is printed at the ond uf cach’ 
hour on nallp of paper moving in front of them, A, 
pencil helt nygainat a rovolying dram also records 
a continuoua curve, oxhibiting ata glanco the height 
of the thermometer, hae 


Tash fens Der 1.48 


Journal de Physique, Soptember, 1873. 
i. Ona Morlification of the Electric Thermometer.—M, 
i Maseart.—This jontramont consists of a helix of pla. 
‘tinum wire joining two imetaltio armatures, and 
jenclosed in n glass tubo, the wholo being supported 


, vertically, Ench of tho armatures haw a hook with | 


+ ball, for tho study of discharges of static clectricity, 
‘and a binding-scrow, for the atudy of enrrents, ‘Tho 
upper armature has, besites, « tubulure, by whieh 
sone may with a caoutchone pipo put the ale of the 
_ thermometer into communication with a manometer, 
; 80 na to observo tho changes of prensura produced by ‘ 
[heating the wire. It ia, in short, a Nicss thermometer, 
jiu which tho inaas of air is reduced an inch as possiblo ' 
so aa to obtnin great sonsibility, The apparatus may 
bo mado to record its indicationa, and for this purposo | 
it communteates with 9 membrano and lover like thoae 
used by M, Morey in bis phyatological experiments, « 
Tho membrano ig of caoutchoue, stretched across 0 
nietallic capsule, and on It is a ametallic plate, which 
acts, bya short point, ona very Hyht lever. ‘Tho sinall 
Aisplacements which variations of pressure jmpross on 
tho membrana are communicated to the lover, which * 
magnifica them and inseribes“them on tho smoked 
{paper on n rotating cylinder, ‘Cho author reproduces 
tho ourves obtained from discharges of clectrio 
{ battorics ant fron: continous currents. ‘There fa (in 
tho former) firat a straight line, the tracing before ‘ln : 
Jehargo, then a curved rise and very gradual descent, 
showing the succcasiyo variations of pressure duo to 
heating of tho wire. It is noted that tho heating of 
the air is not instantaneous; it quickly reaches ite 
maxhnuin, and then diminishes ian regular manter. / 
Tho oxaniination of the secon part of the curve gives 
an opportunity to study the law of cooling, furthor, 
with a constant charge tho quantity of hent furnished 
by tho spark diminishes when (ho number of jara ts, 
inercascid ; and with tho same battory, the heat of tho ; 
apark increases tapldly with the charge. It is shown . 
by numerical verifeation tliat tho quantity of heat 
Mberated is nbont invorsely na tho number of jars in 
tho battery, and that ft is nearly proportional to tha 
syuaro of the charge,. A figura is given, showing tho 
‘guirves obtainod by sonding through tho wire of tho 
,thermometor the current furnished by n Grammo’ 
; Machine worked nt ‘different velocitios, Turning tho 
, machine with thé Land, and observing a motrononio, 
‘one is nblo to maintain a pretty uniform rate, Tho 
iurves show that the heat! ng of tho wiro ia progros- . 
si vo, and that it takes n considerable time to ronoh ite 
jae maui, The quantity of heat liborated i, accord. 
is to Joulo's law, proportional.to tho rosistanco of 
‘tho ‘wire'nud, to tho aquard of tho intenalty of tho: 
{gurront ; if tho intonsity of the curront ia proportional, 
A me iho rolaalty Bes jotation, tho'quantity of liont vill bo 
: : 0 square of the numbor ' 6 
ius is cobitrined by tabulated remiee ft 


« Docoraber 35,:16731 


hore, 
fh teat-box 
. Thoro is 
copper wire 


{Leavin thospacousand han jomoAnstrument-room 


(tho telographia workshop and gxcoytivo aro lodged on |- 


tlio samp floor), wo notieo thrpugN. tho windows- tho 
ont, chfinnoy rising from tho built, 

floor of fho South Court, -Desgerfling astairenso undor 
f handspme skylight, wo pang, dopartinental offices 
of the 14wer floors, ond, turuiggfatong corridors, always 
well lightod, descend to the ine-louge, on the floor 
of the North Court, Hero Ufere will bo threo engines 
of so-hdred power ench for tho pumping work of tho 
pnoumatio tubes, and two 1o-horuo power to draw 
wator from tho well ot fect decp which ia being 
aunk on tho promiscs, Thgs well will soon repay its 
cost, atid ovon tho so-horag power ongine in Telograph 
Stroot spends closo upon £600 a yoar in drink. ‘Tho 
now offices will havo cos® altogether when complote 
about £450,000, of which £300,000 has boon swallowed 
up!by the site, Wo rojoice that tho administration at 
the Poat Office of so distinguished 6 mon as Dr. Lyon 
Ployfalr commonced af tho time of tho oponing of this 
tho greatest telegraphic contro in tho world. 


—. __.._._ 
Oo 


Students’ Colwnn, 


Resistances and their Measurements —By ID. Be 
Kener, 

. If: When the resistance wo have to measure is 

very high as compared with the resistance of tho 

gnivanomieter and battery uscd for measuring, we 

may practically, cspecially when great accuracy of 

nicnstrement is not required, in our equation— 


0 Re 2 (br) (+0). 


put G as well as r equal to o, in which casc— 
Ges Pe Tu 
an ae Rs seep 
To measure n resistance, according to this formula, 
wo should firat join up our battery, galvanometer, 
and atandard resistance, ag it is called, which in 
our formula ‘is p,as shown in Fig. 13 and having 
‘ Tia. 1 


noted tho deflection «,°, wo should multiply it by p, 
which gives us the constant, 

* TK (tho resistance to bo determined) is then in- 
serted in tho pines of p; n now deficction, a®, is then 
obtained, by which wo divido tho constant, and thug 
obtain 1. ‘This method of measuring resistances 
ig tho one generally employed in taking the daily 





testa for insulation ‘resistanco of! telegraph lines, 
tho standard resistance p being usually 1000 shims, 
When the ingulution resistances of eaveral lines 
aro to bo taken, tho constant would first be taken 
and worked out, and the several lines to bo measured 
being inserted in tho placo of p, tho deflections aro 
noted; and the constant being divided by the soycral 
deflections, the resistances aro thus obtained. : 
Foroxamplo— 2, 
. With a battery, a galvanometer, ani a resistance 
(p) of 1000 ohms in circuit, wo obtained a deflection 
ay? of 20°, then— eos. Do tage EG 
: Conslant= 1000 X 20= 20000. 
Taking away our resistance and insorting— 
Wiro No. 1, we obtained a deflection of 5° 
om Sp " ” o 
so Be " " 12° 
ae | ni ” 3 
Tho resistances of our wives ara then-— 
No. 1, 2000+ 5°=400 
1» % 20004 6°=333 
ty 3, 2000-4 12°= 160 
wv 4, 20004 3°s=666 
Wo should remark that tho numbers hero giveu as 
degrees are not really intended to bo true degrees 
of deflection, but numbers which represent the 
strengths of current; for in no galvanomoter aro 
the strengths of current roportional to the dru 
degrees of deflection which thoy produce, Lut are 
proportionnl to somo function of those degrees, 
such as the tangent, Thus, if we wero reading off 
tho scale of degrees on a tangent galyanometer, 
thatis to say, a galvanometer in which tho strengths 
of current aro directly proportional ‘to tho tangents 
of the angles of deflection which thoso currents 
produce, wo should have.to find the tangents of 
thoge degrees of deflection before multiplying and 
dividing. we 
For oxamplo— : ares F 
If with n tangent galvanometer wo obtained with 
ottr standard resistance of 1000 olims a deflection 
of 20° (true), and with the unknown resistance (1) 
ardeficction of 15° (trite), we should have—, ; 


tan 20°X 1000__, *364% 1000 _, 
pagar re on 1358. 


In future, when degrees aro indicated, we shall 
mean true degrees, : 

When mensuring tho insulation resistance of a 
line of telegraph, that is to my, the resistance 
which tho ingulatora offer to the escayic of the cur. 
rent to the carth, having takon tho ‘constant,.we 
should join up our instruments and lino, aa stiown in 
Vig. 2. In’ making a measureniont of this kind, it 
is usual to have tho positive pole of the battory to 
earth, so that a negative (zinc) current flows out to 
tho lino, a3 n zine current will show best any defec- 
live insulation in the line, a poaltive current having 
tho effect, to a certain extont, of sealing a fruit up, 
moro capecially if any underground work which 
may ba in tho circuit is defective, 

Tho above method of measurement is, asa rule, 
sufliciontly accurate for all practical purposes. 
Greater accuracy may, however, be obtained with 
but little extra trouble by allowing for tho resist- 
anco of our battery and galvauometer in tho follow- 
ing manner s— 

natent of multiplying tho constant deflection by 
tho ro00 ohms standard resistance, multiply it by 
1000 plus tho resistance of the galvanomoter aud 


ETS EE se 




















¥ 
a 
i 


CHARGED SUBMARINE CABLE, 

(lly 2, WED and H.R. KEMPE. 
Wuts a cable insulated at both ends is charged 
by means of a battery the potential of the charge 
will be the same at all points along its length, and 
if the two ends be put simultancously to carth it is 
clear that the charges flowing out of them will be 

equal, oe ‘ 
‘Since the flow is from the middle point of the 
cable towards the ends it is evident that this point 


| 

: 

' 

| 

‘ 

i 

i 

| will keep its potential a maximum above all other |} 
; Points along the length of the cable, and further H 
| that this maximum point in sinking down to zero 

‘ 
‘ 


will trace out a straight line, 

The case of a cable charged with one end to 
earth is different. Here the point of maximum 
potential at starting will be at the end of the cable 
to which the charging battery is connected, If 
now this point be put to earth, the cable will dis- | 

i charge itself at both ends as in the first case, but: 

! the How at the two ends will be different, and the 

} point of maximum potential will shift away from } 
the charging end of the cable, ay 

In the Fig. let BC be the cable whose end C is | 


; v4 

t to earth, and whose end B is connected toa 
battery, and fet A Boor V represent the potential 

« of the charge. . 

On consideration, it will be evident that the fess 
the amount of charge remaining, the more uni- 
form will become the distribution of the potentials 

‘ along the line 13 C, and, finally, at the moment 


i when the charge becomes zero, the distribution of 


’ potentials will be the same as in the case first: 


potential will be at D, a point exactly bisecting 
C ‘os ; : 
Now, since at“cdl 
mum pi ential ts at A, nclusion at D,” 
it is evident that during the interval it will follow 


. Mentioned, that-is to say, the point of maximum |! 


| 
| 
i 


a line intermediate ‘between A and Dz and. - 


as the flow to the two ends must always take place 
on either side of the line of maximum potential, 
the areas on cither side of this line or curve must 
represent the relative quantities flowing out at the 
two ends. 7 
In a previous paper* it was shown that when a 
charged cable, the further end of which was to 
jearth, was allowed to discharge itself simulta- 
neously at both ends, twice as much flowed out at 
ithe nearer as at the further end. In the case 


* “before us, ifahe area of the triangle, A BC, tepre+ 


‘ sent the charge in the cable, the form of the curve 
j between the points, A and D, must be such that 
j the area A B D is twice the area AD C, 

Now the area of the triangle AB Cis— . * 


2 a 


i and the arca of the figure A B D is to be twice the - i 


aren of the figure A 1) C; that is, it is to be twos 
‘ thirds of the area AB C3 that is— 


areaof ABDm avr 


Now, as is well known, in order that this equation 
may be satisfied, the curve between A and D must 
be a parabola, which is therefore the cutve traced 
out by the point of maximum potential in falling 
0 Zero, ; 


Ps 


q 
i 


i 
i 


+, formula, ‘To these two articles 


iy 
aan 


Correspondence, 


——te 


” To the Editor of Tue Terearariic Journat, 


Dean Sin,—tIn your Issue of November 1sth, 1897, 
y ublished a formula by Mr. Ch, Dresing, “for 
Balealating the copper-resistance during electric dis. 
iturbances (earth currents)”, and in the number of the 
TeteaRarnic Jourxat for December ist, Mr. Dresing 
i writes again ‘egarding the simplicity of this new 
Professor Ayrton has 
‘drawn my attention, remarking that in obialing the, 
‘formula, “Mr, Dresing appeared not only to have’ 
neglected the resistance of the testing battery, but also 
tohave assumed that the resistance of one or both of 
‘the arms of the Wheatstone’s bridge was extremely 
smalt, and in addition, that in the formula the unknown 
resistance, as piven by the geometric mean of the 
observed values, could only be true in the few cases 
when it was also equal to their arithmetic mean, I 
have, therefore, examined the question, and, for the 
benefit of students like myself, beg to forward my con. 
:elusions so that, should I have misunderstood Mr, 
_ Dresing’s communications, he will do me the favour to 
‘correct my false impression, 


} First, however, I would suggest that the following 
May be the answer to your query in the December 
number“ How can Mr, Schwendler's formula give too 
low a result?” ‘The first formula for x on page 29, 
Clark and Sabine’s Electrical ‘Tables, is a mathematically 


an, 


May T, 1878] * 


Correct one, and therefore, ns you temark, if properly 
Sut f 


worked out, it must give the exact value of x, 


think the formula practically used, and the one there- 
fore probably which Mr, Deesing refers to, is not the 
first complicated (but at the same time complete) one, 
but the second form to which the first reduces tself when 
we neglect the battery resistance, Now the reason why 
this second formula gives a result smaller than the 
truth, is comparatively simple, Since the first formula 


may be written in the form— 


b\w pw" 


ee 


ap 2 


‘ 
{wt —w)? 


awewyrss(t +5) +40 


where w! and wW” are the values obtained when testing 
with the positive and negative Cursents, we sea that 
neglecting /, the battery resistance, increases the value 
of the second term, and therefore diminishes the value of 
the whole expression, Consequently the second formula 


for the value of wv, the one in which the battery resist- 
ine 2 peplected, gives an answer always smaller than 
ie truth, 


With respect to the diagram given by Mr. Dresing, 


fig. 1 in this letter, how docs he know that Act tepres 








ie : . 
sents x, the true wire resistance of the line ? Does not 
AD represent x as ac* anil A D represent 7 and & ree 


; "spective! P It is clear that  & is the geometric mean 
a's 


rand R, but why it represents x is not evident, 
tk Sty bb ‘ arr, 
ee may easily be shown that AB equals Fr 
or 


therefore, since p = p', we have 
-2Rr, 


ce oe 


r, — 
But tres not equal to ¥ kr untess R and ¢ are 
‘ 


ta . 
equal to one another, or unless ao equals 2 con- 
sequently a B cannot equal a x generally, - 

. "Again, it must be remembered that Mr, Dresing's 
figure only represents the potential curve tn a small 
portion of the bridge, the complete curve being shown 


THE TELEGRAPHIC JOURNAL. 


in fig, 3 of this letter, s A representing 4 in fig. 2,4 0 
standing for x, 4 cand A p theapparent values obtained 
when testing with the positive and negative currents, 
Now, if the resistance of the battery be small, p and pr’ 
Jn fig, 3 will be equal, but not p and f', which are the 
same as p and #' in figure 1,° And the only case in 
which f and g’ will be equal (which Mr. Dresing 
Appears to assume always to be the case) will be when 
8 4, or din fig. 2, is nought, a condition that would only 
be fulfitled when a single platinum wire bridge (such as 
was employed by the British Association Committee) is 
made use of, But such a bridge is well known to be 
very unsensitive when measuring large resistances, 
such as those of telegraph lines, : 

The correct graphical proof of Mr, Schwentller's 
formula is given by Mr, F, Jacob in your Journal for 
October ist, 1876, where he arrives at the result 

bw hw" {w" = w' ,) 
Cie Fy Ow fw" aa) 5’ 

which is the same as that given by Messrs, Clark and 
Sabine when the battery resistance is neglected, Now 
if in this last equation ot aie 

4 = a <a a very small quantity, : 
under which latter hypothesis only is Ne Dresing's 
figuce correct, 


aww’ 

which you will observe is the value 1 obtained above 
rectly from the figure in question, But, as already 

mentioned, this can only reduce itself to Vw w" cither 

when w’ equals w’, or when 

w' ew" 


vm 


omer 


2 i 
It therefore scems as if Mr, Dresing's geometrical 
‘mean formula, which he proposes to -use in all cases 
when there are strong natural currents in the line, can 
be used—first, only when the natural current is ver 
weak; secondly, only when the resistance of both 
branches of the Wheatstone's bridge is very small, 
T have the honour to remain at 
Your obedient servant, 
: J. FUJIOKA, 
, Student of Telegraph Engineering,” 
The Physical Laboratory, : 
The Imperial ollege of Engincering, 
Tokio, Japan, February, 1878, ae 


* Chas been accidentally omitted in the Fig, 
centre of the circle Ein, Tite Jouns (°° Fis Ht should be the 


L. V. F—Duly recelved with thanks, 

















RENTER ne cat 





FACE eter oe 


forces 


THE TELEGR APHIC: JOURN AL ~ correct result, ot 1 nse ene flowing 4 


acertain amount of mathematical knowledge is in- a 
dispensable to those who have to deal with the 3 sine or its int 
Subjécts of electrical measurements ani testing, y n 


Avira, and an’ ordinary Bridge “test would ‘not ‘give 1° 


in this case to take 
andanother with this current reversed 

ECTRICAL FORMULA! . 
me a ce’af. the alvanomet 


“ 2 ‘ Ww this formula, althou, 


1, usc of formuive for working out the results of 0 real. di ieulty ove 


: ‘the. various electrical measurements which are con- 
stantly being made, cither in the physical laboratory 
_ or in the'submarine cable factory, isso frequent that 


is obtained ‘by. 
a. simpler. formu 


‘Tt is but, natural that the electricians whose know- ometer, and 


- Jedge of mathematicsis of alimited character should ming their 


» prefer, to: deal With formate which are as simple as 


Now. as.a 


, possible, ‘more especially if such foripulee are re 
| quired ‘to ,be: in constant use. In cable facto’ 


Where a largo number: of cables or lengths of core 
have to be daily tested, and the results of the tests . 


‘worked out, it is especially. desirable » that any 


formule which it may, bo necessary to. usc, should neglecting 


* Be as simple as possible, but it is a constant source |. often adapte 


of complaint by tyro’s in mathematical knowledge test we have : 
that an ‘unnecessary ‘amount of complication’ is. | book which deals with th 


iven | t for: practi i Ano which we 
ven sto these, ,and that for’ ractical - purposes measurement -In ‘ 
ane ‘4 ape R <1" expression, . 


+ they, may -be. made of a much, simpler nature 3}, . fh anomete 


‘than is usually the case. In fact, itsis often hinted £): which might bo with'g 
* that.the intricate fortis given. to the formuliv. are 3). 


: “mare, for ;the. purpose. of 


t 


matical. knowledge of, the compiler rather. than fo 
* any practical purpose. ° Tyne 


re! istances. of the: battery and gal 
‘ing the. mathe 4]: awkwar wantities and complical 
displaying. the, mathe’) try etter be left outs <2 


.. Now, it is perfectly: true that the use of intricate 


‘sformuly, suntess absolutely necessary, should’, be » 


avoided ; but it isscarcely to be supposed that those 


* Awho have bad:a) high mathematical training should '| to learners. . ; 


prefer complication’ to simplicty ; the skill of the” 


mathematician: is more shown in the proditction of [est 


‘simple restlts: than in, intricate ones. The objec: 


: tion tothe complicated: formuliy, if the truth was |! 


_knovin, would be fotindatailie-in: the incBmpetence 
f those who have td mAkbMise of them, ~We do not 
yean to: say. that ‘necdless' complication - isy never 


“introduced; and that there is not some justification 


in the voutery!:that’ is raised, but as a rule" this 
very-seldoin the case.” « hot by tele a 


Fag "obtain ‘nécurate,. ‘and: sometimes merely: ay 


-proximate results, in electrical measurements, it Is 
often imperatively: necessary that formulw be used’ 
whose ‘appearance is: not-inviting, but: such . cases ” 
nirely dccur, except when a little extra trouble or,” 
time’ expended can well be afforded in working them 
out ee ite AEE sae eS 
In measuring ‘the ‘conductivity of the Conductor 
of cables‘at'a factory, but very little: difficulty, is 
encopntered, and no calcul or but very little, is ~| 


¢ “required to’ get ‘an exact re! when, however, 2° | 


.“Teable is laid, to effect the same test “with accuracy | 


ig quite a different matter,’ eae ei, 
In this earth currents. may circulate in’ the 


tor from.” i 


‘dient of neglecting the | 


these decompositions, 1 thou 
itor ght to ft i 
bis tho atriaity of these tivo simple bouey te have given, in a previous memoir, the theory of 
4 0 Yo comp) 4 F 
which tivise from their w ! i t, Bivo (he cot i 5 
and heat. Our rengson fae ed ml aT Hight al i ren sty oa ee ee the 
univergo ix not formed of len! 
also of imponderablo elemer 
themselves to our senses by 


Sly 35, 2874.) 


THE TELBOhaPHio JouRKAL, 


THE TELEGRAPHIC JOURNAL 
Vot.. IL—No, 35. 


Rte OW thnt matter ling 
0 itnpressiong thes. 
On our senses we discover j : 
Toe lee Ae thereforo tako, for melecni 
ce ell eas Possessed of physical and 

ae ow itis likewise Inown that Ii 
A stupy of dh eo rnas eae s ofand chemicat fees Xe ts log ne gysient 
air oe — ¢ properties, FG is also veritied that 
eae laws which regulate 
el ie Bet dines, portions w ics when yee ste 
. hi ; 
stible on several ossentinl ‘Th of ae 


DETERMINA'TION 


i 


0 es, chemical combi 

bodies, and, this formed, thesa are t} 
Wwhich—sinco Lavoisier—have bi Ke 
om tiaites bravo, then, tha right 
‘e as i 
fight ae Sete sinipla material b 
ponderabla bodi 


with th 
etherile, with Et 


in 


i reduced t 
he original 
union of the impond 

ry Hrouluced a. consi iene 


ages, 
part 
gas; 


gns at tho negatiy 
positive pole. e 


water and caloric, 


ineipnl i i 
: nels een caloric, but the clements of it 


‘Tho two electricities playing tho pri 
only. 


gas battery, ia which tho two 


ound inponderable bodies | OF gases HEI, 


4 nts Bl—, Et, sot at ¥ Q on 
fl {hat i tert metallic corductors in the tie of ane ae 
i es Ma tt he gy ny lg 
} ain it the pone: i 
sensations, by trans-/ always stttrender Baers, baie, Ly wi 7 
le 





; 











Ps y . 

i” nearest Jslind of the Magdalen group, sixteen 
i mist abl would rire to be of the strongest 

apd best manufacture, add, woilldegst about £375 
Gerling per mile. A, line between ne Magdalen 
group and Cape St,-Lawrence in Cape Breton, or 
the nearest pointin Prince Edward Ifand, the first 
forty-eight miles and the second forty-five miles, 
would cost.on an.average £200 sterling, Mr. Neil- 
son said ie had“given his estimates of ‘the land 
lines for the best galvanized teléye, 
then shade some statements relative tothe general 
casj/of buikling telegraph Wines, and the Lommittee 
a ourned,—Telegrapher” 


he Anglo-American ‘Telegraph { Company 
(Limited) announce that the Brest-St. Pierre 
Cable was broken on the morning of the 26th, at a 
distance of apes 200 miles from A\rrest. The 
company’s s.s.\Wfiava was then at Qfavesend ready 
for sea, and will be despatched af/soon as possible 
to restore communication 





THE ELECTRIC ANEMOMETER OF 
M. HARDY, 
By M. GILLETT, 
M. Harny was entrusted by the town of Puy with 
the construction of a system of electric apparatus, 
for the purpose of transmitting automatically to 
the point of observation, situated in the museum 
of the town, the indications given .by an anemo- 
meter placed upon the plateau of Ronzon, situated 
about 1 kilometre from the museum, and at an 
elevation of 150 metres above the level of that 
eatablishment, 

By means of a single electric wire connecting the 
anemometer with the point of observation it was 
required— 

ist. To register on the paper band of an instra- 
ment, fixed inside the museum, the velocity of the 
wind and its eight principal points of direction, 

and, ‘To indicate at the same time, upon dials 
placed outside the muscum, the velocity and direc: 
tion of the wind and the variations of barometrical 
pressure in such a way as to enable the public to 
read the indication. 

The anemometer fixed upon the plateau of 
Ronzon is composed of a mast surmounted by a 
revolving cross-piece (mouline? Robinson) to mea- 
sure the velocity of the wind, and a weather-cock 
to show its direction, 

‘The cross-piece is formed of four hollow hemi- 
spheres, placed at right angles, and turning E o¢i- 
zontally. ‘The concavity of one hemisphere and 
the convexity of another are constantly presented 
to the wind; it follows, therefore, that’ the former 
alone receives almost the entire pressure of the 
wind, and the cross-picce, acted upon by one arm 
of the lever, moves around its centre, and always 
in the same direction. ‘he particular arrange: 
ment of this little apparatus has tong ago enabled 
the fact to be ascertained that there is a law of 
connection between the space traversed by the 
wind and that passed over by the hemispheres-~ 
the latter is one-third of the former, When the 


THE TELEGRAPHIC JOURNAL, May ip ae78 


number of turns made by the cross-piece in a 
second is ascertained, it is then easy-to arrive at 
the. velocity of the wind. 


The weather-cock has the ‘appearance of a 


water-wheel moved, not by water, but by the wind, 
in which the transverse troughs have been re- 
moved and the two circular plates furnished with 
sloping wings similar to those of a windmill. In 
consequence of this arrangement, the wheel turns 
about.a horizontal axis, and when the wind blows 
upon it in an oblique direction, it can besides move 
about a vertical ‘axis, until presenting its section 
to the wind, and placing itself consequently in the 
direct line of the same, the latter, asin the case 
of ordinary weather-cocks, ceases to act. ‘The 
cross-picce in turning carries with it a toothed 
whee) furnished with six pins, and moves the same 
forward, one tooth for cach turn of the cross 
picce; the six pins rub in succession upon a 
spring; the wheel is connected with a battery, 
and the spring with the tine. 

This wheel is a real commutator, sending a 
current at cach contact of the spring with the pins, 
and thus indicating by the number of currents 
sent in a given time the speed of the cross-piece, 
which is one-third of that of the wind. ‘The 
apparatus is constructed in such a manner that 
the passage from one pin to the next corresponds 
to a speed of 2 kilometres per hour. 

The action of the weather-cock is the same: as 
it turns it brings a rubbing spring into contact 
successively with four metallic segments; the 
spring is in connection with a battery, and each 
segment with a line. ‘This combination also forms 
a commutator, sending acurrent into the line at 
each contact of the spring with the four segments. 

‘These arrangements being made, let us suppose 
that within a fixed period of time it is desired to 
transmit to the end of the line five perfectly dis. 
tinct indications: 1st, the four principal directions 
of the wind; and, its: velocity, All that is 
necessary is to apply the principle‘of the distributer 
in the multiple apparatus of M. Meyer, 

For this’ purpose the anemometer, and the 
museum are provided with two clocks, each of 
which communicates motion to a disc, which 
makes contact successively with five springs, and 
is itself in permanent connection with the tine; 
the five springs of the dise of the anemometer 
communicate with the four segments of the 
weather-cock on the one hand, and on the other 
with the spring of the cross-piece; and the five 
springs of the disc of the muscum are connected 
with five electroomagnets, Moreover the move- 
ments of the two clocks are combined in such a 
way that the contacts of the disc with the first 
four springs last four minutes (one minute for each 
contact, these being the contacts for direction of 
wind), and the contact of the disc with the fifth 
spring lasts three minutes (the contact for Speed), 

Tt will thus be seen that during four minutes 
the line as well as tne four electro-magnets at the 
Museum are put into conneetion with the four 
segments of the weather-co d during the next 
three minutes the line as well as the fifth electro: 
magnet at the Museum are put into connection 
with the spring .of the Cross-piece. ‘These five 
electro-magnets are arranged in such a Way as to 
mark upon a running paper band; similar to that 
ofa Morse Machine, as follows—tst, Fourlines of 


. : 
marks, one below the other which in ‘their order | eact 


represent, the four directions of the wind (in the 


example, they are represented by the transmission 
of.the two points rather closely together, the paint 
N.and the point W). and. A second row of marks 
represents the contacts of the spring with the pins 
al the crass-picce, As already stated, each contact 
and consequently each mark upon the paper band, 
indicates exactly a velocity of 2 kilometres per 
hour. 

Finally, when the seven minutes have elapsed, 
three minutes more are devoted-to the regulation 
of the synchronism of the two clocks, which may 
have slightly varied. 

For this “purpose the two discs are mounted 
upon a movable frame, which by falling discon. 
nects itself from the disc; the latter then, by the 
action of a weight, retuens to its first Position, as 
does also the movable frame, which again engages 
the disc, and a new series of movements com. 
mences, indicating during the next ten minutes 
the direction and velocity of the wind, and tepue 
lating the synchronism. . } 

A third apparatus reproduces Jor the public the 
sams indications as the first, but in place of marks ‘ 
upon a paper band the letters N.W.S.E., either 
singly, or in combination, appear Upon small’ 
screens, ‘Ihe latter are seen during four minutes * 
through openings in a dial, and they disappear at : 
the cnd of a period of seven minutes: 

The velocity of the wind is shown upon a dial,. 
graduated for every two kilometres, in front ofwhich 
moves a hand. This hand and the four screens ; 
which show the direction of the wind derive the: 

former its alternate and the latter its circular 
movement from the same currents which, sent’ 
from the anemometer, mark upon the receiving: 
itpparatus previously described the directions and. 
velocity, i 

Upon this third apparatus, a dial properly 
divided according to the altitude of Puy (630 
metres) and the barometric pressure corresponiing | 

“to that altitude, reproduces the movements of a 
very sensitive hand, which is moved by an aneroid 
barometer, 

Besides the ordinary pressure, this diat also 
shows the maximum’ and minimum pressure. 
during 24 hours by means of two supplementary 
hands, carried right and left by the principal hand, , 
which, when abandoned by the latter, remain in! 
their position, and do not follow it in its retrograde 
moveinent., These two fixed positions are the, 
maximum and minimum for the day, 

‘Twice a day, at noon and at midnight, a current. 
sent by the clock of the anemometer to a special 
electro-magnet brings back the two supplementary 
hands to a position under the principal one; and 
during 24 hours they are again acted: upon by the 
Intter, 

‘To sum up; three peculiar features characterize 
this system :— 

ist. ‘Transmission, dy a single wire and to any 
distance, of the indications uf an anemometer, 

which can therefore be fixed in any desired posi- . 
tion, 

and, Simultancous registration of the direction | 
and velocity of the wind upon a paper band, 

ged. Exactness in the results obtained, no’ mat- 
ter what variations may take place in the Ry'te 
chronisin; for as the clocks cheek and regulate 





tery errs ere ie 


15 18762), THE TELEGRAPHIC JOURNAL, 


cach other every 10 mi: 
é f i A ina fraction of that ¢ 
case of the intermediate points, the N.W. for beyond the end of that 


inutes, errors can anly occur 
ime, and cannot-be carried ' 
period.—(dunates Telé- - 

















| Berets Mor)” Determiriation.of'Loss of Tusulations’. °° 85 


THE ELECTRICAL NEWS. 


i. Vow I. No. 8 


A NEW METHOD. FOR THE DETERMINATION, 
OF A LOSS OF INSULATION IN. SUBMARINE 
: CABLES," 


By, EMILE LACOINE, 

DireQor of Telegraplss, Constantinople, | 

Ti methods hitherto employed are not very precise, es- 
decially when—the cable not being broken—the loss is 
such as to still allow.commmunications between extreme 
itations, Polarisation produced at the fault vitiates also 
‘he reaults obtained, and it is not possible to keep into 
iccount the influence of naturat.currents. circulating into 
she cable. Those who ‘have had to determine afault of 
his nature know all these difficultica, 

Tho method herewith introduced is a combination‘of 
chat published by the author, "On the Determination of 
Voltaic. Constants" (see Fournal Péligraphique of Berne, 
January 25, 1873), and of the proceedings indicated by 
Latimer Clark in his paper “ On-a Voltaic. Standard of, 
Electromotive Force" (sée Proceedings of the Royal Society, 
rl, Xxi7}. 444, 1872). The influence. of polarisation. at 
the faulf'is entirely. voided, as well as that due.to the 


¢-.and..2!- batteries: formed, ‘cach of. them,; witha 
standard cell of; Latimer, Clark's, and therefore equal...) , 
.¢ and e' batteries also farmed, with elementa of. Latimer, 
Clark's type. be ay . : ‘ 
E and £'. batteries of any, kind, but having a tota . 
electromotive force superior to that of, ¢ and e', 
Batteries E.' and E’ are the only: ones ‘producing 
current and work, |. ” me 
Finally, m0 and m'n' represent the natural: cledro- 
motive forces which may develop theniselves in and act 
‘on the cable, - ease 34 
The batteries being arranged as shown by the above 
diagram,—viz., in such a way shat currents leaving ¢ and, 
e'add themselves in the cable, and are opposed to the 
corresponding currents starting from E and E’ and from 
cand ¢'~-we have, according to Kirchhoff’s law, the fol. 
lowing relations, naming é the intensitics and 7 the resiste, 
ances corresponding to cach part of the circuit :—"" 
irbisbisady farabigrytisrsbisroan-bete 
tiga, : fy rschigrgme 
PSH at ei a Pe ad 
o., irbigais:  horiotisre+izr7—isronn'-+o—f 
igbirotbirr mis rae "2" igrahig rome’. 
In order,that no polarisation. should take place in,C,'the, 
current there should be nif, and, a . 
* ig, 


wherefrom—, 
ismi7, , ° 

To avoid polarisation we must therefore arrange so that 

there are cqual intensitics.in A and B, ¢ and e’ should 


: resence of natural currents, The distance to the fault| therefore be made equal, which is already,the casa; and if 
ils obtained without making any comparison to previous | wa introduce in h. and h'. two resistances conveniently. 


{ests and there is no supposition to make. as regards the'| sele@ed, modifying at the 

perature of the cable, and therefore its condudibility, | bring to zero the needles of galvanometers G and G', wo. 
; atthe time of the experiments. This method is likewise | shall bave—. . ; 
{independent from variations which may take, place in 
| the ele@romotive force or resistance of the batterics em- 


{tem 


| ployed, 


@ and 6, two all 
unite, = 
Gg and G! g' are Thomson's galvanometers, 
* Communicated by the Author, 


same time a and 6 40 as to, 


- iym0, and igmd, 
Moreover, we may climinate the values of realatances. in 


{ ,. Ittherefore scoms to combine all conditions of accuracy, | batteries Zand E', thus doing away at the same time 
; far surpassing those that can be obtained by other. me-} with the effect of variability in their cle€somotive forces, 


| thods for the same. case, which is, however, one of, the 


by modifying K and K' so aa to bring also to zeto the 
needles of galvanometers g and g’. . We have, thu" 


: faes0 and tipmd, ‘ 
So that all. the preceding relations becomo— 


iyendy mois eaty sig eaispeaT 
nenty md f 


L(rgpbr ante LA Gysbry)en'-pat af 
Lergee Lergmte 
‘To obtain cqual intensities we. must therefore make 
" = rar—that is to say, we must have AwA', anit is evident 
thatryah, 
From the above equations we obtain 
nhetf oy nthe! 
Bers * 


Begerateat ken’, New Vertical-Lanternt Galuattomeler. 


Sept. 23, B75. 
See 


iron, and leads dicedtly to a-apring half a mile distant, 
where the best éarth connection in the country is found. 
Owing to thesInsulating quality of the foundation upon 
which the house rests, housconatitutes onc side of 
_Jeaky condenser, of ¢ and limestone form 
the dicledtric, and sae earth the opposite side. When a 
thunderstorm ogéars the whole House is charged ina 
fircater of less Pegrce; and asthe garth connection of the 
vahtningerod iS insufficient to carry all the clectricity 
which it regtives, the clearicity s discharged throu, ‘4 
every availble channel, of which {the supply pipe is the 
best. Inflight storms the phenomenon would not be no- 
ticed; ip/becomes very marked infheavy ones, 

In thy case the supply pipe was the safety-valve of the 

The proprietor of the hguse was advised to con. 

e ¢ lightning-rod to the aunply pipe by a large copper 
wire Avhich will probably terminhte the curious phenomena 
whigh have been observed, 

TArust the time will soon come when lightning-rods will 
be feredted by persons possessed of suflicient cledsical 
eddcation as to be able to telf whether they have a resist- 
ante of 161 ohms or of 0. Mrobably no important busi. 
ncks at the present time is, As a rule, entrusted to 3-class 
of\men so utterly ignorang of their duties as 
In very case where a building supplied with 
rad \s destroyed by lightning, the parties wHo put up the 
lighthing-rod ought to be prasccuted. A yforous course 
of treatment of this sort yould soon convfnce these people 

hat a of study ofAhe laws of cledtri- 
city is necessary for thgir own salyfy as well as that of 
their patrons, 4 

1 wish that every elegtsical ppCnomenon which occurs 
could be promptly and farefully investigated by competent 
pradical eledtricians, WWhyfannot the scientific depart. 
ments of our colleges\ingértake this service?, It would 
furnish a fund of accurate information which would prove 
of very geuat practical value. 

: ‘Groxae 1. Perscorr, 

New York City, 
—— 

+ 
ON A NEW VERTICAL. LANTERN 
GALVANOMETER.? 5 


Hy GEORGE F, DARKER, M.D, 


Desinina to show to a large audience some delicate 
experiments in magneto-electric indudion, in a recent 
lecture upon the Gramme machine, a new form of demon- 
stration galvanometer was devised for the purpose, which 
has answered the object so well that it seems desirable to 
make sonic permanent record of its construction, i 
Various plans have already been proposed for making 
visible to an audience the oscillations of a galvanometer 
needle; but they ail seem to have cortain inherent ob- 
eions which have prevented them from coming into 
encral use, Perhaps the most common of these devices 
8 that first used by Gauss in 1827, and adopted subse. 
quently by Poggendorff and by Webcr, which consists in 
‘attaching a mirror to the needle. By this means a beam 
of light may be reflected to the zero point of a distant 
scale, and any deflection of the needle made clearly 
evident. The advantages of this method are: rst, the 
motion of the needle may be indefinitely magnified by 
increasing the distance of the scale, and.this without 
impaiting the. delicacy of the instrument; and and, the 
“angular defletion of the needle is doubled by the reflec. 
tien. These unquestioned advantages have led to the 
adption of this method of reading in the most excellent 
qavarometets of Sir William Thomson. , While, there. 
loe, for the purposes of research, this method seems to 
leve very little to be desired, yet for purposes of lecture 
daonstration it has never comic into very great favour; 


Ce UNS rE UTES 


Aut Read before the American Philzsophtcal Sochetyes suis! 


Perhaps because the adjuttnents are somewhst tedious te 
make, and because, when made, the motion to the righe 
or left of a spot of light upon a scrcen fails of its fu! 
significance to an average audience, net 

Another plan is that used by Tyndall in the leture 
which he gave in this country. In principle, it is identical’ 
with that employed in the megascope; i.e, a graduated 
circle aver which the needle moves, is strongly illuminated 
with the ele@ric fight, and then by means of a Iens a’ 
magnified image of both circle and needle is formed on the 
ereon, The insufficient umination given in this way, and} 
the somewhat awkward arrangement of the apparatus : 
required, have prevented its general adoption. A much 
more satisfadory arrangement was described by Pro-:' 
fessor Mayer in 1872," in which he appears to have made! 
use of, for the first time, of the excellent so-called ver: 
tical flantern in galvanometry. Upon the horizontal plane!) 
face of the condensing lens of this vertical lantern, '{ 
Mayer places a delicately balanced magnedtic needle, and : 
on cach side of the lens, Keparated by a distance equal to 4 
its diameter, is a flat spiral of square, copper wire, the} 
taxis of those spirals passing through the paint of suspen:.: 
sion of the needle, A graduated circle is drawn or photo-} 
graphed on the glass beneath the needle, and the imag { 4 
of this, together with that of the necdle itself, is projeded*; 
on the screen, enlarged to any desirable extent. The} 
defedt of this apparatus, so excellent in many respeas,"y 
acems to have been its want of delicacy; for in the same’s 
paper the use of a flat: narrow coil wound lengthwise 4 
about the necdle, is recommended as better for thermal: 
currents, Moreover, a ycar later, in 1873, Mayer d 
scribed another galvanometer improvement, entircly dif.’ 
ferent in its charadter. In this latter instrument, the’ 
ordinary astatic galvanometer of Melloni was made usa: 
of, an Taverted teale being drawn on the inside of the: 
shade, in front of which traversed an index in the form: 
of a small acute rhomb, attached to a balanced arm 
transverse to the axis of suspension of the needle, and | 
moving with it, ‘The seale and index were placed ing 
front of the condensing tenses.of an ordinary lantern, | 
and their images were projected on the screen inthe usual? 
way by the use of. the objeRive, This instrument is] 
essentially the same in principle as the mirror-galvano-, 
meter; but it cannot be as sensitive as the latter, while | 
it is open to the same objection which we have brought { 
against this—the objection ‘of unintelligibility. “In the | 
hands of so skilful an experimenter as Mayer, it seems, i 
however, to have worked admirably well, ! 

Tt was a tacit convidion, that none of the forms of 
apparatus now described would satisfacorily answer | 
all the requirements of the lecture above referred to, ; . 
that led to the devising of the galvanometer now to be : 
described, which was construded in February of the | 
present year. : Like the first galvanometer of Mayer, the ; 
vertical lantern as improved by Morton,t forms the basis 5. 
of the apparatus. Parallel rays of light, from the lan- | 
tern in front of which it is placed, are received upon 
the mirror, which is inclined 45° to the horizon, and are 
thrown diredly upward, upon the horizontal plane-convex i 
lens just above, These says, converged by the lens, | 
enter the object glass, and are thrown on the sercen by the 
smaller inclined mirror placed above it. The upper face; 
of the feng forms thus 2 horizontal table, upon which | 
water-tanks, &c,, may be placed, and many beautiful ex. 
periments shown, ‘To adapt this vertical lantern to the 
Purposes of a galvanometer, a graduated circle photos: : 


+ Am, Journ, Sci, M1, tik, 4t4, June, 2872; Journ, rank, Inst, ; 
TEL, Ixh,, gaz, June, Hy : H 

t don. Journ, Sei, 270, April, 1873, 

$ Am, Journ, Sei 7%, 13, July, August, 18723 Journ, 
Frank Init, 1 300, 18713 Quarterly Journal of Science, | 
Odober, 187%. In Dubosca’s vertical attachment, which was adver-. | 
tised In his catalogue in 1870, the arrangement fe similar, except 
that the beam received upon the mirror isa diverging one, and 
consequently the horizontal lena fa of a shorter focus, totalre. © 
flection prism, flaced above the object glass, throwe the light to the .' 
screen, The Instrument gives uniformly Uluminated but not very.) 


bright Manta jek Na eet 











Vp ope Gok ne re TE 


_e 


‘an Rea, 


ny chanee of 
r oe and one} 
les it’ tobe | 
ed, A‘ stout: 
ben adjusted. | 
- to which are 
If a metre in 


ee ee I  renoernareainins 
The igalvanometer's ‘coefficient for Leclanché element. 
i being 97 megohms, and the resistance of ‘the Alglers 
j cable 5500 ohma, the ele@romotive force giving a defledion : 
of 4o divisions. (with ‘shunt 1/99) corresponds to about 
.,f one-third ofa Daniell clement. 0 ee, 3 
: ms ; ixperiments made. on the Iellowia days, ve, 
: { Janatogous results; The galvanometer indicate in eve 
RUMENTS, case, the existence of a current whose strength wae 
sometimes constant, sometimes variable; and the vibra= 
(ions were infallibly produced when " earth" was through. 
the iron strand, or shrough the ordinary plate of the ‘ 45 
Marscilles office, ‘The vibrations of the luminous spot } £ 
can therefore only be attributed to the variations of this 
current conjointly with the elasticity of the mirror’s , 
suspending thread, : 


\ Mr. Graves recently called the’ attention of the 

\. Society of Telegraph Engineers to the vibrations of the 
spot thrown by the mirror instruments in use on the 
‘Atlantic cables, In the. discussion which followed the 

i trending of Mr.Gravea's paper, Mr, Preece attributed these 

+ vibrations to the polarisation of the carth-plates, whence 


+ proceeded. opposite and weak currents sufficient to cause Oo ahe current iteclf may be attributed to two principal’ 


:-the needle to oscillate in very small arcs, |. causes:—(1), Dij - 

; ‘ t(r). erence of potential between the two, 

i aus eae Phenomenon Awan observed last December, points of A earth where the venthepates are buried, andy 
at Marseilles, on the Algiers cable, and a series of experi- Whence result the so-called terrestrial currents. In the ath 
ments were instituted by M. Wunschendorff, who states : 


. cs ‘ resent Btate of cledtrical science, conjectures can only be 
» that the alternation of Pitti and ne| ative currents Then out as to the prima suite these terrestrial 
y eens it gxelude the poss itty of earth. Ales bration’ | currents: even the laws of their variations are unknown. 
} perariced in a sensible manner. Besides, the vi rations f 19 us, '2). Difference of chemical action of the soil upon 
i (of an intermittent charaéter) were observed at Marscilles vA 
; Jor the first time since the cable Was laid, twelve years 
Ago; they often appeared when no current had been sent 
into the cable for one or two hours, and persisted daring t 
- avariable time, ; é 
; _ Experiments were made at the Praido cable-house, An 
\ Underground line cased in fron wires, and about § kilo. 
metrea long, led from ‘the cable to the Marseilles tele. 
. Bfaph station; and “earth” for the, transmitting ‘and. 


the carthplatess It was Proposed to use platinfsed ' 

metallic sheets (as carth-plates) to’ eliminate the cffeds; 

rabably slug i this secon: caure, pat tho chief inspedior ae 

aving decided to ermanently solder the sheath of the: ae iH . ighe 
underground line & that of the Algiers cable, and the. « limited quantity. found that wires’ of smalt size have a higher 
vibrations disappearing, further experiments were dis.’ j Sa eettar thane of larger diameter; thus No, 16 copper 
epnelnads a ; wire of Beat quality will vary, from og tenets cuaily obtained 
Site 4 ‘ copper, wherens No, 22 wire Jar oa 
‘feceiving instruments was made through the iron pro. nt i ers Yoo th cent, I have repeated], toates, Bo. hein 
tedting sheath of this underground line. At the'Prado - fe gh variation in conductivity has been much te 
cable-house the Barcelona cable Ikewis d, and } wire, where the varinti Uiferent hanks tested; and giving an 
Was continued to Marseilles by an under, rou ht in: . } 1 per cent, between the Reker stivil of pure copper, 
Juxtaposition to the one Just referred toe | f avernge of 97°5 per cunt the € Tave shows great zeal in improving 
the, Algiers eaeaey Jast M. Wunschenidorit ingerted ‘in Copper wire minufye I believe the secret of the improve- 


H le circuit a mitror-receiver at Prado. The eg. gat : YQ : \ the quality of telegraph copper. a are aelected which contain 
“Underground line at Marseilles was suc vel: ii Ar f i) nent lice in the fact that those ore aes oy than in an 
dite communtencye with various earthen eee claw, Ory L > I % the smallest amount of metallic impurities, rather thar iy 


-— 7 4 Seer i NYOCCSHCR. 
(1). The earth" of the Barcelona cable; being through | alteration in the smelting and refining or annealing proc portion 


the sheath of its underground fine sold, d to. th ath | 3 future oecusion to deal with th oy wire 
. Of the able itself, and throu h the town gas pipes i : of the nabjects for it is by at baat Fe a cite! Pegortod 
tele stare eath oF he (A Biers cable) undergro electrically approaching purity, ca 


AN A ican corporat the Masel otic, cade. | on -nnstiNa COPPER WIRE ELECTRICALLY For 
ore + we =. CONDUCTIVITY, ; 


ee 


3 4, 
ameter) immersed in a well close to the office, 





observation the receiving mirror was re ra very : bes BY THOMAS T. P, BRUCE WARREN, 
i 


‘sensitive static mirror galvanometer, wi 
“were considerably amplited, co '' In the constriction of Telegraph Cores and Cables, it is ueunl 
‘he seaults obtained are tabulated as below:— : i Lo specify the quality of the copper employed for the conductor 
DefleAionson _ | by tating Uhatite conductivity shatl he equal ton fixed Per-centage : f ar 
Earths, in ahomaon's value that of pure copper, or Uhitt its resivtance ut-some-fixed { for No. 22 | and the differences of a at 
Shunt 1/990 temperature hall not be more thin acertain number of unite Oey, ar. 38 Ho 
per mile, cither statute or nautical, accorditig as the requirement : ent "Bor ductivit 
; R f "039 ” “. jvhest conductivi Ly 
- | Lhe direet meugurement of resistance is taken in the ordinary |: We select a SUL il Oe eg tes aia dinmeter it 
; Very feeble vi. 6 divisions: i way, nnd the conductivity determined by comparing thin resist. we are likely to mect witl aed tf alter the lengths on ono 
t 36 division piring i merely tot 
ve din or rations ,, i area ith ste at pure copper obtained from certain data, which : . intended to eee eontaln to lengths to be examined. : { 
3+ Ondinaryearth of) | pore df will bo mentioned na we proceed, ; : i side, and which wi ivity bers give at once 
. the Marseilicn Vibrations 4 fiyiblons., f In the manufacture of telegraph cores, it is obvious that some » j With wire of tho same SO eT stantial Nil conpeqt ‘ 
‘Office 43 4, "40 to Go divi. reliable and expeditions method must be adopted, for it iy an | 5543 the Jongths required to bal atved But, if the standard is selected 
rae : goteg Ee i cook Jnvariable rule with some manufacturers to test every lnk £ 0? 4 1554S ” no further calculation is involved. a i we havo to ascept i, 
Me trand:: Vibrations A ne pre ; Wire before accepting it from the copper wite drawers, > eae : 7?» NOB nautical mile, and equal to 99 per cent,, that of pure So eee: Mies only to tabulate | 
be Pate LT ae tee “divietene| 1 I have frequently seen from 800 to 600 hanks of coppor wire | If we atart with n wire weighing 16lbs, per ry nea eases specified conduet! oe OS bet he aa differences correspond> ; 
“ cwith-kieks db tested ina single day by the following method :—One man opend | il on our drum 203 yards (7, N.M.), ave should sai t ordi in nddition to the above uh senbiaa, Thus :— ‘a 
‘go: divisions’ the hank, uneoiling the same for a little distance, so as to obtain | ae 745 B.A, units—745 per NBL With instruments o: ing to this differenco in p biter cee a 
yor cent. 


Length 

to right'and| .: {alength for clanplig between th i ‘1 y : : ate Jjusted to hth Length ntandant of 

Teft ee ita : ia een ne connections, frea from bends, aiary sensibility this resistance can be safely adj i yor cent | 
. 


“a, ‘Of the Barcelona Heentt Fare H 
: cable” ,, nal No vibrations 50 divisions: tay be for land work or submarine cables, 
2 Of the Prado o 
jinderaround : 
in 


21 


: (5). The: sheath of ‘the. Algiers cable. 


| 
! 


a sfomianl. | Giyereent, Stan, 
"Theses . ition» : i : . , ‘oa7" dine, 97 == 1,860 man, 1,836 man, 152 mn. 
° Thesheathot th Pio te Ghee { . part of a unit. ‘ 7-45 units, wo require to | O27" F ; » 1,856 ? 
Algiers ‘cable No vibratio . 55d ’ ; J If, inntend of gelling 9 ie Seantle iopatlion tho couduc- ce " a Shih rn ais canoe 
BAS CAMBS er) Sa cone Cae aa ein 750 unit, Ww a ” Senet free tn intermediate ay of 
se : yyy 5 Tey ‘of our standard 5 745 22100 + 193 4 Teofersnce te the eo lotiy tak jotta with whieh wire | 
. 750: PAO ss . to avoid | conductivity wi i ! 
( Hd be carefully wrapped up £ ed on thia plan :-— ; . UIvitton, | 
The hank thia tested nthe tad will laat for years, nay bo tented on tetnorbemonding to standart for dierent con nctivittes. 
pha ‘ : u rien : “ Wn] ‘A 07, 937) 
‘Aovnishing, and if enrefully ¥ vatus with ite Intestin | “Dis ‘Wi, Sip Vp Mle 05% Wi, 93", 
The following is tho form of tho appa See ce two drs | oor! gz? 1,008 1058 10d 1,02 aN ge 1356 
rovements, whic Vor thicker wires it ia best to use two drums +0394) 39t 14th 1,420 1,415 1,400 159 Tat 1,129 
. No, 10, us It should bo of] 090" 30? 1,582 1,500 1,490 1,475 1, * 
“grooved to receive tl should be ‘ 
“7 A mahogany boar : ila 


ee ee 








“WHE ‘ELEOTRIOIAN, MAY 25, 1878 ~~ 


Tho mean, difference for 1, in conductivity being 15 m.m., it 
is sufficient in practice to move the sliding contact 14 or 15 mm, 
atatime, when by simple inspection of the table it will bo at 
once evident what the quality of the wire is, | f 

It is first necessary Lo ascertain that all the connections ar 
clean and perfect, “Lhe beat way to do this is to insert an eqital 
length of the standard wiro into each branch of the arrangement, 
and to find out by means of the galvanometer the points where 
extra resistance exists from dirty contacts, With ordinary pro- 
tection from dust, and an occasional cleaning .of the aiding 
contacts, the arrangement will remain in very good order for 
several months, , ; 

LT have found in practice that it is highly convenient to retain 
fn standard coil or hank for all the usual sizca of wire, and to 
replace the hank directly another is met with of superior conduc. 

ivity. 

The only preparation the wire requires hefore testing ia to 
Pass it through ao clean chamois leather before. taking ita 

inmeter, ‘i 

When testing wires of larger diameter it ia best to use two 
grooved drums, oue to contain tho standard, and the other tho 
wire to be tested, Ench drum carrics a strong braga flange 
graduated on its periphery into mm., so that a sliding contact 
divides the wire in the same way as before, In this way the 
copper conductor used for the Persian Gulf cable was tested. 
This conductor consisted of 1 solid wire 111" dia, : 

Diagram No. 2 is ‘the ordinary form of bridge with the divided 
wire ; a8 the contact slides along this wire it is obvious that, its 
calibration will suffer some change by continued use. “A remedy 
haz been proposed to replace the German silver wire originally 
used in. their construction by o harder metal or alloy, The 
advantages of the form I have here given are—firstly, no friction 
along the wire ia neccessary, and the difference in length is at 
once necurately read off, ; 

cItwas the practice, and, indeed, I believe even now is some 
times adopted, to insert extra resistance, with n view of swamp- 
ing, 80 to speuk, the resiatance due to contacts, &c. ‘his ia ob. 
jectionable, on the point of principle it is intended to serve, and 
whilst giving the branches different values of resistance intro- 
Guces the serious chance of crrors from esting, : 


_ MUM! ia a hard drawn wiro (usually of German. silver, No, 16,- 
B.W.G.), a metro in’ length, soldered ‘nt ite ends to the stout 
copper. pieces M’ D. and ',. A boxwood scale divided -into 
ee ie arranged parallel to tho wiro, bo that the aliding con- 
tact O, which may be moved along. it, indicates on tho scale tho 
point of electrical division, The battery B has one of its ter- 
minals connected by means of a key with the sliding terminal C, 
and to the central terminal of the block A! is connected the other 
terminal of the battery... ioe ee 

“Rand Ri are the two resistances which are to he‘mensured or 
compassed, E and BF! are.two equal resistances inserted to in- 
ereaso the sensibility of the arrangement, A A! and A’ aro 
three pieces of copper insulated from cach’ other, and sup. 
plied cach with threo terminals, to which the galvanometer aud 
coils are attached aa shown. : eS 

Tho resistances R and Rare to one another, when equili- 
brium is obtained, inverscly as the opposite and corresponding 
numbers of MM contained between MO und AL G,. As the 
stretched wire M’ M, hy the action of the stiding contact 0, be- 
cones unequal in ita diameter after being in uso for some time, 
the resistances Rand 2’ are charged 0.08 to be balanced with 
the opposite proportion in Mf’ CO and MO, and then the, mean is 
taken us the correct value, i i - 

It is obyious-that this form. of arrangement would be of little 
uae when a great number of wires have to be tested.” When the 
adjustment is, complete the wire to be tested against the 
atundurd haa to be.carefully measured off. — eee 

- Fig. 3 ia taken from a paper read by Sir William Thomson, 
before the Royal Society, on thia subject. In my arrange. 
mont.tho bisected wire ‘of Sir, William Thomson is replaced 
hy the standard wire itaelf, go that all the three branches may be 
symmetrical in every way, In fact, the form of the bridge which 
Thaye hero given was adapted fron this paper, so 18 to be practi- 
cable for factory use. Sr 

The use of galvanometers of: low resistance was to assimilate 
to this method the suggestions of Mr, Louis Schwendler.® 

Tho form of apparatus which I bave hero dgecribed can be 
obtained from, the India Rubber, Gutta Percha, aud Telegraph 
Works Co., Silvertown, 

© Phil, Mag. Vol, 33, p. 32. 


‘ 


STANDARD J &§ 


M. Palmiori a terminé, dans le numéro’ de novem- 
bre do I'Eletiricista, 1a sério de sea: études. compara= 
lives sur les électromdtres Thomipson ct sur. Jes 
électromatres & conducteurs mobiles dont {1 est I'in~ 

{ venteur, oe , bai 
1} Par une cofncidence digne de remarque, la Nature 
viont de publicr dans son promler numéro.de no- 
vombre pine étude ‘sur Vélectromatre enregistrour 
de M. Mascart, : “ : 
Liauteur stoxtasio sur la notteté des traces qui 
sont ainsi obtonues, ot ne paralt pas so douter. des 
objections que M, Palmiorl oppose a |'instrument 
dont te directeur du bureau central s'est donné tant 
de mal pour congerver les indications. j 
Nous renverrons te lecteur & la tettro de M. Pal- 


i 
i 
i 


miori et aux articles que nous avons écrits sur la f 


matidre, 

Cot exemple prouvera, une fols de plus, qu'avant 
de se mettro 4 onregistrer los mouvementa aun 
4 appareil & Valde de rounges d'une complication 

excessive, it faut commencer par se demander,si.on 

n'imite pas co maniaque qui sténographiait les 

divagations d’un fou. : ie, eee, Sd 
|. Nows ajouterons que M. Palmierl revient avec 

\ énergie sur los assertions quill a déjh faites & plu- 

‘ sfours reprises ct appuyées de prouves nombreuses; 
Ni Pélectromedtre a verre liquide, ni Vélectromedtre a conduc | 
teur mobile, ni Uélectrométre a flamme, ni tes ballons 
captifs, ne peuvent dooncr L'ELRCTRICITE DE L'AIR 
dans lequel ils sont plongést toe 

Ils ne font que donner une mesure do la force 

Inductrice & laquelle ils sont soumis de la part de 
toute l'atmosphdre qui les domine, hye 

_ , Gest pour cela que les mesures électriques doi- 

, vent dtre prises dans des Noux découverts, ct avec , 

‘des précautions sans Iesquelles Jes,mesures préten- 

| dues scientifiques no sont qu'une améro déri- 


: alont 
1 


oo GY ELRCTHICAL DISCOVERIES, 
‘Professor John Trowbridge, of Uarvard College, lus ninde 
(1) a new inductlon instrament, in which the fine wire of the 
coll, Instead of being distrilited upon a single stralght elec: | 
tromagnet, is distributed equally upon two straight electro: 
inagneta, 2. 'Mho cores of the inagnets arg thao of undoes} « 
of fine wires, 3. 'Tho armatures are composed of thin plates” 
of soft fron, : 
In his oxperimental Instrument, the armature consisted off” 
twenty plates of tron, each yly tuck thick, forming an el 


mature tf Inches In thickness. 

Professor Trowbridge states that the use of this arniature, | 
in connection with the wire cores, Increnses the strength of | ; 
the electric spark four hundred per ea atl also inerenwes4 F 
the length of the spark 100 per cent. Sun an... 


pine Te As 
es. TE “a 





~ tical purposes. 


errs a Fra e Tetugharien, * ws 

3'Alg. HABKING bos not: como ‘to the re 1 

abBs ASKINE Lh 8 rescut 

tule for Anding'tho thileage tuaulation reilstance orate 
forent ‘Bectious’ of u‘wire when tated from o Binglo 
station, ft fs fule to presume that Lo hus uo defence to’ 
ako, Sandhya ?allowed it ty: go by default.- Mr.! 
Hoskin rule is not the only due-aubject tu criticism’ 
Vartoy'a formntttin, for iustuuce, gives equally urroncous: 
resultain’ oertaty cusess “In tet, these’ rules and! 
formules: will give approximately curruct results tu! 
some justanees, white in othura they are tutaliy une 
reliable. < Hor exampto, we will take a Hino 110 tiles 
long dividad Into two sections of 200 and 10 iites roe 
speutivaly, oe ! 
AUS B10 G * 


‘Toating from A with B open = 10,000 obine, with C 
open 6,000 olin, Sulving, tvcording to Huskins! ful 
wo get for utlvage ingulution A—B 1,000,000, AC 
= 680,000, B—| 620,000, A glance at ubesu res 
alts will satisfy auy une of thy Incurtuctuuss of the 
mileage fosutution of BU. In fuct 2 should be 
ut far fron Jou uno per mile Tasted of 626,000, 

gulo—Take anutigr case, which js Ys t 
taken fom record buok, : mon uetual a 
a oO 


a 
7 tw B60. uailoa, 8 ty 37 ules. * , 
‘ested from As with B upon =.3!,800 olin vl y. 
open = Buy bia wits alata te linia tor nae : 
olving, decording to Varloy's tu: ', y 4 
file road y's formula, we vave ye 
Aw B, wilouge insulation = 2,875,600 ohma, 
Atv a “, = T,119 oO 
Boo A “ “ Sissi 4 
ero Wo have ono soction of fine giving aw anileuge 
roaistanoy of 1,875,000 aud the other faction peti 
but both sevutions tested ag cue ouly gives 730,119 ohms 
per mile, ‘The truo resistaucy of 3 U in the above cuss 
4a not far frou 425,000, instead of 1,613,819 ‘he rule} 
generally omployed iu practice is, Divide thuir pro-; 
duot by thuir ditlureuce.” ‘Cola rale tu accurate enough! 
for. aliost all proctical purposes, und is far prolerabie 
in ordivary tostiug to elther Maskiuy’ or Varluy's rates. 
Xt is, however, bused upon au erronyous apposition, 
viz,, that the result obtained by testing from A. with 
C upou Is tho joiut resistance of the insulation of tho” 
two sections BA aud BU. Lo arrive ut this julut re- 
uistauce accurately by measurement it would be puces- 
sary to connevt both suctivns lugether, und wake tho: 
teat froin 13 iustund of A. > fue difference butweun toy 
tosty made at A and B ou wires of u0 very Great leugth 
ia not great enough ordinarily tw serivusly alluct tue 
rosult, It ls possible tu uscortain wecurutely the tite. 
uge insulation of ditferuut suctious of « wire by tosting 
from u slugte station, but the solution fuvelves a higt 
dogree of mathematica, aud is tov complivated tor pruc- 











ee 
P and § may bo end to bo nil, thorefora tho tonsion at theag 
points la tho'same, And becauso A and G form a branch circuit Pies ere oer 
outaidoe theso twu pointa, any point in this ctrewlt (auch aa T) has . 
therefore a tension cual to that of 1 or 8. 


N 












FIG 





Co,,the untural onrront. flawa ‘towards “tho atatif ” ea 
v fom ‘about tho centre, the con-| th Yi ; of the all a, oo OENDORFFS 4 
0 at that point and the earth i Sf could not tf} eroEN On ertop 
} molstura accumulated on tho | th ruption, whl os FORCES, AND SIANGR’a 3t 
Wine ior. Ih’ auch ‘a caso,howover. it ie extromely bythe mosd NAL RESISTANCE OF n, 
He neue to an Hibution of the natural po- tho tuating } Si,—~Tho_necom; 
fen al at di tho lino, and, in addition, |” Tt is of fre not ong may be | cireult, 
18 eqnatio; & the trie means from the in a much jeatton | not bea Dene ae 
gative readiugs, hecanin much wore T may ing : 
autited for practical tte, i : 


tO and Pr 
lug tho nigf  ¢ fon by mean 















rao insulated a Muo is In ite 
nanal state the moro dificute it is ta localize any 

































chatiged, 
extra | and on ling proof, by tho anine electrical O:D, For by similarity of 
if ngont gal Wwanomoter, id 
tre 7 ree | Feuknge. . oats ona fow fo Dessoxn G, Firz.Genaup, M.S, Tel. Ee B:PQ(orD)s:MN—~RPIRP 

thy dine neatly : t val ai Theoretically correct. results can be -olitained for fautts very! Schools of Tolegraphy and Applied Scionco, i: . antl BEAL0-+ Di: MN—~ oT:0T 

catiso” In each At ti earth fiults" by tho uso of tha “contre of gravity" | moved dari +: i 35, Conduit-stroct, But OT and RP aro equal; therefore 

tosted; conaieting P cated method. Ta do this, howover, it fn Hecoxsary to knows ao that acd 

realataneo, 4 re and what would bo the magnitude au 








. BiDi:B+A:0 + Dor 
I position of the traffic hw f No, L—Solttion of Pougendorg's Mathot 
resultant fanlt, Bitpposing th 









































of Comparing the Electro: A:B::0:D 
eextra fuult, the position All tes motive Force of Celt, vn Te the resistance in A bo so arrngod that 
of which it is'attompted to locullze, dit not exiat. | ontand tnt Tat Bi bo tho battory of freater EMF, AiBiG;D t 
Now, in practico, It ii almost Impossible to ascertain sont week]. b " ean fo not the current through the galvanoncter sill ot be changed on 
this, sineo the magaitudo of the reatiltant fault, which in Catenteadl | Tat c be the point whero both battarieca dopreasing tho key, & G, AGLARDYCE, 
Hilts nbralate Inautatton of the ling, varies Porpottally | reports for, eee a end OF ee ea tle resistance coils, | In- 
5 




















i : stead of connecting tho wirca nt D to tho No, HL—Geometrien! pronf of the Fanyent Matranometer, 

he day ani night, oven when the lina is it way the elf ~ coils, tet both att cn and tho coils bo} Tot MM! represent # magnetic needlo, pivoted horizontally at O, 
good order, and itiy alunost, Tinpossttly ta predict ne. corded, fra A 
curately what it would by a 





t any particular time. A 
r, can be applied to the 
ordinary testa for “earth 







put to earth, asin ¥i 


Take oatralght Hino, nad on it mark off 
= = AO, to represent the futernal reafatance 


Hines are dd: 


situple correction, howere out for wod 


Tesnlts obtained by the 
fuulte” and contacts, if 


at rest in the magnetic meridian, 






Tat N 8 represent the 

























* needle deflected by 1s ; 
f of Ih, Draw _ ferhenicular to it, to surront, ini being the 
t tmembere Ee, tupresent the E. MF, of B, angle of deflection, ; 
fect of the gonurat leakago of dea yembered Ae ihe pene se Mt C draw 06 Perpendicular, to ropre- Lot M' © represont, 
: fiult apparently farther from the tenting station than it = rent tho H. MH, of b, tlon, tho horizontal com- 
aubaty | TOly da, Fit be In tho Hear halfof tue lige, and nearer ‘ ponent of the earth's 
Hug thy |? tho testing station than it really is ff it bo in thy : ‘ magnetic force. “Then 
of tho i 8, of course, fs nop | stant hall of the line. Taking fnlo account, thts : ! ND drawn parallot and 
r inatance, jo end of the ling | CoNsderation, faulta arg nanally localized. in India to Be a equal to AU O will repro. 
Tho anin withln one ar two Per cent. of their ren! distances. A 2 sont tho samo force net. 
Cy | Breat deat, of corre, depends upon the individual 
and (1) aro, aki and judgment of the tester, we, 
their accura 






Ing on the deflected 
needle, 
Making the, Tests, 


ProducoS N towards E 
ng is us followa: ‘Tho tentin y j 
by calling thi ne + 


wrest station in § 
ato texted, until thik Btation rus f 


Method of 
Tho routine for testi 
stution commences 
elreult ow the line t 
ples and signa, 
















and draw a line towards 
E F' perpendicular to the 

























maognotic meridian, and 
The teat ast completa the panillologram N ta) ‘, oly, the Haralletograrm ot 
nO teatin, ston “1 ean bo resolved 'o two forces, 
‘ word “Testing, The oj for at te forts Als farce manuttunte, ‘and Utreetion by two straight tinca NE 
It N af 
CUA +h) : ment. upon receipt of il ‘ 
ar Tener wed xe master (office mann 
What this realatanve netuall 


NF forming two aides of n parallelogram of which N D ia tho 
ser), who : 
takes charge of the He fi 


y is cau be ascertained ly ing is cotploted, The testin 


Inquiry, for the rexistatcs of avery relny fn i 
ry uke Jo Tne |" Cireuit," | 

that ane upon the instrument. Mkt us fornd instrument any ee ut 
Nar the true | culled again by 
realatanco af th 7 , dire ; 
casily proved bya ai Known, a4 inay to | Clrenit haw be 

Crem 





dl 
Then CD ropreacnta the exte realntance whieh Jas ta bo un 
H ‘ colle, Mocnusa 0) fs drawn perp jar toand 
now signals f TE remanent crete, 2 elena porga s-aquial to the tines rears, the forcorey | 
an AB JEM. F of 4 alnoe the tension at D in, And because w-current But aa the coils'‘are placed parallel tothe mngnetic merldian, and | | "a 
: {a produced by the tlow of electricity from in higher to a tower | ine tenn of the current acts perpondicularly to the coils, and since ' vey 
tho word § potential, ‘Therefore, no current can flow froin b to C, the forco of the cucront und that of tho earth's mognotiam, acting | ‘ 
tliat th inoludl F tho line, § } ‘Thus, if the external resiatanco he so arranged that no current along NF in opposite directions, keep the needle at rest in ite . 
Lat ion i ! ‘than the dls th tetas ie mt a foun : dotlected position, therefore theso two forces fro equal. 
ni a ele om em *Couaetor=— iin heroforo NF will also rupresoent tho force of tho current. ‘eo 
ux ised for de. { Which the 1 
‘ulws xomowhat | ture {i 
on resistance, 1 | the fi 





M. in mnagnitudo and direc: * 
“gh Pand Q draw oa straight Ino meeting AO produced ; 
} 
H 
i 






aaaca from & to O, tho tension of 18 nt O will bo equal to tho 


of 
ae belng similar 
And the triangles PAD, QOD being slmiler 






















Tecauag rah fa tho tangent of tho angle F D N, and ND, repre- 
: i ut ithe tire ott ‘ : tan ay of o is tho oxtarn} resistances caters senting tho horizontal component of carth’s directive force, can be 
a] i he S 
the ea Toh 2 reat j ay i i oe “elie E M. ¥. of Be y.& resistance of Tha. ee alte foreo of tho current ropresontod by FN ts propor: 
tion of the two halves o ii and t i y 4 f ! ies i b It = oxtornal resistan’ tlonal to tane fom 
Whero tho resultant fautt is al the cle " graph 
tro of the tine, then the real wi intone Tatu at 
., 






; R y ay 
} MsHsrRe okBlak,—, Heeatso FD and N Bare 
algae da rEeeRi Re, R+r ‘i ‘ ; thy angles DN Eont ¥D 
quite inde rele, 1F fi bo unknown, EB! may bolgyn, milarly beenun f 
I ling aie of conte, " Fle. b wit all of tho last ‘propo! lon, | thom, therefore the nngles « and DN E aro equal, 
lino he fun enti “ % b this— Thereforo tha angles # and F DN are equal, 

dy: ad question, Insort @ small resistance +1 between: | ‘Therefore tan, FD N equate tan, «, and tho forco of tho current 
Phen j and O, Figs, Sand 4. Arrange o resi | fy }roportionn! to tan. F DN, i 
nnco {ti in tho colls, s0 thnt no currel ‘herefore tho force of tho current ia rroportional to tan, «, the 
pastes from 4, Then, by tho formed angle of detlection, E.G. ALLAN cE, 
« . proof, Q CO represents both the tension of 35 
re " 


parallel anid ND mecta them, therefore 
¥ are equal, 


© MO and ND are parallel, and O 2 meets 







































Conduit-atreot, Regent-strect, Feb, Gth, 
E at Cond tho BM. F. of &, and by a | N.'3,—Thoabove Proof was suggested by Mr, D, G, Fitz-Gerald, 
er the partion a 3 proof alinil to that used in the firat caso, : ves anon 
4 an oxanple of the iH ecified, exactly j 
Hon, T will take the followin, 


Heo at all, 
oiled hy the case of firults, to de 
niles long, and let the | Which way toention tents aru iby" ct 
own to have a Tealatanee day or night; the testing ation yaa ge we oe, 
nautution, couduetar, Joop, Ge, int the ontinary wi 
Jat As 884.6, ache that Comniunteation on all wires in the faulty 
" i = 3011, rel lon be net ta Trapted. When, however, a boat, for 
oe : C= 4500, ieee blown dow; I the wites have 
a a NCR Were tal One the rey Y I f 
correction being applied, wo alt wage et any comic 


c Commencenent 
Teatatanes por milo was Walt = 7.04 ohms, 


et 


aE ee LEE arena a gris 
por ELECTRO-MEDICAL er 17 
104 i J. Monm. ee 
‘ ; dinary two-branchelectro-magnet, placed 
|verttalyy the breach vel ng fn te air, A magnetic needle 
by one of its poles over ‘ 
woah it naanteates by means of a large hole. 18 
‘lowor free pole of the -needlo «descends na for as the 











Let tho ling under text ho bi 
rolay at the distant ond be kn 
«12000 ohms, ’ 


3Pa Did 
Ere Woh eda dint by proof ty i 
And by subtraction, 












toriutie the Postion of 





































































* - 
eee n tel Ha at Slit HES ne 
t Secon ect ee D height of ita noutra ‘ 
? aud that the | or whater Hine), three ‘ol eck, ‘e netrate the breach to tho height o ‘ 
ame” Per mille was 0 » 4660.22 about 2 io. aticu abt y tr thy fhutt bux ocurred, the (QM : E {| . ipoin Mus nullifying at that spot nll reciprocal —— at j 
Now from the two ex ti Crrupted section inetlates all a. ' & ry taking a current circulate in the helices the two poles ac! ‘ : 
tatlons (1) and (2) wo have, i 4 pust the hour : #3 Roa tho same direction upon tho free pole of the magne Ie i 
Wm 2 (4500 — VTi x BENT on BOON, miten, th relay tor fifteen MWe Br Re Rs WY reb tt or 2, RI Rr needle, causing it to be dlepInced towards ono of the ‘helleca i 
TeV 1500 x BaD me BAND 
Ang 2{A — hy 7 : 
And 









‘i ée a a Methot of fluding the Internal 
Nor HemSolution 1 anes of buttrie, 
; Let 3 bo the battory resistance. 
rh 0 col 
nt tho mh iy lined . o ant D A resistances, giving tho multiplying ratio, 
to ue the next offic i ft ines 3 Qn galvanometer. 
: " dso a 

riven by ogni ly : cath be i though “coimminal heiads : Ka koy. ial cust owas 
Wire resistance ber inilo tn th 9 Mt After the fy : , “Mr, Manco says ‘ 
and the real insulation per tally G00 : 


hanged on depres 

Khon. The y, D, thecurrent through the galvanometer inet Ke Be Fad asl = : | 

K f +f Values, therefure, obtained fo1 : of this will bo seen from ‘ — acc 

ail ue H tf correction are respectively ot s = 3 
th ah iM 7 x ‘ tee Cont. too large, : eae i 

er Of course, the exact Position of the. re. nots, 

r on it mark off MP" 

& aa to represent the 

juternal resistance of tho : 
battery. Erect « perpen: 
dlicular MN to represent 

ita electromotive force. 


E Now heenuge when thy hoy ia epic the resistance between ©. : 
eh 6 ONTO aie 
\ y 
\ f 


rary = 2000, about, 


according to tho- direction of the current, This appa- 
We know, there 


ratus 1s sald to answer tho purpose for which it has been 
devised, | : : teen 











































uy tuk 
each fa 

















Fits 




















Mersexe, of Brussels; has recently con 
an fnstrument which ho terms. tho rheelectromuter,-based on 
tho principle of the apparatus of: sluillar- name -duvised: by 

| Marlanini.~ It ts composed, as shown in. the annexed ongray- 
ngs, extracted from the Bulletin dela Soeielé dl’ Encouragement :° 
pour CInduatrie Nationale, of a sinall compass needle, under the. 
| dial of which ia placed a helix of fine metal wire Insulated and: 
wound about 1 hollow core of ebonite, Tho axis of thy'hellx:. 
perpendicular to the direction of the magnetle meridian indi. 


ctrlelty was final) 
nver, when Farn ny 


predues 8 Clrrent o: 
ho chemical 





containing 


0 fe 
ided at each end bya nce of ee: 


space of tncovered 
Was converted Into a mp; 


| 
rough tho 70-foct helix sn enter y | 


i 
+] thus Induced in the 60-fect ono, and & small epark was for al 
moment neen at the carbon terminals, | ; 

i{ No, 16 was made in the samo Year, and is his original: ae 

1/ Apparatus for magneto-electric Induction by a permanent mag.i 
net. It conalsts of fn cylindrleal fron-bar Tthaguet, over Oia a! 
pastoboard tubo surrounded by a hietlx of coppor wire, tlie! 
terminals of which aro’ connceted with the galvanometer, |: 
Vunder tho glass, .So Jong ax the jron remains in tho hollx, | 
Currenta of electricity aro Induced, which cause 2 dottection of } 


tho sunpended galvanometer needle. Tho wholo ja about M4 
inches high, i 


No, 17 Ja tho a) 







































Pio. 1—-TOR RUE-ELRCTROMETER,| 


* foated by the needle, One of the enda' of the wlro commnuni- 
cates at L, Fig, 1, with a tele raph-wire;. the other extremit 

T Is attached ton ground fine. » An ordinary tron wire well . 1 

" nealed, and having no magnetic polarity, §4 placed Inshto tho {| 

fe” jhellx.- An long an the coll {s not travered by a current, tho. 

i terlor wire is without influence on the teed bch remains 

lat tho zero-point of the dink, As soon, howe er, nv a current. | 

passes, it converts the wire Into a magnet, which, according to | 

’ 





















| 
{ 


f 















the direction o 
dther dircetion, 










netized wire, | 
wiry, to cnure tho needa: | 
and to -rendor it ready for another i 
: { 


tod tde| 










| fact that if three conductors be united ata po 








i 
} 


i 


I 
| 


lances Method for Delermining the Intensity of an Electric 
Ourrent—Mr. 0. J, Loge Droposedl a modlfeat lon, of which 
Wheatstone's bridgeia an application; «ft depends upon the 
nta, _ viele 

extremities BO and D be united by three wires . ls 
DB, tho resistance of 3 C will bo independent of that of 
AD, if AB isto AC as BD isto CD, : Sn the arrangement 
proposed by Mr. Lodge, four wires are joined in the form of 
a square, and tho cireult can be completed across one 
dogonal by means of 9 key, and in tho other dingonal fs 
included a condenser and a galyanometer with «long fine 
wire, The greatcat senaittvencss is obtained when the resist 
neea tn the four sides are equal. . A grent advantage of this 
method consists in the fact that it is equatly “py cable to 
the measurement of small and great realstances, fr, Lodge 
then showed « modified form of Dantell's cell, capable of 
giving « constant current for a considernblo period. A 
glass cell, half filled with dilute sulphuric act, contains 
to vertleal glass tubes, one of which, open at both ends, is 
traversed bya zinc rod, while the other is closed at {ts lower 
end and contains cupric sulphate, from which rises a copper 
wire, The portion of the copper tube projectIng above the 
neld {6 suflletuntly molst to ennble the current to traverse 
{ts surface, while the zinc sulphate is prevented from re- 
acting on the copper, 











: ruary 1G, 1878. 
; LL /Oe- 
Professor-W. G. Avasts, PresidcAts in the Chair. 








‘ -} Tun following candidate waseleded a Member of the | 
6 Society :—Mr, G, 1. West, M.A, 

Dr. Lonon read, for Mr. Hi, B, Nonny, M.A. a paper 

* On Grove's Gas Battery.” “Atier referting to the views 

of M. Gaugain and Mr. Grove hiniself with regard to the 

cause of the adion of this apparatus, the author proceeded 

| to describe an elaborate series of expcrintents he lias re- 

| cently made in order to ascertain the circumstances by 

: which it is regulated. Tt would be impossible to giye a 

clear account of them ina short space, but some o! his 

conclusions are as follows :—'The whole of the current is 

duc to dissolved gas, and ifn be the distance of the level 

of the liquid from the top of the plate in the H tube, and 


CR 
‘ tee oh 
: Be O00! 


he finds 


where a, b, ¢, d, and ¢ are constants, 


diredly with the pressure, ; 7 . 





'C being given in galvanometer. readings, and R in ohms: 
fe if that, Fy proximately, (tba ayCab nen (e-tnd) Ey : 
t The cle@romotive | 
force is not constant, but rises with the resistance. The 
current is greater in proportion as the yas present in the ; 
cluments is less; and, finally, the current appears to vary | 


oo 
A Simplo Electroscope. 


M. Rameaux lately brought before the Société des Sciences | 


yof Nancy a very simplo and sensitive clectroscape, It con- 
sista of a fluc flber of white stlk, fixed at one end by means 
of a little wax to any support, and freo to oscillate in any 
[direction under Its point of attachment, 
, A single thread would, of course, suftico for the ordinary 
Purposes of electroscopy properly so called, but it js pre- 
fernble to‘employ two near each other, taking care to apace 


them so that thoy cannot foul each other during thelr swing, 


or influence each other reciprocally, 


One of the threads is charged tostrong repulsions by means 
of n glass rod charged with positive electricity; the other is: » 
charged in w aimflar manner with a stick of resin charged; 

be with negative electricity, Every body | 
which attracts one of the threads so ; 


charged, and repelsthe other, is necessarily 


sign as that of the thread which It repels, 
Tho aenslbitity of these electroscopes Is 


conducting, 
\ If the finest sewing silk of commerco 
be untwisted, cach of the parts or strands 
i bX obtained will make un excellent electro: 
: scople pendulum, which, ff about sixty 
centimeters Jong, is very handy, and auf. 
tices for almost nll testy, White silk fs 
preferable to colored, 

Tho motions of these threads, if well 
charged, are very considerable, even when 
the bodes presented to them contatn but 


slight charges of electricity. When tho | 


threads ure not excessively fine, disturb. 

: unces of the air do not destroy the obser- 

vations so much ag might be supposed. In 

the flrat place, these disturbances can bo 

almost entirely removed; and, further 

more, tho threads, even when ngltated, 

obey so well any electric attractions and 

repulstons that ft is absolutely {mpossibto 

to mistake or detract from their evidenco. 

M, Rameaux tas found this arrange 

‘nent {n all cases more sensitive and sure than a carefully 

-eonstructed gold leaf clectroscope which ho used for com. 

parison. 

, This system also recommends Itself fn several ways, for 
‘Instance: 

1, It {8 so simple that every one can construct and use It, 
| 2, It costs nothing; no special support belng necessary. 
iThe threads can bo fixed toany projecting piece, ns theedgo 
lof a table; the only condition being’ that they may hang 
freely. 

“¥ Te canbe got up ina moment, and consequently ‘ts at 


greater, within certain limits, as tho |: 
threads are made finer, longer, and less) * 
; { 





reyes kab ake TES 


4 























‘ clectrifled. Its electricity Is of the same. * : 
























































































sige sorenee or rant ce 
ae 



























: }price realizing 80 or 90 per cent, of the original cost of the | 


THE SOCIETY OF TELEGRAPH E GINEERS. -. 


{De Ea Rue's OMoride of Sitrer Celt.—Dr, Muirhead’s pa or |.“ 


mative force. 
‘electro-mative force trom da; 


portabl 
rot of 
holder for the negative pole, 
tailver, moulded by heat into 
for the positive polo, These two } 
a small tubular glass vessel cont 
monium, The positive pole, or 
times Inclosed tn an envolopin 
paper, which acts as a porous diaphra, ins 
The whoto cell is about four inches in height and one {neh 
lin diameter. ‘To prevent evaporatlon of the liquid a stopper, 
tof paraflinc or of cork is fitted to the mouth, holes belng’ 
perfornted In it to allow the electrodes of the cell to pnss 
through. The electrodes arc of allver wire or silver strip. 
the negative one being soldered to the zinc, and the positive 


, 121. Apnin 27, 1878, 








| 








jjone belng cast into the silver chloride, The electro-motivo | 
‘force of such a cell is about 1°16 volt, and its reststunce ig 4 
about Soha, Its great merit consists in the fact that al. ' 
though in daily use for months, it preserves its electro-mo- 
‘tive force ‘and resistance practically the same, It {s there. 
{fore very advantageous in tho testing of submurine cables, 
j ince tlie varintions of electro-motive force in the ordinary 
{Minotto testing battery frequently cause irregular move- 
{ments of the needle of the gulvanometer very troublesome 
‘to the observer, and projudiciul to the accuracy of the tests, , 
TWith the chloride of silver cell thia disturbing clement docs 
{not appear, and the proper motions of the necdle can be ob- 
Veorved with accuracy, The small nnd portable form into ™ 
Bich this battery can be made wp—50 cells occupying 
‘about a cuble foots another point in its favor for elcetrl 
‘Teal testing at sea or in tho field, and itis likely to become ° 
‘Vn favorite battery for this purpose. The fret cost of mnnu- : 
facture is in excess of the ordinary cells owlng to the ex: } 
‘Ipense of chloride of silver, but pure silver is reduced in 
the action of-the cell, and as this can either be sold ata! 
















chloride, or can again be turned into chloride by the addl- | 
tlon of a little hydrochloric acld, Tho cell is in the end an) 
economlcal one, . { 
| Mr. Clark justly observed that wo had a sufficient stand. 
ard of resistance in the British Association unit, and a: 
‘Jsuflicient standard of capacity in theinicro-furad condenser; 
‘\but we had not been so successful in getting a reliable and 
constant standard of electromotive force, It was with: 
‘\this view that he had constructed in 1878 the small mereur 
‘Jeell known ng Clark's standard element. ‘This clement ts, 
composed of the metals zinc and mercury, separated hy a 
paste made by boiling mercury sulphate ‘ina concentrated | 


~ iJsolution of sulphate of zinc until the alr is expelled. All 


the materials must be of the purest kind, and a litte free 
Amereury may be.added to tho paste with advantage, The 
ifeetl is about 2-ing: high and 124¢ fo. fn diameter, | Zine fa 
the negatlyo pole, and the clectrosnotive force ts 1450 
volt. ‘This cell was only designed as a standard of clee-> 
{tremotive force, and was not Intended to give a current, 
‘JIta internal resistance was not, therefore, considered, 
{has, however, been used in the ordinary way, but it 
quickly polarizes, A defect has been found in the drying ; 
up of tho paste, and consequent failure of the cell, Bie i 
have been taken, Mr, Clark said, to remedy this weak point § 
Wy excluding tho alr from the semi-fluld paste, Tt fs a ques: ; 
tion yet to be decided whether or not the eliloride of silver | 
Heell is better than the Clark's standard element as a standard 
of electrosnotive force; and Mr. Clark stated that he ine? 
‘{tended, in con funetion with Dr, Mulrhend, to. mako an ab. | 

golute determination of the electro-motive forces of both, | 
Should the chloride cell prove as constant as the other, fit | 
will be the more advantageous, since It can be more readily 
set up, and the electro-motive force is about a volt. 











ies 


































ry Sal toe % m f 
Esperiaent ror Innustratina tHE Terrrsrrtiat Eure: 


| qnican Curnents.—The following experitient enables alec! a ‘ 
i turer fo exhibit, to n large andience, in-a very ' “| ~ PAUMIERI’S DIAGOMETER AN E / 2.” BLECTROMOTIVE FORGE: 


action of the currents of clectri t : 
earth, A rectangular frame 1 APN & communtoation to the. Scientific American n:; ion i sf i " 
: . % Rove : OF ae, i ee . Bin: The queation is put (p, 190) :—'' Is not the" increase of |. | jos m 
; Section three by tio centimetres, with sides in length-a frac. | ae thier pee ge ante Biren re following ™ electromotive force of one battery over another obtained chiefl as printed, oe : 
; tion over a metre, and -in breadth thre we os i -dentatod fo test, te Romoter, an instrnmont if not entirely, by a moro rapid consumption of zinc?” Th : eet ay 
j ; yand-in breadth three-fourths of a nietre, leaiguod to tent the quality of olla, whichis bared Zi P . mn ‘ 

About the perimeter of thi etiapsten : u { upon the principle that ollve off ism poorereon-, °° quantity of zino consumed bas nothing whatever to do with the . and, subtracting equals from oy 

L he perimeter o: Hig rectangular frame wrap tiventy, “4 duetor of Meateiclty than ‘any other ofl in common | ae electromotive forco of tho system; but .it has’ all to do] a 1 ~ the remainders are equal. 
: coils of insulated copper wire; cach extremity of the wire, i) tune, ad that falxtores lls mada From soads cane ‘with: the “ quantity | * or aurrent which that cleetromotlta Pr re 
> terminating near the ‘cer ee eee . a] more -resistanco they offer to tha |. E force can produce. It is tho case, ns the querist’ pute i 
passing ian th thew are of one of the shorter sides, and Passage of ‘leciricity, Tha eit, iy -poared { OMe that where there is a two-fold E.M.PF. there is a donbled 
is igh the wooden frame, is fastened and ent off about Tho palate. of tess roda ; ' consumption of zine (in acirenit of the same resistance), but thi 

is a consequence, not t case; in consequence of tho presence o 


three centimetres from the frame, This rectangular fraine is |i tance apart during the ex t 
anme distance below tho pe doublo force; double current passca; na a necessiry agcompan ' 


hs file tanear Gh folie Se icity aa ro th ie Had “ ‘ ment of. this, double Cpaag ion of zinc occurs in each cel, t. 
: longer sides ave at right angles with the beam. By adjusting | fainbe 4 —o i “and thi i ' i 
weights in the paus the index of the balance can be bre ht' Bt Sos gh oe ate ate Ce ante AEM ENG ' things moles ere ened. to the samo thing 
| pie aii Twa small orifices bored inn block's? wood, Tn Palmieri's clostrometer ‘the clocteicity, which : 1 - oe . 
etre apart, serve as inereury-cups, in which ihe ex- ned tenes cae, ate ees, baanes inte Hite eo 7 ale +1, and, subtracting equals from equals, 
. BE _ be : 


: eee of the short terminal wires are immersed, Near the arme A i. in te cylindeieal cavity of this cup a ete : 
x a ab. Mtrough Alte walls of these wooden citps are ingle Linendd of atk discrete feeganeaf to . BBB | ditions, appear directly as heat, Thave mado a great number of |: {j the remainders are equal. +, iow BB:EO::betees |. 

sag small brass hooks, which serve ag connectioiis, to Tho dina bas romira tivo fine arms, QD, et the]: rpeimate on this ‘subject, and Gn reply to tho request-for , te eo QED 

whic vi attory . see samo metal. Electricity, that in the| ; : | H ripti erimen ey aL sed yeti setae .Q.E.D. 

Which the wires of the battery are attached, The. balance ia cup, Is Induced In the ‘lee, and. clectrieity of ih re bade cote es ides iptious'o te orn ane ) 7 Hoping I shall not be troubling you too much in asking you to 

: ; correct thie nistuke,—I am, &c:, Atrren’¢. 


- ELECTROMETER,” eae : TO THK EDITOR OF THE ELECTRICIAN. i 08. a00n a pos. 
wo 105) that has been 


7 


TAN, JUNE 8, 1878 


CTRIC 


) now so placed that the longer sidgs of the sus fetangl same kind is repellod in th OD, in: \ te Ini ‘In the 
hat eee pended réctangle bequence of which the army of indiaca of slaiocoes| <: described along with the similar Inbours of in tt ; 
; ba ea ee penucd rectangle th indi nye : eacribed along with the similar Inboura of others in the Chapter 
fare ab right angles with the maynelie meridian or in the mag. situated, opposite to thors ot tren, ot sroralnata, on Bleetromotive Foes PD 207—240 of my book, * Bleotrielly ; i ee 
: netic cast-and-west line, , When the current from’ graduated circle, The ara described by the index | : Its Theory, Sourcca!'and Applications.” "J. F. Srmaauy. ee 
tate ree 7 ‘om the battery nt the Brat fmpoteo is commonty doublo that eyes ‘ PP } r ANY 1 
ids tuade lo pass around the rectangle from eaat to west on the obtained finally when the mrparate iin perfect ‘ TO THE EDITOR OF THE ELECTRICIAN, t GALVANOMETERS.—IV, 
: northern side, and from west to cast on tlic aéuthern side by onder. U the final ars if troallery it Indicaten that 2 1 Sin If we wish: to foulie tho E.MM.F. of a battery, ie muat, {* By J. % Srraaun, MSVINEL 
} nA pie: . . : p 9s Of olectric! in the apparatus + i y i ‘0,’ ing upaltered + al 1) BS LAK 1 
the theory of terrestrial magnetiem. the northerti -side of the that maul be taken into aceanee-” ‘bis fact piven “s Bee hg Pearaties eta g “without cal tg perk iel i Ce rec a ate Ph Noi) i 
rectangle would be attracted and tl uthora g} ty peculiar valuo to Palmiori's electrometer, If the : prone te OR CORN Sabah eta iy Che J Ce Tengent Galvanoneters,—Aa the uieasurement of the detlective 
mil : he southern sido-repelled ; cs 7 Wo will take this latter case, and, in order to carry it ont, must power of the cnrrent is obtained in terms of the resistance 
: first double tho-number of cells in series and then double tho! || 2 , ie fi i 
exerted by the carth’s magnetic field, this latter must be 





and’ that this is so, the correspondi i ‘ ihe 
oe : ing defl i : ral } ‘ 
balance renders pihinly visible "Whe aah te wt a : size of tho’ cells, or, what comes to the anmo thing, doublo tho}: | os ressed ‘in a definite value, or unit, iu order to obtain the 
raed e, hen the current:is , . : number of cells in multiple are, Wo hnve now doubled ‘tho; | \ah, ‘ ! im : its li 
reversed the deflection ig j the onnos} eae ans 7: f A Sas at value of the current, The earth being a magnet, its Linea of 
breaking and closi A the opposite direction, By iM aay ; E.M.F., anid thereby doubled the consumption of zinc in tho unit «| toreo converging towards the magnetic poles, of course tho; 
axing and closing the vireuit at proper ‘intervals ‘to aaa ~ ce | of timo; “but we have also doubled the number of cella in mul-| ntensity of its magnetism is, as with canalk agit, wrentest at 
Suginent. the oatillutions, the large. fraine ix readily. nade t pte hee oS i : tiple are, and by doing so redoubled or equared that consumy. ion, 1" { these poles; but this magnetiom has two netions on our instry 
os : 5 oe ¥.made to: : . 4 ee i @ consumption of zinc, therefore, varies in the. ratio of thos. ments; one, which is mensured as the vertical intensity, tending); 
; aquare of the ‘electromotive force, L.A. Davies, | » [to draw the relative poles together, that is, to cause a bar 


oscillate through an are of five degrees. When the sides of f TO THE EDITOR OF THE ELECTRICIAN, magnet to plico itself verticully at the magnetic pole, and to 
i cause it to “dip” proportionally to the degrees uf anagnetie 


the rectangle are placed north-enst and south-west the cure °  Coecrecmny say ; ‘Sin :—In ‘itjawor to “0, B. B.'s” query, I think he will find | i , _! 

Tent produecs no, sensible’ effect. A. bichromate-of-potash ar ars ; all iis difficulty solved if he uses the following equation for the: © | It Huds i, this tee ie eel the pole is appronched: mae other 
battery of sixteen cells, with plates of zing and earbon trventy- ae aemeuae ae Be Pere ee teetnen Ou MaNeiye Uh IN MEMES TE WL i eevee lig peedla: MH Lestudatal Goes aceon ate 
by six Mur is ies With a réctangle containing | : . Oc; . | Daniel's battery and approximate for others; it iaZ = rh! Teter and S, a i 1, OF jaro Une, a aol deat . ; 
farger number of coils of wire, attached to avery delicaty | * * + [ single pole (were such a thing possible) along that line, is called i, 
isi ; fn : sige! : _ : grains per hour, E being the electromotive force of the battery in the horizontal iutensity, and in widtlly written ag Win formula, 

ae by using peenl aeting battery, the variation , : : volte, ei q oe dcslaiatiog of the tay Paints ih tikes tt | hie ta nheceusurily atrongeat at the tiivagtielle equator, where the | 

magnetism of the earth might be advantagcously | nown yaluo for TR, and varies E, ho will find thot the quantity, | ratneal position of the needle, or the resultant of the earth's 








ved.” : : a fectiy yt of zino is proportionate to the square of the electromotive force; : ae a 4 sduces in energy: ia 
observed, _ : ~ oil’ poured into the vorscl, ¢’, Is. ollvo ‘ail, tho for, inking Bot Daniell’s rough y at 1, an that of Grove’s at 2, | force, n Hortyoutaly sud renee a tion ke, ‘ie ie pole 8 
» 80902.J—The Ordinary Bultiplying Gal- : aluminum Index taker soverat ‘mitintos, to ewing and applying tho formula, be will find that the zinc consumed ; | UPPtoRehed, Where the horizontal motion 14 aubse parse 
‘through a fow degrees; but if the oll ie made from : APD 7 ig f tho elect tive f , | vertionl, Phe horizontal intensity is proportionu to the 

varica 1a tho square of tho electromotive force, oan squire of the’ rates of oscillation of the needle at different |. 





vonomoter—I think this {a an olf term, and ; 
Jmorely sneans the ordiunry form of instrament, totds, the Index -awioge through a considerable * T cannot refer “0. B. B.” to any publication on this head, but 


F culled ao be ie ranga inn f ‘. 0 ee, 
led 20 beentiso the forco exerted on tho needlo is : Tony nee ee pitts TO tent the value of olls LT hopo that this formula will remove his difliculty—I am, &e., “ |' 


“1 “muttipted * or inerensed by havi it fa only. necersary'to compare them at a constant’ 
lof wire fn the coil.—J, Duows, Hal turps temperatura with n sample of pure olive oll, aud to’ Abrrep 0, M, Weaver 


i q : “note th : 
: fe 6 time roqalred for the faiex t or ‘ 
mn l0092.] Fue ‘ordtnady Stultiptying me ol given are in every cunas Palmieri’s diagomoter cay TO TUE EDITOR: OF TIE BUBCTIIOIAN: ‘: t 
is nothing cleo that wine eins Bal vanamator . ‘also ho employed to detect, the presence of cotton in Sin: In reply to“ 0. B, B.'s" query, p. 180, it would, I boliove, 
small magnetic neetle—a silk fabrics, “A ateip 0°25 meter long ani 0-09 wile f be more correct to state that the higher electromotive force of tho | 
very well—nud uso a batt a pvrall dried aad fe ened tothe two ais rods, is : 7 Grovo is'due to the fact that there is a grenter difference of afi- © 
cuit in conn globe oH wit scarcely, wove i a tndex t tat it it f nity for tho oxygen of the liquida in the cell between its platinum | 
contains cotton, tho index will be qnickly repelled, } and zine than between the copper and zine of the Daniel. if 
and will swing through several dogrees. i The inercased consuinption of zine in the Grove (provided the ; 
. fe te Vaan «| circuit of ench coll ia similar as to resistance, &o.) then follows { 
from ite higher E.ALF. J, Brown.’ } 
~-Belfart.e. 0 ee 6 vee 5 A achat 


metre granune absolute unite 
meaystem its value is 8 


ixed, so that to make: 
; correct measurements, the galvanomet ve to be placed in: 
theaetual zero line at the tine of observation. There is a amall! 
annual variation of the menu position dependent on the'sensan, | 
+ panda larger daily one, both, therefore, due to the changing posiy 
*| tion of the sun ia reli 1 to the plice vf observation, and pry! 
i bubly, electro-magnetic in character, and caused by thernfs 
eleotric curronts set up by the motion of the curth under flr é 
According to observations ‘made in Varia by Casat 
Jamplitnde of these diurnal motions is 13 to 15'minutés'et are, 
| from: April to September, and from 8 to 10 froni Obtober to 
‘Sta: hb, During the night the needle is nearly at reat ;* at aunty ; 


falvano.*, 
ir angles ; o 'y : ees oe “ 











i siny O% : ; ate. 3 








pects Moreen 


i] working under the stand, 


7 stoutest conductor is suldere indi 
Tree ae tutor: is suldered to binding: 


| Wood; n acrow-stud connected itself to bindii 


needle, : 





the north pole'movea weaterly, to a maximum ‘be 
‘jand 3 p.m,, when it. returns to tho cast in both cases as though 
ine south pole were attracted towards the aun; theao variations 
* Jincrease as the magnetic latitude incrensea, “The needle occupica 
ithe mean zero position about 10 aan. and 7 pan, Pas oak 
The tangent galvanometer can be constructed in many variona 
‘formes if the true principles are kept in view, Fig. 1 1 take from 


Fic.a 
ja well-known work, chiefly as an illustration how it should not 
be made, and because it “shows several common errors of con- 
struction... By placing, the two connections, at some distanco 
apart in the plane of the wire, it is evident. that the part of the 
| circle shown hy vertical dotted lines is partially neutralised by 
the wires below, leading tu the conductors ; the conductora them- 
selves also will ac vgularly on the needle, aceording to the 
side to which it is delleeted, and, at any rate deatroy the true 
tangential values of the deflections, th must always bo ree 


‘membered that conductin es nnd conneeti 
LMCRAL mee aoe ad 0 mnections form an 


* ‘J uction just to tho: 


Ju the figure the 
‘feircle; t 


T 
u 
dl 
feet, and carries a po 
little atnaller with be: 


| Zero ding, or a-verni 
oh degrees of are, w 


appliance, by which a 
prncipl 
, te beat construction 1 have bee! 
in Fig. 2, An elliptical board A is “i ») 
i ‘ orted f evelling 
vn two visible and one beyond the! pindliny rf nae the ning 
ot re, of which Tehall apeak presently, is Jet into this table 
: ait suppor ul by two bloeks of wood; neross its middle (a little 
rel ow he Hi utr pe ealie) ny rants C is seenred whieh enrries in 
i rounded by a ritn in which n gligs cover 
Fean be placed. ‘tthe needle : ted by w lee! point in 
the centre of the inl, or (whieh in ta tet) wasiene te esl 
Ha frou ie middle of the amutl pi 
ecured to the ving; this can be beat adjusted t ity. 
to colnpensate for any elight want of tris london Renin ip 
Dari alt to the meehanicnl stage of a mieroueope or ty 
one . the sine character which 1 have designed, up cnsy of 
ons ruction, und she ny full size, in Fig, T have shown an 
instrttment of three cireuits, th own into netion by a commutator 
The end of the first virenif, Le, the 
ling scrow—, tho otherends ar 
ds shown, the wires being lightly lat into the 
‘| a ZA ny i 
a Spring, with handle G, which thus completes dither deeuit ce 
noude i ne hot ye should be kept ns close us possible, eo 
Practically they neutralise euch other's influence on the 


auble to devise. is shown 


putter) sugpended by a silk 
nee of wood or brass 4, alao 


. five turne of the fincat wire to he used, suy No. 





* "Buch a three-cireuit’ instrument: may be constructed by,form 


ing a ring of the desired sizo; by means of a hoop, ont of paper, 


ry °, ‘ 
pasted .up, which is best accomplished upon a disc of wood ent! 


* an two'and-temporarily secured to the table O;. this ean then bi 


mounted ona stand for convenience of winding, TLny.on forty: 
20, then four. o! 


8 aceured upon tho! 


serew PF, which acts 


Se ‘ 


A 


alloyed with it, but a fine German silver wire will answer, The 
objection to these indicators is their weight, and the, consequent 


long awinging of the needles, but a little practice with the com. ; 


nuutator G will overcome this, ne it is easy to muke and break 
circuit go ne to lead the needle slowly up to'the proper deflection 
with senrcely a return swing, or to meet the awings, and bring it 
to adead atop., Some prefer to nae a compound needle 
cementing 2 serics of magnets tuacirele of aluminium or 
such a needle being less deranged in its polur positions in t 
field of the current. Bat whatever plan: ig used the needles § 
should be formed asin A Fig. 4 of a long taper form, The cur. 
rent tends to disturb the necdlo’s magnetism, and in a bar such 
as B Fig. 2 the No and S, line would shift nbowt between the 
dotted dingowal linea, thus rendering the readings incorrect. For 
this reason it is beet to ure needles constructed of thin steel, atch 
as watch epring, in faire, or more, aud te place them vertically 
instead of horizontally. 

The actual deflection any particular tangent galvanometer will 


{ produce with a given current, say the unit current of 1 veber, 


will dupend directly pon the number turns, and itiversely upon 
the distance of the rings of wire from the centre; this relation is 
deriveuble from the following law :— : 

A current of unit strength placed once rownd the cireumfe 
of a circle of unit radius, in the plane of the maguetie meridian, {i 
will cause a short magnet anapended at the centre of the circle to 
be deflected through an angle tehose tangent is G28U2, divided by lf 
the absolute horizontal intensity of the earth's magnetic force ut 
thetine and pluce of observation, . 7 

For any diameter, calling the carth’s borizontil intensity {8 
Th: ‘TO, r the rad 18 of the coil, @ ite diameter, L length of, 
wira the coil, all in metres, n the number of turns, @ the! 


_ tinglg@of deflection, and O tho current strength: in ‘ubsolute’ 


(metre-gramme-second) unite, we hive 
Ox 1704 F tang. 6°, 


0h C= 05015 4 tang. 4, 


pseaerentre oeseaeatiatnemmmenes. 


DECEMBER 28,1878. _ 


or the figure 9°826, with meastires in feet, will give tho current 
in the English foot grain system, , ‘ 

Tn order to obvinte the pinall errors of the alngle ring ayatem, 
when. the ring is not very large, two rings are, occastonully 
employed, in order that, the needle, being suepended between 
them, the errors duo to ita mution may compensate cach other, 
This, however, -tendw to introduce another error affecting the 
sinaller deflection, and therefore of more conpequence than the | 
other, which tells"anainly upon the compa atively useless large 
deflections, Tt is also stated that the deflections are necurate if 
the wire is wound upon w section of 1 cone, of which the needle; 
forms the npex, nt distance of one-fourth of Uhe diameter of the 
nearest coil of wire. In neither of these forme ip there any 
defined haw of construction, and the chief advantage of, th stonble 
rine form is tliat the resistances may be lower by dividing the 
current, and the nue of power rogulated by the dintanee of the 
rings. Ib would scem that these forme a and 
difficult of construction than the simple | 
atinl} advantage over it, if the ring itself i 
leagt equal to the length of the needle and of suflici 
Defleetions execeding 60? are very wir inble, heeause of the 


rapid growth of the tangential! seale, Even at 50° un single degrea * 


onns three times aa much current 16 at 10°, four times at 60°, 
ind forty times at 80°, so that the amnllest error in reading 
becomes: of great importance at these hinge angles. 

An approximately correct tan; entin| Inatriment ca be cons 
atmneted Of neiventnr sheet of metal, about tice the dinmeter 
of the length of the needle, especially if a compound cirenlar 
needle wystem ia employed, na before escribed, An instrament 
of this type is used in ‘America, provided with a syetem of flat 
coils, wh ag are employed in ordinary gulvanometers, and the 
excess of netion of the upper sides beyond the reverse action of 
the lower is availed of to produce the deflections, The influence 
of such a system upon the magnet is largely fullnenced by the 
dintance at which Che tingnet is placed. 


NEW TESTING MACHINE, 


Tho testing machine shown In the accompanying iustrae 
[tton was built for the Penngylvanta Railroad Company. 
‘Tt ty sutd to be one of the most complete and nccurate mia-| 
‘ ghines yet produced at the Philadelptia Scalo and Testing | 
i Machine Works, Richlé Brothers proprictors, Although not 
| of sogreat n capacity us a 300,000 Ib, chatn tester recently |: 

; built at the same works, it contalos a greater number of now |: 

+ and peculiar features, ft being arranged for tensile crushing |, 
“and transvergo etrain or pressure, Tho range of the mu-|; 
{ chine is great; the crushing and tensile powers can accom: 

i moduto specimens from four feet in length dlown to an Inch 

1 or two, while the transverse power can bo applted to bars}: 
\ from one to five feet in length, On the table, which {3 
! Avo feet in length, there are movable supports, that can bo 
adjusted to any posltton to suit the speclnen. A. girder or 
' beam of any length may be tested by bringing to bear agulnst 
{tn beam or gitder of superior strength, the pressure on the 
center belng indicated on the weigh beam, The muchine 
fs compact, powerful and well designed, = The hydra 
Vic cylinder in the center of the bottom frame, Is, encom: 
passed by the leverage which supports the iron table or plat.) 
form, ‘The heavy base, which consists of a single casting, 
contains the steel bearings which support the levers, and in 
it fa formed the reservolr which supplics the hydraulic 
pumps, ‘The machine ts thus solf-contained, requiring no | 
special foundation, The pump has three plungers, aud 
consequently throws a steady stream, The stroke of these 
plungers or pistons can be lengthened or shortened, without 
stopplng the motlon, by turning tho hand wheel seen at the 
Tear end of tho machine, ‘This arrangement readlly reduces 
‘or Increnses the flow of ofl, When a long and ductile plece | - 
of tron ig bong tested tho’ fast feed may. te oranstenrnd. aaa 











‘ 


A NEW CALORIMETER, 00e fy: 
13319}Trenx eoems to ba savaral objectionablo| 2°. - 
points ‘In the construction of tho ordinary calori-;) ~ 
moter. Firat, although the surfaces of tho instra- 
ment aro: vory poor radiators, tha matorial of the 
{) walla is generally an excellent conductor ; second] 
tho ale epnes betweon the walls is antirely open, a0! 
that much heat must ba carried off by convection 
cnrrentein tho air. I have accordingly constructed | ~ 
ancinstrumont in which theso imperfactions scam 
to be remedied... It conaists of two ordinary glass 
benkors, ono.of which { eed inside of tho other, 
‘and supported bya rim of bright tin, as shown in 
‘the figure. Upon tho inside of tha outer boaker, 
‘and upon the outaldo of the innar, and extondi 
‘nearly to tho top, afilm of metallic silvers doposited, 
‘by the ordinary process of silvoring glass spocula, 
“Tt was hoped that this confined alr space, inclosed 
on avery sido by tho yory want of raiintors and 
\absorbora, themselves non-conductors, would furnish 
‘an excollont barrior ngainst tho oxcapo of heat from 
the liquid in the instrament. How for this hopo 
‘oan rentined may be seen from tho tablo Lelow, in 
which tho ordinary metallic calorimeter and my in- 
satrament are compared. Tho two instruments wore 
; placed sido by side ina room freo from draughts, and 
{into each wns pourod 500c.c, of boiling water. Tho 
fvendings of a thermometer placed in each woro then 
héaken, tho thormomoter in my instrament bolog 
¥read just ten seconds before tho othor, 


NEW CALORIMETER, ' ORDINARY CALORIMETER, 
_ Timo ‘Temporatura ‘Lima Tomperaturo 

hm 

3 


>pNanes> 
SESSSSESS 
SYBLBERS* 
2 
SRERBESTESOn 


See 
mececeoesescssseseatacs ts 


eocecserteeees ee 
papepequaerarensy 


9 60 
It cannot be necossary to atudy tho tablo vory 
cloroly to observe the aupcriority of my instrument 
‘ag a non-radiator, During tho firat threo minutes 
tho water in the matalile calorimeter fell 8° in 
temprraturo, and in tho samo time tho temperaturo 
jin my calorimeter foll lena tlinn 5°, Glanciog down 
‘the columns, wo find that, while my Inatramont 
:was‘parting with: 30? of heat, tho tomporatura in 
ithe other nd fallen nearly 40° Whilo tho now 
instrument has tho disadrantage of being quite 
fengile, it has the compenenting sdvantapo, of boing 
very cnsy to make, whorover access may bo bad tos 
chonical or physical luboratory. is 
‘H. L, Hoopor, A.M, 
Bromfield School, Harvard, Mass, U.S.A , 
Dee. 24, 1878, 















5 = ahaa ™ 
ise the north pole moves westerly to a maxinim “between ‘n 









*jand 3 p.m,, when it returns to.tho.east in- both cases as though 
tho south pole were attracted tuwards the sun; these variations 
inercage'as the magnetic Intitude increnses, The needle occupies 


tho mean zero position about 10 aan. and 7 pan 
‘The tangent galvanometer ean be constructed 
‘forms if the trae principles are kept in view, F 














Fic.a 


ehicily as an illustration how it should not 
4 d eit shows se’ I common errors of con- 
‘struction. By plicing the two connections.at some distance 
tin the pline of, the wire, it is evident that the part of the 
erele shown by vertical dotted lines is partially neutralised by 
the wires below, leading to the conductors ; the conductors them- 
selves algo will act irregularly on the needle, according to the 
side to which it is delleeted, “and, at an rate, destroy the true 
“q/ tangential valucs of the deflections, tt mnuat always be ree 
{membered that conducting wires and connections form an 
integral part of every electric system; we cannot corifine the 
{faction just to those wires which we call the instrument, proper, 
}] du the figure the w re ought to he brought elosu te complete the 
‘/eirele; the stand being so constructed ag not to interfere with it, 
and the connecting rods brought out at right angles to the plane 
! othe sire ie ulvas toueter us possible, and led to binding 
\ 8, tlgo close together, ‘ pi 
inthe les paeitouets >in rent of, the instrument, as shown 
n youd instruments the wire efiele and: dial are often 
moveable upon the stand, for two reasons; first; to siuule the 
zero adjustment to be easily made; and secondly, in order to 
convert the inatrument at will into a wine galvanometer, Such 
is the form described in many books as Ponillet’s gilvanometer, 
Thia, however, adds a good deal to the complication of making, 
and there is a much better mode of attaining the samo results, 
This is to construct a separate stand available for as variety uf 
purposes, "This tnay be constructed in wood or in metal; a lower 
dige or frame of cireular form is fitted with three levelling screw 
fect, und en} a point in its entre; a similar dise, or one a 
little smaller with bevelled edge, carrying a cup in its centre 
Honts upon the point which is to be just igh enungh to take.the 
weight without rising this dise from the lower one, so i to 
allow it to“ wobble,”” If npon one of these edges is’ marked 
| Zero line, oy a vernier system, while the other is divided into 
degrees of are, we have an casily constructed atid most useful 


pa » by whieh any galvnnometer ean be used off the sine 


~The best 


1 Well-known work 
re mide, send heen 






















































































































he construction T have been able to devise ia show 
vin Vig..2. An elliptical board A ia supported by three levelling 
two visible and one beyond the binding serews, ‘The ring 

of which I shall speak pre nthy, is fet into this table, 
and supported hy tu blocks of wood ; across its middle (0 : 
: below the centre, of course) a table C is secured which earr 

j its middle the dial D, surrounded by a rin in whieh av glias cov 
ie be placed, The needle may be’ supported by uw steel point in 
the cente of the dinl, or (whieh is far better) suapended by a silk 
ire from the middle of the stall piece of wood or brass 5, also 
fventd to the ring; this cun be beat adjusted to coutrality, 80 48 
© compenrate for any slight want of true level 1g, Dyan ap. 
paratus similar to the mechanical atuge of a mieroseope or by 
une of the same character which 1 have desi yned, 1s nay of 
| construction, and shown full size, in Fig. Y have shown an 
matriment of three civeuits, thrown into uetion by a commutator 
| Working under the stand, - ‘The end of the first clreuif, te., the 
stoutest conductor is soldered (u binding serew—, the otherends are 
| taken to three studs. shown, the 8 being slightly let into the 
: wood ; it acrew-atud connected itself to binting screw + carries 
a pring with handle G, which thus completes either circuit a8 
needed ; all these wires should be kept as close as possible, so 


nea ally they neutralise each other's influence on the 



























































in many various | 
11 take from i 


Such a three-circuit instrument’ may be constructed by, form4 tf 
ing a ring of the desired size; by means of a-hoop, out of paper, 
pasted up, which is heat accomplished upon_a diac’ of wood cut: 
in two'and:temporarily scoured to tho table O; this can then bof 
mounted ona stand for convenience. of winding. Lay on forty-i 8 

; five turns of the fincat wire to bé used, say No, 20, then four o! 
“No. 16, then a complete circle of thickish copper shect; next fi 
turns of No. 16 and forty-five of No, 20 will complete the wirea,} 
The ends of these, coming ont at, the lowest point of the ving, 
muat be ae connected that the current enters by the single ring! g 
and goes to the 1 stad, or continues throngh the nine turns o! 
No. 16, und then, in like manner, to atud 2 and to the ninet: 
turns of No, 20, always, of eourac, in the eame direction aroun 
‘the'ring, and, finally, to 3 stud. Tn this way Cie comnutato 
“includes in the circuit one, ten, or 100 turns of wire, and by’ th 
arrangement of winding, these being practivally all at the sum 
distance from the needle, their netions will be in that proportion, B 
and ono value will apply to all the cirenits. 

Fig. 3 consista of a brass plate D, which is sceured upon th 
table E of Fig. 2. Upon it is mounted the screw F, which acts’ 
upon a act of teeth upon the edge of (or raised a little above) the 
plate C, which turna upon a serew which aceures it to D, and so 
moves its central point, where there is a_large hole, across the 
zero line or plane of the ring; this plate C in turn carries a plate 
B, which is in like manner moved by the tangent serew FE,’ 
mounted on GC. On thisagain ia placed the rod A, to which the; 
fibre carrying the needle is secured, and by which itcan be raised! 




























or lowere Beer Ve" 
The needle may be made of watch spring, or of several picces,’ 

and fitted with a light wire indicator; aluminium would be bes! 

if it could be obtained hard, ag 1 think it can with a little silver: 















alloyed with it, but a fine German silver wire will anawer, The 
objection to these indicators is their weight, and the consequent 
long swinging of the necdics, but n little practice with the com. 
mutator G will overcome this, a6 it is enay to make and break’ 
cireuit so ns to lead the needle slowly up to the proper deflection 
with scarcely u veturn swing, or to mect the awings, and bring it 
to adead stop. Some prefer to uae a compound needle, by: 
cementing a serics of magnets to n circle of aluiminini or mica 
such a needle being lesa deranged in ita polar positions in the 
field of the current, But whatever plan is used the needles 
should be formed asin A Fig, 4 of a long taper form, ‘The cur. 
rent tenda to disturb the needla's ingnetien and ina bar such 
uw B Fig, 2 the N. and §. line would shift ubout between the 
dotted dingonal lincs, thus rendering the readings incorrect. For 
this reason it is beat touse needles constructed of thin atel : 
ne watch epring, in: pairs, or more, and to place them vertically 
» instead of horizontally, i 
Tho actual deflection any particular tangent galvanometer will t 
produco with a given current, say the unit current of 1 vebor, |EZ 
b, will depend directly upon the number turns, and inversely upon 
the distance of the rings of wire from the centre; this relation is 
deriveable from the following law :— : 
A current of unit strength placed once round the cireunference 
of u cirele of unit radius, in the plane of the magnetic meridian, | 
twill cause a short meynet suspended al the centra of the circle to | 
b 


























EE ee AT LE aT = = conor 


















bedeflected through an angle whoue tangent ia O'2892, divided by 
the absolute horizontal intensity af the earth's magnetic force «ut 
the time and place of observation ‘ ‘ 
For, any dinmeter, culling the earth's horizontal intensity | i 
H=1-764, r the radiue of the coil, dite diumeter, TL length off 
wire ja. the coil, all in metres, n the number of turns, d the 
anglg“of deflection, and O the current strength. in “absolutel f 
(metre-gramme-second) units, we have :— ’ 


O= 176+ tang. 6°, 




















1O= orots & tang. 6, 


















[ee comecawunicteiammass > | +a 


or the fi rire 3826, with measures in feet, will give tho current 
in the English foot grain system, 








when the ring 
employed, in ord 


th 


This, howe! 
pinaller deflection, and therefore of move congequel 


w 
di 
i 
¢ 
Y 












atructed of a cirenlar sheet of me! 
of the. length of t 
tivedle system is employed, a6 before 
of this type is used 

coils, auc 








i 
! 
i 
i 
} 


| 


‘dnd transverse strain or pressure, Tho ringe of the ma-|: 
| chine fg great; the crushing and tensile powers can accom: 


| 
| 


forms the apes, at a distance of one: 


dificult of construction than the simple 
amull advantage over it, if the 
least equal to the 
Deflections exceeding GU? are very 
rapid growth of the tangential scale, 


becomes: of grew 

















he sinall errors of the single ring aystem, 
large, two rings are oceasionally 
suspended between 
maate cach other, 
affecting the. ; 
neo than the 
telly muinly upon the comparative nacless large: | 
It in nluo atated that the def! potions _ nceurl it : 

i seetion of acone, of which the needle | 
Ta mew t fourth of the dinmeter of the 
In neither of a forms is thts any 
‘Boed law of construction, and the chief advantage of Cre double 
patain fs that the resistance miy be lower ny, dividing, i 
uirront, and the rnge of power regtilated by the dintinn : he 
ings. It would seem that there form more Roan sual 
ring iteelf is mn v the vt 
igth of the needle and of sufficient dinmeter, 
unrelinble, because of the 
Even at, 50° a single degren 

0 ve times na much current ae at 10°, four times at 60°, 
ag arte nt 80°, ao that the amiulest error in reading 
t importance at these large angles, 
ential inetenment ean be con- 
tal, ubont tice the dinmeter 
cinlly if a ecoupound circular 

geribed, An instrument 
ded with a system of tlat 
ry gulvanometers, and the 

‘ond the reverse action of 

eflections. ‘he influence 
ly influenced by the 


In order to obvinte 
is not very 2 
fer that the needle, being 
,em, the errors due to its motion may compe 


1, tends to intyoduce another error 








’ which 









earest coil of wire. 





é 


ag, canned tlh 


3 44 















An approximately correet tang 


he needle, eape 







in America, pro 
hag are employed in ordis 
excess of action of the upper sides 
the lower ia availed of to produce the 
of auch a system upon the magnet 4 largel 
distance ut which the magnet is placed. 





NEW TESTING MACHINE, 


Tho teating machine shown in the sccompauying ilustra- 
tlon was built for the Pennsylvania Rallroad Company. 
It {s sutld to be one of the most complete and accurute ma- 
chines yet produced at tho Phitadelptia Scale and Testing 
Machine Works, Riehté Brothers proprictors, Although not 
of vo great acapacity us a 800,000 Ib, chin tester recently 
buitt ut the same works, it contatns a greater number of new |; 
and peculiar features, it being arranged for tensile crushing |’ 


modate specimens from four feet in length down to an inch 
or to, while the transverao power can Lo applied to bars 
from onc to five feet in length, On the table, which Is 
flvo feet in longth, there aro movable supports, that can bo 
adjusted to any position to ault the specimen, A girder or 
beam of any length may de tested by bringing to bear agalnst 
{ta beam or girder of superlor strength, the presstire on the 
center being indicated on the weigh beam, The machine 
is compact, powerful and well designed = The hydra 
Hic cylinder In the center of the bottom frame, is encom- 
passed by the leverage which supports the iron table or plat- 
form. The heavy base, whlch consists of  slngle casting, 
contains the atcel bearings which support tho levers, and in 
It fs formed the reservole which supplies tho hydrautte |’ 
pumps, ‘The machine fa thus self-contained, requiring no 
special féundatlon, ‘The pump has three plungers, and 
consequently throws a steady stream, ‘Tho stroke of these 
plungers or pistons can be lengthened or shortened, without . 
stopping the motion, by turning -the iad wheel scen at the 








Fear end of the machine. This arrangement readily reduces 
of increases the flow of ofl, When a long and ductite plee 
Lat iron Is belng tested the’ fast feed may Wa prantezendt to 2 \ 














ot LT ae D8e, TELE 






_A NEW OALORIMETER,.< 
{15310} Tnens soems to ba eororn! objectionablo! 
polats‘in tho construction of tho ordinary calorie’ 
meter, First, although the aurfaces of tho inatra-: 
ment aro vory poor radiators, the material of the; 


1 walla is generally an execllont condustar 5 ugcondly, : 


tho nie apace beéweon the walle is antirely open, 80 
that- much beat must bo carriod off by convoction 
enrrents in the air, I have accordingly constracted 
an Snstrumont in which those imperfections soom |: 
to be remedied. It consists of two ordinary glass]: 
.benkors, ono.of which is placed Inside of tho other, 
‘and eupported by a rim of bright tin, as ehown in 
ithe figure. Upon tho inalde of the onter beaker, 
‘and upon tha outside of the innar, and extendin; 
‘nearly to tho top,afilm of motailic silver is deposited, 
by the ordinary process of ailvoring glass apecula. 
ltt was hoped that this confined air: space, inclosed 
{on overy aida by tho vory want of raiistora and 
‘wbsorbora, themsolves non-conductora, would furnish 
‘an exceltont barrier ngainst the oxcapo of heat from 
tho Hqnid in tha instrament. How far this hopo 
‘wan rentised may be seen froin tho table below, in 
iwhich tho ordinary metallic calorimeter and my in- 
iatrument are compared. Tho two (natruments woro 4 
placed sido by sido in. room freo from draughts, and 
to each was poured 500s.c. of boiling water, Tho F L 
‘readings of a thermometer piacad io each woro then 2 i : 
en, the thormomoter in my instrument being 
Fread just ton seconds beforo tho othar. 























































































ORDINARY CALORINETER, 
‘Lima Tomperatare 










NEW CALORUSETER. * 
Tino ~ Temporaturo 








bom seo . hm 
3250 Ore 33 
3. 6 60 837 36 
3780, 84. 38 
} 3 950 83'6 310 
1 3150 ard 313 
/ Bias 79 31h 
‘ 316 50 7 316 
317 60 T81 318 
3:10 60 TL 320 
5 328 40 603 325 
rs nT 035 
» 8 6550 653 355 
| 4 960 w2 40 






Tt cannot be necessary to study tho tablo very 
jelosaly to obtorro the superiority of my instrument 
ASW Nonradiator, During tho frst three minutes 
tho water in the matailic calorimeter fell 8° in, 

itemprratnro, and in the same timo tho temperatura 

idn my calorimoter fell less than 5°, Glancing down 

lthe columns, wo find that, whila my instrument 

j was’ parting with 30? of heat, tho tomperstare ia : ; 

ithe othor bad fallen nearly 40°. Whilo the now . i | 
cinstrument has the disadvantago of being quite arn : 

fragile, it has the componenting advantago of being 

very ensy to make, wherever access tay be had to o 

cheuleal or phyaical laboratory. 

H. L. Hoopor, A.M, 
Bromficld School, Harvnvd, Mass., U.S.A , 

Dec. 24, 1878. 







































































GALVANOMETER, |” 


Ve qT ordor to exhibit to large audiences somo 
: of tho many delicate oxporiments in clec- 
tricity and magnetiam, it is necessary to #0 


armange a galvanometer thnt the oscillations of pl 


vdts needle’ may: bo. seen’ and appreciated. 
Various ingenious devices havo been adopted 
‘by lecturers from timo to tine, with more or 
leas satisfactory reautta; but « new vertical- 
lantern galvanometer, designed by Dr. George 
F. Barker, Professor of Physics at the Univer- 
sity’ of Philadelphia, which he recently de- 
- scribed in a paper read before the Franklin 
“Institute, seems to offer advantages for the 
\ gpecinl purposes roferred to, which rendor it 
much superior to the appliances hithe 
ployed. Tho method employed by Sir W. 
houson and others, of fixing a sinall mirror 
on the needle, by means of which a beam of 
light is rellweted to nscale placed at any suite 
able distance, is not very well ndapted for the 
purposes of lecture demonstration, even when 
the audience iz composed of studenty to a 
certain extent acquainted with tho subject. 
For this reason, Professor ‘l'yndall, when lec 
turing to large audiences of the general public 
in the United States, ao arranged the apparatus 
’ that the magnified image of a needle moving 
over ngraduated circle waa thrown, by means 
of the electrio light and lensea, on ton screen, 
but the iinination wns not so satisfactory na 
could bo desired, while the arrangement of the 
apparatus was awkward and inconvenfent. 
Professor Mayer seems to have been the first, 
to utilise tho “vertical” lantern for tho 
purpose, but tho arrangoment devised by him, 
though excellent in many respects, has the 
. aerious defect of want of delicacy. Indeed, 
Vrofcasor Mayer abandoned it, and adopted an 
instrument casentinlly tho same in principle as 
the mirror galvanometer. As nono of these 
‘ forma was oxnctly suited to the purposes of 
Dr. Barker, ho devised the apparatus we nro 
about to describe, using for tho purpose the 
yortical Intern, ‘Ihe vertical lantern, na it ie 
termed, is simply an accessory of the ordinary 


lantern, and is shown in Fig 2. It consists of | 


aanirror (1), inclined atan tingle of 45° to the 
horizon, which, receiving parallel raya of light 
from the lantern in front of which itis placed, 
reflecta then: at right angles mpirards through 
tho plano-convex Jena, 2 iv ane sido up), 
whence, converged by the tens, they pass 
through the object stass, C, to the mirror, I, 
and aro then thrown on toa sercon plneed nt 
any'sultable distance. he lens, having ita 
: plane face uuppermioats afforta an excellent. 
! stage on which to placo water-cells, cc. for 
; the exhibition of many interesting exporiments 
and natural phenomena, and, at, the same 
time, offura n suitable resting-place for the 
graduated circlo of the galvanomoter, which is 
photographed on glass. Just above this 
circle, suspended by a filament of silk passing 
through a loop inn wire held closo beneath the 
object-g]nss, C, is n magnetic needle of the 
shapo of an ncuto rhomb, A (Fig 2). ‘This 
i needle is fixed to a wire of aluminum which 
| Paases downwards through holes drilled in the 
: seale circle, lens E, and the inelined inirror, F, 
and carries at its lower end a shorter and 
heavier needle, which moves in the core of the 
circular coil, J, whose ends connect with the 
Dinding.serows nt K (Fig. 2). ° ho coll: is not 
shown in Fig. 1, but it reatson tho base of the 
vertical Tnntern, os seen ins Fig. 2, being 
, Anclosed in asnitable framo, It ian circular 
coil of wire, having a cylindrical hollow core 
about an inch in diameter, in which the 
needle swings, with a sill opening transverse 
to it, through which the suspending wire 
passes. In the apparatua. constructed by Dr. 
® Barker, the upper needle, A, ia five centi- 
mnetres long, nud the coil {a couposed of 100ft. 
of No, Lt copper wire, with a resistance of 
O56 ohm. Tt ia Bir, in diameter and lin, 
thick, The sectional dingrain (Fig. 2) will 
serve to render tho arntnyement clear, A is 
the galvanometer needle, suspended by a wilk 
thread to the loop of wire, 3, the other ond of 
the silk being attached, by means of wax, to 
the upright supporting the object-glaas (Fig, 
PA: A). C is the objevt-glass, D. the graduated 
, seale-cirele, . E the condensing Jeng, and I 
tho mirror, perforated, as shown, to. poral 


more or teas cor 
of tho earth's a 


Hreater freedom 
chu 


* 7 
Tho results of n few experiments, ns detailed 
by Professor Barker, will iMustrate the working | 
of the inatrumont and demonstrate ita delicacy, } 
In theso tho system mnde 25 oscillations per! 
minute: a 
Induction Currents—1, Tho galvanometer : 
wng connected with coil of covered copper! 
wire, No. 11 of the Amerienn wire gauge, about; 
ten -centiinetres long ond six in dfameter, 
having a resistaneo of 0-923 ohm. A atnall 
bar magnet, 6 centimetres long and weighing 
0} grammes, gave, when introduced into the coil, 
a dofiection of 40°. On withdmwing the may. 
not, the needle moved 40? in the opposite 
direcction. as, 

A amnall coil, 20 centimetres long and 95 
in diameter, made of No. 16 wire, and having 
te resistance of 0371 ohm, through which the 
current of a Grenet battery, exposing - equare 
inches of zine surface, waa passing, was intro 
duced into the centre of n largo wire coil, 
whose resistance was 0205 ohm, connected 
with the gulvanometer, ‘Tho doflection pro. 
dueed was 20%, ‘Ihe same deflection was 
observed on making and breaking contact 
with tho Iattery, the sunaller coil remaining 
within the Invger, 5 

BA coll of No, 14° copper wire, 60 conti. 
inetrea in. dinmetar, and containing ‘nbout 40 
turns, the resistanco of which waa O85 ohm, 
waa connected with the :gnlvanometer - nnd 


ono of 180°, of 24°. ‘I'hoao deflections were, of] 
course, dus to currents generated by the earth's 
magnotiamn, ¥ 


4. Thermo.Currents.—T'wo Jiuees of No, 22 


wire, 15 centimetres long, were taken, tlie one q 
of copper and the other of fron wirt, nnd| 


united ut ono ond by silver solder, On cons 
necting the other ends to the gulvanometer, 
the heat of the hand caused a detection of the 
needle of 20°. 

6. A thermo-pile of 15 paira, each of biamuth 
and antimony, 
ment. Tho hent from the hand placed at & 
centimetres distance caused a deflection of 3° 

G, Two cubes of boiling water acted di 
ferentinlly on the pile. At the distance of 
bcontimetres the deflection was 20°; moving 
one to 10 centimetres the deflection was r 
duced to 6% 

7, Voltaic Current.—A_ drop of water ¥ 
placed on a zine plate. While one of the coi 
necting copper wires touched the zine, th 
other was made to touch the water. ho di 
flection was 16°. ‘ 1 

Tho claim which Professor Darker inakes fo 
the auperiority of thia instrunpent rofers mathe! 
to tho general principle of its constructio 
than to the ndvantnges possesred by tho ind 


was constructed at ahort notice from material 
found in tho laboratory of the University. ‘Ih 
comparatively small coat for which it may 


was connected to the instripl | 


vidual galvanometer nbove deseribed, call ! 


fitted to the vertical lantern, the readin 
with which it nay bo brought into use, th 
Drilliantly iMuminated circle of light which ig 
gives upon tho screen, with ita gmdunt 
cirela and needle, great rango of delicac: 
which may fe given to tho instrument Lyi 


2 


‘varying: the coll and. ncedics, so that all exagy 


perimental requirementa may beanswered, and i 
finally, the entisfactory charneter of ita pert] 
formance ns a demonstmtion gnivanomoter, all 
combing to juatify the record which ts here] 


(4 
€ 


unde of it. . : A 


placed on the floor., Naising the south side | 


ty 


r) 
seen that ‘hi 


deflection, but to tho tangent of that angle. B 
the atrength of n current la oleo invorsely propor: 
tlonul to tho resistance offerod by tho contactor to 
the passage of tho curront, and thna tho tangent 
galyanomoter affordan means of deducing tho resiate | 
fnneo of a conductor iu terms of sonia recognised || 
standard, ‘Tho British Association unit, 
** Ta now genorally adopted as. 


i o 
twithout entering into any enlcutation, But when: 
ithe samo carrent is sont through &ho galranomotor , 
direet to Hne No. 2 wo. will supposo tho observed; 
iteflection to be 277, Tho tangont of 27? may, 
ithe enke of illuatration, bo cousiterod ns = 4. T 
Igent of 45° being = 1, the valuo of tho respectiva ‘| 
{tangonte of the angles of deflection will therefore bo | 
fos: Le that is, the current passing to No. t is | 
twice ns strong av that passing to No. 2, Both’: 
currents being rent from tho anme battery, tho: 
difference in their respectivo atrengths must havo]: 
Deon cauecd by a difference in the resistances of tho 
wires, and ns tho atreogth of tho carrent Is in 
vereoly proportional ta tho realatanco, it follows. 
that tho'renstance ‘of No. Las compared with No. 
fons l-: 2 No, 1 bas been abown to be 1,000 ohm! 
No.2 musl therafora bo 9,000 ohms. I judge from {i 
the manuer In whieh tho supposed discrepancies 
stated that your correspondent requires somo slight 
knowledge of plano trigonometry, or ho would vot 
fall into the error of atating that the tangent of 45° 
is 1,000, Ho nfay very nally ascortnin from a tablo- 
of natural tangonte that tho tangont of 45° = 1, and 
that therefore the tangent of any nuglo tess or; 
grenter than 45° must necessarily havo u value less 
or greater than unity, 08 tho caso yaar be, With 
auch n tablo ho may mako, the cateufations oven j 
without nny knowledge of trigonometry ; but a vory'+ 
slight acquaintance with it would furnish him with » 
a key to the rationalo of the wholo matter, Tehould 
thereforo adviso him to nso tho tablu of calcula 
resistances that haa boon auppliod with tho ralvas 
nomoter, and, if he wishes to vorify thom, to use tho, 
formals contained in my last at pago 354 of this 
volume. Intsing it to caleulate tho reaistanco In: 
tho caso ho quotes, ho will find tho yalue of that! 
resistance to be : 
a 1,000 _x tan. 
tan, 18 
mw 1,000 x1, 
“2125500 


45° ohms. 


10,000.000.000 
‘Bl265H0 


ter i 


about 1: 
ea eeerbnt a 
it into stic! 
a ok a cost ar) oF LI 


{3044 
drogen 


position ong! 
Lirrug Don Casatt, nee 
chop's Bmall Gas Engine. <5 
‘i J 1874, No. 
jfieations, Ist el frovtonal 


spec! 
this invention received AA 


no other patent having 


roperly 

1 bo no di 

ie Soue permission { will procee 
fho first placo, your correspondent 
in reference to an: recontly 
teotricity aud Magnot- 
nomoter in an instr. 
tho rolativa atrengths o 


cn 


mont for det 


to tho nnglo o! 
y not tet angle, But 


he strong! 
tlonul to t 


nro {| 


beon duly 


sn iy ot is went 


g th distant, office 

d . 
gartaed yalyanomoter direct to lino 
will suppono the deflection to 
It will bo olstonp shat Hie y 
the broneaaee of No, 1 must also 000 obs 
without outering into ony entculation, ‘ ju! at io 4 
tho same curren is sont th rough tho gal Ivanot motor 
diroct to lino No. 2, wa, 1 ay, fOE 
deflection to, be 274 10 conmidered as = J ‘Tare 

{ tho respective 

\ All therefore bo 
(tau nite of thee ve 
tries ae strong 


withiNo, 2 
‘yo 1,000 ohms, 
J judge feom 


foradl 
that th 
nS 


ti an nometry, 
ond! 
jana trig ing th ‘ 


case inny be, 
tho ealen{ations oven 


but 0 vor: 
his wali 


ter than unity, os tho 
ake, 
f trigonometry 
here bo 


4 dS Crane 


| 
Ke 
' 


} 

x 

i 

i 

a 
H 
1 

















Internal Resistance : 
THE following method of measuring the internal resistance of |; 
years ago by Lieut. A. R. 

then attached to this station as 
quite closely the conditions 
412, vol, £ of his treatire on; 
it is not generally known, I | 


y evised some two 
Conden, United States Navy, 
Instructor in Electricity, It fulfils 
indicated by Clerk Maxwell on p, 
Electricity and Magnetism, As i 
yenture to call your attention to it, 
In the figure, 8 is the battery, 
resistances, kK" a key for introducin, 
key for shunting out the resistance 


G a galvanometer, Rand Ry | 
ig the shunt s, and x’ another 

































YS are open the current through the galvano- + 













yaar e Ry 
‘When both keys are closed the current from the b 
part going through G and 


R. rt through s, 
} through the galvanometer is naw. 


7 8 
——————— Xe, 
be (G + Ry)s GER +s) 
If sy = Sy, then—— 


— 
VEO ER G+ RS 






















Finally, if h have been 


In practice k isa 
two keys are combi 
" with G+ R then 


theostat unplugged to equal G -+ 
If the current be smal 
R, may be omitted and R made 
pon closing the double key, 








the deflection of | 
‘The resistance of the battery is 









* the needle remains 

then the resistance of the shunt, 
¢ and concordance of the results obtained 
igh long series of measurements are no less 
he observations may be mad. 
C, F, Goopricir 





rapidity with which 
Torpedo Station, N 
















Lines,-and the 


Lastruetions * for Testing Telegraph 
cement of Offices, ‘ 


Technical Arrang 







. London ; Trabner & Co, Ludgate Hi 


‘THE introduction to this work states that the test- 
ing instructions were:-originally. written «for. the 
special use of the staff of the: Government: Tela: 
raph Department in India, in order to facilitate the 
introduction ' of a rational /gy 







ystem: of testing - the 























34 |) THE, TELEGRAPHIC JOURNAL. « Haxuary’15, 1879. 


our, reason for being. so -is, -that this statement | units in 3 represent 1 unit in. But it may be 
should have. been, mado without quatification. | objected, su posing balance to be obtained, that the 
“Writing, 28 tho author docs, from the metropolis of | alteration of to units in 4, with @ ten times as great 
the kingdom which possesses one of: the most | as w, would not produce as great a deflection of the 
efficient telegraph systems in the world, we think | galvanometer needio as would 1 unit in 6 when 
it surprising that he should not have taken the | aand w are equal; this may be so, but still that 
trouble to enquire whether any system of Testing | deflection may be sufficiently great to enable 2 
existed in the Postal Telegraph Service; if he had | closer adjustment than to units to be attained jin 
done so he would have found that a system did | fact, as is well known, such is very frequently the 
exist, and that this system although not so elaborate case; with a Thomson galyanometer noone would 
as that drawn up for use in the Indian Service, was | think of having a and w equal, simply because that 
as equally efficient, a is the most sensitive arrangement,’ As long as any 
AS regards . the other-telegraph’ administrations, perceptible deflection. can be perecived, by. an 
* Wevery much doubt whether the systemsadvocated, | alteration ofr unit in 4, the greater a is made than 
although thoroughly .efficient for the purpose for | 3 the more accurately. can the value of be 
which they were drawn up, would be of much: use | determined, cet z 
to them, though no doubt very many useful hints Again, granting, as we said before, that the proof 
might be taken from the work, and. for’ that reason given is correct, Mr, Schwendler. docs not prove, 
the latter is of practicat utility, as what is really of much more importance, that the 
1 In Part'L, Section I,, the Wheatstone bridge and, | rigid rule laid down by him may be departed from 
the differential galvanometer ‘are chiefly treated of. | to’a very great degree without the scnsitiveness of 
The former Is very fully described, bot practically } the system being materially reduced. In “fact, it 
and theoretically, “put Wwe think that in treating of | admits of proof that may be made ten times as 
the sensibility of the method. of testing by this in- reat as mand yet the sensitiveness of the system 
valuable system, Mr, Schwendler, has. worked on a je but very little diminished. ‘Thus, ifwith a and w 
false basis, The object’ of his. analysis ‘is to show | equal we obtained, by an alteration of 1 unit in 4, a 
what relative values the four arms of the bridge | deflection from zero of 3°,. then with a ten times a, 
should have to one another in order that a test may |’.an alteration of 10 units in 4 (which corresponds tar 
be made with the greatest possible accuracy, walt in ms would only reduce this , deflection ‘to 
PR ARIES pets hs i* : about 2°, egeige ed sche c 
We have entered’ into this question‘ at some 
length for the reason that the commort method of 
obtaining the conditions of maximum sensitivencss 
in any test by the differential calculus is misteading. 
The proper course to pursue is to put the equations 
representing the conditions for sensibility into such 
a form that an analysis ‘can be made, and the limits 
of the conditions scen by mere inspection. It is by 
no means difficult to do this, and the insight whic 
it gives into the questions will be found to be some- _ 
What surprising to those who have not made the 
attempt. Re eg idh eae utue Gd 
Following the Wheatstone bridge, are descriptions 














































The cqnelusion Schwendler comes to is that i 
for maximum sensibility, the four arms a, w, 5, and | of,the differential galvanometer methous of. testing, 
should be equal; that is to say, if.» be the unknown and the part concludes with a short description’ of 
¥ resistance, a rough measurenient. should: be first battery measurements, . Se thee 
made, so as to determine approximately its value, and In “most cases numerical areles are given, 

“then a and w should be made alike and asnearly equal | which render the comprehension of the tests moro 

to.ras possible, and so that by adjusting dexactly, we | clear than would otherwise be the case. | 
get, ved, Such-an arrangement of the resistances ~ Part Il. commences with a dissertation on natural 

48 supposed to give maximum sensibility, because currents such as are duc to prolongation of earth 

any small change in the value of & (supposing, the lates, atmospheric electricity, &e. | In Section L, 

latter. to: be the adjustable resistance) produces the Part IL, regular testing is dealt with, Under this 

greatest. deflection on the galvanometer gz. This we heading we notice some elaborate. formule, the 























lines, and: the ‘technicat 


1 -arrangement of telegraph 
offices, Since these 


instructions were. drawn: up, 
the author has mado conviderable- additions in. the 
shape ofa number of pamphlets, and*these: he ‘has 
now combined with the? necessary alterations, into 
the volume which has just:been published, a 
second, which will-bo published later on. - 


«Mr. Schwendler, st ‘the ‘latter, part’o 4 closer accuracy than’t unit; if, however, we have a 


do not-deny, although Mr. Schwendler’s proof is by | following for instance :— . i 

no means: an casy or clear one to follow, but is |} ‘ 2 4 

not true that this condition of maximum sensibility (ef apfpoe—n—V [ { (L— ») 

is the one for obtaining maximum accuracy, tt it 
Ie must be perfectly evident that with the sides 





be (1) 











a@and w equal, if 3 is adjustable only to units, as is oa y 7 ’] 
usually the case, no matter how sensitive the system (1) + 4hl(l—u) 
may. be, we cannot determine the value gf .t to a Ire 





















» States that he’ “has been, surprised ‘to 
3 ig has: made. TP avas: 
always told (hu says): “Yes, wo: should ike. to 
c encral system of-Testing } we know its 
; but ‘show us @aystem to-do itsand | -f 
*. Wo must ‘confess ! 
with the author,but 







Which: wilf wor! 


k: satisfactorily.” 
that we aro equally: surprised 





Jo-tines w, then every unit in 4 represents 1 unit | with reference to which Mr. Schwendler says, But 
in x, pHs that even supposing the sensitiveness of the | .as. 4.48" not. known in those cases in ve wo 

lvanometer were only sufficient to’cnable-an ad- | require to use these general formulm, the equat! an 
uatment.of; 10 units in 4 to be made with accuracy, inust' bo’ put'into another form.” ./This being: the 
‘Give should still be able to determine tho valug of w | casc, the advantage of filling up the work with such 


sithi unit,. since, as. we have pointed out, 10 matter is not cyident. 






















ter rere 7 






























































tetg tod ae 
1 Bit although: the took is: full of forimulre,. and *” 


ima an’claborate ‘character, a large number of 
! the. Hane are of practical: utility, but’ at= tho same, 
| time, are, only requisite where: the. testing sec! jon 
' aro: extremely Jong, as :is. very often the. case. in, 
| India, and where’ an accurate test may mean the, 
; saving of a journey of 100 miles or more., neg x 
{At the end ‘of Section I, illustrations of | the: 
: record of tests shects are given, judging iron ‘ 
‘which, and. from* the’ instructions ‘and formula ; 
‘ necessary for making the calculations, the testing | 
clerk must have his time very fully employed each: 
: day. : fs ‘ : eer e* 
- Section IL. deals with fault testing, and in this, ; 
: Georg Wind of fault is dealt with ; but the formuts : 


i i pixed . 
to be employed in cach particular case are so m ; 
up wie explanations and developments as to | 


ce great confusion. In fact, the book through- 
out cannot be called thoroughly practical, Tt con. 
tains useful practical matter, but this is so entw ined 
with the explanations that itis difficult to lay your 
fingers on any particular test that may be required. 
It is a pity that the theoretical is not kept more 


separate from the practical matter—the book would | 


be greatly improved if it was, 


“January 30.—'On Certain Means of Measuring and Regu- 
et tating etric Currents.” By C, William Siemens, D,C.L., 
We 


ducing clectric currents of great magnitude, and it has become a 


i} matter of importance to measure and regulate the proportionate . 
‘| atnount of current that shall be permitted to flow through any 


branch circuit, especially in such applications as the distribution 
1} of light and mechanical force. 


On June 19 fast, upon the occasion of the soirée of the Presi. + 


} dent of the Royal § ciety, was exhibited a first conception of an 
arrangement for regulating such currents, which the author has 


since worked out, Into a practical form, At the same time a | 


method has been’ realised by which currents passing Miro hh ‘ 
a circuit, or branch circuit, are measured, and graphically : 


recorded, 


It is well known that when an electric current passes through : 
4 conductor heat is generated, which, according to Joule, is pro- 


Portionate {n amount to the resistance of the conductor, anil to 


the square of the current which passes through it in a unit: of * 


time, and advantage has been taken of this well-established law 


of electrodynamics, in order to limit and determine the amount 4 


of current passing through a circuit. 


one en a thin strip of metal {s attached to 9 screw,:by which 


its tension can be-regulated ; it then passes upwardy: over an $ 
clevated insulated pul ley, and down again tothe end of a ‘short 


Fog om ~ <asmrareg ee 


he dynamo-clectro machine furnishes us witha means of ‘pro- . 


The paper refers to Uiree instruments, in the first of which * 
al 


lever working 
a lever whose 


springs, so regulated by 
idistant position of eac! 


Hast spring being also connected 
tively, 
hiss shale, and the instrument itself 
na room where a tolerably uniform tempera- 
z 15°C, is maintained, 
, When t he iminium current is Passing, the thin metallic strip 
isat its minimum working temperature, and all the metallic 
Hrisuis are in contact, this being the position of least resistance, 
44S soon as the current passing through the apparatus shall in 
crease in amount, the thin metallic strip will immediately rise in 
temperature, which will canse it to elongate, and will allow the 
lever to recede from its extreme position, liberating one contact 
piece after another, Each such liberation will call into action 
the resistance coil co ecting the spring ends, and an imme. 
diate corresponding diminution of the current through the addi- 
tional resistance thus thrown into the circuit, 
,_ Suppose that the curient intended to be passed through the 
instrument is capable of maintaining the sensitive strip atx tem- 
perature of say 60” C,, and that a sudden increase of current 
takes place in consequence cither of an augmentation of the 
supply of electricity or of a change in the extrancous resistance 
to be overcame, the result will be an Sugmentation of tempera- 
ture, which will continue until a new equilibrium between the 
heat supplied and that lost hy radiation is effected, If the strip 
is made of metal of high conducti ty, such as copper or silver, 
and is rolled down toa thickness not exceeding o'o§ millim., its 
capacity for heat is exceedingly small, and its surface being rela: 
tively very great, the new equilibrium between the supply of 
heat and its Yoss by radiation fs effected almost Instantancously, 
Dut, with the increase of temperature, the position of the regue 
lating lever is simultaneously affected 
contacts to be liberated, and 
to be thrown that the temperature 
of the strip vi narrow limits, and that the 
current itsel rendered very uniform, notwithstanding cons 
siderable variation in its force, or in the resistance of the lamp, 
or other extrancous resistance which it is intended to regulate, 
he resistance coils, by which adjoining contact-springs are 
connected, may be readily changed, So a5 to suit particular cases s 
they are made hy preference of naked wire, in order to expose 
the entire surface to the cooling action of the atmosphere, 

For feeble currents, disks of carbon are substituted for the 
Wire rheostat, the electrical resistance of carbon varying inversely 
with the pressure 10 which it is subjected, A. stcel wire of sa 
'3 millim, diameter is drawn tight between the end of n bell- 
crank lever and an adjusting screw, the Pressure of the lever 
being resisted by a pile of carbon disks placed in a vertical glass 
tube, ‘The current, passing through the stcel wire, through the 
bell-crank lever, ant through the carbon disks, encounters the 


HJ iminium resistance in the latter so long as the tension of the 


wire is at its maximum 3 whereas the least increase in tempera- 
ture of the sicel wire by the passage of the current causes a 
decrease of pressure upon the pile of carbon di and an 
increase in their electrical resistance ; it will thus be re: dily seen 
that, by. means of this simple apparatus, the strength of smalt 


i{fcusrents may be regulated so as to vary only within certain narrow 
‘[plimits, 


The apparatus first described may be adapted also for the 


\arsurcment of powerful electric currents, ‘The variable rheo- 


stat is in this case dispensed with, and the lever carrie at its enda 


‘Jfpeneil pressing with its point upon a strip of paper drawnjunder it 


Ma parallel direction with the lever hy means of clockwork, A 
econd fixed pencil draws a second or datum tne upon the strip, 
0 adjusted that the lines drawn by the two pencils coincide when 
ho current.ds passing. through the sensitive strip, ‘The Mssage of a 


‘Teurrent through the strip immediately causes the pencil attached 


i between, thie two lines represents the temperature of the strip, 


fo the lever to move away froin the datum linc, and the distance 


Ws temperature depends, in the first place, upon the amount of 


:| Mrrent passing through the strip, and, in the sccond place, upon 


he loss of heat by radiation from the strip ; which two quanti- 


ties balance one another during any interval that the current : me 


-remains constant, 
In order to facilitate t 


¢ diagram produced b 
units of 


in taking th 

when the current varies between small limits, 
the variation of the ordinates above their m 
the Variations below the same, 

The thin sensitive conductor may thus be utilised cither to 
restrict the Amount of electricity flowing through a branch cir- 
cuit, within certain narrow limits, or to produce a record of the 
amount of current passed through a circtit in any given time, 


r Menaurlng Reststance with the Wheatatone 


Bridge, 
New Yonx, March 24, 

To the Edulor of the Journal of the Telegraph: 
! Tum following simple method of proportioning tho 
; Whentstone bridge, so as to read off directly without 
calontation the resistance per mile of any longth of 
any conductors thay be now, and of interest to some 
of your renders ¢ 


Roferring to the dingram : 

Lot ¢ = 6,280 ohins (tho number of fect in a mite); 

“ d= conductur to be measured (whose length 

in feot is known), 

“ e= in ohma tho number of fect in conductor, 

When batanco is obtained, the resistance unplug. 
ged in b will bo the resistance per mile of the con- 
ductor, é 

If it is thvonverient to uve #0 large n restntance as 
6,280 ohms, 1,760 ohms (the number of yarda in a 
mile) can bo tnken fasted, when ¢ should oqual in 
‘olians the number of, yarda (inatead of fect) in the 
conductor, 

Tho resistance por foot may bo obtained in a sim- 
ilar manner. Referring to the same dingram : 
Leta =1lohm; ° 

conductor ; 
 e¢s= in chma the number of fect in conductor, 

Thon the reatatance unplugged in b, to obtain 
batance, will be the resistance per foot of the con. 
ductor, 


But this neceasitnter tha employment of fractions |: 


of an ohm in d, nud ng this is in most cases unfensi- 
Ule, it can bo obviated by incrensiny a to nny con- 


venient numbor, and after a balance dividing & by |: 
che nnmo figure, Tho numbors 10, 100 or 1,000 are i 


the most convenient, as the value of b can then be 


seen at 0 glance, 2 
In testing a Jino many miles in length, its rosiste 
ance per milo may bo read off directly by making 


fa = 1 olin, and ¢==in ohma tho number of milea|! ” 


‘of line 


on Bee Sie tE a0, Fay 


2. 




















NAL OF DAE THLEGRAPH. S83 
f f : ‘ 
oe —_ rr 
: : messages, Some goad at lenst will have been accom- | anita of the netual seri ny re is a ee 
a ‘ ‘ ‘e 
‘plished by thie scandals which’ have bon eanscd by aH fat eae, ce nabsatioan, jor slahiog 
nnd olminating. untrustworthy | measurements, in 
Vannking up averages, aro also of great yaluo, ainco 
thie is a matter Unt frequently lead error on. the 
A ; Written on behalf of (he Government af DAH OFInoxperténéed pradtition a." 80 far nn WO” 
pea ienisted nee af the Director-General af Tetegrapas | bAVO been ablo to discover, almoa fo y: condition: 
By Louw ScuweNben. Vol.1. Loudon: Trau-|tikely to como up. in practice bas: been duly, pro ; 
Now York: D, Van Noatrani.: 1939, - vided for, and this, by ‘the way, is An advantage 
oy Lue frst volume of this work, which’ how recently | which has resulted from the manner ‘in which tho’ 
been issued, is iu substanco'n revised compilation of | book has grown up, plecemeal, as it wero, in accore 
“Vtho contents of a series of circular of instruction { dance with tho requirements of actual service, na 
relating {0 tho practical work of tho Government manifested from tim to time, : 
Yelegraph lines in India, which wero propared by |. Not the least usoful part of the work nro the yuri. 
Mr. Sehwendter at intervala from 1860 to 1878, and | oua nppendices, giving actual examples, taken from 
“printed for the cepecial use of the staff in that de-{ tho records of the Indian lines, which slow the 
Purtment. "The very genoral demand among mem. | practical “application of tho methods pet forth, in . 
hers of the profession in other countries for copies of detail. Speciaens of all the blank forme, for te- 
there circulars, finally led Mr. Sehwendler to under. | cords, roporta, ote., which aro thera used, are given, 
take the proparation of n second and rovised edition | and altogethor this patt of the work will horeaftor 
ina more convoniont and accessible form, Tho in. | prove of great sorvica to the officers of other admin. 
structions in the preaent work, although thine pro- intentions, who are desirous of organizing. syntem 
pared for a special purpose and vader the inflnence | of testing for the purposo of securing aimilar resulta, 
of local cirenmstances, are almost cquatly woll{ We think it would have addod very much to tho 
adapted to the use of practical clectricinns in other pmetical valuio of Mr. Schwondler'’s work, if he had 
countrict, Iu fact, it may be said, that the peculiur | devoted a reasonable amount of «pnee to the theory 
"|ditMeultics which are met with in the construction, [and practice of line testing with the tangent gatyano- 
, fnaintenauce and administration of telegrmphic lines | meter, which, although not to bo compared with the 
in India, will be found to exist to a much greater ex. | differential apparatus in aveurney of its reaults, IW 
tent on the American continent than iu any part of | novertheless a most adiiralilo instrument for ordin- 
Europe, aud thereforo it is not unlikely that Mr, ary overy-day work, in the handa of the avorage 
} {Schwendlerts work wilt ultimately prova of more | operntor. By meang of it, it is ensy to keep the run 
real value in this country than anywhere else ont.| of the condition of the lines by going over thom 
side of India. rapidly overy morning, and in enue any fault in dia. 
- Tho, present volume is devoted entirely to tho sub. | covered, the moro accurate differential methods uny 
Ject of teating ; the portion relating to the technieal | he resorted to for «mantitive neaturemente, as is now 
arrangement of offices, ete., being reserved for the | the general practice in thin country."~The excellent 
succeeding volume, which is intended to bo publish-Jand convenient inatruments constructed by Mr 
ed some time in the courne of tho present year, Phelps havo proved very serviceable for this work, 
Tho first volume is divided into two parts, Thejand have received frequent approval from foreign 
first part (rents of the appartus employed in lino | electricians who have acu them in use here. Itia 
Jtesting, ets, tho so-called “ Whentstone” Dridge, [not very probable that so wellunformed and exper. 
and tho differential galvanometer. Of thexo two]ienced an clectrician’ an Mr. Schwendler, la altos 
inethods, Mr. Schwondler vory Properly gives the | ycther ignorant of the value of the tangent galyano- 
tout decided preference to the former, ‘Tho differ. | meteor when used in this way, and we are therefore 
ential galvanometer, ho says, for the same bulk and | disposed to tind a more probable explanation in the 
cost, ean never combine the same accuracy and | tinct that tho conditions of tho Indian service are un- 
sensibitity within wido limits as tho bridge, Hike ours in one important respect, tis, the much 
‘The mathematical theory of the bridge under yae greater avernge length of circuits and distanecs be- 
rlous conditions is given at great length, and with | tween testing stations, aud the much smaller nome 
an imposing army of formula. A theoretical and an| ber of wires in cach office. ‘This renders a more 
Actual plan of « testing board is given atthe ent of considerable degree of aecurney Necessary, and at 
this section, which embodies several very valuable} the samo time enables it to be obtained with lens in- 
features not often found, if at all, in tho ordinary | conveniones, Mr. Schwendler's preciso habits of 
arrangements familiar {o clectricinns, or example, Janind anay aleo have led hit’ to undervatuo the 
the galvanometer coil is wound in two sections and} “rough and ready" processes and loose approxi. 
provided with a commutator, which enables the sec- mations of this mode of measuren.cnt. Ho lyn akil- 
tions to bo placed in aeries or in multiple are, ae. | ful mathematician, as the pages of the work under 
cording ns the resistance to be meastired {4 §rent or | consideration suiliciently attest, aud Houbtless haa 
small. Another commutator provides for interchang-| the truo mathemntician’s horror of inexact resulta, 
ing the position of the battery and galvanometer in | Neverthelenn it in to be hope ho will in a futuro edd 
their respective diagonale, a grent convenience when | tion take up this matter, and handle it with his ac. 
Very lntgo and very small resistanees nro required to | customed skill, . 
Vo wensured Ly tho same apparatus, Tho typographical oxecution of tho work ts execl- 
| The second part ia devoted solely to to cxamina-| lent. The typo is clear ant open, and the paper 
{lon and solution of the problema which pmetically | and preadi-work tnexceptionablo, ‘Tho succeeding 
2 arise in the electrical testing of telegrap'.:.; +45 tho volume, treating, as it will, upon a brinch of (elo. 
«{determination.of their feneral clostri tion, | graphic cnginecring which bas been almoat entirely 
‘[the localization of foultx, ete., ote. A ‘vergh this | overlooked uot alone by the writers of test-books, but 
| chapter is very full, and exeeedingly we cvirmnged, | ovon by the contributor of thy Professional journal, 
|| there is, perhaps, little or nothing conts sed in it] cannot fail to bo of great practical value. Ite ape 
which is new to the woll-informed clcctr. cian, An | pearanco will Lo awnited with interént, especially in 
unusual degree of attention ix devoted to the teth- | this country, whero far grenter nttention appears to 
7, ods of deducing the truo electricn! condition of the/ have Ween paid to this subject than lins been the 
lino from jhe appnrent condition as shown by the re- | cane abroad. 













































































- 





































































Reet TST er 


bia 


(March 14, 4 





rect and. roi, 





iablo instrument, 
















roa 
unwary, and no, dh 
of « Fomalbaut,” 











‘ ngont, or an 
Or his dispoattion to leary tel 


iff. 
fe to 8 vory great extent; for Ff’ 
































a 


he throws the 









r ary solentific 
the subject may be 











’ Fomathaut asks this ques 
- | in your reviow suggesting it) “Ls a tost of 400 ustlea 
i of wire for wire und insulation resistance, with 10 
Calland cups anit one ohm toxitanco in the galyan- 
pometor, in any way relinble? ™ Tanaweor, omphati. 
Yeally, no, sir, In testing with a ‘Tangent Galvano- 
motor for conductivity you should not nso less than 
25 No. 1 Callaud vells with 0 10 or 30 ohm resistance 
coil, (or #hunt) and to getan accurate tent your wiro 
should not oxceod 250 or 300 miles in length. 1 
havo found it best in tenting 150 miles of wire, to 
uso tho 10 ohin coll, over the longer distance the 30 
ohm coil. In testing for insulation uso the same| 
amount of battery (or tho samo battery if Possible) 
that you uso in working tho wire ; in ordinary ming 
of 10 or 12 hours uso the 30 ohm coil ; if taking’n 
dry insulation test, uso the 90 ohm coil. 

Agnin, “In it usoful to test for wire np 
reaistanca daring a min?” No, air; 
uso in testing for wire renixtance, 
during a min than thero is in testi 
"during a nix weeks’ dry spell in midsummer, and an 
T presumo you aro woll upin your Hosking, Prescott, 
Popo, Culley nnd Clarke, and kinve a Boo supply of 
thnt “Kentucky horse sonse"” on hand, itis uDnoces. 
sary for mo to oxplain why, 


Inlao agroe with your correspondent that T can 
is} run over or teat ag 


tion (but I see nothing 




















































































dl insulation 
there is no more 
or conductivity, 
lng for insulation 

































‘The Use of the Tangent Galvanometer.a tte. 
ply to « Fomathaut,” 







































inn given 
Wheatstono 

‘onductivity, 
le of the tw 



















Brown, 
who etand at 











y), Meter from his remarks on its good 
ties, it. would probably bo to his a 
\that of the Tangont Gulvanometer 
entrusted to his caro, 
ft ity and take n fow 1 


















peor ee 





He CnktP ma ce TURES 


7 > Tee Pei 
ETAMGOY YT“) Gaunt ysuy Jo ofppytte On AY i bedheol o 
VW Ata axon Tuan yp uodn fy predten ca i poangs dl ar Deo b ¥ 3 ‘from the’ accompanying ‘figu 
PO Sta, UpLUNOUE ONE Jo suLuINs OTP 4OIU wtp AnUUE JO |} . ( x one-half of the double key in si front sect 
WO PU GeST, Jo saya Tous ayy uyepTAL any ONT JO HO] DO] ; if «| Four-platinum wires are-arranged ‘in: pairs crossing 
Poa 91) tosy-<ppHs Kua UMEHONT OT) Jo xodU aN gu oxo f ‘ ; ‘ono‘another at:right angles; .one;pait,:a, 4, crossing 
Ol) 3) Papo J ‘sung, 40} gros ua Carag ay Jo-'ino, Ruy . midway. between tho other. two, ¢,°d..:./ hese ara 
IAS ONT “STNYUAD yon ONE, “OF a saduy part yd (ce 4 provided with terminals, and form the contact piece: 
O8'F.40 ‘epMOUlUE zo) Yorvae OF WAN aA. aan yateuttog ‘On: of the'k They are supported’ in' their places by 
PMOTE AvOU FROM OY OF At ZHOqUPUNOL TAQ "OfLIOg ae ter fey pitt! 2 
Sd OFS Ww Lop ussasq0 OF payovas ‘ean adaas “Ut 
CUTS OF BOLI OAMEKaZY UaxUT pur, qoHEA ‘ao woIT Ott 
JO OPIS Ot Wap Ute HT OT AE (MapOOsL Sup Savduroo 
p00 Ol) JO Punostosoy oy opia ‘HNANsIA fo aoWD WAIT OM 
JO toHON OID Wogy *ZE4) WANT Aso OI WOAy_ Papua 1 aK 
APDIA ATTY OV] Pasrud UUNINTT JO f| 
OPHO}YD PU wosy JO OppsOLHD Jo OruULAnE HNopdoo top| |, 
Baya Apaapsad otavaaq pyau SyroLtooap ky ON) JO Ope hy 
HVOF PUN yoFnO, pu payor ApToUE Iwo NANT JO 
SOTHO ayy “paonpoad uA IAJIA ants O17 ‘aqny_ Uypazod 
BY UE sHONpAL OF pool Vad Jaro prow papyoosp.cy Zayssud 
Sq sssuur ont) Jo ano paz Nos pauargoyu ad tL PUly Opyorta 
R-Hbsos yaa ‘seed oT so KEALUE [UpO[Zad nw and up ody 
AN TPE Woay Jo appojydynbyas pouty Rupamep ppov apzoyya| t 
GOA SY OK] ty Sroyiy paw maguNN jo Aart Jo. Apasta 
4 Fup systroa ‘ooungrq ns pavodtoaop arpa Kpoayaod Jo aasny 
NOTE Ww dq paputtoarne svar KEEL pure aapuyD pasoduoaap 
“UN Jo pajsfsttod suo od [uayTAD OL, ‘aIa|dttOd FUN HOPaT 
am 40 }aq paaafo uoaq Squqoad natty py puw ‘aangmaduiay |: 
DOWAID ALdS WY ppow oop pooapAy Jo Now oy OF posod | AM 
5x uaa AyRnopaqo pint toytt a apa ayauatos jo uauljade | Ae 
p Supwaroquy Cas v pinoy | ona asyan ayy wosy auy ON 
“00m 
S811 OF Aus OF OAT, AL MIAMANA YI MON JOU op ay 3; 
p MwoUrttY wedoy 0 aye Oy) Jo WFO yt any YPM KOUYQMIOD uy ‘ 
FAA qudasute oy) qNI) prt wa uE at) Jo KODZADID parway on ug] 
‘ 


| 
; 4 
i 





aT Pe Db gee ‘ty, owingsto the size of their metal | vertical silk cords stretched by.springs as shown, 
ir ¢ I » , Siderable capacity, owing t in. | the middle pair, @,'4, however, being suspended by’ 
N ALNGING Td df IS NVONTG KV. OMLENG soa Pe iatiae alent The: New seein iaing an endless slik cord whieh rans, dn two pulleys, the 
a seen ; 7s She, ’ of a . tside 
ae we TPR tIUAtAL: FON pS Sate -— : | key, designed by Dr, O. J. Lodge, and exhibited by upper ‘having a: handle, 1H, whic! ‘Appears, ow 
a It might appear at rat sleht that, in dealin Wy with power. Fo Hed atte satiate of Telegraph Engineers, {3 ve a6): omalteh ie stteioled’ oy i iaas pace 
i vaventent 1 re kee vat the aiechin " or eae intended to overcome these drawbacks by giving a to ‘eee ‘tho’ envtless ‘cord ‘taut, , Tho whole is 
Iucon ulated In pulntaof contact ye lee harge 7 gxtri cttr: high 'insilation,: small ‘capacity, and hot requiring, to eer inn brass case, which is. put.to-earth by: 
of any importance actunlly take pinee, becuuse the metallic | the hand to approach close to tho elleetire pal =n ' a pe URS OE Gane rite 


continuity of the clreult is never broken, and ¢ 
serves only to dbminish to soma extent tho tance of 
the regulating rheostat. The reststance culls, by which ad- 
foiuing contact springs are conneeted, may’ be readily 
ON DERTAIN sR Oa ers nc sw Changed, so ag to sult particular eases; they are made, by 
‘ON CERTAIN MEANS OF MEASURING AND REGU. | preference, of nuked wire, In order to expose His cnilra ant: 
L. n dealin 


3 aco to the cooling action of the atmosphere, 
STING ELECTRIC QURRENTS.} with feeble currents | use another form of regulator in whic 


By O, W. Stuuene, D.C.L., PRS, i disks of carbon are substituted for the wire rlicostat, The 
‘Tue dynamo-cleetric machine furnishes us with a means | Count du Moncel in 1856, first called attention to, and Mr 
of producing electric currents of Great magnitude, and it} Edison moro recently took advantage of, the interestlng 
has become a matter of Importanea to meustire and regulate j circumstance that the electrical resistances af carbons varies 
the proportionate amount of current that aball be permitted | inversely with the pressure to which it ts subjected, anil by 
to flow through any braneh clreult, especially In such appl. | piling several disks of carbon one upon another ina vertical 
cationa as the distribution of tight und mechanical force, | glass tubo, a rheostat may be constructed which varies he- 
On the 19th of June Inst, gt the solree of tho Prestdent of | tween wide Iinits, according as the mechanieul pressure inj 
the Royal Society, I exhibited a firat conception of an ar-| the Ine of tho axis fs increased or diminished, A stee) wire 
rangeinent for qeatilatinng such currents, which I have since | of—say 03 milliin, diameter iy drawn Hight between the end 
Worked out into a practical form. At tha aatne time, Ihave jof the bell-crank lever and an adjusting screw, the pressure 
been able to realize a method by which currents passing [of the lever being resisted by a plle of carbon disks placed 
‘rough aclreuit, or brinch cireult, are measured, and grai-jin a vertical glass tube, ‘The current passing through the 
phically recorded. atecl wire, through the bell-erank lever, nud through (he 
Itis well known that when an electric current passes | carbon disks, encounters the mniolmum resistance In (he lit 
through 1 conductor, heat fs genermted, which, aceordingto {er so long ns the tension of tha wire fs at its maxim; 
Joule, is proportionate in amount to the reelstanco of the | Whereas the least Increaso in temperatureof thesteel wire by 
conductor, and to the square of the current which passes fthe puseage of the current causes n decrease of presnire upon 
through [tin a unit of the, or N=C'R. I propose to take | the pito of carbon disks, and an increase tn Cele electrical 
advantago of this well-established huw of electrodynamics, | resistance; It will thus be readily:seen that, by means of this |: 
in order to Hilt and determine the Mmount of current pasa-| simple apparatus, tha strongi of small ‘currents may |! 
ing througt a circuit, bo regulated so ns to vary only within certain narrow 
The most essential part of the {nstrument isa strip of cop. | limits, ae 
per fron, or other metal, rolled extremely ‘thin, through | ‘The apparatus first deseribed may be adapted also for.the 
Which tho current to be regulated hag to puss, One end of {Measurement of powerful electric currents, . The variable q 
this thin strip of metal is attached to nacrow, by whiek its, rheostat fs In this ensa dispensed with, and Uho lover enrrica 4 
, tension can be regulated. It then passes upward over an Int its ends a pencil preasing with ita point upon a atrip of . 
* elevated insulates pulley, nnd down again to the end of a! paper drawn under ft Inn pirallet direction with the ever * 
short lever, working on nn axis, armed with a counter | by meana of clockwork. A second fixed pencil draws ti se. 
welght and- with a lever, whir angular position will bema- gone = datum line upon the ate My Hi adjusted that fig Hes 
* Noi ton the Bae, | intwa by the two poneils coincide when no current fa pass 
kaiceany Mutdeln "of Wien ita neegyne vane te Bae ing thigh thio nenMtive strip. The, paxenge OF h current 
while swimming neross the river: and many reindeer, moose, and other (rough the strip Jonnedlately causes the pencil attached to . 
amen ate annually Mteatrayed In this way th other largo American rivera, tha lever to move away from the datum line, and the dla-° 
he Sihe tes Mientlona a number of yaks being recn frozen up in tance between the two Hnea represents the tempernturo of | 


+ ONG #f the Aiherian rivera. which. 
* Would be Itherated and float owt the ntrsen ee UP. OF tho fee ln pring, | yy strip, This temperatura deponts, In the first ni 


betract of a paper presented to the Itoyal Boclety, Jan. 82, 1979, upon the amount of current passing ‘through the strip, 


























ged in 
» crossing onc another; one palr crossing between tho! 


ty 





t 
. These are the terminals and contact pleces of the 

3 aye The mide palrare supported by an endless allk Areal, ‘ 
which rang on two palteys, one of which is Aued w in ; 
handle. On turning the handle to right or left, the we j 
middle wires are: brought into contact with ono or 7 a ; 
the: two outer wires, and the current reversed at will, i) 


Ja inclosed ina metal box, 


LE MATERIALISME BT LELECE RICE: 


La Melaphysique, la Netigion et la Seivner, tol est le 
Utro d'un ouvrage quo publigen ce moment M. Bar- 
thélemy Saint-Hilalre et dont nows avons pu ttre 
o premier chapitre. Le célébre aml de Mitustre 
M. Thiers condamno avee son finmense autlorité la 
persecution qu'une fausse sclence voudralt diviger 
contre les recherches philosophiques, Nous sommes 
heurena de votr le drapean de ta ralson arbors par 
le traducteur d'Afistote, et nous nous empressons de 
yenlr nous ranger derriére iit dang la lutte contre 
des cnergumines qui n'ont de savant que le nom 
qu'ils usurpent, : 

Tl était temps qu'une des tumléres de dn Franee 
Ubérale et philosophique’ vint protester contro une 
confusion auss! dangercuse nottr la causede ta raison 
quo celle de ta Commune avee ta République Vert 
eté pour celle de la liberts, 

‘Tous los hommes amis du Progrés applaudiront a 
Ta couragonse ot féconde Inltiative du_collaboratour 
de M. Thiers ravend{quant les droits do 1a pensde 
Individuelte et du bon sens contre des sophismes 
donnant aux dévouvertes astronomiques ou physi- 
(ques une fmportance qu'elles nont jamais attuinte; 
car aucune science ne sauralt prétendre & lintailh. 
Dithté qui est un des plus nobles priviléges de ta 
conseluneos dont Dieu nous a fait présent Je Jour ott 
Ml nous a eréds A son Imago, 

Ce beat Hvro paratt. fort heurensement & uno 
Epoque oit les doctrines dont nous avons démoniré 
la déplorable influence sur le progres do Mdloctri- 
clté viennent de remporter & I'Académio frangalse 


Un triomphe dont les conséquences petivent stra 


fort graves, iin effet, les lonanyes accordtes en 8°10 
digne de Lucréce A un do turs plus eélébres 
coryphées pouvent induiro en orreur In masso dos 
cltoyens, 


En voyant quo lug princes do !'éloquence fran: 


P 
que’ soit ‘arrivée& 

d'une fagon’ aussi siré'quo 

Ie galvanomatre Ie plus dali 

realn & qui-nous leg devons, n'est pas réduit &-de- 
viner ce qu'ils Pouvent dtre en comparant des effets 
dérlvés comme Ie gont ceux que produit létincetle 
émise entre des pointes da charbon. | 


Appoceil de torsion inventé par M. Towbridge pour Ja 
Mesure des courants électriques de grande intensité, 


M. John Towbridge, profeseeur & IHoward Col: 
lége, vient de nous donner un moyen de mesurer 
les courants de grande intensilé, tels qu'ils sont 
Produits par les générateurs susceptibles d'étre em- 
ployés 4 léclairage stectrique. 

Nous avons fait dessiner un croquis de cet appa- 
reil qui so compose, comme on le voit, d'une simple 
Spirale placéo entre doux solénofdes d'une formo 
particulitre, et qui est ramendo & ga position pri- 
initive & Vaide d'une vis de pression agissanti Fatde 
dune suspension bifllaire analogue & celle de Cou- 
lomb, : . 

Les deux solénofdes fixes sont construitsavee uno 
laine de culvre épaisse de { millimetre et fargo de 
45 millimetres, La splrale mobile qui ogcille au 
milion a été construite de la méme maniéro, 

‘ Lisolemont des spires n'a pas Heu A latde d'une 
‘anveloppo {solante, mais d'un certain nombre do 


les d'ébonite suffisant pour qu'etles gardent leurs’ 


‘diitancos respectives, 


me 
Un. écoulement d'eau emptche le moindre| le 
“. échaluffemont dese \Produtro dans les pivots, : \ du courant produit par celle qui représonte Véqui- ~ 


grammes par 


par minite | 
seconde 


Sw wes 


Papeete beg 








Graco & ces précautions minutlotses eta d'autres’ 
que nous ne pouvons indiquer ici, M. ‘Towbridge : 


‘applique avec une exactitude trés-grande une for. :' 


tule fondée sur ta théoria de Ja balance deCoulémb {: 
et de lastraction électro-dynamique dAmpeére, dont 5 
les résultats ne peuvent dtre mis en question. :.; 


Profil d'un des soltnoldes formes avec un ruban en spl. 
rale et permettant de comprendre comment Msolemeut a été 
¥ obteau avec des cales en sbonito: at 


Liappareil do M. Towbridge ue convient point A 
la comparaison des courants intervertis, de sorte 
que tes machines de VPAlMance n'ont point é!é étu- 
diées, mais tous les autres types domachines en usage 
dans Je commerce ont été étudiés, 

Le tableau que nous avons reproduita étéobtenu 
4Vaide d'une machine de Wilde, une machine de 
Gramme et enfln une machine do Stomens, toutes 
trois d'un graud moddle, mais dans des conditions 
bien dilférentes do puissance veritable, ae! 

Les dix premidres expériences ont été faltes, les 
nett, 12, 13 avec la machine Gramme, et les ne 1h. 
(5, [6 avec la machine Siemens, . : 

Pour arriver a ge faire une idéo de leur mérite res. 
pectif, i a déterming dans chaque cas le nombre do 
kllogrammétres congommés, ot le nombra de kilo- 
grammétres représentés par le courant mesuré'‘aveo 
tant do précautions, ity ott 

En divisant la cotonne qui représente Véquivalent 











‘and :-photh: shunts for galvanometers is © nin! 
somewhat troublesome, operation, in, consequence 
tof the numerical values of the resistances of which - 
jthese shunts arecomposed not being whole numbers ; 
‘thus, supposing the resistance of the galvanometer 
‘toi be 5,000 ohms, then the resistance of the qath - 
ishunt would have to be: 5,000 4-9. or" 555° 
‘Wprnetically, this could not be ‘adjusted to 
‘depres of accuracy than one decimal place. °§ 
Jarly, the yhath ‘shunt should have a resistance of | 
{5,000 “#99 or 50°505, and the yphath shunt a resist- \ 
ance’ of §,000 + 999 or 5'005, both of which ¢ 
Maumbers are somewhat awkward to adjust exactly, | 
kT He following method of facilitating the operation 
‘yp have found to be extremely convenient, and it is, 
Pas far as 1 am aware, novel. ; 
“" Supposing the resistance of the galvanometer to 
be G, then the resistance of the shunt necessary to 


: a . he ri 
reduce the sensitivencss of the galvanometer. > th | 


‘should be, as is well known, = —, Now, when the | 
; shunt is connected to the, galvanoincter-coil’ the | 
| combined resistance of the two willbe : 
eee : 

| 


1 


i ‘Consequently to adjust the yhth shunt we may" con- 
i nect it to its galvanometer coil and adjust it until the 
; combined’ resistance of the, two becomes, equal to 


+. §,000 + roar sooohms., Similarly the yigth shunt | 
: would be adjusted by connecting itito the galvano- | 
; meter coil-and adjusting it till the combined resist- ; 


' ance’ was found to, be 5,000. 100:0r 50 ohms ; 
jalso,we should’ adjust the ydith shunt until the 
‘ combinedyresistance was §,000'-++: 1,000: or 5 ohms. 
The preat advantage of this method will be'seen 

‘ when'the ‘adjustments are made, as they would be, 
by: the help of the ordinary. Wheatstone: bridge. 

‘ Tins tlic resistance of the galvanometer-coil would 
be.first obtained ; using in the two’ ratio” arms 

of the bridge the resistances 1,000 and 1,000; when 

balance is obtained by adjusting the plugs, the ,th 
shiint to be adjusted ‘is: connected ‘to the galvano: 

meter coil and the ratio ‘in the bridge altered to 

1,000 and 100, the other plugs. not being. touched, 


Tie ‘Accurate adjustment of the ordinary ahth, ardtl, i 
and: te 





The shunt coil is.then tengthened or shortened, as 
, the case may be, until it is observed. that the testing 


galvanometer needle again stands at zero, when the 


shunt will becorrectly adjusted. Ina similar way the - 
stath shunt would be adjusted by obtaining. balance 


with the ratioaltered to 1,000 and 10, and the pdyath 
shunt with the ratio 10,000 to 10, Dine me 

The advantage of this simple method will: be 
found to be very great when: practically tried, both 
ag regards 'rapidity and accuracy of adjustment, 


i¢ ‘ 2 ‘ 
sie oA 


OBACH'S PATENT TANGENT GALVANO, 


“Lehrer METER, gaa \0¥ V4 
- Tis galvanometer, which is manufactured by 


Messrs. Siemens Bros., is designed principally for 


the accurate measurement of the very powerful ‘ 
currents given by. dynamo and magneto-clectric | 


machines, such as used for the clectric light, for 


plating and depositing purposes, Ke. In general. 


appearance this instrument resembles an ordinary 
tangent galvanometer, but, unlike the latter, the 
ring through which the current passes is movable 
around its horizontal diameter lying in’ the meri- 
dian; the inclination of the ring to the horizontal 
plane is read- olf on a vertical scale, With a 
constant current strength, the force with which the . 
magnetic needle in the centre of the ring is deflected . 
from the meridian is proportional to the sine of tho 
angle, which the plane of the ring encloses with the 
horizontal plane, Instead of measuring the angle’. 
between the ring and the horizdntal plane, the angle 
which the ring makes with the vertical plane could 


‘also be taken, but in this case the cosine of the 


observed angle would be employed in place of the . 


sine. In the instrument described the angle of tho 


ring with the horizontal plane is read off, as the | 
natural values of the sing are more frequently given 
in tables than.thosc.of the cosine, and can be used | 
without further trouble. ‘ ; taal 
Fig. t.is"a' perspective view of. tho apparatus, | 


_ show he. ring In an inclined position. . From:a 


base G, provided with three levelling screivs, rises a! 
stout, brass column s;:the bottom of this column is 
‘¢ black cut out at one side in tho 


‘ Bante h BSUS Rea AR, of 

Shape of a >, and made. strong enough to i 

,it against bending. ‘The column can te toried ip 

ite axis in order to. placo.the instrument. in. the 

magnetic meridian; the screw s/ holds. it firmly in 

: ie place. On the top of the column is a: circular. 
miss box x, about 8" in diameter and 1)" high, 


© 


each side. of the opening, a semi-circular pi 

gun-metal with clamp sores KE is fixed. Aen 
inner face of the ring the openin, is bridged over 
by a strong’ piece’ of cbonite '1t; in which a brass 
bush is inserted to hold the pivot on the end of the 
armp’, The pivot on the arm P projects somewhat 


Ov Fie a, 


‘ Conical arms: PP" aro screwed ‘to opposite sides of 
the box, and servo to stpport the ring R. | This ring ° 
{is‘inade of gun-metal containing a high percentage 
jof copper; the dimensions arc, 113" inner diameter, 
about 3" thick, and 1° broad, so ‘that the ring offers 
-an‘exéecdingly small resistance to the current. “At 
ja the ring is cut through ; on the outer face, and at 


ca 


beyond the ring r, and is insulated ftom it by 
ebonite collar, over which is placed a brass collar: 
for the ring to turn on, On. this projecting pivot! 
the quadrant Q'Q, fig. 2, is placed,.and held firmly : 
byapin, ‘This quadrantis divided into degreés, and 
the angles, the sines of which -(for ‘radius == 1) 
correspond to the values’ 0:1,:0'2,0°3 6.4 1'o, are 
eae Pak To reer eee een a ere i 8 





rT ere oe 








ee 


Syaa ser. 


sewn; onztne ame scale. by longer. marks, » 


> to'the ring’R, and insulated’ therefrom, is a brass arm 
: carrying at its end.a vernier w, which. moves over 


the quadrant q. ‘The screw s* clamps both vernicr 


‘ and ring; the inter at its extreme vertical position 


is arrested by a screw.» (fig. 1) in the lower part of 


: the column and by another screw p’ (figs. 1 and 2) 
| when in the horizontal position. On loosening the 
: Rerews g and p Cig. 2) the vernier can. bo shifted.a:|' 
* fittle, “so: that” whe 

: ring is first made, the required agreement between. 

_ the divisions on the vernicr and quadrant can. be. 


n the. zero adjustment of ‘the ; 


obtained. ; This adjustment is made by sending. as 


» strong .a current .as possible in alternate directions : 


through .the ring, and then bringing the latter, by, ; 
tho alteration-of the screw p’, into:such a-position.. 


» that no deflection of the needle takes place. When; 


. this is the case the vernicr is sct to zero. Within: 


the circular. box (ig. t), and at about‘half its 
height, is the circle 1,. divided. into degrees of: 
suflicient ‘size to cnable a tenth to be casily read. 
The length of the magnet is only y's the diameter of 
the ring; it carries an aluminium pointer, and is 
fixed to ain axis, which is worked to a fino point at 
cach end. . On the circle 7, in an exact line through - 
the bearings of the ring, is screwed 'a light. brass . 
frame, having an.agate bearing in the centre, and, 


‘ beneath it, in the middle of the box, is a second; 
+ jewel or agate bearing. . In these bearings tha ‘axis. 


of the magnet plays. “A screw underneath the brass 


: box, acting ona brass spring, stops the. movement; ! 


of the needle. A small spirit,lovel /is fixed in the, 
box, so that the galvanometer.may be accurately 
levelled. The current to be measured is led to the. 
ring by means of two thick insulated copper wires. 


: Le (fg. :t), Which are wound together for.a distance, 
; of a 
, SCTOWS KK! - : 


out three. fect, and connected, to the clam; 


Measurements with the galvanometer may be: 


, made in. several. ways: thus, by keeping the rin; 
: fixed, the tangants of the deflections represent th 


relative strengths of the currents “producing thos 
deflections, and this will be the case whether. the. 
plane of the ring be yertical or at an angle, 


. — If-the angle at which the ring is set be varicd 50; | 
as.to produce. the same deflection with currents of 


various strengths, then the relative. valucs of the, 


, latter will be in the: proportion of the cosccants of 


the angles at which the ringisset... 2... i 
Tt may also be remarked that if different curren’ 


. These theoretical results are completely verified’ 
by experiment, 

, . Togive.an id 

| Ment, it, may be mention 

‘ measure, without. usin; 

, current developed by six 

_ With’ their inductors : connected up parallel, . th 

» Whole of the eléctro-magnets being excited by a 


seventh machine: ‘The resistance in the circuit was: i 


: very small, being about the saino as that: of: the 
parallel inductors, Wie es 4 
When the ring of the galvanometer stands in the 
\ Vertical position a current of 1.Weber dellects the 
| needle about 13° at Woolwich, “0 
ee ach hick PMR 


r) ee 
Vey many | ave heen mad % acer 
tain tho speed of the oloctric current, but tho results” 
avo Leen nearly as vations as the physicists who 
have conducted the experiments. Thua Whentatone,! 
in 1893, who wan firat to attempt its monsurement,. 
aunouncod that 288,000: miles per Recond was ‘the 
' vorrect rte of speed, According: to other oxperly 
‘[ahenters, almoat any whoro between hig figures and 
.| 13,000 infles por second would bo the rte... ‘The oxe 
periments of Hough and Jones, ax.woll as of all 
othern subsequent to them, show tnt it ta quite, 
difficult to arrive at an initial or standard velocity, 
for electricity, ms 7 { 
Some oxperiments recently conducted by M. Ste} 
‘{mena, with an apparatna which he calle 0 chrono.’ 
gmph, are both ingenious and interesting. The 
chronograph consints of a dink of steel which revolver 
with perfect uniformity and: extreme mpidity. In 
close proximity to thin disk in placed a platina ter. 
minal froma Loyden jar. If this disk is provionaly 
covered with lampUlack, n apark dincharged Upon it 
will leave its mark upon (he Jamp-Ulnck, and in tho! 
centro of this mark will bo found abright spot which | 
ia tho exact point of tho discharge. In uac, the. 
chronograph dink is connceted with the ground, and 
the platinum point is attached to the extromity of . 
the conductor from the jar. A secondary jnr is also | 
Arranged 80 that it may bo discharged simultane... 
ously with that at the farther extremity of tho line, { 
tho Recondary jar being: closo to tho chronograph, | 
and discharging itself through the samo platinum | 
terminal. ‘Tho velocity of the wheel being known, | 
the distance between the two marks on tho canted! 
dink will givo the tine occupled in travorning tho! 
long conductor, 4 : ie f 
M. Bicmens gives na reault of these experiments: 
40,000 kilometron (nbowt 30,200 initea,) an the apead’ 
of tho current, Hin experitrents were made upoa; 
‘Hinos varylng from ono to five German iniles in 
Hemyth. “ML Stemens Inya down aan axiom based 
jou theso experiments, thnt tho time consumed in the 
‘ panange of tho cnrront is proportional to the length 
“of the conductor, but unfortunately we aro without 
‘any information aa to tho nize of theconductor used, 
jor any description of the means employed for the 
jwlunultancous discharge of the two jan. Lhe induo- 
itive influonce of the earth would cortainly retard tho 
{pauaoge of tho currett a dofinite mnount, which 
xhoulit bo considored au clement in tho catowlation. 
JAs this influence diminishes ns tho aqunare of tha 
; idistance, ia it not probable that in apace the initial 
Velocityof electricity would ho the anime nv that of 
Night? : 2 af 


d'une longueur-do’ wn di cing milles, en fil do fer. bien isolé ct: 


d'un appareil particulier, qu'il appello un chronographe, 


“C’est wri disque en acier qui tourne excessivement vite ct avec 


“beaucoup do régularité, of tout prés de co disque, est montée la’ 


pointe de. platine d'une bouteille de Leyde, Bile disquo.est cou- 
vert d’uvance d’uno couche de noir de fumde, uno dtincelle qui 
jaillit vors Ini, y Inisso uno potito tacho ott lo noir est enlové, ct 
‘an contre do cotte tachocst un poiritluisant, qui est In marque: 
‘exacta.de I’étineatlo, Si l’on mesuré Ia distuneo ontre.deux points — 
‘ainsi miarquds, Gonnaissant In vitesso do rotation du. disque, colle,” 
‘do I'’électricité en est fucilement déduite. . 0? ; ae 
i -Pour exdcutor cette expérience, la pointe de. ‘platine commu~ 
iniqué avec l'extrdémité do In conduite at le disque avec Ia terre ; 
‘Vautro oxtrémitd do In conduite est mise en rapport avec. la. bow 
itaille do Toyde. La chargo entire parcourt 
‘liow & tune’ dtincelle entre la pointe. do plating ( 
{moment méme of: co courant entre'dans la: conduite;* une ‘autre’ 


1} bouteillé eat ‘déchar, do ct,donne-égalementy ine, marque ¢ In. 

{ bouts & les Tous sna ques mesure’ done le temps néoessaire 
| pour :parcourir In conduite dans toute salongucur, . “Le 
' CM." Siemens'n truttvé quo lotomps. employs par eid 
| est proportioniel 4 In longueur'de:la conduite, a et 
+ dit confant, dans ces circonstances, est do 30. Honea aa res) i 
| Phiquas par Betolidg’ cn moyontio (etivird 000 kilometres) « 
ner : e : 3 
fo 


ssibla to gat. Yow 
tthe B.A Weide 


in tho, 


th , 
md 


riduite’etdoune, ; 
6 disque. Aw } 


iudiistrie Blather)... s. sget Fe Le er a 


4 


‘INDICATRUR,; SANS OSCILLAT 
1 Ob terenc “ ; 
: a Deis Fen te fF 
| Tun des grands inconvénients des tection bt edi 
‘qui résulte des oscillations, qu'accomplit l'aiguille indicatrice 


itendaient A provoquer Varrét de cette deritre; toutefois.-Ie 
iprobltme n'était qu'imparfaitement resolu, M, Schiff. y est 
arrive cependant par Ix disposition suivante. ites 
Au lieu d'une aiguille droite, if emploie un anneau d'acier 
iaimante, Iegtrement oblong, qu'il suspend, au moyen d'un 
jlong fil de soie, 4 Minterieur d'un cylindre pais de Cuivre - 
qui se trouve enveloppé par le multiplicatcur galvanome- y 
jtrique. Celui-ci est compost de deux parties susceptibles! 
'Werre disjointes ct ccartdes Vune de l'autre, et ay centre, 
de Panneau magnétique se trouve un. miroir disposé comme: : 
{dans les appareils. de Weber et de Thomson. Le fil de sole 
lui-méme est placé A Vintdricur dun Jong tube de verre ct 
Lest suspendt A un treuil qui permet de bien centrer Vanneau 
cet le miroir qui en fait partie. Laspect de lapparcil resemble 
| du reste en petit A celui @e la'balance magodtique de Weber. 
| Comme Vappareil est pas astatique, on Jt en Sonne les} * 
| proprictés au moyen dun barreau aimante’ quel ‘on place | 
| dans le voisinage et qu'on rapproche plus ou moins, suivant i 
| te degré de sensibilité que l'on vedt donner A linstrument. H 
| Enfin, on observe les déviations au moyen di une lunette que i 
{Von braque sur. le miroir ct qui permet de voir les divisions 
‘ Mune longue cchelle qui se trouve réfldtée par le miroir 
comme dans les systémes.de Weber. 


Fi 


. id 1 A 7 yt. ‘i 
Zo courant. {Quand le_systtine est-tlien réglé, 1a déviation.de l'annean 


«y magndtique s'arrdte exactemient A son maximum sans revenir 


17 Esurses pas jet cet effet peut dtre produit avec de forts courants 


“teomme ayec de trés-faibles. 


i = ae 








pe rr ers xe 


}. 


“he tent 


| ae Hifecting Galvanomgters 
i 
i 
' 


i right ar loft, and the atyonnt, of this dovtatton will by Hl 

41 proportional to the strength of the cuiyent, so Unt this; 
Moeviation gl A neamira for Sts strength, H 
Mory strong currents: will devinte a neeille even| 

n they pass only-once under or aver Ue enmo; for} 

weaker currents the conducting wird Ia bent savoral ; 

| thnes under and over the needle, in the form of n flat) 
j coll, go ng to inultiply Its effect, whence sel: arrange: 
{ments are callud “anultiplicntors,” and thelr invention 


Nepleethiy Gateanumeter, 


is due to tha German, physicist, S iwelgger,  “Vhete 
‘sonattivencas bx in proportion to the number of wind. 
lage in the coils which often amounta to many hin 
reds, and even thousands, OF course in Kueh engen 
the wire’ ig very thin. amd. provided with an Isolating 
covering; the instrument bs only nse to ascertain the 
existence of very wenk galvante currents, aud, if poesh. 
Ue, measure their strength, a 
Aa thot part of the current which tn such colls poe 
aver the needle ring in the opposite direction from 
{hat part which Is woder the needle, a compass needle, 
placed aver a coll, must doviate In an oppostte dir 

ton from the needle inside the coil; but if the needle 
‘over the coil lias its polos In Opposite directions, i will 
devinte in the aamo way an. the other noodle, Nobili 
tao 199 of (his for constructing a very renattlve gale 
vanoineter, by connecttiy two such needles with a red, 
VAs they nover hnve the samo atrongih, the weaker will 
‘be compelled by the stronger to point with Its north 
‘polo. south, but will at tho sna time weaken the fen 
ideney af the other to point to the narth tule, ro that 
ithe combined ayntemn will be more enaily deviated fram 
ithe magnetic meridion, © Such a system af two neeilles 
\Jocalled nh “nstatic palvanometer,” nnd ia largely used, 
In ordev Lo nscertain very wenk waves ofa current, 80 
ttnonte ns to be unable 10 move auch aii’ natatle needle 
system: any perceptible degree, Poggentorif ug ate 
tached a small reflecting mirror to them, which reflocts 


motto of the needle nud.nirror will cause a very por. 





tho light of a Innp upon n sereen, when the very least |: 


ceptible motion of the Jumioots spot upon Ue wall or 


Et a nO mee 
place tho needtes in the 
thom ‘to bo atill more 


wonky 
a ‘ae eee At the left the'screen aud (ho Jam) aro seen 


Tho Nght’of Ahe Initer shines: through» narrow allt 
jand fs reflected back by tha: imfrror attached to the 
‘Needles, fornilug a ght spot ou the back of the acree 


land by’ tho lenst deviation of the needles the light spot | 
sp maven to the right or left. . : Oe ? 

THis instrument $4 easentially the same.an that used | 
“toy working tha Atlautio cablu telegraph, and which I 


wo Hlustrated and described ten years ago an page 287 
of our September number for 1860... Since that te 
tha tnstrument has become a regular tool in the phiyal: 


eal cabinets, nd the one wo hero represent f4 that i 
found fn the Stevens Technological Tustitute: tn: Hobe. 
where it Is used for retined vesearches and the de: | 


termination of high resistances, such as those of jstnes, 


{gutta-pereln, and similar xoenlled beolating substances” 


—wo gay so-called, nx there are no perfect Isolaters for 


tlectricly, exeept the absolute vacniuin, which the: 


strongest etirrent cannot pleree. 


uaa 


": Mant-pour obtonir nos foyors do lumidre électrique. Il soraikSn 


StU Ria 





9 nog’ professdurs, présonic ‘und! 
éo A In mesirre des fortd courants ésctHh 
Cet instrument n’est.autro quo la bongs 
t odes tangentes do Pouillet, trés honrensoment't 
tant sane aucun changeniont’, Vorganes, la: mesiire' 
‘des -couranta: électriques les: plus:faibles-at: coux: dl’ 
i donnds par ime pile do plus de 50 éléments’ Bunsen: 
; Mont sorvira avec sucels pour la mestire dos: courants p 
| produits partes machines magudéto-dlcetriquos employes 


A 


* tile de ddcriro longuement In boussole de Pouillet que posstdent; 
: tous nos cabinets de physique; il suffira do dira qu'elle so com- 
{ d'un cerele vertical’ ficd sorvant do multiplicatour ot agissant 
rin barreau aimanté mobile, au centro. do cé 16. multipli=: 

tour; loraquo lo courant traverse lo fil’ qui. garnit’ce: arclo, Io! 
arreau ost ddvié do sn position d'orientation otles dévintionsdon-' 


nts‘courants n'est 


parfaitemont: que. Paction du’ 

le, maximum dans 

ntormediaires co , 

do. courants, faibles.ou: forts et 

striiment; et! Jui-laigsant no: sensibilité 


Da Pia iba toe idiqu 
: dresser. ue : tal 


Li, boussolo prés fetota0)xocgm | 
| ‘quco ‘des: la?:dly tri pornettant, a 
| transformer, do. \ obidor vationgyaaat 
| P sto Bur 


cot PETE 














“IMPROVED THERMO-ELECTRIC ‘APPARATUS, 5 ; 








the following is an abstract =. ° 

Whilst most instruments of research have undergone a. about 18 ct 
‘Process of developments the beautiful instrument of Mellont i 
toes not appear to. have’ progressed since the day of its ine: ero Sree etet et 
ception, Much Annoyance arises from the pile and galvan. | : 
ometer being separate, and it fsa very 
> fora pile to be used with nny 
vin reality: they are 


i clangu. - : 
coil giving t2¢ctm, 5 arks, 

H assing tinder tine ‘i 1 
nt up and penetrating » ~ Ss 

This tine Is connet 

“A few drops of olive off | 

{ a the ebonite plate about the point, and the 
common occurrence; piece of gla f 


he po and ih ea ELECTROSTATIC CAPACITY OF GLASS. 


ating the wire, ‘ 
T pole 
f point of the 
A ng the glass 
% iva ef hol Sparks, it is casy to make a close 
and embodied the. Sis ofholes in a few seconds, oy 
ith the assistanc 
Heacy and simplicity, 
‘ory of the pile are, thatthe essential - 
ust always be much less than the: 
nce, and from the low tension of the current, 
rity cannot be wiped ont by using a great length in 
nometer, In practice the faults are (a), the 
punctions arc too deep, and cause short circuiting ; (4), the 
vars are too long and give unnecessary resistance ; (c), they , 
pire Coo ntimerous 3 (iz), the unctionsare too slender ; (¢), the; 











































BY 
snass of matier to be heated is too great. These are tem. 
pscdted (¢, a, and d) by lacing the bars in glass thes, con. 





J. HOPKINSON, D.Sc, M.A. 
iMecting with them plates of copper; (4), bars made halt. ca 

al length; (0), 0 single pair only is used, 

The defects of the galvanometer'a (a), the space near. 

t the needles is not utilized by the wire; (4), the needles 

are not of the best. shai es {, the suspension js trouble. 
some. The remedies a ¢i—(a), the wire Is made into flat 
itibbon, and wound in one bobbin, and the needles mounted 
}50 as to permit this ; (4), the needles are flat oblong lates, 
taken from the same piece of steel, and Mmagnatized in one 
piece ; an agate cup and pivot remedy (¢), j 
} In manipulation the faults are: (a), the several parts are, 
‘Not mutually adapted ; (6), junctions by different metals 
‘are exposed ; (6), the pile an 


walvanometer are connected |’ 
first, when, tn reality, they should not be 


connected till the: 
pite has been exposed, or else the cutrent generated ab. 
Stracts the heat from the hot side, and lowers its temper. 
ature, 
+ In the complete instrument, as made by Mr. Browning, ' : oa, 
the pile consists of a palr of clements s¢in, long, the copper . . . 
connections being circular plates t-100in, thick, and Sgin.| 
diameter, The pile is supported by its thick copper ter.: 
minals above the galvanometer, 


5 ETY.—Part 1. 1878. 
From the PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCI 
vom th 
which consists of a flat; é : : 
‘copper ribvon, making about 20 turns round a palr of. d 
astatic needles, in. broad, supported on an! ‘ 
na fine pivot by an agate: 
cube, A contact key is placed at one side, and makes the 


je of the instrument. The: 
Whole ts inctosed in 2 glass shade, having a perforation at 
ithe height of the face of the pile, A 


ie extrancous heat, and 


















































7 
In front of the pile, the; 
axis of the pile, 
3o seconds, Contact fs then 

made, when the deflection’ of the needle indicates the! 

‘strength of the current Very nearly, A very distinct deflec.; 

Won may be obtained from a person Standing Gft. from plle,; - 

‘and a common candi Further, it shows; . 
-- that the walls of a room are of different temperatures, and! : 

in any clear weather radiation into Stellar space {fs very! 

evident. ‘The whole thing can be put ready for experiment! 


in half a minute, while, with other forms, the necessary: 
‘adjustment Usually takes more ti 


mo than the experiments, 
dhe same form of gatvanometer is also supplicd scpas.' 
ately CES Cela orate spur ale Boa y cau, ree 





























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7 DNOWLEIO Mb. 


S2IIdIE TIIUVIE 


1S Gost 31 
uO wat 








ae ae 


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‘soyoueip jeimoz0y FE Moge J[qrAour SpCur Suroq Su 
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*UOHTIGIA JUESSOIUE UE 3q 02 PIAIZSGO 

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yoaup isour oy fq snoys JayuIOUEATES sou $,z93d9q, 
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fax1Ak PIIT|NSU] UL JO SPUd ORI DI OF ‘Poutol ore speuuss9y * 


ing | 
‘} 
Stfio} 
ry t0 move 


ations ce’, 


Stl, 
shave the under © 


ig 


"and : 


. 


i 
very. small 
the end of the’ 


into ti, so.as * 
contact 


th of 
from fi 
kin 
Rerwards maki 


on of a film | 


posit 
ven tot! 


he top of a 


5 


je—and carries. . 
AKIN, 


?'—should the 
first’ Wired 


platinum con- | 


leng! 
i 
tood fr 
‘olon 
he 
si 


” “insulate, 


ourcd 
C, 
anders 


position, a 
cp 
a short 
iS 
piece, 
inst 
hat, 
that at, 4-e. The cable''ts thus edurgedstiy 


figuring the outer 
i 


minst tl 
platinum, 


id 


1 brass pre 


i 
em as one 


P 


lected to the left, 
jon, 


wate! g—if previously made—and a 


i 


i? ma 
co! 
wi 
eSSCs 4 
wards 


‘$0 as to secure the advan- ; 
mM Ob 


8 
surface which resists tho de 
wer form gi 
vent dust from entering the cup 1. 
; the 
rub a 
th 


. 


¢ Without dis! 


Fie 


irod r, attached to it, pr 


portant tests arc about to be made, and: 


per, 
aff 
‘The co: 
to lean tow 


te rods 


i 


ass: 
surli 


oni 


pa 


sthe advanta, 
wements for “ char; 


¢” will be readil: 
he samo, direct 


we with th 
where the 
i 


of 

f 

ppen 
ul 


hich mo 


surfaces, 


f! 

h 

‘ before it is screwed into 
re 


© mor 
ver in 


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ain 

Th 
 @isehar, 


quantit 
to obt 
14 
pre 
When / is de! 


 tatin 


1 


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tacts 4 and y, t 


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sdatter: hay 


is to 
to 


of moisture. 


tage of 2 fres 


Meal 


x 
tion: 
{oa 


Al 
insula’ 


x 
honison 


nin 


bonite. support, 


Icakage froin the key i 
form’ of this support—a vertical section of which is 


fore confined to ‘the’ cl 
iy 


Fe 
Ho 

Where, 

pecially f 
t 


ig 
essenitial;-and eg; 


love real 
in‘conriec 


and 
‘suited for tests 


For'the ab 


A 


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when used 











ight.” 
‘hast 

4 

‘ 

yt 

y. the 
Com- 
in, E.,° 
fore-' 
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Ny 


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satisfactor: 
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a 
ithe 
ak 


over. with /', | 
it 


oe fees 
ds :tho ri 
ight (as in 
y 
in 
hich certa 
and is therefore likely 
cable-testing.: 


and Tele 


yorks at  Silyerto 


aire manufactured,» ..” 


i) 
i! 
ish 


ble throw, 
‘The rod’ r- prevents’ the 


necessa 
ight, as in fig, 
press /’-toware 
the ri 
MN be ‘carried 
e the ca 
proved higt 
ave been ado 
in publi 
istrument.wi 
Res, 
ical-men for 


over to 
ry. from, bo 


$ only 
1 


i 
be 
it wi 

ne. 

ih 
perch 
leasure f 
an i 
practi 


i 


ded advantag, 


, 


id the contact ‘at 4 ¢ broken before '¢? and'g come 


bose 


wards tho ri 
alread 
Gutta: 
ir w 
ption o 


s, Which have 


| purposes, 


;o. much, 
d itself to 


C1 


y 


udiste the cable it 
ica 

y, 

¥ 


again tow 


ble at the same fir 
descriy 


ja-rubber, 
7 At. thei 


here the: 


ry 
fvanometer’ and’ batte: 


To discharge the cable, 
tion for énsilate, 
vanometer, to ‘earth, ‘ 


» dnste 
Kk 
posi 
hese ke: 
pract 
i 
[We ha’ 


Ti 
4 


ecther, so as to dischargs 


apy 
for 
Indi 

a 
possesses de 


ac! 
Should / not 


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to 
. Ba 
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[88t31.]-—2fedlenl - Coil. pposition, .” 
that you intend making an astatic galvangmoter, © 
then all you require is to make n flat bobbi, wth, 
suficient ‘space inside for the lower, adi to. 
oscillate, then wind the wire round nil rouityd| 
leaving a sinall hole in the centro through. hie i 

3} tho needle cun be put into centro of coil. “in wool. 
ent below, A is the wooten ‘silo of the bobbir 


tastes Ot 10 . 
eG, 


with ita juner section (4) around which the wire, 
about loz. of No.’ 36, is wound, the two needles 
{e and d)-aré fartenod together in their centres 
by a pleco of either silver or copper wire noldered 
to thamegdles,and toa loop in top needle. ‘The 
‘auspended by means of a piece of unspntt 
The ontinary solder, &e.. answers every 
+ ypurpt You nevd not insulate the layers ot 
sgalvanometers tinless you like; better lay the wire 
‘i (i then aowk in tel sraflin for an hour or 
no good copper wire insulated with white 
Wilks The current from a Stee will detlect the 
neodte with only two or three turma.~W. J. Lase 
(CasTan, & 


ie a er i a 


Sunli e+ Ay. br /, are 
LECTROMOTIVE F noel ge 


16177] —Tnn discusion between Ais Moberly 


and inyself lias wandered about over such att 
immenso space of intellectual surfaco, that I really 
cannot pretend to recur to any apecial part of it; 
hut I think I can sco now, na Mr, Moberly appeare 
to do (16138, p. “Hs whero the source of our 
elief differences inny be found; it isin the element 
of “timo” apparently. Hut Ido nat sco that ho 
can charge mo with omitting to define or mention 
that clement. Aa my papers which called forth 
his criticisms wero upon electromotive force, 
current, and resistance, and as I have been 
thoroughout porsistently speaking of velocity an 
tho teat and measure of forco, it really seems 
superfluous to ray thnt tine ian necessary clement 
of current and velocity. My row was porfectly 
clear and definite, wind aw T anid all along, Mr. 
Moberly did not look at the subject from the 
atand polnt which I consider has jinportant advan. 


tages. 1 beg to alstinctly decline tho ling of} - 


argument he nitopts in the end of his antepenulti- 
mate paragraph, for velocity is not \roport lonal ta 
tho square mot of vn force, but to tho forco itself, 
Tdo not seo how my argument is to be disproved 
with nil its consequences by placing it upon a 
foundation. crroncous itis truc, but quito different 
from my own foundation, 

Mr. Moberly fatis to sco another error into which 
ho hua fallen, somawhat to my sucprinn (though I 
seo ho docs eay “if Terr not’). Ifo maker a 
comparison which will not hold between EMF. 
nnd head of water, even though his facta are 
correct. Tho total energy of head of water fa 
truly the product of head anid quantity, because 
thea give tho fundamental mechanteal unitary 
oxpression aa in foot-ponnda, ‘The electric energy 
fa also equal to tho product of E.M.F. and quantity, 


war 
Jaq savy 0} sivadd@ > - 


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ty JO syaaUTAy! 


Jyu0s of 


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aq anu 344 
nowse 

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Jnoys yey? pas 
uned Sty} JO INOAY UT 


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WB SLIINUJHUCUT 2NO OF BNP aq 
puw sas 


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P BJO sapONIT Jo 


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1894 


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‘szaudvaya 0) Sa1Mo 40u ‘y80] Davy aN YO 


Sent sig) 

‘Seva og yuou 

4¥q} poreqmiemas 
WQowML per 
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Thomson's ‘Double ‘Coil. Galvanometer. - > 
+ We roprosent hero.n rofinomont of tho nstatia: gat, . 
vanometer as improved: by Sir Willinin Thomson, | It P 
has-two coils, ona above tho other, exactly alike in : 
thelr effect upon the. compnsa needle, situated in the 
middle of each, Theso needles are connected with ro- ; 
Versed poles, while dhe upper-one carries wv mirror, | 
which reflects a beam of Hight. A bae magnet, 


Double Coll Gateanometer, : 


bo moved up and down, so ns lo nearly noutralizo ter. >, 
reatrial magnetiom ifdesired, ‘Tho conneetions ab tho 
nso servo to iso the coils in combtnation, olther as 
acting together or counteracting one another, 

Different kinds of these tustruments aro used, ome 
with very fino and long wire, for dlelicnto currents, 
and some with short heavy wire, for strong currents, 
‘These kinds of Instruments ara used for telegraphing, 
espeelally Uhrough long eubmarine wires, such asacross 
the Atlantic ocean, 


7 Necrrn faery Bainlida—. a 
; -Electrometers,  Aevestrey* 
«Wo represent hero two modern cleetromethd, Choy 
are to bo found at the Slevens Institute, Hoboken, Nd, | 
nnd algo in other iustitutions that keep up tu the mod. 
ert reiulrements of practleal sclence, ga 
+, Theso Instruments may be divided Into twa classes, 
those Intended for statte electricity, and acting by the 
mutual repulsion of two equally charged substances; 
nnd those Intended for: dynamte electricity, and based 
on the property of magnets to place themeelves at right 
nngles to (he currents passing through properly are 
ranged conducting wires or colls of wire, 1 
Ph old electrometers of the first class conatat of two: 
cork balls suspended’ by Unrends, or tivo stelpa of gold: 


leaf suspended parallel; the electric charge will cause; 
them to repel one another, and in this way the pres. 
ence of electricity is ascertained. Fig. t representa n 
J more elaborate instrument of this kind; it ta the in 
vention of Peltier, and ia named afer him, | It consists: 
jot a support carrying a glass cylinder to shut off ail, 
alr: currents, In the cylinder fa a curved. balanced: 
alumi red, turning ona pivot, and laving a aul 
{| compass needle attacled to tt, so ns to give ita decided: 
rection, On top of tho glass case fa a Drass ball, 
standing on a rod, which goes through the glass case 








and communteates below with a harizontal: brass rod, 
having amall-Dalls at ils extremities; but there is no 
contact with the alambuun rod, except when desired, 
hy turatiyg the brays ball on the top, which turns the 
J interior brass rod su that ft can bo brought in contact 
Jwtth the aluminum rod at oppestte sites, When a 
charge 1s communteated to the brass part, tho alurl- 
num rot will bo devinted and the amount of duvtation 


on aseate, and ‘in {his way the tenstun of the charge | 


measured, d 

Fig. 2 ts ‘Thomson's quadrant electrometer ; it con- 
sists of four metallic segtnents, supported In (ho ‘sane 
plane, bub not jn contact, They-arv connected alter 


bees TS Ts 7 


LE SSTE 


=e 








romp 











vp er eh mee, TPE 


















a 










¥ two; projecting’ rods and alls ab tho Of pee oer ema 
over these hangs a sirlp of aluminum bye fine 
wire, from. the laste of a Loyden jur feebly charged, . 
(seen at tho top), - If naw ano pair of the seclora are 


J, while the other are connected with tho earth, | 
i, 
1 
i 


sland aud in somo minor dotails from tho othor viowa, | 
It also shows tho ring inclined, in all other Alguros it has \ 
howover boon sliown in its normal position, ! 
Upon a baso-plato rosting on three sot scrows atanda a! 
strong brass column S, tho lower ond of which torminates | 
ina U-shaped brass casting, having a pin on ita baso 
tho column may bo turned round this pio, and. In 
hold firmly in any position by a clamp anid sot scrow St, | 
In Fig, 3 ft will bo observed that this column carrion 0 | 
brass case NN, 7 In. in dinmetor and 12 In. deop, ‘con- | 
{taining tho magnotic needle, and having diamotrt- | 
cally opposite to oach othor two conleal pins PP: 
fixed to it, which sorvo as pivots for tho ting RR. ; 
This ring has a diameter of 12 in Is jin. thick, and | 
M trometer of Peller, de. 1 fn, wide, and offera very littlo rosistaneo to tho current, i 

i fs tho case In the elvetrome! . i 


- [Ate tho ring I U provided nt cach ond will 
eribed In Fig, 2. In order to observe and menaure ta tho ring is cut and “provided nat cach ond with # 
aa ro Be 













Se rent echt soar ert Rae 


F ae MEASURING RE 8, ° 
M- Hospice aCe, Ree I LST 
mensuring resistances, in which he uses an 
| Hughes’ audiometer, ‘Two slutlar colts, 
iJ Rected In a deyteed cireult with the bal 
which passes through a vi 
wire, C, [9 placed hetwe 














‘‘Astatic’ Galvanometers, 


eee 
Tho adjotnod ongraving roprosents what is called An 
tatic Galvanometer, na made by Elliot & Co,, of 
ndon,. Like all vory delicato instruments of thts, 
Ings, it is protocted ly n glass shade, 50 19 to provent, 

Hio. needle from being moved by alr currents, which 
# affect it vory readily on account of its boing astatic, 
BF ich inenns that it!sdoublo, or rather consists of two 
compass needles fixed, with raversed poler, to one axls, 
$n tho. dircetive force of two such neeciles fs nover 
i perfectly alike, tho etronger’ ono will overcomo the 
¢wenker, Which will therefore bo compelled to point 










ye of aluninum will move towards them: Sf the 
; charge {8 opposite to that of the nlumtnum rod and the 
butif tha chargo fs of the:same kind, repulsion i 
take: place and tho aluminum strip wil move 

from them aud over tho other regiments tat are 
charged, In order to give a directive force to the 
aluintnum slrip a small compass needlo fa attached so 










oditled form of 
» A and B, are con. i 
Mery the current of : 
ibrating contact, A coil of tine 


en the colls, A and B, and conneete 

to the telephone, This coll slldes along a cee ' 
80 that its exact Dositfon may be easily determined, Ie, on : 
Introducing an inapprectable : i 
reslsianee between tho Dind- 
Ing screws, D and E, tho cur. 
rent In A lias the same Inten- 

























































































clamping scrow K K! shown in Figs. 2 and 4; both onda 
Hight motions of the aluminum strip in Fig, 2, a small 


aro further united by a atrong picco of vulcanisod rubbor 
x rot'a Ie nttnched to it, nud n ray of Hight reflected fH, Fig. 2, carrying a brass cap m', which sorves ag 
n 










sity as In B, the actions of A 
E th pole southward. Parallel with tho nee. and Bupon Care equal and 
‘bearing for tho pin st On the opposite silo of {with Sta nor r vive, ona ¢ . 
by It'upon a geale placed against the wall; the Teast 1 | the The, the pin’ = oxtenda Uhrouph ft, and fs Ales ara two fat coils of fino fsolated cope bhi ae | contrary, 80 that no sound 15 
ning of tho intrror will cause thts ray of Hglt to insolated from it by a rubbor ferralo 4, tho Inttor at each aido, and so close together as onty to allo 
ue lnadesara in fet, St will ack Tikw a very lung | [covered with a brass forrulo mi, Fig, 3, and carrying 
rave jan » 


heard In the telephone, If a 


jal ngalnis' wal Fesistauce be introduced be 
Mal nsentnst the wall, ; fon its end the divided quadrant QQ, fixed to it | 
hard on ad egal vall. Q i 


by a pinn. This quadraut fp dividod into dogrocs, Vig. 6, | 
Itis evident that auch delicate instruments should | and haa all thoxo angles marked upon ft, tho ain 


> lower needle to be placed between, white the upper 
“needle Is above tho coils, which aro covered with a 
































tween A and D, Say one oh, then the actions of A 
and 1B 
en of graduated dial plate, over which tho upper ale : upon G are no longer eqquni, and a sound ts heart inihe 
ways bo placed under glass shades, in order to pravent which for tho radius! are Toprosented by tho values 1, .2, urns, and on which the degrees of devintion aro. rend 
WLLL by ale currents, such ns those penernted «8, &e, to 1,0, which division is of assistance to tho 
distur 








Ly breathing near them, In this caso tha Leyden jar operator when setting tho ring to any of thoso frequently 


Occurring positions, A vornior to fixed by means of tho 
should also bo under tho glasa shade, 0 aa to keop It arm Ato tho ring Ry but iusolated from it by rubbor 
charged longer; it ta charged by the curved rod seen washers, alldes ntong tho divided quadrant QQ), and enn 


. . . bo firmly set to this h moana of tho sot screw S$", 'T 
under It, which is coniected with its theide covering, | ring It fa stopped ine Tnclinatly eect BY i cha 
while tlio outelde covering is connceled exteriorly with, vernier touching tho scrow D on th 

‘Ftlie-earth, when i 1 charged, but afler betug charged! fand in its inclination u 

the connection may bo,severed, ‘The two knobs geen. | upper end of the quad 


i two small serowa ¢ and 
abthoright sida below serve fo charge the seg 9 BTA vi a. t 


off, As tho compass needlo places Stself alwaya across i 
“tho currents, tlese needles will do tho aamo, and as the i 
 devintlon of a needle above a current fain an opposite : 
Ulrection lo that below the current, the needles would q 
B : a counteract ono nnother tf (hoy wero attached with equal a 


4 poles in tho samo direction; but this not being tho caso, F 






telephone. ‘The movable coll, B,is now adjusted tll no 
sound 4 heard, and on the graduated seulen mark, 1, is made, 
Indicating that the reslstance between 1D and E is one ohn, 
Other known resistances are successively Introduced and 
the scale completed, and then the tnknown resistance tn- 
serted may at once he obtalued by reading the seale nt the 
point where sound in the telephone ceases, It tg heecssary 
(hat the battery used should be powerful enough to enable | 
the feeblest sound in the telephone to be heard, Theauthor 
of this method believes that it will he of &rent service for 
measuring the resistances of conductors, of electro-magnets, 
and elephone coils, because of Tis extreme simplicity, : 




















































‘octions through 

tion by hitting 

! * sie “tia stop D' that tho magnetic needlo in not diverted 

) OBACII'S TANGENT GALVANOMETER, farthee;.es soon as thin, has beon obtained, the yernier 

Wr aro indebted ton Gorman contemporary, Anges | ia act to thors noint of tho quadrant, 
jwandle Llectricititslehre, for deawluge and deseription | Inalto tho corp. box NN and at about half its 
jot this galyanometer, intended expecially to meaauro very thoight,a dividod circle 'T is fixed, 

tetrong currontas ib was designed by Mr. Eugen Obnch, 

.|and manufacturod by Messrs. Sleinena Brothers, London, 
Tho designor of thia instrumént claims to havo been frst 
to nugyoat pivoting tho coll in Its horizontal diameter 
in the direction of north and south, in such s manner 
that the Inclination of tho coll ean at any momont be 
read off on a vertical acate.* " 

With this arrangement of coll tho amount with which 
tho magnetic needig plvotted in its centro is diverted, fs 
for equal strongths of current Proportional to tho alne of | { 

‘the anglo of inclination between tho coil and the horl- 

‘Zontal plane, To avoid tnaccuractos arining from tho dip 

of the needlo at a nearly horizontal position of tho coil, 

+ tho noedlo fs not balanced on apoint, but plyotted at both 

{ends of a vertical axis, It is obvious, that if nieasuring 

; tho anglo formed by tho inclination of tho coll with the 





yee OY 















—pée 




























centro of tho 
bearing for 


eo boars inn 
jewel fixed in a roceas in tho caso NN, Fig. 3, The 


Pinguialis noodle can bo arrested in its movements hy the 
spring and set screw St aud a9 aplrit-lorol ¢ onatlos 
tho operator to place hin instrument porfectly luvot by 
means of tho threo sot scrowain tho baso, To provent dust 
and alr inilucncing tho action of tho needle tho caro in 


covered hy a glass plate, Tho curront fe tranamitted 
orien instead of the horizontal plane, the cosine in plnea two’ thick Insolated copper wires L1', 


of tho nino of tha anglo has to be considered, An inatru- | firnty tied togothor for a length of al 
(ment in whieh thts system of reading in adopted may ho fends being Axed nf tho clamp scrows KIX! 
f 






















































Aatatle Galvanometer. 




























i . needlo will turn in tho samo direction ns tho ‘i 
ee and Sn this way auch a halen ean 
i neas te produced that those galvanometors wi : i sy 
traces of electric currents nob ae ess ts fea 
-Jeas delicate contrivances. In fact, this ki ‘ - Bt 
Yanometer {6 altogethor too delicate for ate ae 
with galvante batteries, and fs moro Tee aie 
‘dotecting whether currents aro presout ork oe 
clreumstances, when there fs doubt regarding 


qo 





‘termod n tangont-coalna galvanometer, whereas those of | t 
thocarlicr typo wero actually tangont-sing galvanometera, 
[although it munt not bo confounded with Slunens and 
k Ulnteke's instrument, which, aa will be romembered, may 
i ‘bo Used cither nan sino or tangent galvanomoter, 

In tho present instrumont tho Inventor has thought it 
iAdvisablo to adopt the plan of reading inclinations in 
‘relation to the horizontal plano, beeaune th 


STE RES 


fe 
Ba 
‘ 
4 
i 
| 
Ht 
it 


ono “weber” pros | 
duces a declination of 13 dog, Bong Mwobor™ pros / 






exiatence, 
onnturnl yaluea |... a rd : 

jof sinea aro more frequontly found in tables than thoso 1] 

jof cosines, and this frrangomont may thoroforosometimon 


Evory philosophical cabinet possesses somo fnsten- 


mont of this kind, if not several of them, of various de. 
‘savo oxtra calculation, Fig, 1 2 
’ 


iSpectivo viow of tho lust: 
enlarged detatis ; it wil 
‘perspective view diffora 


1s page 3b, shows per- 
runent, aud in Figs, 2 to 0 aro 
|, howorer, bo noticed that the 
somowhat in tho form of the | 
yy" Sante correspondenca on this point t 
Mr, Obach aud Professor John Ke 

College U.8.A,, which may bo found fo et aroeanl 
p. 207, ond vol, xix, pages 33, 03, 
end? ake hw 














i ly add that fow 
a f sansitivencas, and wo will only : 
“aaeania are more tuneful or moro easily con Rae cl, 
"Almost any ono can make one, hy Laila alee ne 
f i jb, nity 
malleat kinds of glass sliades on n fool, ie 
th tre, with two magnathze 
“the foot a coil of isolated wire, ee 
plees watel-spring properly connected, 
: el by 8 pe allt thread; eral oa 
‘a 
x lotes tho whole arrangemen! 
“this Roa guperitich; having made ovo in the panes 
ro described more than fifty years Ago, and th mi 
Ronioter, notwithstanding crude $n {ts construction, 
» te 





~ 
LAAT 











Ger 


ber 












“proved to:be so dulicato and’ aorvicoabto,{ tliat wo atiil! 


rogently tiso 1b fn proferenco to mote fl 





































PYNAMOMETER FR, 
LARGE CUBRENTOC 











sero: 


Of the possible methods the alvanometric i 
the most used, but it is objectionable a8 sh ne er ee 


: unts of law 
resistance must be employed, In feneral, a method 
depending upon the estimation of a very small propor 


ional part of the magnitude to be measured is objection. 
able, Since extreme accuracy js necessary and errors of 
le | observation are magnified. The mode of measurement 
0 isto be preferred for man: 
reasons, and it has also the advantage of being applicable 
to to-and-fro Currents, as well as to those inone ihection 
hamometer is only suitable for mea- 
Currents unless shunts are used. Trow- 





















FIERY NOH RET OSE DON ie! TET 


bridge has designed an electro-dynamometer through : a 
which large currents may be transmitted and directly oes 
measured (Pree, Am, Acad. Arts and Sci, October 9, 
1878), This instrument works well and gives good 
results, s 
During the past year the writer has been experimenting 
at the U.S, Torpedo Station with an clectro-dynamo- 
ineter differing from Trowbridge's in the manner of deter+ 
mining the detlective power of the current, and which : 
Sccms to present some advantages in simplicity and readi- j 
hess of working, while especially suitable for technical 
use. In its general plan, particularly in the arrangement 
by which the entire current may be passed through the ! 
instrument, it follows Trowbridge’s form, : : 
Fig. 1 is a general view of the instrument, Figs. 2 1 
and 3 show the details of the suspended coil, The large, | 
fixed coils are made of thick copper ribbon. ‘The turns : 
are insulated from cach other, and the metal framework 
is insulated from the coils. ‘The suspension arrangement 


* By Walter N, Hill, Chemist 10 tke U.S, Torpeda Station, Newport, 
RE, USA: 















































"he Py i" ee a oo NT ICY Ya TA YET Oe 


eR ETN carats 
ms hem izioas 











i 
\ 
| 

















“RAPIEFE'S* REFLECTING 


3 a > de pencil /of light. 
oh GALVANOMETER. on sf Patrown: bp th 


obtained on a galvanometer needle by means of_a in the centre of 


reflected ray of light, as in the A Minne, At right angles 
PN Py fame 


ich isd 


a 


it 


{ 
t 
[ 
| 
i 
4 
{ 
i 
1 


. produce a very large angular deflection of a reflected 


The way in which this fs effected 
© figure. In this figure, mis the 


: 1 Fete . 9 ie c 
Tue principle of magnifying the small deflection Pimagnetic needle, suspended in the ordinary manne 


a coil by means. of a silk fibre, «4. 


to this’ needle is fixed a light bar, i 


podieeetasncpecctee A 


\ amatdny bag centl . been. still ‘further. ‘developed by | 7, 45.t0 one end 
i Mr, J. Rapieff, , By this device an extremely small | and to the other 
. | deviation, of a.1 jagnetic needle may, be made to { at a thr 


of which is sttached a counterpoise ; 
end acylindrical mirror, c. A lamp 


‘ows a pencil of light.on this mirror, as in. 


+ | the Thomson galvanometer. So long as the position | 


} of the cylinder 
| normal «to ‘the 
1 
ERE eee ‘A'very slight d 
Tnfluendes'of Electricity on Vegetables, . | left, will cause 
+ Some montha ago M, Grandeau, director of | 
the ogrionitural station at Nancy, announced » . 
that experiments mado upon Indian’ corn and 
‘tobacco proved that Atmonpherie: electricity ex 
‘eroises a vory favorable influence on vegetation ia 
IM. Maudin, director of the National Boutantosl ;' 
Garden of Antibedes, to-day makes known some 
facts which goto provo direotly the opposite, 
ile experitnonted on other planta and in other 
‘climate, and, as will be econ, he draws the con: 
clusion that M, Grandeau’s inferences wero too 
geucral.. Accoriting.to him, atmospheric alea: :. 
Arioity,-like all other agents uf vegetation, plays 
a whefal part, but which, in! its alsonce, can bo : 
‘replaced by another force, Tho experiment :.. 
jwas made in the fullowing manner: In a kite 
chen-gardon bed, well oxpoaed to the light, ‘two |; 
‘equates of 51 decimeters cach were selected at | 
jsaven inoters apart, and in cach was planted a 
:buach of dwarf kidney beans, a ‘lottuce, a to. . 
mato plant and two cotton scods, Ono of the”, 
jbeds wae loft to iteclf aud the other was covered 
(with an iron cage, tho four uprights of which 
jtorminated in points to attract all of the atmos. * 
ipherio electricity, For o fortnight the two 
‘oulturea appeared to bo alike, but at the end of 
. (this period a differenca was observed between 
‘then, and the dilferenco, which was to the ade- 
Wantage of the cage, kept increasing mora and | 
store, ~The bean ‘plants uoder the cagu were 
smnoh batter dovelopod and mugh richer ih seeds | 
than thoro'in the open air, As for the lettuce, 
jite hight in open air (one mater, and under 
the cage 1,20 motors; its total weight was 337 
grammes in the open air, and 427 grammes tne” 
_ {der the eage. ’ The tomato plant in the open alr | 


radius, the sensi 
| dndefinitely ine 


: very considerable angle in the direct . 
by {he figure.‘ ie evident that, by lengthening 
! the ‘rod, and making. the’ cylinder, c, of a small 


is such that the pencil of light isa 
“surface of the mirror, then the» 


reflécted beam wilt be.a normal also, that is to say, , 
it.will fall on: the zero: of the. galvariometer scale. | 


evintion of the cylinder, say, to the : 
the ‘reflected beam to be deviated a ; 


itiveness of the arrangement can be 
reased, re yi link 


ion n, as shown ¢ 


! 
i 


| 
: 


Edelmann has 


PURSE 


trometer by ono formed of two quadri 


veylinder, This needle thus resembles: two:of tho hollow i 


quadrants which enclose it. ‘Tho  réplenislier. and. static 


charge of the old instrumont is dispensed with in fayour ofa}. 
Zatuboni dry pile. We should not like to suggcat this ¥ . 


improvement" to Sir’ William; as a painful want of 
iation might probably be mu ifested, 


1SSO 
: iS ELECTRO 
-s-E EDITOR OF THE ELECTRICIAN, 
if Novennber 1, 1879, p. 254, under the 


Tritish Association Meeting,” one 
fae A ae 2. "a enowh to make some valuable ; 
nth Ligh inaulucion key which Toxhibited shew, 
7 i ittce of the Agsociation, consisting, of 1 rofs. 
remurere cuore myself, haa been appointed io impyore 

Aa onatruct, (See The eclrician, 2 Sept. No, 18, p, 211.). 


weumarka upon the 


{39573.]—RMagnotio Mcasuroment.—I gladly © 


‘i pivo tho following rules (or thair worth) for tho | 
-;auko of Electron’? an 


others:—“ Moment of * 
‘inertia and radius of. fyration’ Rute 1. To find! 
tho inertia of n body about 0 given axis, conceive | 
tho body divided into an indofinito number of ; 
amall parts, Multiply tho mass (or wolght) of cach 
rt by tho aquare of ite perpendicular distance | 
rom the axis. .Tho limit towards tho sum of all | 
tho products approximates os tho parts become ; 
sualler.and more numerous will bo the required 
moment of juortin, Rulo 2, Given tha moment of 
inertia of a hody about an axis traversing Its 
centro of gravity ina given direction. ‘Io find ite ; 
moment of inertin about auother axis parallel to 
tho firet, inultiply tho masa of tho body by tho 
square of tho perpendicular distauco, and to tho 
roduct add tho given momeut of inertin, Ruled. + 
Given tho aoparate moments of inertia of a sct of 
Dodics nbout parallol axos traversing thoir several 
‘centres of pravity ; required, the combined inertia. 
Votthose hodies about a common asia parallel to 
‘their roparnte axes, Multiply tho maas of ench 
‘body by tho square of tho perpendicular distance of 
‘ytd centro of gravity fram the common axis; add 
Stogother all tie products ond< all the separate 
‘snoments of inertia, and the sutn will bo the come 
“bined moment of inortia, Rule 4, To find the 
‘squaro of tho radius of gyration of a body about a 
riven axin, divide tho moment of Inertia of tho 
ihody about the given axis by the mass (or woight) 
sof tho body, Rule 5, Given, the square of tho 
miius of. gyration of o body about on axis 
trovorsing its centro of gravity ina given direction. 
To find tho syuaro of tho radius of gyration of tho ; 
samo body about another axis, parallel to tho first, 
to the given square add tho equaro of the perpen 
‘dloular-distanca between the two nxos, Au ax- 
vecedingly useful tabla of squares of radil of gyra- 
‘thon Is to be met with in somo of our most recent 
aclentific works which *Electron,' no doubt, 
linight find to his benefiton the abject. Tho fora~ 
"going. ruler, it must bo remembered, apply ouly 


RC Et es os re 


eis, 


: é r OMETER Ware yn 
ve ho are rita ect, Aho-tico aFiolet moat]. 
within the grounds of Greén: h-Obachefory} hns 
Leen removed. “It impressed us with {ts gnuntneas 
by day, and its bleary lamp by night, some thirty 
Years ago; aud there it seers to. have continued to 
tlo duty. ever since, “Ab! what duty? thoro’s the 
"yorub. We have always had an ungratified curiosity 
4 about the partioulae duty of this particular pole; 
{always and ever it was vaguely allirmed tu bo a 
**( post of honour for polar clectricity, be it positive 
or negative, Why didn't the elcetricity scorn it and 
amaah it up long ago? During all these yeara it has 
proved, n bad ecientifio divining rod, “tho perfect 
success of Sir W,'Chomson’s electrometer rendering 
all further apparatus for the same purpose unneces- 
i sary.” What glorious news, to wit, that we aro 
about to know something concerning atmospheria 
electricity after the labour-in-vain pains bestowed 
upon it hitherto, Elsewhere in his Teport to the 
Hoard of Visitors, tho Astronomer Royal says: ‘Tho 
‘Thomson clectrometer ia in excellent order, In 
, the warm weather of sumer and in winter when 
| much artificial heat is ueed in the basement the 
photographa have been unsaticfactory, but we aro 
endeavouring to remedy this by cutting off all com- 
wuoication with air from the basement. In the 
winter tho registr was frequently interrupted by; 
the freezing of, the water in the exit Pipe.” So it) 
keems there are juata few little hitches to interfere’ 
| with its “perfect aucccss,” not to surmise that its: 
i curves have not yet got into the province of methodi.. 


"eat tabulation, Le 
| 


i] Tin Rep, No GagvxnonerenML git lagadopted 
‘Ta bifilar, sunt feline Nae eR ant sein y i 
to reduce the scale-error 1 per cent. of tho total deflection” 
By scale-error we mean the disproportion between the deflec-_ 
tions on the scalo and the currents they represent, a dispropor- 
tion which increases with tho angle of deflection. -The cause | 
of the error, as is well-known, consists in the fact that the | 





2 Geren Wine, 


angles of deflection of the magnetised needle aro doubled by Ha i! 


the reflection of tho mirror, and consequently it is not the 
j tangents of the real angles of deflection that one reads on 
the geale, but the tangents of the doubled angles. Though! 
it may be assumed without much error that the tangent of: 
‘double a very small angle ia twice that of the. single angle,:° 
itho case is different, for large angles ;. and, although the, 
(deflections of the needles of this class of apparatus are gene. | 


rally limited to about cight degrees, the reading is sensibly | y 


exaggerated even at the end of this range. M. Gaiffe essayed | 
jto remedy this defect by employing a fine platinum vi 
i 


‘but had ultimately to adopt a double silk suspension. 


Sepvaczex anp Wixntrnu’s Lase.—These gentlemen | 
propose an electric lamp in which the two carbon electrodes : 


Jare carried by two pistons or floats contained in two closed | 
| vessels filled with liquid in communication with each other, | 


the relative heights of the liquid in -the vessels and tho !. 
weight of the pistons and arms projecting therefrom carrying | 


the carbons being so proportioned that the piston carrying | |’ 


the upper carbon will tend to descénd in its vessel, causing | 
the liquid to flow therefrom: into the other vessel, and ‘thus | 
raising the second piston.with the lower carbon. ‘The com. | 
munication between the two vessels is governed by a cock, so | 


setuated by tho current passing to the carbon electrode, that ! ff | 


when such current increases in strength, owing {o 2 too ucar | 


ict eae 


9a Os 


had attained a hight of 0.8 of ameter, aud une + 
dor the cage, ono motor; its woight in open afr. 
- was 0,072 of a'kitogrammno, and under the cago ° 
' 3.754 kilogrammes., While under the oago the 

plant bore 83 tomatoes, weighing 2.162 kilos, 
igranimes, tho number on’ the plant in the open t 

et, 


approach of the carbons, it causes the cock, valve, or slide to 

eut off the sxid communication, thereby .preventing the : 
ifurther approach of the carbons, until by, their burning | 
jaway mid tho.consequent lengthening of the voltaic are the ; 


current becomes sufficiently decreased to allow the com. i 


ae oy ay ure lant. ol 1.06 munieation between the two vessels Lo be re-eatublighed. 


RA LOONR TEMA TED 








i 7  sonies 


Ho avoid ¢ 


er, 
Tue 


into millimetres, This tube makes an angle of 10° with 
tho horizon, According to M. Debrun, the change of 
level is about 75 millimetres for one volt. of clectromotive 
force, and with the aid of a vernier this gives a sensibility to 


at lenst —L of avolt. ‘The tube is experimentally divided 


disque on fer doux porvant tourner sur un pivot qui 
Je supports. Ka disposant un aimant en fer 4 cheval 
au-dessug de cet appareil, de fagon que ses extrémitds 
polaires se (rouvent aux estrémilds du cadro, si on envoie 
dans lo fil dt meuliplicatens le courant induction fourni 
par une pelita bobine d'induction, fo disque se met A 
tonruer rapidement dans un sens parfaitement déterming, 
dépendant de la po- 


Glémentaires assee rapprochées poir conmnuniquer att 
disque une certaine vilesso do rotation. 

En disposant deux cadres en tension (fig, 2) sur fo 
circuit du fil induit do fa hobine, on peut faire. tour- 
ner un mobile dans chaque cadre, mais en ratirant 
ts mobile do Yun des cadres, celui qu'on laisse 
dang Vautrs prend une vitesto accéléiréo, On n'a qu’ 

se reporter = aux 


4 


vranee fakth wa Today 


750 

into parts of equal electromotive force, 

Tasmanra.—The latest Government report, giving details 
for 1878, states that the number of inland telegrams for that 
{year was 53,683, giving a revenue of £3,237 128, 11d. Of 
rexternal telegrams there were 15,514, giving a return of 
: £1,088 19s, 3d, The total revenue from this source was 
‘£4276 128, 2d, Of unpaid messages there were for tho 


sition des piles de 
Vaimant et du sens 
des courants ine 
duits dans Jo fil da 
cadre galyanos 
Urique, Lorgque Yai- * 
tant ester travers, 
n'y a plus de rata 
tion, MM. Samin et miro de U'Blece 
du Moneed ont tres : trict dui omai 
| public service 15,116, and on account of shipping 6,000, The | siimplement — expli- ’ 1880, 
{expenditure over the same period was for sniaries and | qué te phénome= E Le 
maintenance, £5,070 08, 7d.; on aecount of cable (opened } ‘tH On fam ie slailsated: dei 6s 
: ° idy, 04.9 i. O50. ja courant ind uit avec des m 
Tat Muy, 1869) subsidy, £4,200, being a total of £10,170 i Ue rupture est tou- hiles de for doux do 
Os. 7d. At the end of the year there existed 59 stations, « jours plus puissant chs formes — diverees 
692 miles of line, 910 miles of wires, with a permanent staff, | wi te courant in aiguilles , Eloiles, 
paid by the Government, of 76 persons. duit de fermeture. disques pleins, fen— 
{| Storey Tacur.—Lhe luminous paint of M. Balmain has | oe es bee vandat uae 
iY ently j inence by Messy : H dour, polarisé par harides roulé 
| been brought recently into prominence by Messrs, Thloe aud | el piles spirales comme un 
| Horne, of 31, Aldermanbury, ‘The paint is rendered self | 
Iuminous by mixing with it a sulphide of lime or other: 


réactions bien cot- 
nues des aimants 
et des courants 
pour s‘expliquer co 
picnomine, qui 
parait nn peu trap 
étonner M. de Pon= 
vielle dans le nu 


mouvement 
de rotation so pros 


ae comparle come , ressorL do mone 
“ ” . : tune aiguille — ais : ; tre, etc. . 

phosphorescent" material, and on exposing the painted; mantée plicée dans En supprimant 
| surface to daylight, the light of burning magnesium, or of 


un cadre galvatio- 1 a : * Vaimant fire, lo 
jan electric are, the light waves seem to set. the molecules of wmdlrique et prend plicnomine se pro- 


«| the salt into a vibration which Jasts for several hours. ‘The f son movernent,, : ee . duit sous action 
| ‘ _ sey Ae faction dane fu magndtisine ter- 
result in that on taking {he painted surface into a dark placo ae ! Thine i "7 elie aang 
a pale violet light is emitted from it, ‘The projected applica- ‘icuiilaires is ~~ quoindro degré, 
tions of the paint are for buoys at sea, lumps for powder piles restant fixes dans Tespace, bien que le disque Lo fait do Varedt produit en’ mettant Yaimant en croix 


magazines, wine cellars, compartments of jronclads, and | - F : eo . iif de fer dons se déplace par sa_rotation, Le courant | avec les spires du_galvanomé(re prouve lien Pesactitude 

advertising purposes, but the uses to which it may be put | Me On cneerur Phening fottries de fermeture agit, en sens inverso du courant de | de la théorie de M1. Alcea se ‘ah : tee 

are elmost infinite, ae vA pee aie? WA 5 : rupture, mais come place intérien 

jpemmsvancioents ane | no me ciprul, 483, 7 iis son intensité dn cadre galvanomé- 
An Electric Thermometer.—M. Becqucrel hag been engaged during the i ust beaucoup main 


Fig. L. Tourniquet cteetiique de MM, Lontin et de Fonvielle, 


TnondaeecattrrosdrubseQvited sicctele curren 


triqua forme, sous 


are measured with the aid of Thomson’s reflecting gal 
vanometer, the indications read on its graduated scale 
are found :not to be Prerertional to the values of the 


currents measured, and to be exaggerated in proportion 
ns.those values. increase, . This cause of error. arises 
from the fact that the angles of deflection of the mage 
_ netised--needlo.are doubled -by the reflection of the 
mitror, and consequently it.is not the tangents of the 


winter in experiments, the object of which was to ascertain whether. 
snow had the effect of protecting the ground from frost, In carrying out, 
these experiments, he pressed electricity into his service in a most inge- 
anious miunner. Before describing his apparatus, we may, however, state 
ithat the result of his experiinents was as follows: That 1° cov ring of, 
\snow does not protect the soll and seed from freezing, but only Iine 
‘ders ton certain degree the too extensive radiation of lieat from the 


dre, le disque se 
meut sous laction 
différentielle des 
deux conrants. Chas 
que conrant de fer 
metice produit uc 


Vinluence de Vai- 
mmant en fer he 

val extérieur, un ve 
vitable barreau ai- 
inanté placd en croie 
avee le courant, ct, 


La ‘i soil, and ts converted into water at 42 degrees, which sinks into the earth impulsion nouvelle 
the earch Mea ee ne pea at cand somewhat raises ite tempornture. Also, that a heavy nod docs more fue le disque, yuis- 
without inconvenience that the tangent of the doubl 10 protect the soll and raise its tempornture than ever so thick a lnyer of que les poles se Nu 
a very small angle is twice that ofthe win e Goubie of ‘anow, . ‘The experime tin thy Jardin des Plantes, Paris, ‘ fiventss Léujulhs: «ps aN. : ° F renin inti, BCtHOM. 
case y, not the same for lar ‘and in the followin, Twi al wires of unlike metals— cops TOE! ' 0 7 * Figs 2. Disposition de deus tonrniquets nantes a qesslost sup te clrenib induit Ltappareil de ML 
detection of the needles of Lovered for this purpose rolhenehe they erocorcredthelewhotolungtht | walk de, Vain foe ad te Lontin et do Fon 
amited, with the ald cither: LOVEret we | Olherwise they were covered their w G ; mel al f ‘i ‘ 

I cithero “for the purpose of insulation, with guttirpe tha and silk. On the soldered fixe. Le memo mou. 33 vielle constitue une 
ends of these donhle wires being exposed to different temperatures, 0 vemnent do rotation se frodaiMyee te Gamupkt direct | forme nouvelle et originale do déimonstralion des lois qui 
curcent is generated in-thoim, and the greater the difference fa) tempera: de lu pile int Bre ae. abs daBapaWs, Wons | régissent Maction des aiimants et des courant, et, 4 co 
itures, the stronger the current; ut the current. ceases: when both are . t . i i is il | tit tronver sa place dans les cabinets de phy 
exposed to the same temperature, ‘Thiveleetrie current was caused tonct ce cas, la vitesse de rotation est mains grande, mais il | litre, pourra trouver 83 ans asta Mitchie, Harlow, « 
ton 4 inngnetls neatly auspended so ns to move freely over pradtunted ' faut atiribuer ee fait A ce que les igupulsions elémen- piu Old des appareils analogues do . , 
circle, hg copper wire formed wa vertical frame around the needle airese 1 tAluisent pas assez rgyidement, cl que, Faraday, etc, 

‘paralle} to its normal direction, As long as both ends of the double wire ieaeta ween ce Tate Pa ometrique wrest Fee Eel sre ea ets as 
jaro at the same tempernture, the needle continues to point to the north, : he 4 tal tilisation du coutant direct, Le 
being subject only tu the eartl’s magnetism ; but as svon us there is any. pas approprice @ fa bounce wiitsaon ee lo 
varintion in temperature, the needle is sure to move instantly and take Inonvement s'accentue lorsqu ‘on ensoie lo courant de la 
another position, which it will keep until some otherchange of tempera: pile en Jo faisant traverser Vinducteur do ba babine et fo 
ture takes place. The application of this Apparat to the measurement {rembleur, car i se produit alors une série d'impulsions 

eons = 4 


‘of Koil temperatures was Inade as follows: Onvof the soldered joints was : : ee “ santas 
he carth tondepth at which it wax desired to take the tempera : ~ 


par suile, ne pote 
vant prendre aucun 
Mrouvernent sous sort 


CASE IEEE. 


ie! 


t 


sLe Proprittaire-Gérant : Gs Trssaxpizn. 
og 
16 826, — Imprimerie A. Lalure, rue de Fleurus, 9, 4 Paris, 
fi vi : faasey in i } 
charged from. one and the sane (tte, and tho other end was put inn water-bath at nny destred distance 
constant source. of, electricity..; The condensers were: [{TON! the first. Tho tamperuture ot the Inttercould be lucrensed ot dimin- 
: ons charged: and measured separately, and afterwards |!ghed nt pleasure, and was measured by a very sensitive thermometer. 
charged ‘and measired in combination.—-A, Gatrer'jn {29 oacertain the temptrature in the ‘nol where tho othor end was buried, 
ee : ‘ is was only necessnry to raiso or lower the temperatureof the water-bath, : 
until tho magnetic needlo stood at vero, nnd then: read the thermometer, ; 


AMHORGY” KO UIALUTE peuuy Wut 

















§.ON Bourauay'’s Meruop ETE 
line OFAN Exgcraie Gite Be pay dee 
the June numbe Ge sijuans Towra ia mppt notd 
relative to tho veloch far cltttricity, Patti by rofexsor 
Boltzman in the Kaiserliche Akademio der Wissenchafen in 
Wien, January 15th, 1880, In this note Professor Boltzman 
ipeints oul a method hy which, as he thinks, the absolute! || 
poles of current-clectricity may be determined from’ the! 
Sele eon by the study of & phenomenon Intely de-! | New Process for Tre ting Copy : 
Apa inan's Journal under the title “A New Action; Hleetrical Parpose—ita. Ket re Me 
ne Mngnet on Electric Currents.” Quite reeently there! |. Merits. ee 

las appeared. in the Kaiserl. Akad, an account of e 
nents ind calculations made by 
vhereby he deduces for the electri 
two Daniell cells through 


xperi-| H wt view of the extraordinary extent to which : 
Hae ee y. Ettingahaugen,! ees sess a * Hug wtllizedt 
ectrical enéren a‘ i vit ta not aurpristng to tlud 

t sent by one or) that men ot acience aro giving more attention 


his strip of gold the veloci 
1-2 miltim. per see Stet] gold the velocity | to this subject than to any othor that can Lb 
fessor Bolt: Y second, Unless 1 have misunderstood Pro-./*ted. Tho Patent OMieo auithoritce have: 
rede ‘i aman's note, however, there is a fatal objeetion to! recently stated that by fat tho greatest numbor: 
the func imental assumption which he makes, I will give Rireanit wo belog Lemme. aro conmuectad 
very briefly his method of reasoning, aa Vitaderioa's f : dreetly or Sindlreotly with matters olovtricsl,. 
‘know, as Profess : O eratindd it. We} Set evoa thin tact dove not indicate fally th . 
oa ris Professor Boltzman says, that 2 conductor bearing: [tout to which the problemn fuvelved a bei : 
tie yee is acted upon by a force tending to move it ini) [Mui At least one ot the mont important 
rection ut right angles to the direeti f the . 1 | dtecoveries sot mato fs not covered b 
foreo acti . jon of the magnetic) | pat y Any, 
foreo acting upon it. We Knows anareovers i it patont—and will not bo. It sa tho reaultot a 
» | % 
phenomenon, that there is ibthe gaine tt 9 ‘om le new neriee of “oxporimenta made by Dre Me He 
potential get up betw: : ame time a difference of) OA#PELL, of 822. 821 Broadway, Now Yorks, 
pal Lact up between points on opposite sides of the con.|:2Hl* Keutloman tian duriug yours gone by 
a or, and that the electromotive foree thug arising is in! achloved  lugh reputation a8 a chonuet a 
the same line as the above force acting upon the cond i bel audawawclentit goneratty, Through 
Consider now any particle of electricity} nductur, |jclreumstances which nocd not here bo enlarged : 
‘{Itis acted upon by the newly tis, ticity in the conductor. pony Ho was led to coniler the question of! 
tends to move nee "i ewly-discovered transverse force, | Improving the quality and capabilities of the 
nds | accordingly, and tends to draw the }{ iro used by olectrio light and ott 
with it. Imagine A 4 draw the conductor !}and the reeutt of bis ine ther companies, 
A ; ig enough particles of electricity crowd "d ate Mis labor was the formulation 
into’ tho conductor, and ro: hive: tha: ae 3 ed | hemucal process of extraordinary value. It 
familiar action betwee, explination of the i{ereases the tenelo rosistanze ot tho 
sNeurrente, It etween magnets and condnetors hearing theroby domg away wilh the-atret: las ee 
|! nts, Knowing, therefore, th ‘ if conaequoat eaggi ; etshing and 
field, the str y » the strength of our magnetic git gol the wire, adds somewhat 
ength of the primary guetic to its conductivity and th; 
q -— mary current, an : j us brings about an 
j quent difference of potential on abpastis Ase of conse. | teaportant ecouomy fn regard to the use of the 
ductor, we can calculate exnetly the amount of el weary {The eed ie i 
‘ * ° ler 101 t a 
ay eet iv unit length of the conductor ut ie ty, Dr. Campbell alonc, Sp eae be ; 
le the current is flowi Cnowt i ists in eubjo ened 
olay pang ro he eee eso ee hme se ae 
vhicl cites conductor j i ime, 1T! aston, 
which quantity is of comrae what swe entl : In unit of time,, fe dlonmity at tho wiro is thereby iticreascd 
aie call the strenyth of the leat ro 0 an Per “cent, and ty “Hite” ty 
ple matter to determine the Fe reeoned. Somo. ot tho tordiag ex- 


fala ote , Perle of tho day who 
a ight ee aco presents) matter declared int Trou des ue 
ve of potential existi tn dostined to revolution ea 
"5 lah der isting tutiontze the wholo ayst 
3 ctor ig suflicient, whon! 2! Prodtems wiro tor tt ak 
tie the condor nt, when! 2 seen NO purposes named, It 
baal agra iy . ‘ained within the conductor, toj juave beon ie already eome very largo ofera 
Nee at Fre nea every one has observed between|| vo right tothe poss On igre 
jie desert ae ead currents, why is there not|J—that thoro is at cromate rt ta 
au ts ; tino init, fi 
doutor puss en Ore always acting upon th taller ‘ i 
, al eater fre a ¢ upon the Stctiros such a right wil 
eh etraieuca 4 primary elvetr wire forlecnlanton’ i 
antes current? To get wv more definite ‘leh ee acai eS 
Suppose we send throu i ) ; 
{ gl w strip of ol 
pide and of any te ficehtG 
AM bgth, a current of 
see), and ! ip i sine 
ae 2 baer ia strip in w imagnetie ‘field of strengt} 
served betwee in differcnee of potential would now ie aie] 
thentri nat ae Opposite each other on the ips ie 
t » ahis difference of potenti t 
val ntinl, BY, 
J ene he perhaps 1-3000 a fers 
4) {WO points a centimetre i in 
Laat apart in the din 


F move it 





i 
i 


paper is inad.; 


‘ed in the text-books to use 
“Wis dificult to make it work 


and, lastly, with water, to; 


e 
inutes, - 


t 
E 
ed 


nd 


is 
1 


It is im- 


ired to 


i, 


one hour 


ing 


Ve protected » 
these mi 


wo Weel 


is not 
Next; 
fly, 
«2 np} 
ng off, 
ic soda, 
he complete re- 
would give rise 
he weight of 
out so 
y for 
n snd 


i, ‘causiog Cl to be 
1 thus running a risk 


d Ea common bindin; 


pI 


volution 

The steel bar is best pre- 
cuusin; 

wise the 

t morn 


me allows: 


bubbles. 
fed round 
, R, Fig. 1. 
aced to a 
Ten’ 
aneX) 


ell 

iF 
contents of the decor 

1 


ion contains 

keep the tube 

potash bulbs to 

hawever, is small, and the 
difficulty dis- 


The stopp 
he end, E, of A 


the purpose of v 


piece of metalét 
3 It is 


are. iItw 


vd in the cell to 


nl 


at glass wool to the same 
a constant figure 


contents were 
is absorbed into 


requi 
iy conducted 


tself during the 


securel, 


it slipp 


y 


2 

perk 

is 

the mt 
article of C to run 
however, are not 

ublication. Another 3 

e 


results I confirmed 


e of connect! 
uid running 
preciow#l y 
ments, which, 


a 
park 
enoug! 


! source of error is the aiffculty 


folent 


pos 
| 

in 
u 
u 


inch sq) 
as oth 
nin, 
f, W. N. Hartle 
perience i 


Ee 


thé C.—OF course filter 


be easily done either in 


ell-known 


|. and 


jt 
his filter tube when care. 


All the time 
TO) 
y 
gh or to choke, 
at the same 
Fig. 2 represents th 
nd is next 
I met with an u 


2 bar m: 
es. 


Pp 
he 
is of the decomposing cell 


and 
ry fine powder, espe 
T have the 
g paper no C is ever seen on 
smallest p: 
t the CO; 
and is with 
this MS. and for superin- 
his_ex 


ol 
r it proceeds too ray 


As before stated, 


ani 
is to see if an 
{th 
biness for t 
4 
azh, 
the 
he whole being: 
‘E, preventing 
Into the tube, A, purified silver 
of obtai 
to Pro’ 


hile it does not 


r, 
f 
f rubber sheeting 
1 finishes 
tash, and hi 
h for -re] 


lect of this cell 


ce] 


fromi the acid fu 
ce 
| 
hed, 


0 


B; the other perforat! 


hausting y 


¢ glass bottle, 


ul a disk of 


Nai 


for the 
; 
tin 


a combustion furnace or-in the 
Mr. G, S, Johnson was t 


1 for solution, 

by 
e surface of the'stec). 
allowed to remain, 
KHO containin; 
he O, increased tl 
and reattachio 


trode. 
tip a 
rin, 
ve, 
ifference, 


2 is employed, 


filtering paper (} 


ed further on) next a 7 
in order to i: 


.— This c: 


E, 
1 the rest o! 


yrree! 


0 be too stron; 


f the stecl, 


D is the steel ba 


The obj 


and ‘CrO.. 
.to. the 


S 


is often in ve: 
absorbing 


of C. 
fore leavin 
ban eX! 


ig 


hours taken to filter a 


which, w 
with sad 
opper, 
' i 


rve il 
a tube connected wit! 


e 
at th 
lissolv 
but, 
hing, 
The 


Groves 01 
iS 


Tew, 


by a st 
and 
ie laben' 


Weis] 


NF this method when 
Tass wool, 

fn water pump, 
hin; 

h firat 

in caustic 


of 
leted. in 10 oF 15 mi 


misible.-. It is recomm 


asbestos filter tabe, 
never filters slowly, the liq 


ht, weig! 
Linch. 
3, 
fe these various fa 
x too slowly, ani 
The C 
thal No. 
Mable to allow the C to ran throu: 
ittle disk o- filt 
too much. 
interestin: 


rved from rusting 
&! 


ave seen in th 


it 


ty 


series of ex, 
Jusion, I have to thank ‘Prof. Bloxam for bis § 


his reason to me, as be had 


ed never allows 
inion seems to be that 
Ices of the pumice, 


id 


through ane 
why 


he negative elec! 
1 inch exposed 
ved was 11 incl: 
T brig 
ass, 
ration of. filte 
is 
vine 
iece of wire gauze, 
he tube, the groove 
f 4 inch, and upon tl 
On po 
filtered ant, 
ask of the Ug: 
a minute brown sti 
y, owin: 
ri 
‘it 
ratus. 


fe 


when the m 
y us to even cause some little trouble to 


to nscertain on account 
icles of C to run throu 


tire contents ur 


apparatus, 
+ amining the I 


T have seen 


tion by 
nd the process proceeds and 
ion 0) 


night, 
2d. 


& 
él 


1 


hhe tube, A, and e: 


proceed: 


the steel is not ¢ 
cell, wasl 


ing 
comp! 


al 
impu 
ong 


comes the’ binding se: 
sid 


1, lastly, with water, 


en ensues a loss 
moval of IICL. which, if 
to Cl in the Ul); 

ratus with H,SO, 


ged. . 
n_coucl 


rou 
point out 1 
same 
hy a | 
con: 


easy 


&l. Oxidation of the . 


|. Filtrat 
first pla 
ill De ex 
lastly, 
which, by 
- potash bulbs 


a thermometer case 
extra plug of glass wool 


th of about 
unded gl 

is inserted ina 
height o| 
completely 
portunt to was! 
into the ff 
difficult 

F 7 removing, 

* the ap) 

- oneal op 

terst! 


on to t 
height. 


leavin: 
first gi 
dep! 
Hutton 
ene cn 
doubly: 
into U 
and 
rh 
i full. 
genel 
. the int 
lod; 
I 


| pal 


evolved at the surface ol 
e 


Twas enabled to.presei 
Jo. 
work the last thing. be! 


it with theybatte! 
the evolution of 
portant fo. regu 
80 
in 

} fully mana: 


satisfactorily. 
* it except 


aX si 


itaple 
finest part! 
; the whole ope 


iy 
to of 
po 
po: 
t 


:{ current, and two 


! bar T empl 
* effect solu 


atall 
, 
ee mun ty 


of loss of C. 
analy: 
of H fromt 


} §4Cl cone, to 1 water, t 
Ab 
Soh 


lyses : 
i. 
OF: | 
ig 
cell, 
ig. 1. 
Fis 


over-: 
mix. 


yin; 
or the, 


quent oxidation, 
factory 
bove 


is 
he 


ron to 
acid, as 


, and 20 oz. 
ed ii 
reseniu 


mploy 
however, 


.") Now: 
lakes, and 


ba p 
nal. 
possi 


ible even 
and the 


con. 
hotive forcennd | 
w of the nutter, 
leaf, a centimetre’ 
ngth US (cn-grn,. 


late sieve 


ed with the 
Freseni 
,100, or 1 pt. 


> 
nger lo 
of time 
le Grove or 
r the HCI is sp. 


mixed with 
F 


he followin; 
rs" or cl 
time fs about one hour to. effect solution of 1 
this done, the 


ai 


eth 
iy sali 


jon tot 


2D GO | 


hese anal 


ce 
ihies and-the best wneans of 
plo, 


Agnin, the pre- 
ng 


causi 


t 
A 


Weyl's, 
es “the fh 
im, 
stone: 
k, 

rt oi the a 


containing HCl, in 
beaker without a 


@ 


yed for this pur-'! 
i connect 


ustion of the iron. : 


means of CuCl, and subse-:i 
oxidize the C), 


fect its solution, 
There are, 
A sing! 


ies of the bardest tool 


ple decomposin; [3 


Il, as represented in 


oz, HCl 
itself, and on a 


Sd. 
hroug! 
juant, 
itis 
“tarnin; 
cases, and the 
dsp. gr. 1 


h fo 
id 3 water. 


1 requir 
n 


passed 
nius, 


“ 
Leitest 
sim, 
acity, 
1 fol 


ed out ‘in Jarge fl 
jer, 


*. In additi 
dition for filtration. 


24, the len: 
ved to 


Butt never received . an: 


main 


2 
To: 
de 


ESTIMATION. OF THE .TOTAL CARBON: IN IRON 
ent oxidation of the 
more especially if ghe 
Annal,.d, Chemie u. Pharm., 129, 


id the: time is longer. 


xper 
Pact 


cai 


by meaus of ¢! 
Tsaw NH 


6 oz. .CuSQ,, 4 oz. NaCl. 


-In Freseni 


ted. C. 
but I foun 


Iverized and sieved, 
id, 


etal which 

ed by the grin 
Vable to becume 
ployment of free 


lo 


1 methods em 
he direct com 
ig by 
pal 
atl 
the metal to 
7an 


y 
L used to'start it to wark the last 


Tous, as it causes a loss of C 


rbons, " 


y- many 
objections, 
the night by i 
one finds 10 tol cf 
parat 
and accurately.: ° 
ed, and 
em is a Pi 
The best strength 


se} 
Nic Cu fs a drawbac 


CrO, in the subsequent’ p: 


pal 
Method No. 
wider, and 
sal 
t. HCl cone. au 
acid 


's, or t 


ly 
th 


Bunsen cell is employ: 


wg off. work, which. requires abot 
1 


eds durin 


cautions to be. observed 


er fi 
thod be emp! 
GH 


ed a glass cylin 


jus’ Iaborato’ 
cwhich Is immerse 


add the em 
ge 
‘Ocal 


ir 
Hahn, 


70.) Without free ac 


ly be clean 
mens are ver 


ples of mi 
ies when bein 


tal, 
in; 
pi 


( 


the Metal.—One is met at the outset by the 


‘tiaredlttes 


Ast. Solutic 
be in the finest 


reducin; 

3 dan, 

and the C se; 
dilute 


pact - 


3 months—for solution. 
J 


of 


hates" (Frese 


a 


rincl 
tt 
.or dissolvin; 


"t 


1st. There is no need to pulverv 


AND. STEEL EN SLASSE. 


en attain 


sam) 


1a) 
(Pogg. Annal., 114, 507.) 


d for anal 


Fuses 
plicable, because thes 


imines of soft tron t 


thod.effects 
ese two 

, Lm: 
ascous hyd 


ion 9 
or about I 


feated. 


Boltzmun, 
f , ne 
actin ar difference intial 
& j Ng Upon ectricity in the sina eee BY 
i eit 0000 te tga 
: : P electricity, but acting j et 
q 1 ve Dut sin the direce | 
pronto be consiyte barat RL 
whe a ; 


a 
2 
Trammes met 


perhap: 
he two ob; 
before leav! 
3 it proce 
next morning 
tive electrode. 


ly even wh 
wired for solution. 


q 
re} 


No. 
With the 8d, or clectroly: 


y 
L less fine powd 
pitation of the meta! 


Berzelius 


lectrolytic solution of the metal and subse: 


dle 
‘asin 


ign 
jections, 


purit, 


above solution, 


form of 


ture is 
A is a beaker of about 5 oz. 


(should Ullgren’s me 
Ise an extra loss of time to 
in an excelient con 
a few. simple pre 
method works. m 
which I found.to auswer very w 
bottom), and between 
merely says ** 


ith very small 
and on ont: 
Bea 
2 mel 


‘wit 
‘softer 5 
forei; 


Ne 

ply to th 

i 
culties arise. 
and, 2d, 
es g 
thin 

hour, 

steel dixsolved, 
. De 

*1,050, 


of 11,80, and 


w 


and such a com 
ro 


weeks—| 


outt 


there are man; 


} 
t 

p 

followin, 
- to file, 

t 
imposstbilit 
muc 
av. 

el 


i 











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MEASUREMENTS OF AN INCANDESCENT PAPER. | traversed in opposite directions the two equal coils of a diffe =) 7 

CARBON HORSESHOE LAMP-CONSPRUCTED BY | tential galvanometer having vhm resistance in each col. <= a? : 
MR. I. A. EDISON. MY 62 1D an branch then traversed the lamp, which was placed ins. ¢ 

: unser Photometer made by Sugg, of London. The otber | 

AND B. F. | branch passed through a series of adjustable resistances com } 


BY WENRY MORTON, PULD., ALM. MAYER, PH.D., 
poked of German silver wire, etvetched in the free air of the | 













’ 
THOMAS, A.B. . 
: It may seem almost supertluons to describe the carbon horse. | laboratory to avoid heating (careful tests showed that this pre. Z 
. s shoe electric amp a6 recently constructed by Mr, ‘IT. A. Edison, | caution fully accomplished the desired result}; and the united \ tf : 
so much has been written about it in journals of all descriptions | branches were then carried to the other pole of she battery. ! ‘ 
; from the daily papers upwards ; but tu make our work complete | These arrangements having been made, a certain nomber of | ae 
we will state briefly that the lamp measured by us, and repre- | battery-cells were put in circuit and the resistances ndjusted | £ é& 
sented in the nceompanying cut, consists of x pear-shaped glass until the galvanometer showed no deflection. The condition of | Hy my 
vlobe with two re-entering tubes at its smaller end, through the loop was then observed in perfect darkness; and when its | : : 
. which are passed platinum wires with little screw-cliuips at their light was measurable it was taken by varying the distances of ; 
upper ends, which hold the ends of the carbon horseshoe. both lamp and candle as circumstances required. ‘ 7 ; 
Thus, for the lowest candle-power taken, the lauip was at 15°83 . é, 
inches from the photometer, und the candle at 50 inches. The E : 
ree 50 abtatned were aB dollars — zen eat a ; P 
No. of cells Candle- . 5 
in circuit. power, Resistance. ; : : 
0 123°0 ohms. i : 
0 1835, i 
dark red 1060. : 
‘leandle 90 ,, - i b 
2 on soo, | 4 
“hon 870, . 
ye S37. 
9 $20 =~, 
ileandles 793 ,, 
S44, 730, 
53 we 180... m0, . 





These results are also expressed in the curve shown in Fig. 1. 

The fact of a decrease of resistance with rise in temperature 
with carbon was previously noticed by Matthiessen in 1858 (see 
“ Phil. Mag..” vol. xvi.. pp. 220-221), Thisexperimenter found § 
the electric conductivity of ordinary gas-coke to rise about 12 
per cent. between the common temperature and a light red beat. 

This horseshoe is 1-18 inch high, and O72 ineh across at the |, In the case of this delicate thread of impure. carbon consti. 
widest pact, tuting the loop of the lamp, the rate of increase in conductivity 

It ia made by ebarring a piece of thin cardboard of similar | °° fall in resistance is more rapid. Fig. 1 skews the above obser- 
shupe out of contact with air. The interior of the globe is very vations plotted as a curve, and needs no further explanation. 
perfectly exhausted. ne copper wires connect the platinum Fi 
wires with the binding-screws on the wooden base of the lamp. 

The present writers believe that the following measurements, 
made by them in the physical laboratery of the Stevens Insti- 
tute of ‘Technology, possess some general interest as being the 
first full and accurate serivs of determinations, giving the fun- 

damental pruperties of one or these instruments. : 

The limp in question wns one of the paper-horacahoe style. 
No. 154, given by Mr. Edison to the editurs of the Scicutijic 
American, and by them kindly loaned to us. 

We have failed to obtain other lamps directly from Mr. 
Edison, seemingly because of the epenee taken at Mento Park to 
the emphatic contradiction whiclbne of us thought it right to 
give at the very outeet to the unfounded claims of Mr. Edison’s 
lamp, which were then published by seme of the daily papers. 

The lamp here described is certainly a fair specimen of the 
type to which it belongs, as appears from a general comparison 
of results with those obtained by the scientific men who recently 

measured a number of these Jamps at Menlo Park under the 


auspices of Mr. Edison himself. 
he work herein described has been in progress for nearly two 


months, being frequently interrupted hy the pressure of other 


engagements, Ae 
Our experiments naturally divide themselves into three 


groups :— . 
T, Determmation of resistance of lamp as compared with 

luminous power and with total heat developed. . 

TI. Determination of average of light given out by lunp in all 


azimuths. A ore 
TI. Determination of current-strength in circuit corres pond- 
ing to various intensities of Iuminvus power lamp and dellee- 


: tions of galvanoueter. ree acid rs . 
With these data, the determination of relation of luminous 

power to energy expended in the lamp iteclf in producing the 

f direct calculation. 


Bame was a matter o) 
erminati the resistance of the curbon-loop of lamp as 
ies den rn et oH Hf total heat developed. —A 


compared with ils Iuminons power a 2 
preliminary experiment having shown that between 50 and 60 


vi ctive zi fuce of 20 square 
cells of a Grove battery, with active zinc 8 fuce o! ie 
inches nnd platinum surface of 18 square inches in each colle 

: ; were required to develop the requisite electric current, rit a 
battery was set up and connected piecemeal with the reat of the 

carat anged as follows. . i 

an, he pattory-current was divided into two briunches, which 
the Authors to the Philosophicat ‘Mayazine for July. 


















ersten 





AN 









. 


CANDLE POWER, 





f 
Pe at 
resistance of 


ous. 
have compared (he 





RESISTANCE IN 


In the above discussion we 








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—$——_——$—— I rt 
i a we + the current-strength, cin view of ihe fact that a cutrent of one 
. index mea- weber deposits “326 milligramme of copper tn a second. 
sured the angle of rutativu of the Setie nnd ae a Thus, iu the first experiment, 10624 wnilligrammes were 
placed as to read ? when the plane ‘of the loop w deposited in an poate in 3,600 seconds ; therefore 
=F __ = 905 weber current. 


‘total heat, or total heat and light, generated in the lamp. Thi the ph : ia was indi 
3 7 3 Dp. ig) the photometer. This w: ica : vell-defined line’ o 
-enables us to carry the range of comparison below those points hadow of the neare half ae ap cy eT of the loop “320 x S600 Z 

7 Three experiments were made of this sort, the data and results 


Tat which sensible light is devcloped. Asa matter of course, this | on the photometer-dise. 
a readingsviere| | of which are given im the Following fabio _ 
i 


relation to total heut is also the relation to energy transformed he | ws my ri 
D also t ¢ ed |Aawp was rotated Iv? fine 5 2 ever 
and this also we have given in the following table, expressed in | made in cach position, the siemens) jal are given in they | ni 
: : : Weights of cathode. 4 jy Maxim 
Current, in candle 


foot-pounds and in horse-power. i 
‘These results are also expressed in the curve (Fig. 2); and it ities be cero i i 
ai isaseating to notice the general similarity of this curve to i a Nears , Webers wer. 
ed. } 7 wer. 
Reaaer Ri Pe Before. | After. | Gain. } | Bemetey f i 
t | 60min. | ; 
Won | 


2h 





awd 
ars 


or 





-\the latypa with the luminous emissions only; but we have once 
: considered it worth while to make an analogous but more ex. 
tended comparison, namely, one between the resistance und the 





axis of the lamp passing through ite 





rere SEE 

























































Angle of 
ngle of 








S83140 | 491100 
431050 | 430170 | 5120 
nt in webers and the corresponding resistance 
had been determined as above, it was of 
exact umount of energy transformed 
the same with the actu:l 
candle-power afforded by the hump at the same time.* 

Yo make the results more ;eneral, however, the constant fur 
the tangent-galvanometer used in all the experiments was deter- 
inined, su that the current-strength corresponding to its readings 
could be obtained in the cases where the voltameter had not been 
employed, This constant was found to be °262, so that the . 
tangent of the ga Ivinometer-reading multiplied by “262 gave the 
current-strengths in all cases. 

1V.—Determination of power consumed by lamp only ti 
taining light of different intensitics. 





{ 
i 43398-4 | +4503 | 10 
| 


« 
} 
+ 





From the curre! 
in ohtns, where these 
course easy to deduce the 
junto light and beat, and to compare 






3 














This ee the results for one 
were nude for the three other quadrants, with like results. 
Sexhibits the results uf the tale plotted in wena f i 





rain 














Deflec. | Current, ia Candle-power. 
Be tion of | in webera Sa Turse. P - 

















11f0 , 002 0 
112-0 | -0035 | Just visible. 
111°0 | 004 | Dull red, 
106-0 | -00S Cherry-red. 












_ Tt might at first seem desirable to establish a temperature-ratio 
in the same connection; but when we reflect that this wonld de 
pend ‘on a rumber of conditions liable to variation with individ al 
amps, and would really have no practical ‘bearing on the questio: 

of power conaumed and light produced, it will be seen that t! 
line of investigation bard! promised enongh to warrant us in 
parsing .. For example, if the carbon loop were surrounded 

y a less. perfect.vuctitm, or by one or-another :gas -auch 
be tgreat differences in tom, 


ture * en: with the: same jresi tance and“current,” or total 

























: Energy tranaformed into leat, and intel. 
i - fent and light in loop of lamp. Re 


‘Ag horse-"'|Astotal heat- 





teaintance) Candle- 
in ohms, power. - 






ANGLE OF LOOP PLANE, WITH PUOTOMETER-AXts, 


SDLE POWER, 


Cherry-r 
ws “O16 





ae 














I. Determination of the average light 0 th 
" U i 
gee was noticed at once That thee _ a vast Sitferet 
Relre te sep ob gt otnca out Ly fh Baee a ieee casos fowen. as 
plane, the former quantity being abou. thres cee an of that) IIL Determination of current-strength in cirenit ae 
the Tatler ; and while i would of course be poset peat a8 ate silenailics of Is nous poicer in Tanp and of dalections 
‘ assumptions, to estimate what should b jalvanometer.—For these determin: th : Pi 
it was algo 5 5 should be the average | arranged scl! ms the apparatus was As re 
perceived that a direct determination by experiment | one col of a giomas qalpanometey then thiveeue eet voll by is inert i 
a © ‘Thue, for example, in ono grrgeipent as 









WORSE POWER. 5 . 
of this subject, it will be 
light of 14 candles being 





rds the economic relations 
tice that, an average 















average candle-power being 
76 ohms and the current mers 
’ 








would be far more reliabl i tan! 
th caret ‘cal digeursion. ¢ and important than any amount of meter, and then through the lamp placed in the photometer, 
: é on , ice returnin: ttery. : 
e lamp was, therefore, mounted on a divided circle with the| The amount of copper deposited inaknowntime gave, of ; ‘ Sib ober. en 
, of course, 

















“ENGLISH MEOHANIO-AND WORLD OF SOLENOE: No. 642. May 13, 1681 


} 
peta acne crane ie ee ihtecaaeet aati it 
‘ 








currentamay botransmitted through tho apox wire | tus into which tho ourrent flowa. Theso nino! 
of tho bolt-shaped vessel, or through the.collar | smaller apparatus have cach olght branch or : 
wiro of the spherical vossel to one or moro lamps] subsidiary .wires attached to thelr rims, and 
or carbons. .iny numbor of thoso motallio| wires thorefrom aro passed through 72 ‘holes ! 
bodics may bo used botween tho foreo-producer | formed in tho front of the box, and lead to 72} 
and tho light or lights if desired, for {ntensify- | lamps or to 72 othor places nt which tho actions 
ing on tho ono hand, or dividing on the other. | of tho current is required. Fig. 6 shows ono of : 
Fig. 1 is a section of a bell-shapod apparatus, | the apparatus with tho partition J removed. : 
A, with lining vesscla in the interior for current | The second primary apparatus has tho other 
intensifying and distributing purposcs; B is tho| polo wire of tho forco or current producer 








pew peice pen aoe 










































































ROGERS'S METHOD OF SUBDIVID- 
ING THE ELECTRIC CURRENT, 


HEE following deacription with accompany. 
ing illustrations will sufliciontl explain 

tho system by which Mr. Rogors, of St. Clos 

‘xnont’s Houso, Lombard-streot, 1.G., proposes 

apes ant suede tho eleatrio current for 

‘ aes. Wo ga’ 

pe oxhlykion of tho aypeninegne a8 oat sorow clip D, and E ia tho band or baso around 

and. the patents now being comrlste ids aR which « series of other conductin, wires, I’ aro Ld teed 

hind ta itlustenta tha daviene athecteh looped, loading to and connected with alentri nier er ee 

te 


fedoys Amumpro soz oynsq | e117) RayAqooaz wo “HooTy +3 & manner and for tho 
Soy” yo Ay espa ont “ygod ep onan fi a tae Ph ie ef described for the co 


| . 
Re Aq Lorjunvan PoAopuor vywp ony rod y20/ 
























apex, with n conductin wiro, 0, attached by the attached, and tho box in wi 





hich it is arranged ia’ 
no sinaller apparatus with 
wires frown tho rim of tho, 
ir contres, in o similar; 
samo purpose on that just) 
mplotion of the circuit. i 














4 TON AF 

IY J0-MOAUZ' tty ODA) 

MOANE Uy OIA’ OTItE 
opdinys ony prio 

id’ onan} 

“nopan OpyUO;ND 

opusy, Jo pavog’ 

Ty SHUT? yng ‘oy me on 


‘oyjoun 
ty foyemojzny ony goscoro TOT 09 2971 


sommes 











AuGust 1, 1880.] ‘ 








Through the centro. of. these. parts so combined: 
passes a conducting rod. or bolt,:c,:for forming the 
connection between tho “leading in” wire, H, and 
the acrial wire, 1, and: receiving. the: strain of the 
latter. : This rod or bolt is screw threaded at its‘end, 
a, for the reception of a conical protuberenco ‘or 
plug, k, adapted to a similarly shaped aperture in 
the central oy, c,and at this end is the point of 
junction, 4, with 

central body, ¢, being closed with a screw cap, M, 
enclosing the end, a, of the bolt, G, and the joints at 


4, and leaving an orifice at ¢ ofa sufficient. size ‘ 


only for the passage of the wire, 1. ‘The: plug, x, 
which may bo composed of any. suitable material, 
is provided with washers or rings, d, ¢, of india- 
rubber or other similar. clastic material, so'as to 
form cushions or yiclding bodics under the strain 
exerted by the acrial wire, 1. To the end a! of the 
holt opposite to the end a at which the wire, 1, is 
attached, is connected the acrial wire, 1, the connee- 
tion being made in the usual manner. The central 
body, c, 1s provided upon a portion of its length 
with alternate annular or surrounding recesses, ¢, 
and projections, /, the object being to retard the 
passage of rain or moisture from the conducting rod 
or bolt, G, to the strap, », which attaches the insu- 


* Tator proper to the horizontal arm, a. Thus the 


entry or passage of rain or moisture is first. inter- 
cepted by the external insulating body or shed, F, 
but should it gain access to the Interior by the rod 
or bolt, G, the moisture has to traverse the annular 
undulations, ¢, f, of the central insulating body, c, 
and escape from the other end of the external insu- 
lating body or shed, F, before it can arrive at the 
attaching strap, D, so that the continuity of damp 
or moisture and liability of the electricity escaping 
to earth through the rod or bolt, G, and the strap, D, 
is obviated or greatly diminished. 

The horizontal arm, A, is .grooved or reccssed 
throughout its length on the underside, os shown at 
&, for the passage of the “leading in” wire, 11, and 
is covered on tho underside by a lid, N, so as to 
completely protect and enclose the wire. ; 

In the case of shackle insulators the apparatus is 
constructed in substantially a similar manner, with 
the exception that as no connection with a leading 
in wire is required, the bolt and its connections aro 
modified, as can easily bo understood. 








A NEW FORM OF OBACH'S GALVANO. 
METER. 


Tue galvanometer of Dr. Obach, which was fully 
described in the number of the Journat for August 
Ist, 1879, is similar in form to the ordinary tangent 
instrument, but the inducing ring, instead of being 
fixed, is hinged so that it can be turned through an 
angle, and the effect upon the needle be thereby 
lessened in a certain delinite ratio; by inclining the 
ring at different angles so as to obtain a similar 
deflection of.the needle with two different currents 
the relative strengths of the latter can be ascer- 
tained, since they will be directly proportional to 
the cosines of tho angles through which the ring was 
turned, from its vertical position, in the two cases. 
Mr. J. Rapieff.has recently devised an important 
improvement upon this instrument by constructing 





the wire, 11, the extremity of the: 


THE.TELEGRAPHIC JOURNAL. eee cagees 






it with Aro rings, one of which is fixed and tho‘othe 
movable, In measuring the strengths of two cur- : 
rents by this instrument the weaker current is made : 
to traverso the fixed ring and tho stronger current : 
the hinged one ; the latter is then turned ‘through | 
an angle until the needle of the instrument stands at 
zero, when the relative strengths of the currents can 
be determined by noting the angle through which the - 
ring has been rotated, It is obvious that this differ- 
ential principle is applicable to various kinds of mea- 
surements besides those of the strengths of currents. 
The general form of the new instrument can be 
understood, from the figure. It consists: of two ; 
Tings, R, R, the former of which ‘may be fixed; and 
tha latter movable around horizontal axes. .. © et 
The left-hand ends of the ring, R, are insulated | 
from each other, and from the axlo and frame, and : 
are connected to the terminals, a, a, ; the other ends. : 
of the ring, although they aro in the sectional figure 
apparently separated and disconnected, are in reality | 
not so, but are joined together on either side of the ; 
axle, so that the riog is practically continuous at this 
point, though insulated from the axis and the rest of ; 
the instrument at that place. Similarly the ring, Rye: 
is connected to the terminals, 4, 6,,and is continuous ; 
but insulated from the axis, &c,, at the left-hand side 
of the instrument. cated 
The rings and axes aro mounted on a stand with § 
levelling screws, and to this stand is also fixed the { 
dial and pivot of the magnetic needle, x s. ; 
A graquated circle (not shown in tho fig.) is 
attached to the stand, by means of which the 
angle through which the movable ring may be 
turned can be observed, ; ee 
Two kinds of needles can bo used with the instru- 
ment, viz,, a short one with « long pointer fixed to 
it; this would be used when the instrument is 
worked as an ordinary Obach galvanometer, The 
other may be made of any reasonable length, and 
may be employed with advantage when the instrus 
ment is used differentially. 


Comparative measurement of tvo current strengths. 


Supposing tho instrument to be set so that when 
no current is passing through cither ring, the needle 
stands at zero. ‘In fig. 2 Iet a and represent the 
angles'of inclination made with the horizontal plane : 
by the fixed and movyablo rings, R, Ris respectively, : 
and tet cand c, be the currents traversin, the two 
rings in opposite directions ; then when the needle 
is at zero 
sin, 8 isin. a, 


¢c, sin, 8; 
in. a 





or 
that is 


” But since in tho actual instrument the distance 
between the needle and the two rings isnotthesame, | 
constants representing these distances must bo in- 
troduced into the foregoing formule: in order that 
they may be true. : ; 
Let the constant for the ring R be p. a 
” ” ” Ryn We ‘ 
And also, if the rings be made of a number of turns 
of wire instead of a single band, then . 
. Let the number of turns on k be 1 
ow ” » a Ry yp Mh wr tS 





4 

















ZI IT alm 


HE 


Se) 






. A sy - 


fp cmnee keht wade doy 





‘Tha 


sEPTEMBER 18, 1880. ass : 
























inetallic precipitations, have not been duly utilised for the 
‘purposes in view. ‘The clectro-chemist, in fact, has left too 
much to the mathematical physicist, and has not taken his 
[proper share of tho work in hand. ‘Tho, following reference, 


calories, Since tho passage of uiit current through unit 
resiatanco generates only +2405 calories, it is obvious that a 
Daniell cell must be cirenited through a resistance greater 
than one unit in order to produce the unit current which; 
whilat consuming 000382 gram, of zine in a aingle 
cell, will evolve +2802 enlories, In othor words, it is' 
obvious that the EMF. of a Daniell cell (necessarily equal to 
the reaiatunce through which it will produce unit current) 
must be greater than 1B, A. unit or volt. By Joule’ law, 


the value a is proportionate to the calorific effect; and, 











ordinary tangent galvanometers are too sensitive for current {= 
of 20 Webers per second, and upwards, ‘fo mect tho object\ire with silk, cotton, & reading ; i 
in view, a tangent galvanometer with ‘an oblique coil has if fovea Ae pete Penge iat ae fea ti by the above-mentioned authority, to some reeent work based 
been constructed by M. Obach, “A legs perfect instrument, Liibe WA labeE: i hicpouclie th Teasing the number : upon Faraday’s laws, and the practical proposal by which it 
‘}aince it is in reality only a galvanoscope, and not a galvano- i. te My 1 hone thee ho number of layers of Wo 4 Mi tradio, anti t] is followed, are therefore of special interest -- 

meter, ia that of M. Hipp.- Besides these, wo have tho gee: Connection between me. strength of the electro. |B)  : isi fiseaiers y el ani is elec 
instruments constructed in the w orkwhops of Messrs, Siemens uignet and the current, saturation. Best shape to give to . a The laws of Faraday, that (1) when & compoun 
mcecenemmeemenn a ere HG Coils, gange of wire proper to be used in different cases, | trolyged the mass of the substance decomposed is propor. 
, ments are specinlly constructed with a view to practical | Should different gauges be used in the different layers of the | tional to the quinntity of electricity whieh hns produced the 
i requirements, , One very. important point, which has been | coil of an electro-magnet ? Value of high conductivity cop. change, and that (2) tho samo current decomposes equivalent 
i borne in mind in the construction of the clectro-dynamometer, per. Effect of using coils of insulated iron wire for an quantities of different substances, i.e, quantities of their 
fae that the Apparntus should not be affected by the powerful electro-magnet, &e—Galvanometers: Detectors are galvano- elements in the ratio of their combining numbers, have given 
; Magnetiam of the dynamo-machine. The instrument in scopes only, ‘Tangent-gulvanometer, value of wah raly rise to several determinations of the relation between 
: question is not novel in principle, being merely a modifica. nometer shape of coil, length and shape of ima muctic eedle, ww WN inrontions:. {chemical aflinity and electromotive force, In a paper lately 
tion of the clectro-dynamometer of Weber. A coil of thick Hardening and tempering of steel for wa sles Cc i "ti o rion of yo 88" Notanees ll communicated to the Physical Society, Dr. Wright has 
copper wire ie fixed vertivally on n stand, and this sta- between the eurrent, deflection, number rhs euaes? ail discussed these several determinations, and has given 
; tionary helix is surrounded by a single turn of copper | diameter of the coil. Error arising from the Teac pe an account of a new determination by himself. ‘he 
4 






























































































when R= BH (Le, when unit current is considered), the value | 
in question is, of course, simply equivalent to EB. We have | 
then the proportion :—. 
‘2405 calories : unit EMF. :: +2802 cal. : the EMP, of 
Daniell’s cell, 
Thus, if the above date be necepted as accurate, it follows of 
necessity that the electromotive force of a Daniell cell must 
















yews (Muetrated m 

























1 at ‘ 2802 : 
| Wire, suspended by « torsion arrangement pnd having its | poine sl “lect? hi : * part results obtained are compared with the heat given out | bo == =: 1-165 volt, instead of 1-079 volt, which is the 
‘extremities immersed in two mercury troughs, Owing to the Gia ee eetion for which this orror is a PUNT , 2405 


by the combustion of hydrogen and oxygen, and the 
value of tho mechanical equivalent of heat is. deduced 
‘t from theso determinations, ‘Lhe value obtained by, 
BS “S Ovszing : Dr. Wright, which depends on the ae of eee 

qrovoket Pena of Near {standard cell, ageces fuirly woll with Joule’s determina! oe 
Ne ya WOT polio! from the heat produced by an electric current in a wire, bu 
ritesbiieg Lig yreater than Joule’s value na obtained from his water- 
friction experiments, This may be accounted for by sup. 
posing an error in the value of the olim or B.A. unit, eae 
it too Inrge by 1°5 or 2 per cent. Kohlrausch has wiso made 


i i it with standard | 
: voinpurisons af the copies of the B.A, unit with sta j 
Sage tect tnaer e i ae voila, and comes to tho conclusion that the B.A. unit is 1:96 


‘ i ysicnl Sect! ‘| A, Professor Rowland, 
president of the Mathematicnt and Dhysical eae ror cont, too large. On the other hand J 1 

| British Associntion, will not naly yrve t : ee eine in Amorica, has tiade a new determination, and ae : 
t tho attention of clectricintg tq le it 0 ant which have | secording to his calculations the B.A. unit is aa ae 
retial value of the inaterial ba theo | cent. too smull. ‘These differences in the values obtained by 


i 
mployed during the winding ; [ been generally adopted, but Will probadly contribute algo t lifferent methods clearly point to the necessity for one or 
ae evel aaa ataiaiie l & more gencral recoguitigwot the intportance oe bane ae determinations of the unit, and I would venture to 


nade, measure of the ustatic . He ni recat that a digerimination should be made under the 
‘Sapenting the noe, ie pant as beet Hae achicha Oi eomse ee authority of this Association by a committee sppointed to 

iy h has been determined beforehand nal uso of such methods, Suspending the magnets, tor- rnetion! man it isay matter of ‘very little moment whether | © nae'aict tie avatk. 

; hey until this angle is the game ag that which j i ne, sion in the silk, cleaning nnd straining the silk fibre. ' 1 B.A. unit or plga be or be not precisely, at: the tempera- en ; Ic veeucsne Gal ae quate wine 

When the galvanometer terminals have the , Rae Effoct of putting iron in tho galvanomoter coils, Proper ne of melting 4 o, that resistance through which the clec- For is ee a Daria ga eh 

ee eden ele difference of th metlod of inauluting the bobbins, and of insulating the | tromotive forco-dyonerated by straight bur one eed the: noite in ‘hich cilorific determinations, in relation to 

morying ner; aa magnetic field of unit intensity, perpe 


¢ potentials at terminals, def “1: 
ea . rets of ulvanomete: Illy i ‘ i‘ ti y be utilised 
the ti * G+R : G+R 1» dchee| g era ng usually made. Dend he g Raiiel : etro-cheinical ‘reactions, may bi 

H pontsa and& is then 7 Daniells or G x 1079 bent galvanometers for measuring ra pidly changing cur. | ae torn Aon of force and to its own direction, with a chemieal or electro-che : 





scat won gain’s devise, conical coils, serious objection to Gaugain' 
tae Hae eines is ee ee by one nae plan arising from possible error due to Seonitielty of needle, 
‘ iy ue external magnetisi is so much | elinhole's doubly coil tangent Y : 
Hee i ta ee instrument may indifferently Te placed sity for the conical dale nist ie et 
y po: . ion i i 
‘ ae ils suber aen of iain 's proportionate to the | makers, shape proper to give to tho channel of rectangular 
slid. ee, eee abe donc tothe heat and light | coils to diminish error arising from channel not being very 
Maint fe. Indicate ihe rani converted. Upon cach Tamull, ‘Three eoil tangent yalvanometer ia one of the beat 
Ble ot torsion’ oraduoad He fe mora constant,” or the| practical forms. Sine galvanometer, no necessity for the 
f i raill'n-testfianen oP Siotaene ane te Sy coil being circular or the magnet short. More delicate than 
fia Given aa Fa UL Mr ven tangent galvanometer, but ean only be used for comparing 
fine torsion Rinedee bie ve she ‘ 18 to 1. | constant currents. In any seatents iter the current if ie 
Eitorency.of teualone in neh aL ie eu Hint the portional to the deflection of the latter is very small. Deli. 
Ricle-of tonlotof atput ies ag ie produces on it an! eate reflecting galvanoneters, best shape to give to coils, | 
of the potentials nt tws ats ale anne guuge of wire to be used in the different layers, how affected 
; f ; 1 , q ul by the thickne: ilk or resist i 
dynamo cleotrie machine, one of the terminals of the torsion metre ag ie iene ee jilorel chic (eerie 
Salvanomicter is connected to the point a; the other terminal 5 nia aE 


a 4 ¢ ¢ a of the wire, method of i 
eing attached toa resiatance coil of which the free extremity Somibinatiora Tow, ascii ; 

» The Tesiatance of the rheostat power. Neutralising the eart 

angle of torsion obtained corresponds : = 


value most commonly accepted. 

We will close this notice of that portion of Prof, Adams's 
address relating to electricity by drawing particular attention 
to tho following observations, which tend in the direction of 
clearing up any uncertainty as to the value, within 2 very 
small percentage, of the practical unit of resistance to be 
finally adopted by elcetricians. Referring to his suggestion 
that n fresh determination should be made under the 
authority of the British Association, Prof. Adams says:— | 
“Tt is not sufficient that this determination should be made} 
once for all, for there is reason to think that the resistance of | 
standard coila alters with time, even when the material has} . 
been carefully selected. It has been found that coils of plati- ' 
nun silver which were correct copies of the standard oli: 
have become so altered, and have their temperature cocflicients | 
so changed, that there are doubts as to the consistency of | 
the standards themselves. Pieces of platinum-silver alloy | 
eut from the same rod have been found to have different: 
temperature co-ellicients, The valuc 031 for 1°C. is given” 
by Matthiessen for this alloy, yet two pieces of wire drawn 
from the same rod have given, one 021 per cent. and the, 
other ‘OL per cent, for 1°O. Possibly this irregularity iu! 
tho platinum-silver alloys may be due to something analo-- 
gous to tho segregation which Mr. Roberts has found to take | 
place in copper-silver alloys in their molten state, and which 













































‘) 
acrtov yond 
sit i pal oNean 

















































































































“electrical scionce—cleetrp echiemistry—which for many yer 
































































e i i » verificati : disproof of conclusions based upon) Aratthiogsen in 1860 regarded as mechanical mixtures of 
| ; | Voltes G be i rents, strength of ie fie ightne wn sires, Ww. duco a current |in the verification or ¢ co Pip piiaae ae ; n 186 ; i 
| TR that conga ier of the galvanometer, aud Speaking a Se a see ca Hee re mele velocktyCot, tae Uae Sea Rr heatthat| the results arrived at by ibe eRe ae allotronie snoaitions ot ie Mane etna ie 
H . * now. is di shea , g ation veloping be ‘ sJectric . 8 cndy ; para ‘or de y the 
, Potentinis, if we also know the r pwing this difference of | construction of. Galyanom: | eapabl ex eroping 2 on electrical standurds, 2 een made that appar 





esistance between tho eters for measuring rapidly revera. 









. 05 . of | mitte é 
will raiso by 1° Cent. the Lae Ae maa a GR wit current, traversing one ohm during one second, 

































































. i eriodically, determinations be ! 
: . ae ae oints | j . ) att ree | Buds +t. beset up in London, and that, periodically, 
ak a a recurrent passing is, of course, determined, Thus, ra ie ‘ are produced by dynamo machinea, | water at its maximum density, But to ie Decree ee fe crates 2408 calories of Dulong (grams of bee raised mado to test the electrical constancy of the metals and alloys 
: Br the epee ened resistance, in ohms, the eurrent fivail ‘te eel arte of currents in leading wires, how to i - .trician, and even, we may say, to the Ae nediniental tinite | through 1° Cent.). This, it is to esohea te, aq wv pane used in muking coils, A committee should be ie to 
«| will obviously be + R) x L079 } in the con liom of. Contant mitterial to be used for wire electrical science, the true relation to the dards ‘which | volving not only the fundamental basis of tho B.? eb tol test coils and issuo certificates of their necumney, Just 10 te 
Nee - Gxr Vebere per second. The : he pantie of. Constant total current shunts. Shape + of length, mass, and timo of those material 1 tter of | also the mechanical equivalent of heat. Another arene done by tho Kew Commitice with regard to incteorological 
1 Instrument devi . is Oo give the i . * : : ‘en . is mutter s b i Shae , ittec,isthat the} 
No. 8 of the Renan es (vide The Electrician, Resistance of einen ie oy aaa ss en cones ee i pies ta eaiueloc nianatlicl satisfied | be taken entirely on the enlaces i; : ee ae effects in’: Jnetrumente,/ 
! ee t a: ; 5 v * : . 8 a 1 . as 
measurement of these int B may pls bo used purity, hardness, temperature, age, te ‘Choice of pai Se anal that his ohm" is probably 15 i : mm BA. Te ane pen gram, of zine with tho ; 
objecti itienot *{and sizo of wire. Winding coils, j i 3 igher in resistance than the abstract unit to which he one secon © t of tho electrolyte, or, in other 
j meter, but merely a setion thatitis not traly a galvano- method to insulate ends. : spe nannies ene qeeantotigner 1 sae or that the true electromotive force of electro-negative, componen y 


; »  ‘Leating coils, temperature correc. 
soiitesen¢ tions. Variation of tempe: li be th 
Ployed for the com-| of the same coil of wire. 


annealing by timo, 
Baking coils, 













Ivano; ink : 
; mentally calibrated bated it ei requiring to be experi. 


. parison of currents, 


‘ +. wat gine i theell, Our third : 
ives the same ‘ f sm it | words, consumes this weight of zine in exc Our third 
rature correction in different parts * 4 bi Daniell cell is probably 1165 volts, although to him it ae : avery careful apd closely verified determination by 
¢. Permaneney of resiating power, ! may appear to bo only 1079 volts, » making | Dr. Andrews of the heat evolved in the sce aHoe 9 se 
: Orry AND Gutuns or Loxpon Inariry F artificin] anneling of finished coils, + Doubtless, as Professor Adams observed, we oe the 8 ner by zine; one gram, of vine thus substituted for copp H 
y Angis the aylinbus of the course of ata ta en ste Lisl , pxterior of coil box, objection to highly. ‘ rapid strides towards tho exact determination ne a se in combination with theacid radicalSO,, i Lab ther 
fe Professor Awrtow « Ana Tyytag Su"poon rors oe t livered po ished chonite, insulation of, . Snitablo coily to form a sat. 1 Intions, botween the various modes of Aer Me elee- | Dulong. Now, this substitution SO tie Dail call, 
faanqny: pero A abe add Jo ounse ayn madjaut soning Aqayuy oay adgays yoq qwyy Mon 98 nox | onoyayniona jo dys cnorgy. ‘Thore is A eine re Been left in| whole and only elacteochonnlca) at this coll of tho above. ; 
oq Ant aaqqns paxiuryyos on puu‘pasojdao wiagqeovoadl ouy ay qoyud | UY YoaNC Yew y ogat 30 OUT oyu “opmaAUAD .CFT Jo.9I1N97" trical questions involved in Whe ficiontly popularised, but | and tho consumption per scvo at, if this datum can bo 
“AUNE 1.07 Audins” 30 “BILE ttpao UT *paywzod.toout | vrodioy wt 4tt pourapure nd yug Sirarywo9d ‘possoa aupptuys Ue BF too faw hands, and have been insufliciontly pop data, such mentioned *000882 gram, of zine must, 
Eo eho ee en_sianiiiimina_st_ sutasoa pan | oi, pu f apmasquay eer o9 Paivor anydine pyrby Jo yyua 7 st algo that certain great storéhouses of very necurate data, 8 i 

m i mp al faa : 


tendon. 0¥O m anied by the evolution of *2802 
ETS i "i i de: vended upon, be nccomp: 3e 
ag the dotorminatioiiy by‘Andrews of § ne aes aus ui i 




































































~ Experiment 1.—A piece of ordinary gutta. ercha 


jeovered wire, 30 fect long, was. first used as a | 


Swe 


{shunt to the galvanometer, A delicate Thomson's 
aly i 


reflecting g 
152709), was joined up in circuit witha, single 


ieell of a battery, and 4 resistance of 1000. ° Dis. 
he 


icharges were then sent throu i 
: t igh the. wire, , and 
‘the latter, after each discharge, connected to the 


vanometer.’ (whase- ‘resistance was { 


‘\galvanometer, -No difference was observed in the : 


aay eae before ‘and. afer: tho discharges. 


iwould have been visible in the readi 
i : ible in cadings'of the gal- 
vanometer, 'The wire had’ been used for ot Pe 


ration in the resistance, however minute, ° 


SSN 


urposes, and weak currents had‘ becn through it 


efore..” Hence it was thought'that the effect might 


be evident only in virgin’ copper, that is, copper ° 


through which no current had previously 
‘To test this, three pieces of ting ; Seer Wie 
9,229) o'o49, 9'071 inches diameter-—were obtained 
: ase rom the manufacturers, and used as shunt ' 
ie ¢ galvanometer previous to and after convoying : 
Hg powerful currents ‘resulting from the discharge | 
0 428 mf, charged by 3280 cells...) ae 
: Experiment 2-—0'071-inch wire" 
Previous to dischar : 
After first discharge 
-w Second yy a. 
wathird 
vw’ fourth: 4, ou, 


| ‘The change was very marked, 

i Experiment 30049 inch wire. 
Previous to discharge .°".,.' 
Aftor first discharge’ i 

“py, Bocond 3) hac 


nv third 
nv, -fourth ,,, 

? 

, No change was observed, +; 
,. Experiment 4. incl 
in circuit)— Pade: 

Previous to discharge’ 
After first discharge 
-» Second 4, 
nw third "~ 
{ », fourth. . 
Change was ve 


Ss 


N THE NUMBER OF ELECTRO-STATIC UNITS ° b 


SIN THE ELECTRO-MAGNETIC UNIT. 


ty R..Sutpax, M.E., Imperial College of Engineering, Tokio, 


Di , Japan, 
: Pater, ab ~~ f TURES of) Qel 
2 Read before theHritish Association, August, 1880. 


Tue object of the paper is to describe experiments 
made during ‘the month of July.last in the Physical 
Laboratory of the University of Glasgow for an evalua. 
ition of ¥," the number of electro.static units in the 
‘electro-magnetic units of absolute clectrical mea- 
surement, We can evaluate "vy" by determining the 
common electro-static and clectro-magnetic measure 
of any of the following data: electro-motive force, 
current, quantity, resistance, and capacity. In the cx 
periments described below the first of these data for 
one of Sir William Thomson's gravity Daniells was 
measured both clectro-statically and. electro-magneti- 
cally Ait method of experimenting was as follows: 
ute clectro-stati 
trgotive ite ic. measurement of the elec. 
, This measurement was made by means of Si it. 
liam Thomson's absolute electrometer. fg ‘ a es 
to explain shortly how the clectra-static measurement 
is made by this instrument; but brietly speaking it is 
as follows: Imagine acircular dise suspended by springs 
jn eh ae ee rad the aperture of another 
jate in the same p ith a i 
bab ard i ais 7 ne plane, with a continuous plate 
¢ force of electrical attraction of the conti 
plate on the disc is compared with the greltetioe tras 
_ of a known weight, -.T'o effect this, any electrical influ 
ence having been entirely removed, a known weight is 
put on the disc, which Js then raised by means of a 
micrometer screw until it comes to its original position; 
and then the weight is taken away, allowing electrical 
force to act-when the continuous plate is adjusted by 
the aid of another micrometer screw, to bring the disc 
to the same:position as before. A full account of the 
instrument will be found.tn Sir William Thomson's 
Re Pett cH renabinehed sh i pail Association Report,” 
i shed along wi H 
Electro-statics and Magnetism ee eee 
he E. M. F. of a battery consisting of 30 Daniell 
cells was measured by connecting first one pole to the 
continuous plate, the other pole being connected to the 
outside of the jr of the electrometer when a readin 
is taken, and then reversing the poles when another 
reading is taken, Very careful and repeated observa- 
Hons gave et ie oifsrence ot the two readings, 13°49: 
er divisions, w! i 
valent to that of *5 Senne cere sren tails 
‘As to. the mathematical calculation we have— 


Veevierg — pp? ce fees 
2 soveston Vins 
where v—v! = E, M, F. of thie battery : 
‘pp? difference of distances in mb i 
the dise and the continuous plate covresponds 
, jg to the readings of the oppasite poles, °.’ 
== attracting fo: «GS of ‘continuo 
- plate, on the dise, seh oa sontiaone 
X, and Ry = radii inc. m, ise'a 
‘aperture respectively. Mahe Ss antes 
Hence we get, »—n! ‘being == 19'495 x —5 
pee eune Pee 10,000, 
iG é ig 4a Ry 2°35, Ry 5 2'375).¥ — v! = ‘904187 
| The E. M, Fy ¢ of ; 





the gravity Daniell was compared 


seer 


We. fevrnad Ok~ is 


XN 


ae 


SSS RES 








JOURNAL UNIVERSEL D'ELECTRICITE Qetis 1556 413 


nn 


éroisillon ‘qui vient appliquer ses bras dans les vides inté- 
rears, ce qui assure un parfait centrage de lanneau, 
Chacun des intervalles dans lesquels on enroule le fil est 
divis¢ en un certain nombre de sections, deux, quatre ou 
huit, suivant 'la puissance des machines, et les deux extré- 
mitts des fils de chaque section sont religes 4 un collectenr 
Gramme dont te nombre de segments correspond au 
nombre des sections de 1a bobine. 

I n'y a pas justaposition directe des fcuilles de tle 
constituant Ianneau; elles sont stparces par des feuilles de 
papier fort, placces cn regard des saillies, de telle sorte que, 
malgré Venroulement du fil sur Fanneau, il peut s'éablir 
une circulation d’air entre les lames et les sections, Cette 
circulation d'air, provoqude par la force centrifuge lorsque 
Hanneau tourne A une grande vitesse, favorise le refroidisse- 
ment de la bobine, 

Les feuilles de téle, pour constituer Varmature des 
induits, ont déjd été employées en France par M. de Méri- 
tens dans sa machine 3 courants alternatifs, ct par M, Etéve, 
dans sa petite machine A courants redressts avec 1a bobine 
de Siemens et les inducteurs en dérivation (montage 
Wheatstone). : 

La figure ci-contre représente le type de dimensions 
moyennes, Pour des dclairages puissants, M, Maxim dispose 
deux machines dlectriques sur Ic méme arbre, mises en 
mouvernent par la méme courroie, et les couple, suivant les 
cas, en quantité, en tension, ou séparément pour alinenter 
deux foyers distinets, M, Maxim: emploie pour mesurer fa 
puissance lumineuse des régulateurs alimentds par ses ma- 
chines, un procédé qui nous paratt aussi inexact que cue 
ricux. 

Voici le raisonnement de M, Maxim : 

« Un courant d'dlectricité, comme un ccoulement de giz, 

« peut dtre faible ou puissant; un débit de gaz ¢norme de~ 
« mande un gros brdleur ct produit une lumitre intense, Un 
«courant intense demande, de meme, un gros charbon ct 
« produit une grande lumiére, Nl se forme une cavite du 
«< charbon positif appelé crafére, dont la surface et les dimen- 
«sions sont parftitement définies, Le diamétre du cratére 
« formné offre une findication trés-nette de Vintensité du con- 
“erant ct de fa puissance lumineuse de Mare, et nous donne 
un moyen si simple de déterminer Ja puissance relative 
«d'un foyer dleetrique que le premier ccolier vent pourratt 
« Vapprécier, Pour avoir la puissance Jumincuse d'un are 
« voltatque, en bougies (1), it faut prendre la surface du cra 
« tére exprimée en centituies de pouce, Vélever au carre et 
« multiplier par le coefficient 10. » 

M. Maxim fait suivre cette régle empirique de quelques 
exemples numériques ct termine ce sujet en disant que lt 
formule ci-dessus est assez gxacte pour tous les cas de la 
pratique, ct que le nombre obtenu se rapporte A 1a lumitre 
oblique ct non pas a fa lumitre émise dans Ie plan horizontal 
passant par le point tumineux, dont la puissance est toujours 
moindre. 


(iy IE faut 9.5 bougles ow candle standard pour un bec carcel, Le 


centiéme de pouce vaut 6,45 millimetres carrés, - 











La formule de M. Maxim est certainement assez simple, 
mais clic est, par contre, absolument incxacte pour deux 
raisons. 

La premitre est que fa rotation méme de Mare autour des 
charbons change considérablement, et A chaque instant, line 
tensité lumtineuse ¢mise dans une direction donnée; 1a se- 
conde c'est que, pour la méme intensité de courant, la 
puissance lumineuse augmente lorsqu’on diminuc la dimen* 
sion des charbons et par suite la surface du cratére, résultat 
dexpériences qui est en contradiction avec Ia formule empi- 
rique de M, Maxim, Nous ne saurions done, en aucune fagon, 
consciller aux praticiens l'emploi de cette formule, malgré 
son élégance et sa grande simplicité, 

Quant 4 la machine, elle nous paralt présenter quelques 
dispositions ct quelques ddrails intéressants, A défaut d'un 
principe nouveau de nature Aen dicter Vemploi de prefé 
rence aux types actucllement en usage en Europe, Gramme 
ou Siemens, types dont elle se rapproche dailleurs par plus 

. ‘ 
d'un point. EL 


———————— 
* LES 
ELECTROMETRES A REFLEXION 


Les recherches nombreuses qui ont di étre faites sur les 
didtectriques employes pour Visolation des cAbles sous-nia- 
rins, ont provoqué invention de beaucoup d’instruments 
dont l'un des principaux est PHectromitre de Thomson. Jus~ 
que-li, on en était réduit Ades electrométres peu scnsibles 
dont fe meilleur était celui de Peltier, mais qui ctaient tout 
4 fait insuftisants pour les recherches dont nous  parlons. 
Bien que cet apparel soit trés-compliqué et d'une construce 
tion trés-dispendieuse, il a rendu de si grands services, none 
seulement pourles dudes des dlectriciens mais encore pour 
les recherches d’dlectricite atmospherique, que plusicurs sa- 
yants ont cherché Ale simplifier de maniére A fe rendre plus 
abordable et comme prix ct comme manipulation, C'est 
ainsi que M. Branly, d'abord, MM. Mascart ensuite, ont fait 
construire des instruments dent on se sert beaucoup actucl- 
Jement, et que tous croyons devoir déctire ici parce quils ne 
sont pas encore assee conus, 

‘dlectrométre de M. Mascart, que nous représentons dans 


Ja figure 2 ci-dessous ct qui est construit avec un soin 
extréme par M. J. Carpentier, successeur de Rubmkorf, a 
pour organe principal lefomeus disque A quatre sectcurs hie 
(auquels on a donné le nom de quadrants), ct auedessous lu- 
quel est supenduc, par un fil de coton, Vaiguille tndlenciee 
composte par unc lame mince aluminium découpée cn 
forme de 8, comme onle voit en O, F, E (lig. 1). 

Nous ne donnerons pas la theorle mathématique, de cet 
instrument qui cst exposte dune mantére trés-compltte dans 
Youvrage de M. Mascart sur Potectricité statique; nous oe 
contenterons den indiquer la disposition ct la maniére de 


s’en servir. - ey . . 
lids 
Les quadrants A, B, C, D sont, commic on le voit, rel 














MASOART'S BLECTROMPRER, ane 
ABOARD BUONO te Fo plete hh mura Oy 
fae comp | Tux Count du Moneol writes to La Lumiere Jee. 
frique that under this.title Professor eae eal = 
Taney to Polytechnic Sebool,:has published an‘inter 
£ “ti ee rte : eine ho passes ‘under review, 
Of acootubligbed ' ~~ | eating brochure in ele te i eal cabinets 
tle, WO ay OF ty Re , f tho papers which hay Lap 
A XNO2E LE ONEW. YORK, D of t ise pale the -instrument, has auecceded in -retai i i 7 apagmenliniad = ing byte se 
i. Vol. X.No.2858, float Aran. NC De hoy Me a ret P ctitude. : , : Viceie $ “conta epe iy areca neg 
Solonifa Ameriom, estabiihed Ista NCL “NEW. YORK, DECKMBER Clon op | a exaatltude, cinder, th door of, wish i erp on Sion eo 
= ~ I, ! td, pete OMe “. |Piltustration ag being open, pr t electrical influences. — | TaL-d'Ardron,, lion iad ; 
| | . agra, ese ie ; ter from the air and all external cle influ 6 Hem of M. a mieten 
a ote ey | ti c ‘ et thi A caer tie tantattnehen te the upper part, is adonblethreadof cocoon !* {telectrovonpe, A description © 
researches which finve necessarily been : ; . 


tae tke the : 8 tomporary 
See viant expat HM. “Failk, to which is suspended an aluminium needle, shaped ike the ‘Mahed by the Brae kinerat Ran eeaas: 
: ‘ i ke Caan ‘oaci withi 7 3 ing U a ’ ‘ 
nade on the subject of the diclectries employed for fisulat. J z ‘, Hroits By et ‘ | figure 8. splits neal caper en which can be-scen through; » during the mon Fa but it had been communicated 
¥ ; eee : i . anta, or hollow se : i ‘0 other journals, ‘ 
fag sulimarine cables have brought about the Invention of 3 ‘ four quadr ‘over the door 8. Lhe quadrants are oun tw : 3 lyin viously (ia Noveinber, 1878). 
any iustruments, one of the principal of which is Thom. ss . ‘i tre Bit ta et Brod : the open windows over th t silk-con copper wire, The = | to him dome months pro 1 previously spoke 
‘Bison's clectromet Vutil the invention of that. recourse : : Site ul i fot,” 1, by two herons vy ee communicate to the two pairs y (Somp of the American donsnals aati of solving 
een STORY A : P 18 wiy ing ttela, insulted conductors enable us (uw coms of contrary signa, In; ‘ vague manor of the poaail ra 
wearchesto while wet -{ : Heh tig Ado oF sundae equal. olay fisparily put in comminfeation with “3 sini yerens Lut without indicating ce Pasrabey 
very commpientee and , elles 18 ob notere | order te pron neeonatant current battery, the cilddle pair of ott appears, however, that in the ett at Coimbre, 
“whose eleiients is put ae Ono group will then | " | 1678, SL Pavia published in tho Jnstuto, of Colmbr 
itive her electro negative, av ‘ 3) . : oy " 
positive, und the ot mle th tach ied, whether positively or ies a paper on “ Condensers of 
epatively, by tho inroeton of ithe at eA in wioaeit ee Paatuieg in eieh ie deserlbed their constriction &: 
negatively veaael filled with concentrated eulphuric acid.) rit Potentiulity, ‘Insulation resistance of an uns Sy 
lunged ins glass vessel filles ‘i win, ON, | In mersuring the inulation resistance 
: Tn the sning liquid is iaitneraeds second stip of: platinum, eon and use, J cable about a year ago, a mica condenser, made & ¢ 
; 1 Tat i ees ts which weve slo tls ned yn gs ae . Be cue ‘of London, was used; the condenser was: 
i an : . bee he ication with the wire P, eye . ‘oneth hy Elliot Bri 1 OF La Neas than. 200. volfs, . Corre- 
chltite kno 0 describe tn this : : i thi hee kw , nh f te a g a natatoat re} ee a ne ltr quad’. perforated by a Bote EA Seats higher. potential.Se 
ine te tured by M Gun Fry pa mat Te Making the newts boul eqinily-ehinrged with opposite electricity the: Hares ae never used on condensers’ in Biman 
* , : : ruts, ; than A ne 
lier (Rulimkor! for ite principal part, the . oe : + neh 0; i 7 ! i votcntlal produced no current through thirde an on ; 
famous «tisk o tors (styled * quadrants"), rege ok Such’ y, Ming ot he 7 “That y blo insulation on ‘a Thoritson galvano~.», 
i 4 cotton thread an index I . fn He ty yatoels iy 4 ‘halt ea a ea resistance; sind even 1,000 cells (af 70's; 
smeter of 6,011 oan datley f ‘only 85 scales: 
‘volts electromotive force) gave eaeectley o sed? Insulated 
livisions, Hence a condenser was cous rug ‘i he cable. 
wh the exceptionally tigh insulating: material of the : ‘leeae 
h i was found-to stand. the eléctromottve force o He 
his wa vitliout dillcully, ‘This insulating material,: 
1,000 cells w cura of beeswax and rosin, therefore, hing’ 
a mis 3 das , 
See TeaWeL ee gpecitte Inductive capacity in ie 
wee fas Paraffino, used to adulterate the beeswax. 
algh. 











the inter. | i 
re, Dy th charge of| Pio: LTE QUADRANTS, MIRHOR, AND ActD; 
» either post Bative, ‘ VESSI . 


’ q y by using 
srevented high tnsulation; this was obtained only by using so 
dure beeswax, a : 

ee Sit. 

needle, F,.1°; so that the Intter? in a ay 


| wee | » huh, bdabirr 
| | Le | Sonus. “t My | 
state of rest, being placed in such 4 : § : { 
way that its ‘axis f parae wih ong , fois Cavin * ae deepsea : ; ‘ : A In 
ofthe clefts of the a : A ee ane noe i 


DAs 1% et 

sk, ent’ be ete” “Bieotucrey ‘Ano Mort Arm.—It is:5 common . 
throng set aude fro charged) ae money Ale eonidunte electricity, ond many treaties 
hilucnce of four concur. ; E fi that cifect. | Tho assertion 
Fent forces, which cause It to swerve ae ng - Ra iomeren hoo eemea fo ; 
more or Iegs to one «ide or the other, ‘ . cog . 
according to the manner tn which the : ' aie eae } 
quadrants are clectrized, o 


aver, Leen dented on ‘thd’ ground of' éxporimant— 
; ep by Gaunt Du Monoal and M angi. A ah snetier i 
; if 7 _ i eee ised “duriog ‘ay’ and wet weather, the ted 
By moans ‘of such urraugement, in : ' , ‘ : : i actiou of sloctsss machines ia mola atmroophere, ke, 
erder to cumpare the electrical tensions lh A : recent simple Meee Rs eienrin molst a 
tp 7 the prventiala of different sources of 4 : we or ieee cn aett ant conductor, “A. vessel .of. rates : 
cleetrictty, it Is only ecessary to . : j haere ‘lamp isives .off steam. through s ‘bent tu 
charge, in a constant manner, the two } ; ! b : ae : \ heated over belie sronyh “stoppors in “each vessel. --'Tht 
j Pairs of quadrants, and afterwards to : Ay ree \ : ins stationary; but if at the eame time the needle | passing ton boll Jer throng stop - positton, thits gota filted 
f, Put the needle In communication with o i ke c needle, remo ele strified wither positively or negatively, the thoe | : el a peepee amall, fully-chargod Leyden jar is pushed 
‘each of the sources, ‘The deviations, ; : \ iteclf ia are ataly uct upon it, the one attracting, the ot e \ (tho upper half of it} intatho bell jar, aod kept flere four : 
HE Provided care bo taken that they re. wan 3 ; \ : tions eB reason of these combined actions and bedle ie oF five acconis, ’ On removal it a raune uo torn lager of 
y mmatn slight, are proportional to the ‘ Hi : \ repelling it. tary of the charge communicated to it, tho needle i , charged. Hus {at tila -dleolargs tho" inserted jar,'and 
Ferrans that re, bela Seer 1 ow ee oO ‘ Te te ai to one aide or the otlier, viet the electric | Nantetcll onteation Uy this layer, apraars if tha or, 
by tho nid of ihe little mine at" aa i a \ ove der to compare by means of this arrangemien a t charge | | belove charging, te passed acvoral tle through the dams, 
an ordinary reflection senile, Tike" that ‘ ‘ i : ionsioog uf various sources of electricity, atcoustan 
in the ‘Thomson galvanometer, In : . : 
order to obtain equal charges and : 


’ ing tho ‘oxperi- 
on so as to heat it to nuout. 10dteg, 0, Honea! abe renantng 
¥ ire of quadrants, and the needle  Fovent, the far thensulfers No. uppsrent loss? by. remaining 
muat be conveyed to te tne Tieh of the two sources, Tho de- live atconds fu the moss alc io cefbitcanral if will gifa s 
Opposite stens on the two palrs of see. : : ‘ ; {hoe bo Dut in relitiont be observed, will be proportioned to the Fevers PENTA prevents. tho, contleras. 
Org, they are put separately Int con ; ‘ ae > flections, amination. - i . 
mabieatlon with the! two holes of a ; : potentinls under exiim 
pile of constant current, of r-) i 
number of elen 


A ier’ <A prac Aoforenes 
. tion that occurred in the otlicr'caso, “A pinctleal 1 buted: | 
i : . by the aid of a amall lossea on telegraph lines may be attribw ca 
Tho tending of fe lore aR nitagiedl to ie min tose ins eons sat lont ae aciatary otfast 
~ |) nivror, AL, stppor : fp luminous point being caal i} ment of couductiva dusty | nace! ithe wire, the 
" ‘nage of plu ‘ t ta). or’contact ‘of branchey of trees with, the wire, 
‘wileh fs conne : . : y Le eel eal” Big. calanitie ee erate a dour ly conduction fn molah ale belog eeobet cle 
En tha given thi : BPO een the quadrants to* the electrical mouirecs ithin’ sing 
‘ * a - ri i Bete 
: gee ; : eomand: ihe wmplitude of the deflections can be kept within | 
. 7 . : 5 : : : rrow limits. 4 » Lhe quadranta * 
protecting th . aa ! Ta i Q : "two eeraws, RT, accuve tho exter i rods. In urder to ade 4, 
firrente of air, i A ; : : fixed to this cover by insulated ro lightly turning, one ; 
MH extorinit’ Init Wy - ame te edt aed oe aa, Cs ae aust me of these can be displaced by oligh ‘india coKawa 
Mt isclused nt tty Upper part by a mov. ‘ eee © hints . H i pad + the other, the head of the screw V. a ected vith the 
| Drclpgi et ates whieh exrrles the : : : , 4 : Ml : BY Pecmininntchte with the exterior i en Phar sted ene 
fe parts of the apparatus, and 4 : ‘ Se A Hown the needle to be. electrif 1 
+} Whlel fs Kept 1 Feb . fae Iatinum P, all h H ations of the needle 
"| screws, Rk (FI Place by two milled i i ‘ aA ep without interfering with thé oscilla 
1 The quadrants are fixed to this plata Rr i aa 
' by glass rods, and ono of them may bo 
i dda 


tie eS) B dtevuo Industrielle, ee 
placed by Ughtly pressing on the i jj . ‘ : cane ; 
{ head of the screw, ¥. Thoy commun y : ‘ 
fi Gate with the exterior through tho two - rat, fe 
; Contacts, B, 4, whoae rods niove Sreel: 
through nn aperture in the plnte, 
-ysmall collar, ©, alidin with s! 
“¢ ton on the rod, re - 
it-wlth the ense : PARP Liacae z 3 
pleasure, «It Is T , : 
tho collar rataac | 


fj 


I Se 








“T and {ta corres 
lower it (na ah 


in the flzare t ; 1 
3) 
the contact: an 


\ 


Rae gD 
ree 


ed ke the 
vation ge wh rf 
which is destgned : ae an 
the’ needte, “In Crile PES 5 


. ae tae —MASCART'S REFLEQTION HLECTROMETER, . 








Oe ETE a0. D1 TPE. 













l ‘there are two di 
~ fof such a balance, At 
Unto the movable spiral 


ere oe eee cae ites ta be overcome ia th 1 
a : : . ee rat, the current must be introduced |... 
ee ; Pe Yuet. Oar \.86, : ‘ . . ‘and without introdueing teat Simiolahiany their mobility, . ‘ 
' ie ae GLO RAE ~ am Ue ape ie ic , ’ TS : i Fi 8 of contact of tuo small’a B 
eee ean eno attensdtorn, a | me : : iucceededtodothiens anesthe fesistance variable, “T hnve 
ON A THERMO-MAGNE! ETEMOS . : : 0 ect brase Co atisfactory mannerby usiogu kind 
i 






























































































, : 5 : : . lof very thin sheet:b; 
IY BI W. THOMPSON. i cre Sicara a Weis in coussuedene peeae : io. very thin shect-Lrags, used for playt ings of children, called 
Thia Hhermoscope ia founded on the change produced in the | Aatemerl Dee VEIG CWO. & tnd arman * Rauschgold” (tinsel), ecause it looks like gold, 
magnetic moment of a atecl magnet by change of temperature. ’ ELECTRO-MOTIVE. FORCE OF ‘THE. BRUSH . ‘about 30ce crackling noise when it is moved. Strips of this, 
/ Several different forms suggest thenselves, ‘Tho one which DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINE.” a eat contima, longandGor7 millims. broad,arevery flexible’ 
ct best adapted to give good results is to be made ns fol- : Hise ena ams : iiledile lbee Fpecgart la ation, jor resistance to 
j lows :— ‘ A . Ze RNKY 9 Ne 7 i rate, and they are not easily 
H Propare yoximuatel. tutie system of two (hin : : ‘ , ‘heated even b i " aly 
i inion iateck wiveaee de at bh cy ae : entimetre long, one of |. Some recent experiments, which | made in deter. ; large wattaee 4, Spek Prachi because they havea relatively | - = 
Si them, rt, lung by a single silk Gbre, and the other hang | mining the electro-motive force of the Brush dynato- i. [the movable apiral th ioe I have connected each of Af cae 
: biftarly from it hy fibres about. three centimetres long, ao +" selectric machine, and vyarlous* instruments for . the , “current by tw pir he with the other wires Conducting the ; x 
. attached that the projections of the two on a horizontal pline }. Accurate measurement’ ol electric currents of great u hy © such strips hanging locaely down from four 
; neces of brass fixed at the upper parts of the case of the 






Trstance, I may be allowed to remark that strips of t 

ikind, and of greater length, are very useful 4 deer 
ite gation of . magnet ona movable current, Tf you suspend 
H 80 that it hangs down in a curve, it is attracted, 
repelled, even raised against gravity, or coiled up around the 
linagnet with great rapidity, in a very striking way. 

_ Lhe second difliculty is to bring the coils into such a posi. 
tion that neither the stability uor the sensibility of the! 
jbalance is impaired. In order to do this, it is necessary that | 
ithe intensity of the electro-dynamic force does not vary | 
sensibly during the usual small oscillations of the balance, : 
‘Now, the force is zero if the middle of the movable coil is at | 
ithe same height as that of the fixed coil, The force is again ! 
zero if the distance of the two coils becomes infinite, | 
Between those two zero points there exists a maximum value | 
of the force, which corresponds nearly.to that situation where | 
the upper surface of one of the coils is at the same height ag’ 
ethe under surface of the other... Between the central posi- | 
ition of tle two coils and this position of maximum force, ! 
(therefore, the differential coeflicient of the’ force related | 
; ito incieasing distance of the centres is, positive, and! 

to teil the nusaber of webers Hat, lave heen supplied, he «turns into neal et we ass the position of) . 

fame ts at least in ageordance with the inveptor’s usual abundan athe  maximun, hig differential coefficient. becomes ! 
ingenioslty, nota C Due Je ay 6 fo “eC PDagain zero at an infinite distance. Therefore, between | 


shall be inclined at an angle of ahout ‘01 of a radian (or 47°) to strengths show that cach pair of coils on the armature | 
one another, of the machine develops a fluctuating electro-motive 
2. Hang a very small, light mnirvor, bifllarly from the lower of force, the projection of which pives a kind uf oval curve 
the two wires, around the centce of a diagram, : 
3. Magnetise the two wires to very exactly equal magnetic When these curves for each pair of coils are com. 
‘ moments in the dissimilar divections, ‘Chis in easily done by a . bined, it is found, that they show a kind of eight-lohed 
' few successive trials, to make them rest ns nearly ae possible | ‘ 
perpendicular to the magnetic meridian, | : . t : 
+. Taka two pieces of equal and similar straight steel wire, i 





















































tT 
© Read before the Natlonal Academy of Sciences, N. Y., 1880, fn a preceding Numb 









i ines i vs, These 
intersecting lines in certain places, 
nared with the positions: of the 


well hardened, each two centimetres Jong, and abont 04 centi- 
i 
elde exactly with the 


metres diameter, Maguetise them eqnally and similarly, and 
; mount them ona suitable frame to fulfil conditions. 
' fund 6. Call them R Band RB Band B! denoting the {| 
ends containing true north polarity (ordinarily murked B), | 
‘tnd RR? true south (ordinarily marked red). The emalt letters, 
“ly, 0,2, bY, mark on the same plan the polarities of rb and my, 
5, The magnets RB, R'B!, are to be relatively fixed in line 
‘on thety frame with similar poles nest one another, ata distance 
j of about two centimetres asunder, as thus, RB... BR, 


‘with BB! == two centimetres. 


| &, This frame is to be mounted on a geometrical slide upon the |; > 

1 ense, within which the astatic: pair, vb, rb, is hung in suchoa . wy Pu \ \ \ 
‘manner that the line of RB, BR biscets rb, approximately at : i 

| vight angles, and that RB BR may be moved by a micrometer . 

| screw through about a millimetre on ench side of ita central 


: position, the line of motion being the line of RB. BIR, and the 
“central position” being that in which Band Bt ave equiedia. |! 


figure with int 
intersections, ° if compa ath 
ommutator, are found to coincide 
points at which rupture of circuit occurs, and thus 


‘Show that each pair of coils is thrown out, not at the 
: a see lie Vorce is least, but at that at Pal us 
tlectro-mative force. is equal to that from «whic i 
breaks; thus suppressing a spark, but only at a certa 

| sacrifice of theoretical efliciency, oe 














































} 


CEI 9 he or , : 










| 















































tant from the centre of + se ARS . : es re + on ° ad eaty 4 
; raner ‘ i Sor ante : Wied ‘ BO pas ithe position of maximum force and infinite distance j 
intolentene mesmnictiothornat nenomnl dehadioe| - [TIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, N [reel dowmat om heist haan del et 
ag in my mirror gulvanometres and electrometer, : Ye arpmenmmmnpeeeemer = cdlitrsto ey rane i Messunet WNT or Stroxo | iP foree us elt at sae maximum, a eh mone 
: 5 : i ; f tal ers Hagenbach,« Hipp emplo: Hf ‘differential coetliviont, therefore, is zero. ‘This is the posi. 

, Usk OF Tun TiteRsoscore. | DEPREZ'S CURRENT MEASURER. : 3 ag] Sompass with a needle playing upon point, “penedth ition which must be given to the coils, As always the dis. : 

8. Place the instrument with the needles npproximately per- Aut mechanteal actions e 1 by , shetest gr the fatter a strip of copper, 20 millimetres in breadtl Majic mH evils is diminish | i] 
pendiculur to the magnetic meridinn, turning it Boas to bring b by ns exerted by currents on magnets, ! and 1 millimetre in thickness, | h ‘tance of one pair of the coils is diminished as much as that 
. And b to the south of the vertical pltue Diseeting the amall angle tion of galvanomelens ty be clave of TepeaniNie tea 3 _ | turn, tho tivo superimposed Dalves belay, ata ees + [of the other pair, is inereased, the variation of the force 
eae . sda iy ‘et ast 0 . is F ide . i enti ick 

between the projections of xb, 9! b' and +, and 9 to the north; rents eting On magnets) gives Indlentions whit Tare propor.| ae ype devinti ef cardboard. On the passage idepends only on ace Leen i eroeal jeer nn a 
aide of it. ‘ tonal to the intensity of the current, mud tho second! - pas ol. the needle correspond to thia is positive, the electric current. produces uns dtd 
{ equilibrium ; if it is negative, the stability of the equili- 







Peal ; ; ‘ 
y 3 the; differences in their Actione— Zeitschrift fiir Anges. i 


wandle Electricitdt 2. P, 65, 4 i 


‘brium is increased; that is to say, the balanco becomes less 









i 
9. By aid of the micrometer screw bring the luminous imngo, ©. [faction of the current on Itself) piv q vhieh are 
{ to its middle position on the sen | ‘proportional to the square of liteneliy, on teuditon tit ihe 








j. 10. Cause RB, BYR to have different temperatures, The! idxed and movable pleces rematn always inthe hativ ~, : , itive’ it is wi f th il b ht t 
{ tuminons i in i vector ae 't : ith } Teco atthe same relative 2 jsensitive than it is without current. If the coils are broug! i 
| luminous image is seen to move in stich a direction ts fa dae tor position, nnd. that the retion of the current on the mugnet aes v i j i i ibili b 
! 7 raolei reced ‘< saiepiiate teed. sexereles on] Hg othe ie Roane disc Ge Qe A AN ada. \ <\, jinto tho right distance, neither the sensibility nor the 

approaching the cooler, and receding from the warmer of the two, 7 slight intlaenes on the tagnetie power of ot : Ws A *. am | stability of the balance is altered, and by this cireumstanco/ 



















itself the right position can be found out. ; : 

If the instrament is well adjusted you can determine the! 
weight which balances the electrodynamic force with errors, « 
uot exceeding one imilligramme. As the force cxerted by 





j dellectora BR, BYR —Droceedingy Royal Soctely Edinburgh, J Havented a ine yuna bt Mt alanel Hipte 
oe * 7 Y ya. Mn o Prey, snd 


;Which Js represented tn th 

whlch, is annexcd cat, Tt has, aa will be 
ee eg tat resemblance to the alvanometer déseribed 
t «Hospitalier, It consfats of a horseshow magnet; be- 


ON AN ELECTRO-DYNAMIC BALANOE® ~ "1" 
By I, Hepsiorrz, For; Mem, R.S., Professor of Physivs ini 







| eae 


1 















Ng ‘The clectromotive force of batterica can. ¥ 













































































~ gurately menaured (it hos been found. b: jtween thearma of which the raly | ‘: i bore r i 

: Baille)> by meuns Me 8 torsion-balanco,” ‘Tho’ : ipying nearly the wholetength of ueercamonnetrte nivel H the current is proportional to the square of its intensity, you 

i npparutue, ho a consleta, a (2 Hong torso : ‘Alor, whose sharp edge 8 continous With the axis of the determine the intensity of 2 current, which is counter. 

\ Digan long eae ying a iit copper-ball at excl i pleses ot betta if led Into this helix. hy two sual balanced by one gramme with an aceuriey of sgyqy' 

vend, ‘hero ta; nso “1 "Axed syeatangle,-avith ‘nto two compartments rane Mercury trottgh, divided and the force whieh opposes the electrodynumie force nnd: 

aller Lally ‘ut thio corners, which catummyinteate jferfere with the mobility of the hilly. Fhnally: tothe kates i r of a smaller clic measures it is gravity wlone, and, therefore, not aah 
i - ing aah other In diagonal pairs. ‘The lever, nt iis ntiuchedd 1 lover arm, alow whieli slides a weight designed B, two coils of copper; Jany variations, like those of terrestrial maguetiam, oe ko; 
nleates through the fersfon-wire with’ the posi- : | mua netiog heen fiaiile yosn ting from the , ing un to the dinmeter of | the! the shatialty of a twisted wire on which one of the coils is’ 

an Murl i ys “Soult ed By any etterett te eats, When the helix which the wire is coiled up, heir) suspended, . ; ‘ 

Avhowe Y Edy Jeune H lon ever aees position whet Hiding welght, occupies are suspended in such i munner: ihe observations of the clectro-clemical equivalent of tho, 

es ca eas _ is axix, ‘Two lurger spirala‘ current. gorresponding to one'gramme of weight, performed 

placed into a! by different observers during the course of lust year, Iwo, 


i 


j 


\ 


‘{ given a very satisfuetory agreement, 









rv | 



























: Riagne 
: Several 
{ seema b| 
* { lows: 
i 1, Pres 
} harden 
them,:i - 
bifilarly 
‘attache 
shall be 
; one nrc 
2. IL 
the twe 
momen. 
few But 
perpen! 
ey 
well hr. 
! metres 
; mount, 
5 ar. 

















hex aay ent 


See 


5 ctnicsh pin 


La Lumiére 
" Journal universel d’Electricité 


51, Rue Vivienne, Paris 





‘Electri 


2. 


ee 


Dinecrevr Scuextiriger : 


3 





MoT, DU MONCEL 


Apwanisteateur-Geuast: A. GLENARD 


) ANNEE SAMEDt 2 AVRIL 1881 Ne Lf 





——eavaQGaaaSeS——S SES EEE 


SOMMAIRE 





De la distribution dlectrique dans Jes circuits ‘Th. du Mone 
cel, — bes effets amplilicatcurs produits par des bobines 
de résistance introduites dans un circuit micro-téléphoni- 
que; Dr Boudet de Pa — Recherches expérimen- 
tales sur les piles hydro-cleetriquess Dt d'Arsonval 
Hibliographie: Les indicateurs dleetriques des niveauy 
Meau par L. Kohtfarst; A. Guerout, — Etudes rétrospecti- 
ves: Histoire du magnetisme (S* article); Th, du M. — 
Revue des travaux récents en électricit ‘onductibilité de 
Yair humide, — Faculté de magneétisation du fer a une 
haute température, — Influence de ta température sur ta 
distribution du magnétisme dins un almant permanent. — 
Résistance leetrique du verre, — La question de priorite 
des lampes 4 incandescence en Amérique. — Nouvelles 
pites de M. Chapman Anderson. — Fer a souder élee 
trique. —- Correspondance : Lettre de M. I". Phitippoviteh, 
— Faits divers, 















Dia LA 


5 
DISTRIBUTION ELECTRIQUE 
DANS LES CIRCUITS 
Depuis trente ans que mes études sur [électricité 
mont mis en rapport avee la plupart de ceux qui 
s‘occupent des applications de cette seience, j'ai 
souvent remarque, surtout chez les inventeurs, cer- 
tains défauts de raisonnement provenant presque 
toujours d'une connaissance incomplite de la distri- 
bution dlectrique dans les circuits. En général, on ne 
se préoccupe que de l'intensité des courants qui les 
parcourent, et on n’envisage qte les formules se rap- 
Portant 4 cette intensité ; de la tension électrique, 
on ne s’en préoccupe pas, et A ciuse de cela on 
commetdes méprises contre lesquelles je crois utile 
de prémunir le lecteur. Ces notions incomplites tien: 
nent 4 ce que l'on ne s'est pas généralement bien 
penétré de la théorie d’Ohm, et qu'on nen a pris que 
ce qui pouvait étre utile dans les applications élec- 
triques ; mais je crois qu’en s‘assimilant plus intime- 
ment les idées de cet illustre savant, bien des idées 
fausses disparaitraicnt, et c'est pourquoi nous 
croyons important d’exposer en quelques mots cette 
théorie, non pas en Ja suivant dans les equations 
 différenticlles qui ont été le sujet des derniers travaux 
‘d’Ohm, mais cn partant des simples considérations 

















géometriques qui l'on conduit aux formules que 
nous connaissons tous. 

Le principe fondamental sur lequel Ohm a établi 
sathcorie et les lois quien découlent, est gu’une 
moldcule dlectrisée ne peut communiquer d'électri- 
eilé qu'auy molécules contigués, de lelle sorte quit 
aya jamais d'échange immeédial entre les molécutes 
siluces @ une plus grande distance. Wa admis en- 
suite que fa grandeur du flu entre deux mold 
cules contigués est proporlionnelle, loules choses 
égales d'ailleurs, a la différence des tensions que 
possextent les deux molécutes, de la meme maniére 
que dans Ja théorie de la chaleur, on considére le 
flux de chaleur entre deux molécules comme pro- 
portionnel & Ia différence de leurs températures. En- 
fin, ila posé en principe que dans un dégagement 
cleetrique dit dune action constante, la propaga- 
tion électrique (une fois la distribution des len- 
sions effeclude dune maniére durable) est indé- 
pendante du temps, ef que la différence des tensions 
(ou ta force électro-motrice) reste invariable, 
yuelles que svient les conditions générales du 
circuit, . 

En réalité, ces principes n'ont pas toute leur 
rigueur, & cause des réactions secondaires qui se 
produisent au sein du générateur électrique, mais si 
on fait abstraction des petites differences qui peu- 
yent résulter de ces réactions ct qui penvent d'ail- 
leurs étre prévues cn ajoutant un terme dans les 
formules, on retrouve toujours, dans toute leur inté- 
urite, les belles lois auxquelles ces principes fon- 
damentaus ont servi de base. fk 

Pour établir nettement le principe de sa théorie, 
Olim représente graphiquement Fetat des tensions 
électriques, aux différents points d'un circuit pac- 
courts par un courant (‘). En conséquence, iil repré- 
seme ce cirewit par un anmeau métallique qu il coupe 
suivant Ja section oft s'est nianifestéc la foree dlec- 
tromotrice, et qu'il développe suivant tite ligne 








‘ ces derniers temps on a substituc au mot tension, 
dca ont stétait servi, te not de fotentiel mals en 
nous, On a UN pelt abusé de ce dernier mot, ct it sie it Hine 
ne Fappliquer que dans tes cas ou Hauralt représen| i feu. 
ston dans des conditions qul se rapportent A cette desig 
tion empruntée A fa mécanique, 











que 


TET 6 a 


















































































een GLE mathe 


fant q , fe 2 : sa : ry Z faa cf mn . 3 gic rents meetin we ay eo . ‘ 
‘The Locomotive a Preondant a Vane Se ee ee eae : : Leas .. ROF, TROWBRIDGE'S COIL BOILER. _: “Blootrio Light ‘asp pavatt 
~~: ae ie on for AI aaa | eae Welding by Elestricity, A ¢ hoy . ' SNe rofessor Honey, ‘of Yato College, delivered | nye mene 
Eps < |, It iv well knownsthat grekt nibeh: with ? ' bee Shad : ohighly interesting lecture recently ut tho! ie Ilysffation.'»/Dhe' specification’ wast st pashli 
be ‘obtained in : Shetliold Sciontifie School, New Maven, in tho: | “This, javentio shas ents in electric light! . 
‘the tecornoti one Agu king ee Te nek Wn : ; Mechinnics* leet ure course, His subject. was the; ‘penclfy dy egrb ii esulaey fa dl ater ny 
Cortainl, 140, the hull of the ; a. « Crowbridge ‘ Coil! Boilar.”? Beforo Ontoring || theleSdppe rc positions, ho 
H on tho desuription of tho new boiler he gave a 
cellular etracture also f history of its invention, as follows + 
else el Hep og uae been : : The inventors who have tikon out the 
paca. ite fll a8 an iltuatra : : patents are Professor We PL 'Prowbri I 
ment of inaterial f Was formerly professor of mechanical crigineor- 
i Jing in the Shettielt Scientitic School, und- is 
now Professor of Engineering in the Columbia 
School of Mines, and Mr. 'T. W. Mather, a grad. 
unto of the Shetliold Scientific School. The 
importance of devising a smull- motor was im-| 
pressed upon Professor Trowbridgo’s mind | 
while ho wus vice-president. of the Novelty Tron: 
Works ten or eleven yeurs ago, and he was then J : 
Jed-to plan what das sineo been consummated |] i! ; : 
at tho costof many experiments and ufter many Nish le: w or:peticil represents ani 
delays. Professor Trowbridge had eoneluted, | | ate., Th pd of i usting apparatus is yged, 
Hnally, that sch a machine, to bo of universal | Ahir ate fh 
uso and application, must le a steam amotor, | adjustable balan 
and that the possibility of making the steam || bas connested to 
cngine available for a very sinall power de- : adjustable: te 
: pended entirely upon the construction of the: | tain y which “the balan 
more could | y ho claim, at : a 4 boiler. No very light ; boiler hud heretofore caueua ay ene 
: been made which possessed nt the sume time a ‘the oat prope ened 
high evaporative power which could bear any “Hearts are ko i Mihi 
pressure thut, could posaibly be brought upon it. {will gradually'ascend in the ‘bath o 
up to several thougsund pounds per square inch, . ‘stem fern ger stn h 


5 loss: pf, 
which would keep its pressure of one hundred ‘ipo 


ae 


sively, 
oly, h an {atiovern 

eso traneverse braces 

lates into @ solid and 


Is than thoro already in daily 

3 no mechanics other than those 
|, need tralning, ao that if woare 
onary engines inatesd 


Fo ed NOTA ae eT 


»;porttonal up 
or two hundred pounds per square inch steadily i engraving I 


SP erate alee Ges aly ae ” a te . q i i ia " 
HIGH PISTON SPEEDS, / | - ne While ovaporating water rapidly, which was auto. | haing ton 


A high-speed stationary engiite was recently ssa i hb Hilbiee bolts ate 
Tindo at West Sullivan, Mo. ‘The engine tested . ; Fe i etre aretha tnt ea At a 
Vga He 21, which was designed to make 150 ay Use senligeolpns Crogeisigee tale la ‘ 
revolutions per minute, "hie oivingreast aan vo 0g these quilities Professor Trowbridge’s boiler : yy, 
up to tho remarkable speed of 412 revolutions i possesses, ‘The ovuporation of, nearly nine Martine f gat I fae i 57. 
- . er aK 


1 
| Per minute, with no noise eure the lim of ‘tho, i pounds of water with one pound of coul or com- 


fly-wheel, und without. occasioning tmy heat on; : sobblan ig Wt ae ey a ee. ep ap abo er 4 
| hecount of friction, wine, pant pei : fy combustion is kept as high is twenty-fivo/ In NatuRgp vol, xxiv. pp, 294-5, you notice a new meter for 
speed was travelling 144 fot por minute, and H i pounds of coal to each square foot of grate sur-| electric currents, giving a Geserip -_ shel i fairly. coreeet (or : 
the rhn of the fly-Wwheel, whiel sin: sven feat | hy face, is a performance not oxcecded by the best allah sketch, and atte notoAmerican, but English, and, as the | 


in diameter, wis travelling 90n5. 76 F ’ Nowhpidea? *taae f hink myself entitled to whatever credit this entirely ; 
: 9,055, 7 : , ssor ‘Lrowbridgo'’s boiler | inventor, 1 think myself ‘ 
eWONG, 0 oak Hie large Voilers. Professor ‘Troy 8 novel system may merit, My patent rights for America have ; 


“| minute, or 102 miles per hour, ‘the highest} °° : ‘Ffgives in an ordinary trial test eight and one been purchased of me, and the invention wll be, shortly in aes 
| me for which any iocomeetes NiaweSoechaae | cot fy d hulf pounds of water evaporated for one pound | in New Yor". dene as Ries 


wi: | built bei ~ peas Ce peeg as : ‘ i ‘ + Biraingham 
| boing 1700 fest per minuto, makes" thin! i of combustible, und burns forty-six and one our alte is doubtless right in his claim, Nevers. 


fe . ee ry . | oa : 
Pats stationary engine quite romarkable,— al : ; hal€ pounds of cout on cach square foot of grate, | dies te invention iy raat ih his eotmtey rahe f of . 
+ Keel a, . c eh ag aie . : 
k ve : ge netaens or ut that rate, us the grate surface is only one lon es Le ee atiy at a Inter date than our correspondent’ 
Yomi a erste nie ty atSean ne ia | toot in dinmeter invention, "We should be glad if he wou Kindly fish 
neo me dys ug wen wa . : : foot i tae a al Santad "ST with the date of his Englis pag We certainly meant no ; 


“a ot tin | 1 ing the note.—Ep. 
j Sines used twonty-six yours igo, uttached direct : : , - eas a 


) ton cirenlar guy mill, that is connected directly 


; to it, the engine crank being on the end of tho} 
saw mandrel. . 'Uhig was. tt 

















“The.go-culled_powor of“ steanib 


jen ; upon its capacity to evapora ertail : : 
iquantity of water inn given time; not upon its] £0me: requiro : Jess 


5 5 ¥ Ree. ‘ , u oe * * 
inrbitrary feet and inches of heating surface, Péy duty. : : 

S pomon a . : ‘ ProfossorTrawbridge, now-af- Jolumbiin- Cols, 
may be urged in-turn, that its cupacity to evap- ei Be, 7 sopet 
orate depends upon its heating aurface; but ug-|lege, published tables some: yours ago, wherein 
erled without qualification, this is incorrect, {the relative amount of heating surface ‘of bail- 
Neither the terms or conditions are synony-| ors is given ns follows : Comaion flue boiler, 8) 
nous, "The evaporative capacity depends not gol © 12 ature fect per 1. Ps plain cylinder, «! 
jimteh upon the auount us tho” disposition of! #0 10 fect ; locomotive, 12 to 16 feet ; vertical! 

ithe heating sup ion off tubular, 15-to 20 feet 3 -B, MF, Teherwood j his! 

jthe eating surfaces, and: the construction o: UY sh: Unig 90 ae OM his! 
ihe boiler as regards mnatintaining proper come; ‘ Engineering Precedents’? ‘states in addition | 
ibustion. ‘Che boiler of a lovomotive is an ex) that tubular boilers require 14 to 18 feet, aid} 
sunple, Under the influence of the exhaust ini Water tubes but 10 to 12 feet. + I 
the smokestack, and the air current induced We think that the Wayfaring man who folei 
by the speed of the machine, an enormous lows these precedents cunnot greatly err thercin, 
nergy is developed. In other words, a grent 
sGtuntity of coal is burned in the furnace: buti 
he same boiler, jacked up ina shop, would nol! . 
supply the eylinders ut ie ne number of re. het Locomolives on the Fennayteania Railroad. 5 
volutions per minute j dependent upon its) Tho Pennsylvania Toul Company has turned. ont 
ing = * fi tho “Altoona shops coupled locomotiva havin 
{heating surface wholly. Take also the boiler of; exlinders 18 in, by at in, ote divers, and fa aly 
Y given oni whieh i 309 fram the Engli y was designed to run th¢ 
yay given engine Which ts rated for a given 89 miles between “Philadelphin nod Jerscy City in 
cnjnecity, More vower is needed, and the fires} minates, but” from all accounts it has not proved Py 
“fre forced, the boiler does more work ; but} tho toud nal attacbod to wait eas Mazel ot 
i 

















} the road and pitached loa {relght train, 40 as to ¢ 

j q 2 ; . ; imbored np, It is now in the {na Onger service 

uothing hus heen added to its feet and inches: ietween Tersoy City and Philatelphiar ‘The compang 

ot heating surface, Moro coal hus heen burned: cxpericneas difficulty in keoping its main-bozos cool. "The 

in 0 given gace ti : company has now in courso of construction another fas 

2 5 Hee of timo, * express joromatira _ cylinders 18 kn byt in and 

i ae ollicieney depends upon so many more fist drivers, Ni OO aminutess ak eS nea Mahe 
nes besides heating surface that the mere . 


statement that any given apparatus contains 80 | es 

many feet is not alwave sates Hae ininciea 43000,]—Vacuum Tubes and Loyden Jar,— 

itv Crate aby ays it Measure of its Cupies, of rene by Hittorf, in Wiedemann'a Annaten,: 
Ye Crate-strfuce is an item of importaneo,! ei Ne: 8, it te stated that tho atratifention fa 

und the relation of it to the tube surface ia’ Hthetcheutt sitheriedie foe (a uiee, Peattance in 


telther ingho tubo itself or outaido part 
another : so ure the proportions of the stuck i lot the circuit; alsofunder such clroumatanees tho 


’ yi dlscharge becomes discontinuous, Messrs, Do I, 
and the nature of the setting 5 1 two-foot rule ‘Tue, Tuller, ants ipottiewood lind provioualy 
dq iil a noticed it! ty 
18 4 poor rule to measure the evaporative enpac: several years betes tho hove, when's ccalenee 
iity of a boiler by ! or accumulator was included in the circuit, Mr, 
Hut? save ‘6 i { Bpottiawoodo has published soveral interesting 
td, SlYs some person, “* how aro we to tava ty tho subject, but I am not awazo that the 
know anything about the size of 1 boiler for a hia yet Ueen discern ere fauere of mune cath 
stuled engine if so Many Uhings change the’: ¥ bo used without a coll, Hittrf iilmalantes 


character of the work dono by it?” | ih rac of Na cl 
We ave to know in this wity, by the practice! “not produced tit statided.discharg added, 
Set tp und instituted by tho best engineering ae so ee a eatery Of 3.020 water-cols, nnd 
ndvice of the day. The power of an engine va tured Vefore ths Toya Boel athe dich 
ries for the enme size cylinder ; driven fust or: ‘No doubt ie 3 00, chloride of tovgot with! 
slaw it docs more or logs work. It is the same ine of ool atayte gh ect 
with the hoiler 5 driven fast or slow it docs: fig ea on the inte 
nhore or less work, according to the amount of i 
{uel burned in it, In the a 
many inches? diameter 
horse power, and with the boiler 
of strface ave alowed per “ horse 
186 Charles i, Emory mage some extended ex. 
Pernnonts with engines and boilers, and the re-| 
sult of them shosed that un gdod high-pressuro 
steam ongine would produce a Hf, Py for 26 or | 
40 pounds of water Ovaporited in the boiler, | 
{and this wag the standard of incasurement of 
it, Bp of boilers set Up at the Centennial ix. 
hibition, Rut sinee the elliciency of a stare: 
foot of heuting surface in one type of° boilor id 
greater than that of anothor, it follows that’ 


Sore tenes ne ea anne vce 


ris called aj h 
so muiny fect’ 
power,’ Ini 





Bier me epe  rmereea 





M. Paut Sfcuy, 
vacuum-tubes is 
vation uy the effe 
exhausted tubes’ ta 
a cold room) exhibits 
usual resistance, and 
lor overa spirit 
But then the 


re more pro- 


ced, and can arranging a discharger 


ina branch circuit 


7H reg 7 
during the exhaustion, The effects of extreme artificial cold 
pon vacuum-tubes was not tried by M, Sé guy. ‘In conclusion 
M. Ségay asserts the existence of a curious phenomenon, namely, 
thatin’a tube used frequently and“for a long tinic; the vacuum 
fay grow more perfect, so as at last to be almost absolute,’ M, 
Seguy- attributes this eflect to the Gradual: occlusion -by the 
electrodes of the residual pases, ; 


8 f 
- It has been prov. Merren Strouhal and‘ Barus UVied, 
|| dun, No. 13, 1880), from experiments in which stecl wire was 
3] Meated £0 28 to show all degrees‘of hardness between the plass- 
hard and anneated' States, that the\thermio-electric and galvanic 
properties of stcel vary with the 3 ree of hardness ina very 
Sensitive manner. Their researchés throw some useful tipht on 
the nature of the annealing process and on the niagnetic he. 
haviour of steel int relation to ity bardness and other properties, 
Here Hoxrz has been able (Hal, ctun., i. 1881) to measure 
the modulus of elasticity of rods of carbon used for the clectric 
light (Carre’s, of Paris) by the acoustical method ; the rod being} 
held in the middie with two fingers, and stroked lengthwise 
with two other fingers on which col lophonium has been rubbed, 
The modulus Increases with the density, which is, as a rule, 
reater in the thinner rods, ‘The tone of thin rods alters.a good 
eal, on repeated rubbing, through heat being generated, On 
an average the modulus is equal to that of lead, As to the 
Proved increase of electric conductivity of carbon rods with tise 
of temperature, Siemens lias tried to account for it by supposin 
allotropic modification (as is probably the case with selenium) ; 
Herr Holtz, however, shows that pyrolusite, a metallic oxide,! 
behaves similarly, but such an explanation would not here apply.| 
Nor docs pyrolusite conduct as an electrolyte; there is no’ 
Marisation, For.carbon Herr Holtz adheres: to his hypothest 
letclaser geeasite of molecules caused’ by heat, improving th 
conduction), indefault ofabetter, ; 


oush ie CLLR 


A Naval Experiment with the Biectrte Light. 
The Providence Journal gives an uecotnt of 1 telal of the 
(electric Ught ns used to detect tho movements of vessels, at 
Inight, espectally torpedo boatsin time of war, : The light is 
{placed ina parabolte reflector, which Is pivoted to turn in 
juny destred direction and moved hy a small electric engine 
jin the horizontal pline of tho motlon.. In this respect it 
[seems to differ from. tho calclim reflectors (hut were often 
displayed on our streets, although hand power may be ap.) 
piled to the new reflector by detaching the ‘small motor. 
The experiment was directed by Captain Selfridge, of the: 
United States Navy, ani with the United States steamship ; 
Nina and a smalt steam Jauuch fron the torpedo station of | 
; Newport, R. 1. The launch was sent to the outer harbor, fol-. 
j lowed after sometime by the Ninn, fitted with a light on ench 
| side, to seek for her in the darkness, The launch was to 
lights as near us possiblo to the: Nina without being heard, | 
Tho little craft was promptly detected at considerable dis. 
tance as goon ns tha: Hight swept ‘over her locality, and the 
experime 





Play ‘around nud“ appronch with: muftied-ores and Ildden 12! 


ty 
ft BRHAviour oF: Non-Ce 
«The author shows-by means 
<lators which have.been heav! 
«an, electrified body are;never , 
tact: with. a.conductor,:.,The. 
iconstant far. oneand:thesame 


imann's Beibldtter. 




















THE INDICATOR, 


A monthly journal of Mechantenl Engineering and 
Applied Setenco, 
EDITED ny 
WILLIAM M. BARR, M. B. 


SUBSCRIPTION, 
$1.00 per year, in advance: U.S, Postage prepaid. 


To foreign countries 24 centa additional postago will 


“be charged, 
ADVERTISING. 


$1,00 per inch for one insertion, Special rates for 


continued advertisements, 


BG" We aro not engaged in’ procuring or selling patent 


rights, machinery, or supplics of any kind, 


* Address all communications to “ 
.¢ 7 Tux Ixpicaton, Indianapolis, Ind, 


Entered at the Postofice at Tudianapolis, Ind., as sec 
ond-elnga matter. 


INDIANAPOLIS, JANUARY, 1881, 


INVENTION AS AN ART 

An inventor may be described asa person 
who finds out something new. A new com- 
bination of well-known devices, when ‘ap- 
plied to new uses, is also generally regarded 
ug an invention. Its diflicult, sonictimes, 
to draw the line which eparates the inventor 
from the designer. ‘The words design and 
invent are often used as if the ono were a 
correct synonym for the other; this is not 
thecase. Design is from the Latin designare, 
and signifies to mark out 28 with a pen or 
peneil. Closely related to design is the 
word purpose, which signitics to sct before 
one’s mind as an object of pursuit, : 

A design supposes something studied and 
methodical, and has reference to something 
Actinitely aimed at. Tt is a plan or scheme 
formed in the mind, which is intended to 
be worked out, or is capabieof being worked 
out, A design may ineludo original ideas 
or it may nots; a man may design an en- 
gine, a lathe, or a building; there may be 
nothing specially new in any of these, yet, 
asa whole, the thing designed may be differ- 
ent in form, outline, or in detail from other 
designs which may havo preceded it. 

An invention is a contrivance of that 
which did not before oxist. The word in- 
vent is compounded of tho two Latin words 

“in? and venio, which signifies to ) “come or 





a: 


bring into the mind... Invent is closely al- \ 
lied to the word. discover, Inventing con- 


sists in newly applying or modifying the 
materials, which exist separately; the merit 
of discovering consists in removing the ob- 
stacles which provent tis from knowin the 
naturo of the thing; imagination and in- 
dustry are requisite for finding or invent- 


ing; acuteness aud -penetration for discov- - 
invented; the opera. |. 


ering. Machines’ 
tions and laws of: hature are discovered, 

If wo look ‘through ‘1 volume of: Patent 
Ottice Reports, for: xample, we find that 
which is egarded ‘8 an invention is, in the 


Vast majority of gases, simply a new com. ; 


Lination of hitherto ‘well-known devices or 


; mechanical movenients, It would be difi- 


cult, in fact -impossible, to trace back to 
original sources the clements which come 


Ose our Present elaborate mechanism, . 


Sch one of those element must have been, 
atsome time or another, invented; how they 
originated is seardly Known; we have the 
data which. these; inventions furnish. us; 
We classify, arrange, and make uso of scores 


of devices without any thought of invention. ,’ 
If we take the pains to analyze any com. + 


plex machino wo: shall not be long in dis- 
covering that it iq mado up entirely ‘of. 
few well-known simple movements. This 
fact has suggested to many students of 


mechaniam the propriety, or rather the de- - 


sirability, of bringing together in one simple 
classification alt tho: clementary combina- 
tions of what might bo called pire mechan- 


ism. Willis arranges tho elementary com- 


binations of pure mechanism under five dis- 
tinct divisions, 23 follows: 


A. By rolling contacti—friction and other gears, 
B, By sliding contact;—cams, screws, 

C. By wrapping connectors ;—pulleys and belta, 
D. By link-work ;—by cranks and link-work. 
E. By reduplication;—tacklo of all kinds, 


This is the classifiention usually studied 
in technical echools. It is aufliciently com- 
prehensive to include the whole mnehine 


{ 
{ 


problem. If these clementary combinations _ 


be thoroughly undorstood they will furnish 
the means of producing any kind of motion, 
Tf, therefore, the processes of thought by 
which the existing! mechanisms have been 
built up are known, it must, ns suggested by 
Reuleaux, be possible'to continue the use of 
these processes for the aame purpose; they 
must furnish the means for arriving at new 
mechanism—that:i8to say, they must take 








fire, 


pg near the instrument, but there w 
that ccitd fgnito wood work.’. } 
> Doring the last ttree years: wo have had five 
accidents of tho‘hicd raterred to...» wee ay 
“Acoldent No. 1,:-The wire of au alarm bell w: 
pporte by some gis-(s 


-empicyeo onthe premuce,”: [0 fol and sosted oa! 


| tow electria ight wires 


‘bo resul.was tio mag- 


Sout .of tho. bell: became bigoly heated aod-von, 


ble. emake was evolved? When, nowor, 


a 
‘the mntuletion had been charred foto 6 conduct r 


Vd a iy. 
attached: tom brick “wall, andthe only | | 


bat | 

or “over or 
Ughting: by electricity j 

ew mpoclally haxardoas! |: 
y tdhulated and 


bo: 
ed in’ sloctric Nghting. 
7, facts. which may. . 


i 


‘the restetance wi £0. much lowered that uo tur 


AU the current thet contd 
leading. to the magues, 
to tosul J 


4 


gue Gxture,-and,! 
‘one ofoursmail! 


reat. pa 

ro fell, an 

f pole ttedog ti 
Ra resuly 

Wasa yor et, but no flra; tho ry ‘ 

mat ; z ved 

Huntce le small tron yrto oz tre Uno saved 

‘Accident No. 
One ot ou 


unable to toat hethad 


ul cs mse 
cog 

been dieosv- 

U:found thas 


wae . a 
{wires In 9 building "woul 


be system we thon, 
plated tho 


driving machines a 


Sabb Robe atl fe any 


HG 


ther af¢ or | 
08 thlok, | 


Fe ee eo en EN 


ena shnran anna 


ENisy Meche 


f WORLD OF ScrENoE AND? ART, 


are per, 


Thy 


. —++ 


- BRIDAY, SEPTEMNER 24, 1001. 


HORTICULTURE AND ELECTRICITY. 


ik ia not unlikely that beforo many yoare 

have come and gone, tho Iabel ‘ grown 
‘under tho electric light" will bo a familiar 
‘objeot in Covent Garden Markat, atteched 
not only tu grapes, peaches, pineapples, and 
othor kinds of fruit, but also to forced pons 
and beans, lottuces, tomatoes, and othor 
vogetables which aro always in demand. 
Dr. Siemens has demonstrated tho fact that 
the electric light is a wondorful stimulant 
to vegetation, and thero are plenty of shrowd 
business mon amongst market growers 
who will be ready to adopt it if only 
thoy can bo nsmred of tho oxperiment 
paying. On this point somo figures aro 
available which may form tho basis of « cal- 
culation that can bo relied upon as approxi- 
mately correct for a given candle-power, 
and tho question then will bo for the growers 
to determino how much extra fruit or oxtra 
roturn thoy can obtain by tho use of the 
light. Probably—most likely, in fact,—the 
shape of the houses employed in forcing tho 
fruit and vegetables will need consideration, 
for itseoms clear that cirenlar erections will 
be more advantageous than the goncral style 
of greenhousy; but that is a question which 
at present {s scarcely ripe for settlement. - It 
ia now well known that an olectric light of 
6,000 candle-power, can be produced for 
Gd, an hour, including interest on tho 
dynamo-machines and other npplisnces, 

rovided water-power is. available for driv- 
ing; but Dr, Siemens was compelled to uso 


-| a steam-ongine, aud the actual running cost 


of that was 6d. an hour. It, however, sup- 
iplied two lights of 5,000 candles, and the 
‘qwasto-steam was used for the circulating 
hot-water pipes of tho houses instead of the 
‘ordinary boilers. Tho cost of the lutter Dr, 
Siemens estimates at two-thirds of tho fuel 
‘required to drive the engino, so that in 


‘jreality the oxpenditure on tho motor 


‘amounted to ono penny per hour for cach 
Hight, or with the 6d. for the ctoctrical 
‘appliances, Td. an hour. ‘The light, how- 
‘over, is required only at night, while the 
; heat is needed during tho wholo twenty-four 
‘ houra, so that other work must be found for 
‘the dynumo-machines during tho day, or 
‘at least for the stenmn-ongino, in ordor to 
{keep the uverago cost per hour down to tho 
tininimum, That Dr. Siomens does by put- 
ting down other dynamos in connection 
| wit! how circular-saw, & chnff-cutter, and o 
{pump; but thot involves n greater outlay of 
‘capital, so that probubly the lowest estimate 
{should be about Od, por hour for u light of 
16,000 candle-power, In Dr. Siemens's caso 
| he has a high-pressure steam-engine, of six 
: horga-power (nominal) working two D ma- 
? chines, which produco curront for two lamps 
of about 4,000 candle-power each, Ono of 

theso is placed in a, glasshouse of 2,318 cubic 

feet capacity : tho’ other is suspended at a 

height of 12ft. to Lift, above some sunk 

houacs, It was soon discovered that the 


fects of the naked light wero any- |) 


: thing but salutary, and somo farther 
experimouts served to show that a lan- 


| tho light, but also to carry off the chow! cat 
: Santa ot the ore. ‘Tho effect of tho 

naked light upon 9 tomato plant was shown 
in a romarkablo- manner by intorposing 0 
"heat of cloar glass, so as to screen 8 portion 
, of the plant, the lino ‘of demarcation boing 
|. distinctly shown in tho courso of a single 


{ 
7 tern was necessary, not only to tempor 


night.:-.Cho portion of tho. plant .under.tho 
direct influence of ‘tho naked light oubibited 
shrivelling of ‘the loaves, although ‘at a dist= 
anco of {1Uft.¢from: tho aro, and when ‘the 
experiment was continued for a fow.nights 
it was found tht tho’ plinta ‘wero’ being 
atendily destroyed oven at a’ distanco of 
20ft.; though in that caso the effects were not 
so porcoptiblo, ‘This fact hns a apecial interest 

for. the” physiological botanist, and leads to 

tho supposition that tho highly rofrangible 

invisiblo raya which oxist in tho spectrum of 

tho electric arc are inimical to vogatablolifo, 

for it is scarcely possible that the clear glass 

can intercept any of tha luminous rays, 

Experiments were mado by Dr. Siemens on 

the gormination of sceds under different 

coloured covering glassea, and tho result was 

that ho now surrounds tho olectrio aro with 

n lantern of clear glass, as the best possible 

sercon, A fow of his results in experimental 

electric horticulture may be intercating, and 

it should bo noted that whilo there is no 

doubt thoy can bo ropeated, tore is room 

for improvement, or dovelopoment rather, 

as experience is gained, It should bo 

understood that tho electric light was started 

at dusk on each week day evening: on Sun- 

days tho plants hada ‘night of rest.’ Peas 

sown at tho end of October produced a har- 

vest of pods on tho 16th of Fabruary. Rasp- 

borry-canca put into the house in tho middle 

of December yielded ripe fruit on tho Lat of 

March, whilst strawberries, started nbout 

tho samo timo, woro in full Bearing by tho 

iniddlo of Fobruary, Theso are threo pay- 

ing crops for growers, but perhaps thore tg 

more to be dovowith grapes than with othor 

fruit, Vines, for instance, which broke 

about Christmas produced ripo grapes’ of; 
stronger flavour than usual on tho 10th of 

Mare 

when they sell at high prices, Experiments 
with tho corcals were failurea—the growth 


was go rapid they did not arrive at maturity, |: 


ond fol to the ground for want of strength 
in tho stem. Out of doors, under the intlu- 
onco of tho clectric light until May, thoy 
showed ripe grain by tho ond of June, and 
the seeds produced ara to bo tested to nacer- 
tain whether their gorminnting power is 
affected. Somo doubt has beon expresse 
on the point, but so far Dr, Siemens has 
found that seed from the peas vegotates in 
a fow days, and shows healthy growth. It 
is not impossible, as Darwin contends, that 
plants do requiro diurnal or ot least winter 
reat to properly moturo; but, so for os 
Dr. Siemens’ oxperiments can bo taken 
as ovidence, tho stimulus of continu- 
ous light not: only accelerates tho rate 
of development, but also improves tho size, 
tho flavour, and tho colour of fruit. 


Whether perennials aro moro quickly worn) 


out remains to be ‘scen, but #0 for ag the 
diurnal rest is concerned it would appear to 
Molons and banauas 
lnrgo sizo havo beon 

under continuous 
Figut, tho latt dof the electric 
beans durin 1 poriod 


xporiments which 
ic ng to quantita- 
een cnough to in- 
fio time is not for 


mate and seas, 
is available, tho 
than the 


ete EF 


—just tho time, it will bo observed, ||. 


OS ee ee 


interost and depreciation onthe: 
or“ turbines’ that’ aro’ used; bit? 
where coal or other fucl is cheap, tho steat 

engine will probably bo, found :mést econo: 
mical_ in’ the long ‘run, .. because’ tho: waato. 


heat can bo utilised for warming the housas,. 


whilo the “ongine, and’ probably. also tho } 


dyriamo-machines, “can -be utilised ‘to ad- 
vantage in the daytime. The figures quoted 
abovo aro based on coal at 20, 9 ton; but 
it will be obvious ‘that whero plant is put 
down’ on tho largo scato,-and fucl can be 


had for about. a fourth of tho prico 


mentioned,  thero: is sufliciont promiso 
of ‘success to induce somo onterprisinig 
market growors to try tho oxporiment;_ an 

in a largo establishmont thero is ‘generally. 
somo means of employing power, 0 98 to 


ir 
4 


- 


{ 
{ 
‘ 
t 


\ 
1 
} 
} 


prevent any leakages from valuable ma- + 


chinery standing i 
be fully understood: tho machinery must 
bo worked up to its capabilities, or tho 
cost per hour will bo lnrgoly increasod, and 
the profit will ba correspondingly dimi- 


. This point should : 


nished. Unless Dr. Siemens is oxception- ; 


ally fortunate in bis servants, tho coat of 
attondanco will bo morcly nominal, for very 
little skilled labour is required ; and tho 
farmer who can find profitable employment 
for power may easily add an clectris-light 


5 
H 
Hy 
i 
t 


i 


forcing-house to his othor appliances, and ;-- 


not improbably reap an adequate reward 
for his enterpriso—provided ho has tho 


requisite capital; and dynamo-machines, | 
with steam-ongines to driva them, cost a! 


good deal of money. 


ee 


a Costranative, Testa or Wines. 
‘of Glasgow, Profossor ‘Jamicson, F 
‘te short: papor on: this subject.» Ho ani 


analysis, tho wire gavo 08.39 per cont. of 


nium, 1,24 percont, of iron, and 0.37 por cent, of; 


| silicon, the specific gravity being 2.786. As tho;} 


wire was only in short longths, he had beost 


‘gitated to detormino tho olectrical resistance of tho! #4; 
H meatal Wy the {*fall-of-potentini” method with! ; 
lly pure copper wiro: ns well as with a 7) 
standard B.A. unit's and’ ho had: found that th 
aluminium had 1,06 times tho: resistanco \of. th 
coppor wire of tho samo gaugo and longth, and but) | 
littlo moro than half tho resistance of pure copper, 
for tho samo longth and woight, Tho conclusion’ 
arrived at thorefore was that aluminium had by; 
far tho least resistance of any known motal for its: 
woight, In tho courso of his investigations ho had 


chesnical 


od a very curious fact, namely, that tho 


jduction of a vory small percentago of sluminium: 
into copper not only. raised its tensile strength im 
nonsely (the specimens shown having a breakin; 
atross of about 45 tons per squaro inch), but alsc 


cnormottsly increased itg resistance. So for 
testa had gono, the specimons shown had a 


d ‘nncd of twenty-five times that of pure copper. H 


i At tho last meoting of tho Piilonophigal Society 


9 
r i he‘ha 
obtained somo specimens of nearly puro aluminium 
wire from tho Aluminium Crown Motat Company, ' 
tho samv being prepared by Webstor's process, On! 


alumi: 


neces! 


4 


intro- 


as 
resisi 





out the probable uses of such wiro, aa, for, 
lo, in tho construction of high resistance, 


Other qualities 





as 


= 8 OE 

















: ong 
verde REC 
Hearsbulal 
Y= Avont’what thd’ e 
: Ait sf re veneae | i WOE LNG MFAE Ot MFA weiss aU a <a 
At an recent meeting of tlie London Physical ‘Boetety, Gate Le otis ia eis: oe : bea) ae 
{O. Vernon Boys read a paper, “*On.a. Now Current Meter." Boe i ’ : 
‘Tho rate of a pendulum clock’ depends on gravity, ‘and is: thatthe oF 
{proportional {o.the square root of ‘the ‘strength of y gravity,| . walgtanes: h eA zation of: tho beenipweey id dd siok take’ a . ear 
‘That of a wateh depends on the strength of the halr-spriog,: ; ered ile eht : » fplage tt the sh ellova |] whee, oF yitel:ates Purdy: 
and Is proportional to the square root ofits strongth...Thoi : Fea os ee enetit S| : : wh j : mia snag 
‘force duo to an electric current Is proportional to the equare " a ry ir H e 




















, f reat OS 4 ‘ 3 ton “of tho | teal pI 
ane Ce sbenbihe Tence if part of an electric cireult é ies A asetl onlyia: __,, | Btocks:"deo,. Wan. Hatiot, Jobin 0, ¢ pete, ‘ mre vith 
in vibrating under electro-magnetic force, the} tor the winkntenance of t'10 fire alarm, and aso ‘upon the market what 








Bp vibration will be proportional simply to tho current) 
; for the square of the speed measures the force, and! 


ford | free of expan I understand that these 1 QT what do'you refer? 
the force is proportional to the square of the current. If,’ 


‘wore clalmod to be valualile privileges, Bo va". “AI mean tho San Pedro and: 








Ptho right of ontry Into Providercajand’ Hart- ant ‘tlrce-story sccult 
9 Ao-T understand that tho f 












the oan i ne ALY ; ‘fata a contract with J. G. Moore & Co, with hls t won,” But id Agua Mintuees W the ‘Totedo, ‘it 
a He ae ‘ance takes tho place of the balance of a! anid, the terms of which 1 ami not faiitiar, Sees Lin weck valve ela thin. At tington and Delphos Narrow Gavige railway, : 

‘penduluin clock, the clock will measure clectric currents ine!  Q—Waa nota copy of ft published ws ine ’ w 
‘atead of th Tok 4 trupineass: LE | all events, the ml Non of atock and bonds were Q—Whatdo you mea") uy" unseeeaiory com: ‘ . 

of time. To keep the indications true tho maintaining; ato lena one fat ; : : fow-Vork papers? ‘Vdolivered’ to tho o:iginal holders, and :thta panies? : 7 
(power must ba s0 contrived that the amplitude docs not vary as nn ‘A—Tuere wat acopy of a contract published, Atock whicli hay.beon for. sale and the stock A.—l mean corporations 0 H 
anuch, or the parts must bo so arranged that tha-foree ied Si, was then inan’ in the Now-York orl, which’ professed | to's whlon Fhold ta. portios of thle 1 iC maltiton, ors, faltrond eck 

be a contract betweon, the Mutual Unto ‘stock issued? if making money :rapld) havo? thre to 






‘directly proportional tothedtsplacement, Mr, Boys showed 
several ways of producing ‘a controlling: power. "The trat 
wis «combination of solenoids, one pussing through the} 


‘ant John (1. Moore &. Co.,' proving, forth cannot te'l you my atock when bought basics, 
on ructlon of $3,000 miles of: telegraph Tine ue aino ul’. a. Moore & Co,, and mortyag 
v GQ. Moore & Co., for whtoh thé contractors stock. ‘Tha plan of ‘sucli 










other, nnd in which the forco was proportional to th 7 | queer ; _ wets to recelve tho entire Issued of “the Uston =U ‘ v I boll ono nf theso tssticn 
ne. dis: ; 4 
: u bn : ‘Mutual company, viz.2 9 raalllons of stock and | ‘ 0 bonis, for anything froin 70 cents 
[nceamnet Belug.without iron it applies’ to the casa of i ony J 0 Bt 4G mnflitons ‘of, bonds, But Todo. not, know ae aette tate : 
alternating currents In another a small armature: is Fl whether the:contract published was genulno Y 






mounted ov the balance staff, and around ft aro the twot 


poles of an electro-magnet which forms purt of the circ 
tt? 7 

Th a third form whicl . { ‘Gortainly thore has leon no donial-of that} fy: At is otainied In* newapage. roports teat t 
tyro eveagentahapel ‘i is unaffected by residual magnetisin, | raite Y , kind printed,’ Ny tha terms Of this contract It rae not awa any, of the original Issue of 4 brie og 
iM ped pieces of fron, forming the sides of tho} ‘ wer cated : Th! would seein ‘that Jolin G. x, stock -of this corporaiton; what, expleaai{on : ¢ ‘ 
ibalunce, pase through two fixed solenolds. Tnall thes eusea} . a to reap all the benefits ‘inthe. way of jprofl havo you Jn regard to th : Bohemes? 1” . 
Bie Eleeotlen of the current docs not’ matter, q ‘gecruing undor the’ pontrach My understand-} | A,r elatu that Lown stock $n-.tho 400,000 Avo] tauat confess that I havo, ‘as I 

he matntaining ‘power may t ' “Ing of the contract is that J..G.: Moore & Co! 6 anitzation, «'as' ty, certificates , bear tate think that elther rail -tglogea! _ t. 

aa y be an ordinary eseayyement | aro to furnish 13,000 miles of telograph ine for Stine, 1881} and the present ten -wnitifoa' dollar | prises aro auflctent!y, j O:P : 


{por ‘not. At any rate, its correotneas has sover |. 1° 
‘veon deuled so faras I havebvoen allo to leary; ‘counsel tea’ 





















driven . % 
Sibel se way. -Tt may also be independent o} 2 00 ve a tho’ whole laaues of tho company, and yhat- “ooWipany;was ‘eat, nattior " ‘fair tetura on threo i 
i an Tuipulse being given to the balance electric: ' 7 constructle ‘ of foul ‘ , . over pront ‘wil get under thts contract | | ‘gtoc writ’ Sep) mer 13, 1881 tT , coat. Of course ‘yo . im | 
ally ateach swing, A. meter of thia kind was shown, inl ‘ . 143 3B aaa rovidenc co ay ba in tho stock and bonda of. tho company beat.on their free the atatomoae that tho cx! — Pabe eniso of much, corpor y, 
! 





Which the controlling power depends on iron crescents and! 
solenoids, and in which n portion of tie main current is| 
stunted through secoudury solenoids when the balance Is in! pring oF 1R6L 

jlts ni Natural position, at which time a variation th tho cur-! (eds of tii pry 

Fents in tho controlling sotenotds tas no effect in disturbing | : Haun eceel Ailegranl 
ithe period of oscillation. Such a meter is regulated by an: 


pale of its tray mortgage boris, and oa 
A nipany was autuorizod to Jasue stock. generally disposed of far below pat 8 f 
tock in this cowpany?.tt Is understoud from Hal nvak Lo not kaow what, , me 
[Bowspaper reports that you aro not ‘ono: of th : ter prises? voy a y 
‘A—Thoy aro wore or. “teta fraudulent and’ 
tdetndo many ‘Viovest peopta’ into tho belief: 































Mdjustable weigh . Pick hatkd tia la 2 anil “My bit of onipiatnt sete forth that ain ‘ehat these Issues havo, value, whereas thare 1s 

onde of mi ta ti foe fui at: Hows, Being Inde: | . f a ty 3 , [last November; it was as bought in the open ware} er atock Issacit ta paymen? for the LH, value attachable te them: boyond 

{Pendent of gravity NH work equully well anywhere, i at the ¢ ! it ket from brokers. L-havo long been ‘of tho! Egoaton and Washington line; also, that'a cot, iI ' 
et ent ee) uy re 5 5 oplnion that a telegraph coinpany witls 10,000 ‘Uract has been entered, into for the constry 


to 15,000 muiles of wire cunnesting outy tha priv! beton Yat, wlelonal Hues, in consideration of 
Polpal celtics Of tha: country and avolding small, 1 ra Cont holders. f should’ say" 
outlying places, dime of iccess, Wwhilcti Nave, ~ rictatte’ ‘ot .whteh 1 am ignorant N Faction I hava Lrought that It has bee 
ks what o copy af that contract d » bow Debale’ ‘of mysolf ant all other stockh 
court that may know is ‘conditiot of the’ “cumpany, who/are, almilar! 
Fcould not fall to be a very protitablo outer: ‘asks thiat the company bo restrained aud ‘pare andl they all ays the “right: to Jolo and aia ! 
priso. Hy “honestly” bultt, Lineay,a Ino on jjrotually enjoined Crom tating and cottverin RT : : 
whicly every dollar of. the caplial adbscribed toJoln G, Moore &,Co,, Lo, contractors, or.t ' 
arid bonds issued ‘should ha hones! ly anent | ht f; fecron, any of Its: :atook or bo: if 
constructing tho : Ines “andl, eq) Mpping: tho | [iene colving the fall ninrket ‘value of the | ‘o ect 10, belnging’ this gult 19 to seo 'tliat 
atic nd that there ‘should bo ni change of E sand: the par yaluc of" tho! atuck 10} company; gets full ‘value ‘for. tts: bast 
cessira. profits to tho contractors crhiets | | anon bor, property of materis. at the cute that tho ‘aole’ alm “of your nuit?’ te has bes! 

















‘what f mean by an hones\ 005, ta other words, 
that the telegrapli conipany, iteol fF, and not tho 
contractors, should tayo, the | ugh Deneiit of all 

‘money for which it has pub out issucs ty 
WAS commonly, bollored $ J hen 
‘this Ino was tinst proposed, ond for some, thio 
Alterwaris, that wo ‘wore. at last to” have au 
honestly constructed ’ telegraph ‘ ‘company, and 
that, snch beng tho-case, ‘it could’ ‘not fall to. 
be'n good, Investinent. it 
belleving ti int, AC thi ‘company, could 

ply Nf gh 


‘rent falr market prices of, theso commouttior, 
Ineittet; tanks that tho Mutual: Urton To's 
‘graph oibpany shall recelvo for its, fgsues In 
‘tho carrying: out of this contract tholr just 
walugs that tho contractors aad tho company 
eal ni bo ‘allowed to” determine tho values, 
hoy! ‘shall the passed upon! by. thoi! 
irks on proper prea helng furnished, Tess 

ct yughit by this means, to obtain for thd con 
pany! totenraphity, propertyc. full’ par value: 
for tte ook; wat’ on mathdt val :0 for | by 











sald In some howpapior ‘articles. that y 

brought this auft at the request of Mr. 

“Wiwan, a dlecotor 11 tho, Westors: Union T 
‘tho str 


purpose proviously states 3 + Witnan 
hover requested mo to bring such a sults; 
Julea of the sult occurred to my in| ad on Jeat 


York, wilt not pormit a tthe court pear nd 
Junded (its: laws, to. tssue ia at nk without 
receiving f fal par ivalud cash, jabor,’ 





Pe pe me 5L, 

















© FRemWedaeT alialé feo! It smug: duty r a \ RRC : ements My eee _ Avni 27, 186d, 










such rotation boing pro 
inclination of the Sheek 





IRON. 
No. 587, 


— 


: LONDON, FRIDAY, APRIL 2, 18535, 


{THE GAULARD-GIBBS SECONDARY GENERATOR. a 


rt ono tat 1 of the ; : (For description, see page 351.) 
fimilllon of stock and hatf: ntton . 


Whenever, tho ‘company: Tectves ‘a hundred 
nta. on the ollar, elther in:monoy, or prop. { 
ty, for all Its issucs of stock- and boas, tho 
bJcot of this sult fs accomptished. tet i 

Dat understand. you to ; i Dernez’y Exenay Meten, 


: This instrument consists of a thick wire coil, noni 
THE GAULARD-.GIBBS SECONDARY | | 


ie 


ar 



















Upon its axis, which passes through its centro of gravity, 
as » ‘This axiwshaft is sot upon two knifa-edges, insulated from q 
GENERATOR, | |’ each other, and communtcating respect vely with the coil ; 

7 | |. and witha metal bar havinga curved quatrant-ahaped head, | 
REPORT has recently been made tothe Acader |; which dips into a merenry cup, and thus forms connection: 


of Sciencoof Paris by M. Cornu, ono of its me} with the main current. ‘Ihe shaft also carries, projecting | 
hera, upon the experiments of M. Marcel Depren| , downwards, a pendulum rod, the bob of which ts intended 4 
reference to the transmission of power toa distar |! to causé an antagonistic force ; while the extension, up 
hy electricity. Although it would appear from tl |: wanda, of the rod forms a pointer, with a scalo fixed on 
report. that M. Deproz has not. yet realised } tha frame of the apparatus. On tho framo thoro is also a 


$48 : : ‘. i ; | fine wire coil, on a sunt, fixed so as to surround th 
conditions necessary, to hia experiment, which w movable coil. "Tho deflections on the pointer aro theros:! 


described by him in an ‘address: he delivered | | ‘i 
December 3, 1881 (uot having had, it would apne {ore dug to tho preduct of the Int gt Peter fo i 
the ne to Bet his jeecaletng elit adel loped, ‘Tho readings of fla instrument may bo integrated, |} 
accordance with his de: re may neverthel } either by a Deprez rotating disc and ball integrat } 
consider that the object | ae in viow is determin ¢ one designed iy Abdank (af Cracow), havio aerating 4 
as well as the means he propoxes to employ to att} oylinder and” tangent-whecl arrangement,’ somowhat 
that object. Without, therefore, entering here uy |! shnilar to that of Boys, pees 
- an discussion of the merits of M. Doprez’s ins AYRTON AND Penny Eno-seren, 4 
tion, let as consider whether the path he is fall ‘This instrument (sco fig. 7) ia but a further develop. 
ing can lead to.a solution of the problem he propos ment or acquel to their power-meter by the addition of 
M. Deprez has in effect. conveyed, by means! apparatus which integrate and record’ continuously the 
an ordinary telegraph wire, 4 horse-power a 4 time during which the electrical energy haa been Imparted, 
tance of 17 kilometres. We will admit, for, ag well us tho varintiona in its amount, By this means fa? 
sake of argument, that he could — simil Presarved a record of the entire work dono, or of the total | 
Ni é ‘on af thi lectrical energy supplicd. As in the power-moter, two colls 
convey 1,000 horse-power, but oven if this rel | ace here made use of, ‘There is o thick wi i 
were arrived at an objection would immedia} | the main ef cuit, to measuro the amount of ca ire ono on} 
present itself, The system of M. De prez would) | 4 thin wire one on a shunt, joining the enda of tho main 
permit of his distributing this power in quantiti circuit, to measure the difference of potential, or electro. £ 
In 
























































































J 





10, 20, or 80 horse-power at different points on! | motive force, of the main ctreuit, tho arrangement, | 
circuit ; he would, on, the contrary be obliged | as here shown, the thin wire coil, of, say, 1,000 ohms: 
employ separate circuit and other dynamo mach resistance, simply replaces tho pendulum bob of a clock, 4 

——atnslintrilinte this nower,. If the receiving machi | ‘The wires from cach ond of the coils pass up the sides of} 
265 tee ee the endulun sted and ot to the int ng anes and By . 
# qoofqne ons yo apuryiodiny ong pyes “parqzooys fone can bo joined te aupply and return cables o! a 
i 4 or machine, ora system recolving electrical cnergy, 
ie eyueyy JO. dos uw Fuywodosd uy ts In the immeilints vicinity My tha tie ie coil, fixed ft 
0. to the clock case, and parallel with the plano of thoy 
Me tut on cun ora ease or eal yf | pendulum path, fa tixed the thick wire coil, Which forme} 
Sood “AIC UIA pity “prqt a.pttounangy ‘ayy up runt yare of tho main cfreuit, and has a very small resistance. 
aonut OF O4peop) w LyyUapTAO pi omg, ‘Ayyyeoo] at 0] | ho effect upon the thin wire coll of its repeated, passages 
aml 4249 Uy JOY" BNE) Of 0} Huyprosdy “eoppuva pas in front of tho thick wire coil is to cause a certain pull, 
Kuvut of soy poaowe oaizd oy yontit of A poaoxt yf attraction upon its hae ee ead of acceleration or offs 
pInoye ay 3uey Popraoad Afauyye}p wes 4] woEvO ottiON Ut I , retardation, acconting to the direction of tho coiling. {: 
{ ‘This action, in addition to the ordinary action of gravity }¢ 







3 4NSqq Jo eorprvo Aun og soy qtatuAud w 207 t0}s}A04 
‘HP VaUM 0203 ONELONINE JLo] Jo Zavd Of} tO AyT 
o¥9 ‘UE 4UdT BOPIO JuLLOPE_Aoad OY} JO FWIDADR tT | 
aueyy “tye 4q pagyuz oo suwgodty ony eum vod yor 
poayvap oy attyod Kuo oy pyes ‘Kydor ty ‘poaqyooyg * 
“Bator 
+ Aqu9.n7 OLOUAs 0173 Tapanp poupypusuta o¢¢ OF OATH wihow 
seoad PuUPUTA paxy 1 qUyy—yaon guys oy Apqeqaad pt 
{py M—poway 40m szojo pruotayprosd o173 Wart punt 








SHE 


4 upon tho pendulum, will keep constantly adding to ors; 
1 ' retarding ite rate of motion, in proportion to the clectricat i: 
‘ power of the cireult ‘This pull is tho product of thal} 
magnetic momenta of the two coils, ant therefore ist 
proportlonal to tho product of tho vurrent and the clectro- | 
motive fores. Tho effects of theso repeated accelerations)! 
or retardations tipon the progress of thu clock keop con- 
stantly pearly , canil thelr total ‘amouist au at any 
* : timo’ be detected and ascertained by observing the smou 
DUO IT “pavoge ou Ait pouoyaties o¢ 07 syjuay au ‘ea of loss or gain which the clock has experienced, As tho 
rare Jo attiog Ax posecload oso Loty) ¢ opus, 50 | rate of loss or yal in the clock duo to different amounts 
oyy Aq ponwey you. otan sagnujo osoy) pyee oona4| “4 of electrical power haa been previously ascertained, this;4 
ast knowledge of the total retardation or accolcration upon 
the clock is, in fact, a record of tho total amount of ole 
tricity energy which has been expended, or of the work 
po unoyt on) Aq pansay soenefa oy O17 07 OK jou Ly dono, sities the last observation of the clock, It is pro- 
‘Wy “postojos olf guar OV Acotry Jou [yp otf? ones dable that the supply of electricity in a town will bo 
FAOI]O. OF UY MOP UPAUA JO. MOJW P[OM oft M4 carried out at a certain dofined standart prossure or; 
Jeuoye}Aad opus, 0 puvog posuddi oitos uy KosnUsy 0 clectromotive force, which will be guaranteed 
OY poraopoa pup Aopeayuygy “ayy “puouaaouiay Jo 0 sumer; and to asanco tho fulfilment of this condition, 7 
Sup H yana ug gus Yoys Fup) v soy quaridel apecial ateps will be taken by tho focal or other authority. «4 
2409 OF JPOFAUO 40fA}01 OF PANAGE HEM I} PUT OOO'S 0 ‘The consumer need therefure but concern himself as far / 
, on nayy plow sonod oypitva-gog poonposd asou po as the supply ho reeeives and has to: pay for, with thog 
4 bgt! “ 

































ARS 


Mp poneey soeULD oY} 07 Pasdazos oy pus LojsayUIG “4 
*parayqud 44 got otos1 Aoryy 20g fay 
































eS OTIS X78 1 


) "THR ‘TELEORAPIIO JOURNAL AND oo he . a ies : tr ada, a) 

“ ) ELECTRICAL: REVIEW, - : ‘ ; gS 1 oT Ay Baron 

DAR DP ESTING INSTRUMENT] any" or the senses; nthe” same “mantier” that “teaking gad i Dr. Brard, 

PORTABLE” TESTING INSTR UMENT paves to the sense of smell, or as leaking steam prodees ‘ i rely battorios wa 

FOR ELECTRIC WIRES. sound and yapour, 1 : A ae dete 
23 Menns for the systematic trinl of the insulation of cloctrie QC, th i 


ag sALY ag ore} ing produ 
ful i 1 f th lectric light have lighting plant is neces: ry a the gauge cocks to dctermine t gp ccs 
! lun bazards attending the use of ne electric fig! the hoigtit of water in stean) hoile . he 


been over-stimated ; not in matters of number or magnitude, Tho most satisfuctory method is to determine the resiate : di Prevent ayate 


‘but because, too little account has been given of the prevent. ance of tho insulation by means of galvanometer and rheostat. great inva thin sheot of nebo 


jable nature of such occurrences, With every clement in nn But thie involves delicate and expensive apparatnn which! I : per wire to serve as tho 
jeleotric lighting shee adequately insulated, and the lights] cannot be used by any except an Miectriotng aid:itaciues is in dinars por ped 
{properly protected, accidents to person or to property are! pes Hae : : ; | . a Hi nyor 
improbable, If these preeautions are disregarded, only good therefore limited to central stations of electric bghting com- ¢ n the 
‘Inek will avert disaster, panies, and is not feasible to apply for practical use in isolated Ih difficulty, 

‘Two contacts are necessary to divert clectricity from aii: plants, ee asi aces ‘ unedy thi ovil, Tho} 
electric lighting syatem. If one contact alrendy exists and) A telephone will give indication of ground connections, : ft lectrio light, with «| 7 
-conneets it with the earth, only one more contact is necessary but there is no cerinin knowledge of the limit of its work, 1 i on a prominent part A curront waa obsorvad, 
|to conduct a portion of the electricity from the system, sand. it may deceive the operator, us it is linble to be imanagamnent of an aitlendane, Bae ee er, f combustion, ‘This 
| Ineguch an event, if the clectricity meets with a conductor, aftected by induced currents, or hy grounds from other | ‘controlled by the movement 9€ the hen A long regular, howovor, owing to a 
(01 anfficiontly high resistance, the electricity is converted electrical instruments, ‘ : aa the helmn “is amidships the reflector Projects the the combustion, Ashes mixed wit Gee niteate se 
linto heat suilicient to burn any combustible substance which! ‘Tho best method is by means ofa magneto, which Retic: ° » ight straight ahead, and an arm attuched to thu’ the proportion of two parts ash to ono of tho salt 
i irates an alternating current and rings a bell, like the ordinary | jrellector in held fast by means of two begs OF cause the candlo to burn moro rogularly, and to 
‘telephone “calls,” i ldlotents which are {hemselves operated upon by an v : 

rs 

I 


¢ 


tl ‘ ! \ectrin y bn y ¢ givo off a remarkobly atondy ctrront. Dr, Brard is 
he engraving shows a portable apparatus, devised by: jelectric connexion with the wheel,  Whon tho now directing his efforts to the invention of a fire-! 


. J... Woodbury, of Boston, Mass., for the purpose of | ‘helm ix ported, an electric eirenit “is formed, by placo which will givo off clectrictt aa well ns heat’ 
ee necting. clectriei rt an nuratts under his char M t which one of the detenta holding tho arm: is with whon coal or ather combustible is Teeny in it. Tb 

‘| 8 G Hehe appal 4 ges drawn, leaving the reflector freo to movo, so that wouldcortainly bo a wioful thing to havo a fire which’ 
; At was very desirable that it should he as small as possible, : the attendant may sweep it round to starbored with jn burning wouldring an elect: bal oe sawing 
and yet generate a current of sufficient tension to indicate . can action like tho wave of » hand, machine, or charyo a secondary buttory ; nnd. no 
an possible leakage of 1 suiticiont quantity of electrivity to - 0 star ‘doubt this result is possiblo at a cortaln cost. It 
cause damage, It consists of a Siemens armature in the shuts it ont from 


, +OW> is an old oxporiment to atick a poker into the upper’ 
field of a battery of five permanent magnets, ‘There : ght back to its original nart of a eoal liro, and draw off'a current of electzi- 


is no commutator, and the alternating current excites | nana of meng ound enna a te ever am, ‘Tho current 
an electro-magnet which vibrates a striker between two | to starboard, screening ont, and bringing back to! : pt vo esneee ty 
small gong bells, in the usual manner, A polariser over : antidships can be repeated over and over again it, 
the clectro.magnet removes any residaal magnetism. In # = ecessary, 80 long asthe helm remains ported. If. 
ies cirenit, nt the end of the ense, are two reels, ench of ithe helm be put to starbuard the other detent is 
Iwhich carries forty feet of steel ribbon with spring clamps - Tenreaeant ae fant aiine iittens we 
(| OW] (| ¥ Orv" "( . 
As cad ae eel qe solic the to port, In order tu prevent neglect on tho part of: 
: wy Tee rtd etter turn belt are turned hy a oman in charge, an arrangement is mado by 
‘erank which fits like a clock key, and when nob in use is Which the reflector on being returned to its normal: 
sheld by a spring clip, as shown’ in the engraving, The position strikes ono of the pegs whieh rings bell 
‘armature is wound with No, 98 Wire, and measures two land thes communicates to the captain. or oflicer o} 
‘And three-quarter inches long and three-quarters of an tho watch that the signal hag been mado, AAlthou 
inch in diameter, ‘The whole’ apparatus is contained in tt ite apparatua eats prea ae iil Vor tasy i 
uahiogany an our nes as a fuel thick, and eight tana id automatically, and the wheel which at! 
Inches ‘ong, and weighs twenty ounces, bey ee i prevent releases the pegs keeping the reflector in} 
he belt will ring, when the magneto ig working, through | position, might be made to earry. the light in) 
an external resistance of four thousand ohms, A. similar! either direction, While instantly ‘communicating: 
instrument for tise on longer cirenits has larger magnets: * _ flo another vessel thy alteration of course, a further 
ud an armature of greater diameter, and rings through a: advantage to be derived is that of showing those on: 
resistance of eleven thonsand ohms, saan the ap on enue dae one oon 
"It was supposed that on long circuits the surface of the Wihothor or not the ses stig aoe: 
conducting tres might act a condenser, und the static Trea thoy may traverse, Mx. Macdonald considers 


‘ that with a powerful reflector the electric light in 
charge ring the bell, but such ing not been the case even the instrument wold be visible for nearly fifteen! 


with cireuits containing six miles of No. 6 wire, ‘This {miles, while he also. considers that the xime light 
instrument has been in constant use for over six months, — ‘ {would be tho most powerful in a fog, ‘Tho inode 
[We are indebted to the Slectriciun of New York for : Gf tho instrument ix to be shown in tho Crystal 
advanced pecol of this article and alo for the block wheres: : ace Plectrienl ste tae Hien hu aeiete 
ty Sit ‘ sary not proposa to pate A 
with we il natriye the description.] . ; : being that Wwhatover tonds to diminish loss of lifoat 
i ‘] & |sea ought to bo as freo as possible for every ono to 
| . take advantago of, APs. as : 
18 present, Formerly, ground return circuits were used, but! - : é : 
- this proved hazardous, even swith ample conductors londings, 
to the ground, and has been abandoned, i , 
If un electric lighting system is sulliciont! 
‘first arranged, there is no Agata 
, On account of the numerong chan and accidents 
ito which it is subjected, 
{should be equipped with 
[condition of the apy 
jaro used, Unfortunately ive are 
Uurking Mrangement. of clectric 


a 


a) 


BCH 


Set HS 





























__ENGINEERING 00 r “o3n,. [Decurs, 188 







HEDGES. ELEOTRICAL FITTINGS, 





































Killingworth , is effected by 

ighting and | showa a sfnpl 

branch wires to th 
ir. 


plate C end forent. Fi 
connector for cou 
lead without cuttin, 









The Electric Lightin, 
are the mamifac! 
how in action in 
ictoria Mansions, 









connoxion with 
1 Weatininater, 












le system fs on 












block B by rotated 









ilo of the lead witt 
employed, but of dh 







cut-out for ine : 










ea A, anit tho ¢ 















Sounected to the leada, 
and 0 areclevation 


consists of a jaw up 
portion of the inay 













: ettrrent haa to ¢, 






to enable the efreu 
adhitely should the u 








tion become motted, 
















AGENTS FOR “ ENGINEERING.” 
Tetawa: P, vallly, 12, Rue dit Parchoniin, Neussels, 
Deux: Messe A! Aches i Co. Y f 
ae. ie ai and i »S Untor den Linden, 
2 John Slenales and Co,, 12, Hanover . 
wAsces Veuve d ayvent, Libralra’ Htrangtra SS tue do 
jo Fath, Vi iI 
Ouanader, Wate ats Terawem, 18, Houlevard St Martin, aris, 
Lruaio: Aiphone Durr, 
adrones SIM, taylor, band 
ra. Taylor, Landing Stage, 
John Heywood, Ie Deatugate, 
Kland ant Cope, 
Ufurteny ax ah A Keoaora and Son, 
U HD Staten: John Wiley's 15, New Y%¢ 
Nunya Lelunain and Wenzeds Bienen eee New York, 


Advertisementa intended for tnsertion: in tho current week 


























28 Siecitmneepera oem ve 


ne ae 





leaving only ono-third avai 
It 'is dificult:to undorsta 
havo beon submitted to ¢ 
Att oxninple which is 


ja syatom could 


ts converse of tho a 
hority that could com. 


rovious) 
nufacturera and of tho dundee ee 


ead under this ca 
pared with sume, to 
go of the power ab. 
roportioned syatem 
at power where it 
Ju tho 40-light instal. 
1 ohins, of which tho 


position it takes the 
although it appeared, 
loro a considerable Perconta, 
sorbed, yot by menns of a wel 
tics tho greater part of ¢ 
o turned to account, 

lation, tho resistance ja 21 


Commencing with 
M72 cute), tint re 
generators ‘and Tar 


Isto nut be delivered hot Jater than 6 rat, on Thuraday., The | \ 


charge for allvertiscincnta Jn threo shillings tor tho Art four Hues 





Na 
United Kingdom tecelving coptes by post le 2, Oe 2. per annul 
MH eredit be taken, the charge Is 24, De extra, the alimcriptions 


the ont. 
: a brited on thin 

i) hawever, so much Jess o! fective on 
{hn Danes, foreign wubecribery are strony recone one: 








generator furnisho: 
or 8.5 por cent, in all, 
The third line, “Em 
tho proportion of the ote 
that becomes localised ix 
y of the generator, 
neconumical maehin 
this Table, if the instal 


2,38, and tho leads 2,60, 


ciency of Are," represents 
etric energy in tho circuit 
This eliminates 


ora were threo 
to pattern, ‘having ono, 
pectively, threo’ of the 


having 16, 4 


to better advantage 
Tho power’ expended was 


ia well designed in oth 
Tho fourth line, 

Power,” shows tho 
for cach horse powo: 
first in importance from 
At tho same tino, itn 


“Carcela por Mechanical Horse 
total amount of light. produced 
pended, and is perhaps tho 
n AconmMercial point of view. 
eeds to be read with discrimi. 


he former doin, 
Ogranme-metros por accom 
The work performed by th 
8 parts of the circuits was 


tl 4 Fabestiey t 
hick paper copies, Mech they can have by paying tho uiference calculated by tho formula RE or 


Wi prontaico a Snileated below,’ 
ho ratea for subscriptions to ENGINE! 
M Ioa. Od, to all the following countries, viz: Altica, Austro- 





no means follows that because 
ht apparatus heads the lst witli 


' from abroad aro: 
horse power, that such an inatalla- 


4 y 
of y being 9.8, To obtain the re 77.2 careels pei 


Hungary, Nelghum, Brazil, Mulgaris, Canada (Do- 
tuinton of), Cyprus, Doutnarky Egypt, ates he 


. Germany, Cibrattar, Greece, al; aixeniburye, 
Malta, ‘itsnqueasa Intaucs, Netherlatts, ‘Newfound’ 
Iand, Norway, Vent, Portugal (including Azores 
And Madetras, Hountanta Nussta, Servia, Spain, 


ton would prov 
tions,’ and neith 
syatom must alwi 
causo ‘it ia near tho 


hie tnost economical’ in’ all situa 
Id it bo assumed that tho 
‘ays give wasteful resulta bo- 
bottom of the catalogue with 


Rorso power, 76 must be uscd as a diviso 


Tho photometric determinations aro 
carcely (cqual to 5 standard 


candles), and wero 
ed both horizontally 


Sweden, Switzerland Tab Turkey, United state, measure 


of Atnetica, Austral, and New 
paper coples, 21, O4, tl, 
2. On. Gd, to Indhar enteritis ‘Strait 





lettlements, China, Japan, 


and also at angles of 
tho horizontal line, In 
tum horizontal luminous 
ned hy placing the upper carbon 


44:4 carcels por hora 
bo answered wore,“ W 
tho greatest anount of If 
it might be anawered from t 


featand, Thlek (45 dog, above aud below 


addition to this the maxim 


aii tho Hawatian Wanda, Thick paper coples, | intensity, obtai 


Ta, 
All ncconta are 


slightly behind tom that tho issuo to. be 


Lo to tho publisher, Mr. Cranurs | ® rone is given, and it is 


this in somo cases 


ay a ry 
Bitzent, 35 ad, 30, Daltondatrect Chee ule crossed | titeresting to note, hoy 
Unton Tank, Chath Cross Heauch." Dost Olfleo Orders ke Ge falls short of the nominal c: 


Made payable at 407, Strand, Tontion, W.C, 
Foreign sutscelbers, espeelally when foun tag thetr aubscrips 
lone, aro particularly requested to advice tho Publisher of the 


utd appear that the Siemens’ one 
yparatus are tho mo: 
es with the public 
comes a8 1 surprise to learn that th 


andle power claimed |and two-light aj 


by the makers for their Iam and this coinci 


; opinion, but it 
ne turns naturally in the first instanco to tho 


he Weston ten. 


transnileston of the Font Uitice Order, arc the exact amount for | Intt 


ait 4 ‘ate Jeyabte, {this precaution Iv omitted, some 
benler, 

Oilica for Vuttication ant Advertlscments, Nos, 95 and 36, 
Uedfordtreet, Strand, WG," ics : 


——-——_—. 
Trtegrarite Avpaess—ENQ, LONDON, 
‘Trexritoxe Newnrn—3063, 


ENGINEERING is reglsterest for transmlesion abroad, 


an 
Urapixa Canzs.—tteadiny cases for containing twenty-slx 


achino rnuks th 


er part of the Table headed Performances" to 
i cconomy the single] 


ely te occur In obtaining the nate of tha} ascertain tho companitive elliciency of the yarions 
Tho first lino shows how much 
the mechanical power absorbed by ‘each 
yencratur was converted into electric energy, and 
the results aro in some cases vory suprising, When 
it was announced, a considerable tine ayo, ‘that 
experiments made by Dr. Hopkingon showed that the 
Siemens’ dynamo machine had an elliciency of from 
90 to 02 per cent., tho nows was received with con: | W 
But now that figuro, high 


ho next, and surpasses in 
ights of Grammo and Maxim, 
yonerally considered th: 
he beast rotuen in illemin 
pended, but tho Uablo shows that this 
food me tho conlitton aro eure 

est single light, namely, 
1) sca fifth reli the list elove 
doublo light, Siemens’ si 
en-light, and Grammo’s thre 
that the resistance of the 


apparatus tested, wit Tange single 


nitive value for 


fully studied, - 
tliat of Grammo, 1 


ratua, tho reason boing 


butubers of Exotrrrnixa hay bo had of the publisher or of any | siderable incredulity, 


newsagent, Drico Ge, each. 








ng it was, is cast into the shado, for out of thirteen | are is oxtremely sniall, only .485 ols, and conso- 








TICK TO AMERICAN SULSCRIDENS, 

We beg to 
Witey’a Sons, 15, Astor Place, New York, the sole agents for Exot 
nerxing fy tho United States, aul all fubscriptlons for the United 
Btates willln futuro be payable to thent, | hey will alvo be pres 
mired to recelve advertiscinents for Exaixgxeisa, and will alford 
call Information as to tering, &e,, on application, 





per cent, of tho curront cnorg 
nec, which is 43 ohm, 
reels per ‘Electric Horse 
y of tho generator is eliminated, 
and consequontly tho three-light Gramme instal 
dicapped under the preced- 


generators tested, no less than soven aro ercdited 
ficiency of 91 per cent. and upwards, 
whilo tho durgensen machine reaches tho unheard-of [* 
oxcellence of 97 percent. No doubt these restilts aro 
fairly comparable among thomaclves, and so far 
serve the purpose in view, but considering how 


Hounce that wo have appoluted the fem of John] With an 
In the next line “ Ca 


Power," the efticiune 


Intion, which was han 




















‘The Publisher begs to state that he Is abte to supply one or two 
neta of Exainen tro 


ublisher west 

















rea tourai the atfention uf Mang 


the bad results given by tho machino 
comes to tho front with 100.4 carcols to the horse 
power, Siomens being second with 84.2, i 
result appears to be attributable to the small resist- 


difficult it is to dotermine mechanical power with 
accuracy, We should require to seo them confirmed 
facturers| Lefora wo could accept them ag actual measure 
ents, The Table, as a whole, docs not show 


and Purchasers to the audvantaves ofered ty the INFORMATION AND | thy } n 
Jsuushy Huow established at the neto ee ey canter more, or oven as much diversity between tho 


this room are kept for the benefit of visitors, 


nee of the generator, ‘The apparent wastefulness 


es of different makers as one would oxpect, | of this machine must. be duo to an error in tho 


English and fore lyn technical journals, avid the cireutars and | machin 


eatalogneroft 
either for yerence or distribution, A classife agement of 
the various advertisements which appear either conthiuotsly or 


figures we think, as it docs not. scom possible that - 
it should require half as much power again to pro- 
duco a given’ curront as tho Blirgin generator, 


nthe other hand thore is often a discrepancy 
botween tho machines of the sane maker that it is 
If. tho two oxtremo cases of 


e leading manufacturers in the Kagineering Trades, while o 
arrangement 


rom tite to time in Exaineenisa teil alzo be arallable for refer{ dilticult. to oxplain, 
ner, Atanifacturera ave tneted fo contribute their ineatapues 07 per cent, for Jurgensen, and 62 for the Gramme 


and cireulars, whteh wlll be indexed and placed under the cai 
anattendant, 


NOTICE, 

The Proprictors of “ Exaixennisa" beg to state 
that Mv. MG. Bourn Thompson, who anti peeeully 
aeled as an Advertising Cancusser for this journal, 
has uo longer their authority to solicit new advert 
nicnla on their behalf, but dat Mr, Howard EU 
their sole authorised agent for the provinces, 

The Proprictors also bey to state that they, have 
entirely withdrawn their support from the French 
periodical known aa Lilxansimun,” with achieh 
they hws now no connexion whatercr. 


ENGINEERING. 
FRIDAY, DECEMBER 29, 1882. 
ELECTRIC LIGILT TESTS, 
































which bears a closo rescmblanco to it. “Gonorally 
speaking tho comparative positions of the com- 
potitors are tho samo in this list as in tho preeed- 
ing one. Aftor this thore follows “ Carcels per Are 
Horso Powor,” which is n teat of tho lamps only, 
and sets forth thoir power to transform the 
electric enorgy delivered to them into light 
energy. Horo again the large single lighta do ‘not 
show’ as well na’ would havo been expected, the 
parntis heading tho list with 
slightly surpassing tho: single 
ight, both of tho sane and of tho Granmo ayatoms, 
Inst comparative test shows the avorage 
aphorical Iminous intensity for cach aru for each 
ampbre of current passing through it, and in this 
connoxion it is interesting to tote tho various 
sectional ‘areas of carbons cmployed: by dilferent 
The Gramm carbons havo O06, 012%, 
and .O1L square. inches of cross‘ section for ‘cach 
ampdro of curront, according as there nro one, two, 
or threo lamps in ecirenit. 


three-light machine be rojected or inoditied, ne 
being partly duo to errors in observation, or faulta 
in the measuring apparatus, the oxperinents appear 
todemonstrate that thero is littlo to chooso in point 
of econoiny between the leading dynamo machines 
Tho second lino of tho Table of Performances 
*/ gives the proportion of tho mechanical work that 
reappeared in tho trea of the Inmps, and here tho 
variations aro less diflcult. to understand, whilo| 1 
thero ig a vory cousidernblo rearrangemont of tho 
competitors in tho orlor of merit. 
who previously appeared as tho highest, now de- 
sconds to tho button, na only 32 por cont, of tho 
mechanical powor expended to drive hia, yoncrator, 
ean bo found by calculation in the are, ‘The reason 
ia not far to seck ; the resistance of the yonorator 
fa given na 45 ohins, that of tho leads as .82 oluns, 
and -tho substituted resiatanco for the are, which 


Siomona two-light ap 
3 carecls, ‘and 


Tho Siomens carbons 


We havo rocontly published, in tabular form, j may hy found by dividing the fall of potential b 
the results of a att of ‘oxporimunta tiady/ tho intonsity of the current, is G4 ohn ile 
by oo special committed at tho Into Electrical gives x total resistance of 1.01 oling, of which al out 
Ushibition at Paria, These experiments wero | two-thirds isin tho generators and leads 5 this 
divided into four classes, relating respectively to! absorbs tor 


“4, ae he 


ve 0113, .000, and: 0119, for ono, two and: five 
Hil owe iy whilo Juygonsen ‘provides 007: 


miata Teche Mclna <0Geiy aul Henan “O16 for 


aquare iuches, 0 


o-thirds of the energy of tho curront, | each ampbre of current, 











(Dee. 4, 1883). 


‘ENGINEERING.| 


paper was read 
wi iy 


was in 1806, By improved etli. 
ciency of apparatus, and reduced waste of energy lind 
followed the great increaso in the purity of the co 
Temperature was adistuebing agent in the conductivity 
cof tho wire, Resistance increased more than 20 per cent. 
between winter and suimmor te peratures, Copper liad 
recently bec much used for avrial linea, ot ‘wan lens 
jattacked hy acids, and hal great durab lity, Hard. 
jdrawn wire was now produced which had a breaking st 
Jof 98 tony on the square inch, iron wire giving only 


bout U.N An, mn diameter, anu wurgited On to average 
about lewt. Tron wire could be rollod and drawn into 


coila 


was s moat important ono, 

J requinite notonly for the user, butal so for the manu- 
incturer, Flaws, purities, faults, notwithstanding tho 
greatest care, would occur, and they could La detected 
only by the Apia 1 juss and testa, Texts 
were mechanic The 
embraced ono for breaking strain, anc 
and athird for resistance to torsion. Mor hard steel wiry, 
in place of the torsion test it was Usual to apecify that the 
wire should bear wrapping round its own distncter nnd 
unwrapping again without breakin 
was shrply that for résistance—; at 
be oxamitied was wound round # dry wooden drm, and 
its electrical tance was taken in ohms by means of a 


;tonson the samo area, Ago did not scem to affect its! Wheatatono's bridge, Galvat n was tested by dip. 


(quality, nordid it appear to be influenced by the curren’ 


ig in sulphate of copper, and by bending or rollin 


jof electricity employed for teltgraphic purposes, ‘The (round a bar of varying diaincter, acconling to the nize 0! 


{conductors of all cables remained constant, Lightning 


thu wire, Special machines were constricted for the me- 


‘Was supposed to render it brittle, Tho ultimate effect of ‘chanical tests, the condition to be fulfilled being that for 


‘tho powerful currents employed for electric lightn 


8 ? 
Was not yet known. ‘The size of conductors was con: tapplied unl 


‘trolled by commercial considerations, Sic William Thomson 
“had Inid’down tho law that should contro! the sizo of fond: 
for clectriclight, while that for cables followed strict]; 

theoretical condition», Tho heat copper for electricn 
purposes came from Japan, Chili, Australia, and frov 

Yate Superior; but ch pure copper was obtained by 

cleet -leposition, either directly from a solution, or 1 

u 


‘about 4520 1h 
low-carbon I: 
‘ov 


litionally 
‘protected b h pid 
‘countries pr pendence 
paced oll, Such 
a aendne and Crewe, 
tinsatinfactory. Moro recent! 
41882) th d heen repented with a wiinilay 
Feault. In this climate glvautention was inperative 
+, But it was not atone in smoky districts that fron wira 
decayed. It suffered much slong tho sen shore, ‘The 
faltapray decomposed the zine oxide into soluble com. 
(bounds, which wero washed away and left the fron exposed, 
and this was speedily reduced to mere thin red Hnea, 
1 Where external decay way not ovident, time seemed to 
have no apparent effect on fron wire, ‘Thirty-nine years 
-of incessant servico in conve ing currents fur telegraphy 
bad uot Sppareutly altered tho motectlar structuro of the 
tron wires in the open country on the London and South. 
iW gitenn allway, tt 
trode oth charcual fron wax imported olther jn loon or 
treds, prlucipally in Zach rod was riled down to 


ithe breaking strain tho increasing load or stress should be 
oemily without jerks or jumps, and the elon- 
gation machine should correctly reginter thonctuat stretch 
i The resistance to torsion of 
by an duk mark which formed 
0 the wire during torsion, the number of spires 

ting the miner of twists taken befory breaking, 


size copper wires 
would i diame nits,’ thou. 
sandths of an inch, and all irc ght in 
pounds per mi 


CCUM, 
Now: 


er 0 
Tlard-drawn copper, or « 

‘character wonld bo equally efficient, 
i oxphor-bronze, th anical qualities and: 
great reniating yw which were well known, was Ine 
trodtced for te five years nyo. Several | 
lengths wero ert by ~ ‘Two long apann. 
rossed the chan! i tho Mumbles Light. 
fi Swansea, ‘The object it 
s ut great tensile atrength with a power to 
resist oxidation, cavecially active whure tho wire was ox- 
| bored to xen xpray, ‘This was done in 1870, and fn 
November, 1883, not tho slightest chango was notiecable : 

{in the wite,  Iut Jphowphoe-bronze, though oxtensivel 
used, lit high electrica’ resistance 5 its conductivity was 
con per cent, that of copper. Moreover, the phosphore: 
bronze supplied was irregular in dimensions and brittle in 
character. It would not bear bends or kinks, A new: 
jallay, silictous-bronze, lind recently been introduced to 
Freniedy theso disadvantages, Phosphor-bronzo had dis-: 


aa ae 


iappeared for telegraph wire, and bad h replaced by |, ; 


Xo Bouse 
; rey. 7 bees RL Age! 
ailiinii rove, ‘Tho sleetiie Pealstano af siliciouis-bronza if p of ; 
could inade nearly equal to that of copper, but S ae , ‘ nie o 
inechanical strength dinthishedt An: ita condinetivity is # THE ELEOTRIO ConDUuotiviTy OF METALS; 
jerensed, Wire, whose resintanco equated 90 per cent, off - Ina communic: tion by ‘ 
iDro Copper, gave n tensile atrength of 28 tana on tho clectric lip] ti “the tet, Kilingwort risks of 
pguare inch; but when its conductivity wan 31 per cent, : be eels the followin, The conduet 
of piro copper, its xtrength was 60 tons on tho square inch, | ust, be properly pray have to tine 
Ita lightness, combined with ite inechanteal strength, ji er Tusiatatica there i odin wae 
jligh conductivity and indostrue! vility, rendered itO)nent of heat, w 1 rt chet poneling dovol- 
seminently ada nted for telegraphs. If a shad wires Werg, thd inversoly materia} mnt ene 
erected of such a inaterial, upon x y atpports, and Hmpurity. v fon av if “a from 
iwith somo method, there woutd an ay to th xtraontinery. Ulfferenea npure wection hl inert realetance. ‘Tho 
meaningless crusade now made in soma quartens against! mercial ” Rio Tinto cappe: vin oe Cone Lower of Te nple of coin 
inl tines, These, if conntructed judiciously, and under shown in an exper i u per ‘De gt compared with the Pure metal, was 
prone control, were far moro elficient than underground (only 19-4 na capetiment by Dr, Matthiessen—the conductiny § power being 
ines. Corporations and loeal authorities elould control ‘5 ry Or as against 99°05 for pure copper. The continued heating of an 
the ereetioy rather. thax fyrep acdajaistra jons to necdlees | pure metallic conductor has a certain effect én its electrical resiatance, 
expetino and to rodtced Hcfoney: Dy patho fo, teedlees yy th the sample just mentioned, the conducting power at 1 dees 
ground vet only ai ti ‘wires ft tesa moe and Jews Gent. deere ol from 1}58 to 18-558 after the'whrehnd: boca Meat fa 
wind, but they prod 4 electrical disturbance, thoy ‘three da v vy . oi 
foould. be rendered uoinelosa, and thoy allowed existing -conduet ng. itt apreeien Avi tit thery ww i be adecrense in the 
jMpports to carry a much greater number of wires, Per-silver nike showed an i oye _ opposite effect is produced, «A for. 
German silver was einployed gonerally for rlicostate, 100 degrees Catee ec an increase of “204; after having been heated to 
Tesistatico cuila, and other partaot apparatus in which high A Rives Cent. for three days, and a Hin-copper alloy un increase of +1, 
{resixtance w: Teenage of copper 4 parts, 48 the temperature in Dr, Matthiessen’s experimenta was not increased - 
nickel great Pere feria tare Cent., the author has made some further ‘experiments— * 
to chang ting the wires by the electric curre , , 
1 Gen thin a few d brated of their melting pointe nh senanty ace oi i 
Smith lind) were tried, the wives and foils having such sectional area ant 0 * so 
h age oven with wire drawn!that, on the current being iucreased by 20 per cont, they ‘very inmate 7 
tHely fase, The —_ length of exeh experiment v egvanty:four hours, | 
ollowciing ich ae Hi Tee ent passing through varied sligl itly, and the 


sions were of th ws hows 
be construe ; 
No, 1. 
og 
; . , i 4 Nechanyo 
conductivit nD oF 8 4 page 
fant snow tl at 1 th All Y Nochangy 
_ hO0dR 
{ Tho resistances were in all cages: taken at the temperature of tho air,’ 
waleod which avernysed 69 degrees, The sign — shows thint the metal decreased. 
‘cust por nile. tin resistance, and + flat it increased after continued heating, Nos. 1! 
und 3, tinand copper, were found to seale when heated. A change has 
been noticed where high-tension currents have been sent through « pure 
roe copper wise: for some time—the wire in'the armature of a Siemens 
ye nuichine whieh came under the uotice of the author appeared to be 
. \ brittle, and gave a fracture unlike pure copper. . . . 
f Messrs. SiEMENS AND LIALSKE have brought out an instru. 
ment called a torsion galvanometer to be used for large currents, 
It consists of a magnet suspended between two coils, 50 as to be! 
| Affected by both, but to which is attached a torsion spring so 
; Arranged that the amount of torsiun Hecessary to bring the 
|The back to its normal position can easily be determined, 


a Ges 


‘These insteuments are made in two forms, a vertical and a horis 
{zontal form. In the vertical form the needle is suspended by a 
feocoon silk, and the reading is taken from above; this is the 
{ more delicate form, In the horizontal form, which is meant for 
I more practical work, the needle is balanced on knife-cdges, and 
; Carries at one end a light pointer which passes behind a scale, ‘The 

amount of torsion required to bring the needle back to zero is indi 

cated by another pointer attached to a handle, and which moves 
} In front of the scale. These instruments can be used cither in 
i main circuit or shunt; in the latter case they are often used in 
conjunction with a resistance box so arranged as to reduce the 
fall of potential between the terminals of the instrument in a 
“uown mtio. It is necessary, however, to use a table of calibra-: 
“a which are subject to very little change with time, 




















‘po rotate with the spindle, L On the spindle, L, isan endless 








THE ELECTRIC LOG. i i 
: : : ‘ ; 
: Tne accompanying engravings lustrate sn electric log’ . q 
for reyistering the velocity of sotids moving In water, or’ 
the velocity af water currents, to which we have previously; 
referred. In Fig. t, the line, AA, denotes the bottom off 
tho vessel, traveling in the direction shown by the arrow; 
B. Cisa sluice valve, bolted (o the bottom of the vessel, 
shown open, and allowing the sea full necess’ to the Iron 
box, D. The iron tae, D, 18 bolted to the upper thinge of: 


A Chpul / Xx a ; 


Tho 
howerer, 


gilt brasa plates, after 


the valve, C, and is closed at its top by the metal plute,.E, a : : from the second was| - 


Which effectually prevents the ingress of water to the ship's 
hold, Through the stutting-box, P, mn plate, E, passes the. 
jmetal rod, G, the screw dread on which ralses or lowers the 
(nctal cage, HH. ‘To the bottom of the cago, H, is affixed the }> 
eylinder, 1, having its opening for the passive of water Wai eae r tive th 

aun forennd-att direction, or ina line with the keel of the : : ‘ My Tho ‘greatest value of tho 
yori The passage of water through I causes the scrow, R Fae : ede teatired was 0-061 D.; then onsuod 


nNated, wi 
f an aire; 


ual decrenso of tho difference, 
when tho plate had remained somo thno 
tho recelvor, without the latter boing ovac 
thoro occurred an excitation in the rane 
: a8 after ovacuation, so that a Positive conel 
faa Fs could not bo drawn from this experiment, 
© Oxperimont was now inn 


crew, which revolves, by the intervention’ of 1 wheel, the 
pertical spludic, M- which in its turn actuates a series of 


& Dyer, 20 New Bridge street, and fs now at the Crystal 
Palace International Electrical Exhibition, between" the p 
Ohinese Court and Pompelun House.—The Engineer, mae Glove a a 


altored 
waa hel in tho current of gas from o gas 
generator, 

Ofthonumorousexporiments mado with various 
palrs'of plates, most yielded djualitatively decisiva 
results, By ozono, both gold and platinum, and 
also brass, wero rondcred nogatlrotowards plate 
of the samo metal covored with alr, Hydrogen 

tly oxcited platinum poaltivoly toa great 
» Whilo {ta influonce on gold was hardly 
Pereoptibto, and on brass, in difforent series of 
oxporimonts ovonqualitativoly different. Chlorine 
mado platinum appear negative, Ammoniacal 
fa. vaporised from taaqueous solution, rendered 

Tass positive, 

‘Tho amount of tho difforonco of potential that 
occurred in theso experiments was, oven with as 
closaly similar treatmont as possible of a pale of 
plates, very unequal in thodifferont observations 
of asories, Further, no certain relation was 
ascertainablo between the duration of action of 

Ho gas and the amount of difference of 
potential produced. Tho latter assumed its 
greatest observed yaluo in tho opposition of 
two platinum plates, one of which was covered 
mh pydrogon, the other with air; it was 

In all tho cases observed, tho differonco of 
potential plutea gradually fell off, and thoy 
Is, tormed the! .. Approachod the condition in which thoy had 

the vesecl passes ° been before action of tho gas. Thoy did not, 

On the spindle of thig. * howover, by any means always reach this stato; 

1 having eight ratehe ' generally a conaiderablo difference remained, 

a lever, cause nn electric In some eases, the difforenco at the end of tho 
iy eight ts ina mile experiment was loss than beforo the action of the 
clectric cal 


‘heats in th 
{mile” wh; 








clreuit to, be a 
ithe current 
VIudicating ai 


Thus it appears, that changes of tho gas 
elghty erica » it app iB g 


covering of motals may considerably affect tho 

electromotive difference of these, n fact (the 

author says) most sloxply explained by. the 

assumption, that gascs also assume towards 

tals with whioh thoy aro in contact, a certain 

‘difference of potentint dopending on thelr nature 

and only a8 being good insulators, aro incapable 

of giving up the so-ncquired electricity to thelr 

surroundings, Thus in tho attachment of n gna 

; fo a motal, an electric double Inyor will bo 

formed on the surface of the latter, just as if it 

j Were coated with a thin Inyer of a heterogeneous 

|motal. And {f of two homogencous plates, tho 

one bo covered with a more strongly positively: 

mea excited gas than tho othor, the former must 

@ bohuve towards tho lattor as a moro electropost- 
tive metal. 

From the gradual decreaso of the difference of 

a plate covered with nir, and ono covered with 

another gus, n gradual disappearance of the 

s may boinferred. Whether thle is forced 

froin tho yas by virtue of diffusion, or whathor 

charge towards the plate is equilibrated by 

chomical process remains uncertain. In tho 

mer case, however, a difference would nriso 

ording as tho gas departed charged with 

\otricity, or noutral. If it carried its chargo 

thit, a quantity of electricity equal and Oppo. 

> to its own would romain in tho motat 


‘ofllcer on wate, Th ado by sls ea] 


Bee 








toes 














whereas, with neutralisation no freo electricity 
waald occur in tho latter. 


“e. 
SIMPLIFIED HOLTZ ELECTRICAL 
MACHINE.’ 


oxperi- 
Hd. hardly fee! 
urchasing ono of them, who could 
ut for a few difficulties which at 
first sight seem almost insurmountable to tho tyro, 
Tho queations that beset the inquirer aro: qQ) 


i 


What kind of glass shall be uscd? (2) How shall 
tho glasses bo § rtured P 3) How err tho parts 
bo adjusted and manipulated to securo tho won- 
derful results attained by this machine? It is tho 
objoct of this article to fully anawor these quories 
and to givo such details of construction as to 
enable any ono having even o moderato mechani- 
cal ability {0 make, in a very simple manner, a 
machine fully as efficient ns the best in market; 
and that, too, without any considerablo outlay for 
materials. Without describing fn detail’ the 
principle upon which the machine operates—these 
matters belog fully treated in all works on physica 
—1 will describo'a machino which was made in 
oid momonta as a matter of recreation, and which 
is a8 efficient could bo desired, yiclding a spark 
fully Gin. in length, equivalent to ‘ouo half of the 
diamotor of the rotating disc, This mackino ts 
partly shown in plan in Fig. 1. | Difforent forma 
of npertured disc aro shown in Figs. 2, 3, and 4. 
Tho glass for the discs fe sclocted from common 
window glass. It should bo as thin as possible, of 
uniform thickness, and flat, It is not essential 
that tho glass be absolutely free from Imperfec- 
tions, although this is desirable. The rotating 
dieo fs 12in, it diameter, the fixed disc is din, in 
dinmoter, I begin with tho glars disca, as it fs 
hore that moat of the diflculty in making the 
machino is aupposed to Ho; the especial trouble 


* By Gro, M. Woraixs, in Scientixe American, 





being in making the aperture fn the revolving 
gue for receiving its hollow shaft, ond in makin 
ho threo large apertures in the’ flxcd glass, f 
disponao with the hole in tho revolving disk and 
sectro it to a vulcanitocollar by means of a cement 
composed of pitch, guttapercha, and shellac, cqual 
parts, molted together, Tho mothod of a plying * 
ho cement for this purporo fs to warm tho yule - 
canite collar, thon cover it with a thin lnyor of the ; 
cement ; then, after making tho glassrather warm, ; 
lay it ono paper on which aro described two con 
centric circles, ono tho-sizo of the glass disc, tha 
other tho sizo of the collar, and while tho floss ia 
still hot press the collar down upon it, The vul- 
canite collar is acrowed on the end of a wooden 
aleavo, O (Eig. 1), having at ono end a shoulder to \ 
recelyo the collar and at tho other end a emall 
ulley to reecive the siving belt. Tho sleeve, O, 
urns upon a pleco of Jin: brass tubing which ex- 
tends through tho vertical post, D, J0in, high and 
2in, in diameter, The ond of tho leave, O, next 
the glass diso, B, ls countersunk to recoiva a xcrow | 
which entors the end of the brasa tubo holding tho j 
sleove in placo, This ecrow is covered by tho | 
glass when tho revolving disc {s in its placo in the 
machine. Tho glass for tho stationary or aper. 
tured Gate, A, is first cut in circular form and } 
then divided diametrically, and tho apertures / 





i 
! 
! 
i 


aro formed by cutting half from each plate, a vory 
aimple matter nacemparcd with cutting the threo 
holes from an ontiro disc. Tho lateral holes ary 
2fin. long, and Ifin, wide at the larger end, and 
their sides aro nearly on radiat lines exteuding + - 
from the contre of the diso. The contral openin: 
through which the sleeve, 0, oxtenda fs approxi- 
matoly circular, but is alightly clongated ut ¢ ¢ 
(Fig 4), to facilitate the romoval of the portion 
cut out, Of course tho timplest way to get tho 
ass into tha desired shape {s to havo 8 glazier cut 4 
Rivwith his diamond, but any ono may do it with 
one of tho 25 cent atool roilor glass-cutters sold 
overywhero, Tho disca of the machine ropre- 
sented wero cut in this rr , and tho hatches in the 
tho fixed wero cut with 
these tnecpanaive zt acta tools, The only pros iapamageo” 
essary in cutting tho nm 
aot ent rather dariog to permit of the removal 
of tho picce aftor It is cut, 0 two halves of the 
fixed diso nro fastened togothor by two elliptical 
ieces of glass cemented to the two halves, i 
Econ tho. central and lateral openings. ihe 
cement used fs the samoas that abovo described, 
and it {s applied in a similar manner. Tho pape 
known as “stratens’? {probably fsinglass nu 
acotic acid applied warm) answers wel or 
this purpose, but it ck nee jovcral ifaya to dry 
boforo tho machine can Lo used. diirdb as 
of the glass around the aper ured 
along. te scams tould bo varnished swith’ tho 


wa 



















aS TS DERI TED 


— 


es bes HLTETE 








-BLEQTRIONTY If THE ABTa-Ie TS 
By Dr. 0. W. Blemens, Pe 


f tricity is the form of energy best suited for transmitting an effect 
eoracatei place to another; the mt etric current passes through certain 
‘substances—the metals—with n velocity limited only by tho retarding in- 
Auences caused by electric charge of the surrounding diclectric, but 
‘approaching probably, under favorable conditions, that of radiant hent 
anil light, or 800,000 Yitometors per second ; it refuses, however, to pass 
through oxidized substances, glass, gums, or through gases except when 
inn highly rarefied contition, It is easy, therefore, to confine the electric 
current within bounds, and (o direct it through ‘narro thannels of ex- 
trordinary length, The conducting wire of an Aflantic cable is such a 
narrow channel; 8 Of a copper wire, er strand of wires, 5 min, 
in diameter, by nearly 5000 kilometers in longt Mined elec auly by 
aconting of gutta percha nbou jun, in thickness, The electricity 
from a small galvanic battery passing into this channel prefers the long 
journey to America in the good conductor, and back through the earth 
to the shorter journey across the 4 nun. in thie! hess of insulating mate 
rin}, By an improved arrangement, the alternating currents cimployed ; 
to work lon, mibntneiie cables do not netually complete the cireuit, but 
‘aré merged ina condenser at the receiving station after having produced 
thelr extremely slight but certain effect upon the receiving instrument 

* ‘Bo perfect is the channel, and so precise the action of both the trans 
ting and receiving instruments employed, that two systems of ele 
signals may be passed simultaneously through the same cable in opposite: 
‘bections, producing independent records at either end, By the applic 
tion of this-duplex mode of working to the Direct United" States Cable! 
under the superintendence of Dr, Muirhead, its transmitting bower was 
increased: from twenty-five to nixty words a minute, being equivalent to 
about twelve currents or primary finpulses per second, The minute cur- 
rents here employed are fur surpassed ns regards delicacy nnd frequen 


‘ by those revealed to us by that marvel of tho present day, the telephone, : 


The electric currents caused hy the vibrations of a iaphraygin acted upon 
y the human voice, naturally vary in frequeney and 
the number and degree of those vibrations, and 
exciting the electro-magnet formin 
fects the fron diaphragm occup 


convey to the 
omplex of hun 


ctrical Exhibi 
ting instruments in front o _ Incon- 
nection with the telephone, and with le adjunet (he 
microphone, the names of Riess, and Hughes will 
ever be remembered, 
| Regarding the transmiaston of power to a distance, 
haa now enteret the lists in com petition with 
draulic neeumulator, and the quie running 
to utilize the power of the Rhin 
into mechanical ener, 


per cont attain. 
ty, although in 


[fompressed air or water for tho transmi: 

taken at less than 60 ber cent; and as it dope 

increases with distance more rapidly than in 

jing the loss of effect in all cases as 60 per cent, ission pre- 
Senta the dvantago that an insulated wire does the work of ‘n pi 
jcapable of withstanding high internal pressure, which Jatter must fe 
more costly to put down ane to maintain, A second metallic conductor 
‘ orited however, to com plete the electrical circuit, nw the conductin 
:Dower of the earth alone is found unreliable for busking quantity cure 
iFente, owing to the effects of polarization; but ng tis second conductor, 
jneed not bo insulated, water or Bas-plpes, railroad inetals, or fencing wire| 
jinay be called into requisition for the purpose. The small 

| y: the electro-motor, ts high workin speed, and -the ab: 

Products, render it apecially ay: lable Tor the 

j ranes and light machinery ry 


| 


MMousson ” tested} 

gto him, tho resistance of 2 wire 80: 

Jong as it remains within {ta limit of elasticity, : 
‘increases proportionately to the weight hung by: 
it, like the length; but the change of resintance 
‘ig not to be attributed to change of tho dimen- 
‘sions of tho wire, but rather to an internal 
-modification of the same. If tho wire be 
strotched beyond its Hmit of cluaticity, tho re= 
sistanco increnses quickly until fracturo of tho 
y than its clonyation, These 

SVheatatono's 


‘poriment consisted in uso of, 

vanometer, the two cirouits. 

mn tho ono. hand, the wire to! 

Le oxamined, and on tho other, the comparison 
“wire, of equal length. The wires werv 04 near, 
80 that external Influences: 

sitntlarly as possible.’ 


pper wire of 928mm, 

flinmnoter 3 tho fifth 

icv of 780mm. length 

noter, and the lust with a 

_ brass wire of 800mm, Jongth and O-4mun. din- 
Incter, 

Afterconcluding tho experituentaon the notion’ 

of tension on the electric conductivity, which,’ 

in come instances, woro continucd til) rupture 


‘focourred, Signor Do Marchi made some further 


experiments ns to tho influence of vibrations on’ 
tho conductivity. ‘Theso, howover, aro atill ine} 
feomplote, and at present’ ho merely fives #ome 
facts ascertained through thom. ‘Tho conch 
jalons arrived at from all tho experiments mado 
rand which aro indicated in the inumoir by. 
: prerago nuinerical values in tables) are as fol- 
lows : 

1, tension of a motal wiro increases 
fn general tts resistance; it may happen that 
when the tension is Nery alight it causes 2 do- 
crease instead of on increase; but, with further; 
incrense of tho tension, the wire follows tho’ 
gencral rulo, H 
| 2. In general tho incremonta of tho reaistanco! 
aro nleo proportional to the increments of the 


iow repeated’ 
momentary dis- 
of tho wire. Hy 


resistance scoms tu: 
Vl tae CUnygite 


Ne 
4. Every vibration of tho wire is accompantal. 
OY. & generally very woll markod variation of 
the realstance. In tho mujority of cases thoro 
[a4 a docrenso of resistance when tha vibration 
ter with Iarmonte 


frvin ouo avother, a 
jaueot ghonge ot tho 


ms the railway, and the return circuit completed throug 


‘eitéet or Sati ace ; 
Notatand tir tioy f aitch™ 

it must | d that a powe; imal enone a 
rful central engine 

tion pro th a consumption va of 


such 2 system Myself in i 
PH My ri 
turo for Upward ars, IT can speak a co} 
feos ity with which the work 
ous. As 
Upon Vegetation, there 
H My paper read before 


| Le printed with thy ) experimenting upon 


arley, outs, and othe; ope 
les do open alr, there was a 
untutiven aire! ¢ betweer plants influenced and thoso 
gla reed hy the elec i This was not Very apparent till 
loward the end’ of February, w hen, with the first Appearance of mild 
weather, the plants under ‘the influence of an electri¢ lamp of 4000 
candle-power placed about five meters above the surface, developed with 
extreme rapidity, so that by the end of May they stood aliove fe 
high, with the cars in full bloom, when ‘thos not under its influence! 
were under two feet in hight, and showed no sign of the ear. In the 
electric tailway first constinet vd by Dr. Werner Sicmeng, at Berlin in 
1879, electric energy was transmitted to the moving carringe or train of 
carriages through the two rails Upon which it moved, these being sum. 
clently insulnted from each other by being placed Upon well creosoted 
Cross sleepers. At the Paris Electrical Exhibition, the current was con- 


* a veyed through two separate conductors making sliding or rolling contact 


with the carriage, whereas in the electric railway now in cours - 
Jstruction inthe north of Ireland (which when camped will oes 
length of twelve mitos)a keparate conductor will be provided by the side of 
Is ithe rails : 
which in that case neod not be insulated ; scondlary batteriia ate 
to store the energy created in running down-hill, to be restored in ascend< 
ying steep inclines; and for passing rundways where the Separate Insulated 
conductor fs not practicable The electric railway possesses great advan- 
4 Wipes over home or steam-power for (owns, in tunnels, and in all cased 
Where natural sources of energy, such os water-falls, are available: but 
it wauld not be reasonable to suppose that it will in ita present condition 
rompete with steam propulsion upon ordinary railroads, 


our feet” 


Bef fice Tete, : 











toe baht we Pde TELE cas 


| rays nor the ultra-violet of highest refrangibility affect tho retina, and 3 
may be regarded ns lost energy, the etrestivo mye dein jthtose Deliveen, : = Saga er mee 5 
tho red and violet of the spectrum, which in their combination produce : ! VARY 26, - i onaeeenees 

* the effect of white light, TRegarding tho proportion of luminous to non- i” . ‘ . i : : THE ENGINEER 
Inminous rays proceeding from an electric are or incandescent wiro, we # : = . 

have a most valuable investigntion by Dr. Tyndall, recorded in his work 

on Radiant teat, Dr. Tyndall shows that’ the luminous nays froma 
atin wire heated to its highest point of incandescence, which may 
bo taken at 1700 degrees Celsius, formed one - twenty-fourth part 

of the: totat~ radiant enorgy emitted, and one tenth part in]: 

the case of an aro light worked by a battery of fifty Grove 

elements, In order to apply these” valuablo data to the case 

of electric lighting by means of dynamo currents, it is necessary in. the 

frat place to determine what is tlie power of fifty Grove elements of the 

size used by Dr. Tyndall, expressed in the pmetical scale of units as now 

estubtished. From n few experiments Intely undertaken for myself, it 
© Would appear that fifty such cells lave an ‘electro-motive force of 08% 
> volty, and an internal resistance of 18°53 ohma, giving a current of 7:3 
~ ampéres when the cells are short-circuited. The resistance of a regulator 

suchas Dr. Tyndall used in his experiments may be taken at. 10 olims, 
the current produced in the are would be 4 amperes (allowing ono olin 

c: for-the leads), and the power consumed 10X42=160 Watts; tho light 

z! power of such xu are would bo about 150 candles, and, comparing 

with an are of 9308 candles produced by 1162 Watts, we find that 78 
times tho electric energy produce 22 times the nmount of light measured 
horizontally, Tf, therefore, in Dr. Tyndall's are, yyth of the radiant cuerey 
mitted was visibloas light, it follows that ina powerful are of 8 
candles fully 4d aro luminous rays, In the case of the incandescence Hight 

Ey (say a Swan light of 20 candle-power) we find in practice that nine thnes 

y¢ 28 nuuch power has to be expended as in the case of the are light; hence 
1 Sex day partof the power is given out as luminous Tuy, agagainst ¥jth in 

rr. iene all's incandescent platinum—a result suficiently Approximate, 3 she . y cont 
considering the wide difference of conditions under which the two are I : ———,; Wee, a s principally in rods. En 
compared, ‘These results are not ouly of obvious practical value, but they : end weighs on the avo 
seem to establish a fixed relation between current, temperature, and Snd ‘drawn into: coils 0171 
light produced, which may serve asa means to determine temperatures te » tho following record 
exceeding the melting-point of platinum with greater veuracy than has ityns Mr. Ww P, 1 bart cularty agit comes from 80 Cminent 
itherto heen possible by actinimetric methods, in which the thickness of : partment, Ina aperit ‘i elilet« cetriclan of tho En 
the huninous Atmosphere must necessarily exercise n disturbing influence, : Proecy stites that the nee before the Inetit 
It is probably owlig to this ciroeumsiance that the teny Merature of the : é ithe first B no first atrial 
electric are, a8 well ts that of the solar photosphere, hus frequently been . 's00n chap ron; bui isam 
g tly overestimated, Tho principal argument in favor of the electric . 5 iron, until'la used for ingulat Ci the 
light ig furnished by its immunity from products of combustion, which A F ‘ ‘variatlons to 
not only heat the Hghted apartnients, but substitute carbonic acidsand - e ‘catablint 
deletorious sulphur compounds for the oxygen upon which respiration 


“2 aedmanenntmrnarentenec meen ne os 


© depends ; the electric light is white instead of yellow, and thus enndles | OO% : 
v4 U8 to see pictures, furniture, and flowors as ly daylight; it supports ; 
) Browing plants, instead of poisoning them, and by its means we can carry | PF ] Te di eakin; 8. elec! fits “testhi: 


:" on photography and many other industries at night as well ns during the ig 
day, The objection requently urged against the electric light J oo ! Co h me 
that iit depends won ae coutinuaus ination fot steam a Buse by Tels aed hes Te tg 
*; engines, which are lable to accidents! stoppage, has been removed by the ch D 
{, introduction into practical use of the secondary battery } this, altiou Hh} g, inch rg - age a bret one 
\ not embodying a new conception, has Intely been greatly improved ay nob seen to Mt a 3 atl Pp rt 
4 Power and constancy hy Planté, Faure, Volckmar, Selfon, and others, by th 7 nits f 
4 nd promises to accomplish for electricity what the gasholder hag dono ‘ the co nductar “ot I cab 
for tho supply of yas und the accumulator for the hydraulle transmission posed to: Me ler ft bi i fe. f 
of power, It tan no longer be n mutter of reasonuble doubt, therefore, Cirronie abd sod fe ri te irl ii ¢ wire slippin 
that electric lighting will take its placo ns public Mluminnnt, and that . conducto: oe ee? ed By ber of one bor of twiets ta 
even though its cost sliould be found greater than that of gus, it will be if fea te arab ines trate ile 
preferred for tho lighting of drawing-rooms and dinin, grooms, theaters is very mache de’ 
and concert-rooms, museums, chure tes, warehouses, show-rooms, print. , Tho best 
ing extablishinents and factories, and also tho cabins and engine-rooms P { d Lak Supert 
of pussenger steamers. In the cheaper and more powerful form of the ielth dir atty 4 si romett 
are light, it has proved itself superior to any other illuminant for sprend: | tt 1 depostti : a those who’ 
ing nrtificial daylight over tho ‘Arge areas of harbors, railroad stations, “ nore ‘than ity” 
and the sites of public works. When placed within a holophote, the elec : ing capacity of 
trie Limp has already become o powerfal auxiliary in effecting tuilitary | ¢, : eeary Horenark thee 
operations both by sen and land. Tho electric light may be worked by |< it some ehnnges with 
natural sources of power, such as water-falls, the tidal wave, or the wind, g : Hed reveals repeated at some 
conceivable that these may bo utilized at considerable distances ‘ bseq oinles aloanee nniete 
4 Of metallic conductors, Some five yoars ago, Lealted attention is iron wire aa a rule 
tothe vastness of, those sources of energy, and the facility offered by elec- in its mechanical 
lon conduction in renderitig them avallable for lighting and power sup- lee author! ies ve deck 
ply, whilo Sir William Thomson inade this important matter the subject onudetors, and to defn 
of his admiradle ruldress to Section A Jast year at York, nnd dealt with it y 
Hi an exhaustive manner, The advantages of the elec light andof the co 
Bee pbution orwer clectricity have lately heen recognized dy the 
: British government, which has just passed a Dilt through Parlinment to 
| factlibate the establishment of electrical conductors i 
certain regulating clauses to protec! 
Cran authorities, Assuming the cost of electric If 
Chi as he preferences 
A ee tly ureneg for one oF othor wil 


i 


known, : 
ears ago... Several . 
- Two 


mera, thi. 
have yn 
ervice 


he molooular ¢ 
"@ Bout -atruct: 
| eae 
_ t 





eke Looted 

Ee et ee : a ; 

er Coane ELBOTRIO theclenentandte metal et ta ceaketee lect 
f : » ‘[pole,:- . ea 


‘or’ 
‘tol, 


source of heat, 


Now it is pro- 


Drant th 
‘study of Tho following 
are ‘his iT to tho Pans 


constaut in 
Wo can readily understand 
Tent itee) 
4, Nitrates kent ta the state of Susion have a great 
fixity, 


degre 


ly 

Appear, ‘on’ 

hick of Pres 
which, 

and th 


F 

were!’ 

) ‘tho i 
F iteat 


pbiatn current, provided 
long. 
3. Th obtain acirrent it is not neceasary to immerse | 
the carbon in the bath of nitrate. It is sullicient, 
Audeed, to place on burn ng carbon a metal capsule 
containing a few grammes of nitrate in fusion, and! 
to let it stand a current to bo’ 
produced, carbons in tho, 
De proved ; 
tho cfrenit , 
tho bath while the! 
1 which ono may 


) When 
wall of 


the apy 
descends on the ot 
completely moistened, 
nearly alwa 
contact wit 


London, 


Sediment ; and 


[reduc 
. red. carbons hora themselves fustble 
‘oniuctors, nnd close the clreuit 
| lic rod introduced among them, 
1 4. dtis Not necessary, in order to obtain a current, 
fo put the nitrate in contact with the carbons of a fire, 
motaliic capsule, contetulug salt in fusion, ‘nud 
Henly Ruponed Over « burning hearth, which it 
toca not uch, atill gives no current, flowing from 
tho bath of nitrate to tho outer surface of tho 
‘ 


air lo. 

eso currents aro ‘iveaker than th 
{ pee but thetr intensity nay be ihe 20 by coat: 
' ig 0 outer nurfaco of the capsule with a layer 
plumbaga or lampblack, and’ covorin, 
Wiro-gnuze, A imum effect was 
Placing on tho outer wal 
asbestosspa, 
and thea. yy: 


receding 


come very fi 


‘ADAMS! FUSIBLE SAFETY PLUG, 
V ITIL most of the older forms of safety plugs diffe 

{ culties have sometimes arisen from the collection of 

! scale and sedinient on the top of the plug, farring it over: 

| to stich an extent as to render it inoperative at a time when! 


“overheating has ¢ 
» the plags also have 


uited its immediate action, Some of 


out or bumt away, owing to its being exposed to the heated 
gases fom: the thi 

: Provided agatost in the fusible safe 

“section in the subjoined engrayi 

javented by Mr, 
Its coned ‘exterior 


furnace. Both of 


Henry Adams, of 
th 


Harge Uoilers, but tl 
‘already been adopte 
;companies, and there 


he 


had the fusible metal gradually melted. 


Elect 


idistant places, 
Ha of eu; 
j B of | 


My 

ra fanorn fi 
Searing, aud 
ct that 


‘out the ob 
te 
if 


i 


ric 
necessary to run a! 


TIONS OF th i Tas jor 
ephdl : ; th ssakoge of Ia bea Now thero 
0 reduce thot ake is very thortly -électrici . 
electric ra: than an rer fe: houses fori 
structed on plishe 
£0) 


ne just left; but 
{t blocks absolutely the tectlp 


: Bra git 2 
aan Jecturer nex: \ youl then be 

ruth for 
motion, may a rotary flannel 


Tetum 
ther as 


or a act o; 
another, to 
hired ; but tl 


i 


by 


king of. all 
street, inuch 
working 
power mipht be trans. 
wires in the heart of o a 


lo of a tunnel. Th 
he motors on 


Pry 'y 
Professor Perry | 
Hees of mh 


to 
entered on athe local lends in tho streets for being discha: cds 3 
‘lefocts of existing After giving important Practical confirmation as 


The speciinen at tho Giants’ to tho size aud cost of copper wires for tho safo 


ext develoni 


ever, to prophiery 


familfar idea of insulating tho mil closo to the should just pay for tho exact 
ground for the conveyance of electricity to a distant power 
trafu was attempted to be carried out inn damp 
climate, on a railway 
would bo #0 great ns to Prevent moro thana very tifferent 9 
mnall fraction of the electric Power reaching tho required d 
Tho lecttirer demonstrated this hy; the faouey’ 


distant train, 


an artificial rainfall, and said tha 
simplo plan of working had to be discontinued at, and that even it any 
tho Giants'Causeway and an clovated rail sup. 


red to be the latest and cbnvoyance of electric Power. to a distanec, tho 
ment of the model so lecturer showed how it was possible to chargo the 
He had ventured, hows’ consumer of electricity, | whether ho used it for 
year that when the old giving light or for driving machinery, #0 that ho 
uantity of electric. 

ho had used during tho last three months. 
Ayrton and Perry's ,* Ergmeter’? performed this 
Tho lecturer demonstrated: that. the 
vatems of lamps in use attho present timo, 
lifferent Dressurcs in tho mains, so that 
walue i {he ampére from fey was 
; twice as great as that of one ampéry from Swan, 

of caurze this ven f ono system itwas uot porsiblo 


tx smiles toug, the leakago ‘function, 


to maintain the same pressure for all consumers, 
‘ushes fastened The pressuro must. vary Recording tothe number of 


Fo Ho rai ill poate rubbed by br Tho objection; lights in uso nt tho ‘time, oven if the pressure at 


sto tho train had been eubstitute 
to tho clovated inaulatet rail was th 


tho simpleat railways 
becomes im 

Ho then described t 
and himself in the fol 


trically aubdivide the rubLe 


sections all fairly, but. by no means: 
: 3 ground ‘We do not Enply ont uture of electrical 


fumulated from tho 


clectricity directly to this rubbed rail, but, instead, 

ton welloiumulatet conductor, which may Yo buried, by 
anlerBround, or may bo insulated by resting 
ine on furulatore oF poste, to any/ that required ‘a certain amount -of grinding to give 


a.telegraph 


ssible to us 
ho system of Professor Pe 
Mowing Words:—"' Wo elec- 


nt on any but! some one particular houso was kept, constant, Ho 
‘showed that tho working of machinery by ‘elec« 
To, 2O croeslngs occur it tricity wil probably we more inpottau than 
ery. lighting, since it will go on all doy long, s0 that tho 
: mblet wanted { one. to measur electric energy, and. 
rail intoa number of uot t homero quantity of elec ricity. “ 
: i Ayrtou, in conclusion, said—What tho 
re sutine ct seed al locomotion mi ght de who could 
PAL present much household work mas ae 
hand, simp! ause there were uo ca! 
Iiko worked melted for doing it. _ The old knifeboard. 
wel had given way to the rotary kuife-cleauer, but even 


Becton It eet iguetcr a train: enters on oy, the knives a polish, a0 that for largoestablishmenta a 


section it scitomnatleally inakes an electric c 
101 


Hon botween that sect 


7 7 it » Tho blackin, 
n of tho rubbed rail and tho. kuife-cleaner bo: Ai : of water tha clenninge 


well-fnsulated conductor which fupplice the powor,of boots, tho bl 
nnd at tho samo timo automatically. 


a 


aC Cie, 


ee TES Kes 























ue 
















lam thero ig 








current of direction o 
Tt the resistanco oft] 
siderable, the two cu Generated hayy 
tho chamecter of electricity of tension, and may 
jreproduco tho effects of ordinary electrical inn 
‘Jehines, This is the theory of tho Ithumkorif 
feoil, 


hit 


1 if, in othe 
iro of 0 coil; 
electric machine 
in tho thick wir’ 
small tension, 



























Apes ware mes jearbon, whitthyundor~ntion ? sare: | 
|pRaNsFoRmaTroN OF STATIC detached from tho Tine, fused OE -Volatiiced iad 
>} ELECTRICITY INTO VOLTAIC}forming a sort of bridgo: between tho nsperities' 
' QURRENTS, fover which tho rheo; phore is drawn, 
i {Very fino point of carbon, Prepared for tha volinic 
i F: are, bo brought into contact and then scpamted, 
ar to that tho Gramime 
ing theso ex- 
» due to 
ury vapours; this are is 
cutents circulating: round a 
Produce in’ it Tapid 
e maznctic spect oh 
or by the vibrutions of a 
ent iy tho most curious 
Benerated ina Rhume 
battery cttrrent? and will 
rks, with which all thu 


\volntiliced, and’ 
i If the two theophores, each terminated by a 
Pe : S a Y ono immediately electrio light, 
a bath of: 
durable. 
re" 2 sonses, ax may be 
t slip. 
échurges may be yent 
na. of tha Rhumkorif coll may be ree 







MPO: 
Hee ii vant anil produce the 
that (siya M. Bate! 

MU L ainiug powerful 
and that with 







l'currents with 
lola Tess expenditure of force, WW 

perhaps, by multiplying or better 
» discharges” of atmospheric electr 
master of this fluid, wo capricious ane 
land turn it (o domestic uge,!? 


*, 


iy, be ‘ome 
menacing, 







~ 


H ; H current hns ind 
iWhich it is easily distingui: 
really ono und. conti 
feontinuous, Wh 

jetrrent is 

jdliately: 
> janother 





t features, 

[behaves quite like the 

fnjleries vith liquids, 

A a8 Sonsion ig very small and then it do : 
jeivo n spark oven muh the least itera ot: 
tho circuit. On Mssing the current through tho 
acidulated water of 1 voltameter, decomposition 
eccurs, and undor cach testetube a certain quan. 
tity of ps collects, Ax the current ix continually 
roveread, tho gas is a mixtn of 0: anit 
hydrogen, tho Proportions of which vary ch 
experiment, By Feu ting suitably the resist «! 
gnco in tha induced’ cirenit, a ins may be 
found (it jn sought) af eliminating one of these 
vo currents, and ao of separating the gr j 
fon ine then 1! = ing the gases oe 
{ On butting a gulvanometer in tho circuit, the: 
Meedlo is not Scusihly deflected, so long ng the 
ifireuit does not present 2 special reaistance ; but. 
{ bate inlormupter be introduced (t “Froment? 
Vibriting reed, Gg.) thoncedle is suddenly and: 
HPerancntly det an this detection is x0 
apne 48 to inspire the hop ci 5 

0 utiliso tho induced rilrront. wee ik eg 


ono of the theoph 
He, and tho off 
‘of tho fil 
hat 




















hhia th 





| 
| 





ENGLISI MEGHANIO AND 


The English Mechanic 
AND WORLD OF SCIENCE ND.ANT, 
FRIDAY, DECEMNER 1) 1882, : 


THE voss INDUCTION MACHINE. 
By Joun T. Spnacun, ; 


ERE is so mitch interest at present 
about this machine, that a more full 


Hlescription than has been hitherto given 
nay be useful to our readers, more o9; neck 
Hally as this machine not only furnish a 


rent deal of information in static electricity, 
but it will eis ulently replace ingluction 
coils with their trouble and expense of 
batt ri I will, therefore, give n detailed 
description of the construction, which it iy 
only justice to the makers to sny ix very 
simply and effectivel y array ¢ 
The base hourt A has Upon its lower ‘side 
vo formed by two strips of wood fitted 
nally; in this slidesa bar of wood 
¥, carrying wnuprightstem of wood, through 


A) the upper part of which there crosses 1 brass 


tube, the ends of which contain stout rings 
of brass to form Learings for an iron axle 
on the farther end of which is clamped a 
large driving-wheel, while the other is fitted 


suitable quality, or other materinis such 
as cbonite;. or vuleanised fire may bo 
substituted, 4 : 

: The moving disc If (say 10}in, in diameter) 
hasacentral hole for mounting on its axis, 
ond should hedivided oxnctlyaathoothor into 
six equi-distant points, to be fitted with inch 
dises of foil, ¢ i, upon which aro fixed small 
metal buttons: theso aro firmly fixed to the 
glass «iso through small holes in tho foil, by 
means of marine gluo or other cement, but 
must mako metallic contuct with the fol 


with x handle for working the muchine, |’ 


The tension of the dr ing cord is controlled 
by sliding the bar B, which carries the whole 
system, in its groove, and fixing it by means 
of Cs this, which cannot be clearly seen in 
the drawing, as it is hidden by other parts, 


Bisa handle of wood, carrying screw, which 


passes through a longituiinal slot in B, and 
into wnut upona strip of iron fixed neross 
the groove, so that when tho screw is 
tightened up it clamps the sliding bar B 
against the das . 

"On the farther part of the base there is a 
strong wood pillar D, the end of which ig 
turned down to fit n hole inthe baso to 
which it is serewed from the bottom when 
ruly adjusted. From this pillar there 1ro- 
jects the axis which carries the wor ing 
parts; it is formed conically where the 
movin, s purty work on it, aud reduced be 


R|yond this to adapt a to receive the various 


ittines, A little vo, this axle there is 


‘ feorddns on font worfor ouo JO anmayy ony, 


‘d304it0d 97 Bt LaquTOD OU ur; Lroyesty poort 
Of00F Jo opapudayo zoopzodiuy tte guiq 480q 014 
AU ‘st ‘saSpotouyou oy ‘piooas , juorFojoo. 

MLE °03 uusnpo Any Apayus tive 4x. uw) ooUaZDs 
BO toutq sity toy LONE SIMD JaAaIE ODHIIH 
4d ‘aoryo suf Jo oupays <q sr oY eM UNE 
BO $38ialojouS. 04, Jo pvay ‘105 syouy aIy 
0 Soame odutoa 1 soard 4r osnuaoq unt} 
ostad JOyJoUN soy F000 “30. ,, 400q}Kx0} 
p11} 5, POLOpIsNOD Of 07 KOAIOKOP, YIOAK Oty, 
“POYLOS oq UrD opnuT syUOIOZUYH Oty OITA 
40. “Oy payooy aq. Aunt gaupnapjaud .zorypany 
OLA UOT woIpuy ott OALT gojoIt sou 
DUY ‘sNapooM OFT IPL poyapSNyTY Lpooay 
Gru yoofqriy -oy) Jo. sotounG’ oso}. TY 
“NPVs NY JO'Apnys, 1 ody -paryeyqo soy 
Ot UO. pasnq ‘coupe 8.112180 O13 Jo voNyNOZ 
Armas acenonCenanerenners i mavemel som Teen cons 











in rotating, these discs exactly faco those 
of the fixed system, ‘The plate is mounted 
with its plain’ side facing the other, and ag 
neur to itus is manageable (say one cighth 
of an inch apart), so that the two glasses and 
this air-spuce constitute the induction cireuit 
between the conducting foils, just as in 
Leyden jars or condensers, which they, in 
fnet, constitute, Tho plato, is now to be 
mounted on its hub, which is a brass tube 
fitted internally with a brags bearing nt cach 
end, drilled to fit the conical a On its 
further end is fixed an obonite driving Filey, 
and on its front end flanged collar of 


Cer mers 

“0d PUT UoHyUMLIOS oy} ojomord. 0 sn} 
pu ‘ooupans omy" Jo2watt ., x00 uozqour dn 
UL OF pup. [EAA ©. tornAojo jo syxv 
Of) Aojoq ‘BUOLor. UO ounssord tupaoor Aq, 
‘quatosour yous CioAgy.” ‘snopontt Suyourzi0a 
-Aqpidus oxout pu: 07,01] ON; uodn gottusd ony 
JO 1104s 2040 ‘Joos O14} Jo yuoursufpuor put 
couopreqna oy} wo yuonbosuoa Ajquqoad st 
SuyUIfO-UyUP UNO PUN ByUDIEIOD Jo NOT) UTTLIO 
OL, “oon OT} 4v DOI UayoIN Jo LONE 
“041 X9 OL} PUN sapLE ogo] JO NOH NADIA O13 
woON}Oq MOHooUUOT wv ‘orojatoN? “ApyOpLAD 
St LONE “sop purrzso.110} Jo BPROI0 ON 
Suow sour uy Ayaxt{> m900 HIOUTIIOA Fury 
posiasqo of ELM 47. yoaya oy pute osnma O47} 
WOM UOFatIUOD OY} 07 Bit TOP .CrOopOUF 
“SHS FHONILN TS Ov oa ySuo1y"pazqnop 
voy Appauy ‘ontop “aq safes ‘ava’ “uetourjuoa 
man eraeg incerta wat eet 


cbonite pillars might roplaco tha jars, which 


could then be suspended from the collecting: ; 


rods ns in the Holtz machine, or a single jar, 
luvo -its coatings. connected to tho, two. 
collectors, s0 us to boublo to vary thocon- 
ditions, P is asccond pair of combs scrowed 
toa brasaframo which ulso fits on the pro- 
jecting nxis, andis held in placo by an cLonite 

I serawed on tho end of the axis; these 
combs havo in their middlo ua brush of fine 
wiro which just touches the buttons of tho 
dise, and the function of this part is to mako 


arts of tho diso of any residual electricity 
Tot taken up by the collecting combs, ‘Tho. 
working position is not vertical, ng shown,’ 
but just over tho end of the paper shicld; and 
tho fixed plate itself, though working in- 
different positions, is probably best arranged: 
with its discs cqually above and below tho’ 
collectors, : : 
wont ore brushes carricd upon bent arms, 
serowed to tho clamps on tho fixed plutes ; 
theso brushes are so ndjustodthat thoy just: 
touch the buttons as thoy pass undor thom,’ 
so ns to connect together tho dises of tho 
fixed and moving plates which are exnctly, 

pposite each other, yf 
a the action and working results of tho 
machine rust be deferred to another 
occasion, / a 














ENGHIS: 






I -MEOMANIO 
r~ aT ? ¢ ithe earths at tho Equator it is 978+10, at 
! Che & ng lish Mecha VIL) ntitude 45° it is os0-01, nt the Poles 98:11, | h 
i thes being velocities in continetres, Taking 
fanio Jongth, or they mn oa i , rol gr mays at tho will of the : i AND the valu in Englund ns 081, the force of 
and ma: atran; t! von two Bc 3 > ity: {} il 
a Saree te lanes ane ithor order to ee lac : fravity-equuls 931 dynes, or C'G. 8. units of 
nected to tho under or upp Nertical ono 


ff WORED OF screNcr ap arp, |foree.” ‘Tho uetuul foree of gen 
; Tho conneotton of the brid, i] height ; : 
! ton; 



























avo a separate starting point or “init? for 


cach order of things or conceptions, though 
these units ainy. 


i jandumental units. 
ut any | length, 1 eontimet; i foot, 
part of the carth is ascertained by the follow. xt ere, Caiemetts aF foot, an 




























tain w= tinay be), we derive unit are, tho square 
; 9 is orth qe cree - aa tt na tg centimetre, &e., and from this again, unit’ 
: 7 <&. ' 2h, sin which A denotes the lati- volume, the cubic centimetre, &e. In like 
I FRIDAY, OCTONER 13, 1882, tude and A tho height in centimetres of tho nimuner, each separate eoncey i 
2, { plice above sea-le < 
time thoy H 









of facts in clectricity requires to hav 


Tho ery muy, therefore, bo compared with|a unit of its own, und the system is 


the common imechanieal unit of work, the 

ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS. foot-pound, because tho ft.-lb, is the ne which have so far engaged a 

Hy Jous T. Srraave (4 Siesta ", {hing as sed julso, wo sturt from a 

LE carly measures o sie ate at ase 
tions of electri 



















f the different rela- 















Y were naturally bused if prise sale 
f the nnglea Off it is Upon the comton agencies used in conne sian ed bee 
accuracy by spriy' Ing the optical: ; tion therewith, and were of nece: 
eral ine employed’ in alf apparatus of this 


nature. Intheinterforof the hellx thore {is an fron 
£0 arranges them that tube, 


13, which is designed to strengthen the inten¢ bat as tho study of electrical phenomena 
0 reed tonguo out of sity of the magnotio fleld. 


Tew into a hee, and its applications 

te Vhen tho helix {amor wenme of praetion] importance, the varions 
Position of equilibrium i ; Mensures have been systemntised so us to 

adapt them to mathematical trentment, For 
this purpose they are based upon “ rhsolute” 
measurey—that is to suy, Upon mensnres {i 


rf is derived un elect 
trary and unconnected with en and we have the ati 


eleetrie “ current” 


other; 












» and 
re thus 
index 





nthe clectro- 
hiss “That quantity of .clee 

in will repel an equal quantity & 
ut : y i gures, i (or attract an equal opposite quantity) at > 

: -Which ‘rv contmon to all kinds of operations ; ‘This system is. becoming s0 increasingly | the distance of one centiuetre with a force 

i fundamental elements, time, length, | eonunon’ in electrical a scientifle works | of ono dynes that is to say, would, ting 
—_—_—_—_———— ; H in e ata rato all phyelen opern- generally, that it away bo well to ppluin it. for the second, genorato re at one { 
Jons, wo wetual ancasures cinployed or] thy index, us in logarithms, may bo positive, centimetre per second, ho unit of tho | 
A NEW FORM oF THE APERIODIC te to the moasuremente |} suggested have heen various, but the neces. aver” %, . 

GALVANOMETER. 







































L eek signifying the “ powe —that is, tho nun. mugnetic system is based on the unit mag- | 
permits of performing Sf! sity of the case limits Us to some form of the] ber of tens Ly which the figure is to be] netic polo, which is ono which ropels a similar 
Dy Mancut Duvnee, o apparatus aaivenaie eat ca ; “metrie” system, which must inevitably 





her of tens by which it is to 1 livided ; | one dyne. ‘The unit electric current is that. 
thus the negative index written with » dash which, in an are of one centimetre length of 
represents i ceeimad fraction, ‘Thus we] neirelo of one centimetro radius, will repel a 


e q picasureiment, even though these latter may 
{2 in no wise pifalned at the 'yie fj any iien ete: be proved to have points of superiority. Tit 
of the mont perfect instruments employed up to the science, at all event: 

























$, aH theseare vanishing, have— ‘ unit pole at its contre with a force of ono 
Present time, In order to give some { en of this, it Ho though the foot-pound and some others will * 1x 10° = 1,000,000.0 million dyne, The unit current. would also, ina: 
will bo sufllefent for mo to fay that it clearly indi. long be employed for ordinary parposes, 1x10) = 1,000 a thousand length of ono centimetre, repel a similar 
Cates x current whose intensity Is oneten-mfltionth { Before entering on the elcetric measures, t et a = io : peed current nt a distance of ono centimetre with 
: A.deretiption of tis galvanometr naturally lenda © | it is necessary to understand tho general elie “000,00 auiltionth & forea of one dyne. Perhaps tho easiest 
mo to speak of the graduation of auch iustroments ie ; system of which they are a branch. ‘The 


in general, and Iehall point out the process that I 
now omploy, and wlich Appears to m0 to bo 
superior to all thoso that have hitherto been 
published. It {aan opplication of tho Poggendorft 
£3 cireuit | method of Moasuring electromotive forces, 
at of tho Supposo G, Fig. 2, to bo a galrauomoter to be 


method of forming w concrete idea of these 
fundainental elements of which units of forees is to conceive a spring bulance adjusted 
Mensures ure required are Length, Time, | is to curry a weightof 1-081 ofa gramme, Any - 
! and Mass; of the first. two units are em- foree whater ” which strains the s ig to 
| ployed, the metre and the centimetre, Tho that point is exerting unit force. 
: first hay many ndvantages, but the sevond mugnet-pole, «tut one centimetre from 
} has been more fally worked out, and ig moro theso values, wo | another tnugnet-pole, required the spring tu ; 
‘aro of c , &enerally employed, and therefore, it is the 
‘of thea ; q | 


























































Tn peaking or nantit 


aro burdencd ‘with a barbarotts nomencla- | be stretched to thet point to resist motion—- 
one which will be used here, and we have as 
Fig. 1r : 


ture; thus, nv anillion ergs is called an erg- | thut is, to maintain the centimetre 
units— six, and g0 on, adding the index number to! —a foreo of one dyno would bo exerted 
the name of the unit, Farthermore, in| what comes to the game this; if the bulance 

y, We havo the generally adopted ! were graduated to successive increments of 
a ee: east, prefixes of mya, signifying a million, as the‘ that value, it would indicate the uals of : 
“From these are derived the general me- | inegu-volt or mog-ohm 3 and micro sign i “dynes” exerted by any fore, ; ae aa ; 
chanical units; of motion, which is length | ing am lionth, us the inicro-furnd, besid 8 muito iden oF eee fs rears ot fein rite 
traversed in unit timo; velocity, which is} the ordinary prefixes of the metric system of} tion or repulsion Foully in i Alege 7 i. : 
motion in unit qe smeut, vl ; is Dimes niet ties fescteat for" piteposes of calculation expre: 
utes having unit velocity ; force, which is! It iy undeniable that the peculiar fanciful- | rel . P 
é general osainasioti for the cause which | ness of some of our leading mathemuticians, | The two systems at he cae related ty . 
generates velocity, but for systemutic pur-/which has led them to adopt tho centi-| cach other in ratio w aH aS AN 
poses is defined as the cause of “ monen- grunine instead of the gramme as the hasis | ex pressed in the orile oe page 
tun’; und work, which is the energy due to] of the unit tem, is a very serious incon value is not, oxue y ee teas 
the action of the force. Gravitation is the] venience. nglish men of scienco havo interesting te ao sub Leake 
7 " only absolute natural force, and us it is con-| gradually subinitted themselves to the experimentally deterilaed yy soverul 
graduated ; 1 stant in its operation, it generates not only a] universal adopted aetric system, and | nont electricius ry diffe r 8 
pile whoso o} i and 














I. Length, I centimetre, 
T Tine T second, = 




























7 “velocity,” but also “ neccleration,” that is| students begin to understand what is meant . _Por Secout,. 
BAP eee th re 4 to wy, tl ho moving body, retaining at cach | bya metre grammo as tho unit of work, and Wober and Kolmusch make it 31074 x {vests 
pen: rout instant its nequired velocity, ndds to this the] the calory as the unit of heat, and now they Sir W. Thomeon ss xem, 
f nb; ct by 
AGB, AB, 










x 10 can. 
00 


i i i : , ew systeri 
thoy, * velocity due to the force ;.but in dealing | are being puzzled afresh by a new system, 
if ft with the aie sy involved, the actual velocity} the sulo reason for whieh fa that a rummy 
ouly is considered; regarded as a force in weight is based upon the eubie canta re 
tho abstract, gravity, y, imparts a velocity of | of water, But, us our writers are m 
B22ft., or US centimetres per second. theso muthematicians, thoy hava itn Id} Theso variations, though not large, show 
Re eyurded-ns n init force, it generates this} power to force people to sitbmit. 6 would tit ies Vilfeot catia rane ohm) 
velocity inrw inass of one gramme, ‘Teneo bo of little se) it only bel ‘the ddan of (ie while jinthemuticiins work out their 
ene ne ooh Ni tow Poe as tho resnlt of using the | formule to the Sattleke eee tee 
Unit value. nes centimetro (or one Inmdredth of metre) in are by mo inenis set aedtutsieat tarilaittita 
ie sone mass ot tho stl tae etre ng hoor valle wien, ite: stated, is really n velocity, 
1 rnergy or work varies us + as StU 8 Nati 
ia not the Soe “the foeo +" therefore, unit | is uppurently identical with the elockty, nt 
forest oe alli on tho metro gramme | light; the various determinations 
second system imenns 100 times the its age : 
orca {tl pais lel uate ane. is, eo Having obtained the unit of foree, Svluch 
sere ean tho metro system, 100), that is, en Gorath tose and 
One = alga’ Bho mn: uierey: oF te electru-motive foree, the rest ave derived 
.G.8, system, 


Another modo ” 
Clerk-Maxwell ” 
Ayrton and Perry ” 






Hy 
8 x 16% em, 
3 x 10! em. 












Average 20145 X 10" em, 







6 
on, Bopd, whi y: fs 

2 traversed is the ME V.Vetocity = 

ition ts fultiited 


by the ald Bay a yr. 1s 
ittorence fl ik H 













do, in 1 gramme, Dyno. 






1 dyne in 1 centi- 7 
ia , metre, Erg. 











E Eneray } 
t spe piles W Wor 

: : “fiten isthe To understand these values it will be well 
! : iu ne "y Ina cacy to compare them with As Humaine. ters 
y'Po o h a vity. The force of gravitation 
Whose fhe orseahoe magnet | given by the formula I = —, in whieh ¢representy ree on agnae iy 5 varies necordite to tho 
ment of sae tae : " Ge from the centre of the “mass” of 

8; 


















. “ electromo: 
CC, which & Yory fine wire w sat the ee 
great b This bolls ts connected | then beng 






ents of such ‘ : WILETIL- NO, 010, 
ance, AGB. It ly easy, : Sete mae tae 





sede! } 
: per Seas 
or oF bant copper wires, JH and DE, | with ain a ete of tie carts - i 
JH (attached af Ut fo te extremity of aD of tne ranee of ieee: 
“| i 
: ine 
‘ 


Tn all measurements it is necessiry to 


derivable from the few |.’ 
thus, from tho unit: 


‘option or order 


similar to that of ‘the ncchunical units | 


‘ lo et ott , multiplied, or negative, signifying the num- pole, one centimetre distant, with a force of 3 
Lam nuxfous to state, Moreover, that such afenture Biperse’o dnt time all other apataituy ® 


range over inuch the sume values us the GéHmee 


oe Suh S we He, SELF 



















































































































Fy arate ET ONES, TPL oe sag 


'S.—III, || piarticulnr cles of:oxperiinant:: T ng Torees. Gr lina A wo tivo tha’ sri as May 20,.1881. ENGLISH MEOHANI9 AND ’ RED , OLENC i 
|, For praoticul purposes,. tha Famd is too ‘fallen, which, “taking tho woightt’'as ono! ‘A PORTABLE: ABSOLUTE GALVANO-/ tit Sar aanyeisiomoe bi ora Medd 
NE Fan, [large a units the actual unitom ployed is the pound, represants fos pounds = ergy, ox; i | ated fssuo of tho very convenieg Tete caubeati jo cable conmposed of ton insulated wires; Mach 
‘| microsfarad, which j iNionth. Tho ite . Clary i s ; METER FOR STRONG CURRENTS; ry convenient Desprez galvano- of these wiros having tho samo reslatance, oqual 
micro-farad, which is ono mi fouth, ig jas it used to bo called .**.vis viva Wo cre motor that they have made, rtions of the at: urrent flows through cach 
G. y | micro-fumd is represented bya dength of ‘duce this also to unit conditions by:dividing |. Dy Profs, W. E, Ayntox and Joux Purny, It the Butranometar co then, what. jt thon, To “produce i dellection over ad 6° 0: 
avorage tolograph cable of 30 miles: shy 16 in lino & Tere .we-have utjonde,th {PUL ‘objoct of tho present communication fa to) ret saaneDo this dieu i v4 orercoma! quires, as wo hava stated, a current of 4G ‘wobers,: 
Now that the system of units is explained, ‘well-known facts, = that. spaco: fallen iT bring hofore you n small dead-boat galvano. M tho baie iP 1 as nearly Dut by means of this simple commutator these 18. 
“itimay be as well to explain some of. the ‘as tho square of the’-timd, whieh’ looking imoter which we havo designed, and whlclt Moasrs, Icke wi d send B currant ie) Wires, which havo hitherto beon Joined in multipt 
“ ntisconceptions al he syst wont! , 7 i aro‘ (Paterson, of Little Britain, havo constructed. for ro coll | 27% 68%) by o mora turn of the hand, be connected 
tigconcepti Wbout the system, consequent ‘at tho matter us wo now Are, is ns the xquaro H This jittt le inst if bo used ing wira coll. ! in series and now a current of oxsctly ono-tenth 
upon tho circuristance that the whole system’ of the forces, In. hydraulics, nll theso lows) for aise. sider in wolors, without cateulan po ‘ober circulating | mast, or ono wober, will produce 6° deflection.’ 
Wé an artificial ‘and mathomutical on play an important part, though jthoy! aro! . Honor par Debi 4 any ‘table, the strongest Ne caecrtain® then, tho real valuo of any deflection, 
that dho artificial ex: employed in a differunt innner,-4Ffead of 5° 2 alectsig light curront, nnd the accuracy of” ite! all re havo to do _ follows: Tura tho com 
are often girded u water is tha thing usually ¢ nylay ed in’) ¢] ‘readings can nt any momont be check by the calle Dante eg gend 8 cutront from eectene 
is nothing formule, and head of water is simply the ‘ motive forco, E, but not necessarily tho reslstance, 
lectro- height, the §paco fallen, as in lino 4. But? {ment may ho abso! is known, A certain deflection 2° is produced, 
ance, velovity dina: 3 , . Dut such a fo Now tako out the plug of tha ono-ohim resistance 
tho velocity Munparted is not as the dead, bu : 8 A coll attachod to tha fustrument, mde tee ae 
us tho equure rect uf the head; Wis tho uni © beliove o resistance 
i head, and line 5 the number of auch units, ° , al rans that | fatale a pene eee of the iostremonh, 
ni this we must expend sand fino 6 ix the square root of the: Again; easary to euy i wi oe H 
cues Now, these ke ure Ko pre ated | pe aro brought back to time, forline U is or a A galvanoinotor, t grap ohms, : 
34 to be inconvenient o: expression, bos ilino f ro produced. «Therefore, wo hype hero j moro than a mete galvanoscono! 
causa energy is as -tho squire - of "cure “shown i that foreo is variously expressible: at is, the zalat Ay ie . {i £7 foe dallection 4a (ho Tustrament is produced . 
rent (other ‘conditions being unchanged, -in terms pf. lines 1, 3, and Gas times of , I etn fitteron 


7 ‘ ry ' FO =) weber 
or in unit conditions), Tho ubsolute System ; fullings, a elocity, or ag momentum uch amall ba Rs 


is really ono bnsed Upon energy) though jimparted, or us- suuare root of spuce a‘ UU, We cannot over when th joined in serica, or b 
starting from force. Tut foreo dy usally | ay energy. a Y * wita colt througt * ghia te sek 
only # mathematical expression for energy, Tho conditions aro ical i ici h 8 —p— & 10 wobers 
surface. Capaei simple fret, unit force Tin i ; y on fa parallel ctroutt 
nevossity, sy aro nothing but different is ider : ‘nomete: : 
inclos Titerent aspects of the SUING forex ¥ ire detec ee pits Grovete colt Tp feo, that 
of course, this may be a for: ¢ before you when tha coils aro in series, and 
in the mathenuitical courts; nose th indant terns." Hibs clrenmstances, n dovico that hag!'!° Whea tho I-ohm realatance is Inserted, ‘Sho 
hen wa need an anawdr int ras of cure en adopted is to adi to at ivanometer with Feslfauce, then, of the coils, the connecting-wires, 
nt or velocity, wo hayve-—M = ’, or BaQ; : any convolutions, through which alone the Weaknud tho galvanometer Grae =F VU ohm; or as 
considering energy, wu have | th Known rndagee tought dette of ial 0H stro.meive eee oG ences deoune 
; : part of tho strong current; but thero is great current of U3 or tots wober produces a deflection 
bo remembertd, however, that niger of tho resistauco of tho hunt boing cone" ray 6° with: 
to unit conditions, ospocially ng k derably incroased by the heating produced y the:of 74°, or one weber will Trodueg ate Seah . 
_to unit ‘resistance; tho whole aystem ig, - | jel Cloctric light current, and an error para. the cells in series, Gand therefore BF with pools 
ers of the velocity! hisod- upon the unit relations: if under.” quently amas i the metuuroment 39 that this i ‘ultip ie ares Pater when dito coils nro tn. 
wien is only-n mode ‘altered Conditions of resistance K and C do sf 9 When strong, controlling magnot is attached series, aud from 0 to 90 wobers. when in multiplo! 
lone by i not a in equal ratios, another condition § H igllly to the apparatus, of whodt it ts a epring Or Tite toa i nro rere £0 tables, 
8. Dartof the uney Y | that opposca tho motion of the movable part of tho: z D 


By Joux T, Spur, 


“upon-a sphere, 


iS OX= 


wt Tt: avi 
phero and clonds, | follows, th din fore 4 
“force” is sim 


f beoluta 
tts, this absolute calibration need only bo, ployed for measuring strong curzents, tho a 
01 hich oeatloually repeated to dotect any change inthe irate Gs ony flabection: Suomi stent ed: 
tee of pery ; ‘ vriDg. ea ragaet or fa ate hot Ty ett etreugs asiie onu fhe Jusirmont fa ony loge a 
(uantity of ene; ¥ 1 fe that pormanont measure, with tho instrument baforo you thostrong - 
‘ployed, altogether, sinco itis well known that per H ‘ hee iven deflection 
Forey Energy. 2 ! ut fora galvanomoter to bo om toyed for the | magnota loso thelr magnetism, and {uat _ talon tho colls seo gal eeu \ any Biv cxnatly ten 
Velocity § FU The square of velocity, i :Practical meusurements of clectrio tight currents, moghots and springs aro affected by changes {times as atroug as the apparently weak and eaally- | 
tt j i i “tho cutouts peeanchead ne telatvo strengths of | touperatur, ko the neat clectro- !producibto current of known strouptly whieh pro~ 
eae fs bile iran i ive thesbeat ipeiadted were atone of thems a. cerry Sara dlemont” altivash vory duces tho samo deflection Wwhea 70. calls aro in: 
sions is an equi lantity: ‘also tho absolute value tu webers of ove ents f dynamometer +. A it hi sible for tho electric 
By fact is evident That trea ia ft aro anist uot ouly havo the gatvanometer relatively couventeut, have the objection possessed by a me Ught current Lake passed’ through the coils when | 
pressing the ? jcalibrated, Lut also absolutely catibrated. If our galvanometer of being unable to mieastira the igh serreut being fg tcroits, marked PP, and to 
treating i, [e fe reek eats ows: [gplranometer bo a tangent cu, the absolte alg they sano No mado Jeu bet on eveuataf fe which ho wire (rot, the dynamo ming aro 
y , H { power iy not force, ag nostordinury peoply - jot a current can, aa fs well known, he coll, aut | compar tively largo moment of inertia of the attached, aro only in circuit whon tho comm’ ri di: 
olds good Tho facts and laws of falling bodies prove ald Simnpines swe the Fae 'froni tho number of turna of wito in the co But) comparatively larg iments of isturned to parallel; tho common scrow, marke : 
ane Ou, toe bene”. " INC; WE ExXpre: ne cnergy or it rovitod also that wo kuow {suspended coil, Now tho recent experimen w, marked 8, being only 
wn the ato tony natn pee Aeon on wick any Safoaoficth perme; [Mental stent of the beut a ge ite of ining got te mee ane nan ha unde ke 8 gn 
: he diae zi Dn, as . whi 3,000 fteth, per minute: daw ‘ to moves, Now, although? pleasan ng oO: , ee 
tance | oxerted bythe earth, Twill show this in a m a’ cheney ate an septuna ices ‘ ol’ ttc ariel: the: nendle may inagnetio fiotd in’ tortanes of au electele light current galranometer 
epecitio shuple tubte, : Hogs ‘| powers of engines in to of forco, and to ‘London is knows with great necurHey, the aofual being able ta mueature sudden thort variation: 
Hen fs wt ; : 5 atte ma ; i : : 0 tron: the atrength of the current, i 
ob Tne, ja recon. rf Lea cts do aa (under fixed condi a wo pve only : neh in orleshop. burnt tit re cannot,: We want, thes, ‘a small dea beat galranomata 
“R Total eect 8282" 82 ag Bad to tal O their square root. ‘ius: for. a whip ho published tables of magnotic foreo, oven to uso with: strong currents, he 
3, Total velocity... 32 so 18) lor train, asstming tl 1 ILD, gavo,n specdl ; from the pu ho strength of the maguetic eld: calibrated absolutely with a single Daniell cell. 
4. Spaco fallen. csccc 1G Gh MI ase Vor mie cath LIED. gavo.a ap f  .npproximato to the etreng : As wo did not know of the exitouco of auch an 
B Shuce | vided by 16 1 49 “ig a5 ; | (current) of 1 mile per hour, wa have oe ifn, pylichs othe therefore, usually tollowod ts to: fateument, so havo designed for the students ia, 
6, Squar root of mimeo | a VeSpeedacc.... 2 2 9 Coane taptliod, theret producod on the Ivatio- the Courtd of leetie Lighting af tho City ani i 
1» these su a) ne Contes ee : F 2. Horsa-power,.'1 4° : : ‘meter when on clectro-motive force o shown Cuttds Lal a wae vine ts, ona only of which 
Pother which i formula{ Tino 1 represents 4, beriod of 5 successive} © 3 VIED. = foro 1 2 ie sees Atrengtlt an Wehr tho doteslien prodiaced ae cans rtatorolyaur hotles this evening. t 
ictrostatic | Seconds during which gravity ig noting, all theso considuration: havo for object the _Fesiatanicos of Known numberof webers, When Tho small: instrumont before you, shown ce 
ye ducing in th fi it velocity y in} ena jon! Lys current of a ke ument is much} ongthird of full size in the accompanying wood- 
log, cd, | CucIng in tho first a unit-velocity o! fy | raining of a nut l—tt physieal—conception tic fleld of tho fustr dup attained 
ye dy | 1 * ft Loft. hich “ u gO nnetiral—a physic at : tho ra ee Ie latively to the fron in thu! cut, is very dead beat, this result. being a 
rs (whieh i unit cnergy of 1Oft., which, with w{ Sp tho meaning convoyed’ by, but nono the: ialfectad by ite position relatively to the frou in t stly by tho lightness of tho needle aud poluter, 
consequently the ro- | 3 Ib. less hidden by, tho mathematical exprossions,- neighbourhood, auch n doterminatio pnt Patt : 
i be seen’ nt o1ce | 


ache af which j usiness of calculation, - 

it is only tho inner ki ® ‘ 

TO surface whieke is}t A t; ‘ Hy to deal with, it is! ed iu making tho deflections directly propore: 

hocause tho thickness of f*ft, ax shown lin : (light currents that Wo hata to seat te Pro-| gional to the current, and in tho instrument on tho: 

tino J. oN Di 5 {much more {lifteutt, nt reatstanco colle curtouts table ono dogres deflection ts produced oe, 

na. Capacity y 1 f } ys clus: Wille lintter i aren tl: of oven 'G0 wobors,| current of two wobors, thu groatest dotlection, 06, 

radii (with: ing by 82, by ‘ ara grant rik of heating tho ostaneo coils, Balng prainesd, theralors by a Selatan, | 

curacy) 5: current is mere rp i so making our curront much less te svobers. tho following :—Tho thick wiro colled’ 

beity: it mons the Poe . ag it to bo} aa Rees T acetal at Pa eer and ttroogh which tho olectrio 
‘Therefor we 00 th vt varies 4 {aifteult of constru ke Gormanesil f ul 

, gi Ly pad et hore een ee. 


j y strong pio 
i fecton must bo mado! and parily from its moving in a very 8 
and the relegating of theso to their proper, Huta valuo of Tate ar unknown current fe manent aguotie field. ‘Tho eedie is Balanegdy a ot the galvanomoter nor tho, 
a if ; i ae ace or date and consequently tho Of ig atrumment. By arl-olimn resiatanco coil, thon,.can bo damaged by! 
pas an jmeaaured, 2 i 
via j, when wreak eo eos targe oloetee trope 2 aad cinont ot “the coils, we havo auce:commutator boing left necidentally fn. a Wrong 
a simplo cnough; a 


‘position. 








AAC aee ee Pe ee 


aa 1 ae aE H ME 8 SOLENOE: No. 840 279 ‘1 4 Fh Laie ae : .t 
°_Apnrt 29, 1891. ENGLISH MEQHANIO AND WORLD 0: o Wu. 10, 1883, ENGLISH MEOHANIO AND WORLD OF SOLBNGE: Na: azo 
* ity ho aperture In the rovolving a 

: ted with the olectrometor, Tho} whereas, with noutralisation no freo olectrioity |betng in making { : it reer — 
ee dita te tro icy Sworn | wil eet)" Loaner |ite nes fags srertree tte’ tent JO Ortalish Mechanic mine wy i we nage® StENL asses a 
waa not detormined by direct transference o} ho exporim o|disponto with tho Lolo in the revolving Glace and 4 u eated, 4 
i he neoumulnted clectrioity ints sho alacta: {ng this question, PC A A dear ioe secur tf a vuleante altar by means of a cement D WORLD OF SOIENOE AND ART, for. somo u As the current itself heats ‘the’ 
iaenen d : ilo ust bo impacted "boin afbable that a gradual noutralisation of the part, motted’ toned iF TThe thethod of nuplying °° PRIDAY, AUGUST 10, 1883, Units will and Tobl treatanaa partes from this caus 

: mow Hollive of clectricity to Hi uppor plato, | cloctrical double layer takes place. Tho nuthor ited coment for tia purpose Is to warm thie wus eins I, derived chiefly laboure of i ough tho heat Nitti his 
to flint ita potential ehoutd bo rent ee eutes | clectrical doublo tay thy discussion of tho viows | 20;¢° collar, then cover it with a thin layer of the === Mathiesen, gives tho inost important par- anes to ee ower, Tho 
that of thellower plates ; of Horr Exner on the contact theory, comment pies tae tualelug the plassrather warm, tENSIONS AND RESISTANCE OF Het. employed by electricians, Col. IT. | correction for the efter, of temperatif 
ito ditogat® aE tent ee contria clrclew one the sizeof the jis diso, the * ‘ WIRES, ae ney eesitle conductivity roferred to silver be given by-and-by. a 


ii y other the sizo of tho colfar, aud while tho glass Is By Joux &, sp as 100, ‘ Rf 

Sader ee etepme was Row uought! STMPLIFIRD HOLTZ ELECTRICAL al bot bees tho collar down, spon it Thowule 6. rica i sal e pel fanao| then epg re bacon aL 

had remained in vacuo somo hours, thoro MACHINE,* siulte. O Fig. 1), having at ong end a shoulder to totho growing application of eldctricns: indi littlo conductivity fe “fact cop 

‘Appeared a imurked change in its oxcitation HE moro recent forms of "Holtz electrical | rocoive the collar and at tho other ond 4 small man inquires are constantly jade hi million timos it ity; -but. 

towards tho other plato; it seemed more poate TT machino aro vastly better than the earlier ulley to recelvo the fitiving belt. Tho sloove, 0, its‘so that, as it ig now som *, ust und bobo 

tive than before, Tho greatest valuo of tho oues, and tho carlior ones wore far superior to nny Tims upon a ploco of fin: rass tublag which ex- tainco I-gave ‘in th 1 Pp y ae 

‘epi ere ttn ‘ean hn ue, emg ey imi ed i cats gn tt feat oun es 
i 5 J Holt: in Now Yor! in, in diamater, e q iC . 

Ton tho gic tad eee a0me. ‘ieee Bed Find, Phltedelphia furaish therm at roaston- | the glass disc, B, is countorsunk to recelvo a ecrow OU! readers the benefit lowered, but beed: 

tho receiver, without tho latter ben; ovacunted, | ablo prices, hut thera are numbora of our axperi- | which entors the end of the brass tubo lolding the iterary dl inflttonce of lig’ 

thora occurred an excitation in the samo senso | mentors, end siudents Who would hardly fool leave in pisce, This filte in he rice he the vo"mnde: for fom cases itis Afteon, ines. greater, 

na after ovacuation, so that a positive conclusion | Warranted in pure jasing ouo of thom, w! “hia t Leenks a? asa for tho stationary or npers. r) an in sunlight, is yn 

could not be drawn from this oxperimont, feat sinh ono but for flew dienes tho tyr. tured ‘plate, ‘4, Ae rat cut tn cleculer form and also 80 rapid that it produces sound 


Tho oxperimont was now mado, of re lacin, : vided diamotrically, and tho apertures 
;tho layer of air adheront to ono plate bye layer Tho questions that beset the inquirer aro: (1) {then di ET ys pe 


of anothor gas, For this jurpose, the plato was 

{placed on a oylindrical brass vessel which it F . nt in, varies 

Closed, as acover, aud which was filled from : ig to tho 

Dolow with tho yas to bo tried. After this had b ‘ that of pure 

acted some time on tho plate, tho latter was j . 1S. Up’ oO 

tomoved, and{placed in tho condenser opposite a . . F o auch as often’ 

; second alnilar plato oxporod only to the iufluenco : \ d th ho author of tho| their condu if caw ord 

of atmosphorio air. Or tho plate to be altered \ 7. ' y highly. Reaslatanco, 

bes shat tn tho current of gas from n gas - ‘ The “Blectri f them vei gi (8) It is of importanes thuti;th 
thonumorousoxporfments mado with various \ in Tublo I., meaning of this torm should bs’ 


poly of rte, most llded tate doce ae \ he Electricat Review ( f thi As understood. It is a. very 


el 
Tesulta, By ozone, both gold and platinum, and 7 ‘is approprinting Mr. li thing that the term “should 
aleo brass, oro roidered Sogathee Cea lato ‘ ! Secor fa Batteries," r d ) introduced into olectri 

of the samo metal covored with air, Tydeogen : ba lent Maen, b hi; formula 

regularly oxeited platinum positively ton great _ c cs Til aca asec tm F any cred 

degree, whilo its Influence on gold was hanily eattes a4 a uw 

Perooptiblo, and on brase, in di fforent sorties of 

@ Pe ntsovenqualtatvaly different. Sulesine aly = rer . : ep 
mado platinum appear nogative. Atmmoninca ig‘ona's cout.” ness 
Erte rperited from Itsnqucous solution, rendered f ‘ers who seo the n: 

‘Tho amount of tho differonco of potential that ion of the pipes ‘or: 
looeurred in, these experiments wna ae : i steam-engine, tho resistance to. its moti 
iplaton, very unequal in the, e Oe pie aetna 1 the friction of the various”, parts 
‘ orton, Fy se connected machinery, and any’ wor! 

of a Bork Furth h ; 
(ascertainable botw ‘ S F } p dono, But this (which oxists for olect 
hi ‘off: 3 varies, for clectricity, water, “an 
thd volte raries, for clectricity, wat d: 
Costverterry engines, in tho ratio of tho squal 


werved yall velocity, that is, for electrici ) 


with hydrogen i i p aa whilo “tho so - called resistance’, vated! 
mua Mg ir male a9) P iT dd. simply as C, Tho fact cannot: bo&teg 
"tal “ : s wy strongly impressed upon the mind that Bir! 
In all tho cases observed, tho difference of ft : , tae , \ Sh Herr goreeoeg erarey Ga 
‘Potential | plates gradually fell off, : 2 | . hie in 4 h an arithmetical artifice sorving valuable 
he poses, but which ought to bo knownfh; 
some less misleading namo. it is puroll 
roduct of tho system of units an elec! 
Forauita, and is really nothing but the arith 
tical reciprocal ( y tho valtio) of tho'te 
ducting ‘capacity of the: circuit under‘a 
particular conditions. Ite valuo is ‘defi 


: . y E + O, that ia to say, by the curront 
co -of theo, What kind of gloss shall to used? (2) How shatl ; aro formed by cutting Balt tron cach plate, a very ; ean poss ‘under any given conditions? 
simply oxplal pie Alnsses bo siperturcd P (3) How shalt tho parta | simple matter ‘ontire-diso, ‘Tho fatera holes are i. $ clectromotive foreo;' this means that R 

nsen al boadjusted and manipulated to accure tho won-/holos from an ontira diso, va if oud. aay 8 cine puroly tho reciprocal of °C (1 as 
dertul rovulta altetnod yy pals machine? Ibis tho itive Tones at ee radlat lines extending Tait Conditions, and undor any othe 
¢! v ry ny Sole. 
mag etal do" givo. teh Ital oe tae tees ee tho centre of tio dlse,, The eoxtealcponlug. [3 Hone, i i that reciprocal multipin by: 
poo! enabl - | through which tho sleeve, 0, Pa 9, The ohm, tho unit o: i 
Heity to tholr| cal. ability fo mene Boren a paren matoly circular, but te alightly clougated at ¢ ¢ : di 1 bo regartled not ns.a mystical resistance/! 
hmout of a gaat machine Jully as cheat ote (Fig 4), to_facilitato tho romoval of the portion fe 1, 
, {0 a ictal Jnyer will “Uo! and that, too, withou out out, ied foaired prorrrinaeened sae or tut iy 
ormed on th: , justns if it] mntorials, Without a aea Into tho cos Mu th < 
i i fiiwith his diamond, but any ono may do it with 
ene ene Principle y on which the ome of the 25 cent ‘stocl rollor glass cutters told 
ono, be covered with n more strongly positively | —L will d ovorywhore. Tho discs of tho mach shes fie tho 
B cxcited gas than tho other, th Te ror inne odd mom: 1 sentod were cut in this rat sud the oo etinon of ul 
behave townrda the latter aan inaro “clectroponts ie thowe tnespeadee sot cuncral tools “tthe only pro ry, 
tive meta), tho notches is to 4 
From the gradunt decrease of tho lforonce of ff : maak thors sin tine te of the romoval its ligt 
+ A plate covered with alr, und ono covered with di fi q of tho pisce aftor{t {ecut, ‘Tho two halves of the 
another gas, a yradual disappearance of tho| Th ted ne ue 
yas may bo inferred. Whothor this is forced tial wen of 
rom tho yun by virtue of diffusion, or whather ick: df f : 
‘ite shia towarts tho pinto: is oquilitrated by ti it a 
:& chemical process remaina uncertaln, In th y 
. former caso, howover, a differenco would ‘neles xed @ Ma cot probably faluglans auc iprocal of sondu 


wore Yery well for bie acraa 
‘Gecording ax tho yaa departed char, tai a i pose, but it must have several daye to dry : for unit current, 


do y R 
Ye 7 i fe have, then, in olootrical.res 
~ olectricity, or noutral. 7] ft carried {i 8 0 machine can bo used auch. as 1 foot longth, | Curbon or Graphite is lowered: in rosiat 10. Wo , 1 
ith it, i \ ‘Tho edgoa of tho glase around tho aportures nnd i , hat in incandescent lamps | R, and its unit, the ohm, two distinol 
ite alt, tte own’ “ ange ely oauat fel apps te nica cua 7 of fl nae aro md tho apo tates nud (conveniently called af anco by heat, fol iat Ena dtu P p ’ o 

















Railay Company, but I hope a contract wi 
{ shortly.—I am, &e. 





















THE DISTRIBUTION. 0. 


: ra the Eilitor af Ini 

S1n,—The accompanying correspondence may, we think,’ 
be interesting to. your readers: wold possible miacon: 
‘coption, it may bo better.to stato. in reference: to tho last, 
paragraph but one of Mr. Gordo letter chat this com- 


: ‘ ig 
have not yet concluded finally with the Ibo yausod ! 


J.B Piexentsa, Secretary. : 
18, Warwick Street, Regent Stroet, Way : 
August 13, 1884, pee 






Copy.) 
Tho National Company ta the Distribution of Electricity 
by Secondary Generators, Limited, 
18, Warwick Strect, Regent Strect, 
London, W., Augnst 8, 1884, 

To J. RH. Gorilon, Fad BoA MS. Ey eee 
the Electric t Department of the Lelegra| a 
atruction and Maintenance Company, Limited, 38, Old : 

road Street, , 

: De Sir,—In. your Interesting work, entitled d 

! Practical Treatise’ on Electric Lighting, you are 

. enough to devote a chapter to our aystem 0 electrical dis- 

“tribution” by secondary generators, We aro much 

‘indebted to you for the very comprohensivo manner in 

which you have treated the question, and we feel suro'that 
you will pardon us for drawing attention to somo points 
which we think you will sco upon roflection requiro further 
explanation in ordor to do justice to the aubject.’ A por. 
tion of the remarks we propose to offer aro necessitated by 
“etreumetances which have arisen since the publication of 
your book, : : 
1. On page 185 yousay :— 

“The Gaulard-Gibbs apparatus conalats essentially of 
an induction coll, of which the primary ooll con- 
sista of 3 long thin wiro and tho sccondary of o ; 
short thick one.” ; 

This description docs not apply to cither the form wo : 
had in use at tho time your hook was written or to the’ 

{improved form which we now employ, In both forms the 

same length and cross section of copper are employed for 
the two conductora, and in tho Pretent form these con- 
ductors aro absolutely {identical in all respects and aimi- 

‘larly situated relatively to the fron core. We ‘havo 

adopted thia latter design after a longacries of experiments. 
In effect, the apparatus employed on tho Metropolitan 
Railway was composed of columns formed of a cable rolled 
{a two superposed layera of aptrals round a cylinder. con- 
taloing Iron wires, the cablo being formed as follows, An 
iAnsulated copper wire of 4 millimetres in diamoter 
(No, 8 B.W.G,), through which tho primary cur. 
rent sed, was surrounded, parallel to ita axis, 
‘by 48 wires (No, 26 B.W.G.) individually | inau- 
lated, and constituting the induced circuit 3 thus tho 
sum of the soctions of the secondary circuit was obviously 
equal to tho acction of the inductor, and ft followed from 

: the central position of the inductor that the mean distance 

_ of the two circuits from tho central core was the samo, 

' The type of secondary genorator now ailopted is composed 

‘ of copper diacs of $ millimetre in thickness, furnished with 

car plecea allowing of thelr boing connected s0 as to form 
two fndopendent circulta insulated from ono another by 
means of disca of paraffincd cardboard, This apparatus, 
simple in construction, and far less costly than tho 
original modo, gives oven a higher. Percentage of effective 
: p nhot in any wa! 
' ordinary induction coll, Bere een reaminle a 
12 (Oa Page 187 you aay :— 

In order that the plant which wo can now afford 
: may be able to aup ly the required quantity of - 

_ Slectrieity, the officlency of tho induction ‘coll 

muat not bo teas than Ep = 100 4428 = 80"/,, 

I fear that it ts not likely that tho La acy ti 
be anything like so high an this,” : 

t Asa matter of fact, Dr. Hopkinaon, after tho most care. 
ul tests, found the cflicieney of our socondary goncratora | 
tobo, singularly enough, precisely what you liad conaldored | 
Hee at ol och eee ae ee, 
hand you herewith.) m et ve pave the Pleasure to ! 








Bw.) 


for 
: wire) whon once saturated b 
?farnished no Insulation what 
































, 
{ 


3 





i ryatem might bo uacfal.” - 
Wo would venture to add that in auch a case tho coat of 







‘copper in s 100-volt system would be absolutely prohibl. | 


* tive, and wo take this opportunity of stating, as wo mon- 











ce, the ; 
fh aro 


} tloned to you recently at a personal interviow, that wo do | 
not wish to compete where other systems can bo employed, ' 






but that our epecial province is to aid all and commence 





‘where previously known systems cease to-be operative, ' 






In doing so, wo offer the additional advantage of belog able 
to farnish currents of varying: potential, thereby ena’ 













descent or arc, as 
ablishin, 
bpportuat 


opportunity of correcting errors, we 
have no ob 


as imotive power, We propose 













Riera fro, alr, your ol ene 
Lucins Gausann, por J. D, G. 
: ee J. Dixon Ginn. 
Flectele Light D Bb eleiajis Cobetrogtioe tad 
Bloctric t Department, ‘Telogra instruction an 
Maintenance Company, Vinilteds Haat Greenwich, 8.2, 
Auguat 11, 1884. 






ling * 
: consumers to employ any type of lamp, whether inca 





this letter, to which course, ax affording us an 
preatine you will 
vvedient sorvants, | 


| The National Company for tho Distribution of Electricity. } 
++. Dear Sira,—I thank you for your letter of August 8, and ! 


‘am much interested in. what you tell meas to tho im- 
provements that you havo recently mado {n your genera- 
‘tora, Whenever I commence to prepare a second ciition 
‘of my book, I shall not fail to write to youand request you 
ito give mo full particulars of all improvements that you 


) havemade up to that date, I should, both as a scientific 


man and asa manufacturer of alternating current ma- 
chines, be much ‘pleased to aco’ your ayatem succeasfully 
tried on a large scale. I hopo that thie. ti iting while! 
tbe tell me you are about to carry out from Neasden may 
complete in titno for mo to givean account of it in the 
noxt edition of my book (the first edition fs abont half 
‘gold). Ishall, of course, have no objection to your publish- 
‘ing your lotter to me and’ thisreply.—I rematn, dear airs, 


yours faithfully, 
_ (Signed) J. E. H, Gornoy, | 






mt 





vp eee EAL De TRO, 


ae. 






rsa 










DRT 





Srey 


Nd 


Vee OY 






“wy 


COC Se, 








7 


Menlo Park Scrapbook, Cat. 1007 


No. 6A. "Electrical Testing and Apparatus" 


This unnumbered scrapbook covers the years 1880-1889 and contains 
clippings about electrica! measurements, testing apparatus, and the uses 
that can be made of electricity. Among the latter are many articles 
about Edison's work in electricity, the controversy between Edison and 
Westinghouse over direct versus alternating current, and the adoption of 
execution by electricity. There are also a few articles about various 
other technologies, including Edison's acoustic inventions. Several loose 
clippings for 1888 and 1889 have been filmed at the end of the book. 
Approximately 100 pages of the book have been used. 





yee 





es TS oe 





re 





toe bah S a, Ve THEE, 


7 : al = 
: | 'GRAPHIG:: 
Se a ‘y n/e/57, RY Oe 


SA: 


ren 


Salant 


pO 
EDISON'S = WON 
a ee a Sante 
OURAN, ABNOPHONE: AxD | YeDlenily arranged wittih reach of th 
€ ut St speakiog trumpet. Allare immienee 
INANE OPERATED, : Bt tonether in sections,” The ear tru 
i eur tag oo First Page,}. feet jon Abd taper “from: a: dl; 
.: A description of the parte of the phonautograplt onenionet re tea lubes: fit ‘neatly: at. tal 
he pictureson tho first page, Us pracit found gollectors aud conductor, Pale 0 CxaBKeratod 
: ty “lento Park laborato: nl 
single tube reating Upon the: oiegeer eae Aull 
Frain erseanear 8% ¥ Movement of the rallroad|. 
ana start, to ches; to hear ovary ston 
pa ‘ 
© amount of: # Hf 
sound” caused by%: the trucks as’ they ‘strike the o 
the -Jolnis’ of; the’ rails, the operator, wuiited | 
by * hin’ car, 2/mak the tap an quickly as’ 
he hears It, These taps make sliort dashes at Tegu! 
Jotervals ou ihe carbon sheet, while the sounds 
the funnel make a constant wave line, the waves 
being deeper and stronger at the points where. tho, 
Rreatest noise Is heard. The alternate dash Hues end 
wave liner, which are xhown on the upper end of the! : "Wh: ” Batchelor. 
eytlnder, are synchronous aed an avalysias made ati iT a tell, tne! 
any time will show the causes corresponding to the: tay the vezi 
- | varfous quantitien of sound, The varbon coating being: can - 
fixed vi 


son spent tnuch of. 
this. departure } 

paper which 
Batchelor 





ne 
ed forced 
fo. sent out 


been, 
{ 
1 
vig | 
oy G, 
the |. 
Daas 


Ia made to viurate by the 
with the rapkilty of the vowel 
backwards ood 


becomes articulate sounds. Tho valve A, 
xyivjthe sounding board’: and the funocl K rece! 
ccc [magnify and transfer these*wave motions into 
‘jepace. ~The “cylader. and valve at J is con 
struct in very ctose “Imitation of the: ni 
organs of the human head. Tho air current broken 
toto sound waves:and ble current enters the|:: 
od moves tho valra |” 


der J, which haga movement of: one-hall 
capacity sufficient'to repeat forty wares, 
ay..per second, orto. repeat forty complete, 
vibrations per seco! # suficient number to 
xive.the sound ofthe bumap voice nerfectly. 
EPA squndeetne impentence of, tis’ iaxteureny foc 
5 a 
nna ‘pt 0 description ce ly be 
overent! J eS 
aes 











t aang TorOG . | 3 3 : SER Go ae GAY ae a 
eu HEAR. 31 : "Tero of ten : e Se ee ENGLISH MEOHANIO AND WORLD OF SOIENOE: No, ass, 
RING, the courso of somo: ta! It Rees ‘3 oe 
ie rie Tha 
{ [Maat 


‘tho wiro constantly chargod| oe ass mee 
and olectricity, the currents black on tho exterlor surface. ‘The pitch of. the 
Y note given out was also found to depend to some 
oxtent on the greater or less amount of heat trans- 
‘mitted through tho plate; and Its loudness on tho 
rapidity with which the contained alr not ouly 
Telgh | absorbs the warmth, but on tho rapidity with whi 
ating / it gives up its hoat to tho aides of tho caso and the 
body experimonted on wero sufficiently | exits from it, It is remarkable, however, that 
igh, a slow rato of cooling would bo favourable! though the pitch and loudness of the note wero 
I to rapid fluctuationa of temperature: a found to vary, the quality remained thosame, note 
Proceo resorted to experiment to test tho withstanding the diversity of material employed. 
Onoof the practical deductions from Mr. Preeco's 
reacarch {a tho telephono-receiver illustrated ia 
Fig. 2. Since the sonorous effocta in question are 
due to the expansions of absorbent gases, under the 
influenco of Theat, and since wires aro heated by 
‘i the transferonce of electrio currents through them, 
possible, it acomed possiblo that if epiral of fine platinum 


‘ f rf ae a long. crunk wiro P were inclored In a dark eavity,/a 6 ¢ 


piston is obtaine 


oylindor, an 
cooled alte: 


It wi 


q FLG.a. 
0, wat 5 : P 
ft a4 HE : lino in th é 


wiro by 
ns,tho evident 
sel 
Renoral details of | tetophono it give 
iven (ace]mavemont, the 
feato any|eauscd by the rh 
: curront has no i 


upon the 
a differenco of pres- 
sides, which tends 
jo move away from tho source of | | 
ty to sco how auch a diac, exposed to 
ulsos of heat, might start into an 
on. ‘ 
Two ways wero open to test this action. Baling 
due toa irtece warming, and a a Wwarnuiny of 
he mass of tho ‘any retardation of the effea 2 
climated. Again, tho blackening of | well Liacked inside, and raptd intermittent currents 
0 sido noxt the Lom 0 a | of olectricity from tho batte 
the result, since 


! nections, 

ivea a : cylinder 
tthe bi 8 i nection, 
advanta 





Be wiich intermit! 


the engtno-oylinder, 
thesy currents st : . 


schargo port of tho 
near the rea 
Ir would oxpan 
th this arman 


sausings en the whe 


Mee ; 

a Mi thoso experiments, In 
1 i 8, Ono poten ; ratures of tho tho fect that tf Meet obtgen tere abla 
nf * pel s 0 fact ie effect ol 0! ue 
20 | wito observed pounds oF Ite hor it ia * be chan, produced in’ confined 
nercass 


| barely 5 or oy: 
od tho polurity of the moles! + 

a certaig runstance to thelr 

usual place? ‘Io solve this 

to shake or give the wire 

ration, and then instantly; 

wre freoty, and wo at once 

rent of (4, I will forbear 
tuauy other exparinontal proof a 


pends o; 
aide of the cavit: 
Tenses G on acircle of holes cut in a scroon of zinc and on the 
I p rotatin soasto ylold 1 gas. 
cond. ———___ 


MOLECULAR ELECTRO - MAGNETIC 
'” INDUCTION,* 
By Puor. D, E. Hvouss, F.R.S. 


JHE induction currents’ balanco 
the effects itive ay Py 
¢ effects wore 50 ‘oft was 0 
had to the interru in the compa and'it 
io and 
x 7 lono failed ie 
hot, Or any rare at non-megnetic 
‘lesiro wn coustant wy APaas O 8 feet. balance of force by 
ms, T° placo at coae i ray fs tame motal, pat ae & 
extremo 


Mapascing throu, 
tree, wo that a: 


vauomoter may be ured, ns 
by « slow clustic torafon tire 


[s:method, as thero are many to relate’ 
the following chapters, 


@mittence, bus 
rhoostat deseri 


read at th 
termitte: 


a 
fence of the 

‘urrent, or n 
y is given to tho 
or & permanent 
fw tho ‘coil are! 
molecular mage 


i 


froin this my Strongost magn: 
by tho simpla pauago of 1 current, belng only 80, 
sonomotrio degroes fu place of 70° for that due 
tho passage of acurrent. Tho mere twlating of 


a large 
eustaining power is § ki 
to wire constantly charg 
pects the vlfccts of a cons 
olocular maguctiam or the 
torsion fn not co powerful! 


* 09 of w Daniel! Lattery, vous tt 
angoat ty KE EF nat produceat 


itudinal magnet, without tegard to the rota. 
of ite molecule haviug no cffect, Is Proved b 


any 
theotome direct A the giving torsion to a steel wiro atrong! 


Is proferabla to join the 
mall induction coll, and 
ma upon. the secondary, ell 


ea not interrupt tho ae magnetized ateel ns tho soft fron, 


when only traces of a curront will my pe 
haps ono or two degreos, aud n romtant source of 
magnotiem or elects city then glving no meaurable 


cot. © Evidently wo have equ 


Professor Hughos, that 

ly due to an oxpai wion and contrac- 
tion of the air contained in the cavity behind the 
dise.. When there was no such air-cavity thero 
waa no sound heand, 


und 


cee oad 


ieieiacitee 








ar or Wire, 
r 


~~ 








ts i, cea 
Be Bide 1 very nue ‘ 
6° when cold. I very Some oxporimen: 
rymneans of motalli 


By Prov. D, B. Hvonss, F.2.8. 
: (Concluded from page 58.) 
(CVE measurements of electric force mentioned 
in this paper are all sonometric: on an 
wale, Their absolute valuo has not yot ; 
ined, as wo do not, atour present atage, mace Ls 


ny oxcept comparative moasures.t ‘Th : iplate of platinnen ptingy, 


Eiplatinum wiro, susponted hy af: i tug, tho Ties 


{tong, all render the samo atress in the axis of it The platinean les of a 
r 


i Si. 
il, I find that tho following are the sononetric vt Be 
degroes of value:— { th: t | 


poles of 


ach, 2f, instead of two tou of the phenomena, f will simply add, that if ona i mi the tubo to t] A | eee “pf atren, 
i is ive take foun wo ‘can produce a zero, ora wo assume with Poisson, that the paths Recs rently aaturated with hydrogen, 10. eat ; 
current of 2007, and with twenty, sires wo haven saolecdlea of ison ary cleclee, aud that they be me oo i ie, Hie furnace, 60. n8 to cause tore nerf 
force of 1,000°, or an electromotive forca of two. ellipses by con lncisot it would softs: : lo of the galvnnomet “as viol ity ; 
¥ y ans of multiplying the they are capable of being pol i ny ; cord ih ently : 
‘45 Secondary: currents. iucte vy iving at clastlo torsion to cach feparate ciently oxy in the aw see ts longer and | oes powerful Teeloonlae orn Per ne hydrogen, in flamnos,, Piao goet 
i ‘wire, and foining them electrically in tension, cule tas shown tow thats belive andi liod of ponoratine wv Action. It will bo noticad: ped 
rome the dismeter lanes holy forsteain both curents from the pt fnthecne of Mis tiaustens tains the exterior i I lame battery, olectricity *# quite different from tho : sharply etinad 
;0f tho wire, tho ratio ol hele has not yet been sire, poritive and negative, but none from the, portions of the wire are under 8 far groatar strate : ; rae eeote _ : Hutson a 
cdeterminod; thus, ini oF 608 io of two mulllizms, ‘copper: its réle ia almply that of a conductor upon} than those near the centres the tatosulte arise i ; wren rmemncn dS , jo bo drilled 3" 
alan, diametor gir ad the mnasimum of force Which torsion has no elfoct. ollipsce Leb pny ‘of the wire, ite polarisation reacts?’ ~: peeig gh es . the screening * 
abtatnod Vy any dogrea of torsion isat or near its’. have already mentioned that internal atraios| one thom producing the comparatively strong : 
limit of olenticity as {fin same time wo also pass will givo out tertiary currents, without any ex- heuté curteats I have described. 
this pofat, producing a pormanent telat fneearceat feront olaetis bp enone es ye Jn the aot : 3 Ps . : ie Eis 
dy show t! 0 of a trou wit! he , ? ta a 3 ‘ é 
Senate ike then The eritical point of Tilirections, but in flat or forged fron, they ase}: “ ‘ ates: : 
raillim, hard fron wire was 20? of torsiou, but in more permanent ; avidently, portions of Tones : 
hard atool it was 15°, ihavo an elastic strain, whilat other portions aro! 
rom free, 10F L flud a difference at every inch tested 
* Tue substance of a paper read before the Royal eckety the {ustrument, howaver is to alasirably vensitt e 
March 17, L te int out not onl 
on sinometee bu the same electromotive force “direction, that Thave ne, doubt ite application to Ee 
Longitudinal atralns do tiot prodice curreat weet bree ie pak vjntereatlog reaults, besides 
whatever, Lut a very slight twist toa wire, under its practical utility ; great care is therefore ue- 
#2 longitudinal strain, produces ite maximuin effects: ceasary in these experiments that we hare a wiro! 
thus, 20” of torsion being tho critical poiut of irou {reo from interual strains, or that wo kuow thele// 
Wire, the samo wire, under Jongitadinal ateaity, ree value, , : 
‘quired but from 10° to 16%, it fs very diflicult, j ‘Maguetising the iron wire by a largo atoel : 
Howoxery to produce a perfect longitudinal strain ‘maueut magnet has uo effect whatever. A ? 7 { 
alone: Rents sberefore, only ee 7 ry a teal wire thus placed becomes strongly maguet Bos : ound was produced in the te lephoue, the pitch! 
than ns ongitu ‘ti a th a H ie i BT but no current is generated, nor has itany intla e of it tly ’ 3 qiising with the rapidity of rotation. ' Moreover, 
au T auillim, iu diameter, but asin all cases 10° cicg upon the results obtained from molecular é ist) S :jthe bobbin opposite the circle of 64 holes gave the! : 
movement, asin clastic torsion. A flat wide iron trical eTAINA Wor :ostare above the other, aud each guve a uote of the: 
or ateel bur ahows this better than iron wiro, as wo | : ricul tests were bein; “isarae pitch as was produced by blowiug a stream o} 
can here produce transversal, instead of longitu 2 nee 188°57 candles illu : air through tho corresponding holes. 
dins}, but neither shows auy trace uf tho curre : i rs0 power indicated, | 00. \- beens 5 - e2 
produced by molecular magnetism. I hava anado : 5 amps, and the general efficiency of tho i 
tany experiments with wires and bare thus!” Paes : “a x : wero much commended. In testing tho are Inmps,an {. 
magnatised ; but as thezeffect in orery cate was t- a : os example was taken from ite sy I pl in the cireui Psy AN; 
Hi] negative when freed from experimental errors, I? : a : SE8 = to tho photomoter ro 1 ma Dace in tho circuit, and removed i 
will not ¢mention them; but there is one very ine |: * : ae 3 to cl I oF room, on the same circuits caro being taken not 
ae se - oO chango tho cirenit adjustmonte, Tho engino power was at tho i 


ah i ich th ent yi th gd ae 
teresting proof which the instrument ves, that | samo timo indicated. "I'he photometer bar was 50 fect long, fixed 


_combu: 
reversed. Thus 


‘longitudinal magnetion firet passes throuyh ite! ‘ - : : 5 
ff tnotecular ponuitiou betore aid during tho dis. ie oo jaa room foaled and found to be perfectly free from Yotlection of { 
g | charge, or recomposition o} magnotiam. For: ight, An Edison incandescent lamp, compared j i 
fary. If the caret, cute ne bane this purpose, using no battory, £ join tho rheotame | : Adee | with tho standard canidlo, was used autho slate i ti ie it place 
. and telephone to the coll, ‘the wire having no; : an fin sos ri dard wut. For overs 
etioh coiucides with that of the acuometsr, and a extorlor cireult, “If strongly mance eee | : @ jfamp, fifocn comparisons of the incandexcont lamp with tho canille, 
perfect Lalance, or zero of sound, is at once ob-/ ouds of tho wire, I flud by rapidly moving the} $ fand ton from the incandescent to tho are Inmp wero made. The { HE MURR + Wri, I 
tained, and ita Yaluo in souometric degrees fren j coil, that theru is a Faradato imduction of G0" at { UE dynamos wera worked to their full iudvertinedt capacity, and fou _ At tho Southampton meeting of tho British Asso- 1 
id if tho value af the terticey is 60% wolmad aot] Both poles, ut very little or none at the ceutra of ae s : 4 lamps of ench competing aystom wero tested, Heo the teat |v feintion, Professor Georgo Forbes read an interesting 
he nearest approach to zero posible. Hut by the Hie. witai mor fixing ae colt wes Senteal io a : Me Appeared that the average horizontal intensity of the “Jennoy™ |. {Paper on somo oxperiments undertaken by him tol, 
“uid of aeparnte {nduction - coils to convert the ossundante heard; but the instant 1 Rive malig : &: ‘ Jamps was 1906 caniler, and of the j_homson-Houston’ bumps j{88certain whether or not it wax true that a wire of} 
secondary into s tertiary, a perfect rero can be ob-| Chastio torsion te the free polo, a rushof electric are es [291°8 candles, This corresponded with an efliciency of 8063 and twiew the sectional arca would convey an olectric 
sine it the time of sation and ts force correspond | tertiary induction ie hoald, whose value ic 40" Zesty 7 206°D candles respectively per lorso power indicated. Hisreported [current of twice tho intensity, One would oxpect 
‘9 that which we wish to measure, ain, teatiog this wire by moving the co STs , Stead 7g thot whilo iin forsnee Ioan was the better in econontical result Hes if sie we Fauld rey 3 Making of ono volt, 
ee ey ; jlattor gavo a steadior light Wo similar wires would carry two volts, This would 
a £ ‘4 bo ao if the curronts were fn apart ; but Professor!’ 
Forbes finds that when the currents aro. near: 
togothor tho radiating surface has to be takon into 
meutioned: eae “i Pante ie faccount. He finds by exporiment that if thero is! 
, gros a eect upor molacular aca! : , SEE aA : me ; 2 vein departure from the law of. the square of tho} 
fy Increases the curren : ‘i ; ei re i en Rt sot : slaw i : 
thero was produced at cach but inatcel the current fe diminishod, For experi- : ; SAE es ; Butera ‘ jane a vi amare nthe ages bes 
& strong cloctro-magnet;; menting on fron wire, which gave a tertiary i ager ¢ aS ie pareulie ite Yaa Pcs h 
ustions did not either| current of 60° poaitive (with a to: ) : : ere > Freie: . a rae ‘ jean carry n definite amount of current through - 
K H J : ee 5 wire of a millimetro of thickness, without heating, 
ae , : ‘Jit over a temperature of 160dey., then if you want 
to carry 1 current tivico as grent through a wire} 80/7 
you must have onv or two millimotres diameter, vats 
ay leeey:0f four times tho action.” ‘Thin result has an 
ieiportant bearing on .tho extonaion of ’ olectric 
lightin a : in : : 


ra 


cach connected with tho circuit, so that the cae 
qeirent Reuerated must pass up ono wire and down 


SES ARLEN PD TAGE ea Ie 








t ’ Beet Baths 


canteen 









i 



























poe 


i 


Its 4 4g a; 


Tw) 


} 
2 
A] 
4 


i 


THE MAGNETOPUONEA 
Tho experiments of Bell,? Preece, Meren- 
jdier,* and others on the radiophone, suggested 
jto me’ the possibility of interrupting, or a 
Heast perioulleally modifying, the lines of force! 
proceeding from the poles of a magnet, by 


4 


‘means of a dise of sheet iron, perforated with 


a series of equidistant holes, and rotated 80} 
hat the holes should pass direetly infront off 


he magnetic pole. It is well known that santo 


rnnature, placed on the poles of a permanent!; 
magnet, diminishes the! 
strength of the external fleld!: 
of force by furnishing supe 
rior facilittes for the forma-. 
Hon of polarized chains: of: 
im “particles from pole to pole 
x ‘This t# the casa even when! 
the armature does not tune 
the poles, but fs in clos 
proximity to them. 

If a piece of sheet fron be 
placed over the poles of ai 
magnet without touching 
and the magnetle curves bi 
developed on paper above 
the iron, they will be found} 


to exhibit -less intense and: 


less sharply defined mug, 
netic action than when the 
sheet: iron’ is removed. If, 
however, a small hole bet 


(rilled_ directly over enchi” 


magnetic pole, the sereen-) 

: ing auction of the sheet iron! 

is modified in much the’ same way as when 
a hole is made in u sereen opnque to light; 
for the developed curves show distinctly th} 


outline of the holes. If, therefore, tlie sheet! 
iron in. the form of a circular plate, pierced!: 


with a number of holes, be rapidly rotated::; 


between the pole of a insgnet and a simall: 


induction bobbin, the action of the magnet! 
on the core of the bobbin will be period,” 


cally modified becuuse of the passing holes 
and hence Induced currents will flow throug! 
a circuit including the bobbin. . A disu of shee 
fron was pierced with two elrcles of quarter- 


1 Read at the Mlanespolie meeting 
Uon fur the advancement of selence.”, 
* Proceedings Ars 
ey xxv, 142 
Prvecedings Royal eve! 
a 





. Skermnen 21, -1883,] 





of holes in the two circles being thirty-two and: 
sixty-four respectively. On one side of the, 


disk was placed horseshoe magnet with: its 


poles very near the rows of holes; on the other 
side were arranged two corresponding induc. 
lion bobbing. “The circuit. was completed 


through a telephone and either bobbin at pleas- 


we. Upon rotating the 
tlisk rapidly, a clear 
musical sound was pro- 
dticed in the teleplione, 
the pitch rising with 
the rapidity of rota- 
tion, Moreover the 
hobbin opposite the 
cirelo of sixty-four 
holes gave the ‘octave 
ahove the other, and 
ench gave a note of 
the same pitch as was 
produced by.blowing a 
stream of air through 
the corresponding holes. Hence, 03 a. beam 
of light, focused upon a circle of equi-dis- 
tant. holes in an opnque: disk, is rendered 
periodically intermittent by the rotation of the 
disk, and produces « musical tone when falling 
Upon the proper. reeeiving-apparatus ; so jhe 
lines of force proceeding from a magnet may 
be rendered perlodieally intermittent. in their 
action onan induction bobbin by a. similar 
metallic disk, set in rapid rotation; and the 
induced currents, arising from the periodic 
change of maguetisin in the core of the bobbin, 
produce a musical tone.ina telephone, the pitch 
depending in-both eases only upon the mn. 
ber of holes passing in unit time, 


EFFECT OF SCIEN OF AUEET InON, 


The experiment was modified by so placing 
the poles of the ningnet that the same. cirele 


SCIENCE. 


inch holes concentric with the disk, the number 


MAGNETIC CURVES OVER HonSE-stOk MAGNET. 


or i opposite directions through the telephone 
In-the Intter case, An-almost perfect ientratizns 
tion of currents;took: place, so:that-the ‘sound 
Was searcely nudible.. Sage oe a GRE St 
Nob-inagnetie metaliie disks produce similar 
musical notes by the periodic modification of 
the. magnetie fleld by means of the distortion: 
or bending-of the tines of force. The sold 
is parts of the conducting 
«disk deflect the lines of: 
force in the direction of. 

‘the ‘rotation’: but upon 


* the ‘passayé ‘of a: hole,’ | 


% they: fall buck: toward 
their ‘normal position. 
A“ periodic’ movement’ 
of the’ lines’ of ‘force: 

“will,” therefore, take 
place when-the disk 
rotates.. Disks of. zing 
and copper produce. a 
clear imusteal sound, 
A : we somewhat. leas intense 

than that-given: by iron under the same con- 

ditions. : “Any discontinuity’ in. the rotating 
disk Tecurring “periodically will’ produce: cor- 
responding - induction. currents in- the bob- 
bins.” "Thus, V-shaped -notelies round the 
cireimference of. tle disk are quite’ as efli- 
cient as the holes in effecting the requisite 
modification of the inugnetie fled. Moreover, 
it is not necessary that the holes extend e1i- 
ttrely through the disk. ‘Iwo disks of zine, of 
the same diameter nnd thickness, were placed 
together on the same rotating spindle, one 
pierced with a circle of holes, and the other not. 

The combination Proved as ellicient in produ. 

cing the sound as. the single, perforated disk, 


of small hotles, ' 
zine disk, 


of holes: passed them in sueeession. ~ By thas 


proper connections, the currents from the two 
bobbius were made to pass either tn the same 

















evan TERS ENS 











. 


cain 


if 


SAS I 


ed bea arr att 


United States, 


An. article’ on this subject would be incomplete: 
‘without a reference to the very perfect work of Messrs, 
‘Alvan, Clark &'Son, of Cambridge, Mass., who appear 


to .have distanced both: the English and the Conti- 
nental opticians in the excellence of their objectives, 
and who have secured to the United States the honor 
of supplying the objective for the great equitorial about 
to be manufactured for the Russian Government, to 
be used in the Pulkowa Observatory by the distin- 
guished: astronomer, Otto Von Strenve.’ We also 
notice that of the forty observatories recognized by the 
Smithsonian Institute, seventeen have telescopes made 
by this firm. -. In regard to the work -now. in. progress 


‘at the Messrs. Clark's establishment, it may be stated 


without exaggeration that the world awaits with eager 


expectancy the result of their labors, f , 
We record with pleasure the ‘very perfect harmony 


with: which . American astronomers co-operate and 
work,- which’ has: doubtless -been aleading point in 
gaining the successes that have been attained, . ‘This is 
in strong contrast with the constant bickering among 
meinbers of the Royal Astronomical Society and many 
English astronomers, some of whom have not thought 
it humiliating to charge the Astronomer’ Royal with 
ignorance, and a stubborn adhesion to error, and to 


allege that members of the council of the Royal Astro.” 


nomical Socicty suppress the papers of their fellow 
members from personal and unworthy motives, 

Of American astronomers, it might seem invidious 
to make a personal reference to particular men, but 
the names of Newcomb, Hall, Eastman, Holden, 
Stone, -Burnham, Draper, Swift and Rutherford are 
familiar. in all civilized countries, and respected 


Wherever the science of astronomy is appreciated, 


rs afercaerenae 


M. Mascart has been making some observations at the 
College of .France, on atmospheric electricity, with a 
Thomson quadrant electrometer, the deflectionsof the needle 
being transmitted to a pencil. . The two pairs of quadrants 
are kept atequal potentials of contrary sign by two poles 


‘of.a battery which communicate with the ground; the 


needle is connected with a vessel letting flow a continuous 
stream of water into the outer air, Generally the poten. 
tal of the alr, always positive, is found much higher, and 
more uniform by night than by day, From 9 PM. tog 
A. M,, it varies little, falls at daybreak, reaches 2 minimum 
about3 P, M., and rises rapidly to a maximum about 9 
P.M. It ts commonly thought that there are two maxima, 
viz, morning and evening, and two minima, one tn the day- 
me, the other at night, M. Mascart belleves that. insula- 
tion has been too much neglected. ; 


‘REYNIER, 

3 20% -Mranlated for." Sctance.!! sat why es 
“Me Emile’ Reynier, the ‘electrician, and inventor. of an 
electric lamp, which we have More than once’ had occasion. 
to present to.our readers, and which its author, has never 


use more satisfactory, more convenient, and more econom. 
ical, has now arranged a pile, which is at the samo. time 
powerful and economical. , ‘This Apparatus is composed of 
a glass vessel in the form of an oblong square, in which ts 
immersed a sheet of copper bent upon itself, as shown In 
Fig. 1. Upon the bottom of this copper hook rests a cup 
of parchment, into which the zinc plate is placed, as shown 
in Fig. 2. 


Fig, t.—Tum corran PLare or THE Pix or Ravaiex,’, 
Fic. 2.—Tie ine ruate or tHe Pin or Revnine, 


This vessel or porous diaphragm has this pecullarity, that 
itis made up of a conical sheet of parchment, and that 
corresponding with the rectangular or Octagonal form, just 


as may be chosen, it is folded upon Itsclf (Figs. 3 and 4) as}: 


indicated by the tracings of the diagrams (Figs. 5 and 6), 
The strongly marked lines in the figures Tepresent the folds 
of the angles, the figures indicating the faces, whilst the 


lighter lines represent the intermediate folds which Insure! -~: 


the stabilily of the system, 


Fis, 3. 


Fra, g—PANCHSERNT BIAPURAGM OF THER URXAGONAL FORM, 
+ Fie, 4s PARCHMRNT DIAPHRAGM OF THR RECTANGULAR Fors, 


When the different parts are thus mounted, forming the 
group known as an element (Fig.7), a solution of caustic soda 
isturned into the porous cup containing the zinc; into. the 
outer vessel, a concentrated solution of the sulphate. of | 
copper. The two electrodes, zine and copper, being placed 
In relation by the conductors, a constant chemicat decom. 


position begins. This pite,,which M, Reynicr qualifies as 





‘ceased to improve and perfect, with the view of making its | 





SHO nie 


SCIENCE, | 


i y of keeping | is cut off the converse process takes place. ‘The lamn- Pee 
“fa heliostat oni account: Of: the Hey Words ant | black particles cool and. contract, thus enlarging the a; i Sound, would result. from a periodical communication 
the light steadily diree ‘the transmitter in_a low tone of spaces among them, and. the enclosed air also becomes Br. and abstraction of heat, and he says" We May conclude, , : 
;sentences spoken into deel he the lamp-black re- | cool, Under these circumstances a. partial vacuum I think, that there is, at present tio reason for discarding dl by liquids are much more diffi- 
voice were audibly reproduced by should be formed Among, the particles, and the outside > the obvious explanation that the. sounds in question are diecarae solids, _ high 
‘: : ati ing a beam of | air would then beabsorbed, as water is by a sponge when f 10 the bending of the plates under unequal heating.” by most liquids would lea 
ri aa ae Ue paar the ase of | the pressure of the hand is removed, eae o, (Nature, xxiii, p.'274), Mr. Preece, however, seeks 1a : ions from the action of inter~ 
wl i Tw. sitilarl veperforated disks are employed, | Tttuagine that in some such manner as this a wave of a Ireve that the sonorous effects cannot he explained upon 
ian f which is: set ik Tani rotation while the other | condensation is started In the atmosphere eachtimen this supposition ; but his experimental proof, is inade- 
“fone ° which is se hh fects ot interrupter is also ! beam of sunlight falls upon lampcblack, sad awave of 2H quate to support his. conclus lon. Mr. Preece expected 
“yremai ns stoi i ratelaction is arigine ue that if Lord Rayleigh’s ex lanation was correct, the ux- 
2. gadmirably a apie lot ated when the light: pansion ant contraction of a thin strip under the infles 
F work with artifici iscut off. Wem ‘ ence of an intermittent beam could be caused to. open 
i ight. The receiver thus understand how i. and close a galvanic circuit so as to produce a musical 
iil strated in ane it ts that a th 7 : tone from a telephone in the circuit, But this’ was an 
‘drawing consists of a stance like tam. & inadequate way to test the point at issue, for Lord Ray- 
‘parabolic reflector, in v7 . Mack i} _ leigh has shown (Proc. of Roy. Soc, 1877) that an aud- 
ithe focus of which is h 2 Black produces ine ible sound can be produced | brati . i 
inde tense sonorous vibras ic a Produced by a vibration whose ampli- 
iplaced a g s tons tt the aun tude is dess than a ten-millionth of a centimetre, and cer= 
(A) containing lamp- rounding atr, whih tainly such a vibration as that would not have sufficed 
‘black or other sensi- war, ue i to operate a “ make-and-break contact” like that used 
tive substance, and at the same time it by Mr, Preece. ‘The negative results obtained by him RESULTS: 
{connected with a COMMUMINCALEL at very cannot, therefore, be considered conclusive. r Clear waters... -No sound audible. ; 
| hearing « tube The ; feeble ribration fo The fallow experiments (devised by Mr, ‘Tainter) M ater discolored by in "37 -Feeble sound. 
beam of light is inter- in : the diaphragm or : have given results decidedly more favorable to the theory | Garylty esses es «No sound heard, 
rupted by its passaye solid bed upon which of Lord Rayteigh than to that of Mr. Preece: Sulphuric ethers, +++Feeble, but distinct sound, 
through the two ; . . be a Strety ee 1. A strip (A), similar to that used in Mr. Preece's UND se bie eases 
slotted disks shown at B, and in operating the instrument This curious fact was independently observed in Eng. experiment was attached firmly to the centre of an iron Waiting take phate of copper. 
musical signals like the dots and dashes of the Morse | land hy Mr, Freece, and it ted him to question whether, j diaphragm (B) as shown in Fig, 5, and was then pulled 1 ne in iphurierncit 72° 
alphabet are produced from the sensitiv receiver (A) | in our expenments with thin diaphragms, the sound faut at right angles to the plane of the diaphragm. Chidiae ot pane pent 
hy slight motions of the mirror (C) about its axis (1)), heard was due to the vibration of the disk or (as Prof, } When the intermittent: beam was focussed upon the Oride OF copper... 
tn place of the parabolic reflector shown in the figure, | Hajghes had suggested) to the expansion and contraction : strip (A), a clear musical tone could be heard by apply- The liquids distinguished by an asterisk gave the best 
a conical reflector like that tecommended by Prot, Syl- | of the air in contact with the disk confined in the cavity i ing the ear to the hearing tube (C), sounds, 
an be used, in which case a cyline | behind the diaphragm, to his paper read before the eae This seemed to indicate a rapide expansion ‘and con- Acoustic vibrations are always much enfeebled in 
cl would be preferable to the flask (A) | Royal Society on the roth of March, Mr. Preece describes traction of the substance under trial. . passing from liquids to gases, and it is probable that a 
showntn the figure, experiments from which he claims to have proved that Ce [but 2 vibration of the diaphragm (13) would also have | form of experiment may be devised which will yield better 
in regard to the sensitive materials that can beem- | the effects are wholly due to the vibrations of the con- resulted if the thin strip (A) had acquired & to-and-fro | results by communicating the vibrations of the liquid to 
Pet our experiments indicate that in the case of | fined air, and that the arses do not pia ad ule tmotion, due elthes to the direct impart at the beam or to , the ear through the medium of a solid rod, 
solids the physical con- T shall briefly state my the expansion of the air in contact with the stri . ie ; . x 
{dition and the color are ’ reasons for disagreeing 2. ‘To test whether this had been the case angddition- EXPERIMENTS WITH GASEOUS MATTER, 
two conditions that with him in this conclu: : al strip (D) was attached by its central point only to the On the agth of November, 1880, [had the pleasure of 
idly influence the id sion: e strip under trial, and was then submitted to the action showing to Prof, Tyndall in the laboratory of the Royal 
intensity’ of the sonorous 1, When an fntennit- 3 of the beam, as shown in’ Fig, 6, Jastitution the experiments described in the letter to Mr, 
cHeets. The loudest tent beam of sunlight is “4 {t was presumed that if the vibration of the diaphragm Tainter. from which I have quoted above, and Prof, 
sounds are produced H focussed! upen a shcet of 4 (B) had been due toa pushing force acting on the strip | ‘Tyndall at once expressed the opinion that the sounds 
i from substances ina hard rubber or other 4 (A), that the addition of the strip (D) would not interfere were due to rapid changes of temperature in the bady 
| loose, porous, Spongy cone : : > material, a musical tone with the effect, But if, on the other hand, it had been submitted to the action of the beam. Finding that no 
i dition, and from these : can be: heard, not only duc to the longitudinal expansion and contraction of the experiments had been made at that time to test the 
| that have the darkest or . 3 by placing: the ear im- strip (A), the sound would cease, or at least. be reduced, Sonotous properties of different gases, he suggested filling 
| most absorbent colors, \ hy ok: mediately behind the The beam of light falling upon the strip (D) was now | one test-tube with the vapor of sulphuric ether, (a oud 


any light reaching 
cautions were also ¢: the 
bottom of the test- m of sunlight > 
was the itd in the middle portion 

a lens of large diameter, 


‘The materials from [. q part receiving the bean ; interrupted as before by the rapid rotation of a per- | absorbent of heat,) and another with the vapor of bi- 
Which the best effects dof te by placing it apainst 4 forated disk, which was allowed to come Sradually to | sulphide of carbon, (a poor absorbent,Jand he predicted 
have been produced are any aban atthe anes : test, that if any sound was heard it would be louder in the 
cotton-wool, worsted, fie ) onthon ph this may be i No sound was heard excepting at a certain speed of | former case than in the latter, 
brous materials ener. * — foot or ie froin the 4 rotation, when a feeble musical tone became audible, The experiment was immediately made, and the result 
ly, cork, sponge, phat ‘i acted upon by the F This result is contirmatory of the first, verified the prediction, : 7 
inum and other metate : fen cle up y ‘ ‘The audibitity of ibe eicet ata particular Har : since th hublication of thi memoirs of Rantgens and 
in a spongy condition, and lamp. , . ¥ i =i i terruption suggests the explanation that the strip had} Tyndallt we have repeated these experiments, anc have 
The Toul sounds pales reek substan . aiyhhen the beam is thrown upon ihe diophrsin ot : a notmal rateof vibration of its own, estentled the inquiry toa number of other gaseous bodies, 
perhaps be explained in the following ma ahr may a lake Transmitter,” a lout musica fone ts. prenuces When the frequency of the interruption of the light obtaining in every case similar results (o those noted in 
consider, for example, the case of ‘A ehh el uls | bya telephone connected In the same galvanic ou 3 corresponded to this, the strip was probably thrown into the memoirs referred to, ‘ 
stance which becomes lneatel lives Sai a _ with the carbon button (A) Fig. 4.* Good effects ae he Z vibration after the manner of a tuning fork, in which ‘The vapors of the following substances were found toy 
refrangibility, 1 look upon a hice Hf this Hy ia al | produced when the carbon button (A) forms, wit ‘A He ; case a to-and-fro vibration would be propagated down | be highly sonorous in the intermittent. beam i Water 
4 sot of sponge, with its pores. filled ithe stance as | battery (18), a portion of the primary circuit of an Thea : its stem or central support to the strip day : vapor, coal gas, sulphuric ether, alcohol, ammonia, amy- 
of water, When'a beam of suntignt f ree apestcad | ton coil, the telephone (C) being placed in the secondary f This indirectly proves the value of the experiment, lene, ethyl bromide, diethylamene, mercury, iodine, and 
the particles of lamp-black Ate | nite arpa thisinass | circuit. , ie The list of sok substances that have been submitted eroxide of nitrogen, ‘The loudest sounds were obtainci 
expand, causing a contractio th ec and consequently In these cases the wooden box and mouth piece of the to experiment in my laboratory is too long to be quoted | from iodine and peroxide of nitrogen, 
action uf the airespaces or pores | transtnitter should be removed, so that. no air-cavities here, and } shall merely say that we have not yet found 1 have now shown that sounds are produced by the 


among them, A 4 \ . ; . . 
Hf may be left on either side of the diaphtagm, one solid body that has failed to become sonorous under | direct action of intermittent sunlight from substances in 
¢ 


Under these ci 8 1 . ; , ith rae 
rise Jevce “Mt shout be ex. 1 evident, therefore, that tu the case of thin disks . proper conditions of experitnent.* every physical condition (solid, liquid, and gaseous), and 
the probability is, therefore, very greatly increased that 


pelled, just rey 
arinee st as we would squeeze out water froma | a read mbration of the diaphragm ts caused by the ace ‘ i 
The force with whi h the atrts tion of the mtermittent beam, independently of any exe sonorousness, under such circumstances, will be found to 
ch the air is expelled must be Rreally | pansion and contraction of the wir confined in the cave © Carbon and thin mieroecoy pe elacs are mentioned in my Boston paper as? be a universal property of matter, 


8 increased by the ex; pANSION Of itse! , ‘ : hin the communication to 
the air itself, duc to contact | tty behind the diaphragm, tha Fecha Acie tCanetes Keniae eat $95) All these sube *Ann.der Phys. und Chem. 1881, No. typ. tase 


With the heated particles LOW i , 
| bs icles of lamp-black, When the light Lord Rayleigh has shown mathematically that a to-and- ; stances have since yielded hounds under tore eagctal conditions af tes Deve, Roy, Soy vol, xaxhe gop 
eee page 247 for illustrations, To ree fro vibration, of sufficient amplitude to produce an audible : periment, Wroe. Roy, Soca voly xxxl, p. 307. 


i, Mag., April, 1831, vol. ab, p, 286, 











; roa ores ee mete cea manne dere ny ee re me Satna a ore mmies 





(or eet en 








on Bie ba hTE malt Soy 












INEERI 


[Dec 28, 1883. 





ENG NG. 








WILLIAM THOMSON’S QUADRANT ELECTROMETER, 















ee, . 
“ATTRACTING PLATE 







LANTZAN x 
i: 


ALG CNISHEA, 


| JJINOUCTION PLATE ELECTRODE 
+4 
ar, 


hia 






iT dN concucan 
i ever 


es 


‘ j 
= EEaiosce 
agit 
tr | ts 







|] QUADRANTS 











4 


Tl] “OND OF Necore 


tusr 












TIN=FOIL 


PROTECTIN 





TiM= FOIL 


























EO 


d 













EHIGS f 






Fi, 1, Fin, 2 









meter are kept dry and well tnaulated. Tho ontatile j rt it against the influence of ne 
coating of the jar is formed of strips of tinfoil, sparacly | tr it hortiew, 
arcanged In order that the interior of the instrument {t is easily seen that the sonnitivences of the lectro- 
may be Keen, meter varles with the potential of the needle, Hepes 
‘Tho dielectric is the glasa of tho jar, which Is of Measurements are comparable tater xe only jnasmineh 
white flint, amd carefully chosen as to quality and | as this potential is tnaiutained constant, “hia condi- 
Insulation, tion fs attained by meaua of the weenisher, which 
A charge Accessory is merely'a small but ingeniously contrivest 
to the nal induction machine, By twirling n milled heals Pig. 1, 
seen in Fig. 2° pi the potential of the jar nny he raised or lowered 
alrical part of the electrometer, techi cally known as} according to the direction rotation ; and, aa ae 
the lantern.” A etiff platintim wire ist idly cons | increments or decrements aro very sinall, a dethaite ‘s 
nected to the needle, andl carries, at ie ever ax char, ie may bw acenrately reproduced, ‘This is ind - 
tremity, a small weight of the samo metal which ¢ ps | cated by the idioatatic gatye, ‘ re 
into ue sulphuric eid, In this way, the needle is| This gauge ts itself an attrnuted dise cleotranister 
always at the same potential as the inner coatiugof the It is known that the jar has reached i anor ine 
Jar; its oscillations are, moreover, partly cheeked hy | when the sighting hair evenly lotr parce 
tho resiatance which thu acid offers to the rotation of dots, Fig. 2, which aro made ona ated by viewing 
the terminal weight. ‘The wire is protected "| iat ait pate erat of paral a ‘aking care tw 
tices by a narrow metallic cylinder, | the hale through a plano-conv contro © 
aT les areata Marre f : keop the line of alyht perpendicular to the i 
+ eedla te complotely enctored by tho quadt+ | the tens, ‘ 1s to bo measures 
ple rece mote He cies ronnie ie thereby screened gntiat extraiicois vleee | When tho difference of pea be sont oft he 
ailk le ee trification and is, hesides, kept in a conatant field of comparatively great the lig! i auch ncazo it crap 
"n° sion. electrical forve, Hence tho angular deflection of the | scale. ‘Yo obtaina Tending os of tho instrumen’s 1% 
needle will be constantly proportional to the dif. aary to redtico tho sensitive Hlong bras strips 


ighhouring elec. 
















































































coating consists of 

Ios yeln aa excellant 
inarkablo afinte: Ly 

Parte of the uldotros allt, throw, i 









Yorntasion 
‘lectricity 








‘ i 
é , 


4 
‘or 
“4 



























ENGINEERING, [ 8841 
*HuGites “MAGN EtiG Bitancn. “Ty Tine tea focopts or aeevenby Hani cas, whdn’ 
“ 0 Physical Condition of Tron ; sical is lot down through the various colours, vary] | 
_ eed Tene see EK, Hughes, F.RS., | with the kind of steel tempered as well as with the 
which wo shall publish in our noxt number, was | heat from which it is lot down, (6) That thoro is 
then read by Mr, W.R. Browne. At tho elosg the | an intimate, if not an absolute rulation botween the 
{author explained tho construction, and use of his [ electrical conductivity of iron and its magnetic 
instrument, which ho called a “ magnetic balance.” | capacity, 7 ‘ | 
Tt consists of a delicate magnetic needle, 2 in. {Professor Hughes anid that ho had hithorto em- 
long, suspended by a single fibre, and carrying a} plo Awires only in hisoxperimonta, because ho could 
pointer standing over a mark, Tho move- {rely upon them being of thu name degreu of hardness! - 
ment of tho needle to either side is limited by atops J all throngh, but that the samo lawa doubtless helt 
to 0.2 in., and it is placed duo north and south, | good for largo maases, This method was superior 
‘| When tho north end of the needlo and its zero index { both to chemical and mechanical tests in that it did 
aro north the needle rests parallel with its index, | not destroy tho specinens. It would be quite} 
but tho slightest oxternal influence, auch aan piece | possible to mako trial of a milo Of wire by ome; ree! 
of iron gi, in, in diameter, placed ¢ in, distant from | ploying suitable arrangements to wind it through! 
it, will deflect the needle, If there be placed on | the balance, and by arranging the latter to ring} 
tho opposite sido of the needy, and at tho same! a bell upon any movement of the needle. ifs 
distance, a wiro possessing obaolutely the same, the conception ho had formed of the capabilities; 
polarity, of similar namo and force, the two balance | of the instrument were true; ita value would, 
cach other, and the necdle returns to zero; and if the | be enormous to manfactnren: At present: we 
magnetic valuo required to balance the firat piece of | were only on tho threshold of the knowledge 
wiro be known the magnetic valuy of both is awa, it could: unfold, and it would require great tine 
Thoiron whose condition is tobe investigated may he | and muple resources to develop ite usefulneas, | 
in tho form of wires, rods, bars, orany shape desired, | snd ho did not see where tho latter were to como; 
and is placed ata fixed distancorestingagainata stop, {!rom, an there was no institution in this “country | 
Tho centro of tho iron should bo ina lino with the Wwhoro business it’ was to take tty this matter, 
contro of tho needle, and it should lie cast and west, {111 its present form the instrument required aome | 
at right angles to tho necile, so as to be free from (Previons knowledge before we coukt- tum it to 
tho influcnco of the carth's magnetism, Its effoct emt account, but. not a great deal, in fact less; 
upon the needle is balanced by a compensator at Ithan Inost scientific apparatus. In hin inventiza- { 
tho opposite sido, consisting of a steel bar magnet tions into the nature of mmagnetisin, ho found tho; 
1.18in, wide, .39in, thick, and 2.86 in, long, balance souseful that he could scarcely de anything | 
{This turns in a horizontal plano on its axis, carr: thent it, In Uringing it before the Institution | 
ing with it a pointer moving over a graduated geaty, je hoped that he might acquire some information 
Generally this bar anagnet. is parallel with tho [about tempering and amivaling, subjects with which | 
needlo, its pointer and that of the necdle being both /he was not very familiar, i : 
at zero, but when it is wished to measure the |. Professor Chandler Roberta, PRS, 
amount of magnetism ina given piece of wire, the lie had always followed the author’ 
bar. magnet is made to pass through an angular dis. with tho gi 
placcmont necessary to balance this force, and ita id not nasay a doubtful sovercign, they put it into! 
{index readings aro taken as the comparative values, ithe induction balance, and its character was demon. | 
* [In order to magnetiso the apecimen of iron, if re- trated immedintely, He had rupeated all thu | 
< | quired, by an electrical current, it is surrounded by former experiments, and he should do the ‘atig 
HS tacoil of insulated wiro, and is thus converted into pith tho present ones, The instrument would be! 
>} the core of an clectroumagnet. Now as this coi] the prentent possitle valuo in tenting dies, whore ! 
yy Acts upon the needle independently of the fron, it jite depended upon minute ahades of temper Hei 
has to be balanced by an opposing’‘coil on the oppo. thought that the word “tempering " had been used | 
4 te side, A reversing key in provided to chanyo in two senses in. the paper. Tt meant letting down | 
{the direction of tho currunt and reverse the fronva_ very hard to i fens hard state, and should | 
"{magnetism. “Ono Daniell” colt constitutes thop confined to this signification, ‘ : 
attery, and resistanca coils aro introduced to tee) Mr. Cowper anked if tho aurfnce hanticas of the 
duce tho current, 20 that the motion of tho mote.{ Wires had Been the same as that of tho interior, : 
cules shoukt bo kept within that small field through In drawing wiro the akin hecame hantened, and} 
which thoy can move with excessive freedom, | hence after one or two drawings the metal hind to | 
trombling, Vibrating or rotating through smatl arca| be annealed to make the different portions flaw at ! 
with infinitely less force that would bo required to the mame rate. But if it were tempered toa dark | 
rotate thea r side, blue to beg: Sith, the wire could bo drawn through | 7 : : 
By aid o many successive plates without any annealing, ns it t 
ontinned of the sano harducas throughout, The i 
wire for steant-ploughing ropes was nade thus, 
ad tried the hardness if samples of steed hy 
ing aK ine ¥ vot 
He seulne ean: ina descending urls "1h hain hick 
er then a ly vat a files will eut a given pa ple the proportion | 
(OF carbon dn it coukl be determined to within 2 per { 
spering meant letting band steel down te | 


‘cent, Te | 
Tho details! lower point. It was Poasihle to make atee! lard 
glaas hy dipping it into cold 
























































































































ese 
bed ne erg oe re 






» stated that | 
) 8 experiments | 
est interest. Now at tho Mint they | 











































WHescerHs sane 



































Sse 





































magtetisin G 





of tiles and Je 































Ibo given when /eHongh el 
tour next iagua, | Mercury when very hot, 
ations aremummas: | Mr de OC. Bell nak 






\ 


5 ‘ ed if tho cocrcitive fo i 
teel varied with the hardness, He eet i 
how if the addition of Phosphorus to iron would 
jot rroduco on effect resembling steel, Hfo should 
lad if Profe: m1 tell him how to 
ithout the danger 
¢ tho usual process, He 
(i ra combination of steel and iron 
instead of cold water, but the 
was quite soft, 
Med or ordinary cant iron 
e nie Datnavea j and Mr, 
p author fallowas 
tench in the nse of the peri rere 
ight in se doing, as temper. 
teat lotting down, —_ 
ager Hughes admitted that ho had i 
rench pract The torsion balance 
ae om er the interice of wiry 
b a MWe outside, phe i 
pa Were the reverny of the ant ie i 
2 Pan fitceerding then onded witha vate of thanks 
ts Iinituien tet I8 paper, and another to 
ficients of Civil Engineers for the use of 





"| any varict 
rapid heatin 
fusion, follo 

























and ho th 
Ing did mm 





























7h A 




















bo me Te TBE. ney 





Fen, 15, 1884.) 149 _ 


equivalont resistance to that of tho street post has 
thon beon insorted in tho rheostat, and the number 
on which tho handlo rests ia the number of tho par. 
ticular post which has given the alarm. ‘The tire- 
man then presses the key IK so as to interrupt 
the circuit and give tho return signal meaning 
“alarm received, 

The strect post is ropresented in Fig. 3. It cone 





Bat the Exhibition business has been overdone of jcoils of a differential -galvanometer connected to 
lato years, and indeed ling become an intolerable | two other resistances R and Ry, and included in 
burden upon tho shoulders of alarge class of traders | the circuit of a battery Boas shown, then as C is 
and manufacturers, ‘To the purveyors of fancy | equal to O, there will be no deflection of the needle 
sonps, scents, patont medicines, aud such light of tho yulvanometer when [tis also equal to Ry 
goods, no doubt there cannot be too innny shows 
of this nature, but in ordinary cases a miscollancous 
exhibition, such os that now proposed, isa tax on 
industry which tho manufacturer often cannot avoid. 
Tt may he said that no one is obliged to contribute, 
and no doubt this is trae ina measure 3 but when 
ono firm oxhibits, others in’ the trade think they 
tnuat follow atit_ or lose prestige. There are some 
firms, it is true, in most trades ao given te pot- 
hunting" that their solo object seems to be to em- 
Mazon their invoice forms and athor alice stationery 
With ag many medals as possible. ‘This display: has 
probably some effect; but those who have seen 
much of the working of exhibitions know how 
sinall 3 criterion of excellence an exhibition medal 
atturds, even when awarded hy juries appointed 
under the highest authorities, and nearly Mit manus 
facturers have become fully alive to this fact. tn 
the Exhibition of 1862 there were medals given to 
tirins who had literally no hand in the manufacture of 
tho objects adjudicated upon, their only connexion 
with them having been that of sale and purchase. 
Tho discussion that lias taken place an the 
awards of tho lato Fisheries Exhibition juries has 
thrown vome light on thin question. No une 
can doubt but that these juries were appointed 
by absolutely disinterested” authorities ; yet tho 
decisions in many cases were absurd” ton 
degree, Ia the machinery department — this 
was eminently tho case, and its ia difficult: to 
suppose Ghat the i y could have had amongst them 
a single individual with even. an_ elementary 
knowledge of mechanics or enginecring science, 
The record of the Fisheries Exhibition was one of 
unbroken suceess until tho distribution of medals 
was announced, It would be well perhaps if the 
Health Exhibition would take warning and refrain 
altogether from diatributing any of these doubtful 
certificates of excellence. 















































































































If, however, tho resistance of tho branch R is 
greater than that of the branch R,, a stronger 
current will flow through the coil C, of the galvino. 
inetor than through the coil O; and on tho other 
hand if tho resistance of It is less than that of R, 
tho stronger current will flow through tho coit U 
of tho galvanometer. Su either case the needle 
of tho latter will lw deflected to one sido or the 
other and indicate a want of balance in the systom, 
Hy making tho resistance HR adjustable, however, 
it is_casy to obtain the required balances, Now in 
Mr. Bright's alarm, C and G; are the coils of a dif- 
feruntinl relay, wheso tongue makes and breaks a 
local circuit and rings an alarm Dell, Ry is tho 
resistance of tho line composed of the. strect 
posts, cach of which has a given resistance ; and R 
is tho compensating resistance made up of a 
rhoostat or adjustable resistance and a amall extra 
resistance, equal to thy resistance of the connect. 
ing wire between the posts of the lino CG. ‘The 
current from the battory B is kept flowing through 
the ayatem, except when a call signal has te bo 
mado; and this is done by interrupting the cirenit 
with a key, 

[t will be understood that tho relay OC, to- 
gether with the adjustable resistance R, and the 
battery and key are plieed in the fire brigade 
station, whilo the lino Ry runs through a certain 
district of the town. ‘This will bo better under 
stood from Fig, 2, which is a theoretical diagram 


ig. 













sista of s hollow iron pillar painted red, and carry 
ing a fInt cylindrical head glazed in front, Within 
tho head is x metal box containing two coils ¢ ey of 
known resistance and a spring contact. ‘Phe wires 
run up tho interior of tho post to terminals on the 
box, as shown at, Ordinarily these wires are 
short-circuited by the apring contact, but when this 
is broken tho current passes through thu resistance 
coils, and in doing so disturbs tho balance at the 
station, and rings the alarm bell as described. UA 
signal is mado hy breaking the glass and drawing 
ont the “Pall” A. Tf the person making the signal 
is a policeman, or a private individual possessing a 
key, tho glasa need not be amashed, for the door 
can bo opened to get at the handle, and anarrange 
ment could, of course, bo mado whereby a house 
hoklor would possess a key of the post nearest to 
his house. A wall-bos is shown in ig, 6. 








BRIGHTS ELECTRICAL FIRE ALARM, 
Cosstornagia outery has been raised tirat and 
last agninst the dangers of electric lighting and 
the risks of tire attending it, We have been 
told that the electric light, though freo from 
somo of the perils of yas or oil, has dangers of 
its own at least as serious, ‘The uninsulated 
wire muy set five to woodwork 5 the red-hot sparks 
may drop from the Ianps upon inflammable ina. 
tertal below; even the powerful rays may be 
focussed by the globes ant so causo a tire. More. 
over, firemen may be struck down dead in cross- 
ing tho threshold of burniag houses, or in cutting 
through the wires whieh run over the house-tops, 
No doubt there have been repeated outbreaks 
of fire from carelessness it punpovinns tho electric 
currents for the electric light, but somehow or 
other these tires have nearly all been onan ine 
significant seal. A single gas explosion liu do- 
xtroyed more life and property thar all tho electric 
light offences put together, — Yot gas explosions aru 
of duily occurrence, and we hear nothing said about 
them; they have become a recogniaed institution 
like American cyclones or dynamite outrages, 
Allowing that somo of these charges” are well 
founded, there are some good ways Of inaking elec 
tricity remedy its own ovils, ‘The first tive minutes 
at 2 dev iu-zorth the next five hours toa firenian, 
nn hence tho value of a quick electrical alarm. Ta 
New York net oniy ave the alarnis riven by elec- 
tricity but the haltera ore slipped off tho horses, and 
a supply of hot water tajected into the boilora of the 
ongincs by the samo agency, So perfoct is the 
training there, that the average time ocenpiod in 
rutting ready to start tho engine after reeviving 
mm tularne it Toss than nino acconds, 
Mo electrical fro alarm of Mr. 1. B. Bright, 
G.E., is perhaps tho simplost of theao indicators, 
nd ait the sane time it has proved itself ono of the 
i wat oficiont, ft isn purely olvctrical syntum and 
jnvolves no clockwork action; while a aingle wire 
ieevon for all the street posta, or tho indoor wall 
boxes, inacirenit, It is applicablo for street alarm 
riven by a polivoman or other person, and for self. 
ping alarma in houses where it tire breaks out un- 
oot ueallcd is basod upon tho principle of the 
Wheatstono balaneo for Ineasuring clectrical ree 
sistunces, ‘Thus, in Mig. 1, if Cand C, are the two 








of the arrangement for the central district of the 
metropolis, There Gis the differential relay, 
whose tongue a makes and breaks tho local circuit 
consisting of the alarm bell a and tho battery b, 
The end of one coil rans to the line of street 
tiro-nlarins or call-poats, while the end of the 
other coil runs to the compensating resistance and 
tho rhoostat Ry and the sniall extra resistance + 
equivalont to tho call-post connecting wires. This 
rhvostat is made in a cireular form, and has a 
handle on fitted with a contact poiut i, which 
slides over the contact pieces 1, 2, 3, &e., 
ag tho handle is darned round, Each of these 
pieces corresponds to the street posts 1, 2, 3, 
&e, (nainely, Cheapside, Cornhill, Moorgate-street, 
and so on); and when tho handle makes con 
tact with it a resistance, equal to the resistance 
of tho corresponding street post, is inacrted in the 
rheostat circuit. Whon not in uae tho handle is 
kopt at the zoro position ns shown, and thon there 
ia no resistance in the rhvostat, ‘This condition is 
required beeaugo when no alarm is being given 
there is no resistance in any of tho streot posts, 
excopt of course the resistance of the circuit wire, 
which is compensated hy the small resistance I. 
But when on signal is given at a street post 
curtain definite resistance, is given to the post, 
hy tho insertion of a given resistance coil in 
the line circuit. This upsota tho olectrigal balance, 
causing the relay to ring the alarm bell in’ the 
brigndo station, Tho fireman on duty then moves 
tho handle of the rheostut 1 from its zero position 
round tho dial until tho tongue of tho relay returns 
to its middle position and the alarm belt stops. Aw 


























: ii it il t from 

Tho working of this call will bo understood 
Vig. , which Toprescita the coils CC, forming tho 
cirenit of an electro-magnet which has Wapritng arnt: 
ture A hung in front of its poles. A red disc pe 
a white dise a fornt part iH we arenes and 

ignals in the working of the systont. , 

“nhs, when the linois short-circuited, that i 
when no ettrront passes Uaronglt the sleotee agile! 
coil, the white dise ia drawn aside ty he force 
of the armature apring, and tho red ne alow 
through an aperture in tho front of fio hort. 
When the current passes, however, the arma ure 
is attracted to the poles of the ploutres age ; 
and the white dise falls in front of the per 
ture, showing tho signaller that his aigna Hy 
been made, ‘Thon when the fireman at the station 








Lae « 





PeL2SA2RRE> 


Rees 


sop RET TAS EERE 


2 SSO RERMI Tre eS & 


< lthoir indications as from a 





\[Fep. 29, 1884.5 


ENGINEERING. |: aa gee 


ree Waki i i; y tho electro-mnagnoti 
<D POTENTIAL ting coil, or coil which by 
CURe TA rORS. me atoct of tho current in it, influcnees ie pssst loan 
7 Cah inatrumonts for olectricity, | doflects it from al Foe TON ecereatd T conatant 
Ha bare Laon dovized hy Mr. Gishort Kay pp aa woonnet Fe uunetic field, and. this produco a 
which have ot only intended as}intensity © 1 cite, thorohy corre. 
| Mr, BR. E. Crompton, are ey i ctromotive force| directive influcnce on tho neodle, tl i 
mors 4 te A pcach eR may, bo sponding to tho dircctiva or controlling mag net o: 
stand current, bi J ' in workings, |t ' 
ont in aires ee yy are made through tho coil of tho ecloctro-magnet also has a 
or tho accun! ; 
-ulliciontly large ateam gauge, while not directive influence of the tunggaticn of ee cand! 
bo portable, It is for this reason that! and in order to nontralisa 1 hie bees * pe mht 
._ {too Inge i mins called them indicators. 4 i Crompton give the plane ft See coredetas whine 
i Bir, Growp ‘lesigned to give the current in ainpbree aul to that aH ti ree or hi dation 
oy An ae is vould Ie: ci ’ " . 
ite intial in volts at sight, | otherwise wou r et 
an i irons of pote ing the reading hy a! tions of the needle proporticnal to jhe Sraaarredt 
Meat” wi He ae y the ahs hk cot a tect vehen it is remembered that’ 
sent Tike is vi ver by tho ingenious: This will bo unde t iat 
permanent Ne er yeh keptat thosatura>' the deflecting force of the coil D D cat. naw be, 
iW lagatig by the wholo orn part of the curront resolved in {wo A a nitetine 
hi asured, Pe ent magnets, being in the opposite directa J 
‘iwhich has to be measured, Peranen mgt eo anenut’ cuil-t and therefore it 
Hf 7 rake! reo of tho electro-nag 
‘ax Professor Ayrton and other speakers at fo f eet Sr foe Ly. auch that the 
: ing $ yaf Te ph Engineers js possible to find an ang) ! thatthe 
re ee LSE ole ait to lose conapvanent a qqucation just balances the detlecting 
rid tape in v Y tera, foree of the electromagnet, : 
tthei ver Wl 8 volt and ampere me re . th : 
7 heir Wien ides Ee Sa why the ammeters; Fig, 1 serves to explain Uhe sHitorelical co 
ded volt sroters of Professors Ayrton and Perry struction of tho instrument, and the remaining 


havo not given every satisfaction in point of con} figures illustrate the apparatus anit isimade. Tho - 


i i i ot EE is (Fig. 8) hore mado in two 
tpt ractice of taking off nnd putting | clectro-magnet EE in (Vig. he d ‘ 
SON Ia A ne ro is prejudicial to the per- horseshoe baleen with ain s ks pie. brought 
ism i s "ros 1 nisi! Y . . 
manenco of the magnetism in tho magnet. Pro: | together, he core col a A iteet aires 
Silv ». Thompson has found by experi- | soft iron wires i the coil of art . 
Se ting on 7 armature auddenty has al copper wiro, The deflecting coil in placed below 


worse effect in reducing the magnetisn than pluck: the needle at DD. Fig, 0 shows tho external ap- 


tne it offs i nlucking off rather tends to in-) pearance of the anmo indicator in tho right-hand in- 
ing i off Te trae a putting on tends to dtrument ; the loft-hand inatrument is 0 poaelitren 
<laiminish it, Were both operations equal in cifect | indicator of tho same kind, but having » may ed [ 
it follows that tho magnet would, on the whole, |double needle. In tho pivetted oi tho oes lo 
retain its power; but in every-day uso it would fis mounted above and below on sapphire s et 
not happen that the effects balanced each other, ! For nlternating currents the steel magnetic reo a 
sThenco it ia better to dispense with an arma-|is replaced by a polt iron needle. ch indica ar 
turo in such instruments ; and this, is what} has a flexible clip and twin cablo with terminal 
fs dono by Sir William Thomaon in his graded! scrows, as shown in tho figure. Tho indicatorn are 
current and potential galvanometers. Mero shock }inado of differont dimensions according ta ; ho 
or vibration has also the effect of driving outjcurrent to be measured, ‘Thus thero aro instru. 
tho magnetism of n bar of atoel, and Professor) ments for measuring from 0.6 tob, 4 to 10, 10 to 
Hughes has stated that if on magnetising a bar, tho) 100, and 25 ti 250 ampires, aaa iho ia 
bar bo hammered, its surplus magnetism can bo! ‘Tho potential indicator in similar in principle bY 
knocked out of it, and a residual magnetism left! thocurrent indicator ; but the deflecting coil (DD) 





fie bee is to all intents and purposes permanenttis of very fine wire, 01S inillimetres in diameter, 


whatover rough handling the magnet may afterwards! and it in mado double and placed outside tho needlo 
tundergo, Every permanent magnot used for pure'n a, as shown in Figs, 4 to 8, whero N 8 is 

ses of measurement should therefore be treated: the direct. clectroamagnet as before, This is also 
Hin this way, clso its magnetic moment cannot be' wound with many turns of fing wire, instead of, 


‘relied upon. (being of low resistance, a4 in the current indicator, 
{An clectro-magnet, provided it can always bo.'Tho figures show tho details of tho apparatus, which 
magnetised by tho samo strength of current, is oflis mady to measure from 1 to 100, 2 to 200, and 
course not open to theso objections ; but the dif tu 300 volts according to nizo. Both tho cure, 
culty is to accurotho samo atrongth of current from) rent and potential indicator can be provided with, 
time to time. A standard cell can bo used to givo|difforentia shunt coils in tho proportion of 1 to,’ 


it; but it is a clumsy expedicnt, and not veryiin order to iultiply or reduce the readings len-, 

~ fauitable for the working engineer. Mr, Crampton’ fold, 

(jan. Mr, Kapp have therefore atepted the plan of} Ono great advantago of these indicators is that 

» isaturating the electro-magnet. ‘Tho mass of soft thoy can be used in a dynamo factory, or central 
iron in tho coro is no small in comparison to the! station, where a numberof machines aro at work or 
exciting power, that tho smallest current which thoijn course of construction, Thin is moro than can 
instrumont is intended to measure is strony enough | jo said for all tho electric moters now extant ; and. 
to saturate tho coro and thus bring it to its full) Mfr, Crompton haaatated that it wan on finding that 
magnetic ntrength, Hence tho directing power of Sir W, Thomson's instruments were of little use in 


ithe magnetic field is practically constant for all! his dynamo factory that ho was led to devise tho: 
currents measured, 


ho galvanometor, But tho passage of tho current} 


i ‘a 
io allow thu engineer to read off] deflecting influence on the coil, apart from tho! 


In tho current indicator tho clectro-magnet is 
inaranged as shown in Figs, 1 to4, whore EE ina cir- 
cular clectro-magnet traversed by the current. The 
coro consists of two or threo thin charcoal iron 
wires (No, 18 3,W.G,), and it is wound witha 


patriments we have ‘described, While upon this, 
ubject we may mention that Professors Ayrton and 
Perry have considerably modified their well-knowi’ 
mineters and voltmeters, By the insertion of a 
Ujustable pole-piece between the poles of the con 


i i i divisions of 
single layer of copper wire 1.2 millimetres nie magnet, thoy have brought the di i 


diameter. A simplu magnetic needle na in pivottod | 
in jowelled cups botween tho poles 8 N of tho: 
clectro-magnet, and a light aluminium pointer 
is attached to it to run over tho ncale. — 'T' 


ho scale to pivo the number of ampures and volts. 


cwithout multiplying by n constant, By the usc of, 
in Jong tlat spiral apring of tho formahown in Fig. 10, 
thoy areable to yet great sunsitivencss in tho read 


‘ NOlings of instruments of this class, since a alight pull 
current aftor passing through tho clectro-magnet| an” ing piv ideral i ‘ 
E E travoraca tho caper wire DD whieh tet tho spring gives a considerable deflection to a 


takes tho. placo of the elabo Jn. an ord 


i pointer attached at right angles to its longth. 


29, 1884.] ENGINEERING. 


KAPP AND CROMPTON’S CURRENT AND POTENTIAL INDICATORS. 


(For Description, sce opposite Page), 











. peas 

fa fiaaptirn eh ae - . = part Li 4 A green” alirboard 
ELECTRIG siuip SIGN AL EIQ Tight of 1124 deg, a white frvinat ight of 25 de. 
Ox ate and ‘Thurs eee Frotherhowd, and a white anchor light of $60 dey, hwy nro 

was held at the w 


etruly dioptric, formed not of moulded or pressed |: 
path, an exhibition of electric light apparatus Tha: Hat af (aire viieal las necurnlel sni-eed: 

tat snr YJ vs Kieulavins gevgral Hore bs iground, and polished, having a focal distance of 

dl 4 ynal lights, A + 

‘eluding 0 seb ol hips aly : 


‘g 1 int anew coupling, designed byly) ity mad comprising oytincel 7 et wit five 
Chance Hrothers, 0 Tl ‘mniaes were Highted by/ Jens rings, six y ces i 8 , the height being abou 
Me, Brotherhesd, ho pre Mes tho astial 16 6h in, The uptical glass, framed i gunmetal, is 

fh incandescenco ua Vy wen eatnprtacel “M4 of mounted jn a polished cylindrical lantern of copper 
Siemens are Inups. hy forme! 


& ver, and 2 Fan gunmetal, about 27 in. in height and 22 in, in 
100 candle-power, 38 of HO candlo-power, AAdison- dinmeter, having a domical top, These signal 
‘of 20 candle-power, and were fed ie ee 1 three. lighta can bo mounted in the ordinary manner, but 
‘Wopkinson dynamo, driven by a rot mt eae ed for the makers prefer to mount the lenses in an open 
‘cylinder engine, ‘Tho generator was Cesig " gimbal framing withont the lantern top, ang, to 
‘S00 Faia A Inmnpa, or 2300 Swan's 100 volt AMPS Thc thom inamallinw decid ay trimiming AAO. 
' 1 Aance of its armature “a 0.015 tne na ee tate Te Ae eect ina hori 
and of its magnet coils 2 ohms. The ea The bean is Naan Tost by nt appronch- i 
Mernal to the machine, was 225 nmperes, Wilt k zontal plano, and tthe rolling. The! 
‘des ive c volte; the external work jy ahip in consequence OF D 
relectramolive fares He er, 400 watts being te inant may Ws ay nattalily oll ta the: 
Host in the magnets, and 60 in the armature, he Jamnps shown at Lambeth ere ld aie ainvant 
_ smeial efficiency of the generator was 0 PEP candle-power Swan Tanps. nder any, e 
Sea owe work lene in driving it Ste coal a , Jenene eth ee ail wine 
aqiowe tefour times better than the WIM, : 
hore pane and the dynamo were connected ey carry lectric Taups twelve tienes ele 
‘lirectly by a Brotherhood, ‘exible coupling. This y constantly increasing -apeen wie panes of 
coupling is made in two parts, one fixed tothe crv ube Lenin, n yre ing in] port mes ds approaching at. 
shaft and the ather te the dynamo shaft, rea er pace Tights at nen. Fe eee iart Hn in: 
These two parts do not engage with cach other, Seay peed of eighteen kn on their lights arw, 
i or rt masher which forms the con] which to change their courses: whe i ; 
grasp a leather ring uf Nae Jing takes hold of an, ihted until thoy are within a inily of each 
inceting piece, One half-coup ing takes Menon jnot sighted u Lan iinportaniee that thin’ 
‘annular pices of the washer, abont three aie e ihe other, and it is a t real tthe greatest possible 
ian inch wide on its inner periphery, and the 0 er {dint nee should be incren Ce eee rciuntitically 
ake: imilar oon the outer perl) oxtent. Hy thesubstitution of hance aoe 
ae ee ae He ghths of an inch Wide} copruet law sfor the ordinary ones great improves 
hitervenes Detween the two annuker areas elasped nent can be affect and iithesoare auy has Meat 
“by the half-couplings, The power i tranamitted ny the eluctric captain ant of cer dead 
‘through the leather ring, which by its pliability: sroat passenger vessels will have a 7 ne 
‘allows the shafts to lie ata very considerable ar eFitted from their shoulders whi jo 4 ay. Ne 
‘With each other without putting any strain upor collision, one of the most dea My an a a 
the bearings. Some of the couplings have already all accidents at nea to paasegents Arahat han: 
“ween at work for three montley, and have given] preatly reduced. Tt must be renuutt mere Pa 
‘perfectly satisfactory resulta so far, and if they | the distance at which the lig! its are tiene 
ceontinna to do go thoy will add another significance] doubled the chances of safety are ite i in| 
‘to the proverb, that there is * nothing like leather.” | twice, but three or fourfold, fora ihn paint 
An outward appearance the new, coupling is much | always lost while tha oflicer of the wa i A le akGe 
like the ordinary type, The piece which gmsps/up his mind, and giving his orders, ane bear 
‘tho external edge of the ring resembles a face) are being carried inte effect. Mia scat 
‘coupling; it is recessed to a considerable depth, | gin is fairly aver Chat the ship poste vet ing 
‘and ashoulder is formed a it of ie proper einmneter fromm, hor courae, and all the time apont in 
‘to receive the leather washer, aud support it round: ayy change is lost. at | 
ee washer is held by junk ring or Messrs. hance alan showed a rovulvinng harbour 
‘nat, which is screwed into the opening of the recess light provided with eccultating bara, mt fone 
‘until it firmly binds the her ring against the jient fed by a current of 200 AU RECA ' Hast 
‘shoulder, ‘The other half-coupling livs within the similar to the one we deseribed as having mtaetil in 
‘above, and is provided With an exter al shoulder at ghd sainu works sume time ago. Ts re a ' 
for collar, and nut to grip the inner edge of they glass mirror bent tos sherical or ell ities tire 
Heather ring. It is, however, hidden within the by being pressed whon hot Ppetween irun dies uid 
uther coupling, and not readily seen, then silvered on the back. Tts great en iubora? 
af There was also exhibited a power dynamometor, | simplicity and cheapness, antl considera blo mute i 
shich Mr. Brotherhood has mady for testing bis ary being supplied to the War Ollice. \ 
sgines, A polygonal shaft rans within a» barrel 
drum, and carries a number of iron plates or 
scafreutosliduendwiae. Betweeneach pairof plates 
awouden disc fixed at its outer edge to the drum, 
iwhich carries along lever abutting at its free end 
jupon as piston ivan oil cylinder, 
Ithe shaft can bo drawn toget! 
iwootlen discs, hy tieans of acentral ser 
a frictional resintancs be cre f 
{Tho drum has consequently imparted it a ten 
iWeney to revolve, and exercises a pressure upon the 
‘aileylinder, which pressure can be read off by an 
unlinary gauge, Tho lubrication is effected by a 
Jconstant stream of water through the drum, lor 
fextended trials a recording gaugy is used, and a 
diagram of pressures is thus obtained, 
There wero soveral Siemens tiachines in the 
works being fitted with engines, as well as many 
engines for cluctric light work in course of ianu- 
‘facture, 
Messrs. Chance Brothers and Co., of Birming: 
ham, showed n set of sigual lights for uso on board 
“ship, which thoy have recently designed, includir 


por teas ee 


a 


Mme the resistance, in known. 


’ PORTABLE DEAD-BEAT GALYVANO. 
1 


MI 


We illustrate above a small denit-Lent portable gal 
Eimoter which has been constructed by Mesera. Paterson, of 


Little Writain, for Professors Ayrton nnd Perry. Ino 
paper recently rend by these gentlomen, before tlio Society 


common scrow, 


pel ne only 
Blof Telegraph Engincers, tho galranometor is describert a9 il either 


Rifollown: 
wy 


he emall instrament shown in the accompanying 
Bf woolontin very dead beat, this result being attained partly 
by the lightnesa of the needle aud pointer, nnd partly 


w 


ed by the commutator being Tett ncei ! 


from joving in a very strong permanent magnetic field. ! 
Tho needls fe balanced, anid conseqnontly the defections 
¢ about tho secure for any poalti nof tho instrument. By’ 


proper arrangement of. 


and in the instrument on t! 


iN n 10 coils, wo havo succocded in 
mlimaking the dofections directly proportional to the current, 
0 tablo 1 deg. deflection is 
produced by a current of two webers, tho greatest deflec- 


“NOTES, 
Tun Grams Conrnests ix a Vaccust. 


M, Jas, as by M. M ri i 
tion, 45 dogs Yeing produced therefore by n current of 90 Ne atealaterd by Hetiyriey ono oF it 
0 


Ai webera. 


. main pecaliarity of the inatramont, however, 
F ia tho followings Tha thick wire coiled round the ncedle, 


pupils, has obtained some interesting effects by 
passing the alternating current from a Gramme 


and through which the electric light current circulates, ia |@ynamo machine through n voltaic are formed with : 


Klin reality a strand or little cable composed of ten insulated 
Wiwires, Each of these wires having the sani resistance, 
[equal portions of tho strong current flows through cach of 
them. To produce n deflection cven of 5 deg. roquires, as 
yo linve atatod, a current of 10 webers, but hy means of 
this simple commutator these 10 wires, which have hitherto 
Mbecn joined in multiple arc, can, by nm mere turn of the 
| hand, be connected in scrics, and now a curront of exactly 


id 


carbon pencils in a vactum. A blue aureolo; 
enveloped the two surfaces of the carbon rods, and 
ultimately filled the glass bulb with light. The 
carbons reddened and then became of a palo white 
colour throughout their entire length as the incan- 
descence increased. They also volatitised, Mling 
tho bulb with carbon dust, which deposited on the 
inuce surface of the glaks and finally rendered 
it opaque. The bulb became ANed with a 
bluish gas similar to vapour of iodine, which 
deepened to indigo tint. With bundles of carbon - 
poncils instead of rods the volatilisation was far 
less marked. With rods of copper instead of 
carbon the samo results wero obtaincd with still 
\greator splendour, the coppor being finally deposited - 
|-on tho gloss, | : ease 


aay" MAcNerisation, 


: Ky ae 
y | Tho Elias method of magnetising steel considts 


cin sending a powerful electric current through a 
‘bobhin of thick wire composed of ton or twenty 
ispires and very short in tho direction of its axis, 


{ then passing the bar to bo magnetised through it 


i several times either ina single direction or in both. 
Hone-tonth part, or ono wober, will produce o deg, deflection. . } f 1 


To ascertain, then, the real value of any deflection, nll wa; 


;M. Gaugain, who has tried the method a great deal, 


hare to do is ns follows: ‘Turn the commutator to series, | (¢¥ell obtaing magnetic mturation at a singlo pass. 


Rand send » current from a single ccll—a Daniell or Grova | 


IM, Niaudet finds that if a number of these stecl 


Hof which tho electromotive force H, but not necessarily , | rods aro to bo magnetised, it is best to fit tho coi 


Heoil attached to tho fustramont, and a deflection 4° ix 


Mobtained. Thon tho resistance of tho instrument, the 


wires, antl the cell is 


quizga obs, 
Alor the deflection a® in the instrument is produced by 
| Et) webers 
OD 
when the wires are beige in series, or by 
FE — x10 wobers 


Iwhon In parallel circuit, 


“ Brample,—Witha Groro’scclt you sco'that a deflection « 


of T-4dey. ds obtained on the instrament before you when 


tha coils aro in series, and 4.1 deg. when the one-ohm ; 
resistance Is inserted, ‘I'he resistanco, then, of the coils, : 


Bi tho connecting wires, and tho gulranometer 
; we 2b ol 

A wre 1.24 ohms 3 

H or as tho clectro-motiro force of a Grove's coll is 1.8 volts, 

Ha current of » or LS webers, produces o deflection i 


5 
a of 7.4 tleg., or ono webcr will produce about 3 deg. with the ; 


coils in series, nud therefore § deg: with the coils in multiple ‘ 
are. Consequently, currents from Oto 9 webera can ho! 
nicastred ‘when tho coils are in scrics, and from U to 90 
wobers when in multiple are, without nny calculation or 
reference to tables, 


tho nbsolute valuo of any” 
by employing a current of | 
no tho instrument is; 

t before you tho 

ivon deflection 

ten times ns 


‘with tho'ordinary inatruments employed : | 


A certain deflection a° is proe jon a frame which is so small as only to allow the | 
Magducel. Now take ont the plug of the] ohm resistanco ! “fA 


‘trods to pass, thus reducing tho tenth of wire and 
rita resistance. In this cage a bobbin for overy 
‘separate size of plates ix required, ‘The source of 
electricity which acts best is a Bunsen battery 
‘of great size or mounted in quantity, ‘The electro- 
motive force of a single Bunsen sultices ; tho inten. 
sity of current being great by reason of the low 
resistance of the bobbin. This method, however, 

is not very well adapted to curving magnets, 

A GALVASOsETER FoR Evkctiig Liat 
Curnints. 

Ata recent meeting of the Society of Telegraph 
{Engineers and of Electricians, a paper was read by 
Lieutenant Cardew, HE, on a new galvano-' 
moter of his invention for measuring {he most 
{powerful electric lighting currents, ‘Tho action 
of the instruments is based on tho nid method of 


‘Hteating, that is to say reducing tho deflection on 


tho scalo to nif by means of adjustments, ‘Tho 
galvanometer consists of an astatic necdlo placed 
within two indopendent circuits, ono a coil of long 
fine wire, and the other a coil of short and vory 
thick wire, which in fact is a stout hoop of brass 
in somo forms of the apparatus, Through tho 
short thick coil the electric lighting current to be 
measured ig passed, and through the long fino coil 
is passed the current from a single standard Daniell 
cell. Resistance is included in tho latter cirenit until 
tho two currents balaneo cach othor by dilferential 
action on tho needle, and tho daftection’ of the 





Inttor is reduced to nil, Then by means of a 


‘Jeonstant or multiplier found for tho instrument in 







































thin strip or foil of metal, and the foil is suddenly 
interposed betiveon tho poles of a powerful electro- 
magnet, so that the stream lines o! 





current isset np in the foil, 











Society at their last meeting, 


-jthe foil at two opposite points on the edges of the ' 
foil, which gave no current through the instrument, .:! 
The foil being placed across the poles of an electra.” 
magnet the latter was magnetised by a etrrent, aud / 
a deflection of tho galvanometer showed! the 
existence of a transverse current in tho foil. 
According to the Jatest results Mr. Hall finds that 
if the cross currcut is called positive when it is in; 
the sume direction as the foil itself would tend to 
{move, the scale of relative values for different 
Hmetals tried is; Tron +, cobalt +, silver —, gold — 
num—, and tin~, the last ¢ ing a very 
et. AN anomaly exists in the ease of . 
1 wil 1 liky iron is a tuagnetiom sh 
ath 






























EC ectesiet Relea ted he tee Se eee 








KeTRIC Coxpueriy AND St 

The influence of mechanical stress on the electrig : 
land magnetic properties of metal wires has occu 
“Ipied the attention of several physicists of da 

M. tte, for example, has deme ted that tho 
vibration of iron telegraph wires by the shocks of! 
athe wind is capable of generating feeble electric! 
eurrents which may bo heard in the telephone, 
‘The recent researehies of Professor Hughes have: 
hrown a great deal of fre ht on the subject 
jand clearly showed that M, Gailfe's renult is due te 
the magnetising influence of the earth's magnetio! d 
field, and that wires running an east and] | 
Sawesterly direction, that ig, at right angles to the 
earth's tines of magnetic force, must of nee sity’ 

be freo from such telephonic perturbations, Steel 

































s 








\ | 


will probabl 
ronts by the displacement of their 1 eti 
molecules. ‘ho influence of tensilu 5 uss and 
{vibration on the electric resistance of iron, steel 
{brass, and copper wires has just been inv stigatert 
‘by the Italian doctor, De Marchi, who finds that, ; 
from tho effect of diminished diameter, a” 
Upon a wire increases its specific resistare 
iAt first, when the pull is very feeble, there seems 
to bo a slight decres 
pull 38 augmented, the opposite result ensucs, a 
Within certain limits the increase of resistance | ¢! 
: iis generally proportional to the increase of ten- 
~jsion, and beyond these fimits the change pro- 
+ yeceds by successive 4 leaps,” uvineing a momen- 
tary disturbance among the molecules of the 
ywire, When the wires are set into bration 
{their resistance also varie 
iis sonorous the 
‘tion of the resi 


it 



















































mM 

















Kon recounts ©. 
torsional rigid 
temporarily ch 
clectric curren 
Se 


When an electric current is ront long a very fi 


the curront cnt { Weeks ago, Mr. Shellford Bidwell, tho we 
the magnotic tines at right angles, a lateral or cross] invontor of ‘tho telephotograph, read a paper— 
This curions fact was | Which tho demands upon our space have pro- 
observed by Mr. Hall, a fellow-worker of Professor | Vented us from noticing earliee—on tho variation 
Nowland, of tho John Hopkins University, Balti. | of the electric resistance of sulphur mixed with 
more, and was exhibited by him to the Physical | carbon when oxposed to light. Tho matorial Waa piter, 
foil of gold-leaf | pared hy taking twenty parts by weight of sulphur i 

was taken anda current sent longitudinally through | aud fusing it at 158 de Y 
it. aA delicate galvanometer was then connected to} mixing with nino parts hy weight of powdored gra. 













Tudeed it fits the compound >for use asa thermoset 


Witess too, achich havo a strong cocteitive force, jkalvanometer after the manner of a thermos 
“be less Hinble to generate these cur]: Mr. Bidwell has also ¢ wployed it axa telephone! 


coustruction of ac mica cell. Those 
hy ng a small thin 
iby Tin. wide 


platy side by side and two or three aillimetres; 


0 of resistance, but as the | plur and: graphit 


al 











Pivs Cannon = ; 
at a meoting of the Physical Society 2 fow 


known 





I 





the melting point then} 


phite. ‘Tho mass was then poured into moulds and 
allowed to harden into roda and. plates, which were 
then tested for their electric resistance by inserting 
wires into the max, ‘The influence of Iyht on the! 
resistance was tried by oxpoxing the plates toa gan! 
une a few inches from them, In every caso a rise! 
in resistance was observed on exposure tothe flame, | 
but this was found to be due not to the action of; 
light, a8-in tho ease 
of heat, As the re 
sulphur by 
opposite effec 
aS, 
there is to re 





i uP thej, 
‘These! 
mperature and; 


ppose! 

current when; 
The resistance ag, 

ppears to increasg! 

H creases - 
a ttieal ratio: at V4 deg. Cent. the reninte! 
tidy of a bar of the mixture was 9100 ohms, w ite! 
ta deg. it rose to 47,00) ohms, or over six times: 
er for a riso of temperature under four tines 
er. Resistance boxes of sulphur and Emphito} 
ry have been suggested, but tie Bidwell is of; 
pinion that thix sensitiveness of the material to} : 

hanges of temperature is greatly against their use, 
















i 





cope when in cirenit with a battery and reflecting} 
7 + 
pile, . 







tansinitter, by using it instead of selenium in the' 


se cells are made} 
t plate of mica, say 2 in, long | 
: ind nicking out the edges so that. 
Wo fine platinum wires can be wound. round the! 








mart, The spaces between these parle) wires! 
To then fled in with the melted mixture of nul. ; 
thinly spread and the layer! 
Howed to cool, U ing the two platinum wires as’ 
lectrodes and connceting the cell in circuit with! 















pattery and telephone, words spoken. a gainat th 
nica plate= } Ul heard’ in the telephone’ "| 






















ee 


wena ay Z 


i 2 
Dec. 21, 1883.) 





SIEMENS’ WAT? ee 


INEERING, 


( 




































Rhat intrinsically thoy are of but «mall importar 


deo who knew or admired their author thoy: 
guificance which is akin to the feeling excit 


arson with much that preceded them, yet to 


Tith: lant words or tho last acts of a great man have 
peculiat interest, different from that which attaches 
Mtaclf to anything else that ho said or did. It may be 







pee itn 


enire 
el by 


rreception of a souvenir from a distant friend, It 

bo with an interest of this kind that our readers 

gfwill peruse the account of the Sir William Siemena’ 
Watt meter, tho patent specification of which his 


eiust been published, and which probably form 
t completed contribution to the science with 
hig nome in moat cloacly connected in the popular 













ec, and consequently it cannot be used alo 
fahow the electrical energy which ty in operation, 
proposed alteration consivted tn transfer 
jonary coil from the main cirenit toa by: 


je coil waa kept In the main circuit ns hefo 
Hicnce the reault was that the indications showe 
pilaion between a stationary coil traveraud 


tho leads, att a movable coil traversed by the 
fo ve of the current and also as its intensity, that 
its puerey Of votrae the stationary coil had 


made of Hae, instead, as formerly, of course wi 


Ham sensibly affect the potential of the leala at the 
Bag at which it was connected to them, 


relates principa: 
principle wa the 





instrument just described, but 


THAt one of the Thursday evening lectures on clee- 
city, which took place last winter at the Institution 

n Chel Kugincera, Ur. Siemens explained the con. 
ection of an instrument he had just invented to 
ate the electrical energy traversing a cirenit. It 
a moditication of the well-known Sicmens electro: 
MYhamumnecter, in which the repulsion of two colts, 
attuated in the eirenit, is meamired by the torsion of 
fapring necessary to keep them in the zero position, 
dynamometer Indicates only the amount of cur. 
ent flowing, and takes no note of its electromotive 


ope extending from anv fead to the other, The mov- 
abl 


trent in the nit, Consequently the joxtrument 
ov reading which varied as the clectromotive 


Sir William Siemens’ latest published patent, No. 
ly to o meter acting tpon the sa 


ft continuous record of the cnergy of the current pass 
ing through it, and capable of being used for com: 
mercial purposes, ‘The tine coil ia made {uta a 
armature and mounted upon a apindle capable o} 
rotation, while the cosray coil, which formerly was 
Me movable, ia wound on a frame around the aie 
Me ‘The repulsion of tho two coils puts the armature ute 
rotation, and a counter shows the number of its revo. 
tutions, whieh take place against a constant realatauico, 
By properly adjusting the electrical and inechani 


ns hie 
which 
mini, 




















ne to 
The 






al 
aT the 
by a 


Cdrrent due to the difference of potential hetween 


whole 


tin an 
to he 
re, 80 


that it ahould offer so much resistance as not to; 


points 
10, 


givin 





| 


7 
te | 
i 













restatances, the velocity of rotation of the armature” 





dynamical energy of the electricity cireulating 


wredt by the counter nearly indicate that ¢ 
Ne of tho construction are shown In 


pnd 2, A fs the armature wound with insulated 


y f coils, 
virtue of tho mutual action of the two seta o , 
na within moderate lindts, bo proportioned to the 


colle, and consequently the number of revolutions re- 






tengthwiso ona non-magnetic cores BB are two franies 


in the 





sy 
gu J 
t colle 









which present trough-like hollows to receive meridian 
coils of insulated wire, each coil being wound in convolu- 
tions parallel tothe axis of A, ‘The armature spindle | 
stands vertically, and carrics, at its upper end, a! 
worm which drivean counter. Below the upper bear , 
ing is fixed the commutator G, againat which bear two 
spring ribbers mounted on a plate of insulating ma- 
terial I. On tho lower ends of the spindle are fixed 
clastic vanes K of thin sheet metal, and the whole ma- 
chine is contained in a vessel, whieh is charged with : 
paraffine ofl or other non-conducting Hquid. — The ! 
ineridian coils are of large wire and of moderate 
length, and the coils of the armature of small wire 
and of considerable length, ‘Ihe latter form a by-pass 
cireuit between the two points whose difference of 
potential is to he measured, and the former forms a 
path for the whole current, or fora known portion of it. ‘ 
Figs. 3,4, 6, and 6 show a modification in which the 
field is formed of electro-magnets 60 coiled that the 
current acting upon them are not snlicienthy powerful 
to oxcite them to a degree near saturation, The 
magnota M consist of a mtmber of annular soft pintes 
of iron, placed one npon another with inswating 
material between them, and wound lengthwise with 
cofls of wire, ‘The vanes, K may be loaded at their . 
edges with rounded strips &, Fig. 6, In other respects 
this nuachino is sinilar to the one described above. It 
is ovident that both of these can be ttsed cither as an 
electric generator or as a motor, and that in sitch case 
different proportions in the coils, from those used in 
the meter, way bo advantageous, When the apparatus : : , 
Nas no magnotic cores, as in Vig. 1, it wil require an 
external magnetic or electrical impulse to start it asa 
generator, 





























































































SSS me 






































LT oe rs 


e . ¢ ur, $ 

1881. Re: Wee - 

| NEERING] pe 
eect 31504 ener eS ierotgiay nthe! TTT 

INSTRUMENT FOR TESTING ELECTRICALL NILL 
; RESISTANCES, i 
As promised Ina recent number (sco pago (05 autey 
ro now publish a description of Captain Bucknill’s 
arrangement of colle, galvanoscope, ke, arranged for 
teating, by tho Wheatstono balance, resistancen from 1 to 
11,000 ohins, and which waa In tho frat place speclally 
designed by him to form a portable arrangement for test- 
ing the clectrical resintances of lightning conductors and 
Athelr carth connexions, It ix, however, equally wefal for 
«ofteating any resistances between the ranges specitled 
abore, and being so portable and compact it will recom= 
raend itself for general use, A battery of six small 
voltale cells may or may not bo embodied fa the samo 

box as desired, : 
Tho galranoscopo has a resistance of about 100 ching 
and ia pivotted on agate centres, and the arrangement of 
x) pkey and bridging coils is shown in tho d gram, By 
{ lugging the holo marked UAT, tenta of resiatances can 
fo taken from 1 to 1100 ohms by units, and by plugging | 
tho holo marked x.tex tests may be taken from 10 tof 
11,000 ohms, by jumps of 10 ohms, i 
ha whole arrangemont is contained inn box Vinx ! 
djin.x 3} in. Fig, 1 represents tho instrument in plan, : 
G beng tha galvanoacope, and <A, B,C, threo terminals, 
to which tho test battery and unknown resistance are 
‘feonnected, the former between A anid 3, the latter between, 
“;Aand 0, Tho bridging coits, 40, 10, 400, aro permanently 
soanceted, ns ahown, to tho outer brasses of the three | 
io tho left-hind corner, the conira brags boing connosted 






















































Finally, find tho resistance of the 
the conductor's earth, or 


Wel4-E=¢, 







































other tent eneth and of 












From thero threo 





elmer: 








































































































































































































































i 
‘9 bras teata the realstances of the three 
{6 the galvauorcope and to terminal (C, carthe E, 6 aud el can bo found, for ¥ 
Fig. 2 ropresents tho eloctrical arrangement somos! R=] (B+C-A-w) 
what moro ktaphically, the points marked A, B, C corras e (A+ B-C-~ Ww) 
sponding to tho terminals fn Fig... f=} (A+C-B-W). 
Aaa result E ought to balance ata very low realist. 
(o) ance lf properly made, and of auflicient aurfaco in con. ; 
am) Wr (o} A) tact with permanent molnture, If the carth Connexions | 
PR Dey ere eee ps Teazy~ | of {wo separato conductors are themsclren soparate but j i ‘ 
withia the range of the toade, thoy can be tested aimule ; : : 
fancously by the above method, only one test earth boing | 
in sucha caso required, Again, Uf a conductor possess | 
more than one carth connexton, fortned by soparato | 
© plates, not too closo together, and if one of those can bo | 
temporarily dixconnveted from the conductor, only ono ! 
wmf text corth would bo necessary, and tho samo method ' : 
puraued, In testing conductors in buildings near tho j 
fea, or neat a river or canal, ono tust earth only ia required } 
if ibean bo placed in the Water, & provioun test having 
shown the resiatanco of such an earth plate, fo salt or 
freah water as tho cano may be, 
Iaving found tho resistances of tho carths of a cone 
ductor, and their Joint realstance, the wholo of tho con 
duetor ought to halanco at about tho ratio figure, If 
j hot, the defect ahould be lovaliaed, ‘ 
ee conductor with not more than two t, : tod by tho: 
eartha the conductiy; ty resistance of tho con lucto: i gn’ SE ait Nine always, conneeto : : 
above ground can bo readily found {f ono of the co | We illustrate abovo n vory intoresting and tagentout facts thee ony sniblo for any sparking or oxidation to". 
tiene LY : ot loctrie currenta which has boon dovisod | cam O, it is fmposni in Heinys is 
ductors carths can be temporarily dlaconnected s but : awiteh for pirang ¢ octric cur being Jutroducod by | tako placo on their outer surfaces. ‘Tho aparking is, 
thin test in nut noceasary if the conductor's carth ‘teats ie | $7, 1f, R. P. Elaforth, oad whieh ta boing fe Dalst Staatvels losalleot to thelr:lower sit {nouy anil Cis eit 
Jom, and tho various parts of the conductor test at about af, Paterson ol ths Huropeal Pr bah Teas taco of the cam, and as tho movement of iad cut 
tho samo figure, q and which appoars complotely i ping action betweon it and 
for testing lightning conductors, the Juaceessibly conductors, auch an those on chimnoya, ; : Bei Problem of oliminating tho burning at foneednane pet ier ine He beth is romoved overy tine tha 
Wired in addition to the above Spires, &e,, should be fitted with teating wires from their | * | Da Ir a eeeget euctacen In ouyars ‘ whieh hina awitel iy tumed on or off, but botwoen tho jawa A Ban 
the portable voltaic six-cell battery ;| Mtintmita, unless they aro erected ae double conductors, | H ing ou and off electric lighting currents, wk in oloctric | tho aprings, that is botween tho contact aurfaces upon 1 , 
ed wires, each about 100 yardn long J Aa somo correspondence han recently appeared In ' ; E] hitherto boon so constant n source of trouble in o which tho perfoction of tho instrument doponis, thers is 
sof thin copper, with wito nolderod EXQINEEING on this subject nothing forth wd bo | Maa lighting installation. . inswitch- | absolutely, no sparking and no othor oxidation than H 
brass, with binling werews, for cond Mdded, 6 pe ee { | Tho prinelpla of Mr. Eldsforth’s fuvention ‘ Is of the that rroducod by tho ordinary action of tho alinosphore, 
KB Wirer to tha coudnetorss alx cond It is mont important that overs posalblo information, jug the current on, to placo tho two bet heres) contact Vig 2 {4.0 modillention of the aamo switch deslgood y 
a connecting the wites; ong stall tild tel. anthe depth ant surface of tho earth connexion’ i Pie sae A trongli seat ee Tiwite hing off to} Mr. Eidsforth for very atrong turroutss oH Het 
stores, the manner in " an furlaees: nfo’ brought togvtliet, 2 i ae eaeisvatd: detent "of 
A bos, complete ty al AUSGeUtios fie teat light etn ve mel teat tastes sud tha Foaulta of | : keep them so connucted until after these purlages bays amen Is Heart biden eama nud sovernt pales of 
Brat baad can be obtained from Measra Fetiotd reference, paps otesn ied, for miaress ty i) fepamted, and nro aaa eueee thowne “The tants springy th Sparking between them is purilot ste, 
rothers, Strand, Tho best way to prog Lteatin? | Lightul ' spark coull bo formed Vetween thom. a y sy nd tho enma are thera Ae iets) 
Jlghtaing coulctor ivan follows Proceed in “ai tho ailvlco aud pune Mprerii gted theo et } sient Hoek not therefore do BYDY: mit He rca lene fooral vi the tisloe lon of lnstrument, thera can 
Alauco tho resistance of the le: 4 with the uy teats sho care! ! el Hou abtogethor, for that. appears 10.0 01 "nw The uiligaey ef tho. appara 
nected nil eall thie wire ex ae with ene con rreontud Ih tne really mado by an electrician, and bo parable from tho audden Interruption of a cireult Mtirowgs he ; molthive, spars: aor oflisioncy of tho apparatus 
p20 of tho sual teat carth plate ee'on tho end of oncke fof the unit of Slectrical measurement, | which a strong vlectric eurront 1a being transmitted - it ane Se pe by a simple modifiention of tho iuatrumont 
‘ eel and, keoping them at lent von, apart, give them _ it provides for such sparking or onldntlan Jo:take-plaes ian bo om toyed for switching a current from ono 
; F ach a goo carth ¢ lamp coil at the bottom! : in parte whore it ean do no harm, He vs upon which | cfreuit to another ; 
‘| pte, or ina ca if thory he acl no way Iuterfere with tho content fue ees uy A 
hadi " " ependa, po me En 
: ft the wate Imay be lowered, i : f { thy ellletoncy of ie api awed ll be tinderatoad by TAO ue s 
; nited tank) nm a The construction o it Y roprosont the two 
nie : ie { referring to Fig. ty fun which X aud ¥ ropronent the twe 
A Puree 3 é torminala by which it is placed in tho oH w terminal 
tctor'a “earth? hy lance eat : o : a, . required to" Interrupt or to complote, N nN INisa 
k : Wretel=a, f g block ls ized elds riached to kioother terminal . 
ow find 5 sponding brasa spring attac! * 
PT one teat pan roeletanes of tho conductor's earth and off : Yeand i thy porition shown in the ligne, that fa to ang ; 
2 . fi itch is turned off, tho two springs 3 
Woes when tho switeh thom fs brass 
ro each indupendent and free, Between ter of a 
7 mn ©, which can bo turned through a quart tion of 
a Jo by means of a wooden handle H, are only ty 
Shieh , first to couneet them together af hie arte 
against thelr inner aurfaces, and next to foree ting placed | 
Be eal he two jawad Dof asolld brass casting placed | 
and againatt olinte position on the stand 1 betweon Me 
in 7 Materiel ml eta this position the spring a int 
BA ticity gripped botweon B and G, and tho Heat 
: . tightly 6 Ad between A and C, and thus tho te " 
= oy ' sitmilatly held b in perfect elvelrical connexion, for 
. Nas blocks a a Iyean bo regarded, when in the pealtiol 
} 7 . ‘ a gut asi they formed one continon 
AhOW! 
: . solid block of bra os are thy Jower sitrface of the. 
ja Ay the upper surface of the sping Ny tho lower 
ies ta Moving 3, and thy upper eating evn 
i a8 . kaye waking cone 
; Z iia na at tho moment of maktig or breaking 
a 
‘ ~ 
. . i 
nese 
’ a % ‘ 
5 é a 
a 
Loses : sa vss 
























or Ixprust, 
The metal indium has alwaya beets a more 
‘cxfattractive object for the physicist: than for the 
yy inetallurgist. If it were not for tho two brilliant 
lines in its spectrum, blue and violet, reapectively, 
that helped Messrs, Reich and Richter to its dinco- 
very some eighteen years ago, and which aro still 
one of the favourite sights for tho audionce of n 
lecture on spectrum analysis, the general publicimight 
hanlly know anything ‘of its existence, It is no 
scarce, that ever its prominent qualitics could hardly 
seeuro it a future. ‘Tho royal mines at Freiberg 
having come into possession” of a samewhat larger 
quantity of indium than usual, they placed some at 
tre disposal of Mr. Th. Erhard fo enable him to 
make some experiments with a view af ascertaining 
tho electric position of this metal, but. great diffi. 
culty was caused by tho metal being sav 
soft. ‘I'o ascertain the conductive resistance in 
the wire drawn from it, Mr, Erhard rolled it 
up ina coil, but he found, however, after un. 
rolling and ‘remcasuring at’ the termi ation of 
his researches that the wire had extended its 
Tongth by fh mm, (ono fifth of an j 

original length being a little les 

formula quoted by Mr. Erhard : Resistance equal 
to U8003 (1 +.004744 t.) is based upon Dr, Werner 
Siemenn’ unit of resistance (the resistance of a prinn 
of mercury of 1m, in length, and 2 square nin, | 
area, reduced to O deg, Cent), It shows that indium 

offers a resistance about eleven timer less than that} 
{of mercury, and increasing pretty regularly with a; 
‘trise of temperature, Tho figures obtained fron ! 

ithe observations at different temperturesand those | - 
derived from this formula agreed very well with | 

fone another, ‘To find tho thermo-clectric force. 
of indium, Mr. Erhard constructed batteries of! 
(picces of indium on ono side and iron, aluminium, : - 
tin, copper, yold, silver, and zine an the other 

Ride, xo) hlered together in the usual fashion. , 

Protty fair currents wero obtained with iron and; 
aluminiuin ; with co per the electromotive force. 
appeared to be ‘weak 


Yi 0 weak, more so with gold and: 
silver, and with zine the currents wero no longer! 
measurable, though no doubt present. ‘The tem.' 


peratures applied by Mr. Erhard were 0 deg. Cent! 
on one side and SGdeg, 77 deg. and 98 deg. Cent, on! 
thoother. From his results Mr. Erhard proposes to! 
placo indium between tin and zine, the thermo. | 
electric series being + alutninium, tin, indium, zine, 
silver, gold, copper, iron, &e, Vor small differences 
of lomperature, however, the series undergoes xome 
modification, “Mr. Erhard's further experimenta ! 
"with regan’ to the action of indium when incon. 
an [Meétion with liquid conductors Were not ratise | 




































































roars 


fet 


















































ote 


imtoo eee 












































Ae oe m 
EOTRIC CONDUCTO 


BY MM. BERTHOUD, BOREL & CIE, PARIS, : 


LEAD-CA 





SED EL 


(For description, see page 24, ) 


appa-t 

cate 
which the draw: 
ber, 


es hb ‘ahr, 
40,000 1b., accordi: 
To facilitate placing the 
n chamber, and changing 
ront kinds of cable, tho 
a 


cod, 
4 by Notted 


paratue, used, which 
iis 


Tho conductors thus mace can only bo used in the air, 





nip om eB nn: 











































i) nimum temperatures, It ie mada by Mr. 1. Casella, of 







Rae ae 













































only xy of ite clectric chargo in four hours, and that * 
eharged with static clectricity it retained sufficiont after 
lays to affect the gold leaf of an electroscope, How- “ 
ver, it was soon realised that this arrangement was im- i} y os 
practicalite, arly on account of the low conducting A a LA ied “ey 2p 
power of lead, and partly on account of the insulating MAb LPL fe MYL: pal oe 
AB pantera! bein tedueed to dust, and thus bronght into an / : 
gidnatable condition, t sey e PLESPTRIC THE aye 
MxWorking, however, atill upon the same main principle, : [ADJUSTABLE ELECTRIC THERMOMETER, 
‘Borel o toute time succeeded in producing a- | Ay ingenfous and widely useful form of thermometer Is 
ra note which, winiat widoly different in its construc: Ayiustrated on pago 246 of our present issue, Correetly ; 
aes Ayala ae pare ee Dpnetica] success, we 'ytated, this is tho Catelln-tioalden doubly niljustalilo 
c i M. . [electrical Six! jometer, is on ixo’s = 
MHRerthoud and Boro) at Greneile, Paris, and Cortaillod electrical Sixe's thermometer, It is on the Sixo'’a prin 
B(Canton ilo Neuchitcl, Switzerland). As ot present 
ean wfactured, the conductor fa formed of ono or several Ne, 147, Holborn, London, anid whose son, after consider. 
eonper wires covered with soveral thicknesses of cotton iafletronble in oxperimenting with the Sixe thermometer, 
pped in opposite divections; that is to say, if the <hit upon tho idea of rendering it electrical both for the 
it: covering is rolled from loft to right, the second will’ (maximum and minimum temperatures, Hence any cham. 
from right to left, and so on; in this mannor tho ‘yer, oven, vat, and all kinds of apartments can be kept 
lutween tho wires are well closcd. ‘Tho first withina certain range of temperature, so that if the tem: 
eration is affected by means of aspecial machine. Tho . jperature has treapassed cithor above or below tho pre: 
vercd wire thua obtained is rolled on a reel and plunged ‘scribed range a rignal is given either by sound or sight, 
ja hath containing a melted insulating matorial, ‘and thechango can also be recorded ona drian driven by 
hich was formerly a mixture of* paraflin and col clelockwork. — Purther, if such temperature iy changed a 
hance, kept at a tomperaturo o 302° Fahr., in water or gna apray can be turned either on or off unt! 1 the . 
lor to remove the moisturo from tho cotton, and’, (temperature returns to the uniform range at which - 


Sate 









‘make it penctrate the atructure of the latter, toimprove 
Rheinsulation, «A new compound, however, is now em... iment is also very useful ag 8 fire alarm, | 
ployed for insulation, containing no paraffin, and!” |'The indices, which mn on thick platinum wires fixed into , 
posed dttrin 
ir 600” Falwentelt. The wire or wires thus pro- ‘contact both the stationary, wires, as well as the moveable ; 
Hdsted aro then encascd in lead, a process frequontly { ones, each carry alittle chain of soveral links, through 
ddopted before, especially to protect cables covered, either of which chains each wire runs, 80 that the two wires 
th gutta-percha from the destructive action of the’ jin each bulb are doubly connected, ‘The indices can be set, 
i, The process of manufacture, however, is quite for any desired range of temperature, large or anally and 
ptiginal, tho yoncral arrangement and dotails of the ma. jatany partof the the rinometric scale; and they can be so 
k inery employed at Cortaillud being shown at figs, 2, 3, Tarranged aa to be solely iuler the control of the person 
Mi : WG 5 F nd 4 of our ungravings. Fig. 2 la a perspective view iwho sets them, so that they cannot be tampered with after 
ty, ie é “ : owing the general arrangement of the apparatus, with | ‘they are once act, ‘The general arrangements of the appa 
fs platform from which the whole series of operations can ‘rats, with ita hettery and bell, both of which can of 
Vatched A lead ingot is compressed by a hydraulic ‘eourse be placed in any desired position, is seen in our 
inder, formed into a tube ant drawn over the wire ‘engraving. A recent ospection of this apparatus md ite 
aated with the insulating compound. The lead ingot is jworklngs Mas nts ws of its great utility in the directions 
faced in the chamber P, which {t fills complotoly ; it hay”, "* have stated, : 
fan axial hole equal it diameter to tho exterior diameter of 
Rho tube (1, ‘The piston F fa forced upwards by the hy. 
Hraulic prees placed bolow the apparatiai its diameter is 
qual to that of tho ingot. The tube @ is connected 
Brinly to the piston F hy crosspieces, At ita lowor end fy, 
conical pleco which dotermines the intorlor diameter of 
ho envelope, The tnbe G, which receives the conductor, 
fs aurmoutited by the recipient A, in which is a bath of : 
ulted ingulating material, which {s allowed to enter . 
reely the Interior of tho tube hy means of the opening A, + 
The stopper i serves solely for emptylng the reciplont 
an the operation isatopped, ‘I! veasel 13 ia filled with , 
hot afl supplicd by the conduit. ‘This hot oll maintatna. 
yy REE tho temperature of the insulating material, and prosarves, 
: “ Hit ina Hquid condition. From the recipfont 13 it flows 
a Elinto the envelope fi by « tubo, and. thus heats the lead > 
sy : ; : chambor, flowing off by ats opening. Tho chambers C and. 
eee ars E'D aro filled with coke-dust, or. with somo other bad con-, 


‘duotor of heat, : 
tio process of manufacture tho 
ite carry Ah cotton ai rolled on its reel, is firetis >. 
: lunged into. tho bath of | insulatin 
‘i is’ thon slowly unrolled ‘and passes 
sore’ it receives a second chargo of compound, 
forced 0} wart, compresses 


ere 
























Rasen eral 



















































































where’ 


ae ot ¢ : ea 








‘ciple, which shows with one instrament the maximum and ,° 


it in desired it should ho kept. The inatrus | + / 





manufacture to a temperature of , ‘both bulbs, are sot by menns of a magnet, and to ensure |” 


ny 


arwee bal S me 









































































FOR COMMERCIAL PURPOSES, 


At the meeting of the 
and of Electricians held } 
Civil En 


os which an 


TENS, 
ch other, | 


pacity’ 
coulomb when the differe 
{plates fs one volt." For 
energy of a supply it is ni 
lor electromotive 
jproduced (in amperes), 
_ seurrent is supplied fy als 
~ jqantity (in canons] is ob 
2; energy or power of the supply fs repr 
tof the pressure (in vole hy th 
ti amptres); while in the 
‘yamount of work done depends 
08 the duration of the supply 


{quantity “in coufoinbs) by the 

The prine!pal instruments itended 
iments are therefore devoted to ascer! 
jot cither 








‘homp. 
eprez's * 
4 ampere, volt, ohm, and 
g instruments, whieh alone 
ry dcceptation of the term 


galvanometer, A 

powcr meters, 

comply with 

ot are 

or coulomb meters 

In the first-named iy 
Sprague's, are based 

the de 
oe ef ie current, 
On to the catire curr uantity: 
ratty be gathered froma knowledge m1 "tug te 
et {posited by the fractional current, 
netor | here are also curtain mechanical ar 
fhe ea the direction’ o} 
the number of such roversala, 
coulomb meters, euch as Hopkinson, B 


fo two class 









ary 

























af 
; cating a acrivs of effe, ts, eh 
and continued dura, Piet en f th 
: are ah nee of eff perations and 
re th Ate ny tke fn gas and w: 


: 4 By fand De those rep d hy Boys 
f ed fie 1 | ? He by dierent 
. Fi ! : the current 
y theter ty an ord! 

+l cireni . 
eleetrie current ‘in uLihens 


of which ts 





{fas may be destred) is es retardation of 
! the : 
fag jthe total amount or this cor de ater 








U0] 
HN 






4 measure of the en 








t of price aug, 


in some of 
gion before the f Trade 





inical than would be the 
amptre-hour unit, which ental 


into 


(Aua rt, 1882. 





Firetiox axw 
Tho cloctromot 
tho attention of 
tho variation of 
and an electrolyte, whe 
veraca the pointa in cor 
(Wiedomann's Annalen, 
polarisation by oxygen altered 
of platinum or_palladiu: 
increase thu friction, 
does not produce, 




















' 1; that fs, upon 
position of in co ype, by a ir. 
a known propor. 
ed can 
dwunount of 
In Spraguo’s 
ngenients for‘ 
ft the current, and for recording : 
The eyes of the 
1 erry, ba : 
| Perry, &e, re pure ly mechanical array: reltunns foie 


ty of the supply A 
Th 





‘\ very useful rheost 
rouved, the we! 





one end of the apring 
Contact, and the gradu: 
Mnerted into the spiral ¢ 
rsea afew turna, and { 
ery stall s but whe 
It the number of turns inse: 
livisions on the neale tell 
Tho dovice in 

1 






acceleration iy}, 
clock 5 and 
1d during that time, “The paper likewsfen h 

the pro. j*rength of or 
this unit [Accumulator, .'The plan 
This untt [jeontact is wort! 


BRO et cde 


physicists to 


ntact, 
Wp 


pons a turning 
Iphuric acid. 


licato balance, 
pull apon them, H 
tection of the ne 
Mn ttcreasen tho friction 1 
reas polarisation by hy: 





pplied by 
of aplittin, 
hyo attenti nt by 





that 






CTROLYAIN, 
sraph of Mr, Edison has attracted 
® now fact, haniely, 
tween na motal surface 
nan cleetric current tre 
Tn 1870, M. Koch 
92), showed that 
the rubbing surface 
ain such a manner as te 
Polarisation by 
0 according to him, 
rimenta have heen re 
lo, an asaistant of 
ferent manner, and he finds 
Oxygen increases tho friction whi 
by hydrogen diminiahes it, 
i feaused to rub ow 
moistened with di 
rom a singly Danie! 
rubbing contact. 

& copper rod plun; 
copper, an clectroc 
mann, is impolari 
are connected to ade 
indicates the 
show ly tho di 
tion by oxyge 
platinum and 
_Mrogen diminish 


Is not buing atluwed to touch 
ted from the tubo by a pastes 
ida tho spring ina rubbing 
etal rod split into four parts, 
fa resistance box, 

The current enters at 
» travernes it, the rubbing 
When the rod is 
‘ail, the current 
he resiatance in 
mn tho rod is pulled 
red is consideratty,' 
the number of turns 
employed by ‘Trouvd in 
tones to regulate. the 
a sinall Plants 
yg the rubbing} 
olvetrician : 


oe 
— 
Be 


peated by M. 
M. Jamin, in a dif. 
polariantion by 
lat polarisation 
Platinum brushes were 
aurfacu of glass 
Tho current 
twas passed across tho 
‘ olectrode couniated of 
ed ina solution af au 
lw which, accordi 
Tho platinum brushes 
whose needle 
Tt in thas 
edlo th 


eto 


Thin pod 

































































































ENGINEERING. 








LAYING ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS, 
Os the preceding page we illustrate a modo of fixin 

electrical conductors which has lately been proposer 
by Mr, Henry F, Joel, of 44, Lavender Grove, Dalston. 
Tn this syatein the ontinary atone kerbs of pavements 
would be replaced by cast-iron hoxes anata in ft, 
lengths, and {apnrosituately of the form shown ii 
Fig. 1, the width and depth of the space enelosed by 
tha trough being about 10 in. In the bottom of the 
trough is formed a narrow yutter for taking of! any 
water that may drip through, anit as will bo aven from 
the plan, Fig. 2, ribs are cast at intervals within the 
box to recetve the insulating supporta for the wires, 
On ono side of the trough provision is made for attach: 
ing lengths of gaa pipe to receive and lead to adjacent 
honacs, auch service conductors as may ba required, 
stha of cast-iron trough aro bolted together by 
Hanged joints, with rubber packing pleees, and the 
covers overhang cach side, an shown in Fig, 13 the 
‘Upper surface of there may be formed with recesses, 
corrugations, or grooves to alford a foothold, At the 
ends the covers are made with flanges that butt 
against cach other tu form the joint, which is further 
protected by inner flanges #o shaped as to form 
‘gutter when joined together and receive aud carry 
off any deip that may come through the joints, 
The vovera are secured to the boxes by ping east in 
the latter, whieh enter slots in the former {Figa. 
ard 7), locking plates boing also added at intervals, 
In crosaing over streets, the boxes and covers are made 
asahown in Sige, Sand 9 the covers being eunk to 
receive asphatte or concrete. ‘The conductors are 
carried by earthenware or gliss brackets, Figs. 1, 2, 



































% and S$. On the left hand of Fig. 1 the modu of iy 


[lacing these brackets is shown, and from this it will 
as aver that when in position they lock all the wires 
carried by them, On the right-hand side ia suother 
Wracket for conducton: of a larger section, It will be 
observed that the foot of this bracket butts against the 
lack of tho other one, and holds itin place, but ly stip. 
ping the right-hand bracket to one side, the others are 
relvaved and can be easily removed, Migs. 10, 11, and 
l2ahow clearly the niethod of connecting the service 
wires with the main conductors, Fig. 10 illustrating 
the joint complet 


ELECTRIC LIGHTING NOTES, 
Dentsa the soiree of the ritish Medival Association 

















hell in Liverpool last Wednesday, thu great halls of | 1 


the Brown anil Mayer Museums were lit with 18 ine 
candescence lamps, the current bein, supplied from 
Faure-Selion Volckinar storage batteries, ‘The light: 
ing was in every way a success, ‘Tho work was carried 
out by Messrs, Holmes and Vandrey on account of the 
Liverpool Electric Supply Company, Limited, 

Last week we called attention to a petition for the 
winding-up of the Pilsen-focl aud General Electric 
Light Company. When the caso was heart Mr, 
Cosens Hardy," Q.C. (with whom was Mr. Mulligan), 
Lon behalf of the persons who had presented 
the petition, ‘Tho learned counsel stated that after 
the decision in “The Railway and Eleetrie Appliances 









Company,” which had appeared in the 7imes of that | 4, 


morning, he did wot feel juatitied in submitting any 
arguments on behalf of his clients, He wished, there 
fore, to withdraw the petition, and, under the 
virentmatances, he conaidered it better to make no 
observations as tu the mature of the allegations for 
fear it might have an injurious effect upon the 
prospeeta of the company. Mr. Higgina, Q.C., and 
Vr. Rawson appeared for the company; and Mr, 
Haldane appeared for a large number of ahareholders, 
Tho petition was ordered to be dismissed with costs, 

The recently opened Army and Navy Hotel in 
Victorin-street, Westminater, is now partially lighted 
by the electric light. Tho instalation consists 
ol 180 high) resistance Swan lamps distributed 
throughout the reception rooma and entrance hall, 
the large coffeo-rooin being amply lighted hy four glnas 
erystal chandeliors cach holding sixteen lamps, ‘Tho 
various rooms are on independent cireulta controlled 
from a switch board in the hotel oftice. ‘Thoawitches 
‘here used are of a now typo dosigned by Messrs, 
Woodhouse and Rawson, atu protected by fusible 
cut-outs, Tho engine used ia indicating about 15 
horse-power, and fa driving a Schukert-Brush dynamo, 
the current being conveyed to Faure-Selton-Volckinar 
storage batterics, ‘There are fifty-five of theso batteries, 
each being equivalent to three electrical horac-power, 
Tho whole is coupled on a switch board, on which ia 
centred a powertul Ueway switch, and anuneters for 
indieating the in and ont current, ‘Cho whole of this 
contract has been carried out by Messrs, Molmes and 
Vaudrey, the engineers of tho Liverpool Electric 
Supply Company, 


LAUNOHES AND TRIAL TRIPS, 
Os Saturday, 28th ult., tho screw steamer Warooka, 
lately built by Menars, If M'Intyre and Co,, Patsley, ta 
the order of the Yorks Veninsular Steamship Company, 














sn ttae baLtT wed hTe. 
gta Ea hT? we Bo 





[Auc. to, 1883, 





of Adotaide, South Australia, had her otlicial trial trip on with tho Edison system of electric lighting ‘The veasel 
tho Clyde, Built on very tine lines, and altosuthor al is said to bo ono of the most elaborately fitted up steam 


yory handsome venssol, tho Warooka seasures 180 ft. by 
19 ft. by 12 ft., and has beon supplied with engines which 
indicate up to 400 horsa-power by Messrs, Fleming and 
Forytixon, Paisley. On tho measured nile the vexsel 
attained a speed of fully L2knots perhour, Tho Warooka 
fs to be eioployed in tho pasaenger and carrying trade 
between Adelaide and Edithburg. 


On Wednesday, tho Int just. Mesars, Dobie and Co., 
Cilaxgow, lannehed an iron serow steamer, named the 
Lochinvar, of about 750 tons gross, and clasied 100 A 1 
at Lloyds, Mess. Hubson and Corbatt, Kelvinhaugh 
Kngine Works, Glaagow, are anpplying the engines. ‘Tha 
Lochinvar hay been built to the order of Messrs, Pale 
grave, Murphy, and Co, for their ling of steamers, 


On tho following day a steol twinescrew steamor, of 
about 920 tona (builders’ measurement), aud named the 
Fiona, was launched by Messrs, John Reid and Co. 

Ww, ‘Two separate of compound surf 
condensing engines, indicating up 
power, are being mupptied by Messrs, 

Nhe desde 








= 
=e 







ankin and Black- 
of the 
fe al aurveillance of 
s engineers aud naval 
fs owners, the Colonial 








ing fort! 
thy’. 


architects, Glasgow, i 
Sugar Relining Com 





With the saine tide another splendid. steamer, named 
the Dunbar Castle, was launched hy Messrs, Barclay, 
Curls, and Co,, Glasgow, for Messrs, Donald Currie and 
Co.'s well-known “Castle” Liny of mail packets running 
between England and the South African colonies, In 
respect of the leading details, the Dunbar Castle is 
similar to the Roslin Castle, which the same builders 
handed over to the “Castle” Packets Company about a 
month age, 





Tho ateel serow xteamer Isla, a vessel of 730 tons regis: 
ter and 1122 tons gross, built by Messrs, Gourlay Brothers 
and Co,, Dundee, went on her trial trip on Thursday the 
2nd of Auguat, and mado a very antisfactary ran. She ty 
owned by the North Sea Steani Shipping Company, 








punt, 
tensa 


diameter respective 
are the Hunter River 





On the xsme day the Campbeltown Shipbuilding Com. 
pany launched a handsomely modellod screw steamer of 
about £00 tong, ad measuring 155 ft. hy 25 ft. by UE ft, 
named the Dartmouth 5 sho has been built te the order of 
tho Haytor Mining Company, of Kingswear, Dartmouth, 
to the highest clasa of Lloyd's, Mears, Kincaid, Donald, 

Clyde Foundry, Greenock, are supplying the 
th compound engines of 70 horae-power Hominal, 








and 
Vedne! 









Another scraw steamer (No. 71), measuring 165 ft. by 
8 ft. by 11 ft, bing, was launched on Friday of lant week, 
by, Messra, Russell and Co, from their Kingston Ship. 
Wuitding Vard, Port-CGlasgow, Messrs, Alley and Mace 
Jellan, Glasgow, are to supply her with engines of 70 horse. 
power nominal, Like her sister ship briefly noticed Jast 
we ahe has been built for wale, 














On Saturday, dth inst, the screw steamer Juans Nancy, 
recently built hy Messr, Pearce Brothers, Dundeo, weit, 
down the ‘Tay ow her official trial trip. She attained on 
the rigantired tile n speed equal to 
Both hull and machinery has b 
auperintendunce of Messrs, # 
sulting engineers, Liverpool, 
























Measra, A. ond Fe Inglis, Pointhowe Shipbuilding 
Yard, Glasgow, on the 4th fust., Inunched a magiificont 
acrow steamer of 4000 tons nated. the Moravia, for the 
Hamburg-American Steamship Company. "Tho Moravin 
ia a vowsol of 00 ft. by 10 ft. Bin, by eit Gin, Sho is 
intonded for the company’s sorvicu between Hamburg 
ant Now York, 











an fron acraw ateamer, named tho Ida, a vossol of 
1300 tons register and 1700 tons dead weight, and 
mensuring 20 ft. by Stit. by 16 ft, was launched on 
Saturday, tho {th of August, by Messes, Alexander Hall 
and Co, Footdee, Aberdeen. “Mesare, Blair and Co., 
Stockton, aro to aupply the ongines of 120 horie-power 
nominal, ‘Thoowners aro Messrs, Pynaanand Co,, Now. 
castle-on-Tyne, and tho veasel which is classed 100 A Tat 
Lloyd's, f4 to be employed in the mineral trade, 


Tho rather untanal event of a Barrow-built and Barrow: 
engined steamer having her elticial trial trip on tho Clydo 
took place on Saturday, the (th fnat. Named tho Taha: 





L owned by the Union Steamsl 

vessel in question is a se: 
870 tons register, and wessures 220 ft. Ty 
6 in. and aho is fitted with engines of 2500 horsd-power 
indicated, the cylinders being 3 in, and 68 in, indiaueter 
respectively, with a stroke of 39 fi, Sho ia intended for 
the interculcnial peusenger trade, and is fitted throughout 







y of 
WW 


ft. by 18 ft. 











rds of 1000 horse. | di 





ships in the world. On the measured milo at Wemyss Bay 
aapeed of upwards of Li knots per hour was attained, 





The serew steamer } thive, of 30 tons (builderst 
iMoamUrSlneHe), was launched on Monday, the Gth of 
August, by Mesara, Sohn Fullerton and 
worth, Paisley. Wer engines, whi 
power nominal, are being spp 
L. Young, Vulcan Foundry, Ayr. “The Rathleo hay 
been Iuilt to the order of Mosira, Hames Wingate and 
Cy, Liverpool, for their ne of steamers trading between 
Liverpoot and Baltisnore, 














On the same day the new “Chia” Line steamer Cl 
Macintosh, built ty Messra, Seutt and Ureene i 














went dows the Firth of Clyde on her official trial trip 
Owned by Menor: C ry Irvine, and Cs vy nha 
ia a verel of 35 and 2635 toms register, and 





ft. te top of ballast tank 





of the cyl 
i a atrok 








per hour, 
ightin 


On Monday, August 6, there proceeded to sea on her 


trial trip, tho 48, Macassar, built by 
Dixon and Co,, for the Steam Shi Company Tn 
Ainsterdam, er dimensiona are: length over al 
BT ft. bean 5 25 fe, . depth of hold, and she will 
about 3000 tong dead weight. Her engines of 2 - 
power, are by Messra, He and We Hawthorn, of New. 
castle, aud worked must satisfactorily on trip, giving « 
speud of over 124 knots per hour, 























FOREIGN AND COLONIAL NOTES. 

Western Union Telegraph Conpany.—This wreat con 
pany appears to be guite mmaflected by the extensive 
onnactition with which it has to deal "The net revenun 
for the quarter ending December 40, ISS2, was e el 
at 2,150,000 duly. ; and with a surplus af a WZ duly, 
remaining on hand, October 1, 1882, the ¢ wupany lived 
altogether 4,817,007 dols, available for the paynicnt of 
interest and divider December 3, ISst. ATter pay: 
iment of interest and of a quarterly dividend at the rate 






















of 6 per cont. wer amie on the capital stock of the 
company, the directord curried forward a balance of 
SANT dala to the ere A, 





American Bridge Haitdi fhe Pera ridge Works, 
Beaver Falls, have recently been awarded contracts for 
five bridges in Union Cointy, New dersey, viz, two 
spans of 45 ft, with 20 ft. roadway in Clark township ; 
man of 4 ft., with 22 ft. rdadway and two 7 ft 
in Vlaintields ono span of 35 ft., with $0 ft, road- 
id two 10 ft. walks, and one span of tO ft,, with 
two 20 ft. rondwaya and two 10 ft. walks, in Rahway, 
Thoy havo alaw been awardeda contract by Milwaukee, 
Wis for two spans of 120 ft., with 18 ft. raadway, 
b ft. footpaths, 

Tuerenae of Railway Tropic in the United State. —On the 
threo leading railways of this country—the New York 
Central and Tudson River, the Ne ork, Lako 7 
and Weatern, and tho Pennsylyvanii—the tratlie inere sod 
during the decade ending Isso, from Bie ton 
ruiler to 8,263,008412 ton tniles or upwands af 300. per 
coat, ‘This enort increase in the etticien f the 
Hines is attributed fmprovementa in the permanent 
way, including tho adopt steel rails, and to the 
catablishment of actdlitional sidings anu 

The Lonnest Rul ever Kollel, ~ Tho North Chi 
Rolling Mil Company haw a steel rail at thy Rall 
Exhibition which claims this preeminence, being 180 tt. 
Jong, 

Time in Ameri 
tho first in thy U 















































fo 





‘he town of New Haven has been 
‘ to adopt the London Kystern 
ric current, which is found 
ork ix still dey endent 
upon time balls and untrustworthy electric dial " an is 
neo Boston, Clucago and Orleans joo by half a 
dozen different tines, Loudon and New Haven are tho 
only towns in the world which possess a perfect system 


of timo keeping, sat 
Public Works in Canada—a report soon to be earl 
Ly tho Dominion Government rhows Chia ie 
ainount expended upon public works in Canada a ve 
32,800,007. ‘Tho Jangest amount has Leen dovoted we 
railwaya, cn which 133,800,004 have been expensed: i 
constriction, whilo-£,200,000/, have been pai Ju subsidics. 
Catiais have cust 8,100,002, public buildings 4,200,000, 
harbours and breakwaters 1,200,000/,, and Ty 
beacons and buns £00,000! ‘ five lutthe dal 
Hye Tron Production. — According eae 
reper at tho. Tertin. Deutacher Blsenaund Shabl.o- 
tiatrieller, the total output of pig fron in the ie Hn 
empire (oxelti voof Luxemburg) in tho ment! he ty 
ambunted te 2,010 tons. This ake ee or ts 
firat five months of tho y‘ me Maat 
2 quantities in 1 were : for May 3, 
Sere first five months, 1,208,415 tons, i 
ftye at Verond.—Tho Ponte Nuova, over th 
rie diporat Verona, is to bo reconstructed tu bron 
The necessary masonry Will be commenced without delay, 











































af 





ASS 
















Beeb? aD PEE, 






ce + ‘ 





ENGINEERING. 





Dey 





Sept. 30, 1881, 











MACKENZIE'S POLICE ALARM AT .THE PARIS ELECTRICAL EXHIBITION, 





LED PEE 













LLP OOOO 











painted y remaining parts of tho apparatus are a contact bar V7, a » 
A, anda clockwork mechanism 






bo transmitted aro visible. ‘Those numbers aro 

on the face of threo sliding plates aa a, acl pinto| small carringo 4, Tho 

having a vortical row of Gyures from 1 &e, to 0. | contact bar in horizontal, and {a attached at ench end to 

Theso plates aro shown in soction, Figs, 2 and G,} tho framo of tho apparatus, It is in electrical communt- 

From tho formor it will bo seon that thoy nbut against} cation with tho rocelving atation by the wire», and on 
etrip of platinum V', ‘The carringo ia 






























































































































each other, and the outer onos agninat guides in| the under sido {a 
a Vand 2. It it Placed on tho round rod 
tho plates and tho frame, It will bo noticed that | it. On ono sido (avo Fig. 2) ds a pawl or lever ¢ act on a 
thero aro two opening in tho latter ; the ono marked 20 pin d! and having a point cl which {s holt in contact 

wie talarma which aro collectod at tho E ; i 
ition of Paris, there fs one in tho gallery of the Palais | ono below it fa the rectangular opening 'Thoro is a socont light spring 
to, for exposing tho number to ho tranamittod, At tho f iixed to tho carriage, and ao bent aa to ho clear of the 

Sunttention, ystems, whieh ia exhibited fon of them narrow and othora wide. ‘Tho ron 
os ‘Urqutart Macken, of Now York, ia capvcially ; theao correspond with these of tho figures on tho front |elockwork mechanism ta introduced to secure 9 regular 
to | though rapid movemont to tho enrrlage, By pulling o 
! lention with the police station of ong narrow block, to No. 3 ono narrow and ono| the samo forco windin, 
een tn al etationd me again i in connoxton will bo the power for the back travel of the carriage, which 
deaired to Javleats © number at tho open een 
+ ¥ trumont it can bo done, within tho limit £199, | battery connexion are shown in Fig. 1, 

of y by completely under aupervislon, The | of tho ins ' fa of 190, 7 Z . f 

sine rustion ot thems inatrimvente will ty easily unders moans of | operation, tho cireuit fs cloacd by the contacts tw wt in 
8 aut tho ratacd blovks un tho | ree 

: : e : tof nonding a signal: 

i ul for sig-| backs varying with tho number. Thus, for oxample, if gmphic comtmunivation, but thy ac f i 
ving free One NO, Sa oer a delttnratecls tho 0 blocks a tho | orenl! on to the recolving station, breaks tho main cirenit 

g 
(Pigs. 1 and 6) fa placed 3 

and holds it ateady by enterlg the notchos, Tho spring ¢ from thy point 3 te point 4, ten by the lover c, 


the frame of tho instrument, Fig. 6 is so much of | shown at Ain Fig: 
1o frooly to and fro upon 
trio indicators | is a narrow slot In whieh the handle 21, attached to tho | with tho blocks at tho back of tho number plates, and 
“do Ifndustrie adjacent to tho ralona devoted to tho 
dy Tinduatria  adjnce back of cach numbor plato fa a sorien of Projections, | horizontal contact plate v inn normal position; tho ond 
is fitted for general applications, for (of tho plate, aa ahown on tho drawing, ‘Thus 
aeablet, although tly Alte for g Hh ‘ to} tho cord and button y tho earriago may be drawn forward, 
nd storing, 
wide, and 80 on, Tho iso of thia arrangemont i} 
with the chief police depot and fire ongine etutions, 60 nt that ff it hofretums rapidly to tho normal position shown in the 
by aliding the number plates up and down by : tlic tranainttter aul 
fi etue :! o ine between the o1 
stood from. the dlustrationa accompanying this article. the potilion of tho. plate 1 fa offocted, | sucha manner that tho Hue 
is to bo represented, the position of th 
} ie, eally at , tho battery curront passca ty 
Inatrument lelng removed from tho former (igure 80 05 ae wtiog 2 Ingram Fig, |] automatically at w i', > inaulated 
the face threo apettares through which the numbers to" plate 






n vertleal section ag aliows tho rolative positions of | £ in such a manner that it can ali 
: Asonxasr tho numerous examples of ele i 
rical Exhi-[ number plate a, can bo moved up and down, and the} immedintely opposite tho oponinga in the caso at which 
boforo referred | the numbera aro viatblo, 
exhibits of Mr. Maison which morits more than pnvaing f 
ention, ; y Mr tions of | of thin spring earrica a platinum contact point, The 
: i ligand accossible} No. 1 corresponds ono wido block or projection, 
so in Cowns as nlarins to bo fixed in public proj Se et aaie 
understood prosently. It will bo ovide: ' L. Tho Hino aud 
vi Ri ie HO f23 
that hy an inexpensive and very almplo meana tho whole inge ft: tho caso | Mlustration, as acon aa tho cord Is reteas Whiter nett 
tho handlea 21, until tho desired combination Y elathone be teles 
Figa, 1 and 2 are reapectively an cloyotion aud scational viver may, H desired, bo utilised for telephone 
ber plates will bona shown tn the d tna state v by 
i pin: 
to alow tho meehaniam, Thia cover plato contains in t oppoaito each | carth and the lino current to the 























ere. 1 


ewe tte, 


ENGINEERING, _ 


(Aus. 3, 





OBACH’S GALVANOMETERS. 


(For Description, sce opposite Page). 


OBACH'S GALVANOMETERS, 
Ties instruments aro made by Messrs, 
Brothers and Co,, in three different types. Tw pots 
e for measuring both current atrength |@ 
x ve force, whereas the other is for cur 
rent strength alone, 
a The Principle upon which they aro all hased is an 
ollowa:—If ‘the coil of a tangent galvanometer ix 
{made movable around a horizonta axis, a given current 
produces different deflections according to the inelina. 
ions given tothe coil, If the angles of the coil, with 
ithe vertical are tneasured, their “seeants” are the 
multipliers of the tangents of the deflections, The 
current strength or electromotive force to be measured 
is therefore; 
Current strength 
or electromotive 


lea 


sour 


due 


Stan, dellect. x nee, inclin, x constant, | ! 


ing the mimber of 


g. (tan, 
position, 
The galvanomete 
electromotive force: 


+O) when the coil stands in its vertical 


coil 
ean 


{clamping 


af 


at any particular 

known Hi cl 7 

libration in 

t W be provided 

t" male to turn on a 

ans of auch 2 magnet the 

be rame value for different 

4 ct this a ae ne of known 
‘ ¢ equired, and the ming: 

simply turned until the Proper sleflection ix nroduce 

{ one! for instance, toa constant of & or 10 

Yolts, One half of the ellection acalo in ilivi 

penta, hut the other half earn aie Ge 

fen seen tn seala hag, in addition to , 
ccant marka representing tl di 

A vernierallows the degrees tale read een 

ie simple form of current and potential wat 

34 Meter has tho secant marks, hut no other: divisions 

to 


the fneltuation scal ‘ 
\feompletoly vroventedl rene mney oh vee 
loaded at the lo 


for 
row 


ve foree are 


Tho Ai9g of tho neudle ran | 
a of ta 


he made quite dead beat hy 


alibrated hy means of a ailver or 
jat the particular locality where the currents are. 
neasured, 
scurrenta, 
Jtoabant Mampires,and those with a shunt twoorthree | 
times as much, according to the adjustment, and with ' 
:The solid ving Re consists of gun-metal of hi gh con. 


outside the 
cl insida the needle box Hi serve for tevelllng: the! 


which piv Strait wlaltont :etlerents and potentials, The 
Which give the unit deflection uf Veshaped aiid. the 
turns of German ail 


cds between the needle-box 1 and the coil Rt, 


at right angles 


5 
tment of th 
can In ta 


to the needlecbox 1 be 


ieans of an adjustable ates 


iy rument constructed for current | | 


ngth only, Kor absolute meaaurementa tt can de: 


copper voltameter 


Tt han no compensating magnet, but can’ 
provided with a “conatant shunt" for very ntrong 
Tnstruments without a shunt measure from | 


horizontal component of the oarth'a 11a snctism, . 


vity, an 


han a rectangular croswacetion, ‘The 
ation 


scaly in engraved on a quadrant Q fixed ; 
ring. ‘Three scrown amt a cireular apirit 


anent, H 
+ 2 shows a highly finished form adapted foi 

1 un-nietal ring Ro tv! 

with a great many 

The inclination scale Qe 
‘The 


tint 


yroo' 
r wire, 


ne well on the pillar P carrying the needle-box, + 


be firmly fixed with great nicety by means of 
arrangements Cy rnd Cy. At the hase! 
the pillar are two straight spirit, level placed | 
ight Tho serow «ba for adjustment into: 
it 


an 
3 ie 


simplified and amalter model of an Inatru., 
sue construction ag Fig, 2, and likew 

tn and potentials, 
Hout ao that tl 
ml. ‘The inclination seal 


quer 


needle can awh right | 
ont 


tis of the vei S. aud the fusteus: 


compensating magnet used for nljuath 


en value, With thin thagnet tha; 


‘The currents are led to the solid ring by. meana! 


0 10. fof tlexitte leads ntranded together in such 9 manner! 


that thoy are nheelutely inact poi 
a redle,), 
AHO- S they aro termed * ad ynamie Jead e,upon the needle,).. . 


Tho fustrument, Fig, 2, 


Ing it 40 & vertlonl axte a paneaaurenents, onl may, for instance, be ited as 


fu Intenited for very accu: 


rowith other galvanomet: 


The damping partition: 


dean ( fixed + 
H ars only the secante or multi 
Dliers as already stated. ‘The coll in held fast on the; 
[ainda hy "3 
ment in levelled until the neudle awings freely + 
theraunest the neadle aw igs freely 3 nis 
2 the constant toa ry 


Hi 
needle i 
the dlegrees, wel is much tens exposed to disturbances from out: { 


‘Veompared, of a single observation’ 
with the inatrumont i«-below orie-half por cont., and! 

“; the probable error below one-quarter per cent. i 
} iH bin constructed for onlinary purposea, hut ity 
{alu tot be placed tuo closo. to dynamo-machines or! 
jslugte leads conveying strong currents, i 
; Current ‘strengths or electromotive forces enn be: 
sMeasnred with these galvanometera hy clther of tho: 
i following four methods which may bo chosen accord... 
‘Tug to clreunstances, f 
1. General Method,—Tuen the coil until a deflection: 

fa somewhere near 15 deg. is obtained, then read off! 
ithe Inclination ¢ of the coll. : & 


The formula then ta: ‘ 


v= tana X Hee, px constant, : 
Method of Equality. —Turn the coil until the 
idellection a and the inclination ¢ are at one and the 
“sano angle y, 
The formula is now : 
axstan yp x ree. y x constant. 

These products of tau, x see, can be calculated 
beforchand and tabulated, 

Method of Contant Deplection,—Twen the coil 
until the needle cach time points to the sate degree, 

nay for convenience, 204 deg, Adileg,, or O84 deg. The 
Hangent of this deflection cuters the constant and the 
iformula is reduced tos 
; ance, @X constant, : 
Tho instrument hore acts asa secant galvanometer, 
‘and the method has the peculiarit: , that for a nunber 
of measurements tho needle occupies the same posi- 
tlon, which, in some cases, may be found of ait. 
1 v0, 
vue ethod of Constant Liclination,—Set the coil at 
a proper angle, of which the secant now enters tho 
constant, ” i 

Tho instrument hero almply acts asa taugent galva-. 
nometer with the formula: ¥ 

xstan. a xconstant, - 

As will bo seen from the foregoing description the 
movable coil galvanometer offers several adavntages 
over other constructions, which have been proposed 
for the same purpose, 


. : a 
; a E., 


LIne, toe, i 
WA Cc 


In La Lumidre Blectrique (Parix), Aprit 9M. da 
Moneel, writing on olectric water gaugo indicatora, 
considora it curioun that thoso instrumcats have not 
tecoived moro attention, This he bolioves to he duo to 
tho fact that a intge uttmber of engincers Lavo por 
aistontly opposed the om} ployment of olectricity for 
mechanical purposes, Ho doreribos at somo length tho 
various aystemm, Roforring to the olectric railway, 
which will bo shown at tho approaching clvetric uxhibi- 
tion, M. Ph. Delahayo constdors that this will bo an 
Opportunity for taking into consideration Its adoption in 
Parla, onpocially aa tho queation of Improved communiea- 
Vion In ono which la calling for solution it thatelty, Ho 
is of opinion that au underground ayatetn would be too 
expennive, tho clovated railway being, to his tnind, far 
more advantageous, This ho would construct 6 motros 
high, with two linos 1 motro Gauge, olther silo by 
aide in tho middle of tho road, or one over cach footway, 
No ostimates that tho weight of n train consisting of ono 
olectric locomotive and threo carringos ought not to bo}, 
more than 16 tons, Tho powor required ehould bo 
gonorated by machinos placod at each end of tho line, tho 
| curront belog convoyod by Insulated conductors placed 
botweon tho tailx, Tho alternative syatems ara com~ 
Prossed afr, hot wator, or steam engines, and wire-ropo 
B.|railway, Tho two former contd not be used on tho 
barrow gauge, which alono could bu employed. Steam 
M, Dolahinyo diamtasvs aa out of tho queation, on account 
of the sinoko, steam, and noixe, together with the 
danger from sparks and falling claders, ‘Tho wiro-ropo 
systom—although working woll undor special olrcum: |“ 
atagoca in San Francisco—would not bo at all applicable 
to tho Prorent cano, All theso objections woul? bo 
obviated hy tho omploymont of eloctriolty, and It would 
be moro oconomical than any othor syste: 


. [be discarded, tho discharge would take place, ‘Tho 


-itheso ox 





Tu Coxnuctiviry op a Vacuust, 
Professor Edlund has been making a number of 
oxporiments to show thata truco vacuum is a con- 
ductor of electricity, not n non-conductor as is 
“ygonerally believed, “Tha non-conducting theory is 
aed on the high resistance of tho ‘oricellian 
‘vacutim, but Professor Edlund holits this to bo duo 
‘:to an obstacle of somo kind at the surfaco of the 
jelectrodes provanting tho dischargo from taking 
iplace. Wore this obstacle away or could elcutrodes 


fobstacle in question ho considers to bo an electro. 
{motive force in thu reverse direction to that of the 
{main current, and this clectromotive force goes on 
yinereasing aftor the rirefaction’ has attained a} 
jeortain degree, Iho resistance of the air itself! 
(diminishes, but the “polarisition” of tho clectroies : 
jincreases, By mona of induction an clectrical | 
light can be produced in a highly oxhansted tubo, | 
which shows that the vacuum is conductive. « : 
If, as recent oxporiments tend to domonstrato,‘s 
olectricity is an thereat phenomenon, it is difficult ‘ 
to understand how a vacuum can bo an insulator. | 
Tho recent experiments of Mr. Spottiswoodo, 
P.RS,, also agree with Mr. Edlund's theory. In 
z oriments, which wore communicated to 
|tho Royal Socioty on March 31, tho dischargo from 
jan induction coil in vacuum tubes was subjected 
‘to tho influence of a magnotic fleld. ‘Ihe discharge 
jwas obtained by passing the alternating current 
‘froma Do Moritens machino through the primary 
circuit and taking tho spark from tho secoudary 
‘cirenit. On placing tho two poles of a magnet so 
jas to onclose tho discharge, the spark Hattened out 
into two somiciroutar discs of light, ono duc to tho 
dischargo in one direction and tho other to that in 
the other direction, Mr. Spottiswoode explains] - 
the discharyo as follows : “In the first place as zoom) 
as the tonsion is sufliciont tho olcctricity from the 
terminals breaks through the surrounding air, but? 
Awith such rapidity that the fracture is like that of : 
glass, or other rigid substance, ‘This opans a path 
along which, if there is sufliciont clectricity or 
sulliciont tension, the discharge will continue to‘ 
flow. During such continuaneo tho gas becomes 
heated and behaves like a conductor carrying a 
curront, and upon this the magnet can avt necord- 
ing to known laws (sco Maxwell's ‘Electricity and 
Magnetism,’ vol. ii, p. 146), . As lout as tho 
electricity continues to flow tho heat will at cach 
jmoment dotermino the casiest although not tho 
{shortest path for its subscquont passage, In this 
way the gas, which acts at ono moment as tho con- 
ductor of the dischargo, and at tho noxt as tho path 
for it will bo carried tarthor and farther out until 
ithe whole dischargo ceases, Wo are, in fact, lod by 
itheso oxporimonts to the conclusion that it is tho 
igus in tho uct of carrying the current aud not tho 
current moving freely in tho yascots space, upon 
Which tho magnet acts... Seeing now that tho 
magnotic displacement of tho luminous discharge 
means displacemont of tho matter ina luminous con. 
dition, and thata srowdinyt of such luminous matter 
a ivalyes an increase of luminosity, may wo not 








: . infer with a high degree of probability that tho 


‘striw are thomselves aggregations of matter with 
dark and comparativel yacttous apices batween 
thom’? Such a viow of the caso would scom to 
imply that, in gascous media, the better the vacuum 
the moro onsily can tho pleotricity pass, 











A New Gatvasomeren ror Powenrun 


A novel form of gal 


Currents, 
Ivanometor for the measuro- 


ment of intenso cleetria curre 
Prcuented to tho French Acado: 
M. Zorquem and Damion.; J 
of magnetic necdlo pivoted 
o 


ordinary tangent ga 
conductor convoyin 


instead of 


block of wood 


‘aANOM: 


i 


! 


1 

pecitnen ! 
hrough a block of : 
parallel to ono another, this: 


the conductora, and the | 
needle is noun 


lanted in a 


vertical stem of wood 
bo turned round : 

rrent can be led to! 

‘ana of vertical bands of; 


ath, and thereb: 
Tho block or bo: 


ON: 
my 

ANLELRCTRICAL METER, i 
The measurement of electricity Is a problem which, wa 


fear, it will reqnire the patience of many Edisons to’ 


solve, But our Mr. Extison, it is stated, his now devised al. 


theter for registering valtatc currents even more tngenlous 


| and more reliable than the Weber meter which that pers 


severing inventor proposed g year ago to fix in housss sy 
plied with electric lamps, In the now instrument tw. 
Copper plates are suspended in an electrolytic cell containing: 
sulphate of copper in solution, and placed in a branch’ 
circuit through which a known fraction of the main current: 
is shunled, ‘The copper plates are huog upon a lever arm> 
so adjusted that, when by electrolysis one has grown ay 
certain amount heavier (by depasition of copper), and the 
other grown an equal amount lighter, the levertips up and 
reverses the current through the cell, anil at the same time’ 
moves a registering dial apparatus through one tooth, The 
action goes on again until the tilting lever is agiin overs: 
balanced, and tipped back, when the current fs again, 
Teversed, and another registration effected, Each “tip "| 
clearly corresponds to the passing of an exact quantity aff 
electricity through the cell, and the registered indications | 
are, therefore, proportional to the total conwumption. Tita; 
question arises whether such a delicate arrangement will; 
continue to work sallsfactotily for any length of tlme, or! 
whether, on the contrary, it will require the calling in of an 
Edison to set it right whenever it docs get out of order, Ie; 
is just thts want of a meter which will Measure the amount: 
of clectricty supplied to a private consumer which is 89) 
often urged as onc—ant a vital one, we think—of tho: 
difficulties to be overcome before a system of electric 
phting can be widely inteoduced for domestic use, i 








SIEMENS 


























a 
purpose (sce ENGiNcentna vo). xxxil., p. 430 


AL A’we now return to the aubject it ls beeausa 


F. the last fow months tho question has asaumed, 


(Forretically and practically, very considerable ing, 


fe ance, and we can now given number of inte 
‘results of experience obtained since the date q 
lant article. i 
‘Two special characteriatica recommend the 
phosphor-bronze wire, and justify ite aubati{ut 


ron or steel for overhead telepliono réseaus, a 


rat quality is that of clectrical conductibility, 
‘allows the comparative coarac wires of iron of 
to be replaced by fine threada of phosphar-b 

‘Nhe sceond quality is high tensile atrength 
cendera it feasible to adopt larger spans tha 
ron or atecl ‘The investigation of these 

qualities has been very carefully contucted 
uch manufacturer, M, Lazare Wallen of A 


who haa been very active in promoting 


vinployiment of this ictal, and who since af 

months has furnished considerable quantitics o 

; (0 the leading telephone companies of Europe, 

‘; following isn aumimary of Mr. Weiller's inve: 

tions and experiments, which we consider h 
ehigh practices) value. 

The numerous and important improve 
which have been succeasively introduced inta 
phonic apparatus, by English avd foreign 

Htricians, too numerous to mention here, ard 
known. Mut attention has been chiefly eq 
trated on tranamitting and receiving ap 
while the question of conductors has bee 
almont unconaidered, ‘Iho construction of 1 
Kround telegraphs, and the progress that ha 
nade with them, auggcated, in the early da 
telephonia Industry, the employment of a 
cannlisation for tele onic réseaur, and the 


tion of buried cables, ‘Ihe idea is exceltel: 


taclf, and in all towns where there ja a au 
ayateins of sewers, it can be carried out eco 
cally, ns to first coat and aubsequent mainte 
{But auch cases are quite exceptional, even in 
cities, Aa to the installation of subterranen 
sin trenches, that is quite out of the questiog 
Jiwould be very costly in firat establishment 
impracticable in maintenance, 
Overhead lines, on the contrary, are case 
‘practical, ‘They do not involve great firat cost 
wire does not require to be ineulated, and the 
indeed the only ditticulties met with, are {nc 
aes the objectiona raised by the propriut 
‘hounea who iinagine that the acing n of poat 
cotheir roofa may interfere with the sacred rig) 
L/ property, It ia in this foolish op; position thad 
phone companies find their chief ditleul 
ditficulty which of couray in greater as the po 
support necessary, are more numerous, ‘This 
‘sideration, which ts one of primary importay 
watallation of telephonic tines, has for a 
while been studied by M. Weiller, who addd 
himself to. the solution of the problem of aubstid 
for iron. or atecl wire, conductors of higher cap} 
that ia, such conductors aa tnay be used of s 
‘diameter, and at the sate tinea equal atrengs 
* the intrinsic value of phosphor-bronze be grea| 
the firatinatance it alwaya preacrves that valu 
it ahould be remarked here that the remelting @ 
‘Old wire Inalwaya easy, while the old iron or 
wconductors have practically no value,  ‘Che} 
sductivility of phosphor-branze wire of vi 
Hiameters has been the subject of very nu 
WMaboratory experiments carried out for the 
vavnio Ggncrale UElectricité, by MLL 





7 





train from olthor tho advanco or roar stationon tho cireult 
in which tho gong is includod {s announced to tho gatos 


keoper by moans of a loud gong signal or signals, wi 
can ho heard at n distanca of 600 varie Hie thorates 
has timely warning of the Approach of tho train, and 
hay be. tho gatos, signals, Points, &ec., an tho caso 
ho goug-houso {a shown In Fig. 1, avo 0 alta pa, 
and the apparatus required to ‘rork tho angele eee e 
fram tho weather inalde the house, whils fs gongs aroflxad 
outsido on thoroof, Tho bell hammora fro connestod by 
cords totwa lovers which aro mavod Upnnd down by clock- 
work, when [t is freed by tho passage of an oloatris eurront 
through the clectro-magnets of the apparatus, Aa thoro 
aro alwaya uncertaintics and ditlloalt es connoctod with 
thoureand maintenance of battorios, the ourrents obtained 
from thom often ig Irrogular and inconstant, maguoto- 
inductors havo beon constructod, na shown in Fig. 2, for ' 
produciag and transmitting tho curronts required to | 
work tho gongs, Thoso consist of twelve Pormanent 
atoel magnots with a Slemons armature raced on an 
axis between tho poles and turned by a handle, By 
micans of gearing, ono revolution of the handle causos 
tho armature to rovolva thirteon times, aimultancously : 
tranomilting twenty-six currents Into tho Hino wire. 
These currents aro alternately positive and nogativo, 
and move a small cacnpoment fixod to tho polarised 
Armaturo of the olectro-magnets in tho gong apparatus; 
this cacapemont engages with a toothod segment, and an 
the alternate currents pasa through tho bobbing of tho ° 
cluctro-magnota, this acgmont Is gradually ratsod, tooth | 
hy tooth, until it reachos acertain polot, whion It froos tho i 
apparatua and causes the gongs to be struck, Tho great | 
advantage of tho alternate currents is that a lightaing 
discharge, or ono impulsa of current sent through tho 
clectro-maynets, can havo no effect on tho Hong, ant 
would only move the segmont one tooth, Each of tho 
inductora is fitted with two small pluogors, I. and IL 
‘suo Fig, 2), each respectively connected with tho upand : 
down Huo wires, Ono of theao Plungora muat aways bo | 
depressed whon a signal has to bo sont, the oporator :. 
at the samo timo turning the inductor : 
and sonding cttrronts into the line, Hence it Is impone 
slblo to work the gongs by meroly touching the plungor ‘ 
or turning the inductor bandlo aceldentally, as both 
require to bo used simultancously, 

This gong apparatus can also transmit n serioa of pros 
arranged signals for help, in the ovent of an accldout 
occurring near tho placu where the gony is fixed, 

IC neceseary, the men in charge of tho tunguolos 
inductors at the stations in advance and Tear of tho 
fonga on that particular circuit, can by turing their 
induetor handles, with an futerval between cach rovulus 
tion, and at tho sano moment dopressing tho up or down, 








+ | plungor, send signals to the inon iu charge of the gongs, 


é eat ai dis 


SIEMENS' RAILWAY GONG SIGNALS. 

Tit: gong nyatem of railway signalling, though Little 
known amongat English railway eugineers, is oxtenslvely 
omployed on the Continent, and Mr. R. son Fischer 
Trouenteld haa performed seo servicu in bringlug it 
before the Sovloty of Telograph Engineers aud Electri- 
claus at thoir last mecting on February 2rd. Thero 
are soveral reasons why gong signalling has not been 
adopted on English Unes. For oxsample, in a counter: 
ike ours, with numerous railways passing through 
thickly populated districts, and therefore often crossing. 
roadn, it (a natural that level crossings should be voted 
dangerous, and subways or bridges aro resorted to. Dy 
Act of Parliament, wherover level crossings oxint, gates 
must bo erected, and as moro than ono gato-keoper Is 
required in exch case, ft would sometimes bo cheaper to 
creet a bridgo instead. Gongs are dherofore scldom 
required on English tines whero crossings aro cithor 
bridged over or worked tipon some one of tho block 
syalenis in use, Nuvertheleas, there are places in this 
country where thoy would be selul, many instances 
having occurred of trains dashing into gates which wero 
not attended to In time from want of proper algnalling 
Applintces to warn the gate-keepor of the approach of 
the train, Gonga aro moro especiatly rocommended for 
long singlo Hnea of railway, particularly those which 
run through flat countrios, Public crossings in this caso 
would be numorons, and it proves Icsa expensive for tho 
companica to employ gate-koopera at such places than 
to erect n targe number of bridges, 

Tho cost of orecting and maintaining gates Is not no 
great a burden (o Continental railway companies on 
night bo supposed, for the gate-keepers aro permanently 


stationod at tho gong-houses, aud perform the duties of 


Jinomen, besides attending to tho gates, Thero is no 
doubt that this system of signalling would bo as usoful 


‘in Tndin, Austratin, Canada, and other Mritish colontes, 


a8 it has beon, and still ia, in Franco, Russia, Germany, 
Brazil " 

‘Tallway gong alanis ean bo combined with any of tho 
block ayatems, or thoy may bo used alone in cases whoro 
8 amatl population and little traillo make tho moro com- 
plicated block system unnecessary, Tho doparturo of 5 


Supposing ono turn of tho Inductor handle produces two 
strokes on the gong tho following signals cau bo coms 
bined : : 

One turn of inductor handle o 0, to mean train in up 
direction, 
‘Two turns of inductor handle o © 0 0, trainin 
down direction, 

‘Treo turns of inductor handloo 9 0 0 © 0, 
train stopped, 

Four turns of inductor haudh to mean=o 9 0 0 
0 0 0 O lo'clock, 

Seven turn: o 00 00 00 oo 
oo Oo top all trains. 
It is undoubtedly advisable to havo two Hno wires 
botween any two atations, ono for telegraphic corre. 
spondence and the other exclusively for the transmission 
of gong-nlarum signals, but this is not absolutely neces. 
sary, as both speaking aud signalling ean be carried on 
upon the sano line wire, Should the gate-keeper in 
charge of any ono of tho gongs bo aware of a hrenk- 
down on tho lino or any othor casualty, be then uses a 
number of koys of different longths, which, when placed 
jato a keyhole in the goug apparatus, automatically 
tranamit a serles of telegraphic code nigusts by inter 
rupting tho closed battery current. Theso code sigunls 
are recelved by a polarised bell or Morse recorder, or hy 
both, and thus tho news of the acchlent fa conveyed to 
tho stations on both aldos of the gong. «Assuming the 
man ot a gong-houso wishes to ronda signal for help, he | 
places ono of tho above-mentioned keys into the koyhole H 
of tho alarum apparatus and tums it round ones, which ' 
cattsos his own gong to strike and at the samo tino 
intorrupts the closed battery current in the Nine, thereby 
ringing tho polarised Letls at ench station. ‘Tho elork in 
charge on hearing tho bells, places his foot on the pedal 
awltch with which cach Morse recorder in. provided, and 
at onco reco! thoalgnal on the paper strip, Tho aignal 
for help fs repeated by tho gate-keopor until its recoipt 
is acknowledged from ono of theatations, Somoijinprove- 
ments havo been made and tho koys done away with by 
using separate contact wheels, which aro placed on an | 
axle in tho gong apparatus ono at a time, and cach onv 
senils its own special signal automatically, 3 

Fig. 3 shows tho spindlo euaratu with spludlo 8, 
which is connected with the bell hammor. A reciprocat- 
ing motion ia imparted to it by the tecth in tho wheol 
as it rovolves, thus causing the .lammer to striko thy 
gouges once for cach tooth, 


















SEAS: 


sae 


low riso of temperature du 
rdinary causes, and a sudden 
« fFreneli alarm whiel 


{dent of the Wes 


6 use or for shops, 


this can take place it 
en burning for a co; 
reached no mean din 





* fof the fact by the Pp 


house would give 
for, to eay nothin; 
to attack the firo wh! 
The automatic fir 
{that iMustrated and 


Ho by tho curva 


n A contact pofnt 


a8 shown in F; 





apartment or warehouse to be 
fs connected wi 


mpcrature 
baro blade 
ptly than the clothed one, 


and to ring an 
o rise of temper. 


very gradual one tho two blades will! 


Lat 


—F 


1 
expand equally, but as soon as it extend beyond 
the range of ‘natural temperature, or any critical 
pmperature to which the apparatus has been act, |. 
i@ bide @ rung ngainst the adjustible screw 7 
1 (Fig. 2) and is stopped from further advance, 
while the other blade 4 continues to curve until the 
contact between the blades is broken, 
result follows as before: the indicating nw 
and the alarm bell rings, 
T indicator for cach cirenit consiats, 


{ret shown 
he cae df th urn 
ighted ie f drops 


t only tin, ; 
reassure] arm bell and ke it all a, 
Heads dee ng lp te 
aco, 


ch tho outbreak ji 
© most novel featnro of tho tell-| 
ry Which fs so dovised that 8 sudden 
ra of oven nfow d Fabrenhel 


Inrm, whereas the alo oh 
ho seazona or to ‘house ld rocenacs en y 


mica rea 


i 


OY 2743m00r 


30 Sayzs3 073 2 
ty & Jo suoyesy 


tra ay “Lenbsoy 


iq patasi 
ar S143 
cod j[eq ¥ poe.ood 


mar fla KJapror Ino jor 


COKVNAG SAGAOUT 


Sano 
13 jo open 
Hen 


TEA “AIK erey ony 
put sno: 


‘sayomomen S| 
J my 


TaIes Jason 


Oz, 


He Sojoq wow st ‘saa:Saa 
watp’ jo 


[padauss: 


“CIE PUR ‘cg ‘Og “29 -dd “are yon ‘DNIUTAINIONY OG y 


tno} 


tof an] ” 


or:sold, and it is also 
cutting of the wires 
accidental in 
ing of the bel 














FROU 


gy OB! 


P e0Se vices 


no saqmta: 


“UAL 


NOI} pas snordrsosa, 
qud 2: 


at tho Elcetrical Exhibition at the Crystal Palace, and 
the apparatus, which stands at tho entranco from tho 
London, Chatham, and Dover Railway, fa well worthy of 
attention, 

Tho apparatus, of which wo annex engravings, cons 
sista of a cast-lron casing, containing two gtn-metal 
dishos forming.two circular channels marked A A A A 
in Fig. 2, Identical gun-motal dishes aro fixed to an 
fntornal cast-iron dise koyed to tho shaft B B which goon 
right through the casing, Blados radial as to thelr 
edges, but inclined as to tholr planes, aro fixed in the 
channele. For conyenienco in our deseription tho in- 
tornal disc will bo called tho fan, 

Tho channels with thelr blades if doyeloped in tho 
line of tho circular axis of tho channel (sco dotted lino 
OCOO8n Fig, 1), and taken In longitudinal section, 
would present this form shown by the aunoxed sketch, 
continued indefinitely in cach direction, Tho channols 











: 
i 


Aro taken out to such a acction as will make the lino of 
intersection of the blados with tho channol a sem 
cirelo (avo the fourtoon scmicireles in Fig 1). Tho 
easing fs Milled with water. If tho casing bo hold fast 
and tho fan made to revolvo within it 60 as to make tho 


rolativo motions of tho blades bo in tho diroctions shown 
by the arrows in tho longitudinal dovelopment, 0 great 
internal reaistanco is act up, and tho casing becomos a 
brako to the revolving fan, . 

At D D aro two wheols for rogutating tho brake action 
of tho apparatus In tho rallowsing manner: EE EE 
aro platos, thero being two pairs, but ono of each pair 
only appearing tn Vig. t, Each pair aro coupled togothor 

















[JAN. 13, 1882. 






em 


ENGINEERI 
SIR WILLIAM THOMSON’S SYPHON RECORDER 
















. (For Description, see Page 28.) 
Fhe She tae LANCASHIRE 










é 





CONSTRUCTED BY MESSRS, HAWKSLEY, WILD, AND CO., ENGINEERS, SHEFFIELD, 








ENGINEERING, 
BOILER WITH FLANGED FLUES, 





(For Description, see Page 80), 
















































































Copper caver for 
heateng ast 
drying mile 


cault of this is ovidently that abstracts of 
Ounts as exist cannot be put in a form 
at for ready reference in more than a few 
' thia again conduces to another result 
‘alists and investors, having few data to go 
jnain less likely to take shares in under. 
f’ this nature ; tho consequence being that 
h sources of profit to the investor and of 
Yeo to tho public remain unexplored and 
d. Whatever may bo the new motive 
Jopted generally, whether compressed nir 
ticity, and howover much the tramway may 
oved or economiged, the neccasity of detailed 
sin clear form still remains. 
“ark, however, haa doubtleas dono his 
vith such Information ax ho could procure, 
eeda convenient and wseful book; to this, 
he might well have added accounts of 
inways, in order that it might both merit 
lomprehousive title of “‘T'ramwaya,” and 
oro gencral use to the public, 


YOPOSED VIENNA RAILWAYS. 

resent moment the municipality of 
Jits population: aro. much exercised on 
t of the various achemes proposed to 








Circe tee 












Vienna municipal engineers added o rider to the 
effect that in case this plan were considered too 
grand, that Inid before them by Mr, E. i, d'Avig- 
dor, Assoc, Inat, C.f., and member of tho Austrian 
Institution, would be worthy of consideration, 
third in order they mentioned Mr, Bode's scheme, 
Tn consequence of the complete financial collapse 
which occurred in Austria during the Vienna 
Exhibition, all these schemes were laid aside, and 
of the many competitors, only two or three per- 
revered in continuing their efforts to realise the 
iden of ntown railway, In 1875 0 comnittee of 
the Austrian Institution of Civil Engineers examined 
about a dozen of the projects, and rojected them 
alton the ground that there was no occasion for 
any railway within tho boundaries of Vienna; this 
curious decision was appealed againat, aud a new 
committee waa appointed which again rejected all 
tho plans on the ground that none of them complicd 
with all tho required conditions, It may bo added 
that in any case tho d t 
the Inatitution would have been purely platonic, ag 


thon for the construction of railways in their city. | no financiers came forward to aupport any one of 
for which were then 


‘The want of somo specdier means of communica- ance na 
tion than that of tramways and omnibuses between hapa tuned plone, ofa back room in tho 
tho rich and populous southern and western sub-| ‘Town [Hall, ¥ 
urbs, and the heart of tho town, bns long been felt,| During the summer of last year, Mr, Fogerty, an 
and the inconvenience of tho present state of thinga| Fnglish engineer, propored an ‘claborato acheme for 
isincreascd by tho greut distance of the existing] the construction of a circular railway at Yieuns. 
railway stations from the centre, As long ago as} His designs were elegant and not devoid of some ! 
1873, a number of plana for the construction of al ingenuity, but he committed tho serious crror 
metropolitan railway ayatem were submitted to the] of neglecting altogether tho improvement of the « 
municipal authorities: there were no less than} River Wien, which traveracs the tow: 
twenty-three, some merely sketches, others worked | west to north-cast, affording tho most natural ; 
out ab great expense in every detail, ‘Khe engi-|line for the railway, and ho proposed to cross. 
ucers of tho “Stadbauatut," or Board of Works,| somo of the finest strects of the town by _ 
then deelded that Baron Schwarz’a scheme was| yiaducts, ‘Che general routo sclected was al “4 
the best, Ie proposed three radial Hines, 0] open to criticiam, as tho portions tn the tana ats 
outer ring, anda magnificent boulevard from the! competed directly with tho tmmways, Wl ef hose 
Ringstrasso to Schénbrunn, and wished to deviate | outside were unlikely to attract s Lsnipe a allie. 
tho courso of tho River Wien by © hugo canal six| His proposals had, howover, tho effect o serous 
iniles Jong and having cuttings na much a8 100 ft ublic attention, and of roving that the cou ides ¢ 
deep, ‘Tho. capital required for this magnificent) tho money market would oneo moro permit tho ois 
undertaking, which involved no lesa than forty} sideration of a project of this description. : 
miles of railway and ten miles of largo sowera, was| Bodo came forward with his former ‘ W ienthal- 
cloyen millions sterling; it was designed by Mr.{balin” whilo Mr dAvigdor handed in a revise 
Geiger, a member of tho Auatrinn Tostitut fon offgchemo for a metrop' 


olitan railway system com- 
Civil Engineers, ‘To their recommendation, ‘ the} bined with drainage and river iprovement. 
; eo Pr 
4 
a on 
4 














Iccision of the Committeoof & 





n from south» ————~.. 








RE ETS Ds Dar Sa 





: Uae ol mh feu 
WeREWEIZER S ELECT imparta tho oscillating movoment 
ree actuate by & batt Ly thla motio he tera patie. diee ; 
Sn chose enen at tho | tho aprin tho spring u, which ean’ 
og 5 : th ; a prevent tho reitowal 
: : i 70 Scrow on tha dixe again dopreanon tho 
harming, 3 'y spring uu. At tho moment when thos Wh 
he car : i Fig 1 tobe Bro! thay {tho screw Kt having quitted the horiz 
Ai that the apring barrel and 


pawl barr, tha Apri 
with tho mok 73, A 
prossed, anit tho moe! 
H) form, A, Fi 


Ing Ne 

Tho whoel © transmits motion 

© of tho exeapemont, With this armngo. 
mont tho-amotive forces neta direct on the wheel A hy 


tho lovor E ratsed; in this Movement 

















Glanyow Py 
MANUFACTURED BY MESSRS, ROTHull nt the o 


Prices not 0 











+ ane month, and tho 
TL. cash and Ste, 
iM. more. 












iI} to tho pinto 


| 


itupart motion 


































a ie soon as tho 
. iberated and b 
menus of apecial doviecs which form tho original features fea allen Hea 
of the timepiece. On thy spindle of tho wheel A fs the wyatem te tie porition 






bg a, the length of which te rather 
8 of the wheol; if this apring 
H leilocted fa tho dircetion in which the wheel train is 
Hf bo move, the whool will follow tho 


per tan ander that 
fone daring the 


fixed a straight apri 
nd from 


r clouding the circuit, 
lean than the rain, 


he battery rang down too law to 
an described ; an arrangement, 
I 1 l wil and alrendy referred to, ta devised 
mpulso and will Tn this case, tho contact being 
fa conununicaty to the ekcapement the dogreo of forces jo aay, by tho apring M, it fe 
i cxertod by the dotlection of the spring, ‘To obtain the she pas 
i y pring. Recensary to provent contact with one of the wires in 
iB constant power necessary for thatniform action of the order to break tho current. ‘'a do this ono of tho wires 
clock, it dn eufllctont that tho presauro of tho aprin "communicates with the oleet 
should be continuous, To effect jthin a cotent whee spring Al, Insulated at 42. 
i : ee : a is employed; it turne frealy on tho spindle of tho wh ¥ 
\lvuenting busie m1 La ios a’, aud carries on one faco tear the po: 
it the openin rot , 5 which comes into contact with tho aprin; 
ff on Frida: 


viv 
t from fle, 
Nad. 





hn Wan 





























Toomagnot only through tho 


sand carrying at the end tho! ‘ 
inaulated atud 44, whieh’ enters the hole in the cross. 


piece 11%, which {4 connoeted to one of tho poles of the 
battery ; in consequence of this it will bo seen that 

when the ploco K is not Attracted to the armature of 
H tho clectrosmagnet, it descenida until It mects tho 
insulated stud 43, and Pressca jt own, Roparating: 
tho spring Al from tho croaspicce HH, and immediately 
interrupting tho current, 





































to hold the pawt 
A unlforin prosan: 





anal Dy 

t to-day, 

down to 
11 







jand when thia 
th it Is raised 






. te afternoon nt 




























THe Maxuractents of Myaxers, ~ is 
a hL down to ‘or some time past M. Trouyé, tho eminent, ig 
a igerene n instrument. maker, has ben ongaged Pat ne 
liven of ord of making power! 
clers of [ig iron since Inet rep ‘ covering the best mode a 
iennnual statiation bearin i : . 
On, shipment, prices, and 







agnets of identical strength. Mor this purpaso:; = 
t et Y ho Tins investigated the best kinds of steel; tho ; 

‘hoe ' most suitable degreo of emer and, tho amos : 
practical aud simple method o: magnetisition, In. 
; testing the dilforent kinds of stect ho cut the pieces: 
of the same dimensions, and im natixed them, then 
- measured their portative foree. ‘They were after-! 

1s nal the reenlt line be . ney 






















is y. ‘ho porta-; 
wards tempored and magnotised anew, | a 
tivo Torco after this second magnetisation has led 
10 dificulty 
ee yen and totals 
Umate whi 





M. Trouvé to tho conclusion that the beat Fronch 
aval for making bar magnets is that of Allevard, 
lngalready known, Ho also finds that tho portativo 
forees as determined after the two mingnolteations 
fro connected by a simple aa sonic cay 2 
oxpreased by sying that they are 0 cach in| 
tho ratio ol 7 a, that is te sy, if the bortatlra | 
force of the first mngnetiation is represented ry 
2, 3, and 4, that due to the final or patuutet 
niagnotixition ia represented by 4, ait ; 
Inti {regards tho tempor of the steel, M. Tronve finds 
f te that a regular tempor is necessary, and to insuro | : 
ing fe tact, this condition ho employs n muflle furnaco heated | +: 
“dl oN mounted om, 6, by gas to a constant temperature, ‘The aetal 
Hat ween the two discs * magnotisation of tho bara is performed hy pla ing ‘ 
f+ coupled to tho rod r, aun, them in two solonoids in juxtaposition anid elon ni : 
to tho lover Ei, and a rack 3, which may: tho magneti euit by means 0 pis tit 
diane nee oF Hb according, soft iron, Tho solenoids aro then electrified by 
ogy ihe at ii ‘ means of tho current from six Wollaston cclomouts 
ton of the screw E! actin; Pane OF tHe cue franuniee BL ‘Lrowd ; 
of tho paw) bar £3, hung on By Droceeiling ‘in this 















ye ‘Thy current 
. Teuption, and ¢! 0" 

POU ON ication of prosperity ‘for 
* sreneeonne til O. DUR $0 Odea wae Er areterndy, 











’ 


































































‘hich wi in from | 
ron this that tho movements in preparing bar ee anit eel wan iti 
ro tranaforred to tho apindlen, and give’. .;| twelvo to torreon eee oS form the portative : 
8 wlight elroular roel; rocating movoment, tranamitted : they are bent in e ie Lin to my, it becomes from |’ 
Bf course to tho ding + Thin motion is auiliciont to a] force is quadruple feat times the weight of thofj 
Produce tho required effect. On tho dlso Nis a aimalli forty-oight to fitty-ajx tin 
gulating -serow which can jot. 





press on tho horizontal 1h 
apring u, the fixed end of which [n Insulated; it also 
rion 


on tho circuit is ontabliahed theft 





maynot. >, _ 



















0 Oe bab Dds, TPE: 








A TERMS OF THE GRAPHIC. 
vo) Tre ater Graratoe le pudtiahed as 
ag fF Tro OCIock and at Fonr 0 















found respect, but 
coinage he reveata 
athe facts 


23, 

Prepsld at the ottics of publica. 
ve rates Incl of postagcta aoy 

Part of the Untted stat: 


‘To any other part 
Of the wortd the coat of bustage ta to be added tothe sub. 
Serintion price, 


tion of Tie Darny O 


Postpatd, for any time desired, from a atnrte month 
Up and the addres: 


Gratitude 
Of the paper will he changed a ave nothing to do with 
Otten m welehtal theta: who are raveittag pipe ean a conduct muat be its own 
ve any Ki i 
by vendo ue ti ge month; teoctne wits tne conta: reward, Slick to your {rlends aud oppose your 
tbe postagy enemles every thae, are the maxims on whict 
Conkling'a grent victories have been hitherto 
won, 


Out of the 128 members of Aasembty, It scoma 
to be taken for granted thar the Greenback-Labor 
party may contrive to elect alt the way from elght 
fo tifteen, ft seems reasonably certain that tt 
they are able to elect ten members, they wilt hold 
Che balance of bower and be abte, not fndeed to 
name the Senator, but to say who shalt not be 
Seuntor, State pride will have little (ntlacnce on 
the (irvenbackers, and nedther Koacoe CoukNng 
nor Seeretary — Evarts, were the fatter 
& candidate, wit recelse thelr aupport. 
On any consideration, And Nero tes Conk. 
Mig's  preat danger, Of Necessity, (ff the ’ 
Republicans hold a caucus Mr, Conkhing witt bo and it s (ar more tiekte ty 
the caucus candidate, His frients are already In | value than sitver, The } 
a wajority In tle Senute, whieh hotds over; and | Just about keeps pace w 
they with have amujority of the Reputdican dele latin, baying doubled 
ation to the Aesembly, But even it alt Repub- | the supply of gol 
Means were bound by the action of the cattcus, | quadrupled, Moreover, 
the Republicans Muay not have a majority of Kold a8 silver now mined! 
the Jotut seasion, 


And the Senator may And | supply of gotd ts tuereaal 
Uhuself beaten by the same tactics that de J Se sure to fall in value, wi 


defeated Logan a couple of Sears ago tu Uituola | rise, Golit fs fae tnore fle} . 
and sent Judge Dayls as fis aucevssor to the {he world proves tt; but! 
Senate, But it is Possible that some Fenton balance and regulate cag 
Evarts Repub teans may bolt the caucus, and thus [ iat Congress ought to f 
add to the Senutor's diMeulttes, Viewed from allver dollar, of else reds 
every polit of view, Mr, Conkling never tad a | dollar, te one of thd 
“bigger Job" on hand, The Republican party fa | pirical thianee which cou! 
this State fs fn a very Dad way, It fa suffering | bya man who knew Man 
from divided counsels, ‘The Custom House pat- | atthe very moment whet 
ronnge te the hums of tis eueniles, and he fog bis sage atdvice. { 
Mitet realize that 1 man's most desperate foes are Francisco were eagerly 
they of hls own houschotd, Taumany can 

and will reader tlm pe assittance, wille tha 


dollans at ihe Stb-Treag 
fu Amertean gold dolturg 
memory of the Ungavory cuatttton prejudices him 


0 


APUG wit Uo sent by 


















it 
to diamonds ana measiee 
that au fnstrument tot 
Must Porsers several o 
aud silver possess tn cg 
caally (uterchangeable; it 
lble Into other objects of 
may be regulated; it musf.” 
Indestructible; its suppl 
élendy and aduquates tt 
metal which ts diffused ad | 

that every quarter of the! 
uiint be 40 compuct that} 
conily handled, yet not gol * 
likely to get lost, , 
Mr. Wright ought toy: 
Moes not know, thut poli 
several of these qualities 
titted to serve the humad 
Were to be only ono sta 
more desteuctible than af th 





























mae eae an 


en a 
















































THE Ghavitte COMPANY, 
Nou, 39 aad 4 Marg place, New Yor Cory, 


= 
— 
BIANCH OF Ficka OF THE ARA 

CMtcanetrita=1t South Sixth 





Tee et 





















THIC, 






























TON—Itoom t3, Corcoran Uultdtog, 
rtlacmanta recotyed at elther 











it, Mastien, 16 Nua de 
K.P. Brevenn, ¢ Te 
@uberriptions for Tux Gn. 











‘ange Ratettere, Parts, and 
‘ae equate, Losdan, wil reculry 
APHIC Rt regular rates, 








¢ 
Aa 
yo 
i 




























































































¢ required o9 erory come 
munication, mate bublication, but ee a private wiatane 


















TOR ROSCOR CONKLING, 
The leading tsaue in Che pollttes of this Slate dn 
Qe campalgn which has just begun is the res 
“tection of Senator Conk Dg. 8olongas Eucla 

abinson remains Governor of Now York, the 
be of eMecthays reforms, great or small, tu the 




























































































































COL Aro the business me 
lerument of this great and miago nied elty fs a pis ealtee 7 oa oo ut poste rae Or Is our tetter-witter som 
. epublicana, fn hls favor are State pride {0 hi . 
att newt to complete Gsappotutment, A whole ia ubllity ant the feeltug tine tn ty Now York ‘There was somewbat Ry 
. Me, rr may bo apent tn berfecting measures of Hasan worthy representative anit 4 great Senator; seeterday over an exagred 
Only to be killed by Mr, Tobinson's PRT te tuiduiuttabte energy, when bly own tne | that yellow fever hau mad 
7 onal objections, There th no Jaw and no tereeis or those of hts {lends are at | Brooklyn Navy Yard, ats 
¢ Of reform which 8 not open to Critictan, stake; his foresteht in taking comblnations | Progress, As it was, me + 
Wi atte ts tn aearch of teetinteat bolnts £0 Fmt bts Prudence In the eholee of agents to | of rent desl et wees 
(ele PNETORts Governor Robinson always carry (hen outs hls position as the ackvowledged Gace orlginated as there hi i 
os eth ey or canoe a rat waseaucceods ead of the Republican party tu this State and the West Indies, wheneo " 
bee then, The suibetanttal Justtes of 9 oue of its wredtest leaders In the ation, and last, derived. The vexsels on w 
1 hon veiee eriolis in vate she eee a the prestige ofa lon xertes of brillant vietortes, | have been (torovghiy — ¢| 
° * o a ce t 
A OM roo Kreat and insuperable obfeetion Should be suece 
4 





td nui fn overcoming the ob- 
stucles In hits bath, he welt have ne} 
kreatest personal (rhunph, 
of thetn have liltherto been, 


whe aw fotended to bene 


and the Brooklyn health aut 
toe More, « 


x Ky yf . AY 
teved his | of the navy yand have held | : : 

y y | it wasdecided to maken co, 
metuulahitagy us any of the yard and the veasete 


Mt this city, Mes 
annot ba an issue in the fatt 


























e 4 
rt be Ho Stato offleces to be ele 










to learn the orfgin of the dif. 55.0 led thr : 
cled, except SL ¢ bs Wil Bo taken to. stamp out ¢f : : 
wee? ‘ho Court of Appeals, and no fone ex. PuVAN YORK 48 SUMMER RESIDENCE, | caue for alarm, ax sporad 
sited tro will bo a great contest over that 


New Yorkers have been tivin 

eo Oral atregyte wit) bo in the Assein- 
~ \In thts atrugeto there are Just two, 
* eat the inquircr—how jure a yote 


bor party control? how 
b} 





i fever and cholera are able «7°: 
KK for a tong tne weather, moreespecially 
in Ikuorance of the fact that New York ts the exhousting aa it has been fh i 
moat pleasant suinmer residence on thle cot ‘ ne : si. 
tlnent, Some of tts great advantages are only Five galtons of tees pled ser an ‘ahi 
now beginning to be broughy withis anthiy alt . . 
bRch.OL et spehene thane 






























Qe te ee 


4 
i : . : 





Ota Las kA aE. STP 





i 


wo 305. Bae 
; by ealoriinetor 




























































pubs ET i : 
TIT EDISON SYSTEM OF ELECTRIC 0 valtaine fins torr ant ifst ‘and thotker ee 
DISTRIBUTION, U restatanco mothod, By « cflickenoy'” i 
. ifs olectrical enorgy developed to the pe # 
(P by ¥, J. Sruae Lat ting of Section A of eitisn of energy appoun, hen PI 4 ES | Serr. 2, 1882, j AR 173 
aper by I. J. E, rend at inceting of Se . $ f theg Serr, 2 2, 
Aber by Asvocintion, Friday, August 2th, 1883.) power myquined to drive the mac hino, including S94: ! ‘ ‘ ELECTRICAL REVIEW. fs 
: A 3. ‘This elasa comprises machines with arnintiires on the samo plan but this has tostly disappeared, and an inspection of one of tho 
end ae ante fhe as the Inst, but fro mutch Jarger, of lower resistance and of double engines at Holborn Viadtet shown it to be in thoroughly good con~ 
. : beriment; pernuent, fy a the clectromotive force, ‘I'he dicld inagnets are horizontal, have Cition, ‘The boilers ave tho Babeouk & Wilcox patent, adapted to 
ine of duration i ay twelve cores, and their resistance is about 1-7th that of the 70 lighter, quick steam and high Pressure, They need to bo well taken care of, 
peed of dynamometer eae tas The annature is connected dirvetly to the engine, which is a well pro- ut are widely and favoursbly enough known to engineers to need 
ition has tonintatico of armature ons ” portioned, high «peed, non-condensing engine, knuwn as the Porter. no cominent, 
of distribution, ‘otal reaintance of circuit allen; only three of these dynamos are in Europe, one being in Paris 
to which the y and two at tho central station at Holborn Viaduct, ‘The normal Tass, 


taut utually 
ring talent must 
jection m0 trivial, 





capacity of No, 


or 1,001, and y © 
he Holborn m ine, Mr. Edlison recently ran 


about 4-9tha 
Tumps at twen andlespower, and Ehaye been informed that No. 


1,000 lights, but it ean be reaiily ran upto 1,200° On account of tho need of Ir 





ig tho oxternal resistance high 
atio mu 





























putin tho field magnets so that their resistance ix cotapared with the internal, and ¢ 
io 













the volume and current required; the x 


teMciency oe of the lamps and not into others; the necesal 




























































; “ i before leaving New York, wan tested with 1.340 bunps for fifteen ithanination for diferent lamps; and from tn given 
Foot pants of electrical energy in. Pe conscentive houny Eo suppose at sixteen cant les, From Howell's Uluminating power ea ith £ loss 
han un as oe HG experiments, one lamp of 10s) hima resistance required for an toss of energy in con 
fe HE cotta i iMutmination of sixteen candles potential of 99 wulte, tnd used aimed ut carbons of « 





xterual cirenit.., 





STAT foot-pounds of ene 


per iminute. ‘The potential and ies in the way by no means easy to surmount, 
resistance give a current of 0°71 


7015 amperes, whieh is about the diminishes its resistance when hot, 
average of five Inmps, 1,020 Lampe would ‘then require 930-072 and life are wanted, 
sump, and the external resistance would be *106¢ ol ny, or twenty. should have tho si 
eight times the internal, Cull the resistance of lending wi 

a tenth of the lamp resista 
ance of “Gt olin. The x 









Tealtinenents of a : ee Perventage of name appearing in 

will consider that of alison i I de Anuatuty 2 

feball not vive a full de: Fiption of all the . intend rather to 2. Fietd coils 

conaldor it from a practic wv edith i i 
n : §. External circuit... ave 


He resistanico and ce; 
res ‘OL ohm, Remarkable advance las been mde, 
irenit resist. made of 240 ohms resistance cold, 
lamps of about 73 ohins cold and 











ce, which will give a lamp 
istance of the tield nuagnets is 6°73 cold, 














Dyas. , 






















a Pre. ese ae j a Allow 4 per cent, i se in thesy coils, and 10 por cent in the arm: clastic, and of lang average life. Li 
These generator, which have armatures wound or connected ona ie Soe ais Serer ss nema ets ef 1 tury for heating, and consider the conductor resistance as between the iteannot be foretold, about 1,100 houra be 
e we have n dillerence of potential ut the Made of the finest bamboo, they aro fibrot. 





| 2 7 PoE 
| uodification of the Hefner-Altencck system, may be divided into Those, armatures ure somewhat UMonte of construction, but it]. humps and machines, ‘The: si dnte  diforonco ofp al at Uh 
| elt cuils, o 8°05 volts and a fleld 
i 


threo classes, . seems Como their eflies ney is no remarkable that the extra expena! brushes, und terminals of the 
word armatures, the coils being wound on is warrantable, aud I should like to see all the machines constructed) 






1, Those having wire- current of 14°29 amperes, giving a total current in tho armature of tho copper clumps and ends of the earbons being 

















































































| 
a wooden cylinder wrapped with a noft iron wire. ‘These armatures on thy rather fhan on the wire principle, ooo YEG ampsres, and an elcetromotive force of MLG7 volts. Chis gives + Tho platinum wires are scaled in 2 hot press joint 
{are driven ‘by belting, und rotate between the fares of long vertleal 7 : ‘ St ke an equivalent of 73,090 foot-pounds in the field coils, 397,200 in the ; tubo sealed in the neck of the globe, whence copper 
tmagnets at a speed of $00 to 1,200 revolutions per tninute, ueconling: ; . if } leading wires, 169,690 in the tumutttire, and 4,061,050 in the lamps, wires lend to brass connections, which aro hrought into contuct with 
|to tho size of machine and the number of lamps. By wing a tange | ff taking a_total of 4,698,030 foot-ponnds of electrical energy per sitnilar conneetions in the sucket. ‘The carbons ate so clastic that they 
mass of metal a powerful agnet may be created, rendering necessary © . a ininute, In the absence of exact data, suppose tho viticieney of dus side of tho glabetotho other, When hot they are 
j less number of convolutions of w + and consequently less heat and : | machine to be 04 per cent., two leas than that of the small machine Tess chustie, Fur Jap of higher ithuninating power the width of the 
waste in the armature for a given clectromotive force Ry using lon before considered; then wo would hnye 4,010,800 foot-ponnids per carbon is inervased w hile the thie remainy about the same. The 
magnets the mean resultant of the convolutions of wird is Wrought | ‘ suinuto applied to tho axis of tha armature, or horse-power, of uxe of two or moro carbons iy not n practical arrangement, ‘This gives 
fuck nearer the contre of the core than would be the ease with the | which thero was expended in the lump eironit 129-15, in the external about double the illuminating surface, half the resistance, and reqtines 
faamo weight of metal and 9 shorter length, On account of thing } ‘ conductors 11°73, in the field cirenti 22, in the armature 1-96, and double the energy. There is room for great improverent in the matter 
jmore active magnetic field fy produced, one with a yeoater projece {* . if { wasted 10°69—ie,, 800, 776, 14 1 J, and 70 per eent, respectively, of lamps of high power, for I have no doubt that inthe near future 
tivo power, and’ less current may be used in the fleld coil. { Although 4:96 horse-power may seem'n large loss in the armature, it incandescent Ininps of 200 or 300 candle-power and higher will he per- 
can be exemplified ina striking manner by reforging the | . is ay very small percentage on the whole; yet a diminution of -u001 featly practicable, Tt has been said that lamps should have the highest 
the same amount of frou, but tmaking: them short i * ohing would ‘timuisl the loss by 3,916 Ibs, jer minute, Wo thus sco possible resistance. a this iv not so. The carbons have been reduced 
th the sate amount of wire as How teed, With the same apeed | how abyolutely necessary it fy to have the Towent possible resintanco’ about ay far as poutlls in wlth. ‘They may bo mado thinner, and 
of armature and the xame number of convolutions the elvetromat e Zi i | in the armaturo when dealing with largo currents, the energy of thus a step made toi ter weight, higher resistance, and greater 
force of the machine will fall very appreciably sand) this lower | s . . which, expended within a cireuit of given resistance, increases with economy, Dut the real limit ix the potential which can be used, ‘Che 
electromotive force ean he obtained by ane the largo magnets with | : | tho square of the current. Were thiv same current, 21536 umpires, resistance of a carbon of given illuminating Power inust depend on 
fthe faces ut a much ante raf thearnature : ‘ ‘ . at to flow through an armature of a tenth of an ohm resistance, thera tho foot-poundy of cuergy expended aud the Potential at the terminals, 
NTE 3 of running without repair fe | Hl workt be a loss af over £18 horses: power, and were the resistance one ‘Tho following table will show the resistances for several dezrves of 7 
Commutitor he fitted, the vhin, nearly 20,000 foot-tons would be converted into hent per minute, potentialy and ceonomy + 


chine would be redneed to miniaum, | of At Tn fact, it would be practically an impossibility to build an armature os Bits te Rae nn tao | 
sscx, With capacities of 10, 150, 250, and ‘ of this resistance to stand the current. Another instructive caluntation 













potted of | Nuunber 



























































and the number of magnets de pends on the size o : L : may bo nde by reducing a armaturago « nominal equivalent foot fe Tnery) of Lamps | CamMeY - pagttanes of Lampe in ohne 01 
Sach pair uf cory are Inveriek if tivo or thon y i : fe \ conductor, fa this it in not nevewsury that wo muy compare with plete rane fount Ws Wa leet eatin me eine 
used, the Bain are thrown in parallel eitenit, i y another anneh lig dy consi sd ine relutteg qacanitien the ae a per minute, | Wel, | ote sna 

he resistance o| 4 fi . shily att oo . : : i” machines have certain parts of the conductors which are fnae! ive, and a 

d , 2s ave Fpl, euls tay be roughly expressed i , E . Y : io the lesa thi proportion the better for the maching and higher its ell ceenpmmatd foal emtetes 
whero a is the , vienoy. In this gencrater there aro 98 bars on thoarmature, the averayy 3,000 | 11 V6 490 
or wth being four fout nine inches, ‘Cho cirele of revolution is 87-5 2,500 1s 708 
i ‘ inches in diameter. At each end ane 49 circular plates, each of these 2,000 7 18 385 
li dr Wie * My being the equivalent of a conductor 27-4 inches long, ‘The speed of the 1,500 | 11380 
i Ths \ 


I 


Almady there hasbeen produced about twe lamps per horsejpuwer, 
but I think that 2,000 foot-pounis of energy ix as low as ean hd hoped 
for, aul Ldo not feel that wo should go above 150 volts poty sti 
the lamp terminals, If this end ean be obtained, the carbo must 
vy wt resistance of 498 olims hot, and there will’ be prodiced over 
0 candles per horsespower of electrical o trey. Lion contining 





7 H ery 
Lif running for: ree : 
or { she Aue period, ‘The! , se? ¥ a vel 
. he Rievat tt q E ; 
which depends Upon the tot t flog Ihe ania 


ture his a resistance uf + warm. With a di 
i WD volta at the terminals, the field coils would: 
‘oot-potnds of electri energy expended per tinute, | 













i coe : " o 
: With an cle 






















“Power, fe, about a bound of coal per hour, "he ‘ 3 condu nt is dyveloped into these computations and statements tothe Cade ge alamps vot giving 
‘ond c* x 8°18, 0 being total eurnent electrical aml affonts somo over 16 candles, 4 standard of which tho Tong use of yas as led 
ity HO-ohm lamps, the external! > 5 ef data on w rf Lam inclined to think tu the adoption, ‘Che difference inesvorkbetween a MOohik limp’. 





















but aot the conductors whieh: are} “ wo 4 that were the armatt 
4 times the internal, My exp i ee a . woukl bo wasted, Tho limit to the x 
is typo doesnot warrant me in vate : renched when we detenning how much waste can be afforded, and 


ir performance, but frum the kuowledwo 4 ¥ q eessity be i e The eurre 
I should judye their eflicieney to bo ratidat ene how much inuat of necessity be lost in the armature. Che current 


aud of dives, even less power at Mieoand (6 candles power is about 81° fuotepounds, which 
of unehines to be built is will allow two olins difference of line res tance for two lat 
fey about 1,000 fect of No, 15 wire, or one milo of No. 8 Neither 
high resistance nor a high potential ix Necessury to get a certain 
candlespawer with a ev 



























































































































e*powe i senerated is taken off by four of independent brushes, the sur. i rtain expenditure of energy in a lamp 
e-power should be delivered tu the pulley of the 70-light va : vies , faco of tho commutators being al hitly amatlgnanated. Tho sectional vf given mass, but a greater current is necessary with the lamp of 
1 i : ae : ify aren of the brushes on one side iv” about square inches, ‘lhe low resistance. ‘Chia means a greater Toss in the conductors, 1 fos 
hd class corupeisc machines with magnets av in tho! ' : : commutator blocks should be movable, and Lo understand all large ellicieney uf generators, and a much wore limited Gintribution, 
bo coupled in series, or in parallel eireuit makin ; separ? es : ¢ innchines now are wo constructed. Chave seen the largest maching Tet me illustrate by a partienlar instance. A current of 100 or 500 
about $, and ena ing w given electromotive force ty, aad : : : 3 pid here run one hunp of about 16 vandles, and at other times 800 to = atuptres flowing through a conductor an ech in diameter, exposed to 
1 lower apeed, ‘The armature ta buitt up of iron di 1,000 at from 20 tu 24 candles, or even higher, the air, would heat it very appreciably, sly, 15° C. above the atino. 
copper discs Nig of copper Lars, contiectod acroey thy ends | “Pho potential ty such that the commutator brushes can be readily sphere, | Now, what are the conditions ih a ayaronraradistribution ? ri 
oper + At is of very low resistanco, in the ordinary size 1.10¢ raped Tho armature heats moderately—the radiation heing: The cable must bo thoroughly insulated, fra hence Choro xii] not bd | ’ 
Hf that of tho TO-lighter, It fw run at the same speed, de pammnnteeticeens TCS by a thorvogh insulatlon—tat a Mower forces alr around 4 fro radiation of heat, although surroun Hod ue moint earth, @ uit 
th o folawiette Jaze and a auitabta forlampsof lower tes tas it to provent unduo rise of temperntine, The cnggino seems to me rise in temperature will bo fully ns ggreat us in the case of the exposed 
Ha following tablo in froin n careful test of thin machine by : i a alee ono, and now that certain opposition to large dynamos conductor, Hut copper ineredsca ita resistance *{ per cent. for each 
A, Howoll, at Stephon’ Tnstity hose teats we: ; 5 d : & Ing been hushed, tha engine becomes the munt poitit, Tho general dyygreo of ri Supposing our lamp to, but a fourth of the 
experience his heen that high speed engines on variable work and resistance; with the same ceonmmy double the current wontd he 
tong rung have given a great leat of trouble with lost action, back reunited, Tf thu resistanco of the eatle were fixed, this doubly 





enrrent would develop four times the 1 but the increased! tem. 
perature is wttended hy a rise of fully 30 percent, in resistan ey tind 
the work done would be more than five times as yrent, ther than, 
this, the temperature of the cable would be dangerously high, A 


lush, loosening nuts, and wear of piston, cyiinder, valves, and 
i variation of load 





y 
guide-bars, Ina large system of distribution the 
is nich more gradual than in a tool shop or fuctory, and conseqte 
the work ty better adapted for a high speed engine than many other 
Kinds might be. For large engines there may be ured tess wear and Morens. 
tear, fewer individual parts to Jook after, less bility ton break : . t Ss a4 
down, 0 greater number of yoo engines to choose fom, ‘and higher After many trials of various kinds o! neters, or registers, Mr, i 















economy. Tn favour of the higher speed engine, there is leas boiler Edison lay adopted that which depends on elect yh deposition, and 
apace required, the individuality’ of eth engine, the less fnertia, ancl has selentod pure zine for his fittest strong 5 ilu of stp of 
in caso of break down the disabling: of a much smaller part of the zine for the Uqudl, aud places the register i a Ane treat a lowing 
Plant. 1 confess to have hind a Pryjudice against high speed engines, but about [-Su0th of the current to pass therdgh it. The weig! ANG 

























SYSTEM OF ELECTRIC” 


DISTRIBUTION, 


















reaiatance method, 
rey developed 
if 


by tho electromotive force and 
< meant the ratio of the total o} 
, Fequired to tum the arnaty 
{mercial cllleicney 
j external circuit to th 





is meant the ratio o| 


[Paper by F. J. Srnsaur, re e power rquired to drive thom 


ad at snectiny of Section A of Britial 
Association, Fi 


iday, August 25th, 1882.) 


Mrinent, pertinent, 


Time of duration 
) Speed of dynamometer ... 
‘ Teesistance of armature 


resistance of cirenit wires, 







































rocoznines the all-in 














Foot-pounds of deetrieal energy: 
1A 







cconomy and reliability are the 
show before th 














ito establish tho 
jstatod some of 
fund will conside 
shall not piv a 
* (ousider it from_a practica 


runyghily reliable and 
reytirements of a 


r Merventage of name appearins in ~ 
t that of Mer, Edison J 













1, External cfrenit... 





These generators, which have 


armattres wound or connected ona 
tion of tho Hefner- 


Altencek system, may be divided into 





Y somewhat diffeult of 
nmarkable that 
owe all the machine 


‘Those wrmatures i 
seoms to'ino their eflicie 


bustruction, dnt iti 
OXEre expenw! 
's constructed} 





i 1, Those having wi 


wound armatures, the 
a wooden eylinle 


rf wrapped with a soft iron wire 
and rotate between the 





ts being wound on 


hte, i ik 
These armature and 1 should tike ¢ 


rthan on the wire 
winagncts at a ap 
H size of 



















RPSMOH ILO OT” tho ‘este 
£ two or more patty are ; 














Me palrs aro throy . 
‘ince of the fleld cuily may be 
where 4 is the 


70 lighter this ros 
fleld ig in parallel 
Benerates un cle 
+ {aquietly, Onlinarily Go 
4 long timo, but 83 
ordinary limit to tho x 
which depends upon the 
turo has a resistunce ou 
ference of potenti 
0 fe 
















roughly expressed | 
maximun number of Jamps. In thes 
1 olins cold, a 
the external 


¢ force of about 110 yul 
lamps would be the 


urried for 2 short }. 
ating of the armature, 
flowing, "The arm, 





load if running for; 








total volume of eurre 
f +16 ohms cold and 
of 100 valts at the tenn 
pounds of electrical ene 
er, te, about a pound of 
tire would be 








the field evils would 


aa ended por raf 
or “32 horae-pow, nded per inut 


Jost in the ann 7 8913, ¢ being tot 


























» dueluding the fe 
would be tive ohm 
<sriouco with the larger i: 

commenting on their 
-feoustraction, I should 


Hd coils, but not 
4 times the internal, 
his typo doesnot warri 
mm the kuowledye of the 
about the «am 
'y of the TO-light 


Judge thelr effivien 
“power should be delivered to the pulle 


0 second class comprises jnachines with me: 














aro fy Built rp of tron dis 


pper bara, connected across the ends hy 






of that of th 
A lower locomo 
Tho followhyy 
A. Howell, 


It ig 

tin i at} Is run nt the 4 
ablo is from a is machine by Mr, J 
Stopher "4 Instite ate wero mute —thy first I. 


y 


ne 


TIS TELRORAPIIG JOURNAL AND 


174 


deposited in ono 
grammes, 


Very careful weighing is nee 


platea and solution, t 
dircetions. 


Much hos been sa 
of electricity 
to cut outa ef jr 
causing of course au instant increase o| 













apprehension, 


and tin alte 
when destroye 
uirrent fire: 
This is, 1 think, 01 





tors, 





mn in detail 
'alace Exhibi 
all supplied by 


BLO wtenda 
0 


double ey! 


any irregu 









ng thus considered the 
Jot us Took at it ax a whole, 
n there were about 1,075 mixed lamps distributed, 
tho same inain condneto 
cirenits with switches and safety plugs, 


hing the plant w 
that the faihure of any part 
‘Tho motive power co 
inter engines, Hae 
pulley, which through. a movable 
shafting to which we 

an engine would stop four, machines 
shifting the cone puiley, 


arity of ait en, 


hour by the am 
Polarisation ts remarkn 


irevent ac 
this plan, 







prine 









work of a dynamo, one 
, 


could by thus re, 
of this intensit 
Wridged neross thi 
the armature xpring regu 
the in 
ment, dhe 
high, and ina 
is used, the dell 
raditus, 
with, for the 
adjusted ar 
thryw into action ime 
reverse the curren 
or tho othe 
‘possible, beeauxe resista: 
diminishing ae 
coils should be i 
should nd its ottiee | 
external resistance. 
the enerpy used in fou 
to. Whether the 
the fleld mn 


i 
cit 


2 80 anit 


equal to thy 


MUrger system 
The 


nature, whieh 


drivitye the dy: 
with very little spa 
wulutor, w rerhen of apen wire 
fw cirelo around which tre 
contact throws into 
resistance of the fluld cireuit. By the mo 
ulated in intensity. ‘The eye ina very poor julge 
sind to indicate an abuormal potential w rmagnet ix 
toning just as the lamp is done, and the tension of 
wotential inerensed, 
rine caused the armature to move anda bell to ri Such an tn 
wever, shows only the fact that the potential is too whi 
“much more delicate arrangement 
tion of a xpot of light one xradnated are of large 
manual Tabour now used could be readily dispensed 
current in tho galvanometer cirenit can cant ‘a nutely 
. 2 way t 
Heing moved one way or the other wont Ny in detail, broad in conceptio 
of elvetricity, and the tuses white 
houscholder's command, w 
the importance of Mr, Edis 
conception and great forest; t 
problem of the distribution of elvetrivity 





ated, so thy 


Tho ure ofjthe rey 


pero of current i411 = 
bly weak, and there is very little 
variation when a largo number of the meters are tested toycther, 
camry, andl probably the popular desire to 
sco for one’s self what current one is using, and this hive a cheek on 
tho readings of the company, could only he tet, 
having a competent supervisor of the wei 
conneeted with the company, i 
neeuracy seem to have been tho objects, I 
perature ix almost entirely eliminated b 
he resistauce of which el 


Hut in the 


Sarrty Annasoraests, 
about the danger of fire from the introduction at auother, there 
but if the wires are properly laid, and meaus be taken 
revit, when for any rensutn a short cirenit takes place, 
f current, there is tio entuse for 
All wires, besides being insulated, should cither be 
ran through the brick or stone of a stricture or rin along th walls, 
and covered by a moulding to i 
i Mr, Hixon has adopter 
bearing surfaces, and the contacts are 
arcing. Aside from these arrangen 
which is an absolute necessity, and w 
all systems of distribution for domest 
in every main, derived, and sul-d 

vhich in mounted inn 
In the event af a 



















cone pulley 
re belted tho dynamo: 


mim of fiell coils, like the 
tel cirenit, making theie resistance 346 ohms, 
stance was ubout “17 ohing, ‘The enpines 
mod at 1,150, ‘Tho machines 
field circuit: was probable, 
coily joined tu segments 
san arm which hy successive a 










irenit one or more coils, thus iuereasing the 
nent of atever the Hights 


when the 


hanism to operate tho Jever, ore 
nt af a smdll motor, which moves the le way ; 
Hator should Ie as timited as overs 
co Which has no other fanetion than 







ental j 


at 

0 bit of wire of lead 
aan be readily replaced 
nit the sudden increase 
ane itean possibly heat the copper cone 
f the most admirable features in this 


al points of Mr. Edison's 
At tho late Crystal 


and arranged in brane 
‘These were equivalent to 
ps, anil the current was supplied by twelve dynamoy, 
to get an independence of power 
mE not entise extine! 
insted of fare Robe 
i 





dlrave n section of 
Thus the breaking of 
only; two could be stopper hy 
aud one by throwing off its helt. Phin 
Arrangement steadied the current, and minimised the effeet due to 
With 70 standard tnmps as the 
chine should be added: to every 
smps added to the vireuit, so that the relation of internat 
xternal resistances Khould romain the. & 
resistance was about °017, ‘The 12 
tiachines, were in pi 
1 the external res 
reat at 120 revolutions, 
run very quietly, 
placed the re, 






ELECTRICAL 





mil 


with this meter, by 
who waa in no way 
tneter economy anil 
Error from na change of 
proper proportion of 
hanges in opposite 


















isa weak pou 


























x. Tho internal 







































relative motion of bodi 







reduce its: pote 
rounding parts, 
wor! 


tory on 
gof the two in “to 1 
The switches have large 
broken xharply to prevent 
ata, he tas introduced a feature 
a now recognised essential to 
purpo: This i 
al cirey 
iba and 
short ci 


will 
din 
inere 
AWD 
communication 


supply. 
from tho 





mo after long 


A 





REVIEW, 


a great deal of 
the problem, 

maintained at 
exista w difference af potenti: 
& general flow of &! 
equilibrium, 
jlow 
tho conductor, 
Letauch plates be the terminal 
machines, and let the connect 
would be aayntem of 
the most. perfee 
paths is te: 


a anon 



































thought, and has, 
Imagine two 
4 certain dith 


T think, sa 
att sheets of co 
thee of potential, 





lectrivity net up to ‘re: 
Tf these plates be 
Proportional to the difference 
ist as if these 


t principles; andj 
nuriber of paths 
would be at that po 
utiol, and currents woutd fly 
Perforate these 
na Of cables, and 
method of providing a distribution 
The way of faying 
y the main cabl 
ross join like to like, 
station at several dilfe 
relution of thy 
allowed variation in the 
the eurrent in the street condt 
ie sO that the mu 
there is the greatest demand, 
calculated for the 
that the porcentaye 
require a combuctar 
Hninish in size as the distance from the 
axe, nnd the xeveral districts in the 
fed by a single nystem of 
one-half of these 
pply the district, 


a, that is, the 





This is to be 
rent points, whieh 
ize of the conductors and the resin 
ity of the amps, 
ors will not always be the same, but 
ards the point where 
tive sizes of conductors are 
y ure to carry, and: in order. 
ea double current would 
te ‘Cho main conductors 
several sonrees of supply 
city, cach being: primarily 
, tre joined together, Tf 
nthe remainder could still 
very part of the elty ean be 
f tho potential 
und even an attomatic 
ant supervision over the 
ngincers, und by telephonic 
ns to iterease or lower the 
can bo placed tn a shunt 
hwill indicate tho mamber of 
hine ik supplying, 1. 
ution to power, which 
of storage 
and I think with Mr KE 
‘The variation of light would 
ais far as the atrect iatns are 
‘There then remains the question : 
k down atu central station! If there in 
only way in which it could be disabled 
jor parts of its boilers, and this 
a singlo engine, the fuilure 
and we may say at tines 
‘oriously alfect the 
‘ould probably 
run to over their normal power, 
‘entral station would not put out 
mains would be supplied from 
The caleulation of the size and 
and distributing means inn work of most careful 
‘calves tho cost of iron and copper, of cout and. 
apital invested and interest required—in 
coal can be wasted, and in 
ity must bo the subject of 
licuted work, it ix perfectly 


points are dete: 





turn flow is tow: 


Dusximtm eurrents the 








nductors were broke 





tetnal state o 
nt at any point, 
record kept. "This ono man ean keep const 
ing thusa check on the ¢ 
a the necessary directio 
Tn every dynamo room a dial 

eable of each inaehine whiel 
lamps or the amount of eurre 
have made no mention whate 
will consider later. 
connection 


nt Which the mel 
ver of the applic: 
Nor have T spoke 
with this system, 
that they are not a Necessary dj 
be remarkably small, and tho fai ure, 
concerned, Is practiy 
What is the liability 
ut ono such station, the 
would be the blowing wy 
is nut very probable, 
of one or two armatures, 
But seh a by 
tor, aside from the 
lynne, the machines can be easily 
In a city the entire destruction uf we 
the lights in ite own district, fur the 
those of the surruunding districts, 
number of the supply 
cogincering, Tt inv 
property, of labour, 
short, Now imuech of the 
t part of the system, 
special calculation, 
Practieabdle, 

Such is a brief résumé of Mr. E 
and thorough study, a sy 
the word—one of supply, measttrein 





is quite possible, 
ronkage would nots 
fart that there wi 





and, although a compl 





a 
(Serr, 2, 18 


ison's system, as it hay appeared to: 
rmvin the fullest sense of 
t, anit Sonemaption, eluborate 
When we vonsider the present uses 
th will be developed when it iy at 
ev will bo more able to appreciate 
on's work, and recognise bly clearness of: 
practically solving the great 


(For discussion on this paper seo paye 179.) 





NEW 


Tit: author firit calls attention to th 7 
Wut the sume time mutliciently sensitive electrical contact muker. 
an instrament is often required to mensure or control the 
in conjunction with delicate clockwork, 
then proceeds todisettss tho ways in which sch contact nny bo made, 
Tu theory thero is no seiner it the modes of 
pructivally they may bo separnted Into— 
! my "TRelativo motion ofthe two terminal surfaces nonnal to beth. 





ELECTRICAL 





(Paper read before Section A, ‘Tuesday, Aw 
~ By Prof, H 8.‘ Minie Siraw,) 


Motion tangential to both, 
Motion compounded of these two, 
hese modes are separatel: lacs atid also tho vai 

with all when solid terminals are used, ‘het 
with ‘whieh the other terminal being solid ix brought into contact 
obvintes most of these objections. 





CONTACT MAKER, 


wgtiat 20th, 1882, . 


jo want of an absolutely relinble- 










O€ nll liquids merenry fa the only 
h can practically be employed, 'Uhere are, however, two 


ES 









itisfuctorily solved 
pper in juxtaposition, 
If in either there 
two points there will be 
sturo the plate to a state of 
joined hy conductors, currents will 
of potential and the resistance of 
es were the tenninals of a machine, 
ine, or, better atill, of severut 
le at several points, ‘There 
us faras regunda the conductors, on 
sistance of the conuceting 
treater, at one point than 
a greater tendency to 
w to it from the sure 
plates, or replace them by net- 
We have a perfectly practicable 
Hy andl L think tho thost satisfuce 
down a district. o1 












































a this xystem 
street, and wherever, thoy 
aupplicd from the central 
ruined hy the 
tance of, and 
‘Tho direction of 











































































supply, 
be a reserve: 





































































doing “this, but 


mia objections 
‘The uso of a liquid terminal 



















































: f article. 
ee ee Character of a 
a From the AB. 
Published ats. 
= 
















z 
as oe 
— . fe aa ate ae re 
4 # Safeguard Againet Btootridity.: EXPERIMENTS 1N ELECTRICITY. ‘ . | 
teen aea rik e h iyi A new. protector for electrical fostruments | | 





Prof, Arey Mlustrates the Trausforma’ one 
"sis of Rnergy Wrought by Ree: 
; tric Currente, zn 
Prof, A. Iu, Arey continurd bis courseof feo- 
lures on {Voltafo Etectricity" before the Eleo- 
trical socloty jaat evening, ble subject befig 
ome of the effects produced by olectriclty, and 














Js on oxbibition in Boston, Itisa simple and} ! 
“{iindestructible pleco of mechantsm, of-small ve 
{f compazs, and may easily bo attached to any. 

| telephonic: or tolegraphlo fastrument, It 
{works automatically. One protector foreach | - 
Youtgolug wire {snl that fn needed, reganiloas . 
of the numbor of instruments connected with 









































— -~ Meaknorm mene eiow, pom tnasspemee oem 





u . Coutact with the battery was 
wes undi aon 3 fH % . u en at that polnt. To each o} : 
ite Haat : Bi 8 an experfment, pernt current heer site 1 : is ‘ : 

Be tho jute i f Fi, ut through tho protector, an toatatained by chemieat act! es we i ; 
Grote ar TERE ; photo apparatus hetlcal work oot ete ioe 
influencd j t ate : saab ree Pesea throg po : i 


. tho transformations ikat take place, The fact 4 i 
‘Hat wire, ‘The protector operates by short, ’ ‘was familar to most, he sald, that the "poten. : am | 
ielreniting or “shunting” any extraordinary ‘shal’? or atored-up energy of 0 pleoe’ of coat } ! 
Jeurrent, and carrying {to tho ground, The may be converted into “kicotlo' energy, or | 
Mustant such excess of electricity coases, tho i ‘energy of motion, aa was constantly done in . { 
1 af % aoe ‘ ; Protector reacts and tho working {astrument ‘. “the steam engine, In like manner the poten. 
a pooled 1 (eee f : {48 restored to its normal condition for Ure, iUal energy o zino may, be converted into tho 
io ists i ; Buch safety ‘kinetic energy of. ¢ by th 
tho mole - nif : been fn uso moa spiral or other ; 7 7 ! 
tricity o1 RE | ie a lustblo connos- | i 
fagwemer Gy: ; ‘ ‘thon, Th the new device con- : en 
mt ; bo ‘transformed {aly l 
onaray, slootrio Cy a } 
ome of the transformationsof the chemical i 
action of the battery caused by th { 
iHlon of zlnc In the cell wore if 2 i 
lecturer, A platl : : . a] 
polos of the bat! : 4 oe 
7 eat, and a fle tnt: cod fra th; ae | 
Mi ESTEE: we rn : ed a chower of aparks to fly fro: { 
B thesy cur J F ! 





2 





@ nampber |) 
Eambe 


Poles of a. bat. | y d 
ind the nexative / an 


that i 
turned ree Ground . the 


poalth 














SRN, 


current, | - 
eoture by 
fects, 












































THM TEELGRAPIIC JOURNAL AND 


Bile a885| ELECTRICAL REVI KW. 


protectors, The use of double wires diminishes the dan 


or ton But by condition of working 
tluiaun, On tho Continent and in Ameriva, however, telephones : e 
tro Invariably protected by lightning arresters where one wire only a an MY ey 
is used, H " 
There avo certain vatural currents flowing through the ernst of e(t+y) 
the carth, hoy aro called “earth currents, and at tines nequiry eo Pee 
such considerable energy that with i tele = 








T have been told, ulth 
muulo is as though 
intermittent eurre 

M. Van Ryssetborghe has ree 
Brussels upon a wire nearly 
same time for ordinary tel 






Ditferentiatinge this last ation with ¢ as the ut 
mative force and @ and» Variables, we have — 














experiment made del € 
carly in the tnorniny (ft n.im.), and was effected by returdiny the ap op 
telegraphic currents, so as to modify the suldeuness of the sts and 
and fall, hy means of condensers ‘and electroanagnets, Loam une 4 
tit xpoakiny on a © 





leation, 








which give the character of the enrvo of tromative 
the conditions assumed, Fig. 2 gives tho curve, with » free under 
het ag tho 


rything, andl we 
lensera and clectro- 
question, M. Van 
ent to entre the effects 
of the disturbaneo—that 
and fall of the prime telegraphic 
currents; but to do this means to retard telegraphiy, and we cannot 
afford in England to cripple the onv system in order ta benefit the 
other, 

J have recer Vy tried an extremely interesting experiment between 
this place (Son imanpton) and the Isle of Wight, namely, to eon. 
aunicate across seas and channels without the aid of wires at ail, Large 
metal plates were inumersedt in the sea at opposite ends of the Sulent, 

uamnely, at Portsmouth and Ryde, xix miles apart, and at Turst 

Castle and Sconce Doint, one mile apart. The Portamouth mid 

Hurst Castle plates were connected by a wire passing through 

Southampton, and the Ryde aud Sconce Point plates Dy a wire pass. 
ing through Nowport ; the cirenit: was completed by the sea, and 
signals were passed wily so as to read by the Morse Nystem, but 
speech way nnt practical, 
‘The telephono is very rapidly gaining ground, and as improve. 
ments are effected in ite uevestories, in its installation, and in its 
iodo of working, its, usa will still further extend. fn Germany it 
is used very extensively for telegraphic business, there being 1,280 
stations worked entirely by telephones, but in England itis not 
Powible in the numerous open and public shops employed ax post. 
offlees tu xecury that privacy which tho telephones require, nor have 
We yet got over our carly prejudices, resulting from tho ertors niidy 
through the inability of the flisteunent in its earlier form to repeat 
the sibilant sounds, © The instruments of the present day (thanks to 
tho improved transmitters), however, trananit. (4's! perfectly, 
By Mr. Smith's inductophone it is quite possibly to make use of air 
between us to hear perfectly ; 40 that air conduets kuund, so does 
water, so docs wire, and indeed with our present knowledge our 
ditticulty in not Ko much to muke things speak as to prevent them 
from apeaking, 




















meta (ooo eee oe co-ordinates, rand y, with the bend hear the origin, and with 
OF A SYSTEM Or ELECTRICAL having for asymptotes the axis of % anda tne parallel (4 


DISTRIBUTION, 


[Paper read before § 
Hy P 


“TIE DEMA 





. © fh Wapttend te ’ 
of a, and distant g from it. Vertical lines on to the axis o 





ent the clectromotive force compared with tho unit, 






lon A, Mriday, Al 
radun, US, Navy.) 


wl 





st 25th, 1892, 








Is onler to more fully understand the subject of incantdeseent cleetrio t 
lighting, let us consider the requirements graphically, 1 hantly need 
t 









1 
Oorgue that the aystem is preferable to that of th FA 
t the only admissible one whieh ean | ve any H 
1, let st be the gene 4 ! 
iN 
ts from the sume terminals, Now it matters < i] Equation of dotted line ct = & 
machine, or the auniber, or re v 






Y 
nits, if they be connected to the xamo termina 

current in any cirenit will be equal to the difference of potentialsut the _\B 
points, py py’, divided by tho resistance of the circuit in question. Nor 
docs tho nddition or subtraction of any number of cirenits make the 
slightest difference in the currents Nowing in the cirenits ulwudy estab 
lished if thisdttfercneo of potentials, p — y’, iskept constant, Conse- 
‘quently, the currents over the different paths will be inversely propor 
donut tothoir resistances, and porfectl y indopondentof eachother. Stice 
the external resistance dimin sles with the inervase in the numbor of 
tho derivation cirunits, the whole current owing from tho terminals 
will vary Inversely with the external resistance, Hut the wholo current 
fs tho current lowing through the armature. Stave tho intornal re. 


clay 































vistance enters ayn factor, a though the difference of potentints at the Vio, 2 \ 
terminals remains constant, the ol promutive pares of te aMcile 

: LI 4 ee) of eninge which, with an external Tesiate P ts i 
wine aul eae aaa aiigleeiy velovity and xtrength of Held be 4 auy ure if Voll aa eatin e fram the origin the rati 
current, generates an electromotive furve, ¢ Call the external resist of the AL to ie a cru ae mans This suru slows som 
ace @ ry -C., komo ratio rof the internal, and let the current in the important ae ‘sk part MH “ ‘mM ar thea per! ia hot 6 
Held magnets, independent of the current kenerated, or the velocity, or or tho wa i ty veateaie itenathi owitl a ad ub olectrivit: 
both, be changed as the external resistance clianges, so thot the dif. th ¢ Me dintiiiea ce the Miorived ‘elroults remembers, y aaa it 
ference of potential at the terminals may remit constant. Consider Hn te aii fureeet Winachiuo exeiet Waring a al ni 
the change in the clectromotive force of the generator, We have for cee . nearly praurtional to the atrongth of the trennatoce 7 
rte are Aico ity a equal te the faternal, another, «1, wat thee velouity af tho armature: Oe cour thine, a 
xreater or lesy, two currents, 5 


newhat attec 








by the heatiog of the met ‘oudnetor for nn inte teed enrrent, 

om 6 and chat. consequent change of rey rey the displacement of the mah 

au a(Leay field, and the heating of the fron part of the Armature, 1 iron er 

(ery ian component, We notice 

‘ 1. Tr tt single generator the clectromotiry force is not proportt 

to the munher of lights or motors, or the tarrent develops 1 
weet 





ca (ter) ay 


ro 


whence 
























































































































{ ; Character of article._9-4- 
3 “et te Pah flrrme yoy 
THY TRLNGRAPING JOURNAL AND 


ELECTRICAL REVIEW. 











(Sher, 2, 1sg9, 








, pak . 
=o Se 
2. No matter how high the external resist 
Heetruntive fore of non 





mieter of a cirular section earbon, for the ns 
inversely as the square of the inerease of the dan 








limited the 





tance, ar how 






of 














Serr, 2, 1882.) 179 




















































































































































maguetts *W%7 SB 2 number of derived cirenits, the fal dic tae tectiitinte mane intendty. There ane three ways, 
Bm arrangen 4 oe ? required to qnaintain a fixed ditference of potential at the ermuta indepenlent, - One de by here tere cach Kuap shonkt be s 2 es 
thesa tno’ * : rant never be less than half thut developed when the external ond Hvdepenuden Ou te arated cinerea eno arb int Lary, ELECTRICAL REVIEW. 
) i UN nal, . Fi hives . ore he ay ithe itige " 
mera Fa ee ee alive force required ay the external wit a of Shy earn while the UleKigens tonite the wane rl tle Be oe 
F ste: ony pits is inervased, i Wonks, use at flat carbon. Chat the j inating 2 + : . A 
“ pete 4a i indeatrucHE resistance decrvases, or tho funabee ot dlerivedly re ued nee iv the sak its we the weight Me yatta srt Will ner: exist until the creation of the new demand. Our reservoir may bo loss would be somowhat greater when only a few lamps were being 
Gee cotism cy , 4 : (f compass, ag very gradual up to polut Whe e the “ ori x illuminating awer we tse thee it 9 Now, with a double large, our source of supply anny be great, but if a sufticient muaber operated, Reference, tov, had been mado ‘to the limit. to the use of 
i taole 1 ‘telephoule {four times the internal, begeitn : ate belie the Tntecnal’ che maui tenuperature anil intensity ten ihe of carbon, the of openings be made, both reservair aud supply will be fully used, high resistance in the car bon, consequent upon the limit constituted 
Pe by ita pad Ui works outo 7 nt the externa HH the falls PALL a the illuminating surface, one bute thee Of surface, double ant while expensive for a single channel will be economicnl for the by the tendency of the discharge to take place between the terminals, 
g moleculat j ~ Voutgotog wi °° ina fi ercaiee a ae naténitial:- lievatne of the motive fore, double the -eurrent oy 4 sist irs the satny electri whole, : When there was a great difference of potential between them, That 
oearet:e ee 4s ay te ‘or th unt porate auita Heel uM aig vibe arene field and the third method ds that the iebasii feta i double the energy, Se it is in the distribution of electrici A current is a fanetion was a difficulty whieh was to a very considerable extent met. b: 
naseib AL? FI ‘ ©, g08 the NUTT erent inerease necessary in the strengct he " tie tw eons canently H er unit of Jength anil ahi rtsedd in Tonveth, while its not alone of potential, but of potential aut tance, Wo desire to removing the terminals to a great distance, and he did nut think that 
wiccsticl 4 or hat wire; velocity of the armatum, A great amount of beat, a I fron ae ene ny a ey diminished, establish a certain potential, or difference of potential, and to maine that would be found to constitute a very serious obstacle in the way 
Ky expended in the Lamps ant motors ofa tain this se that when a circuit is ¢ allished, a channel opened, a of an extension of the system, ul 4 ib 
wh ; 









oped in the armature. 
lee what et 









lefreuiling ¢ of wasted energy, wold be dl 
rrent may be established in that eirenit. We do not di 

















Our naquicements demand that the cirenit a certain ammount goes inte the weno rater Co taenetion the field 












: 
“ 
ak off 




















































































































current,an Let tis consi antler ie ‘ nat "1 alin I thie 4 1 by th 
‘ Fiole eta » inversely tional tor the ratio. ol maget, sis repented by the same ovpmasion we te sure: H 

mathodss : iaustant sug Whole current should be inver Ra TPA RA ees Me males hee: bheeont CO Npression we det current, nor a potontial, but having established n difference of . 
Hi ‘moditled, 3). : q ‘protector '¢ ¢Sternal to ihiteraal resistance, or Cleing the current developed when ty ae lar et Beara By util the terminal: ‘i potential in two conductors we Open one or more paths, und 4 a eer Riva a 

tho influe ft } rod the clectronpative foree fy «, cl = Let this curve be traced a Ral y resistance ee Held coils enter as factors, 4g current flows over these paths dependent on their restate ey und qe 
BR ovr condui i ia resto! e ” There is another expenditun: in the armuture coils and: the cone ry gy independent of each other, and such additional current having been thar 8 RR P NDENCE. 
Hi tio snotei : j : Buch ety a the same faxes as the preceding, and let the same unitiof measune — tluctora dependent on their rvsdatance and the eurrent flowing, 4 fovnied the current over the main conuctor is inervawdd by fined we ; CO ESPO 4 
; an ‘been in use preeediny he »: 0 til) anothe Nec anid the m: niluet increased by just such 0. v 
4 trict tte Bit f ‘bringlog 4 be used forfe us fore. (Seo dotted curve in ti .) We tnd the i nite, ST we i we comnatator, which woukl be govitest with fi re : » Which inerement did not exist until tho new jath was Y ow . 

Ree ee ‘ 3 f Ispriag, 68 curve somevphat similar ta. the curve af clectromotive forres but it the fa Rect: maf tings, the slippinze af belting, if used, made 4 been no subedivision of a current: there has been! 

top, Tho approaches Iboth axes as agymptotes and fails rapidly below the first the forve nece fo aveevome the inertia nf movin parte cons oa w ereation, Such new current having been made, of course mony » 
Power must be xupplied to maintain the extating: potential, und w ’ 


ce pliaws same a further portion of power, OC thee components, whieh ure 





tho appa: bs (sets fo bel eurve on the right, while rising above it on the left. Ag 
the aystem may be pensive for a xingle hump or motor, when the 














































aie 4 ¥ pia a: : _ {ordinary @ the relation) of current and electromotive forve for different ratios of over and abowe that bower which ie expended in the Vamps and . 
; i a | ratlishtn external to futerual rvsistance, Motors, hows which inagnetise the field, aid overcame the frivtion of atnber of derived nits becomes suite m7 
1. Influe : Roy curre Note onef curve more on the same sheet, though not with the beariugs and the inertia of moving parts nm about duly be what is required for an econan Heient sup 
Atelepbon *tMe units| the curve of magnetic. strensth (4) is measured here whether ete Lamp ora thotsand ace in ope his is considers Twill now consider the Filis ii nt of the foregoiny 
conclusions, (See page U7 ip 






ing the k al of machine [think necessary in a syetem of general 
dintribution in which this eatea work should be hargeable toa laren 
muinber of Lamps, + 

Consideration of the above and some other points, which will be 









Ne attrat Vertically, the increase of field current being: measured horizontally 
When the and tothe Jeft. The strength of the Inaguet inerenses at first quite 
polat, ore regularly; the curve, however, flattgas more and more as the current 


CRITICISM OF ‘TILE EDISON sYsTEM, 
(Continued from page ATL) 


Tn the di. a which followed the reading of this paper, Prof, § 
8. ‘Chompson said that while the paper just read embodied a very 
extensive amount of details and of priuciples known to electricians, 
tsay that he was astonished to hear it stated that there y “inn 
@ prejudicn against Large dynamo machines. He had neve 





















Walch fut 5 z og increases, ‘ulntit at the point of practical eoan turition a large es 
ae cart mae ! 4 i oe farther inerease of the fleld curroat would produce but nmnel smaller oby foe on mention, lead me tothe fallowing conchistons, 
Maite ¢ ratio of inferease of maguetiv strength, i ‘art of the energy of the 1 The Tsistance of thie armatune af the generator should Ine ty 
AM tho iuter + E : 4 ‘cently, a increaned ¢ irrent would undoubtedly manifest itself in heat both in Jaw as Possible compatible with thie power Revessiry to furnieds 
+ coils an\d in the iron of the miaget, the required electromative furoe- 


roduced: ma i a : night thro $8" coils, asics 
yh a Now in jp general distribution of clectri ity a hinge number of 2. ‘The generator should be whle te pow 



















































« this clectromotive farce 
































































































































































nthe ratio Yui so that with at, the same dittersnee af rotentiol ws ncarly as posible, 


the rvsistance only twice the electromotive: furce would In 
pe of the: 


a ‘ 
i+ Increase {Ihe clectramotive forve, Inuit ouly 
id four times ¥ 
ot tequired, 





nee hd been obtained 


oleolricity i ¥ dng the te} N nowy A ; 
influence; if. a Sey as eflicien! derived cirpuits existing, there must nee yo be a low external with the tleld taaynets at lew than the thaxiion ecouotnle saturation, 
poublant : p TSE oe ions | ee Tange currents How through the peneratar, and we wish umd ata velocity tees than that at whieh the arnatuny ean be safe ly - Wit, and ho believed that the feelings was ail tho other way, 
B some new tS ERP OF themmnchin ge Tete Current in the external circuit and wot in tun in order that ther may be a margin for iuervased edliciener in He alo did not quite understand what Mr, Sprague meant hy 
4 rating clo y : Pe yy Pre tmnching,  Tthas often boon said that theesternal resistance being Ctse of an unexpected dematud, 7 “miguets of greater projecti vers.” ‘The expression was new to 

MT wile des 3 ie nelutssh Hie Restore of {hg individual dan sould me high i 4 The Hannes und am hin. 

Bcho cubje of ; ; ody Bosstble, This is uot so, for certain relatives exist between AMOp not higher than 17 te 400 ohms, Mr. Sprague stated that he shuply meant the field power of the 
ventine.y Kel q ws 7 the weights and resistance of carbons, the iluninating surface, the 1 The rsintanee of the comluctary shombd be sts low as practicalte, mmaituets, 4 
af bilk-ca' : 4 ( : 7 locteunint ve force ant Firrent reyticed, and Ue enersy expended, and shawl be graded itt aiee far th urrent tauired, Mr, Swan rose to express his pleasure at having received such a 

Pagal the oo is d : Which deqerninu a tinit. ‘The expression for the work done fe 4. "The electromutive furewof the enerator should ever rise teaver ¥ full aul excellent teseription of distribution in every. de ff 
vacant ob sh ? - we Tise teraver i ; Oi 

; whos fa a f Res Ee ape H orc?n, APS Tones, with a edven electromotive force 170 voles, Je did not fool disposed to take ey eption to the general principle “ff 

BM axing th! EAE at are : : Me & The Linps shout be simple of construction, durable and cheap, laid down ay fo the amale of effecting that distribution, — Tf 
Free, ent of: the work {dune varies inversely a4 the msistanee, and with a given wid all alike, was certainly done in th by connecting lamps g 

B tho wiro & HY. v2 Tesiatance f the work varies ns the squire of the clectrmutive force of 7. The generator aud the euging should be of the most substantial inure aystent, ‘They were cert ‘how subject to the imitations as B 
A sensitiv aa y the sanard of the current. If we inersse the resistance to any ratio, construction, too distance, xo Qistinetly poiuted ont 1 vt, Sprague 5 but we 
with tho ¢ 4) , of & givfon resistance, to maintain the tne expenditure of foree, we The points of derivation should all have, and all be maintained nel cuphasise the conditions of such distribution by showing that i : 

the ditticultien wontd be lessened by. am ing tho fthinent as fine 
tts possible, so as to obtain the utmost resistiiee consistent with, sn i 


tho curren 
ad: 
Ubut when that re 


wieter and ines 









a T0-cande limit, 
tliminishing the di 
maining constunt—there wi 


Necessarily lost in the annature and combucte 


ee for hips of te name ahoaltte economy 


% The ener; 
any fixed resist 








Consider for a moment the size atl arbor, 










(2) which 






















telephone, fA Bate pic fF ‘ae ‘ Q i i 
. tage ina f Ua 4 [fa carbon of Cirealar form be used, the same weight would iter in inversely as the rosistanes of the humps, of ay the synare of the eure 
at the et f ai Hplece of [half the diameter and fourtines the Tongth of a given pices, Tent teed, linited the extent te wh ton 
i weer ine an mdagy vrator the tutal power sed is not propors Inmentadbly smalt ares i wasn 





teen times the resintance and twice (he Paninuting surface, 
af | ‘ : . the weight, we have the same surface and t times the 
bat by me ‘ : HES oe . TE the name energy De expended there will be Necessary sl " aa See ; patie ingle ctrenit whiel 
ae . 4 Nees FPN i “4 “a . Were ett not been sitgte peony torare style eirent whieh 
the (luph : the electromutire force used with the coarse carbon, may be destroyed, hut such an: ritiggciuiait that the external dee 
dnands, both “with regant to resistance aud current required, amnay: 
tages Ver met by suitable changes inthe redstance and supply of the 
a Humination, one ton of coal Would be tsed on Keneritive aystem, 
aad for the high pete Tunp toeight tons for the low VW. The relation of iuternal andl external resistance should dw the R 
pe fey Kg anument in favour of high res thee carbous, Pune in W avatens tis existe da a single generator when worked te a 
fins cua nston would then Ie to diminish the diameter and nearly ite full capac 
Sane ruth at Nabstance of the carbon, meeting thint With such proper wtations of diternal aud external resistance 
seal clectromative fai Bat ina system of Keneral dia. tromotive forve will Vary but slightly, ad the power tused will 








regrettable limitation 


wonsten 
to deal its xpevilie 
restricted in 






he number of Jumps in circuit, a machine shoul be run 






















mittrrcy, eau is} : . 
rheostat € hee PUD i Mf the current. ‘This would moan that with the same Tatu 


dntormdtte 


















‘ but fri v the subi 
charged, | Onee imagine the pos 
being maintained at a perfectly constant condition of charge by woo ff 
automatic arrangement, and we might look te that asa menns of # 
tonne from tho dittivultios of wide distribution, It would ont 























































thts oe ae 
nhona SHf: /. 
Hot tivo bie be . 











eR N Ba I 































































tho wiral & nt ately from fir, due to piewing th insulation, abnormal ory nearly pouportional tothe number af Enaps of the current i 
conitantt 44 any i He ee net eievuitests and in unity from harm ata be i : reqtiire that caeh han should be provided with an automatic arranges 
} ly Ment the body: forms a Part of the cineuit, demand a U1. Tusulation uf couductors and of the armature should be pood, i ment for innintaining continuity. of ot Such might boo , 
exeeed 200 vi ila it W. Thomson hax wid that t «whould tad provision nade tu prevent tire arising from an ubuormal increase ' an suveddingly wiraple character without adding much to the expense 
shock, and a | ue 1 ven this will rive sume Persons i disagrees of current, : ‘ ef tho lamp. ftmight bea permanent thing, not to be rv rewed as often 
netinm ,of 4: § aye ea au : ower cetromutive fore tay be used with wl vantagee, Means should exist of necurately Micasuring the eupront used, : aa the lanp, and under such conditions one saw ne Nuit, supposing f ” 
theso curren 4 ; aren FH oO consideration is the inewasing of the Tesiatance of AV henge xyatens whould be tts ceonotibeal ta a single yeueriter 3 the Jumps contd be fed in series to the extent to which distribution 
° LEY while the length, diameter, and w ight remain constant, worked nearly to its full capacity, and should be capable of regula. i jiight Vo extended. ‘Nhe only conditions necessary: would be. the 
7 mintenance of the kinps in a condition of equality of light, that the f 





eurrent should bo kept constant, and that there aliould be antomatio 
arrangements fur varylog the electromotive force at the station tn 
proportion to the number of lights operating, whether ono or 1,000. 
oy avoid thy uxa of a very high potential in ateh a syatent of feeding 
int series, the resistance might be very considerably reduced by varia- : 
tion of the internal sectionnl area of the carbon’ by using short and 
Mat carbons, He might simply mention the alternative method 
fa a comment upon Mr. Sprogue’s very positive assertion that 
they were alitt in to the one system of feeding the Inmps in 
multiple are. He was perfeetly ready to allow that Uhat method 
was the only one in use, seat toa very Hmited extent; but. still 
thoy must ivt lose sight of the power of wider ribution whieh 
thoy should obtain by olther the entire series fi linge of Lamy 

the use of the acries method, with the charging of secondary batteri 
and there feeding from multiple are. He felt it was very dexdrablo 
that they should, hy nome means ur other, seo thelr way toa wiler 


by joining qe : before, ws 
} wira int nit ee Feats ty “es that the clectromative force just incre ag the tion with the same ease, 
| tho telephediaes’s , 3 3 by runt ny te tana: a Hncrwaxe of the resistance, andl this resist. Much has been said about the aubedivinion of the electric ight and cd 
Nga then; the AT! GE Slow of carhon thar ent y to limit. of electromotive forw, the the current, and aul subsdivisiun uf cleotricity has boen the great — f 
Sore a By) A . Aen required. We will ru maa eet the degrue of Muttan- buybear in the distribution of power and Ught through its median, H 
4 are dihont resists ay i’ tan dard. ili ti ne carta of smaltent wetion, ‘This torm, while conveying an inleas isin reality esentially wrong. Tt 
Now, whit wel ae thie ia hu a Hie power, the atandard finplics the existence of w current, tho expenditure of energy, before 
able tus Inermine tl ; power of iM ANY i be evident that Wo want the required «ubedivinion of witch current is made, We do not wink to 
sunt be sruduce silat Uy a cor ranean. FY points, ane subedivide a current; a cttrrent whieh must be divided before it ean 
Saint, tut yeaa thetic: ot te Tease of intensity be used in not i deatratle current, 
penne ‘of cnerey tnd the {Ewe had a reservoir of water dammed up tua certain height, and 
ates ratio Quin tap it ut the depth, aay, of 20 (., a stream of water will issue propor. 
Mt founded on tional to the depth of water ail the size of the orifice, and the anion 
feof w Inmp, of water flowing iu a unit of dine will be constant if the height of t a 
water above the ontlet be kept the aie, fty dimming up the witer: 
We have established a cettain potential, bat Chery inno flow of water, 







































































































I ; ; att No current, and consequently no supply witil the orifices iamade. ne 
; tTeneth, —— arities, alded by the potential of the water, initself cotablishes a flow, extenaton, even with all the conditions af low resistance in tho arin. 
. uermetive erates tho: necennily. for a supply. Tf we snake another, larger tury, whieh Edison lu] carcied to au extraonlinary degree, and high 
, outlet, adargor amount of water will fastie, aml the mmount in the reddatance of the carbon, ‘They still had a limited area of distribue 
> tion, with undue cost, With regant to the dynamos, it was quite an 




















error to say that there was any prejudice ‘ns to large dynamo 
Ho hud been delighted tose te naeeeae ake, ean, den 
tho construction of large dynam Mr. & rue had referred to the 
Use of a shtint otrrent, when Jeas than the whote minder of nv wero 
lighted, It was ovident that tho same exrrent would pass throw, ; 

shunt whether fow or many lamps were Hyghted, aud ovidently the 





Correnpattl « first will not be changed if the height of the water remain constant. 
yeti forve, By opening iin aioua channel we created an additional curre the: 
nervare the Hecessity fur a further kupply, but such teecssity, such flow dit 











owt pee ee ‘ . : 





























produced in our issue for 
Jor rather a deniand, wl , 
seriously, It is nothing lesa than that engineers should 
alter the standard of horsepower in order t int n o-called 
convenient unit an Ye employed by electricians, At 






the dyno and the “erg are 


horse-powers should the commercial wants of th 


ent, and took 
standard, So fu 










na we have said before, 
vntmistakeable standard, there 























; Hot only are they this, 
Hwhat an ampdre or a volt rea 
juntil 



























































from My. Preece’s mind than a jest. In sober earnest he 
asks engineer to raise the stautlant of horme-power from 
,000 foot-ponds per minnte to $4,233 foot-pounds, ‘The 
circumstance that there is uot the moxt remote prospect 
that Mr, Preece’s desires will he complied with in thia 

spect 4 of little moment, We would not have noticed 
ithe subject at all but that we fear that electricians 


to remark that the numerical vi 
a the numerical value of one 














Year have been 
ouring to define what aut to be 0 when the Fre 
cused at ., , A It is now known that 






Hola ix,” The ohm haa been di 













{ may, by adopting a new unit for their own use, widen the has been aveepted with considerable reluctane This stan | : » we at neon tint it is Sane a better or 
f ; gap which now does so mueh to ent them off from engin dnd iva column of pure mercury, one rytare inillimetre ; or this, but we venture to think that it 
: If Mr. Preece and his disciples insist on having their . Hin veel and one metre loge: but standard olin C “arbitrary standard” out of “court, as an 
and reganting a hore poweras § foot-minute-pounds, jeonstruct I with every powible refinement do tot i! y 
‘ 





y Mr. Preeve against 
, While engineers adhere to James Watt's rule, confi zi . 

worse confounded will be introduced in the comme 
matteny which are really all imy least as 
electric lighting is concerned, If Mr. Preece cout make 
out a good case we might sympathise with him, white | 
expreading our conviction that he liad not the xinallest 


i MK why a ditterent celt should not be axed giving a different 
j chance of gaining his point. But he literally no casa 
which will bear a moment's examination, ‘The term fi 


? Character of asticte,| 
standard, ‘The wortllessness of the existing atandanta da? 7 

\) shown by the fact that they cannot be used without a ‘ From the ...4 
indicated hore-power conveys a_in ‘aning of the most coctlicient, the mnount of which ix indeterminate, Pow ft 
jdeiinite kind, which as been indissolubly connected, Ita ing with practical 
jfor wore than half a century, with all manufacture unity, while we ought to speak of the theoretical unite on 
jMe- operations, auch, for exiunple, as cotton spite which they really” rest; frat it would be useless to deal ' 
ning, to say nothing of pumping water, winding coal, with theare unite if it could be shown that the 
{and the propulsion of’ships, At the present moment there tical volt and olim were fixed in amount by p 

is not in the whole wort 10,000 indicated horse-power uwed teal standards, and could not be altered, Thos, for 
in the production of cleetricity—not ax mucl power, in fact, exaniple, water ix sold by the gallon, and it woult be 
asin developed within the hull of the Atlantic steamer extremely inconvenient to alter the dimensions of the gallon, 


H 
t 
Oregon, Probably not more than a few dozen electricians Kleetricify may, in a xe ey be tid to he wold by the 

mupere, and if the qq v we rigidly fixed in amount 


ever have had to ae the term home-power at all. ‘The 

demand that for their, convenience the reat of the world ax is the gallon, we stiould be the kat. te kugpest a noditi- 

should alter © dnos’ important standard is saved from ion in Bat, as we ha own, neither the volt nor 

reprobation only by its extreme absuntity, In fact, aux we the ohm exist av rigid pe al standards, and to alter 

have said, we should not notice the demand at all were it them would bea matter of y ry small moment, 
When we tune to the theoretical at tidand, w 


ft hat anygentions of fhe Kl Aa to injure the rept. 
‘ation of electricians, and i Dersinted in nay add another selves at once face to face with n condition of att 
Obstacle in the way of electric lighting, . . fdas no parallel aave in the Brazilian coinage, in whieh | 
The theory of the Suggestion is extremely simple and 1000 rein represente os, SL, aid a host entertaining a 
jamal party at dinner finds himself called Upon to pay ¢ 
£80,000 or 100,000 reix, Por sume nore or lesa inserutahle } 
j Teaxons, cleetricians have adopted what is known as the & 
centimetres Mune-secand, commonly known as the CGS, 
unit of powers that ix to sy, instead of the foot-pound 
per minute, they use one twenty-eighth of an ounce 
Moved about half an inch per second, Accurately, th 
: Lyrae ix oF H cot a dram, which is the sixteenth mut oft 
‘Siok - 7 . an ounce, and the centimetre in 304 of an ine. | ‘Thes 
Hanalei vleetriclans a Watt." All this quantities ave far too nal to be of any practical utility,, 
‘at til Seaiitae But Mr. re unadjectionnble, to en, ineers (And the result ix that they are augmented tn various tation 
Taine ete, But Mr. Preece finda that to divide 718 Thus, for instance, the work done bya current of one 
- 7 MS Meonvenient and trowblesome; therefore he proposes to ,Mmpere in overcoming a resistance of one olin inf 
Jeubstitute a new con viz, 1000, for it, which, of FUSS x10" CC units, The erg referred to by Mr, 
:coure, entaily the rece wer ; I i ' 
tatandard in the 
(The only con 
change would be th 
that to be made 
however, such cal 





2 
2 




















fohin resistanee, but an approximation onl auryingg | 
between hata 1 fn fike manner the ‘volt 
in baed on nothing more substantial than the faet- 
that n certain fort of Daniel's cell lat an electro-moti 
force of about “09 of a volt. ‘There ia no reson whatey 










































a4 


he urged that we are only de 








f . 
i Published ata 















Date, 


























Kleetrictty 






























' | exchange, ‘The Inventor tao, 


Luke a stick and Highly charge: 

















yenaily explained, Currents of cleetricity are measured 
{just like currents of water in pipes, in terms of quantity 
(and pressure, or tension, ‘The unit of quantity: is the | 
aunpire, the unit of pressure is the valt. Now, if wemul- | 
tip amperes ant volta, and divide by 746, we get the hone: 
ipewer, Thus, iiphose that an are lamp requires a cnrrent of 
10 ampires, with an electromotive force, or potential, of 


35 volts, we have 10 x 35 _400-horee power, ‘This con; 













































































































Preece ix 






Of fn foot-pound, Tnstead of aaying that ; 
" erred to above require: 
Kit, the electrician tella the t 

ay, 1 213,960,026 PTgH per lamp, Itisto facilitate the introduction 
cugineern nnd ele even ya few i 1H a souventent, unit like this ey into wor ahopa generally 
{ ' ¢ jt t I the » Preece we e r ate’ 

a proposes to intrudes ni ‘eh d i that Mr, Preece would have ua abandon W atts standard of 





13,82 
lamp rv 












169-hore power 

















ite eke papas Wt tnnevation | home-power, Let ua he clearly auidertood, We have no 
fe ie seat ninety altogether insignit | fault to find with Mr. Preee ie hia brother electricians, if 
‘oncom, If Me ee emit al tranmictions are i hey find their Init auswer Cheir prrpose better than 
‘uothing tw do tuean etek : mi ne Watt changed, he his the foot-por 1 aut we du object tonttermpta being made to 
iam the thine ie Maer wet Her the ainpere oy the volt, Fforce it or engineers, In’ the days when telegraphy 
{heing entailert byt a 3 the twininvume of incony niehce | represented the only practical work done hy electricians, 
ithe 38 footpmund uta faa Mr, Dre ce finds fault with the quantition dealt with y extremely stuall.—a an 

s really bud onthe fea cars au “arbitrary” nit. [tin sage nay be sent across the Atlantic with a battery inady 

* James Watt whofowal they i Ckher nts conducted by of n copper pe Awsion cap, a moniel of silver, and’ a drop f 
Se ath who found When he * gan to sell engines | 1 of sdlilute acid. But all thia Jw been changed by the intro 






















































duction of “the” electric Tight and electric 






aupply the electric light. ant 


1 in their favour, but they are not, 
ing the memory,” writes Professor KE 
little book “ Units and Physical Con; 


since the length of a quadrant of the 
metres.” Now thia is just what itia not, It was believed 
uch metrical system w. 
; r the metrical aystem has no accurate 
conference, and even at the last moment Siemen's w wnclaral if : bhysical basis on any terreatrial mensurement 


med scare 
1 att io 


in no way 





might be 





alte of 
earth q 













ru 


nul 


re based “on any 
something to be 
“By way of assist. 
rete in bine 

state,” “it ist 
the olim iv the sme 
qadrant per second, 
tweridian is 10° eenti- 


‘ag established, 





Searty overy day some tow uso ly found for 
electricity, and ono of tho most recent appl. 


rest of tho 
Professtonal tantors of wh antuats, enya on 


tamor hinisest, 


frautury ta thy 


THe, 
howoye 
pustrlctor, 








‘Atve shaped | 
} id with elevtriy. 
tty. Whou tho antunts bocoin 

























} 


Beays, and) 
0 suitable to 
engineer who haa to | 
electric rail: 
these anita we 


of length, 
the worse 
puts the words | 


ee 


Tent 


iment tol 
ae Unite, ‘ 


| 





CIENCE 













































| consideratio, 
{in which the 


inates at two opposi 
somo other forco, 


oilfes, and in contrastin, 
tricitythoy areobsorved : i iF 
_forcxample, sounding bor | ae | : 
Tight aubstatcos in the panes, : 
iolectric does, ee } , 











May 23, 1884. 


ENGLISH MECHANIO AND WORLD OF § 


{tig from th small hole in two opposite directions 
















tion by whirllug currents, but hia explanation will{ © 
not hold, as the attractive force acta fu lines from the}. 
body in vibration, tho samo as tho clectrio or mag. 
hotic lines-of force, Again, a ploco of gold leat is 
hold suspondod between the prongs of x tuning fork 
in tho aumme position as between two electritled sure 
faces, tho appearance being identical, : 

Tho phenomena of repulsion, induction, and 
polarity cat also be produced by the action of 
resonators and musical sounds, &c 

‘Tho tlamo of a candla is repelled by u sounding |. 
body, exactly the sane as by an clectrited or 
magnotised body, 

In tho experiment of piercing a card by tho spark | 
from o Loyden it thonir isknown to have on w+ i 
necountablo inluenos, and in this case by compare | 
ing the mechanical elfect produced by sound in 
resonator, with that occasioned by electrical action 
ou the card, tho means of comparing electric forco 
with sound can bo discovered, 

In tho drawing is shown the section of a resonator H 
Nt, which when tuader the intluence of its corro-} 
sponding nrusical note, will gi Jet of mechanical. 
foree, indicated by two arrows at the stnaller holo ;{ 
tho Jot nets in alternate directions ‘luring alternate 
periods of time, anu causes two currents vf air blow- 








































at tho samo tine, and capable of considerable: 
mechanical effect in both directions. : : 
‘Tho ection of » card pierced by tho electric spatk|. 
isshown nt C. It will bo observed the burr i 
mised on both sides of the card, thus showing that, 
olectricity in producing mechanical force in tho ale| b brig i tf 
nets in fica opposite directions, sound does, Tho } H ; F 
velocity of sound by oxperiment is 2 mite per}. 
second, thu velocity of electricity (Layden jar epark)}) 
400,000 miles in the same space of time. Suppose the ‘ 
ordinary principles of dynamics are to be followed, | 
a vory emall aphoro of nir will produce the requisite 
mechanical effect by weight alouc. shes 
Electricity may therefore bo coueidared asa force 
of tho sumo nature a3 sound. 3 Sutellde, | 



























ETS ee Ree 





Frow.tte ae tho condensation of oxido of zino in tho pre- 

; paration of tho: zino-white pigment anil of 
Publishedat__f OIE. argonic in the copper-amelting industry, 
: Tho working cost of the process, js a mera 
m nothing compared ‘to the results obtained; 
“a ae e while tho electrical plant will probably savo 
: the great outlay now necessary in crecting 
tho fong longths of fluea and” condensing 
chambers, though the lead recovered 


















































RLEOTRICITY AND “ DUST.” 


From the .... Qe “Cy. 
Mie 


these tong flues will moro than pay tho i 
"D will bo remembered that at tho Montreal terest on the capital neceasary, Quiteapar Date 
“ncoting of tho British Association however, from the commercial consideration 










i ; dl to do: ion, we have the .sanit 
Prot, Oliver J. Lodgo was Fe to anrd{ from complete. of tho question, wa have the sal ier 
lsor ano eaebject " Dust,” a term ap-| tho lecture dolive Se cat Waris 
‘i reatly definite, but in. reality covering a grenteat valuc, In this country we have 
| very large variety of organio and man are inde tho mistake of fouling the atmosphere, 
substances—tha ‘floating mattor of . and it will take « long time to undo tho mi 
air,” 9s ‘Tyndall puts it; though, i he chief; but science is lending its valuable 
'| Lodgo'says, it should really’ bo sinking, aid, and wo mny yot live to see the days 


Decause it i = a) A 
for the dust floats only a it is pra-|dows, 1 ” readily | when the sky over our manufacturing tow: 
gente from sinking bodily by tho curronts length, so that the ‘fume " could be readily whew oe Ae a trout eit: 


A icles i ined ag it passed along, Tho expert- MN ‘ 
of thoatmosphere. Foreign particles in our examine a, c hl''dust.” It ignot likely that the owners 
i atrial envelope, whether. solid or liquid, at menial ite ae oa be fled with tho of boiler furnaces will adopt. the electrical 
fs nt font Rinne on iuined and closed nt both ends, or could bo} method of dealing with cout Ainoke ; hut 
| > where the air 4 7 i: in flues. }thero are many cases of manufacturing 
i asowite knows, Wo| used asa branch or loop in tho main t ara | y TAT 
E I Aico re ee and cosmic duat, | Tho elestrisal mehing fad ‘one, pole con cae ell qwelncl the ‘pplication of ile ; 
~'[and eciontifie men, havo been engaged for/nected to tho grown’ anit " 1 inside | eco: ‘omicat ‘Tho researchos carried out by 
4 gomo time in studying the quostion whothor | arrangement of tuctallio pointa placed inside 110 al, ee ea ont 
| 3 i ut: brass rod encircled by 9] Dr, Lodgo and Mr. Clark havo covered a) 
the latter could bo collected, ‘ita nature] the flue—o stout: 0 1 y F f ae int s ut they i: 
F i i q insa tubo to insulate it, being carried} widor field than isindicated above; Wut they ! 
oawngte ae irae a Froush tho top of tho fluc, and held in the| must be highly gratified that their labours 
present interested ; but wo aro about to de- position desired for tho discharging points. | in puro sciouce have been so soon utilised in | 
Tribe a remarkable instanco of tho rapid} A well insulated copper wire connected this| practical work, The Seperimant on whic: 
manner in which puro. science is nowadays| brass rod with the polo of tho machino, | tho method of dealing with lead fumois ba ed 
converted into applied acionco, and that in| which being kopt warm and dry inn shed |is ono of tho simplest, and cau be repeat 4; 
connection with the removal of dust from| gave aparks in all weathers of about tin, in| readily by anyono possessing a bell-jar : ‘ 
the air, Mr, Aitken, somo time ago, showed | length, Various modifications of tho electri- an electric machine, for it is necessary onl “a 
| that every spherule of mist, overy particlo| cal arrangements were tried; but the oxperi- | to fill tho jar with a denso atmosphere, suc 
i of fog, must havo condensed itsolf round n| ments disclosed tho fact that within cortain}as that produced by the burning of mag. 
} minute solid dust atom or nucleus, and it} limits, determinod by the sizo of the clec- | nesiun wire, and pasa 0 series of 3) a ", 
j follows, then, that if dust could bo|trical machino, the more points of dischargo] through it, to witness the remarks i, 
‘removed from the atmosphere thera} tho groator or more rapid tho cffeet pro-] effect of tho discharge, and_ to appreciate : 
4 could not well be a fog.. Tho simp-|duced. ‘The first oxperimonts wero mado} tho value of the discovery. In his tecture ah 
‘Jer methods of removing dust from|upon tho fume" in a staguant state, by before the British Association, Prof, Lodge 5 
{ the atinosphoro ara well known; it may bo] tilling tho oxperimental fluo with tho gases | said: “It seems not impossible that some | 
| strained out by cotton wool, or allowed to/from the main, and closing the dampers at}use may bo mado of this aguregatin 
sottle by contining s portion of tho air; it}each end. Viewed through the windows| power of electricity on femal boc ier auc 
can be * washed out” by condensing vapour| tho fumo had the ap; joarauco of a denso! as smoke particles and inist globules"; an 
; soverul times, it can bo calcined, and, na|fog, but the moment tho electric diseharge | he ventured con the rather romarkablo sug: 
Prof, Lodgo has shown, it can bo “sottled "| commenced, a whirling movement was ob- | gestion that it inight be worth while trying 
by discharging electricity into it, Tyn-| served round tho points, and in a very fow|it on even an Atlantic fog. If we recollect, 
' dall's experiment of calcining air, ax ho| seconds tho foggy matter collected’ into|ho proposed to mount u Holtz or W fue. 
led it, consisted in holding a hot body| flakes which were rapidly deposited on tho] burst machine on the mast of a steamenst ; 
interspaces} sides and floor of thy chamber and the atmo- discharge the olectrio sparks through the 
earance, A|sphero becamo clear, When tho fumo was}atmosphere. If tho effeot wero to keepa . 
permitted to pass through the temporary|clear spaco near the vesscl it would be , 
feo with the rapid motion duo to tho pros-| useful; but, ns most steamers aro push 
suro of tho furnaco gases, no chunge was|on, oven in spite of fog, it is not easy to 
witnessed as it passed the windows, but at] understand of what practical utility the ex 
the outlet it was found that the foggy 
mattor had been sgglomorated into flukes, 
which in calm weather fell to the ground 
immediately on escaping from tho fluo. In 
this caso the pressure forced the fume on v ¢ 
too rapidly to allow of tho offects of tho |mnde, there is ovory possibility: that its 
electri dischargo being witnessed through | utilisation will dovelop, although it is notte 
the windows; but it was, novortheleas,| be expected that overy Inboratory exper: 
deomod satisfactory, and Mr. Walker deter | ment will receive #0 remarkable « recogal 
mined to adopt tho method of attacking tho | tion as that mado by Prof. Lodge and Mr. 
fumo by tho celoctrical method on tho! Clark on the effect of electricity upon dust. 
full working scale, At Bayillt thero|_ 
are nineteen furnaces, and the total 
length of tho existing flues is, as wo havo] i 
mentioned above, ‘rithor more than two|' 
miles. It is calonlated that two Wimshurst 
machines of tho latest pattern, with discs 
Sf{t, in diameter, will bo ablo to supply a 
sutlicient number of sparks when driven by |, 
namall steam engine, and wo believe they |; 
havo just been finished by Mr. Cribb, an 
engineer of Chestor, who, under tho guid. ||. 
anco of Prof, Lodgo and Mr, Clurk, bas tho}! 
carrying out of tho practical details of the|‘ . 
of a firm of|electricalarraugement. Tho results obtained . 
es, who con-|in actual practice will bo awaited with in- 
otricity could| terest, for if tho cleotrio dischargo is ao 
ratory experiment, it| efficient with load (amo, it may bo equally 
ean eful on a] potent with othed matters of o similar 
aif 


kor intonda, to try 
Sa oe 
























|: A Frencumay has patented a pro-, 
cess of making butter hy passing a 
current of electricity through the milk, 
thus rendering the operation of churn 
ing Unnecessary, A similar method is 
to be used for chevse making, and to 
restore ancient butterto ns original 
sweetness of flavar, 

























































Character of article... 





From the . 










Publishedat 































































“An olentrio apparatus for blasting 
something novol to tho goucral pub- 
fo, although it tins been in use somo 
timo, It 19 9 magnoto-cleotrio instru- 
ment of small sizo aud weighs only 
about sixtoen pounds, It Oconpies cous 
siderably’ less than: ono half a cublo! 
foot of apace, It. haga magnet of tho! 
hiorscalioa character, of -fron, wound 
about with coils of tnetiated copper 
wire; batweon tho poles of tho magnet 
there is Atted-to revolve au armaturo of 
i} cylindrical construction, carrying in ita, 
' boty othor insulated wiro.colled longi 
tudivally ns to tho oylinder. Tho rapid 
rovolntion of the armaturo by anitnble 
| mMeans generates: aud sustains in the, 
machine an necumntative current of . 
valtnic oleotricity ‘of grent power, : 
Which at the momont of its maxinum 
{intensity is praotically wwitchod off to | 
‘| the ontsito ‘ofronit in which Aro tho fu-+ 
ses, and in tho intertor of each fuso the 
ignition is accomplished instantly, It 
was 0 machino of similar. dcsotiption 
that wos uscd in blostiug Hell Gato 
when .Gou, Nowton's little daughter |’ 
proased tho button that set the appara- 
‘;tua in motion by which thousanda of 
' tous of rock wero displncod,” 

























































































periment would be, for even if the atmo- ¢ 
aphere wero cleared, the steamers wonld be | 
continually leaving the cleared portion be- | 


i 
i 
i 








hind, Still, an application of a dis 
covery of puro scienco buying onco Kea 
i 
























the jar was c 
jar was filled 
caused tho globule: 
and fino rain, 
observations 






Lodgo's lea- 

























































—— fight. E 


Light and Heat? 


Our good seientifio friends will surely declare | 
e prizy if we state that every light ts f 
and that overy fire is an elec. 
trio fire, Electricity is tho only thing that pro. } 
4 j Anes fire and light. A light is only a fire, AN | 
} Unt gives tho iden that a Ught from nv current j 
{ of electricity is different from any other is; 
the fact of the consciousness that a current of | 
electricity is passing in the light, et 
A want of consciousness that any light in tho 
; Operation of electricity ix only the consequence | 
i of ignorance of what electricity can produce. 
Only 4 vibration of a current of electricity is 
i producing alight. Only a whirling of many : 
+ currents of tho affatr is producing n Are, Both | 
operations are works of nn Whnighty that a! 
{ mortal can not perform. A completo proof of | 
, What fs stoted is obtnined in a vibmtion of a i 
 : tuning-fork that is given n current of electri. | 
city on its prongs. A mero tap of the prongs | 
when in the dark will give an overthrow of the 
whole and every vestage of speculation of scient. 
i ists ns to the cause of light. A baro Passage of 
} Meurrent of electricity through a pleco of any 
substance will giva an overthrow of all the 
apeculations of scientints concerning the cause 
; of fre, } 
' Now, a whole civilized workl iy wanting to 
| understand what wilt Givo an electric Nght of 
| great brillinney without 9 battery nnd an on 
i glue or other power to Operate it, So ex. 
: Pensive aro these present requisites for an elec. 
: ! tric Ught,thnt a good current costa more {han of 
; Inueh light by gna, 
Tho streets are ns well Nghted by clectric. 
ity as by gos, and a building olno, but the dinad. 
‘rautago of its expense is preventing ita uso oxcept 
i ton small extent, 
i What will remove this obataclo? What can 
i Produco a plenty of electricity without a dyna: 
) Mo aud engine? ‘This is tho ‘question our article |, 
< daintended toanswer, Thoauswer willgivon clang 
i of clectricians n, goo escape from a degrading 
; Conception of tho charucter of eloctrivity that o 
f Vigot of so-cnlted selenco hag fnstenod, Upon 
; dt. Every electrician of the world fs belioving 
! Hh tho power ja only a caper of imolecnies, and { 
1 thata peculiar ¢ i i 
! the aie of eae Gide, dette 
8 ‘mph or other 
, Cntrivance for the employment of electricity, 
Thin folly ty being fastened upon the minds i 


* of all who are listening to Popular teachers of 
Science, : 


| 
' 
{ 
| 
| 








“+ Noone is able tg contradict it, ant no one | 
{ does. Wo are uble to state that it inn silly ana {! 
} degrading ile, ant that any ono posscaatny it ! 
} should bo ashamed of it The onty excuao for f 
pone: accepting such a folly in, that ® more |! 

ey Ustinguished foot tg teaching it, 

F | Will our renders observe for a momont 
4 





what will produea Kot electric light without 
dynam orany tachinery, 


£ ft 
“s good contrivance for 
producing {t. A gns is a good substance to ae 
duco electricity from, Only a more yiotont ou! 

flow of dhe gus is wanted 2 convert it all into : 

city, when it is burning. 

Se orffico for ita escape aud agreat vio- 

: lence of its discharge will produce an olectria 

ry particle of the gas will bo cuits 
+ verted into electricity, A work ofa common blow 
| pipe isn perfect ilustration of the fnct, A crea 
: tion of gas is the last step but one ton conversion 

) of a substance intoclectricity,and every particle 
of the dame of burning gas is only aa much 

electricity produced and vibrated, as can be 
4 produced by a weak discharge of the gas. i 

A complete work of converting gas into elea. | 
tricity is performed by pressing a discharge of 

, the gus out of a small orifice in 4 foreibte sunn. 
} ner, and igniting it, A combustion of the gas 

‘wall that is wanted to convert it Into a good 
‘electric light. A most convineing proof is the {! 
" destruction of odor, 

One thousand feet of gas will iu thia way af. 
‘ford nf much light ns a hundred Chousand ae it 
‘fs now consmmed. The light will be very much 
i better, Wo ask that thia simple dovice fur nf. 

‘ fording electric light and heat bo conatructed. 
1A conversion of all the dynanios and wires for 
genernting electricity into pyramids of folly ean | 
commence, A splendid heater is constructed 
by plncing such a light under a pleco of fron : 
or ina stove, 

When both light and heat are obtained a 
gumiering of the current of electricity can to! 
iperformed, and hy passing a coil of wire around ' 
in stove or burner and passing no stiatl curren’: | 
of electricity over thewire., Every particle of fue ! 
current generted will be attracted to tho swire. 
"ho Inont cotupetent power for moving minchine | - 
ery or for any purpose is Qhus obtained. 





pte ee 





Character of article 


Ary 


From the 24 


Pablished 


Oouliqta’ olaim that the-ne6 of ‘tho 
sleotrlo Mpyefor in-door lightlog; faduoes 
. 8 weak tho optio nerve;:that oul. 
‘ minaté rtaln percentage of ‘cases 
; io a permanent paralysis of the norvoand 


algo Inducer a rigidity of the~irts-by- tne |* 


excessive contraction Indaced, aa woll ag 
by fasion and adhésion'of the capillaries 
duo to the congestion produced by an un- 
equator oblongated ' contraction ‘as the 
! totenec, glaring ray of Nght atrikes the 
, Pulpit obliquoly, the same effect rosulting 
) 88 Jp cance x0 prevalent among those in- 
habitlog the deeerta of tropical, Africa.’ 
‘To prolong 'atudlea by tho electric light 
or to alt out two or three hours nightly 
| in houses of amusoment,: or: to’ wot typo 





ulating and consequent reagtlonary weak. 


latter symptom {a duo to tho fact that the 


vitreous Lumor fa rendered abnormally |! 
dense by the congestion of tho capillaries, |: 
which Unges in tho yory falatest plak, #0 | 
when images strike the optfo nerve they]: 
aragiven the shado ‘or color, that an|' 


almont imperceptible tint of pink ming: 
Nng with light blue would produce, vix., 
Purple, or §f the Imago {fa yellow con: 
Vorting It to orange, aud ao to tho ond. 


Tadeed. tho very notlecablo Inoreaso of ql 


oolor blindness, during tho past three of 
four years, Is asserted to be largely duo 


to the eleotric light. — ie itiate a 


| four or five hours nightly, under ite stim. F 


oning effoot, it is clalmed, acon’ dostroys]! 
the fine porception of colors, aud this { 


* Ttoom for All, 
Tt Is, perliaps, Imposstble for Tepresentatlyes 
of the electric Hglit ‘ompantes, on the occasion 
of thelr ansual or ofher meetings, to avold pre- 
dicttons and compar! ons at the'expense of their 
J rivals, the gas mens ‘Wetiive nll heard, for 
‘many years now, Prophestes’ confldently made 
| that tho bantshment of Bas by the progressive 
| electric light was only a question of time, and 
theso may atill come truo, But, meanwhile, gas 
companies flourish, They consolidate ; thoy 
raise prices ; they pay fat dividends; they havo 
‘all tho outward Appearances of longevity, They 
; have reason to know moro than the rest of the 
{community about the probable future of the 
{ electric light, for thoy watch ft with an anxiety. 
! born of cupldity and Jeatousy. It ts clear, from 
the actions of the G8 companies, that they no 
\ Jonger greatly fear the Competition which was go 
{ much dreaded by them only n fow Years ago, 
i All impartial observers must arrive at the 
| Same conchusfon—that the electric Nght { appar. ; 
' eatly not now destined to supersede gas enilrely, ; 
} The question of cost seems attll to be the great ' 
; Stumbling block, It fs true that much cheaper’ 
{ methods of producing tha electric light may be 
tscovered, but who knows {if the first cost of 
gas (already Jow) may not be Proporttonately 
eheapened also ? At tho present ilme the cost ; 
of gas at the works ready for delivery is proba. : 
bly much lesa than 50 cents per 1,000 cuble feet,” 
‘and some say 20 cents {s an outside estimate, If 
j dard pushed by thelr rivals the gas companies 
, could reduce thelr prices to consumers one-half 
| Or two-thirds and slfll make money, The former 
j are, therefore, fighting against great odds fn 
{ undertaking to drive &as out of tho ficld. Je 
| Would be much better for them—as for the 
I whole publlo—to recognize the truth that there 
Js, room enotgh In thls world for electricity, 
829, petroleum and tallow candles to burn afde! 
by side, Each ktad of ght has its special ad. 
vantage under certatn conditions, 
It {sn good thing for maoklad that Ngbting 
; Bgents arc so various, It would bo a Teal 
: calamity if We were restricted to one Instead of 
| having so many to chooso from. Wo are not 
+f deatrous that gas any more than petrolcum or 
tallow shall be oxpelled from uae by the victori- 
ous advance of the electric Nght, If tho latter— 
Desldes Milling the special aphere for which expe. 
“rience shows It to bo pecullarly ftted—sball 
Serve asncheck upon the rapacity of the | 


companies we shall bo content, . 


© 





WEE ee ee 








Character ‘of antic 


o e aed Character of arfjcle. 
we eee le 0” i 
~ Eee From the . 


Character of arti 
4] 
From the Yi. 


Pablishedat.! 


Character of article 


Tublished at. 


Date 


| 
‘ BUEOTTG Broxatiing FROM A BAarroon—w + 
evening the first ascent of Mfr, Exio Bruce’d: 
translucent merualling balloon took placa nt the’ Al 
Pataco, Battersea, ‘Tho special featuro of ‘this’ invene 
tion is tho Humination of & captive Ualloon by meang 
f incandescent electria lights within the balloon itself 8; 
ho body, of a Dalloon ‘ta fits “Tighted up, and - by; 
neans of tho Morse or any other code H 
cent on labor and matorial over all other: eignalled at night, An yivious ob ection “oraund fai 
gravity battery now tn uso, It has been {he mind’ that in wacfaro between two ci : 
Wworkltg threo inonths on the above rttroae were tho fnstructions algnallod would be 
without attontion, while other gravity bate. * ty the enomy, but this ih tion, it ‘soema,” ie, 
tories have to he attended to overy tw | ye th hit v9 Pbjection, oat! 
wouks. It will work ont open or closed cireult; Hot thought so ranch of by military men aa by cl 
and has none of tho faults of the old gravity, ‘Tho experiments fost ulahit wore enttroly successful, ‘th 
Mattory, thoro boing no loval action in celig dete dn See foon being, satisfactory, se 
Got ane nals—omougst which wero 
F, i?) 
: 


c « (From the Boston Meratd.] 

*Tho Hoston and Atbany lallroad sign 
acrvico mon are tosting on its olectric signal 
the new Leighton gatvanto battery. “The in. 
Ventors clatin that it saves at loast so per 


.. A nunaber of eojentitio mou Lave beon, 

experimenting Wi th poworfal dischargen 

‘of oleatricity, nnd have. mado disvoverics 

that are importdut in seeuring immun- 

th , Hy from atond discharges of electricity 

“1 opportunity to witness and learn the merits in the form of Jightning. . Lhe proven- 

ofitlanen vention of many, Profes- ; tivo ot dangér from Jighti nue. 

! sor Lane was foe prevent, but, vine repro. ‘ingly simple; It-is nothing ‘more than 
{ information «in : threo or, four Jayers of wiro :inosquito |. 

| netting spread dyor und about'the object 

ito be’ protected:” Accanling to these’ 


“‘Wiaht, Monday avening at the oftico’of.¢lz+ 
Steam) Heating = Company, ‘Market 
street. -Tho- axhibition:. wag. opott,. to 

‘jail, and a largo numbor of. our. cltl- 
{zens ..avalled — themnsolvor' of tho 








and no short circutta caused by dirt from the. 
yond happluess to Princess. Leatrice,” 


sing, alumonts. iy uiue vitriol: cous Hobs 

crystatiizo, but romains eloan and ready fo: i) is i “ 
Tee AEM tintes, and the electromotive forco, li — ut Geglon.| aad pute diritanaia were | 
‘experimentora‘n kog of powdor may t ‘Is inueh Kreator anid: the internat reststancd intelligible 0 in + ‘Tho balloon, owing. to # ) 
f orgy i of } or nay be imach tess. ‘Tho battery gives a vory atoaiy, j brocau blowing, was not seut up bigher than about 60d | 
‘enveloped in‘ these protectora’ aud tho | current, aid wilt not docreaso while thero ty Neot, but Mr, Braco thinks that fu-a still atm : 
: . ‘erystal lott. It ds claitnod thut it can bo rut ‘aignalling might bo done at-a height of ‘a thoi 
‘from gx: months to a your by foostiz at | fect without ‘diticutts, 'Thore was, ever & notices | 


Gas Sampaio I 
of ee ‘Yeriest: thunderbolt cannot explode it. 
vitriol), qwithout taking “tho Jars from th ablo loss of cloctric power in proportion os the ballooy ‘ 


_ In thé future we:may expect to sco our aholves or changing the sulphate of inc so! roso,, Tho ineandeasont lights used give.a maximant 


j homes enveloped in mosquito netting, _  dustop. ( of somewhat tesa than a hundred candles... The alg : 
j while’ thé pedestrinn who in called ont 1 ‘ nalling was worked from the ground, the élce 


“when the ficklo-lightuing’ date hither 
‘and thither, will: put on “his ‘wiro nog 


ni of. tho 
‘tehburg Gas Company, | Mr, | Loomis) 
of tho Steam Heating Company,and others, 
‘Tho office was opened at 8 o'cl 

5 | flrea drop centro 


paces ae ri erie cays outa hs 
SUA) being a from secumulators, au the -falloon was 
7 i consequently without 0 car—a ‘mystification » 
Character of articlent. wy, | disappointment to tho Jureuite tion of the tors.; 
; Tho balloon will go up nightly for.a month, Waundera, 
tnlltary authorities Tepestiog tal of hs method of: 
| authorities 4g trial of his m 0 
{seule 


From the secon Leted 


Pubtishedat ASA 








of "perfe cting 4 
i c i 
steadily at work, 
{9 oxperiment 
escent burner, i 
4torma “direct. { 
4 Interventionofd 


ora vary in candio 
from 10 to 1000 
Org tndestructible, They 
irequiro no adjusting and need no ro 
{nowuls after putting in place, aro beautl: 
sful tn dostun, HW can bo sold 80 
hia roach of every ono 
thecost of the light It 
test has proven tat a 
pea ccauule f power canbe 
Lone-quarter of ® con 
1 afford a largo proilt to! 


if € mill 
: er’ bonoticially 
i far as tho prosent manage 


ly Ih 
et 
Lowe will bo nt th 
Wednesday,and 
ntages which the Il 


Hin many waysfiTt, ‘ Daten gpadan be ) Ps 
lees fine w tirnish sual ynrioty s : ‘ : 


of ‘avenues far'.the: dispersion. of the 


yelodtrioal. Apid; that it is’ 


yrondily. con. 


Hdueted into the’ ground without the 
; least damage to the mont impressionable |! 


' 


{substances “The. cost of the elvstetcal | 
(dispenser is ‘small, white its applicabit. ° 


jity.is great, : watt 


Character of articte.... 
Frou the nt YOM. 


Published at. 


Peres 


MANAALA. 


An Hlectrie Nont, : 
- + New Orvans ThmeaDemocene,} ' 
The- Russian adiniralty have under, 
consideration a proposnt to coustrnct an | 
Clectric tont, Ita length is to be about ! 
100 fect and its width twenty feet. The! 
Gleetrical power {8 to be xtorad in lifty 
paccumulators, which,<it fe ontoutatert:~} 
Will sufico. for folir hours, ite mean: 
Spoed will bo niie knots, tn tho fore. | 
part a lighting. apparatus of 6,000 can- 
dle powor ts to Le Placed. Itts oapecially 
ended for action against hostile tor, 


4 act G Pras, 


ed 


Maka, | 
prethep A Ved td SA 


ay. 


Mrs Kdlson, the electrician, sayn tliat tli 
are electric ight ls unsuited for lgtthouscs 
beeauso It Incks red and yellow’-rays.’ Ho 
adds that a¥l other Hghts arc.doomed for. 
lighthouses, excepting thotpeandescent elec: | 
Unto Nght oo at tee 


“ og 
Character of attic OC sagan te tt cnt 
From the Ck (AtrCalindy) dea tatiis 
Published at. Sees 4 4 Ml actA... : 
Daten et. /. 2, AS. 


Kleetneily Laveen brought totho afd of the 
aportaman by tho uso of a minal lamp forthe | 
trong sight ef a rifle, to render st visible iu the 
dusk, or when Crom any causo whatever thoro ts 
Inauficlontiight. Tho tlnute e@loctric lamp ts 
fixed near tho muzzle of tho cun acd antelucd 
by a netaitic scruen.: ‘Tho current if supplicd by, 

nal) battery In tha steck, + 





wo” 
7 


Published at 5 


pegs A 1d) - a 


Oneof the most oon mient among the 
variona coleety wonttivances * whieh 
havebeou brought fervard as auxiliaries 
is the following English device, onmbling ‘| 
p perzon ringing an olectrio halt te know. yom 
whother, ot, making coutuot, tho: bell! 
actually rings. Beside the press Hatton” 
itd labksduts, the: inn simply. tele 
photo recoiver, consisting ofan elastras 
magnot with a soft iron armature {reo 
to vibmto over. one of its-poles: ‘Lhe ; 
sounding or “clicking” core jof “Pay 
‘may also bo employed instead of the : 
disphrgm armature. ‘Lhe olvetro-maig- | 
jict-is formed up in circuit with tho bell ‘ 
Land battery, so.that-whon tho ‘bell ig in | 
nation, with its contact interrupting the : 
jewrrent, tho telephoua or -elegtroanng 
et will. emit o area noty or. hum,” 

hich, being, heard: by the parson ring- 
ite the bell inforins iim that tho bell is 
ringing—niwaya supposing, 

‘that the curront is strong on 
































Pier cree tint 








ey) 4 iidiailinaseatteem cts Sse ne ‘i 
From tu AAU ; “Lyon the ZA 


Published at} : Vublished at. 


! f sxorurn how thing In oloctrical raran fon! : pe . oe Hist Qn Vegetation, 

8 1 TB, Dobernty’s conclugons regarding 

(ago r ya a eporlnantad tho influence of the cleciric light ‘once, ote 

tore: Won ata tho following: 1 Tha ologtrie iyhe 
* oe contains rays which oro injurious, to voguta- {' 

thon, 2 ‘Tho greater part of ‘thoso rays are 

kept lack by transparent: ‘glam.’ ‘3. Tho 





‘GloctFig light ‘coutaliy on. the bier hemied 


i 
Ors, Tho luvention ts. Bugis, and is sald to, 7 wanetaat Tuy unoful to voyotatinn ta maine: 
be tn wag ing South Ainurican Inigo, ,_ tain tho Ilfy of plants eutirply candor . dt in 


Character of gptict A 
From the Z 





. Aucneu for twonnd"a half months, 4 This 
Oy, Dh amount of useful rays i9) boiover, {avuflle 


j sedi clent to bring on young genninating plan! 
wv ; 7 ur to bring full-yruwn planta to mata ity, 
Munocr ad, "ein flarown inn tari] 


z 
fete os) 
Character of anicly Z 


Voom thee 


Pabilishotatye 


Ser 
etrio ‘Launch, 
aah [Prom ctiamnbers Joxiroat.} 
n aloctric'tauncn possesses many impor. | 
ant oadvantagos over o 4 Minato 
, Oven in tts prosont:: stage, 
Intultroplaco.the latter a . 
many ¢ hg: “Kid hear ard tho ukee th Whtoh Beate <" 
cunulai to, Ag a t bein applied, jibvontors are constantly nt 
} ce work cudcaroring to discov: +B 
; | tho Seats nnd floor, ap: to 4nvistbto, and tion for olooteicity. ‘Phe teleta, 
, peta no anaso Which intgh¢ otherwiso: vO telophono ary not to menapolrge 
o'navallal és r ul regent, ho medica 
1 steam lauwencon" iter cian already soized upon elcotricity 
stable portion of thy con 1 Or less oxtont In modicutign a: 
entont space ts taken an ‘Tho latest uae to whi 
Ongine. Ie Js at 4 ee d 
Slvetric launch wi iy i é 


ut 
s charts 
zo 


t 
tbe 
‘OPO. . 
r window 
Fimented with as 


! ; Substitute several in 
: fono are tmp. ‘Tho 
Hl pix, 2 fj Deon teled at Laweuni 
{ * | euiccuss, 
Hy Geb. au ale nha ! 
6 SMOK * ‘ 
if auentiy 0, I Small, whic 
cp launen, 
nolso and 
Jaunel ts thi 
dont, F; 


‘on board 


jau 
the 


nny isin 


a 
Polut. the . 
Wola ne oastane 


———. 





c aa ; ida i 
mar) 


ia em 
Ie..,,. bets eas . 


Character of arite 


From th 


_ Pablihed a 


A trial is now being made on the 
B. & PL ROR. of a new electric sige 
! dd to passongor ‘trains, 
‘whereby the engine and cars can 
jeommuntcate more satisfactorily than 





} 


6 


j With the present prevailing: style of}: 


‘bell cords. ‘The operation of tlio new. 
syatem proves its worth? sind TE wit; 
doubtless, be adopted on all traing on 
this popular linc. ‘Phe B. & P. aro 
up to all new methods for safety and 
lefiiciency, 

ae 


From the ....... 


Publishedat... 


Mae wot 

I Bocloty's . 
“oS Monte whit the te tisne j 
 Attha re; ly meoting ot! 


0 fi 
ort, 


a, meblle th te 
“aeen , i 
tet aro cy term 


ef 











+ défaut qui se remarquo’ d'ordinaire dans to rendu 





eZ 
v7, ferpetl Bact, Zan ed 


Nouveau mlerophoue 


“ Nous’ omprutona a ‘In Schtoeiserischa Rausei- 


“tung 1s doacription suivante do cot appareil, qui 


est diva M, Hipp, de Nouenburg : 

«Lo microphone transmot ‘Ia parole au télé- 
‘Phono plac A distancos cotfe transmission so f 
produit on eg quo les vibrations de lair ongendrdes : 
parla parold, au nombro do pludiours. centainos ‘ 
et psrfoia do milliors en une secondo, ngissont’: 
sur un organo qui convortit coa vibrations en 
autant do courants Slectriques, également variés I 
én nombre ct on puissance, ot tes envoiont A Vo~ 
reille do Iintorlocutour par l'intermédinire du : 
t8léphono, Lo probldmo consinto naturollomant it ae 
recueillir par lo microphono ot A restituor par lo ; 
récoptour In totalits das vibrations, 

« Parmi les nombrenses dispositions qui ont été 
Imagindes dans ces.derniéres anuées, lo micro- 
plone de M, Wipp so distinguo par an rimplicité, 
par In slroté ot fn netteté do son fonctionnomant, 

« Les qualitéa qui distingueraient co micro- 








- phone sont qu'il no nécossite aucun eéginge, dans 


lo sons général do loxpression, qu'l eat totale. 


+ mont indépendant do linstatlation qui locontient, | 


ot que, avea une batterie do force suffisanto, il 

tranamot avec clarté ot-distinctement, sans que lo | 

1 
tes lottros ¢, i, p, s, f, m,n, suit aussi choquant. : + 

« Lo microphone Hipp, tras simplo en luismdme, 
ost monté ayoe un Amant inductour ot une son- 
nerio, doux récoptoury et-un parafoudras lonesome’ 
ble formo un potit mouble trés commode, i 

« Voici la disposition intorno du microphons, |, 

« Deux mombranes de parchomin, garnies de 
plating, sont disposées paralldtoment ot distantes i 
do 4 nin environ Mane de Vautro, do orto qu'elles “|” 
limitont un ospace cylindrique qui eat rompli duno 

‘matidra demi--onductrice, granulde ot libro, Cot 
organo est ronformé dans ‘un cylindro de bois 
solida de tollo sorte quo to croux qui s'y trouve 
ménagé pormetto aux ondes sonores Wagir deg 
doux cdlés A Ia fois, c'ested-dira de frapper'les | 
doux mombranos at do produire une double ave : 
lion, Un réglage particulier n'est jamais nécos- | 
sairo, of, s'il arrive que los graias so tazwont, i) |’ 
auffit de retiror lo cylindro, do Jo rotourner un ee 
instant puin do lo remuttre on place, manipulation 
qit no nécessite aucun démontage, pas mémeto | 
:dessorrago d'une soulo visy on pout, avoc la | 
“mémo fucitlié, romplacor linstrumont par un 
‘autre, tous dtant faits sur lo mdmo calibro, 5 

«< Lea avantages qui constituent ta aupériorité i 
do co microphouo sur ta plupart des autres sont 
ile natured stro trés apprécida du publivs 

«Ino nécessito quite sends batterie, co qui, 
pour los installatiousde quolquo importanca, ost 





“un avantago décisif, parce qu'ila n’ost plus nd. | 


ceasairo do placor des batteries choz labonnd ot, 
qno,l'on épargno on'méme tomps a colui-ci tous 


len désagréments—intiGramtr-A~ Pomplot~aer cea 
“appareils, : A 


< On parlo dans uno embouchuro; mais copen= 
dant on pout e’on sloigner d’uno distanco rolatt- 
voiment grando, sans quo la transmission dovienne 
lo moins du monde confuse. Par contre, si l'on 
purlo diractomentidans lombouchuro, il sufft d'un 
Iger murmure, qui no peut dtro aaiei par les 
perronnes mdmo les plus voisinas de l'appareil, On 
sait qu'il n'est pas toujours agréablo do devoir 
communiquor tout haut, d'dtro ontondu do tous 
‘eoux-qui setrouvent dans la piece, tant par dia. 
erétion quo pour tes distractions qui on réaultent 





“pour les autres et pour solemémo, 


« Test dvident que tonto porsonno habitude a 
ces avantagos si pratiques du microphono do Hipp, 
so résignoront difficilomont A s’on passer en 
fuisant unago d'autres appareits, » 

Nons n'avons pas appris que co sysidme soit 
connn du public en Franca; il ost copendant per- 
tis to s'attentra A co qu'il y rencontre bon ac- 
cuell, 

























From theGac& From the .. 


; f fra te DHE PAL é K o 
Published at al... eases coesiodel seiieas, éviveaiewrtae Vubtisherta . ‘ a nese i a erie at ae 
7 a ; aL Sag anne aay 
' AS - : in, on \ i ‘atl Nhat 
> : ‘ackda arid Meh mubtelat dn joan 
Hhapo’ destted.”" Tha dlrerent “In 
Ave lisgd for several Ups. 
br. ty infinttesthhal an icles . 
shatter, thor generally i 
ith equind: 
tanige.” 












EW, applications of clectricity are now go common to 
electrical readers that their announcement causes but a; , : aS ie re Prat a 
passing notice, We note, however, a new departure which’ : ee aT : : ant 
deserves capucial attention not only on account of its prac. , 
tieal importance, but for the additional reason that the neg: j 
lected static electrical machine now comes forward to; 
abare some of the honors and profits of the young and; 
vigorous dynamo, The application, briefly stated, consists ; 


















‘E’cotrical voctety 
log, boforon'Ys 



















































in causing electric sparks to pass through dust or fumes, ‘AU Ls Are y : . 1 
by which tho latter immediately condense or form into *Bteainic oor wd : country during tho pr vant yi 
flakes and are quickly deposited, This has been success: jumtnoue efleots produce: ie {the butte ‘ oT 
i{ fully applied in an English lead-smelting establishment to abd other tredia eee th: Rp. Louk Chic. , tho of 4 
the condensation of the fumes, and there can beno doubt fosoly Sua) fies t ‘ = 1d rt 1a + 
i ‘ molt the Oan.7 133Q, Rss t 4 ned in the above dispatch, “to locate! 
1 that its uses will be widely extended, not only in metallurgi- formed int @ Dare 5 fo va grating ween : nal? Jeunken vessels, The old method, which is 
caloperations, but in others where dust or fumes are tobe i" Hful manner and: . . A WONDERFUL DYE TION | [still described in novela, was to use smal 
rapidly collected... Flonring mills, however, would in all ety P ° } * Pe te B SN og a a inited it grapnel grappling roe a 
probability do well to give the application a wide berth. ; : i . PARATE FQ bre tent I in " 
This excellent method opens up anew fielt for the static Ls Wi ene t « eee HEAL, { i i if th i certaln and Ege a car 
machines which have so long beert telegnted to the Inbora- [a baltery: of Jon ! : UI Description of the:Completed " Hs takes | Iwator. pee Sie 
z Machine—A Toeal iy fin th : Tho firet great {mprovement was the 
substitution of ‘tho 





tory, nod may lead to their improvement. In this connee ry vot! Biot ton 
tion we muy remark that improvement has been very slow. Bi sae way: : ah ters al i I sorta of yeasols. A 
There have been granted up to date tn this country Jess ay ~— : : 7 it 

than twenty patents on atatie machines, the average being] . 4 


abou i Pi a on fi fo tel cat dlscorny 6 , 
th a8 Ha é cr mA : ' 
outa ot a te dlic and rete te a : i eat atoll nad 
ar Wa ot the’ seoaidary. °j 2 BB | Secqtion uni itera born evlvea! (ee ft peteat ore 


ida 
oes ft, 





t} 


‘ te metalite:: : Ke 
and : : obi 4 
the. cleatrig spark Lae : ae ag Hts |, [be pivot to he ove 
aad J p ee 6 tert Lay pula! 
slated caayomt A A der a det 
metallic points’ i : rhs 

ttlel 


iyonths ba been’ 
uly atid vio Iso neon 
OW be given, * 
of Yartous. colored, a 
ors... Phe: 
rided< together when the 


He discha: 
lumtnsted t! 


anol 

ie effa 
seer ai 

avithe 
abt, . w. ont 


ots, howeve: 
le electrio cascade ¥ % 
Tho fo} t ie U 6 tof ain fu 
‘ears of work.fudde life No. ‘ iy il 
ream Ror slgher: 5 in HDI | Feil the 
current from the ~ ilo’ think *'ngain of : : 
bite reat Renorting machind 


, ree 
ar. Tho E ran ‘ 
7 e Fs : Bape bat rd stds wa eenetwd CT I it -heuty With case 





ane j requtred * flout 
Nat neces oO rno aningaudescent Gup, 
‘whtecli cone Her months Tho rose of iho 
- + fntkeline whl be: coniparntively aciall, ‘tho 
fencde of thor dy : souret ‘avin’ of coal’ bila “tne! 
eae . icltY ou: theapolecules| i! ye for dt d Isnasa of i 
ce, induces a current in 9 coll of wire whi 

rings 9 bell, | 7 ear i, 

H ‘ “Tho drag containing. the magnet and 

5 oR-cony ly ODT < lthe- sav nif | coll {s awed behind. thio: wrecking’ tug, 

ot thd: tho wiro from’ tho. tug”running to tho! 


heat; 
nes Hine hay try OUR! pilot house, ..Tho inoment ‘tho drag-ap-j 
‘ roidhes a sunken’ Iron ship tho magnet! 
nj We tines §.5 kiss ye Reis Prdetiected,. tho’ electrio” bell: rings and; A 
ior! jane could : ‘se thé pilot stopa tho boat and anchors,.-1f| ° 
0 otf pe V4] tho aoa Is very; rough ho buoy the lace, 


i : Ri bad and retiims ; when . tho: weather mod 
: y ; Hates’: orks t: down to examin 














ered : ddd 

of fron for at loast, p rae rere ; j wuliage 

im hh some electricians claim that th : THE LINGUAGRAP IN ae ¢ ‘create fe at of 

sonality can be increased to 500. This! Faison ts oredite “Athong the coming devices of Enisoy, : i ata conte it a Seiad tare 
His al very well theoretically, q W ph ! io Lingning tepeninnt : f Perctneree 7H ae afueunk 5 eee eer are’will noe be eee 

. ‘Lwork-Jn'practice, Tho best plan is taj Of-a “Hogungraph, : Igsalt to bo Intereste asi : aor vitae 

tt Moy Tandy {suspend .ond ‘electrical drag from: tliej take tho place of the whistle on ; 

ae stern of the wrecking tng nnd ono each? comotive and instead of simply screech 

(pt oy the i “Vfrom thé. ends of two spars filty ‘feet : 

Pagnell BABE long placed at right angles to the sido off! thie: te 

naguetl AEE tho boat, This miles, threo drags, sixty | ¢ } ner Hh 

apart, and; allowing forty fect'for{ p } iy ; oud i 
“Yivoncss of fhe magnets gives us | perfected will call out t! q : mio, a ue sleet, 

ler tho water. tno stations along the line. } au ! f : . Ue ballove : e “ 
+ We hopo somo ono will switoh Afr. ‘i “ a ; ma Boston 


‘clear of tho botious. 7 {Edison off of tho Lisa this en ee oral 
yd long tho | | E inartioulate screal 
iat athe aap fan ied | Be eae bo borne pationtly |: train, and can be ajuated to announce ! Y . p 
ment of the coast survey | conatod with what tho publle would | the approaching suatlon. neserat thie! afl. several other eastern ‘and ‘equatorial: re-! 5 Z 
bah in regard to soundings ; OUT, talker on’ Wfamillar passengers to Bi t! ‘slons were explored, the much desired’ i Puck : 5 ny , 
aman knows the depth at havo'te enduro with a steam name of the plaice, whleh tho present: ; Ba l ' 7 aa pV 
thin aight of land. This is: overy locomotivo and factory. At proa-' clwap clocution does Hot often render: : Plant has been discovered, And it ts Pele ne (pe 
; Gehry, 1899, 
i : 
hey | 


aa nit pe lower ay of | ent people who do not caro to hear pub- .. possible, Ifthe devieo docs this work: hinted that Edison's most q uestiaaa jon which} 
Mand New Jersey shor: ee ed 
~ A VALUABLE VENTION, 
Electric Campnny Pere! : 


soon as tho latter has Cully experiimonted/| it] feelw@ Morice far Removing Realstnnco!. 


Y * ¢ r _, Irom tho Wiren; Alay eee 
With ‘the platit, andthe result of: thls: pine ate , ‘The :numeroun ta of tho: Westing.} 


6,188 a ; meeting may bo'the use of. electricity as'{kenoral i © 12+ | house leotric Co: hick d 
[ing tho pubife to Hsten whothor it would | SURE: tho projectile” force of the futuro,” And! attal! fof electrielty for lightMff have vaca create! 


‘or not, lifo would no longor bo worth | § “fp At it does, what a revolution there will bei roa, | | t tobe added to by a new! 
iiving. “ho. \worked In the: methods of watfare, and: " {a claimed to bo ono which} 
{ Mr, Edison himself is quite deat and nite in a’ Posltive : ) * ‘howw-little ‘will numbers: avail, agatast|? i ht for for years, and by many 
(might not bo much of a sufferer from 5 aks ‘elence.’ ve , 


{Mle speeches can remain away from’: on tho rallronts, there ts hardly a ientt: 


H to Its possrblo. uses, It will dispense: : . 

i ani :tho hall In which thoy are dollverod, with Ais Meee teeatcarlas a> inrme:an ' : 
‘ too i 1 itenrled fuld, If niustcatly tnetined, tt} : , ; 
‘ vory looturor or stump speakor, Ine! oy ontertain travelers. wwithimotody, and; arranged fora meting with :Edl i 


toad of having a hall, need only hire a perhaps song. ‘ 


ght} his alleged invention; but ho should bo4 ; What will not our : Why not, ‘ind an OB 


5 0 _ ways, 
d befow | ‘considerate of tho feolings of othora, ish of the’ tagonto’ : : a ‘Journal, talking'of the proposed anova: i" by 





Fass, Ono of tho things to be sald in favor of Norklleotricat Club bus desigued a door’. - ‘tion “Wh 


. he®Ream whistle tn its presont form is}. p50 ’ srt ! ) 
ponur, which rolluyos the diagustod travole - ble for thia 
-!that it cannot awear, But In tho !m-{ ‘op visitor from’ tho nocoaslty of shoving 


’ . 
at] WS / ‘proved forma sabbath. breaking loco-| [hoavy muas of wood with. bis bands, or 0! 1 ft oe pa es : = t tel 
ee ‘motive might shock a hundrod devont preatiog out the tous of lila Loute In kicking int omer of ar Rite eee p 
howe db back. Ce eM age ae i : 
‘ {church congregations by tho uso or igi juntallio plate sat in the floor a foot frou Inot = elnat dinpandeseyiveg ane It 
¥Y hw throsha! js markodl “ door-opener.” Th: vt J Tae bg * 
-}language to tho brakoman which wou { , {¢uilor treads upon it in tho samo stylo asthe ly to'supplant steam? Why should there | iter, 
peaceful stroot. cnr homo troads upon: tho ‘not: be smokeless ‘battle fields ‘1 th 
clumsy iron switch plates, whieh now orna- : a9 : dol elds in the 
R Coispauy, toblehf tho ow, Widdifeld that tho world ts not clamoring for a; mune avery atreat whigte tbls kind of lo {ntaro with on utter doing away with all 
* [and Bowing Fleotrlo ant Automintic firako aye gtoam Inguagraph, If tho mai who! | Tortacdache to tho proyauro Ht the foot an the old confusion, “uncertainty ‘and’ Dbilndé 
tom. A tratn of 19 cara hal Ween oqulpped, which tvontod tho calllopo was not hanged; ‘ formsncireuit which iuunodiately starta a: fighting, which has, mado: all great co 
mado o trip froni Herth Jngetion to Threo htvers: dd ndesorved tate, Wo hopo| : tiny lgctro Ade shat to turn open th a ‘tests since gunpowder 2famo into use s0' KH 
fe uur, despite oar spritg, alr valyvu i " 4 . fi. Ce dee djdont Mar if Rlad, di 
Se ee ee re oe ere tae nia eel ppmling tod fuaconung What Siar ed, vegeta Sng el ciate eee TSU eee 
= <a Apri Wo ite fotuee count tho veiteaitin | , pelt, bat “auotter polit scored’ ta favor (the dynamo, ‘The minimum lors. without! 
ede Grecia 8 Trokun. aud the door closes’ itnolf with or. : sacle real linprovemonts, Allor Shose toature the new arrangement is10 per cent but now,: 
without a rosonant bang as moy bo desired. ., ‘Ishat tho deficiencies which AE Dromum qurtacca fi Weed only 244 per’ cont loss, wo think wo 


ea ee Docvas With ewing doors t ch at pronunt svriousty 
1]. 0999 ‘ 


0 plato in inagton both: . | ntorforo With tho Usefulness of tho storace bav-{! Mave ok itas low as it.can be done,” * 
sides. of tha portal. i 


xuldod tho whoto distance without aco! 


Vith double chur! ory will bo rewmediod ti the ‘near future, and 


“Wi you begin tho. manufacturo ‘of 
doora tiopairs of plates aro nrraugedfso that - hat our railways will bo propolled in utter dl m . 


the: 


He aleeve, wnat on to, tho oar’ , 


ah two (rlottun’ pulleys, propar- |... ‘tho soxton can connect .or diseyntoct cach : i. regard of too or enow Aa well asof all lute ea, at once, I don’t think that we, ° 


‘ ee : ferencos whioh keep other systois from bermy!, will of’ 
thran into saion ty 1 : ra pale when tha platos ‘aro ‘connected, the fy WIM make so many''of ‘them, though, as 
rae me nee eetton by an, | Edlaon hiss invented” another ‘oon Worshipers'a foot, opus both doors,’ but } Travel turuuyn tho crowded aeacte: eet , A 


: frovel thruugh tho crewed streote of our mei Mey are only necessary on tong distance; |. - 
ri the Drak led, The wi ; is y . “h » ON : 

‘alas atored in ie euptine hed faae cat nnd tol A this time it when disconnected. only ono. { ones firculta, do, the ast End sation, wan 

if 


riled iy intlataieatie mong thereat; wit (the rallroud engineer.” Tt, - {,Anstbecolestrteal davion of ropant orlaing sea uofucons tn tho citi of hoses in sou that eda othe devices’ wilh eee 
ilinguagraph”.or er.” Whis'ap-} iauism whol, when tho current was turned} ; - : Hey Covwiia of at n dintanes Hels ee ae at jin the district supplicd by the East’ En 

Riel apenidepeptbnriy non ostogny- al DAFAtOD Is aldod U2 RatenmvalYo. ona] .0%,threw out aporfoar dolce of spatka and, fae sditonal doparientn tin ae, ertne) SMPONY te, 4000 Highland any of 
Vile: train atupped Without huaiplaw ve wus vie Jocomottvo'and instond :.of .the whistles ozone and destroy tt forma and lanpuritiss) _ t thus p able space to. Stuck has buon gcsomapiaed fy The value of the now thin, p 
% .4 that now rond tho alr, 8 certain ‘numbe Otho win, Tho machine was very pro } pra : } the ldatallmonts inthe mining ulatriots of tha) ‘for it will not only inorcaso tho’, brillinnoy, 
% : § sof metal) = $ woatern portivn of tho United St and! tha 7 . 

of times according as the ordor Ia ‘down’ fheloaci. in a clays eosp end, fastened tothe ecm Inttontiou that the companion aro Vodtowing ial Of the lights, but also remove any filekering, 


t yw; u that. tion 'b it hi {}whioh may have occurred heretofore.”” 
ibrakes” or "go ahosd,’" and so on, thelo- meng eae the colltng. At peril lit rhon the! : : ; DINAION of ail Oho WOtLORS oy eld wifi) Te was farttier stated that this nove Laven 


i : : ie ‘ } transporting material from tho minoa, a6 wollj/ tion would doubtless do much toward tho: 
fiowicol C. RECMB ETE TRON. ane motive shalt, gut, wa m'mnse'at umes stat oat ancecaegy; aE Iaecweriiog' all otuar taohinory ia sobneations| extension ofthe eleciele Nght plants: and at 
torsion of . “Gwhich illuminated: tho room and. east. tho! 4 the saruo timo bo an inducement: for tho es-. 


conatant £ Sith. 2 . Strangest lustros imaginablo, “Theorotically, . “LBOUL 


proper couplings between cure, oh car te} 


g is very paygrents 





meee Log oe batches, MHaneos would hardly b joto'! (ablishment of new ‘plants. Already ‘the . 

the inyontion. wns’ all’ rights.” prac: OAL APPLIANOES. wal orenca ta tlio developmental the effects of. Mt hava been shown, asa santeaat:. 
teally it was othorwia, It hoated the alr} |<: } oo Stee it 3 dorfal aad daotat, and" whioiet estat jehad been learned that the - 
and producod a quoor odor of something, } GREAT “PROQRESS ‘VIN ADAPTING aon are fully entriod out; will Id otootrig had the device and wo 
pursing. Jt ‘magnetizod tho jyatol-works, L tho course ufa twolrenionth wld immensely to company ha lovico an ¢ 
{Kalvos and keya of overyona in hig room, and ‘ “ at fie onsa arid convaulence of communioation ba-{? Pub the uso intended. 

rory” ‘ond: : ual, eae i 

wire; in ‘ bro: “ol”, Gue wot inthe “Points. Police AES the appt ation of -eloctrielty to matters on 

pita to thy “brake Court was Mnally.takou out in dingrace., The | $44 Y 3 ‘ Hd] abipboae 4 funnily received the attention 14 

rete ; ae Cp Loraine reer empire oe ce mown tp I Ha pera 

Froom mo ljnagrooab la than over and ot hee i restr att Shit eee heel have duo ation- 
ephad put h atol into: sult a ntate-t "4 He a i . Th tant frat: atop is, however, \be- 
could not i Teh it wr syhat. tim : 
Pho day it might bey 22k aie 





by joining ‘ 


bad 


See ee 


are cohvernads 
fitte an 








q 





owl 
+ jtho Roy 
iMustrate 
(p, 105),! 
pointing: 
imagnetis 
drrangen 
itheag ino} 
decreata | 


it if the ¢ 
ules 
angom 
inotisn o¢ 
own wola 
iby its pas 
fmolecular 
jGearel es 
possible, 4 
‘electricity 
duced in} 
‘wiro. 

‘ur thi 
amathods ¢ 
jmodididy 
|tho influe 
for conduc 

ho; 


ho subj 


‘veut w 


lufsitkecov 4° 
lof the coi @#: 
vacant cir‘ 
is fas 
px ing th 
iree, ao the 
jtho Wwiro by | 
{A ncneitive 1. 
ywith tho ce 
jtho current 
store and 
ordi iy g 
telephony, 
jtago ia the 
lot to co} 
ourite } 
Hinvica li 
Dat by met 
dires..9y of ¢ 
the ¢ 
milteuce, 
rhoostat bh 
ntermitt 


ON Apap ‘Be 
‘nto rape: 4 
iadlo. to pe! 
jthis rearon 
jtelephono t | 
of two Liat 
‘tho wiro if 
torilon of 
constont fh 
wire by 
magnet, 
induced fro1 
notism of } 


tho telophor 
a thon the 
errs 


a ‘khom, aro to -suporscus setters, and eve! 


mene nee ee cee Ree eg 





Set a tog ate -the “graph 
fir ~~” T BerORe disc “BriePione of Professor Graham, Boll, tho well-kuuwn 
/SOIBNOR.’ advances 8 Drieinventor'of tho telephoto, and: the..gramophane 
glanco may _ bo: tak ‘of, another enterprising American inyoutor, Mr, 
Associated practi ‘Berliner.’ On riew sidea, howover, the eluctrical 
7 vate tay tor hus been ‘broaking: grouid, and new. 
the arts of life, in which the msjority.of mankjnd flistas of practical’ possibility pra: opening into tho; 
take, and will always take, a far, keener interest /Aituro,: ' Thus one’ physicist -has. lately claimed | 
Foremost among tliesé in moat ‘tainds stand theto- obtain. ~ a chuctriclty..- almost. the} 
arts connected with electricity, not -becauso these whole iguerey available “from. tho oxidation; 
re as yet more useful, but because thoy odtl ourof  carbou-—that o' say, Ne propores to} 
Imagination into play, and miko tho largest pro- "Op 
mites for the futuro, ‘Thus Mr Edison hasat lasbluss us lat... Again, the oxtraordinarily subtle; 
aucceoded in remodolling his‘phonograph into: woxporithents of Hertz, which furnished the thoma 
‘practical form, and ‘its uso .is ‘taking root in tho of one of the most intorcating séctiunal addre: 
United” States ‘to such on‘ oxtent that a nowat tho British Association meoting in September, 
industry —that ‘of ‘ phonogram-boxmaking —is should not be passed ove By mcans of oxpori 
” arising to supply the wooden envolopea in’ which’mental contrivances of tho “most remarknble’ 
the waxen voice-records ara transmitted through dolicacy, of which we need only citothe production 
tho port, “And if this is to go on, and thosoof a hundred million vibrations pyr second, ho, 
wonderful yoico-manusci pts, if wo may so call was able tuprovethat olectro-magnetic phenomena: 
ke’, placa by’ tho action of an intervoning: 
Bs nome’ nk, books’ as well, ‘sortiomedium, .and this. with th mo velocity: 
educational toformer: " aill. bo ~ cttacking! 3s light.’ Obviously, therefore, i our electro. 
* the very foundation-stones of our school systont, magnetio.ongines. wo aro’ learning. to avail 
‘For why spend years: learning to read and writo'oursolves of the luminiferous ether, the mystorious 


‘@xwhen you need only learn: to‘work your phono-\inedium that fills all, known space, Somo of the; wi 


ereph t Ae ae rete ‘propel a of-this ‘are commenditig moro: and. 
turning.to.!* igs," fow. peopla. more. full 
enliso how great 


80/the physician hiayo ei 
application of remedi 
discasu to tho 


engines, 
formidabl 





* i “qhe magnitude of this inoipi 
in about bd at j attitude af tha medical “proftstion y best 
ng realised by considering what would happon in 


yi. proposing: 
Sees doalth, 


~a . 


et all the energy cut of it ‘without appreciable; , 


. formidable rivalry, Tt augurs.woll for: gc 


r ig 
taries. of hle- own “profession, 
tiking: sadva 
which 


4 


but is daily 
iracles, 


‘ology 


me 


mentions 


#1 word of 


lish 


er and 


comparatively. irresponsible” substitute, ‘for’ tho 
arger work—-not siinply.to ne’ of no’ less" stan- 


\dard accurady, but posit 


oly: mo resp 


Scotland:that two, literary ‘evonts of such 


| twide importanco' shéuld::fall to bo''ch 
d; Amongst us luring the ear now closings - 


Sane pit os Sandi 


0) 


jects. to 


enco in 


rid. 
Cy 


. fthe wo of ap qleetzamo 


oturronrrorieness”oxpe: ree 
j “pti 6 ifop ef the eureqat werenoy 
yaeatuash epg ated PL ica 
thoe! fuch ag wo 
al 
ody ib 
cris 
nto pare’ fl rouah® tb? RPO 


leas’ time, ependent pon tho amon 


Sameer 


lo an low, 


quantity of onrrent' was 
sensitive. portions of the 


body. would 








reo from pre 
ng an cont 


5) Mb Gan Me 610%. 


__ 


THE ALTEUNATING CURRENT “2: 


juriows f° 


experience, it haa b 
i sate le 
rdlinia: 
ithout ent tx ve 
fonce, 


renta without! ind among. t! wii 
an becamo in: cole 
ci Fnates 


4 
ie" Prejudi 
altornatin 


.tholr continu. 
1308 Yahi for tsb 

Voatinghoure Eleotria (4 
thettontor be " 6 me 


Les 


nea, 
the « 


inh argo. 

‘hi that tl cu 

t 1 rerlmycent is 
j ach of tho muititure, and enables central ata. 


any dealred area, atich as. for instance, the c! 


|. lof Now York, and otvier largo places, 


if tho pe carrent: 


reprorory 


view, nd 


effcdt, - althongh 


ae pig ic 


o-curnen % 


Utdto, applys 


ith reference to tho altornat- 


if 


he a 
in 
Ur 


fe tho reasons wi vn LY 


his oxperiinent! alterna’ 
manner atate 

if tha! Compan tr 
thes 


fea 
raaieed 
id Ca 





Hone a 
nel ha 


tion companics to dlatributo their curront cite 


and {nstantanoous, a 
Tho exporiments wore made ia Mr, Edison's 





Te, Vale sma 
U depo fF 
' ANotinen Eixcrato Discoveny.Por some: 
Charlos. Toppan, ‘of Salen,’ 


Ieie-hgoi 
Al 

















(yy, 105), a 
(pointing 
magnetism 
[arrangome 
ithesq mole 
‘dcoreagg i} 
it if the eff 
|niolooulés i 


hy its } 
imoleedlar ae 


“duced 
| wira. 
I 


smothods.of 
jmodifled fo 
jthe influen 
or condutti 
tho inolecu 
tricity,.or, 
pmovenient 
jout in'sono 
‘tho appara - 
inp. 67, St, 
[modidéatlo 
jn Iafluen 
| Mogneth 


2 In. tho] 
‘induced’ cu 
aia frods 
which inter - 
thesy care: 


fourrenta; # 
some new J 


itho subject | 
locutimg. wa 


af the coil | 
vacant, cle || 
mui th 
passing. thre 
ee, a0 that ; 
jtho wiro by 
1A senaltivo 
with tho col” 
tho currents 
low and 8 
landivary ga. 
telephone," \ 
ape in these 
‘of the com 
jonrrent. It 
indicating t 
but by moar : 
direaion of 
the tvluphon | 
mittoucy, b 
shoustat der 
watermittent 


i 
A 
‘Hato mpd? Hl 
jablo: tu ‘per 
{this reaton 
‘}telephone at 
‘of two hich: 
tho wiro ig. 
torsion of 1 





notism oft 
iy joing th 

joining 
wi pit the B 
wiro 


EDISON ATSIC 
‘Feolumn will bo found a dedcription 
dovised by Edison on tho lino 


bitypsiase 


to carry tho standurd pressure of 1 
termined upon with enfety ; 


i : ‘onee 
vorified hy actual oxporicnce, 
has been vori! y sl eae 


0,000 volts de 


but until this expectations 


tho necessity off 


inly. one of th 


Seas CETUS —W umploying so high a voltag anh) vatinet 
nIDGE—In “anothog wlromjpest ronsons against the plan of concentrating’ 


of a magnetic balanced 


ull the power in one single centre. 


i mn criticised on 
tho Wheatstono bridge. scheme has also aunt tenatte engines, and 


notably on acco 


The Deptford 4 
other grounds, 


Since Kapp sot the example of-considoring magnetic problems } 


ill there be used. One of the 


A wnnes set a | supply some 200,000 lamps, 


i i dor tho 
‘Tas analogous to the corresponding electrical probloms under iy 
: adel canation ofa conducting medium, it has pen ovidany sk involved is tia eauirign, ty, hold th athe 
that certain magnetic questions might bo solved in this eet slight advantagy Mm economy which may be expected 
Jot least to a first degree of approximation. A littlo ingenui ah irony is inereaso in the size of tho engines. ‘The 2 
would, for instance, probably discover mothods of determining iv 2 courne, is that of the extinction of the whol 
tig magnoto-motive force of permanont magnet in torms of, a id one lamps, should anything go wrong 
Tr enaire neal witha given numbor of ampero turns aftog with the dynamo or its two 5000 hep. engines, ‘Th 
a a} 


tho analogue of Poggondorf's (or somo moro attitablo), ear hariernbent es ants HAE ile peer: 
Vales hae toe thf io # 3 nO at stined tn Jookiny 
method of determining EME, and similarly with ser tu marine practice for precedents, What ite the 
and‘oxternal magnetic resistance and go on, Butns tho resul6y hist 3 ; ites of that ck e working in Atlantic 
‘ : 7 rs wt full power for six, seven, or eight days 
d i I bo capablo only of about tho same degreo o tera power » Seven, or eight days 
would in genera 9 cape - Lif the electric apparatus} Without a moment's interruption, and a breakdown 
approximation as would be obtained if the ut} | (uring the voyage is a very rare occurrence Now, 
‘wore plunged into a saline solution, it is searcely ee By in electric | ighting these en she wile he workeil i 
: i i serve ee 4 
expect results of any great valuo. In lori ne bis ned | t fall power for more than a few hours cily, and 
tions we do not mean to imply that Edison's a how, during the of the time they will work at half or 
fully entitled to a very rospectful consideration, It wi , how) quarter load, or will stand idle. | In jalanuioe the 
over, probably bo the general opinion that the arrangementis los Deptford station the engineer has, in fact, provided 
onvenientand certainly not mora accurate than other well-knowr for ir cumbia of apne machine ’, 80-288 to allow i 
:; fmothods of determining the magnetic qualitics of iron. A great tmple time for overhauling the engines aud dynanios 
‘fa 7 ‘i could arise from th paund with Uh. speei: apparatus designed to ts 
HW Mdifficulty in tho use of the instrument aon ill t whe ‘ite examination, there will be no dancer of 
fact that tho proportion of “loakngo lines” will be upset when 4) 5, being neglected, “We may therefore taku it that 
jftho bars to bo compared aro not of the samo dimensions, OF jreakdown from alan auadeaeait 
“twhon their ond contacts aro not equally good, or when thoy, nation’ is almost ar inpossibility, If the engine ( 
dda vob of tho este magnotic quality throughout, Wo shonld; of a steamer whieh’ must’ work at full power 
' fhowever, much like to seo come comparative test carried a fur a week, and ‘can only be overhauled at long | 
Thipon a set of iron bars, first with Edison's bridge, aud aftén inte als, ° relied on, it is ovident 


e see tal that ane light’ engine, which ei et 
. {wards by one (or more) of the mathods in ony ee in atled daily, iano ee , aii eet 7 
{to tho latter, it may be worth noting that one of the leading |; lt, however, be objected that, let the probability 


ne DM 
‘\firms in this country has for many years employed the some yf 4 breakdown be as remote ay you will, an 
‘{what nnorthodox method of testing tho rolative magnotit accident is sure to happen now and then, and that 
qualities of diferent samples of iron by their relative lifting even the cugines of the Athintic steaniers are not 
‘}power, Under proper precautions it is found that this method eaenil inn this failing. This, no donbt, is true, 
|yiclda results which aro perfectly concordant with those ob Aer Rann Hote expect an vceasional break. 
tained by tho use of Efuezhes's ba'ance. 0 1 elee rie Tight engines; but where it coniplete 
t byt is {set of spare plant has Leen provided, the interrup: f.. 
¢ ation to the lights can only last daring the brief [ 
Umo required to throw the load from the disabled 
seb of engines und dynamo tu the reserve bet. A 
piece of carefully designed machinery does nut break |! 
4 down without previons Warning, and in inost cases 
Fthere will be suflicient time to start the reserve set 
before the roti set mitst be stopped ; so that the | 
tir omcccgnind in:tho, transfer of tho load, that is the 
A Ly nwo ae will :bo ut, need not 
stoa i aoe on bates 


ton W4 tt 
Japa * totnyan, 


1 at ane 


Hous 

403 { 
wrung Ha 
Lees A 


wma VM 
inn 

400 ROOD 

Aan yod uy 


5 aM an ate Ate B99 


“INO ON HE 


Ty 
RAT 


dapat pari 
Tf 279"1 917717 wae 


A] 10 Womens £4 Sotrywey 
rf 8 Fil 


*gaodag aay 
30 TUTE ot pun 4 tog 
ik: RU bl 
3F palo 30 Ano 
Rhett meu 
ee 


rea 
1 feel Chang 


\L GRNERATOR, 


A 
{Editor off 71 
ab df, thd S6thcinet) 
unont! oldctrical 
Is” brains; oyer,'t 
hear importinco of 
tr 
win 
It, clos, 


activa \ 


loulardy’: 
and. fon and ert 
«the. dtel ht wall! sopm to} 
patont recorda:of' the; 
world as {f the best {nventive talont overywhero } 
is devoting itself to tho discayory of improved! 
methods of developing, controlling, and utili. ‘ 
Writer fap Pf fog this mighty and ns yet only importootly: 
The Unig, {{understoad powor,. Hardly a day passoa in’ 
hi Hovera } ‘which the newspapers do not. make ‘know: 
by eb ured, | 20me new cloctrical wonders, . Burely, thera 
id torns per! {Must be, apart from the possible great. profits 
derivable from it, somo subtlo fascination for, 
iy eee yt mon of genius in deallng with a force that ones 
god direct from’ agtiote, ip!” from thi t turn. y “| ofthe boast writers upon olectricity Mkens unto’ 
Unfortuniatalyy te : ed, a fan impontorble ‘ray, travelllne with . th 
roquetie Blo wt tho a3: Thivembibrenchiy — [ebecd of ight, and the powor of atonm." i), 4:t 
ateiclty: It would not ba posaiblo to recapitulate within.’ 
tho Nmits of « newspapor all’. the discovorio 
patented and othorwise, that havo’ been mado 
tc the producing and using of ‘electricity, even’ 
within tha paat year, nor would it bo Intorost-. 
ing to the general reading publio to do #0, eve 
wore it practicable,” Many things that would’ 
nacossarily be fneluded in such a. recapltula¥ 
tion would be found of solely sclontifie interest, 4 
mony of them moro curious than usofal, many,i 
INET ¢ of af) il '}more mera improved means to ends proviously} 
ce a. ‘ attained In other ways, though parlinps not 50! 
¢ ell, and atill others, though of muoh 'imror-| 
my? th pater F ry 801 * |tanca as progrossive steps, comprotiensible Int 
tt it it Ada iy ‘ . thelr sirniiieance only. to those deeply versed 4 
} rt to Konto. * falready in the, selonco, Possibly, tov,.some 
‘potdee thon ona alge of tne way a 7 cing, 2 things would be inoluded that would‘ only. bo 
d oway much onsica nn in thd. Aeey strains o f ipaoudo discoveries, for it is whispered that 
rites orcontes ore ah tt eatin ees ot Istana and their tricks hove worked their 
lax 3 : jay {on aven among tho olectrical :oloct—in- 
DF poor tho. mation oF * Jother tands, of course. hee hy 
rub firey Itcannot but be {ntoresting to all, howover, | 





ratlol 
r-appiied to it; 
sin inoroases; what has tot 
6: Gently motgoulur forces, without 
as ‘dof Wetorogoncbus . and opposing 
hy peel, five: one. directio: 
t tlon: 


hTelutorco i Lt 
"undoratand Mfr. tea 


until It almost seems that this aclence Is in tt 
eelf the knowledge of the {nfinita, rad 
So little awhile ago that {t seoms but yester-; 
day tho writer of this articlo heard a: 
i in acollege noar Now York: aver in a publi 
a lecture that incandoscent elestrio lighting was, 
an fasion, 8 humbug, ‘an Impossibility.’ At 
the time Edison's A sethepeeer a tarag a 
i “ wing tly st Monto’ ut.the pro’ 
rengrang oa t ior . Py Carcesan It alieict the foot, and,exhibi 
oct ‘ : gris “ + Jittng a dull, glowing bit of ptatinim yire, sal 
2 ‘ . | telumphantly,.““Thore," gentlomor, {6 all! you", 
! | well ovor. #90 of: the . Incandoscent ’ electri 
Ught" ‘The'aro ‘light could not be dented, fox: 
everybody.know that ‘the’ off candies), 


pn 
rod! 


wird at a right ongle/ . ante 
Ginga ca Ga id 
was mado by. the writer tha doscont ‘electric, lights) inthe United States 
caused ‘by-'tho ».magnotia! 


eee bm, 


‘Thoy Are tised not only, for Indoor’ ill: 
“tor! d th 


gs thoni the 7] 





{ : : ae : : F \ “nearer tha 
tha talephs Ubi fs te / , : a i tt it : i 








‘ie 
oto 4 
uago tI 
DY IALy roachina-the-terel 











ee 


Heo athe i 


jesce : rf : ta a charg ilo} 
3 ch. ‘ T 4 he 
sea pesitne areavads| ee me ec tee reali aaa pe ea rromnuniel ho tndergodeingtot al 
ad forthe select @ engine 5 tO pelt ty 







"i ie 001 a sth 
. ; 21 . vies 
‘ is sae a ‘eausod chia! 
— 3 i is x (ome ft f: é tho me ral i thors, i full répott on * 
Ried 11 ‘ ”;. 2 Ly mal ‘bo tubo, and | “the ia Hoke gar lore zit iat it oF i : ite ni Al yi hai BY th num! atoniydd aaa on 
tho 195 EES 15 aH my mirror juat how es ing tai saat iment 20 sspondtan ae * ane i 


on 
A COR 
} covered Ke 
lite ae organ see th, sis kc ue stomuch Into} s th a fouc! ‘er we i res. in thos stroute be tapped esa iy oie i pi ‘a ft 
ipointiug {7 i that 


vs 188 fe Og: ove uy t] irming a and ‘OR 44) 
one means of ‘| © ip: unartmonts frags 9. r ati 
amagnetiert a aaa Hag die wor, O79 ies At tonalite ae! / Be 4s Eee , Surtasos; vartich s Aight es 9 contusion ip dupa 
H Mates ‘or mora | ‘ 2 h 2 
Arratigome 4 ny : Be pen ly boo forms, : a3 by [ 1 aa Asclent nts ybventiol te fhe. aaah 
5 . dynamos ct tanta, Shots fea. matte Isa very. land 


as jer has cotton tfoa th 


he tt tt aaa cas 
‘yhioloculés | ; Wt pe rea er eat u i erat mentof fain eotricinns, rat 


u stectrio's Scien 
fron ont ren is’ ex aro numerous, Ina. pte ‘ Slectrlo a en 
not ; FALE hos been formed, end ta com a : iNled under two heads, those . ¥ 
jnotism cot 31 ee LIAS Bl are on 8 lure sca over i Jolass Invent 
tour maclog Co Ret ait 4 ae pone alata to bo Fak 
Jmolecular 4 1a oe an ait i plants ere seat 


~ ostim 


180,009. 
a poh th 


4 ; ¢ in egal i As rogards tho construction and control’ off 
i been successty 

meet 1 ‘ AH: eae, — ns age of & abo ne fl dfn ae ie an lie wa in ay Fatt 0% ti conduite to bo occuplod by the, wires of privat 
{tho influen ’ j ri 


: : + : ; f 
oe Sonduee ae! ¥ 0 FOI Voto bal tan” re tery pa ated uy ie i of thes t akere,:i 1 
tho molece oy REE dao te 4 focomotives sire of 1 wor, Yot the; 

lively or} , is Ee ton, mi readil ane fad enginos are very mueh uanter ao those now! 

Hmovanent : in servic, and, (tis clalmod, will possoss many : : ( 
font in sone A BA Be te eh a very great advantages, among which aro less ‘ 


three imothoda may bo followad: 
orton 5 MA private company may bo aut indcte 
electric coustene own. nd control the -contul! 


oriminnt cost, much more oconomical operation,’ r i “yory recontly a dovice to ae i 4 
inv gy Aerie y tele; d.by a cleanliness, “evory way, nolsoluseneas, an solllstons i Pate of ea aire | f Ry goveres “eth, Ane Bai: 1B : 4 
di tie f 3 a enge of col 2 1 ourrents nrojeatod rack: ha Ne 7 TNE AR 4 
fpno thea i of BL Paciine 5 no anew electro rallway. ay nore)’ ; + fabio il 7 on 0 co! 
je Induen (ABASIC UE conatruollgn pared irestie construction, upon He Aelia nile faiy{{thele cond 
{ Magnoti TA Ce ee th aaa nah Ustriish gue electrical ih’ eatad ba tha .c oy ' ee ee fo ths pr of. tha’ 
‘ jn ni 1 aa dle Ne the perconts 4 ifn i? Hibmotors are “placed directly ae cothor oe ola i ‘Tho first mothod, tho constraction’ und con. 
4 induced cu 


myasy t oper ton end opinion, ver ctloriablo, © 

‘pehich inter i td ere eae na Maint rand corres ios the care a ; y hae Opinion’ La, Kilt, malntained ‘hat “uo condul 

itheay curre; y My hat thoy are constructed now in) Tyas unr bod ‘ads thore printed words, oaslly up a ten por ie 4 aio ‘af tivo ante, , a Ki ould servo notonly us n. mechawical protdo: j, 

iwea under g cae ist all thoso ob ectlons a over ne looked alii un gurn: Pie ere ntopD by aa bard . . }lkere ta no: way of , fa! ae tho iook ina ‘supplomontary ropdrt, | toi idorabloj tion to the.cables, but alaonsan insulator, Con 

Ata linit of " ‘ ho Julien streot. 7 ap Ayia try rtotany een ie CATA punt. . : ha Comminstonor, dlscuas arloue’|vequently, whon tho conduit anid tho cables {n N, 
‘tho juteran { Eee Crert are {RO moxenxos Of the aaudo ttm i, ats ae et cio fourteon fect {rour have dol ( Grktag syatoma of .conduite,: an y ietenet therein are under tho control ‘of differ=| . 
rege | the es L-atrnted, but that uchlovonrent was quickly for- | no interference rit ore rulnary strea te bos! ume tho comb! h lo ‘or ernek to a 

jaleot 


ab ‘ond the email ing veale lo I 8: : poky powder in un on. Tol pear 'n.bo' put ror 3 watt iy. } . oe 
influence ot x men HF pues pat te Behl inae eh eseat noes ores ay ate af tars ns in Nadie ot the a Hf ot 10% Spon yi you mount gi ree Oxaet nity tho tlhe! vor) ist Hi 4 } Sw an 
jooustunt 1 bid eb Be Hox teonding tun See many wore imade | railroads Ln sat operation {n : 4 Sleetrien impotwes. io thelr: proper numbers. p ‘oleo}e ah fact : 
eurrcuts, | reallzna now. ‘ine med int auch tmaprovee | severe! yynre anu io ffonoe ee ea enat TR wien, to ab acl Minors: ; (elas and ‘ith tho grent: tolography talophone; ¢ : 
jsomo NeW | . < ter ty oneot ‘meat han en ima D yo United Btates army aiet tee a Feolgnee 2 Amor ee Yo thin. ‘Tone Won Koy ove) a iatly! and oleatrio-Itght :oompnuies,, andthe oe i 4 i) : ‘ 
rating clear i + ey re wil Aa ic Tor oletrielan, that ane | & tion, ons fe ‘ranghises ee ae wh at ADS, AnoTUnE it operation, and tho wi mony df.all those ‘supports .tho: Commissloner. ntrol, 5 Alo! Jud : S 
iL will descr ring of (& hundred mos rete be sought Nom, t Hoardaot A ey MOF : hing inside titer back to wheral : Do~' in iafs atated conclusion, that “tha ‘practiéabil- ems agi oe ‘s 
t matte trom | , thelr Aldermen ina : ; Hovdo note tothi FE ity of malntalning und-operating ine 4) pee} |i Wi 108 ™~ 
ei ination, in that its iim me tot ad e-eat Up. ‘wiros apyonrs to mo’ to: o, thorodRy ‘catab’=/ 
on rea iremente, ‘and uses are more cl aly u Lys ya ai hae {lished by practical oxpor Plas 
ned. For the lighting up of vast a) apnea th nth bh a now come into Ke er 
a8 feta ‘of sts owi but according to in oth 01 1a, th oral wtonm on- : nr alorros 2 non Hf ce extnTING aang 
fon fe Poa at eae Feeah annual seas! ult ei a fact, ae in i peas a a! Tho routes takon‘in: thta olty, by, 
-B net tttate, ty the oly. ity, thas f Hold ta | sith i ‘i jad atid underground ' wirol} aro ah 4 fear Were tho undergromul es fom fw of ny 
f eae eg aarrowed, nla Icht Js uo ‘ f a j ompliouted charactor, and - thy -rewtiltd ‘by 


@ moto! _— 
jinecrd eu f fo, toward the ved: by ba 0 4 wave im tho driving wi sit the a4 : ey i tod until, ie x trol of conduits a private com any, 4a, my 
turn rod 








ag 
t distatiafaotion and ‘constant: cond 
a 8 fow yoars azo, iy Te. ; fat ahowltig {6 inllos of. wiro owned by th Leon yeaa! iio, ‘prints, 
Rietretaeay ead rLparkaa rau of fits | colv na ns | Te pow en eee ea eee than’ | panies ow 9 rating Tena, “ope let itorta to testicular 
ee aN 5 owing i ga” for, bore atl! 
pa at ‘ eet in nthe, word oaeat wr ide fia current Have farted : ‘ ri not larger than one in to of tne syatom indaaiestho-aumabr,et mile’ of [Zork Mops Leen, fn omen eaten ra a 
alow: aud a plea Beetn to ret eet been orking at’ ite © evelopment f or Bore on mite hich, conduit, the second tho numbor. of-milos of Rota ca city of 80,000’ mlloa of: 
ori ny 8 i ie. rementous eurront ne: me “Tels elaimod,howover that thin Inthe : ra i laa ee dorground wire, and tho: third the ntmber:off enoug' lito removo: avery cantucio 
telephone, : : ‘gene Hehts aro not prevontad brost practical aprifeaton of the principle yet se i a ; rulleg of overhend wires United Btatos Gov jolos antl to Honsotopa, * With th 
tage i thea HAN birt {iis Su @ hurial of tlio wires | made, and Hatlons are,aatd to be in prog mpl : i ; Ins, Ay ; fmont, 2.74, 08.4, 8; District government, Oo Fef ¢ 6,000 milon' of wlugto wire, oro. 
lof tho com Fo’ FR y rh y Insulation, {¢ la doubt. | ress forthe transfor of the 9 Tle t of ita uso to} up p scarcely any RpACS, ani 550; United states Hlootrie f, hting com; any nd mnory aac ent natus 
y ourr nt. It SA ea & 4 tolerated b Th the Postal Toluzraph Com! ta | peonens fen! than steain. £08, rio en ie : 3 4:16, 10} Chesapeake nnd: pa mac \Tolaphono§ } 
5 Vind theo bgipa 4 bari -Anothor {niportant rovent. "Taprovemer tin] the aetna jan latots company, , 6.8,° 1,670.8,, 1,409.2; Western Union 
‘but Uy mo TEA ea u prin ad tho’ telegraphy: is ise of & moth =f { afte te can run ee rea et raph ea atin feo 
the Ci Heh, seat i] twoon a rallrond tral Jn rapid motion aud of- ine’ electrical cure. i Spuonarater tor Oath pan 06, 8 tal malo a heen nana tee 
. mnittoaciy Bb . 5 Fen a! b an decldedly of: tho sop! 
rhoostas det J 


‘ "i R 088.4 ‘ uld-ba “permittod ir 6 
° 4 tie bei Ut ft sala 7 hy . ef tas, pie ridt | of .Colu biaoxcapt fo 
ermittont J ete | : Q lverizod ores oupation its own wires 
a es He ight aa the lon i side ole to expiole oS i . pow It ti seat aH per ri | the nton mothod—-the trrictlot: 
tk es - a My 
ato rage | ip Rif ; cat thon or nari: proved vby Time toay come when fi ss 7 : 4 N tara 8 for, An idiutengnea of. condiutt » tho inl ov 
fee ne PRA RRIE Pat Trou i dite eStart ast oaatt | Be oauua ner te bli ot itn tone ernmen at ayo 
ithis jionea AWie a aw “cought without tT aay gt imoutty, a ve oyatomie| . E i sugcoanfally ptitzed for’, ra 
telephone a) | : FF lecteio : inmpa has |; now in-use on nororal rallwi 8, ond 
of two Licht . mn 1H give 50 por cont,.|! fon 4 to work perfectly, 
ine pire it, : pecs Bo Dowes ie any sow ta ate ure et Saat Sp np plleatton of ty er,! 0 develoninent 
orion 0} q i bf oO BU of power is e preéa: 
constant fla} if eau ta alle “*inetaliine,” nnd it proba 7 rho a Irneat alton: 


pe! 
sont-itime,.' Tho ‘objoctions-urged ’ ‘against 
He ; shointd ot as nde u ie contral of. condilte by an snl 
¥ are, 
hah ‘aatke wold 7 uscoy ca he Moron router ‘i bys Fite company, "thor png. 


bly jie subject, Spe selbg tho most arne: it ntl in OBES é : 8B"! "5 
wiro by elt a ate f8 Of soins motal, but forobvions Fax fe Slutiec and iy vaca ane ts. a ary vA : oF a 7 “onic fais eae wae sal 
waenae oq necne bo depuntent upon carbon for Its ie! alms of new: ndlanoye ree, | po i es : pooplo a sand ing s rraainit cure 
Tingeed from! H ‘ ie joer Je the ken Hemon 7 ¥ so saynot Bo pirate Fa t forth, = itt nab a aie ba ; y Gome  perbape + rae exer 
netism . of ila Toast wit i i 8 Niselers ele ieee ra eral 4 ae : fing no: ; ‘  Fovagath,. ‘Po 


at 
An ne ren ar ¢ b pia fer littlo binas|t y. 
iy fax 1a. ras; A bo ‘ht ace an button: somes, 
ae a oe RACE. 18 es ere bore oe ae 
ance sian erate 0 fo hin by th Se ngrnomenr as 
else 


leet tolephon tas 
ok olor 


athon thé ry 


a itentiod Le 
fe font fet L 0, rand $8 oot x connection, 





WeaternpUAlon 
etal Ht z 
Preise) 
<Wiautaaturee will lave power ouough to ran 4 
lis machinery-<This/simple contrivance will Willcarry: 3 
Froluyate thy stoam‘engitie baok:to obscurity dag you plea { vc 
ie willbe a suving in timo, monoy and labor. : ike, snd otlore tre 7 
Sia: othfing . f Tho process Ja Mike: using: the etoam froin on thigh antila 5 bedeh peat 4 
0 A q op iy je aere +9 
ihe a are j theyy. j pa Mftor Jt) line’ pasdod throug’ '2 oF" lup=that Is transmit ins faet-ne you welled 
oS avatttsaf thane ub they “Is 'tho motor, bnlky or heavy" | _2., \Indeed, the writing can'be doue on « continuons: 
: “On the contrary. it fe tie opposite, ‘Tho | and whens score’ot lines; ato written, the! 
motor ocouples a vory small space, . Ita size (ep Gl ths rall-eenbe fo to. tho machine’ whit 
: ‘doponds on tho numbor af horao-powor. Ono |'he writer taues Alling tp tho reat, and withe, 
‘as lnrgo as on ordinary teloplione box has the out tearing the roll. ‘It can bo regulated so ns to, 
ima aWeesy: < ' lnower off ono, horay.” A: tivo-horso-poywer Keep pace exactly wilh the speed of ‘the walter) 
pmaguetire 3 4 i q eu OF 8 ‘curren! a ‘machine wolghs nbont 160 pounds, . This isa and by the time ho‘has finished, thé machine! 
thesa snag TS ERNE Y y > ferent feature as compared with the make nd | wi Nits its last lap and wit end: its: task. ale’ [paconn! ¢ ; 
fiereare t cy : ° ‘ fronk motors, which ore" anmborsomoe and ]mott ‘Immediately, The. newspapor or ‘other! Ipleaty of visitors had: not goho home, and: : 
cif tho eff a i right, sho d Inimoat an buiéy na anton naying” .. :*, 40Me0. recelving the niatter, will thus havo ttin'*/stehtsoora abounded, ‘The jam on tho cnrrl 
r ile you f a “i poe | “How is tho inotor formed?” pte the writer's own handyritlog and within af trond all along tho Iine of march: on’ Broad 
eran : afl : ' alleen ones suneingiot anambor of sree: _ "way and Fifth avenue was ble and tangiod 
era tole i it . ! ether tna 3 08 , “eS, © OL this promincuons up and down town proces 
Sy its pag ath = - : ve q By tha same mathod.: Tha paper . elon of horse cars, stages, baronchos, brough 
iby its part Sf bey ‘ i" . ® ry i will be washed with a weak solution of. chloride! |ame, counds, hannoms, furniture yang, ‘mer: 
molecular} , t hi! lof calcium, which’ will ‘make: it a conductor.” |chandise trucks, express wayons, and. dil aorts © 





woe th lof vobiolon eartylog’ household goods, with’ 
electricity « 886 coe horo and there on onclent fro ongino belniz, 
ducolinth § ; TR: iitct 2 : i draggod to a raflrond station or ferry, {t may, 
: i 7 x . perhaps bo sald, ‘as lt has beon sald of so many 
Ee ny sights In Now York within the last throo daya, 

-anothods of ta y ireat We “L oy that nothing Ilko * wus ovor acon {n New York; 
3! Ae before, as pone ul 

ie pe-! | Tho decorations upon the Sub-Troasury, tho; 

‘Custom House, and'tho Drexel bullding wordt 

uge stand on tho corner of Wall’ 

















tor conduct 
itho molecu 
tricity or.t 
povetnent 1d Cablen.t, gonors 
ont in sono A : i f ‘all fritan 
tho appara a ; th fons ys id ng’ t 
ipp. 57, 84, | rs tpi i toa) 4 th: theaq cond! 
paoditcatio p , aa. ma ray fob Bi patlatactory: uarantood 
\% Influen 3 jare.eoe a HN th inderground system 0 slocteia Mal ing 
| Magnett a conduit ail he requ would 
In th ‘ Hl “| {terminio, cvon approximatoly,: 
haa iga By the work; for if tid mothotls Tiofetofore ‘neod 


induced cu p i 
au irony - fe Congres ve tho District go’ of thu neufo steam boilers now used fn eo! 


Which inter & d operntions of ‘all: f y. becom "i 

thesycurret 4 thea’ companics and can reserva tho righ’ h f 4 ta: ye tale ete 

vas under, + i terminate their. privileges without compout Chee oA z.and propor for the Distr} “local 3 y 3 . weave wil on 

ite limit of 3 {tion, and tho ‘catablishmont of anything dn th with the : of if : ‘ 

‘tho interm 4 * matgro of a vosted ‘right {n ‘tho. public hig ‘ : 

produced t > 4 aya should not bo pormitted, 6 ty 7 

pleoticity, 1 $ ‘ “ 7 ay 

Aniience o; a 4 

f i th id: ven vos | 
; h : ; vention Which May Revo- 


eountaut Bf p Jt ‘iia ret n ontern 
currents, § i : requ 0 : 
th og ‘tivo contro! of (t whenevar ti pubilo good . utiont: 
PANTRY ands any auch potlons, pce at i : 





4 


ty the pube Not allt ee! AE 
tons an ; av I reports: Brond : } " 4 2 


t 
























4 } ™ 
WY, Mack, Cuug 25,1908, 
UrPOKCA | fry, Y U : 
em ade Ye i. 
FDO AWAY WITMSTEAM. | y! 5 r nat abrens 
: | (8 soak rnay muna ea th Py 
ira wt 


Thousands of { 


Avon AtuLon, 


passing thre 
t'nt one ond of the 


Ixce, av that | 

rae iwito by" mee at 
acnuitive | mi Fe Qty 

Keith the cot thelr: wi Th hat.will yot bo. 

ithocuricnts ! P ve y” gala a woll-knowa ; A ea ‘The, von, who ca feo 

isto aud st : pant P t ; 5 ‘when achild, tsa voteran of sande ¥ 

ordinary ga. ‘ i ‘bas many olecttical and other patonta now 

telephone, & r 4 operation in diferent parts of the country, 

apa iia these : Megee PS 
















H . VO! 

§ constradton la te genie ds ay es Such pay tne refi toc 
. hd rede of the wee! 

; 7 Bend Ad dort s 


iligent contro! is to be'oxoralsod dans hi i by 
bperations, and .{f.. pin é ‘ ” ? P 
wteraittont erground’ condua to i rt 1 one : ‘ sia COAL, RB 7, 1899, 
1a Art. PAR i zs | All (poe i Bains tans onl 
Khar ( i 4 ni d Q ee The Baltimore, Automatic Traneit Oo, 
lable. to ) a ih to. ’ n a 4 
‘hts rons mah ae k rapidly'na tho intoreste - sph business 1 u tables were rolls of (29,experimented on a two-mile track 
: {telephone ar; at Bes ee ‘ : th aD taal : y ite, ax fis as “the “hale fat with a syatom of propulsion much like 
the wire tts Uh q trical syste ; year,to f . galvanomoters; electrte switches tory, cups ‘an’ eleattic. railway, using, the “Edison 
constant fel y ig She ad ir i Y Spparatus lay about 10 tcomlngly: hopeless, ‘dynam iad the Sprague motor. There. » 
wiro by elt PART AIH: | bub ald: be madd: for dd, ito | 4 ROE Teoh ieee earn; box, about ts an cyerhend rail with adonble-flanged 
Tnaueed from, :sisng a aug F Teams 4 ‘ i ‘The long! : i yy us . y. A Mfeed-béatd” or ‘wheel on thecar. ‘The idea is to trons- iy ae . 
notiam of thy ¥ yay ai dergronndwith th to tho Western Union tolegra: rat: i ‘J iport mail, exprees and light freights at rt A 
by jotuiog they apoH-thd priate : U,647vallos, Tha. toationnl” eqndn Ibs! uso. x ic: { ; Nightuing speed, 0 that, for instance,: 
wito} in the N4y : : : c of0'p 7 ; plliances, 16, mS the New Xork- mornin, pers can be: 
Mi tlennenaa | of Colma ate stn -telograpli company:< for. ae im: 5 f mt 2. Ohicago ab brodkfaat ths eaime! 
athen thea} ' splembar 11638 permalt a | alt open, condulta: ale ‘cable. . Any| : | Lien i ad I nee " 
ae nosology Cen Cag evag ean : cae ha, 
Washing cearialimator { ih we AWG ‘keno tee tilly onrpente, Ue 
































\ 







. 














tay 
"importance, has..not: been: made, Lhe. wo! 
king for some time; howe ver.2! 
petition ot une Tapia Transportation: p : 
i to allogds 10: er ot erminal stati Lo IY Aisvodiges ai 7-4 ts plajply. .- not 
Hie a Bot patra 3, a ¥ 4 4 device’ proves practicable, as- seems to bo 
4 proved, itis suggested. that ft could, with 
slight modifications, and perhaps .a, light 


erebyd reduction of speed, be need “fur passenger 


{tho Royal an 


H)luatrato | 
it, 106), st : 
(pointing q f rat . | 
beget ala age toh Bt lame ent its proper. A . 4 
rrangema ¥ qk . ntsten fe in Fact, all Baple 7 
fhm cols TP RIMMRRBMEIE LT]: aetaecs ett gr one Distances 
{ibif the eff ‘rhe prasent generation has seen 60 TAny. 
nioloculés | Ages adertal Lnventions of science, and 50 many. 
parcangome) aa Hedy “applignees to meet the various : i 
poticm, cod | 1 remarkable ad vA ths the faculty of wone | alr. T. has aching: cor sereriden 5 ° 
own twolar, : “needs of human i 7 ' 2 ni to car, ANTIN: froma ing) where if ¥ 
Voy its pact OP EE A almost los ll rded follown s atreakol alectricity. With one horso- wo Méxicans, ‘It consists of 
imolocular $ : : 1 to powor, Heap raid ¢] af one ton can be, thus trans, Hed wlth shot, so that when 
J " : ne 2 brak : ported a intanes 0 2.440 miles a day at a coat a 

t ot the wo “ fauy nsato 2, AiO, O00 leviern ane b 

ctricity | A Sa ¢ | was bulitat a considerable grado; tho dis packages fa mail conld be sent o 
duced in'tk EL tance from tho ata! necessaril, minutes If necoasary, t! if jarie aciT mercury, tho tw closed by metallic 
wi this’ - Tes ahol com ie ons, Th Retort cerried!nintes, which nro in communication by Ins 

thoda of 4 vi ago t h td be the car wi } Anclsuiated wires carried by the cable with an 
imothoda of fo d tna Sentral Por at intervi 
ithe influeti ¥ He the aNnt wenthe i rimen 
lor conduct] y°: ih aE Ge : ad {s pe if Ry | * 2p fegt high, 
tho molecu Bt ig d T 1 the postal ers, Bd nd it ramon que w 
tricity ors 3 ri ft ted tes, thi at ‘ moh of 0. i iple 
movement; | hi y resent iatd to hat b; ch a alfa 
{Sutin sone 4) UBER f a the b be : re raw a magnet into itaelt, 

i : mriel rallway.the carpaaning t rong 

Gate off tho current, which goes on r) 


arenes vee eA 


‘the tion ‘office avery’ “ ‘ ; 1 

ut oh ny. each carrying Polen Fi a, F 
earns Temi Lado 
thin''the .past 60‘ years, llowever, such | tn pers hich is 4 ditinmas “stated -ap-, ee : she nln, oN ee 
marvellous acy ee ave beer ie a aes 4 proximately, - ” ah “Ehe Latest dale #Slicwero-rueornta SrowaL Betta. —Tho chief 
all appitances that wo havo consed’ 40 bo ab ) f v; : ‘+ -Wwontd Take Same Lwo Mons Tape co ‘ition fn, Hoston’ én | lrawback to ordinary cloctric bolls is tho battery, 
[oud a anrniog newly oronnt Ws | ana a goled by te-aoaluopar whoa | Temi De wore Oey eee SMD Pig's pectic working woe of tho] MECH, seuueesogealanal,Fenlenningo0y, cain 
ton! a oe ~ 4 q ’ a . 

iproduced u * a . over improbable ang seoiue impossible. 1¢ which ean be seen th the ilustration, whien / gard he mado as curious statement, Even a ; 4 aystem of transportation," de- py 6 ont at an awkward momdterios aro looked alter 
Poteet itty! AR ae ae —— : SMe Chas ae, ont 5 B ; sigued for the gaditaing, transutssion of irs ‘omatically and tho annoys 


Hinflue 7 eee: min Se res F r j salty 1) [tne of a silent go 
jean a ; ; i BO ve pueknges of ony fbrt, but expecially for mall) sit onta the bat 


lonrretite, % a ‘4 4 » * . . eee we * is ta _ matter, At ts cffined that the xyxtem cu 
twormo wew? j : i : thy eee 3 von asa ey to ° trimsport the m: rou_glostun to New 
gating clear, f OBE : 3 Ee ee RT York tn less thy “ar, by moans of | 
fe will teaeel } Rips | : “ ale : : si a ie yo cleatrichy and au elgvated track, “Tant: 
i jullect 3 : ; x Q r . a i wouk whan a speed of abaut tive miler 0 
P . : minute, z . : 
The principle of this system [sa vory sim: 
t i . . Y go here : [pie orty, and Ra anette ullsknoy Ms 
i Bes | f on ve ; f eo ‘ 1 ing ation that @ hellx or coil oxerts on n 
ice, mo dat i ‘ y ne a 4 i, . c ! ; 7 rolof iron or steel when placed near its y, 4 ot 
no wire by i Ho aap ee. cea . > : : oy : 
fridut at ; wf oy ; : fon : : pare : pleced with ony end wear 
itho cunients : iE i : . “9 ep : . ‘ i Vs @ helix, on pasding a cuvs.yt through tho Jat \ 
jenn ay ’ fe cae hese ee heres N * : tor tho a ied o ue and ae om 
ey ane, 45 aaa : Deptt - 5 : 2 3 R z . ‘ : fun cantral position : ‘ 
It thee GAS pe a ee eee ey _— saa seater, If now thocurrent ba Lro:.2] ration 
fot tha com : pee &B wae ‘ ae ae : . : t : the bueavill again be treo to move, u—- 
fonir-tt. It { Rat: i Vk : , ee SO ' ’ . oe wo imagino a second hell placed 14 & x 
ent by ae ‘ att Crea : aa aa: i Ene» che a ‘ ne go PR Naa |. ‘ tlon almilar to that which the flrct 
thiren.toa oft \ aa . wees ote ae im : A with:relation to tho bar, thon in 
the t:tophon i eee wan e oe 45 : oan ae iy Tot neat dee AEB Cad 
mittaitci, be | ‘ a . . raat ; 
Frere ; “a (A : Le +, POWTEDEOTING TRANSPORTATION GAR.” 


2 


Iraay 21589, 


{ ‘ 


Fi 
ty 
ytore have successfull: 


H “an: small shuttlo-lie carriage of the dimens! “ 

‘gato mad i ¥ i 1 Routes, ot fne model carriage pusEsnO nw i fon o 
{ablo to per | eagl’ Hees gontained wi ! cate ooo fentorae With 1000 le 
itlone at f : i ete eit th ‘aeoerehed rer, see abvoetae 

+ jtelephiono ar i u K i rt he Ms 
of two Licht ey, : oe y could 
tho wiroif.s 4-4 q 


torsion of tk 
constant flal 
wiro by elt 


tmagnat, ~ 

induced from; ’ 

natin of ths aye into ane ta rpther. 8 

hd af 0 i 

hy jotntng th ; | oN Is Morstog, had tho: appearance of | oper part. of each helix, forcing it upward. |. tie fold of Ie 

wiro; in thé : and bringing tho end polo down tn such a way. |, bracing an 

{sera tothe p Ab: hs pew destam, It vas, 12 | aa to maxe the circuit. This closing of the | struction of | 
0 telephi Ay ( } | i So Pvortetectris..« a ya circuit through.the helt to dra riage ¢ 

ae 


‘atta 
that the boll is a! 


ten 
‘ kin action. ‘Tho contact o! scongers 
sas 22 | aa aera at Wilens | Gis Gedo of tas mamnat nie mecited | smaetiag ot ton ohne apn we 
; iy roel eons. circuit 18 maintain . operation of the ete: upe ; 
{ : le ‘as le nimost always of the carriage arrives at a short (ils. syaiorn i8 a , ‘ rayster devolved, | 


of th 0! Eloctricity ¢ 
ne oS ee sa ont i nag amounts to vlectricity, as 
AN ¢ es tho ‘contact Is | horse wor fits 
te Ly 


76 the Denoht. ‘of tho | start. ‘The col 
‘cuit is thus repcaterd as tho cai art. :T! ni 
Fi ses throug ceed aucceedin, ta noc at tho part ana pen an 
after tho carriage haa sling ine id be 
holix, th th 0 be ef; 
of. ind It je! 


4 d tho’ | tical Worl ject |. : ctlog such BB: 
ae ap t tha eine ob ‘fo yearn 1 o rein aio de oe 


ructure iteelt: simp 
ial tee 
ining dotatia of, 
sepecd attaln, 


le 


lo 
alters? the: yronid tan 
be Dass | OS 
«| foto 
. ; 
A8 any one timo, so that the current 1s utflized iat 

ie ar remit : to ths boat’ advantage, : It will readily be un- 7 te, oar ." it 

Gy Guat etenrat La pe Setstooa that when, oneg the’ carriage is in a ted 
peartedastah Abt ateriht otlon “ad ite Inertia, as been orercome; / me 1s } ‘! ro 


ER 


A Povico FosOMeasuring.th 


'-Curront. Conbamed ‘in’ th 
_ ‘Ancandéscent. Lamps 


No olectric tight system or ‘plant of. an: 
uence should be withou 


@ ground lonk may bo far more expensive f 
many ways, whilo both may be prevented'b: 
the proper constant nso of testing inatruments, 
+A very ingenfous practicat moter for tho}? 
imessurement of electric currents has juat}: 
beon brought out by A. Reckenzaun, | It 
pends upon the Invention and simaltaneous. 
eniployment of a solonotd with an action por 
fectly proportional to tho current etrength, a 
pelf-atartlog clock mechanism and an electric 
self-winding arrangoment. The motor is hor- 
metically sealed, having dints to allow -it to 
run without attention for three years, when 
{thoy begin azain at zoro, Special contracts 
‘are made to avold wearlng by aparking. At] ' 
‘present tho meter Ja made only for continuous 
correnta, but a similar instrament of altornat- 
{ng currenta will eoon bo fn the market.” 
What is tho latest novelty in your line?’ 
asked the reporter. 
“An electric company !n Chicago, by moans, 
‘ot an Ingenfous dovico, are enabled to operate 
jtholr ten ampero lamps on a current of only, 
five orelx amperes without caualng the alight+ 
histlng in tho lamps or sparking at the; Ny 
The arrangement onables local? 
we companies having city contracts to; 


tent 
expo 








aby 
of an olectrical current will pass 
the largest and beat conductor, bu ; ¥ LE 
‘A portion ,of- the -current ‘will : ieee : Dovel, but oxtromely pi altig’ use 


ovory conductor'In its path in’ 5 acon’ : 
Tonto: Its tondaotibity, Tee to whioh, in Esigiand, electrially hi besa 

















Po: 
main 



















1) (body ‘of the current: will choose. the : © Japplied, ia thnt of furnlehiag ‘the power: Re Pa : ork 
H See ir Ae 
) ‘ahortest route, bat ‘some portion of it . [needed to ru speller stenme “the!” s, ot OO aren a1 oot lone, 
¢ ‘will traverse the longest ‘route, and : ri n propeller atenmers on’ the Ligh ission - as ox 
: nayndlento ot Am im: fo! {WIN go thousands of mallee, rathee th: : BBP Themes riyor,...fhe. mppor, reaches: ot 8 {ning Transmission of ofeanor igi merce non 
(p. We) SR {Test capt Ing: formed to introduce :  Jamp the smallest fraction of an inc oi, this steam, rendofd navigable by locke, (oo. Mail. Matter. ‘ 
Ipointing ¢ | id ‘ In this eountryy che ' Pie 4 A man nay happen-to'get in tho clroult! . ¢ qbave long been it favor with’ thoes . pores 











magnetism i ant eet eee PEt ey ofa C00 vol’ current: but h : 
srangome : les i po ay To the Eilitor of The. Bee—Sra, I te \get the. fall’ 600 volte tides a OE 
: Way trange. hor acentiste, cluctricians aid’ ; perfectly insulated; he. on) : a 


who dolight in i ver: navigation. 


In tho summer months of ‘the year, these "| Boxes Drawn. @ke.a Flash hy Biettro. 


















































decreate it x : : : 
it if the ff aii ; ta, “editors will differ de to the quality and: | Portion of ‘the ‘current ;Watera abound in rowboata ‘nud ateani!* Mo 0 Sut : ? 
Inesoqoee end reece inp. Tholjafect .of-eleetriliy, Our .eleatieal a launches of every dsectiption. Thai ace 
notion, cou marquis of © sclonon must bein a crude state, Indeed;, steam Inunch is a useful’ oraft, but ite] - a ee ae jo says that if 
jon aa, Meda: gcd when eo maby conilioting statements are’ navigation is attended with’ certain ais-| John T, Williams’ Plan for a Porteleotrio : work om Loston to 
[molecular : | ‘ fi be 1 , ‘comforte, aa itis hot work for tho ‘fire! | ’ ~ , Package Railroad, | Yong and one toot fa een 
fearchies ix, f ‘ anda 3 ‘ f by t man pnd engineer, while tha smoke from’ =; | ° |. pa niall matter, *” ; poses 
passible, th 613 % a3 t & P : tho fe ati, . 5 i . : working modol of Br, Williams’ sys: 
vleeteieity | “3 ‘ 1 h 9 funnel may at times bo deoidadly. .Gho condition of th: 7 tom o€ rapid transit has boon carofaliyoe, 
‘duced in'th TO : dt 2 ‘ on of the fanilities for inter. | amined by many olectriclany net eo 
duce it 6 i: i ‘sag’ zable to tho passengors,, But by | communteation tn a country fa tho stand. | business mon and aff wha fave coseag cel 
2 menus of electric storage batteries theco' ard of that nation's civilization, 80: spoke nounce tt the solution of iat transmission 


the oracle, iu small packsces pnd tho malls, -It seam: 


wire WN 
: For this: at 4 
Lmothods of Peis : , is ad Gieteatofal fontures of common nnviga-; ike a talracto to think of, but tha d 












moditied fo as fl xed and casd blo h of ‘electri-; , ; : 
tho Slt, al Pau " Pi ttaes cael : 1 tat ai ae tion are dono away with. ‘Tho uso of the : ; a > 
‘ y 3 and obsorves the same | . Storage batteiles involves obtaining a ; i 









‘ t motor and f 
ale faoleey fu” fan] (tal 1 Non Orleans fs respect that controls the o : supply of olectricity whenever this ‘may} |: 
ERE Pest Bn wjll:bo gone avout fivg weeks... - pt. Edison’e{jation of steam inaboiler, Ifttrequ be needed, for it would bo exceedingly | . A 









































movenient 

pout in sono ger. , 80 pounds of steam pressure to ru ~ 

ieho appara ; end NUROW Gur . engive, yen titet aerate ts aunt uncomfortable to be deprived of motive| | 

PH dittestto: daw, by 196 . sure in your ateam boiler. before you can , power when miles awny-from home, To} 

t : Band, Ly 884, move your ‘engines thls represents in A obviate thw, floating electric power] | ae 
ile Influe: Phiten pina oe RAE i nalty, “wl no! sutficfont that 

Uarawnotie THE GREATEST OF DYNAMOS. you have efght boilers with’ ten. pounds stations have been erected nt sarfous 

«In tho ne; | and Most Poworfwl Electra of, steam fn each, Here you bxye: points on tho riyer,s0 that the eleatria} . 

; i Tho Largest and, Most. Foworral Mite quantity, but not {ntensity.. A. man Jnunohes can, by drawing alongside ono 





tinduecd cn. t : a : 
ity 4 H Generating Machines fa the World, brarb al / 
uin F: may absorba large quantity of electricit: ‘ 
“evtinoh late : 5 te The twolargert dynamos, in the! world. for Without damage ‘a hime ahlle . vary a vee ies is is et supply of elec- 
rape iH ise the ew meat of to gma any oh eral mlesiy seh ‘bo ieaied in abana a Sag ol coal ! 

Tay l C y, on «Hi im. : aupply of coal, : 
Tn eddition totbeing tho It takes a current of certain Intensity : Phe only dofoct is the time roquired in 


ita Havit of pilebt.. ‘ ta 
‘tho iuteri: Ninth. Inaddition to being the largeat they ; 

‘ B tare also the moat pawerful machines of their or pressure, will permit a} to operate the {natraments on a tele- ‘charging tho batteries; but it ia probablel 
that in a year or two moro, even this de. 


Produced w 3 er. (klud ev tructed, Each ia capable; of Niue, “To di f th 

E i iy ; / th 
ioleaticity, + t {etd evr, cons Tights at one time, and they’) 1 Foudlation of ‘the like ie ey pulred, and 

he current escapes or leaks cut at the =~ fect may be overcome, The succssatal: 

: ue of electrio launches on the Thames 


jinfluenes of 4 sill ordinarily carry about 2500 lights scl | H 
edynamos are perfect monstrosities, and: i poluts of contact or {nto the a 
rveria likely to be followed inn short: 
time by thoir introduction to tho waters: 































fonrrents, ¢ ; i p 
‘soma new } ? weigh elahteen tons or 30, 000 poundsapiecs, “ dguare of thelr diamoters ; that is, ono} tensity of the current at the batt is 
| AThey ttandten fect high, and aro aboat #ix., pe twice tho alge of another ‘will'pasa! sea esed aud. the. olacktlesl uilitelam 


ig clear, 
iT wiled E fect in breadth, 
wilt descr! The composition of cach is mainly capper, four times tho quantity of water, and if}'of the Hoe -belng destroyed the Inatra- 





















tha rubject ’ 
lecutin:a, wa 5 which Is the best ean i you connect two bodies of water with) | menta refuse to work, of other parte of Engle: 
lof willkecove: i ‘The armature along hs 3000 ponddsaly ipes'of several difforent diameters every nti i mlond and oF hts 
fof tiv» coll HAA". f ‘Vig’ ‘can make 440 revolutions jer mitinte, @ pers,’ /plpo will convoy Its proportion of water conntry algo, reer id 
fret PR: fect prodigy in machine work, sll things con=, jn accordance with ‘its diamater, Edie! ' : 
; f » } sidered, . Leading from the gigantic dynam: aon omploys this principle in bis facan:| 
parsing thre F i Sip (ato bars of copper or heavy wires ano inch In. descont Hghts, If a pipe of a given di. : 
ree nO that \ HED (diameter; while the svitelt vel turns thy moter wlll empty a tauk fo 2 certain! di , > = $8 
ho wire by i be a : : 7 
ren vaittye i : timo’and you with to empty the tank ia! offers reslatance to tho’ p : uy. Timed, a eat / iD 
Wwith the cot 4:4 La the snme timo with a amaller electrical garrent, when the oF 
the case. Tho molsture 7 i 


ith CURT HEA, f { i 
\slov aud si ria ee 
ii i . Pp tho conductiveneas of tho ling, Water wr oe rece ne a 
lordiu ivy ga we { SLROTRIGITY INSTEA BAND, 

7 : | upon tho hands increases tho flow of tha! litabita, Pech Auk bee 


i|eurrent. through the point of contact! 
many thousan timer, while dryness {e! Porliuoute with a now electrical appliauce for 
; alc.ost a perfect’ {nsulator or non-con-! Aucrenaing the tract{te power of Iocomcitye f : 1 
Nindicatin, ; te be; ductor, When a current: fs carried! jenmiues hog just 1 aucceastally’ conaluded: , i 9 14 7 ad i aes ig " 
ut by au i Pl around 4 point by an intermediate cir-! , Uy Ellas 1 Tee of ote on tho Phitadel-{. ve ee ; ehh : 1 ei 
direa.i93 ott é Ne cuit, it fi called a “shunt,” and a mani " phia and Roading Ralroud weat, of thie city, 
am : on a houee-top or on the; The trials wero made on the Fri 
street and receives « portion of tho cur.» fone ot iho atoopest on the Roadln ‘ate, 
rent by touching tho wire ‘js In the na- {wera pronouuced etninontly. gattetactury tl 
every respect, Tho apparatus consiate of w: 
ry fi it da! small dynamo and ongiio mounted upon tho 
forty dynamis bel almost harmless, , locomotive aud furnteting an electric current, | 


thotwo which have already * Wneota. soon 
ze and wolnht to: lowered bel ‘4 a panded forward ta tho rear driving 
i} | thentant, Iris expected that all of ty a0 i i 
c ‘ tal Whools, throuxh that portion o} 
taleplions ax if q dsnamos will he mountest before thy close of | with those hy f : Infoe betweou then, eae ae 
tte : x Het oe? Lose Tho passuxe of tho curront into the wheels, 
jot two bichr i fi f eb pick causes ot increased friction betwoon) 
the wire its } / the current, th a tho wheats und the calle, whioh te claimed tu ley { 
tonien of : at any dane far superior, to that outained by sanding tho! 
' H ‘ a out onal tho locomotive to draw a. 
. ee eaVier traih, Without reward to the condls4 
au ote : 7 ms # tho track. than ts ot present possibio, ' - 
yo ki Zhe rackrille grade averages 185 fovt tu the! ; yi 
7 4 pifene gall anda train: | yosterday afternoon tho membors of tho | not bo djatant whon, passongers will bo ca 
: were Cwontscomht wingtes, Boston press, and of Mnseachusette as wetl, |. ted at the Saino bigh Fato of speod that the 
. ; arry 
valle pitnout the current a trip aver the sane, | Were given an oxhibition, in the Old South burmailinatten ‘ aise : 
suddenly ‘ sek, {ty-fve rainutos, | Thy ug train bobind required’ | Meoting-House, on Washington stroct, of tha oe eS : 
_ Shang 4 your hose hey tok + 7 ormed @ low tondion CUETO wid, Co tnerenae schomeknownay fhe. borteioctris: argent 
: | of transportation.” Eleatricity as. a+: 


"NOILVINOISNVEL 20 Wa1s1sS ge) 850k abi can g 































‘Durat by the sudden im 
Pp! truction obtained fs under ogi} t . 
Jou mn { the. Hin epuinoer.."Tho invention ta roxaried nga (tivo force has already taken somo [mento 
important poe by tallroad nen b ? latrides tending toward the dlsplacoment! eet 
3 ‘ of ther for many purposos; the dynamo for! .- 
atatlonary..mach i A 
songor and froight WruumvUrratronn esto 
tho Portelactno system promises to reves 
Intfonrre tho mail communication of this if 
ff} not other lands. ieee th { 
‘fho" ayatem Ig the dovolopment of tho; 
fortiloi gentat,of John G, Willams of Now: 
Yorks ond fa bolng introduced by.tho Port. 
electric “Company. of Now-York and tho 
Now England Portelectris. Company of: 
Boston.” .-’ . ae: 
Tho principle of this systom 18.0 very alm: 
Plo ono, and consists. of tho wwoll-known 
sucking action that 9 hollx or coll exerts on 
sod of iron or ateol whon placod near its 
contro, Thus fifa bar of fron or steal bo _ 
placed with ono ond near tho contre of a 
holix, on passing a current through tho lat 
ter the barwil! be drawn in and maintained 
in n central postion o8 long as tho current 
continues.“ If now the current be brokon: 
~~ will again’ bo’. free . to 
: i and) ff... wo’ imagine a 
: { helix: placod in-'a | poaitton 
. : Wmilar co that which tho fratocciniod with 
| + , t elation totho bar, then on tho passage of 
: nt through tho recontl coll, tho bar 
7 y 1 raywy toward that. onsand out of 
7 h & numbor of ‘holicos ar 
Sn arrangement 
ho ourront at tho 
ar of iron 
y do. 














: a reared fk 


bass ti 
ston it) $ seas 


“ : a0 ; ee F of Mahe ato 
oy om a 

. 8): 

- Het 


. VSriiis track i odlana Gln 

tated before, Ww onmeatad 
k oll ton contact point on thos . 
8 ctor. - 





tlago}s abou! 
lie N-nole 




















maguetism 
derangemel 
theag nel 


Romer 
fnotism cou 
jowa wolar; 
thy ita passa 
{molecular t 
‘geared es in 
tpossible, th. 
lelectricity | 
‘duced inth 
iwi t 

For this yf 

mothods of 
[mi a fu 
tho influent 
tor cond 

tho inoleeu, 
itricity or 
pMovement | 
‘ont in tono; 
‘tho apparel 


iA, enetine. I 
hwith the call 
jthocartents 
wow and at 
londig ary gal 
elophane, i 
Hopu ia tesa 
of Ug com 
- At 


Mut by ean 
diret.ion af 


tho wire if v 
toratfon of th 
constant fick | 
wire by off) 
inagnet, The 
induced fro 
netism of the 


theao currenta}:* 
hy joining that) 
wiro; in tho 


N wire to tho pr 
tho tolephono®, 


4 thon. the 1] 
ans ath 








2 enc ae? vich. a row i lonaly. ardod Ty A sii} han ” : 
DE . bo cable. An ‘idea of. the Invent REE ipncngaine 3 ae eee F 
eee eea af youpn man conned wihfe Hat i wal" prove ‘ery wort” fh (BLEOTRIGITY ON Walt SUIPE 
5 2 ‘ ne conveying matricos country. nowapani nh, s ‘ h 
ie Mlincls ‘Typo.Founding Company, has. in- companies thus aaying tho sotting of o grelt. |, ‘yormun oY tr-OF THE Nave: 
ed w clevor macnine, which promises to bo-'aeat of typo and dolug. away with what al : i, 
come very .usefal in tho ‘commorclat world known a batont insidom. Jt wall ano, batiast f 
if Ute] A Por, 
{For the want of « boifer nama;ho calls it an ft SoCtieti lion” Ne. Allon oxpecta to fo 
lectrio transmitting ovica, and its mission 1 company to operate a lino between Brooklyn 
* |to convey amall packpges, lottora, nowapapord, Now York Oy -5 ‘feail on 
nd Important docurguygte fro! © place to an-5 f HF ; 
‘other in an almost in ‘ ” £ Z ZL Cheng, Lb, i) 
“fhe machine iteelt isa yory almplo device, | I gneap 159 (O89. {rete wae tat orn 
naiata of two elliptically ahapod motallio, a potnie and brought wp ate fn tho various ® 
ee 6 feot iar plese parallel with , ELECTRICITY, Polications of oloctrialty, was latened to with} 
‘learns ‘The diametor of these boxes tho’ yr Wrior-in thd Rese prank reaae erent Attention, ang at ite close the lecturer: 
Song way of tho clliipsc is eight inches and tho; : ‘| veer tt in ; Was waraily congratutated. } 
hort way five inches, Jo each ond of cach fical. t norgy., It is nob! Tho objoot of the paper was to bring to the? 
bor ie fastened a pair of motallio armas, tho lat nocossary .to reproduco bla :formulm 46; ‘notice of naval olflcara the oxtont to which leg: 
1 being suapouded from the axes of two wheola ; cage to undorstand-tho nature Of tho result} trloity fe being Wéod for tho tranamienion of 


* leormer officer of the n 
‘ing and Inatruotive pa; i 
ttute thie ovoning, entitled. “ Elootricity on: . 
i Ae Mr, Groene ie now one), 
* of the. oat oxporioncod olootrical experts of' 
the country, his paper, whiols: was full of new.) 


Tl hino i - 4 

A Se ee oe + shown inthe Vat ‘which, ho arrives, Ho says that 409 cublo | faxer a eommasralal, purpose and t to show 

{following cut, a box belng auspondod from oach | factof alr ata tomporature of 100° Fanronhelt: Vantage 0 oa of our new war snipe {a Hea 
at " : 7 toa an ‘allo engine: 

bes wilt contain ono wand of water vapor, tho. seiesiy uaed av presente ‘The openlog remarks 


wore devoted tu the question who sbould Lave 
charge of the laying ous and inesellation of the 

4 otectrio plant for wn abip, At prosent oach 
¢ I bureatwin rhe Navy Department tas charie ot 
“all tho tromondou: play of enorgy wi (ry Daretus longing to opartment a! 

Hae p Auch an orrabgetnen} would ob- 
nossed ina violont thuodor storm, and iti Widely be wort unsatisfactory in the ovee of 


F At oon trio plunta, aud Mtr, Greene dwelt with 
suly, necessary to wudorstand how c i He dod ‘deat ar terce Upon the necesalty of. 


bo Mboruted. Hs thaory 18: that woj ® & f the otectrio appatutue Under one 

ae inicatee tha -sctalllo Boxed araall 6: molecules of water aro oxpauded when bexan both inte destening and th ite prac: 
‘Wheata, and O'tho abgnler track,” « ‘dissolved in tho ‘alr,’ ao a roaea A 

‘The track rests on iron gudgeons fastonod on: atill furthor degreo of expansion by reason 
he top of bie Holes simailar to tolograpts poles, of tho boat “« Sbeevwed " whon in tho form of; now th 

laced a lltls over ton feet apart, in the enn: clouds ond in tho rarefiod atmoaphero of 

wire cablo runs in tho hollow part of tho rall,'| great altitudes, It thon attains o -polot at 

ab beneath Sho uppor aurtace, upon aiiiolt the which tho well known phenomenon uf disas- } 

Hoots run, Testa on tho topa o: o Iron : 

udgoona, tho lattor doing carolully insolstod, sociation, begins, and tho beseheay ka ar. V 

‘nis cablo is marked ©' in tho cut, and is ‘Urokon up into tholr original cloments, “ox, 

arqead witht oliciricity. The wire markod AVA ,Ron and hydrogen, or into hydrogen, and*hy 

for tho return current, and compiotes the ‘ 

Hreult, In ovo ond of ono of tho motallio bo ‘droxyl, which Is tho wator elomont having o Di 

a eutall dynamo, or eloctrio motor, 


te 


nt. Ile thinks, also, 1t is probablo 
uO mysterious ‘ozone, socalled. Tho hy-" 
| deoxy] 1s au oxceedingly unstable bod 
takes up hydrogen to comploto tho wi r 
‘:eule, or two molecules of It will givo up ono |) 
he, | atoin of oxygen to form the water molocule.'? 
i ae en al vk numbor of those oloments arrange them, 
1 tthe ab ’ A 7? selves iike little battorlos, and cluctricat Bet 
heating realy Seca athe machine, nomons aro tho result ae Bae 
imarked @ ruua slong the sldo of the rail,pod | *2 robably this thoory contalos the gorm ‘of ore could , 
carrica tho curront by meansof tho wire magked 9 Solution of tho mystory prosontod by thun- cute aid what irpo 
dealt whee sreaaen Br eaten eommbteted iy» dor and ightaing, though It may not ba 'éor- (uf mutor was oat! See eeatdeateas te ths ; 
jlura wire Tile wiicol ty connected With TotlD fact, No ono in this ago will dispute; WOK m Quenen a Ania bolet had recently 
itoagh ie sox” the motive fower tnultae® nome, produced by tno forooe of cuatura:(_peae nad titan othe nen oarhnene at ha 
IX. HO motlvo powor thus gou~ nomend, produced by tho forces of :natura |i otor 
trate a convored raked ed aie iN “eal An intimate connection botwoen , hont” snd" Per aaele Pa “These rete the Ares . 
i awhich mans upon tho wheels marked ATTN ;Oloctrle excitation was traced out long ‘ago, iow 
_ the following cuts ‘,and floading philosophors think thoy aro}! 
; + forces not only susceptible of corrofatibn butt rf 


-aro rolated equivalents of ono and the samo 


ant: 

Y simplicity of opera: 
ie ime ar oe ec teae ite steed 
‘tho reader who has () Snipes wera. also. domonat: iis : 





‘éldctrldlau, bo eays thint to gat all tha alec; 
trloity necdod, closo to- the river, 'n wire’ 
Lwill bo. run froin the. anes that supply! 

light for the Oherzy atrect bridzu tto-the' 

bont-house ‘near tye whou the tanka inay 

bg filed and placed in tho boate.’ The cost 

Of ruuniig a boat will be moderate, and, 

~ \euflclent oleatrialty may be stored tokeep 

{tho’crafe'tn motion for n leugth of “tine 

: auflctent to antiafy those wh winh to take 

Elcoteloals a pleasure rido ov tho river, 

"A feature uf thfs modeof propulaton {4, 

wrnIOn © cedridy * AW {that it will require no engineer, or special 

lof trado rooms, «8 As permit from: the Mepeotors to run a mmatl 
Koudeen, ‘who has ju . One, Which wut be done if atoam or ull fs, 


Uclivor, among others, a inessage whish was 
sent by. Me. Gladatono: to Mr, 31 
speak ond.singing dolls; apparatus for, 
oloctrical fountains, cascades, otc.; a great’ 


.? 


varloty of electrical motors of aiiserene ile /; , 

‘grees of power; monster incandescent an Se ec at Se eens 4 
aro lights, of which almost evéry system | Hi] H T 

wil be illustrated; clecteical owls and fish; | ELECTRICAL WONDERS, 

“ibaton to bo used “by tho musical director; { 

;electricat helmots, various syatems - of tel 

iphones, telegraphic instruments anda groat, 

{varloty of smaller Rak bere ia the’| +: . 
ractical ” tnients of olectricat sotence’ | ane 1; 

Neill bo fly itustrated.-. Mr. Knudsen re-'| "we gquct’m roree Js Tie Tatwvoy, but are 
ports that all the companios are ontering, | yeas roady Attalnod—A 
with enthusfasm:.{ato. tho’ affair, and « th ubatiinte for Diamonds—Appil- 

entlous to Evoryiny Use. 


“It wouldn't bo a bad fdca for theelectrictans 


‘tho fieat purely. oléctrical ‘exhihition ever), Bive, once {n a whilo, a big publio entertain- 


ve 
bald Sa; Oanada {8 an additional incentl ment—preas Invited, of courso—Just for tho 
“commfttea“wuan! Purposo of showing tho latest discoveries, ins 
‘thanka’ to Bf yentiona and improvements In the applicatton 
of olectriclty to tho t&cs of practical lif, This 
banquet and ball mikht bo good enongh fo 
itself, but {t would sdivo tho much moro im- 
portant purpose familfarizing tho 
‘1& Co, of Amherst In'reforence to the bollera; jstcat publlo with oudless ays 
in the exhibition building, also offering the; jin which erept {nto 
the p tho 





it 

was unablo to speak 

ero message «into = tho —’phone, “J 
never ‘could understand how to uso 
elootrical. exhibition, it (this thing! sho sald with asigh and a smile, 

‘ “that it fe tho intention of |*And I'm always atrald something will hap- 
the parmanent exhibition committee to have jpen 1€ Tapproach it.’ Now the joke of It was 
the engino remafo in the‘hailding. «James ithts lady lias telephono at her own house and 
Fleming was ‘added to the electrical com: {makes uso of It every day, but always through 
mittco ‘and arrangemonts..wero mado ‘for ‘somebody elac, This odd fdea that thero Is no 
j another meotlog:/at 4.90 this afternoon at jfun about clectricity Is all wrong. I could 
the board of trade rooms. : mention o hundred trifling ways {n which 
Fe aT ial bal eetnet ae electricity is made to servo man,” 

1. Tho speaker was superintendent of a lately 
formed company in this city which pute ox- 
iclustvely “oleotric goods" on tho market. In 
tproof of which ho had said ho began to trot 


fe avenie. mansion TA 
shed thelr 


‘8 person atono timo,’ 

i ikespan wires may Yo easily coucealod| 
jfrom vlow under one's outer clothes, and ono 
ond of them fs best carried {n tho Yest pocket,! 
Thon, by A slnglo pressura of the thumb,! 
the connection Is estnbtished or broken, 
and tholicht flashes forth or gocs out at the 
Wearor'a will, Tho battery obtalns Its curront 
by the combination of hichromato of potash 
And sulphurle acid, and it needs nolthor free 
quent replonishinont Nor {s the matorfal for it! 
expensive, Yet the effect of such tiny inca 
descent lamps, when ekilfully used for pe 
onal adornment, 1s beautiful in the oxtrome, 
zAta ball given by Mrs, Georgo Gould In Now 

‘ork thia past winter ono of the Jadies was 
jespeeially notable, Sho wore on her head an: 
aureola of theso tiny Hzhts, and the effect’ 
surpassed by farthut which would haro beon. 
produced by cluster of ten-thousand.dollar 
diamonds, Gentlemen tn the eastern states, 
however, utilize thelr incandescont scart 
pina ln moro ways than one, No stumbling 4 r- 
ijdown dark etalrways or taking the bark off 
[thelr ein bones for them, Thoy atuply put 
thelr thumb and Index finger In the rest pocket. 
and—presto, change! daylight doth appear, i 
* Howover, this Is but ono of a hnudred devices : 
to which electricity has been put, One Chicago ; 
man not long ago Invented a “Izy man’s | 
awakenor.” Tho bed turns on a pivot, and | 

hen tho fatal hour of getting up arrives the 
electric apparatus worka with promptness and 
dispatch, Tho bed ts tarned instdo out, tho 
man Is gontly bot firmly deposited on tho floor - 
And tho bed remafns shut for thonoxt half hour,. 
Lot tho man finish ls nap on tho floor if 
Lhe will; (hero is no moro ded for him, Thy - 
electric alarm clock, tnvented by another Ohi- 
chro man—an employe of Armour's—sorves a: 
imtlar purpose, but fs not quite so radical in | 
ts methods, This clock will, by moans of 
wires connecting with It, wake up atone and 
tho saine {imo as many people in one house as 
required, 
The electric boll, of course, ts n thing which , 
everybody knows about, But in new houses 
they’re patting in now all sorts of auch bells, 
Ono Js putin front of the boss’ sont at tho din. 
nor table. He puts his slippercd footon tho 
button and—tlhgenling? tt rings In tho kitchon, 
By tho previously established codo of atgnals 
fone timo means: “Fetch in tho, ronat, you 
Jaggard{" Twiea means: “Ifurry up with tho 
ten, Bridget!” ete, ad inflaituin, i 
Tho elcetri¢ youtllator {s also n good thing, 
Generally tho bearlngson tho other vontllators 
1n tho windows aru 60 heavy thata alight our. 
jrontofairwill not mayo them. Whon opors, 
ated by electricity the dlMiculty Is overcome. 
Itissimilar with thoclectrio fang, which are 
manufactured tight hero in town by tha’ "O, 
‘and C." Motor Company, in a dozen sizes, frm 
twelve {aches ap, Tho smallest alzo, one-olge. 
orse-power, creates suotin toreiilo current of - 
fale.that i¢ keens a medlumesized room cool 











; 
tor 10 
‘or 10K. 
lootrions 


sho, will be, 
ted’ In tho; 
ry fusniot, . ; 
m rhe une, of tring ctroulte for fring the main 
battery of nehip was strongly arguod, In ac-: 
ttlont with the abip rolling, the gun captain: 
anu fro bis gun tho instant the, 
s med at, Bnd elecitle t 
ih aocomp! Aine 
if wan 
nd bo os! 
tot... 2”, 


& 





“Hill at on 


i Bi Seles Lar nmmee ss ene =, }out Fomoe of tho things Le keeps on sale, “In joven Ir tho sultriestdays of summer, Tho ten- 
YATEOT RICITY. FOR’ SMALL BOATS. | ‘bis Wwaorerooms and in those of other Chicago Parana bh ite Tantare ainsi round iiko 
aA Gontionun: of: eid 3 [pana ample Confirmation of hls statement was ‘uses, Dr, Tiawtey, for instance, who hos an 


Caw Solve the ofico at Madison and Stato strects, uses ono of 


i ; 

1, Probably tho prettiest manner of utilizing lino smallest alaes to compress alr, and this afr 
tho mysterious power from naturo's store-room | he uses for throwing spraya of medicino Into , 

ia In tho shapo of thoso. tiny tneandcscent |tho throats and noses of Lis patients troubled 


amps. Kinsley introduced them firat for din- j with‘ throat or nasal diseases, = That 
‘ snyea him two men's work, 


with. oleatriclty, for | mor tablo decoration, a storago battcry con. iJittle fan 
small urate. Ho | {eeated in the conter pleco, and—by preasing o [Many otter Sectors Les breasts bi 
he has eo problem, and button—setting hundrods' of small amps ifoath. Der Uaskoll, of 34 Monroo streot, uses | 
5 f : aglow, flowors and ferns all about thom, or fauch a motor to runn dental lathe. A now’, 
elsag magnificent mirror refiecting their com: ‘leteotric dental Iamp has: Just, Leon Invented, * 
bined Iuater,  Falry-Innd effects aro produced ‘which {s-proving very usoful. - It hns ise 
3 





electrical; forca to 
irioltywill: be ‘supplied: 


that way.” In the helght ‘of ‘the scason, tivo j globes, ono Inside the othor.: A stream of cold 
Ka sBeingsin peggpicnt imontus ago, 
. 


o_party..wns-rivon, by the || wator fe kept -in clrowlation” between tha two 








tho Royal 
illustrate ; 
iG. 106), ¢ 
{pointing ¢ 
jmaguettsm 
larrangome: 
thesa tnoler 
Kiccreata if 
Hit the off 
jniolocules 1 
larcangomer 
jnotisnt cou 
own. toolar; 
iby its pares 
‘molecular t 
obes In 
tassi hi 
ielectricity | 
duced in'th 
iwira, .. 


For this : : 


mothoda of 


afluert 
vor conducti 
tho rnolceut 
itricity or 
movement ; 
yout in ono 
itho appara: 
app. 57, SA, 


[uoditicatioy - 


“tt Ingluen 
\ Magnotic 


\elach inter 
ithesy carrer 


Sn en ene an ee nn ee, 


DEaroaw 


wee under | | 


ils init of 


‘tho intermt ; 


wroduced u 
olcotaicity, ¢ 
influence of 
jooustunt a 
lourrenite, q 
'6OUO LEW 7: 
clear] 
i wilt descri 
iho subject 
leeutins 


with the cof 
jfto carsenta 
i ow oud st 


‘this reason ¢ 


‘telephono ay | 


‘of two bichn 
the wiro it + 
torsion of th 
constant floly 





irgical 5 iP a 

pe ad yany part ofthe body, fut- oes 
: eevee acai RICITY. 
Sle tee os PERIMENTS ON DEATH BY ELECT 
ee and usefal thing, too, ts a stectriG EX 
. 1 battery fs conta’ ; 
Eek pee ed dawn ant tama i t of electricity upon 
ar aa resend down and fmmedi-i Soxrg experiments on tho affect, of ipleetriity, upon 
‘burner, k isgonerated, which Hehte the gas. . ‘mals, with a viow to dotorm best “method 
eceren nora are Ikow!lso among tho ; Anh By te teathh Senalby an eapltn 

q See They ave used principally in oMces: of inflicting the 


Fdison’s 
7 f December at Mr. 
bec; twhore the approach of tramps or other unwel-; ee performed on the Sth o 


yas in 
i old P, Brown was 
fc isnot sollelted, “It Is workod by‘, Oa Orange Ae? Tar 
: {ee selocnkeopers Innalnister way, with an oye Inboratory 


o thus de- 
6 experiments ar 
i ’ hohave too, charge of the work. Th ] , 
Yo keeping outdrankards or men wi chai Aarne erica + . 
ee for orentog ot eiiling sk Ae 2 ea une was first pub lectsil in 
Akewise:used fo ther room’ A calf woighi me ut 50 vo 
He Oa Oe La Oe ee aware °: the current, An GL eat eae of bony to fall, 
= ‘ A wh é 
he fact. + MLE, was first applied, v apparently 
Ren eka inh pet euinpelen k face nine minutes afterward At sone te eect ran to 770 
bl his motor! |i Tho current wai Th 
{I bare Lis dynamo on shore, and uninjured. ht seconds. ‘fhe 
; ad storage Laltory on, board of Apes volts E.M.F., and was applied co ale ascertained, the 
Fe Ue aes agte power to. last. hin: animal died, and, as far as could ee aaion thie 
Aireigh tho trip. Tho schomo saves. much death was absolutely inatantancots, Mena chit fe 
‘ronbleand profanity, Tricycles aro Hkowlso ’ found filled with . : 
rated by elcctricity, a storage battery anda brain yessela were blo: the heart and lungs were 
peat motor being placed under tho sont, and hemorrhage was discernible ; 


1 wi v ol 4 Wis tly scorched 
c : i G MY anehine i ‘orchead was lig ly 

jt ‘oe! ai at RTS ‘wa vingmaohines normal, ‘The hair on the forel: 

ete! 5 


o complets outhl fe 6 the $ 0. rode ci in contact 
Th rr o electrode came in 
ieee ‘ ; ; $27, where the metal parts of th 
inh tit can now ve had for $27, 4 


ect v1 7 i} enn ° aro AN 45 pounds, whose resistance 
i trlelty. a 0 hot now things, it they second calf, weighing 145 pounds, 
d 


‘ was subjected 
f_ joomparalively unknown, | Bo long i ee ‘between tho electiayine ae Be Coe five Penta: 
' {years ago a German wate maker acl to n eurrent o TAL oh Dre \) cart nt once 
2 pore lawonted jane imich diet “Iaventer Again death was instantancons, the hi 
money out oO! iH stopping. 
and’ 


othor electric inventions lately como 
ote eat might be clans tho:nat hod of; one 
otogcaphs by arc ich! 
7 Beer iidinen another new thing, and so are 
‘tha electric dumb bells, the armorial design 
bdell—tho gong on tt taking tho appearance ote - 
{eld and eurmounted by armorial Wwenpons ‘ 
‘and the “beehive buzzer." That last named t ing '¢ 
fa meant to bo used In oficcs, so.n8 to ennlile ae 
¢mployor in his office to call a clork suited 
alarming overybody cise, The oloctric win _ 
fapper isn tuy, but it is used for purposes oO 
‘revenue only, It consists of a flzuro clyhtcen 
‘Binches high, representing 9 policeman, a negro 
tion dary hamering away for dear Life om . 
i¥tlon darky hammering ava 2 ave : 
the pane "et plato rlass—genorally, tho sliow DrAguAs sHowsNa Myton or Conxectixe Batt 
window--near which it fs placod, This censo- 4 sniaicn: 
Jess and fonny tapping attracts, of course, & 
‘sterowl of passersby, and te craved brings etd: : 
{‘etom. Another electric toy is * ; " 
‘Yana lie bats rome wpeeatie Sump and - Nexta horse, weighing 1,230 Gar tran epee 
ant ¢ 8 grope, . A. \ eee . 
fly about in the most absurd ond {imposatbte ntq was subjected to the Set Ge eee and 
ttudes, The olectric top stows a lot of gaudlly tions mado ue shown in the ; i seo as 
Hsieh atop ae sfnesyof lem jon d to be 11,000 ohms, The current was 
Vwheel, and by tho swiftness of thelr motion © foun : ee ee the vale 
Vontsan cary ate ike wise oporaicd by eleos Aeshna ak fi, the electromotive force could 
id cara ara OWwIsG n 7 
\tetelty nowndnys In fact, thero aro at loata :’ moter had broken down, 


' yank ich it, 
« |eeore of differont sorts of toys to be purchased oniy bo judged by the degree of illumination which 


‘ i tho 
{0 our local stores, all of which aro oporated by ; imparted to a series of lumps. A single tap of 
the electrio current, 


nit the animal 
2) Zo list of things for overvdny uso worked by hammer was used to close the circuit, b' 
c i in th 
{etre Stall Tnelude. for instance, {was little if at all affected. The curront was ne 
“electric” combs and brushes, for which applied for 5 seconds, and a sin for 15 seconds, ani n 
thelr mma HAE a ae ea AI a neither cage was the aniinal injured apparently. Finally 
f 


{rant Out ta seck in Florida, or the “electric” ithe citrront, at a full potential of 700 volta, estimated, 


1 belts for aleh even nab Seat g bean Was applied for 25 seconds, During this time steam 
* Yardadvanced, But anongh 


{ehojrn that ‘tho clectriclan above quoted was {Was evolvéd from the electrodes, showing inanflicient 


ntly, 
“Hpright and that olectriclty 1 everywhero with |imetal contact, Death waa produced instal 
f tn to-day, In office anid ht homo, in tha palace | cting the wires to the animals 
rand tho Lovely that olectricity has entered our! The methods of conne g 


i 4 yori the calves, ordinary medical 
housohold and becomon vaiued friond nnd serv-g Were two: in the cases of . 
Vf ant, von 8 plasinate forthe culidrens Clectrodes wors used. One was applied to the forabend, 


‘the other just back of the shoulders, in order to bring’ 


tho brain into the direct Hne of conduetion. The: 


‘forehead electrode was circular, 2 inches in diameter, | 
\und was covered with sponge ; the other electrode was; 
‘4 inches long and 2 inchea wide, Both were covered, 
iWith sponge, which was saturated with a solution of; 
‘zine sulphate of specific gravity 1-054 at standard tem-; 
(perature, A portion of the skin, tek Seta 
iwere to y f r a in| 
see rape eauae tfeed, from hair by ollpp 


with scissors, “The burning of tho h n the first: 
experiment was undoubtedly due to incandescent and 
[not to are action, 

| In tho casa of the horse, the lega wore wrapped with 
|wet waste, and around this the wires were wound 
jdirectly. One conclusion that these and other experi. 


iments lead to ia that tho resistance of the animal is duo | 
in great measure to the perfection of the contact with | whether 


ithe skin. Perapiration favours tho contact and lowera | 
\Tesistance. Another conclusion is that tho current | 


i8hould-be applied so as to have the brain in fta direct | St 


course, A distinct difference is noted betwoen the j 
Jaction of the alternating and the direct current, Tho 
“alternating current seoms to produco a kind of paralysis 
-or tetanic condition, in which the animal struggles 
_very little, while the direct current brings about con. 
itortions which may become vory ecrioug and powerful, 


ance of determining tho ‘best method of inflicting 


State of New York, which goes into force afte 


In electric propulsion 

satisfuctory He i De 
England, and on tho Continent 
j paratively stow, Wo havo t 
to secinys tho applieation of now 
Ameries with marvollona rapidity ; 


comotion contd have predic 
tut the end of the 


ihways in operation w 
ite 


as far as thoy 
roads wore concerned, 
had only two or threo Hin 
have twenty-two in worki 
tho Spragno Company har 
tion, et they have 'e 
‘The oxporimenta were executed under the anspices | ri gat system of motors aud o 

3 un it extensive thie q 
,of the Medico-Legal Socioty of this city, The import- forty cara ini nerinh iy 
Ip. for their propulsion, 
tly-Knight, who wero carte 
r tho! timing to” do good 
lat of January. This law substitutes death by elec-} outstripped by 


100 
‘death by electricity arises from the now law of the} Bon 


r oven the most enthusiisti 


Ing condition, 


anipped thirteon 
otors and overhe 


tricity for death by hanging aa the statutory punish. in electric traction (Stephen Figs 


ment for capital offences, al 
The recommendation of the committce which, inj O¢ tho olectrical industries 
‘September, had been charged with especial considera-| suotrie railways are at this 1 
struction, thirtee 
| Spragno Compan 
second. Tho current,; Touston Comps 
the person by metal} contracts are ¢ 


ition of the question, advised the use of the alternating 
,curront of 1,000 to 1,500 volta EMF, and with uterna- 
{tions of not less than 300 per 
.tho roport stated, should enter 
electrodes from 1 to + inches in d 


‘its reaistanco, The lamps in this position acted a8 an 
adjunct to the voltmeter, giving octlar evidence of 
‘Variations in olectromotive force, and affording in them- 
selves an approximate measurement of the anmo factor, 
They wore utilised after the breaking down of the 
voltmeter as already deacribed. 


pear to have ceased long ago to identi 
ves with the modern devel 


(Gel 
ely 13.13% 


TrsniMONY 18 BEING Taken In New 
‘York as to tho deadly charactor of tho: 
Tt is now proposed to kill an elephant by olectricity, alternating current of clectricity which 


not, however, by the Medico-Legal Society's representa. lt ts proposed to up in Stato exceutione. 


tives, 
—_———_ 
——————_—_— 


Herold T, Brown, who is likely to be the 
‘ehlef witness, teitifed that he had killed 
from 40 to 50 dogs, 6 to 10 calves and 2 


. 5 Edison's 
Phonographic Messuges,—The Daily News saya ;— res In experiments mado at 


* Mr. Raikes is fucod at the Post Office with a new and 
unprecedented difliculty, Phonograma (messages in 


Jaboratory, Tho resulta of thoso txperi- 
iments, which wero purely sclontific, have 
:beretoforo been published by Mr, Brown, 


correspondence recorded by means of the phonograph )/and tended to show that, with perfect 
are impressed upon a thin cylinder of wax. These, connections, the alternating curron| 


i b cur 
piuced in a wooden recoptacle specially constructed, are} much prvi peas ere rrr 
in fucreasing numbers sent by post betweon the United! 


laboratory, and Edlson’s principal rival 
Btates and this country. It is claimed that they shall tyes the alternating current, the question 


go by the book-post rate, The Post OMico authorities was immediately ralscd 2s to phether 
desire to cluss the despatches us letters with postage, thero was buslness prejudice a ho ensey 
payable at letter rate, Correspondence on tho subject at Br. Browa teatife 


fs still in progress,” 


‘ 
Ohre 2, 7889. WY, Trak, 
. gute when 
Ir there ls 4 
ERAN Sarna | - frown Ja tn darkiesa, 
Electric Lights far Mackohsaok, N. de aust the 
Tho Hackensack, N. J. Commission opencd tho denis te Inet 
Mids.lnat night for Ughtlog tho sirects of that town, for BiA03, 
aud awarded the contract to the Edison Elootrio |i one fo 
Light Company. Grentluterest wan tmenifestnd Ht 
‘(tho matter Uy tho. public, and Chore was ivoly b 
competition, nino bids being revolved Thelocal g 
company, after years ofcatin slumber ned tnd ise 
ence ta public complaints, awoke to tho facts at 
compatition had como: oat last, «nn fe res 
Mam gexporute effort te <rotaig ‘the con tact. 
-}Under: tho existing contrat It clargee ne 
town vi) -littint> ay $18 a 


nterest in avy electric Nght companies, 
Aeecenr street Out wasa personal friond of Mr. Edison, 
ca : aud indebted to him for fayors, 


“ 


ty eandto-power, 
wera 08 followa: 
Attica Company, 
300; Enaton Com- 
uinty: Weotrio Light 
prlyato bids 
f $1,000i‘Tho gon 
ill: expire on’ Au: | 





oboe bub TP ma De, TPE. 


year's record is exceedingly 
ar aa America is concerned ; but in! 
» tho progress was come 
ly this time becomo tse 
inventions spread in, 
i but it may he doulited ! 
ic ndvocates of olectric: 
rted at the Lesinning of 1888 
woukd see fifty. 
i the boundaries of tho United 
ites, 4 year avo America waa seareely ahead of Europe 
Wmber of caraund extent of trattie on cleetric 
he Thomson-Honstor 
ea opened, whereas to-day 
Ten months ago 
we ie daily operie 
electric railways 
nul conductors, the 
hmond, Virginia, with 
les of tracks, and requiring 
Daft, Van Depocle, anit 
rin the field, ave cone 
work; but they havo heen 
Howcomers, und two uf 


U not a single ex 


lopment of this ranch, 
No lesa than forty-seven 
Honient in course af cone 
1 of which sro in the hands of the 
yy tnd cluven in those of tha Thomson. 
Mny, whilst tho remaining twenty-four 
ivided among a ammber of firms such: 
iameter, covered with | a Pate, Nu Teporley Rontly-Knight, Short-Nesmith, 
thick Inyers of sponge and chamois siin moistened | (evan) ae 
y 
with a weal aqueous solution of common salt, and jaye as much todo as they possibly can mannge, and it 
\the sitting position waa recommended, iia said by a well informed American corresponidont “that 

. The measuroments were mado by Mr. A, E. Kenelly, 


the outlook for electric railways was nover so good, and 
of the Edison laboratory. It will be noticed in tha that great as has been tho oxtensi 


dingram of tho electric connections that a series of (the past year, the growth during 
lamps wero arranged in parallel with tho voltmeter and [reater, 


lectria Cur Company of America 
and the Julien Company. Most af theso 


ion of business durin 
1880 will bo very mel 


TC rs roe 







Wakath 


ee? 


ONE MAN ONJECTED, 


Pe a cee he oP foes 
Bocanes tho Weatlpghouso Electric loteresis ME Wit 
g i ate. : 2 i . tay { 

owe — offs, s ¥ and stiok ono hand down into tHe ao} 
Were to be Conaalldnted=The Conaolldas|f-3.\i Fy, SC . is and piok ono hand dow ing, and put he other 
‘(hand In thd. kogond Jat. tho young tan who! 
was oporatl nttery and tho} hontatono 
the: cloctriolty. 
’s rasiatance 








ialted iio tasted Gat a 


oul! with: 

tho Wheatstono.bridgo, Bourke Cockran has 
-all along held that tho instrument: of death ts {4 

Ikely to err ns to the current noceasary to kIll 
ord V¥ oftieg! “Kemmilery the condemned murderer. ©; | ' 
i . ; : i en the party arrived at Orango they wero 
‘Tracy 0. Deckor‘of Buffalo, referen ‘n the Mi f 4200 9 me GB: taken in hand by.Asslatant Wert of the lab 
casy ot Ni tinea Kommicr, the condamnogini¢ } nent ory, and suadcied to the Wizard's do- | 

enunty murderer, who fe trying to cet outa 7 . > gmain In two vehicles, Bourko Cockran was | 
boing:dono to death by- olectricity‘on th - OT Bt attics thi oxpectol to be on hand, but had other impor- | ate 
round, as Dourke Cockran ‘pits it, that ft i tant business to attend to, : 
6 rue?’ and. tausual:punishmont,. rald ¥fow, Mr, Brown, immediately upon tho arrival of 
doezensa il : ta dnd that ho would ike to sox rome oxparl- tho party at tho laboratory, proceeded to show 
niolasutés |” we ; Inghouse has been constantly on tho atert fora} tmonts' to:stiow tho resistance of.tho hamaa tho vlaltors somo of Edison's wonderful clectri- 
angomel . Yu BIE HIE new charter.to take tho place of tho original) Body’ to, tha eldateioal current. .Hurold L, 1 Was Teal contrivances, and whtlo thus engaged 
action: cou iit iti 4 ped all proce ‘This was tho purpose for which, yeaterday's Brown, tho electsical oxnort- who devised the 1h fs nighost-that | Lawyer T. D, Kenucson, who Is nssuclated 
; : : Snot be bold responsible mooting had been called. Str, Woathngliquea ; death machin at Auburn, Sing Bing, ond Dan- ge reelate: in way | Whth Bourke Cozkran in tho case, appeared on 
oe mecihemes Teprosentiny etaterl co the atocktulders that tio Wad Becured nomorn prisons, told Mr. Decker that he would ih tl Hie ny tals erie tterty ft {a the scone, aietis 
ral har > - ; i 2 

ests fhe Westinghouse man, Jobn U- Noble pane. a document in whieh ail tho requires, be wlndto tao him over to Mr, dfson's lab- .* aanedt ehrdugh he body from. electrodes | . Ho, was cotdly greeted by Mr. Drown at 
requested to retire, Ashe wus colog ments of a targe concern aro very broadly cov- oratory and show him all he wanted to lonk at. pinced ot the head and Sifo on tho foot., My. | first, but when Kenneson announced that ho 


belectet At Hy: cred. After Sr, Westinghouse had read tho row anid uld b to 
isdecteiaity |“: f Feria a a ee Neate eee Sinan charter, THOto fro etrict rulek agninat tho admlsulAn of ehorgn eal fe, are 6 wid 19 show how this | was accompauled by an expert from the Weste 


a 
i F HI. and Mr, Hannister had moved its adoption, a . vlaitors within Mr, Eglson's workshops, . but | took at htdthoon and patockingy,: and plneod | inghouse company, Brown at 
: Witp. z ps ' 4 dlacussloy took ptace, Melef remarks wero novortheloss parimisaion wns granted and yos- it Jatt fi io fo tasted oki ‘Hot pincod ‘Dg ied Rea nee paoe ators, 


ny was! 
fod ‘yestorday, arid hereafter it will,|-"" z ns 
heen ns the ‘Wertlaghouse Electrio and'i.”. Syn perects ors Parnell Batten Try, ' 
2 \Manufacturing Company. When the elec ag 
“{trle company was firat organized the organ- 









Tho evidence 60 far in tho re 
mmier, the murderer cor 
electricity, has left consid 















































determined to seo for himself somo experiments 
this subject, Accordlrighy, after the hearing on: Th 
Gay, Ho supgested his wish, and ‘permiaston was ons! 
secured from tho Edison Electric Light Company; 

make tho tests at the Edison, Laboratory; at: Orange, 
Now. As tho caso had beon adjournod until Monday: 
Yesterday was sclected for tho trip. . Dosldos- th retd 
ares, the party included Charles F, Hatch, Deputy,‘A: 

tornoy-Conoral Willlam A, Doste, Harold P. Browns the 






























folt 













made by Str, 2, Piteairn, Mtr. GUL Mr. Willan . fi " ‘“ 
¥ 1 VA. Quiney ahd acveral other guntlomen, who trday Roferso Beck, come lawsprs renresent- ‘ol eee RO 2lue whores oF “Who gavo you permfaston to bring an out- clectuteal expert who supplted the Btalo with the dynes) 
justo, * were all In tavor of the change. ing both sides of tho care, and n numbor of id el none wide, An olactrodo of |alder, and an expert at that, Into our labora." ™% that aro to be used in Killing criminals, and othor: 


a Ogee SR Pay pats : ed fa the Ono stockholder, hawevor, Mr. Allan Mare 

tho fafluen: f A H { | pra young, man bad nlreddy prepared fa Ho stockholder, ever, Mr. 2 nowspapor mon went to Ornngo and oxperi- 
tance battery of fourcelts, Jt was thens, who owna 20 shares, objected very em: 8 a er,” 

re conduetd 1 a rciaith a Wheatstone bridge to test the) Phatically in a paper ha hind prepared. Ike At- mented with tho death-deallng ourrent, jis over n bild snot (ile _ “Tnever heart of sch a procedure," Inter- .,¥s_ ourke Coolran, aitorney for Kemmler, and 

1a taateou femaneciet Wo natevee aubstancus might bel fempted to prove the fallacy of all cousclida- ret thoy wero taken through the various hend, “Each pleco of felt had proviousty been |rupted Mr. Stierlnger, “You take it upon George T. Quinby, District-Attorney of Erte County, 


a Yon achemes, and agan exampte ho cited tho (ey . eae 
imoyernent Fmibjectod to the current, ‘The electro-moUve) Ponasyivanin Mallroat Company aud the Litts. rooms of tho taboratory and the {nctory bullid- saturated with a gelution Hs ofetno lA | yourself to bring an opponent of Mr, Edison | Wer wnable to bo prosont. When tho Iaboratory: wad 


: ; : O. y 
‘aut in ¢ono ; uh: : foren ot tho battery was Just a trifle loss that) gure, Fort Wayne and Chicago ftallroad Com. Jox® hid maby Interesting thluge wera ehown ¥ ‘ ‘seat in the ¢ th’ |into his workshop, This would not bo the :7C#¢hed, an hour was spent in a tour of tho shops and: 


Ix inches by four, Y intere: y 
nt 1010 A ot %a fut tory?” ated In the caso, 





































:Oho appar ; . fear volts. Uno of Hdlvon's men, Charles With/pany. Of the it, «0, Itallroad ho said: “fie: to thom. '-WWhilo the party was in the phono Le firat tinfo a vatuablo fav an oxamination of tho invontlons of Thomas A. Edi: 
H 4 ; Y fer himself aso subject, Rest-rtockholdera of that road wore not satiated ry wa valuable fnvention has been stolen — ee : 
hoditestte ; Te open 8 ‘Cuatt were two jars ike Leyden] with tho railroad business, but they needs must” oe od wi t ore cuntlomen nine up asd. tiod on at As from Mr, Edison in just such a way.’ | 7 sony: tinder the: guidances: or Mb Wists OUD obhte 

itiea tio, f a 8 ars, * Each was partly fitled with # solution of | 8 Into the oxpresa and telegraph business,and/ @lugled with tho party. Immodiatuly thoro , % alt A fi “fio cal, my friends, be calm," antd Mr, ‘Si8tants, as doth Mr, Edison and his chiof electrician, 

id) Influen i i  Hruipbide of suc.” Wires running froin the bat. thus they lost money," | WaeGhubbub, Mr, L, Stioringer, ono of Hdl: j 1 . ‘f M * AE. Kennelly, were absent. ~ While the party was tn. 


Kenucson, waving Iils hand In a soothing mane | 


ner, “it ia not iy frtend's intention to teal | 








| atagnotte : 5 Htery were dipped one In ono Jar, the otber tu) FOUN DALZELL EXYLAINS, — son's axperts, told Mr, Brown (hat ono of the 
i the other, «Mr, Wirt pulled up bis coat sleeves! The gentleman was intorrupted by one of the} HOW Comore wad in tho employ of tho Wasting.” 
fa suck ono baud wena Ito Arrant stockholders, who sald ho thought It would bo mene Company, Now, {{thore ls angthing the shal fe 

e Ran 2 iphido'ot sinc in ouc jar, and pe witer to havo that epoech printed and mafied ison peopla don’t Iiko to sso around thelr e iMr Bi bjsoted to the presenco of tho oxport, for, 
Wah Tone te J Pb A and lathe neon at and the Whoatstone olnntar ae ‘ait ob rae Harte th mee workshops [t fs tho-reprasontativa of 1 rival : Ra i aa ary ioe neteete raise yony eh pee IEE eae ausover somo'of Mr. Edlson's so- 
[these curzet aif B 7 ‘bridge combined turned on the eloctriclty. TLE causo, he sald, it  objested te tt ogethior be: }concern. And If there'ls anything that the : fers HE then veaan x stay here under cover if you could.’ Why | crets and reveal them {o the Westiaghouso Company, 


tho phonograph room, T. D, Kenncson, who is M 
anything,’ Bo alee ‘ookran’s assoctato in tho caso, ontered with an’ eleo-}" 
“1 have my ray," continucd Mr. Btleringer, | trical export employed by tho Westinghouso Company, 


























iwwea undor ! 4 vice’ i | Westinghouse people don’t ko to #60 a: Cy ¥ the: export! 
A ‘ ran ; ‘record showed that Mr. Wirt's resistance was 4. 7, poop] Oo aroun didn't y lo fnvi th y { Roferee Decker, howover, insisted on the’ expo 
its Hanit of iy : ttho suggestion of Mr. Weatinghonas Mr, 4 ey andy Wi n’t your peoplo invite tho State's ropru- ’ 4 
5 “tho iutermt J | fo olime ren 1S IFES. .Genoray'a{2arthens sald ho would confine himaclf to the thele fastorios itis haat from Eataon’i fold, y, @ otity 9 sontutires to your experiinonta In the Western | presenco at tho experiments in rogant to cloculea) Fo-| 
Bh a ced flea at Aibauy, uder te eamo Conditions, nal < hed | iu stog tte talon et nan ‘unhested all alonie : a 1a. batlue conduste, Union office tho other day? Answor mo that j sistance, If Mr, Wirt dit at objeat, as iss Ord 
aleatricity, t Pag ME: 0 vt x - g rae i] t was allow witnes af 
Sntluence of ‘ 1 ut to be explained | ter, roeforance,. that there exists, considor- ie tale tone, wiiich was question, sir. hot mind, tho expert wag 


But Lawyer Kenneson’s export merely sintled, ‘The Orst experiment was mado ons Mr. Wirt, who; 
and looked perfectiy sereno under thls shower, tmmersed his hands In a jar containing @ solution of) .. 
of Interrogations, sulphato of gino, through which a curroat from 9 bat- 










jooustunt m4" | 4 blo fenting botwoon . the, Egison and th 
lourrcnte, 4 4 1 Wreatinghouse onmpanion, Stn Arerta mo Was 






thOMWO MEW 7: cat a1 7 ‘ speurod terraiasion for the party to Inspect & 2 ie 
‘cating lead] Ait p ¥ M : if ‘ Th Hate tty ni peedeqalagny at a, Uestored ng | “May I just say a fow words?!’ asked Mr. | teryof four Leclanche cells’ of ono volt cach. was}: 
iT will desert vee © : . rs a Joona TO ptaaratinethorie aud 5 uadd of “} Kenneron when Stleringer had cooled down] then passed. ‘The curront was eo weal that ho did}, 


F ttl: rorenda of t! it! 7 
sgho subject ayes tih What inbyowernnnt Foncerue, There followed an oxeiiacaltatocns, ‘ x rea ! or, £0 tanco, as measured by a Wheate! *: 
7 80 
, 


i : : r.Stleringer polated 1 4 
of silkecover * ; f Bie hae Brawn i neg an WAS ObnOXIOUA Abd aYrybo i 
Y Font, and thought it only fulr to have a Weeting-| 


i fu colt TE ; i 1B . I F if more a fat eu ar # unt ra Appear, hae ‘aod Wien : “mont + 

wire ta fuste t git i : fesiod that ne thotgp had hind fn fouita ne it Spone house expert with him, 'y 
pacing # nit amt fngntt aay non tar tila wanao. the Went a Bao thn “That's all Losb," responded Brown. 

ixce, i i inghoura tian vald ho was John fh. Noble. pus : ta At this junctury Referee Baker, who had 


itho wire by: f Bisa die k man with bf . q * forrod fr 
(A minvitive Ue i i : th ‘Aiba with Co Bran te to g alise mennsof dotérntnin, 
" y 


with (ho col 0 Intor asta of the condo oul oredanry 
Hho e-rrents Bam |} v1 f60 q ; : a. oe " hat § 8 att t ad | inghouso electrician present, 
jatow and af ; ‘ i a gho foal fore Raroas, | Promised on bis word of honor not to crib any” 
lordivay gal f° iY, eM, i 5 wt m tiled a gperatiowot | of tho Wizard's Inventlons, 
5 ney 4 ¥) 9 first victim: under the new, 
" law would bojlargely au exporiment, ; 


Yuh, hess, 
Sf fe was epto. 


: ed ina jarcontalning nm solution of aul- fe , 
ybiseeatin the ebulr, with the apparatus apy : a hat hohe 13 a } mers 0 votutton ote er 
{plod just in tho'vway'that Ic-with be applied to nani TY MAY END, kran’s raprosontativg, é : 84 phate of sinc, From a battery having four hrtase prrvadt of eeeed 


y Con ; 
: Mr. Wostinghouso atated day at ; yor, to Oxpliin Aue : ; Ai PURER : Ane] Leclanche colls of one volt each a current was ¢ IEF 
fended mine ie cat ortoed MY Wewloshowe mated neraratirnenn. fcanea eng be eM dace ih Saat ~ (ELECTRICAL © EXPERTS ~ EXPLODE| ttsctSte “hte ve esac otto ao not Gate 


4 

if . 1 

ittout 2: i ‘ to hin, : 

f Ye Bat j Jobe Wheatstone uridga showed that Nridoing the largest businosa in tho United States © thint Mt. Noble, Wir yas Wan obhosious pers feel auy shock, Ute ean Waa 1010 ohn, ik aes 
rit Assistant Attorney Gencral utch put hist A writer in the 


Hatch reaisted the electricity to the extent of Of Ay electric concern in the country. ‘Tho’ i at pergonally, howgre! heal ht be : . ee gly A 
t ised ier] ’ (An Exciting: Scene. at’ Wizard] hands in the samo Jor and “resisted” to tholhyscerimenta have been trie 
y 





















tho Wheatatone bridge, Ils bands wero im- 









a6 oxplotrtar 


















Fishing Gazette says: 


19,870 ohms, Then he placed both feet on the Capital stock f6 still $5,000,000," Tho con agent of the Westingbouso dan the 


orn eked oben tea 
‘into rapit ‘ ifelbeovering the alne electrudg aud’ the bridgg #0lldated concerns bare now 3000 people . ¢Ombsny, BRoiid be BHowad to | 


















abl " thate ety wero #4 ; Fi : 1,800 figure. Mr, Hatch tried ft a second tno} oi ‘ ‘ith the electric light in 

‘this rene ATT (Sa siete nay ioe ch anc cecal cone tet per dads an thay da untae le 8. Edijgon’s Laboratory.. with ait loctrve, is: realtnneo was 0,87, ein ast Le cacin Gs 

jtelephono ap | SS. iment. The electrode spplled to his head wag 812000 por ilay, of about $4,000,000 per year. Tho , pene : and ‘ha Ei y lectrodu Ox4 Inches CONPECHON sore let 

‘af tio Lichr : sed wl oO app: '8t works on Gartison altey are being ontarged, ft, 8 i. eet ae wo ies In tho last experiment an vlectrody tt ae Lam told that two nets were le 

the wire if + { jtyed wrlth a sponge taturaiod with w solution t9 not Improbable thas tha consuildation wiih : nd alrondy. prepared jn the THe Pati ; Eeo| Was covered with 3 Inches of felt snturated pe : toting furnished with 

torsion of th : ‘stoce bates sii salen 7 ate  ahicet of telly tho, Halvon Company An} now jane hearer | cry of fone a 8. Wt was He PAESENCR OF. A WESTINGHOUSE ELec! with sult and water and placed on bis head and iiiown at night, one being | 
he over ore, Beveral of tho ss 


TRICIAN AT THE KEMMLER REFERENCE: | Jils bare fect, He looked os if he were about te 






jon Edison: Swan glow lamp, That net, 
en raised, was full of fish; bot the 
jump) WOR attached, | 
The light was then 
shifted to the other net, both nets were 
leried without lamps, a «both neta with | 
| | : lamps. "Phe result in all these cases | 
| E | | : oe : e b went to show that the electric ight at- 


vied 4 : woe i « ach was pn wit 
; ; bate : ! ln pi : ‘ : ral “Exp page : : : aula the fish in nw tost wonderfal 
A ; lo ha buralng Ee tats manner. 


f connec 
constant flolt i ‘He placed bis teft foot, which was bare, upon Preniinent officers of the firin stated yesterday | SO% fded, but he tidn’t mntnd that a tritfo, 
pi by st Oi f 3 “ad jtho felt covering. Thteo measurements werd oat they would hot consolidate aven if ad | be 9 IHOIGNANTLY RESENTED. ° ‘ Boece Baker declined to say whothor ho vw 
induced from ‘Wea yg taken, Tha Grot was 7,097 otims, the second {iersan, who in prominently Identified witli | ier ee ts | sntlefled with tho experiments or nat, 
notin of the |¢ fuss ‘fF ; 6297 ohms and the thint 6,002 ‘Thaw ft wat natural pan Interest of this city, sald hore was | ne 0 to . . eae st aes h : 
theso currentd.- {e a]! ; “fuagertad that Instead of using the eine eleos no doubt that a cousolidatfon would bo effected | ehegplelty of | matale, rocgeu at: ; «A doxen professtonal) mon, among’ thorn | 
‘ 0 fof h¢ before a i v ° : n 
Hr aaa of the suiptlde ot bets Paleo (ats Meine Ie. 8 ‘ihe. fama thor: : : I Referee ; Tracy Baker, who-has ‘pationtly a- 


wh 
other, to which uo I 
: waa almost emply. 












































pedg00. {bon 


an 


aah 








‘ 7 vy Eloctricity, 
‘The legal counsel for Thomas A, .Haleen 





hand |? fa,._{¢ 
like to havo 


2 3 My ‘ : 
} dorer who is now | in Jail, and whos 


death was postponed Thint this invostiga-' 
tion might bo had, has beon laid hold gf 
for commareinl Purposos, 0 Just (a 
Kenora indignation will bo arouses 
Tho force of advertising: could not 


ii eval G : ay he Now York firm of Eaton & Lowia - Nr, “The” : ea + finueh furthor, 


n A. wm Uy : = ., an 
t@, 106), ac Nef : geno HH. Lewls of this firm: has many’ — oe ot eat might” be ‘permitted og. Wasa wae pot side of th to: swhoth al 
jpoluting t ri aE - hay “ : onté Were tried, , : atoy which is alpnificant, ho chningy 
jmaguetism hi. : Tho Referen.tn the | Kemmior. Case - rdingly they atald, °°” i Lae : mau of tho commission to which was r 
Hrranigenie i : somo! Experiments tried with the W: ate MxWert frat bad! hile «, deter iserae ental subjoct of capital pun 
ideereasa it 43 a4 Sh : ; ine Bridge—Am ‘" yy mined with the ald of the-Whaatetohe Bridge, | oe) iene sai 
fbf the oft a PLES : y ates se atts ee * His bands: were immersed together in opal GE! 
ruolocules ea reas the iden of oxocutlon by electricity, ~- ° ee x 


. : tain ‘solution of sulphate of «| hat afferds — tho 
netisin cou BYP Rhse : Mr, Lawlssaid: I have givon tho subject ': ? Tracy Baker, the refereo, before whom the eae oat ining 8 toh -from' a batty ncans, and > thoy’ approved 


' d 
own tuolar; ‘ fomothought, I havo hoard mauy words sug’. clectrical experts aro giving testimony. for fet none "Lectanché.. celle of: one’ volt plan whieh Mr. Brown submittod 

cere ot : [St nant onn aokotltihy MIME fone Lane leo sa He Gay ts, thertore an reo wre 
covarcles it HH asa means of legal killing, axprenod yester- realatance was 1,510 ohms, te Dortant witness, ‘and his prerenco Eaut Now York from 
rpasatbte, th ! : 4 day n destro to seo with his own eyes teste of “The Aastetatit: Attorney-General, Mr. Porte, - requested befuro the rofereo, But it st tory frame co! 
Ielectstatty | Ae ah a + } “rostatance” made with the Whoatstone Bridge, ext tried {t,:and regletored °3,200 oma Mr, 


‘ happens that ho is eruising in his yach ] ; gers 
, befnstrament which Bourke Cockran thinks Tn Test tance wee slow to be 1,360 ohms, in tho vicinity of Newport, ~ and, thd 


fey FE im Mr, Hatch tried it again with an olectrode weather boing very warm, ho 
mothe of { i (six by four Inches, and covered with three graphed (hat it would ba quite tripe: 
ho influen 1 4h bt cighths of felt saturated with ssit and ble for him to come to Now 
Lor cenducti ahi Aid to quality water on his head ond his leh feet WGtlior An MTEt is despatched by a 
mila’ belng tho Grook for powor or. force resting on a accond electrate is re elect” urvent, whether ho is hanged in 
Cmovcment. RARER REPRE end ‘mort! boing, as Ihave sald, tho Latin bm hy taking pita to-day to the AY ard ab alstanco was 0,870 ohms, and a few tho old way, whothor ho spends the 
(ont in kono ay eas for death; and, socondly, that thera ts no sug. , Tatory’' at Oranga. Mr, “Decker, the moments after 8,170 ohms, Mr, Poste also bad summer in prison debating tn his own 
tho appars [7 Hf jf gestion in tt of death from any particular , fore, avcompanted by Willtam A.. Poste, th another go atthe Wheatstone Bridge, and {t mind the relative merits of the two 
Be oh Sk Pie H rit Hkind of force, but only from force. * Dyna _ Aeuatant, Attorney-Genoral Charles F, Hatab sas all interesting, but ‘apparently somewhat: methods,—these are matters which Mr, 
p . t ( j mort’ would oxpress death from sny violent | Kemmeter’s lawyer, L.'Btletinger, an electri inconcluslre.': °°" eee Gunny seoms to havo dismissed from recently made samo curlous 
' Enfluen $ Yay ‘caus, Thavoentao hoard suggested * cloctro- export, aud a large number of roportera, wen : : his mind with easy indifferoneo, heovertes to relation to atrmovpheric electricity * 
1 Magnotie he i i i ( } thanatos' and ‘eloctrothanasia! as words cor-| down there’oa: the 1045 train from Hoboken. “ Altogethor, thera woutd appear to bea ta posalbiitttes, aud aday or two since called | 
In the pf. B "HOS" yrectly formed to express tho idea In ucstion: | Mr. ‘Cockran: bad to attend sovoral funerals, | De ' rie a a W hikin tn relation to tho tame, Mr. Quincas; 
. j q 7) cynicium about this affair of ttl ; 
induced cui ‘ Ui 4 The formor ts too cumbersome to ba thought | and did not go with the party, Mr, Quimby, the! ‘ alle of putting Was reticent at first, but afer somo. persu 
REA LR hes, ham 9 Y VW, 1989. mon to death In Now York whieh isa “ Per slon contented to show his Inyontiga. . He sald 
iwhich inter Sut lof, the latter has an analogy .in tho Engliah | Distriot-Attorney of Erie County, also hat othe: . ‘good deat cooler evan tha the beecy 80 changed «t coufoubded that at'thd p “"Hefore showlng sou my Juvention letme cx: 
itheso ourter ‘AE {Word ‘outhanasla,’ but nolther of tho words in 6r businosatoattand to.‘ The patry war moetatthe : DEAT BY ELECTRICITY. that fan Mn Gray's mhilanthe ne [ent time nobody knows how tho mattor plain tho theory upon which ft Is consimucted, 
han under + 4 Ray r {question will strike tho publlo ear satisfactor- | station by Mr, Wirt, one of Mir, Edison's as; ee chy eh eee oe ‘ ire Hi Ss i \ . RuRy's ph lanthropia | really stands ‘oxcopt the exporta,’and thoy | Eleciriclty 19 n ‘form of fore Sclentie In-. 
i jily, I think a word may woll be formod from tante,'and taken in carriages to the laboras ‘Testimony is ‘now boing taken before : ads aia tt ‘i ov ‘acht of Newport, will tiOt tell. ' For tnstanco, ‘Mr. Popo, cin'! rettlgators of this mysterious and mont Important’ 
jiclectrlen! {tho Latin form of tho Greok ‘elec: ! tory, amileaway, > +, y+ ba referes in the city of ‘New York ax to And, meanwhile, the rest of tho Cantthe fat y eee 


ee alternating current man, said “that lio ro- (actor in the economy of ine Mialverse hare got no 
reatifeity, | Stee Wy°"Ttron,’ meaning ambor) and tho word ‘erodo,’. “Mr, }.Edhon: was absent, ho and bis || whether or not execution by elcetricity try ts pationtly walting to learn what Ins [5 , i further than that, We are, 1 kuow, accustomed to 
influence of : ‘condere,' monning * to kill,’ and I proposo tho chief electrician, A. Ey Kennelly, have]! in “a cruo) andsamesnal form of punish. 


; ae arded tho Wheatstone ‘bridgo ' ns por. (speak of the electric “fali* and ‘wo also tull of » 
ft rd ‘oleetricidot tent miaided in {he yinplee ney he really [fectly reliable for measuring .the- paris {the falling of ‘thanderbolts’ but thore aro sla 
wountiuné am ‘ Word ‘electricido' ag 4 suMctontly good word at * = . monte th ly wit oxunried pand truly tho best and most selentifie : 
fourrente, Cie os 3 : to poss muster with scholars aud as having’ ing. gone:: off -eaveral days-on a ‘fish on he only) witness vane 


tance of*-.innnlmate ates, not ‘Ply convenient terms for describing the direcilo i 

: A 7 thing eer re * . ‘ tofelectrichty, Tho word: 

(poima new yf” 4 Ata ; ‘fiuflidlont *siriog’ about it to‘meat.tho ponule: “8, ‘ekcurston—at toast > this. wae} thus far is Mei Hatony P, Brows, the 4 ia ms dlespateltng it eriminal son- ‘trustworthy when. applied ; to! living or or he edict of Gurren lth the feces Paling 

‘eating clear] : demi Pork tigi S40 popular. tho atatemont mado by Mr, Wirt, who laughed | oloctrician who devised the Apparatus . Odonth, . Stnisms, He. aafd that he bad made | yivatofone of the earllest theories In connection - 

id wits desout ati would bo ‘ele ran af and anit he did not quite know what kind’ of | which it {x intended to tse. Some parts iy “ experiments, the ‘result ‘of whicli proved, ith tho subject, which Wad that ‘electricity was: 

iho eubject: f i “PAERVE {S must bo ancrittesd toe Mth they wore alter, SE ‘uf Mr. Buows's tostimany lave a curl Ghat tho reaistanco.of mon‘: iyoigld. ‘differ |" actual tavgla but exe ther for 

fat ail 4 ‘TPE: IMNRE Re otoctetotde,? © Aw’ hod! bad beet" spent tn” {nspect- | oun look, For example, it ‘appears that . GZ le Jwidely at different times and uader yarying | ° iniout’ cuore and rapidity. There was’ 

} Q Rehe "YES A gonttoman ing tho: Wirard's wonders; and tho pare} Mr. Mnown iy “a warm personal friend , Salts "™ treuinstances, And also that’ thé restatango | Hameeons, ¢ rif theory, which tas. to tho 

ira ia fuste “SttEN ata te. ty: Was <{n-' tho phonograph: room when 1 “of Mr, Proatas A. Kotson's it appears ‘ Buby 13,18 + jof different peopto ‘yas far from belog the:| ettect that electrical enemy depended upon: 
r AE fe tits id in | walked © T.- D. *Kenneson,' who ts further that in Te Roisos machines a 


Save ey 
ANEW WARD MAN APPARBNTLY.* 
SOLVES THE ELECTRIC PRONLEM, 


He Pro, 


bea Thus, if a baltd ons should | the uctlon of two dl-tinet formsof the same fluld 
gers yg Spars Ades oo phame, Thus, if o balfdozen persons should | th live electricity, ‘These Quits 
amoctated:: with, Bourke -Cockran ° tn | the « continuous olactria current Is used, ot EDISON'S LATEST INVENTIO; stand up i ite anes aa ke cach other. United 
f ; care," accompanied by a - young man [whereas an alternating current is ene : . 2 me 1} they were null aud vold, but if separated, they, fo, 
{ de bo from: the ':Wodloghouse * Company, = Ati their attempts to reuntte, gave dirth to all the 
Th ty ons. Tho word’. sight of them Afr,: Brown. bocame very much 


Oy F "6 » Mr, nw customed electrical phenomena. Later (uvestl, 
As Wostinghouso's dyna. oxeited, and eqlled ‘all the reporters to witness ihe Wve te aif : ih sulehaat gg! '|Would deatvely fool it, ‘hla vlow seamed tol “ors Tee aa hala Piola bkanon 
ie pieposo producing..tbat these persons had. mutedurers iy an ‘alternating «machine * 5 ‘bo borne out festerday, whon tho roferce | Mentvestwelf lito w fora of force,’ a may, 
hits the Jol the” Westinanause type. Mr. 1 (and oth tn anmeasure, he Iustrate'by tho fation of oun 
Bourke Cockttays, who crossexamined i orate alr waves or thrills to spread {n avery direciton: 
Mr, Brows, hidinuated that the wit- bd ¢ fromthe point at which tho explosion took plane, ' 
ness had purposely chosen the West f the globe {Briefly;” then, t 


* If wo crvaty electricity we also set up theso waves 
INGHOUSE alternating ‘machine in ordor © with a couducting materia, that fs, 0° thin, [People contend 


io soit = ws 


ployed by tha Wostinghouso company. 


cee 


f 3 that- he bad no 
Public, and a 
é ponalbility for thelr presence, Mr, 
daghousiy: jolned Mr. Brown in ble denun- y ot tok | or thullls, but wo have to Suda ssedtum for the 
i 9 H eaction of the a : 4 4 erided © By., the | trnspartation of such waves, In the caso ofthe fr: 
Unghousa,! mien nacrae he ‘Wostinghoure TO that an lupression, might Unns bo fraue ag aeayve, sem liquid. conduate to 1,600. volts Mollerbagal Beciot ha items tho aie acts as tho medium but oles" 
“y be xivon to the public that tha Wrstina- eas ie coated is melted phospliorlo anbte| octet thi ‘EiT a ceimiinal, accord, | tlells ts moro or fest parileufar as by what chan. 
never beard of sich Housn Lai 0 inlly dangers d iy ough : Y,| might or might not ‘kill a crinitnal, accord. vel It travels, Hence wo use only those substances: 
4 Mr. Btloringer, OLS wnchines avo expocially dau ride, conta! fing Juat chough water to make to convoy Ste vibratlans which conduct st best, 
ous. Now, it may bo that tho alteruat-, Itron over tho glass, ace auf transparent, : as coppen tron and, Indeed, ueatly. ail tharmotal 
= Te cater de meg ance aud dacs not glyo off Its : “Lom sorry toinilictall leon you butt is nec 
“orated by ' | us wane ea Fe ore oa hi eary that Ishould do so In order that you may 
jtelephono an | thin prop eentenmial ing current is moro dendly than {he cane} Be anes the Blobe : hyo an intelligent onderstandiug of tho maohiing : 
Sof two bichn fe. 5 i Proposod Alnuous current, and that the W KBTING: | ’ whlch 1 have constructed and tha petnetptes upon: 
the wire if $ é DE { | g criminals, House machtue is Lotter adapted to tho j. whieh It ls based, ss y 
torsion of th Hea. j the. Bhilotogiate purpose in hand than, let us say, the on) NB Rae fer teeta a a nin 
5 oy i Leak 3 wm if it S 
constant Al i jWords of undoubs Emwox ,form of apparatus. Still, tho! . | Ite results and aro atiit fi tho dl 
wito by ait nay ; irofused thom all 7 | 
magnet. “The *’* } 


tual naturo,tve kunw enuugh to priduco tha force 
i AH Tf ‘Tf: [PerPetuates tho momory of tho fa { fnot, as disclosed’ by Mr. Dirows's testi-; : ence iad Blass tubo " 
' induced from}; a Vids ‘Tho analogy fails, r : ‘ F ‘ |mony, romatris that ho is “a warm por . sald to bo 0 very Bat 
= . : i a Be Bef chit | jOnly intonttonat killing ls accomplished by Tee the other day, did’ | “sonal friont of. Mr. Eprson,” and that Lo tlon fe enti 
ee ETT : teak |Builloting, eae ge fae Mx, “Deitieton said’ that be had ‘tinde ; ‘ho has pitched upon a machin mate by j 

oe Uthat bt Gea 66» 


: jthings happoned that a: 





‘ono of Mr, Entsox's rivals as tho most : 
H ort ay . that; 
i auftablo for this undesirable use, There is : proces Ik Noir this beluga, I fellows tat 
; Somotliing. horo that dom : i f, then, you take lato, Cont ration: 
{Mon “ICit should app hs ¢ i 1! aturd. of. tho nliaosphere, 
al punlshmont :of -K i f A . 

SREe 


a 


48, but all life, nay, the actlon of iuanimwate bods? 





the Moyal 
iltustrata | 
(39, 106), 8¢ 
{pointing t 
jmaguetism 
drraugenie 
thea mmole 
{dceorearo it. t 
jit it ary oft 
ecules 
larrangainet 
notiem cou 
ows tolar, 
Hoy ita pares 
Imoleculars ‘“¥- 
isearches in 
possible, thi 
lolectricity’ | 
duced ju'th 
wi ab 
For thia: % 
\mothods of 
emoditd fo 
tho inQuem 
ror cenductt 
tho inolcew 
itricify orn 
movenient | * 
ae 
op eppara 


f 
7 


ing thre 
‘Ice, 89 that i 


with Ue 
ithacarients 
H and 
Lu 
telep lion: 
tay da thesd 
lof tho corm! 
omr 1 
indivstiny 
‘but by mer 
ay ot 6 


jtelephono an | 
of two bichn [4 
tho wire if vf 
torsion of th 


theso curren 
by joining th 
«wire; in tho By 
wire to tho Pe 
ithe telephon 
es then. the x) 
foot 








iihfn: the boom of tho carth.’ Tut there: are; 
*Almes when the alr becomes surcharged with tho 
erloun fore, Then tho usual -methots,of 





n it off! 
alate that prevents Ughtaing from taking ad 


(ago. of the conducting. cord. -But {t: is auly by: 2 


necldent that thosa’ safeguanis would bo. brought 


Fellef Lecome Insuftictent and wo aye thunder f tito upe,‘as woll-kuown electrical instrumneuts telt 


9, atid fireballs and grout), Hghtiing and alts} 
‘he reat of the asvo fnaplring clvotrigal plonomesia, * 
da want to lmpress upon you isthe fact { 
at the ale is nlvynys full of clvetriclty ; that tt Is. 
eeking methods of communication , with. tha’! 
thy thal it gladly avalts [teclfof a proper cons, 
eétor aud’that the supply of tbe force ts beyond | 
hunny computa'ion, ast 
Now my Invention atm ply docs thts—It taps tha, 
timospheris electrichy, Insteal of generatlog * 
tho 'fuld’ Ly cumberrome and expensive’ m: 
‘obincry, L avail myself of that alroady tn. exlat: * 
eves, You will reatily appreefate the advantagos 
Of,the latter plan. And now lo slow you the 
ple apparatia which I uso for harnessing the 


of the approsch of thunderatarms as ity as tho” 
barometer docd of wind fompcats.”” 

“Ag:[ sald boforo, tho storago battery [a what T. 
generally use in connectinn with the balloon, but 
Alrect power fs practicable, Here, for example, is 
alittle! electric motor, .This Lox contalns an aps 
paratus for regulating the flow ofcleetriclty coming 
from tho conducting cord. ‘We will suppose that 
tho motor requires a force that shal} be reprosautod 

y thd Agured.. Now, ifthe downpourof ol 
trleity exceeds that quantity, It is by tts appara- 
tus awitehed off Into a storage battery, If,onthe 
other dang, the quautity falls below the figure, the 
apparatus calison the storage battery to make up 
tho deficency. “Hy these means an und Mog 


ightulieg.” “average ts maintained and tho motor runs 


‘hespeskerted the way toa small outhonsa | 


amoothly and reguiarly, 1 find (hat where direct 


nitracted of thick planks, tha door of which |. communteation with atmospherio’ electricity is 


* Asheavilypadiocke!, Sir, Gutpess fovited the 
Sporter toculer, the door was closed and cary 
jily barred, aud then without, further ado tho 


“* Jrontor began to exhibit and explain the uses of, 


¢ Queer looking pieces ot wood and metal which 
cre piled Ia profusion Ineo the Mitle room, 
“There aro several ways of putting a spigot {1 | 


dealred this apparatus {s absolutely. necessary.” 
"Do you get much powor tu proportion to the 
condensing surface f* see. : . 
‘A Vory great power. Thts balloon and Sls 
wi givean ates of about 150 sqnara feet. I 
have repeatedly obtatned: the cquivaleut of two 
anda halfur three borso pawee in electrical force 


he etecteical barrel," ho anid jocularly, **but thts | from that ‘surface and sometfines far more. Of 
the ono I generally use,” As ho did ro hie} course an. ideal collector. would Leona perma. 
plated, to what appeared to %o a. amall. and Su>! mently'Axed inn high postion, “Ifiny favention 


ferted sock made of tintoll, with wings hanging 
m fis upper corners. At tho top of tho sack, or 
ther the bottorn, for It stood on its mouth, were 
mia) spent-head, shaped projections Upped with } 
opper, and tho extreme point of cach wing ended i 
nw almilar object, | A ntimber of fine copper wires | 
ere fastened around ¢he lowermost part or mouth, 
fthorck aud wero bunched together so aa taf 
form a alnglo cord, 
“This,” sald the inventor, taking the offulr tn 


was used in conjunciion with tho Kiful Tower, for 
example, why half Paria could be supplted with 4 
ho nccrulng electricity! 6. os « 


Mr. Guluess then showed tho reporters a ‘number; i 


of fnventions bearing upon his hobby, an ‘autos 5 
matlo Paltoon which would descand.upon the { 
eleeleical tensfon becomlng too great, an Ingenious } 
contrivance whereby the electricity. mado hydro- 
gen for, tho balloons, arclf-reaiatering olectrometce 
the lke, He also rang bella, Hghted temps, set. 


hishand, “Asthecullectar, It {sin reality o bal-{ motors spining and did @ variety of other things 
f toon mado of gollbenter’s skin, covered with pure. by the ald of tho cloud derived force, . Taking it 
f/ fiufoil, The wings aro ro constructed that while:! all round, thoexhibition was ofan extraordinary. 
ho balloon Is ascending they Ho fat aud clots to ;nature, both as to Ils results and poslbilities 
ts stiles, but when the destred helght lias bean at-, “ ‘A ite longer and I sholigivethe results of 
patted they are released and spread out at right’: iny Iebors tothe world," was hia paring romark,” 
Angles with the gas bag, ‘Tho modua operandi ie: “and [think that tho world will agrea. with: mo” 
this: 1 {udate the balloan with puro hydrogen, ; in belleving that the Invontluns {a one of tho most: 
£48 To the copper wire, furmed by tho twisting | Imporiant of tho age," agent 
ofthe tiny copper Abresattho mouth of the bal | ir een 
Joon, Lattach o cord formed of a fny copper wire | 
Aurrounded by Insulating silk, Tho balloon thon 
jaseenda toa given helght, (ho wlogs fy out and : 
inct Ina dual manner, © Iu the ftst place they pro. 
fonts big surface to the action of the olectriclty, j 
tand, secondly, they assist the balloon In keeping j 
fatanunvarslog height by moans of thelr paras j 
ehuto principle, Tho spear paints on the wlugs of | 
he balloonare to ald in tho rapid cotlectton of | 
f he electricity, tha Muld preferting a broken + 
# {nstead of a plain surface aan moans of exit slong | 
fAconductor, But besides that tho thn (git curfacce | 
uct ‘as condensers~If I may xo uso the wont—to | 
(he fuld and gather It In tnuen larger, quantities \ 
than {f the spear poluts tad to da the work alone, ; 
Onca recefved on the balloon the electelelty fide 
Sts way via the copper Abra and atelug down to’ 
the earthy, Tput lt to such uses ar fseo ot. ! 
Of course, there arwa dozen methods of harvest. 
{ng tho electrical crop, The only requlcomen # aro; 
GQ auffictent cluvation aud a large enough surface. ; 
deweucaet lias to bo attained, as 1 find that; 
Of ale near the oc ; 
, ‘i te Orect arth fs Comparatively i 
2." Dut what arrangements ‘ 
Who electriclty so collected ‘ oe i oe ee i 
«Oh, a halfdozon of such, 
is what I uso chiefly, 
plates of metal packed 
kha power: of ‘absorbin; 


SHOCKED INTO ‘ETERNITY, 


‘Ninety-Ono Human Bolnge: Eteotrioally 


Exeoutad without Legal Process, 


N MY testimony 
this .week in the 
reference. casa of 
tho condemned 
ninrderer,; Kemm- 
ler, .ogainst the 
:Wardon of Auburao 


’ Prison, © [ : stated‘ 


“thot 1 bad posltive 
-dotails ae to niue- 
etvedie ‘human 


‘donths’ from con- 
“tact with clectrio- 


y 


of tho comp 
fatallty wlll 
selves. 


ips 
leas 
bs 


Dy 
il} 


fifty-five; andthe high te 


iat “tore! war ‘ag 

Miroults during tho - 
Daring the noxt 

ixty-sour” leatha 


} 
r 


| - Harold P.’ Brown. 
ston continuous ctrcut, me. There wera 


forty-one doaths caused by tlio grounded 
olrenita, . ‘ 


‘onrrent, 
{. Thin nin 


G 
BR 
res? Moir 
ad Fred: Whito, kill : 
States wires; ‘Ambrose ced by United 


» Richardson, Robert Mutrio:aud--Michael 


Ryan, all kilod ae krounded : w: 


iro," and 
aries Heato: 
He 8, killed by an -alt 


i AS an electrical 6 


TS en have" beon killed“ by ‘thi 


tific point of viaw m : 
Wer conclusive, aa tno sleceried rant teat 
of. the animals operated tipon avera, 
aamoos that‘of tho human boly, SS 


+| thoir dire oxtromity the allernating enrront! 


peaplo, preauming upon tho jgnorance a 
the public, claimed that, Inasntuch ae ine 
heavieat dog killod ralghed but nlnety-one| 
pounds, tho result could not bo regarded .as 
a criterion upon s human bolt y , 
‘In order to prove tho absurdity of tha 
weight theary Tareanged for furthor dem: 
nm a Tt. Eétlaon's taboratory a 
invited a commftPeerrenenn : #4 


the author of tha electrical execution Jaw, 
. A atrong and vigorous horse, weighing 
1.230 pounds, and two culves, wolghing 
reapeotively 124%¢and 115 pounds, woro 
killed by -tho niternatiug current,at 70U, 
770 and 7650 volts, se 


: Thos 


tenslon 


plotoly 
ona ni 


hone. 
0 be 


Mon make-the . ’ 
dangeronsto the gonoral public than-tho: 
i t-carrent.. The lenkago’ to ourth’ 
hart tho pressure re=, 


y conditions tho alter-: 
thave not fess than 300: 
commande by 

t fa to 


cronsa, fifty v 


‘g{each incr 


cries enou: 
Now, if. Br. 
Prossures 0 
i rent, oan be w by persons of 

sae walt witho Hroxperienclt ¥ 


| permanent inconvenience,” na stated 


manifesta; ho would dn 

ca cau 
r6 to war! 

ton cegurronte for {VS 

fatal Juz my,coxperlwen: 


Medico: 
{Society and the Hor. Ture eeg Geaat 


Jablochkof. alternating currect.” 


vd to the Kemmler ‘cng 


atthe Court of A 


4 
4 


ut 


. —_— is 


Arrival of the New Crniser’s 
Electrical Plant. 


Bhe Is to Be Finished on the First Day of. 
April~A Lengthy Trial Trip—Bomee 
thing About the Dynamos, 


Within threo’ weeks at tho Intost tha 
cruiser Charleston will bo nflont, She is: 
now within an ate of completion, awaltlng 
only the finishing touches, All hor steant- 
plpo Joints wero tried yesterday and found; 
satisfactory; hee boilers will bo teste 
early next week; the week after next sh 
goes on the dry-dock to have her hull Ine 
spected and tho blades put on tho propoller, 
When sho comes of sho will bo ready for 
her dock trial, and the Bureaus of Equip- 
ment, Construction and Hepairs will supply 
her with galley, furniture, crockery, bed. 
ding and all other artleles necessary for tho ;, 


safoty and comfort of offlcers and crow ;: 


during the trint, noy 

This will not be merely a‘trip around the ; 
harbor, nor will tpartako in avy way of Daj 
plenic, Tho trial trip of such 9 vossel ng; 
the Charleston will Inst ovor © week, and | 
tho crulser will be taken Into deopor water 
than any found within the Golden Gato. 

THE TRIAL TRIP, : 

Sho must bo taken out Into the brond Pa. 
cific, and then her speed and ‘capacity will |, 
bo tested In every conceivabio mannor, No | 
one will bo taken on board during this ofl- 
clal trial savo tha oflcers of the Govern+ 
mont and persons necessary to manago tho: 
ship. When sho scturns, howaver, unless} 
something unforescen occurs, the nowerulser: . 
will bo thrown open to tho public, and’ all« 
permitted to glut thelr curfoglty to tho full, | ; 

Undoubtedly sho wilt bo a most Intor+ | 
esting sight, as competent Judges havo ; 
already pronounced ler tho finest pleco of: 
naval architecture afloat. The Union Iron : 
Works wilt probably bo ready to turn her | 
over to tho Government by tho 1st of noxt 
month, Sd 


ELECTRIC APPANATUS. H 


A portion of tho olectric apparatus for the i 
Charleston arrived at the Union Iron, 
Works yesterday io a epeciat car from the 
Enst. It was brought out hero vin New 
Orloans and tho Sunset route, and, was; 
hurrled through on passengor time. It con<, 
sista of wire, Finetion, foxes ond lamps all 

specinl a : 
ote sige AEN ‘The ,dynamos 
hig week. ws é 
ou ynamos of tho Charieston,” said} 
ee scott inst night, “are of tho ty; 
known as compound, worn so mae F oo, 
ute 2 
ora roles Dress Thev..are driven: 











iipound-sortiowd angle : rut ona 
are to nrnieht tho grantestcoitpi bt neked og ohh 
electrical energy with tho lenst woilght- and-{! $ 
speed of any,:yet introduced in armofed |< . i 
f nies : cn Aero aah ee Ab wa ‘by {ho i ay ear. ; 4 eekineean ae 
. - ; z : pwarsh eas wae 2 ; tae ‘ 

BD bench 3 |) aay Ui ‘current Is’ aay na ita celipment=dolayedd Teanpet lepontnig merely tet | : f Ppiteatinn tn Every-Day. Dite— 
tho Royal | as : t bralded Altes, or (ha simple reason. i ore compl{cater ql mB p The Dynamo Electric Machine. 
illustrate } iM spe us M wird ne eta 4 ae 

eae F : f tho. Governtient.or.any! Kiel OC forks, except (hat in the .te] e : < 

{€, o), mera Stir! : al ‘ dd this east fio uearnosy to compl tn farted, tnensy The geri Ip dopived from opcuraulatorss, | Tueso ir rE CERT oe 

annette HBAS : ~ the “Charleston,” Ethes Foy si almply. 0 tl : : 7 4 2 

epaguetiem, ; agal ted ti nal nanmpapae oF “other, acount of th Bs ist to.sneaktng by selectrretty.: Tb tel ralleyay cattle ee any, are first ehiargeid with ‘Wo frave already seen, that if a coil of | ¢ 
i H “ vork have Jind a: -F nol ‘ 

Hlvereaeo it nL i at inwnrd clearing ‘away: the linyros-t Re of tho bus.'A wireconnects them with anelectro-| Wire moved ‘before the pole of a strong |; 

jit if the eff ° t ay: {sion that it takes inuch longer to, builds ice 

Iniolocules if" ; {in warsulp at San Frajelsco than tt dock! Yn ge ; nts off 

larcangainet : F Ht a 4 : f {relsowhere. Ifthe Charleston worgreudy Vartitia degrecs ng in the 

Inotism cou UES If ul I ad 1Mfor trial today inall respects excopt 164 ot H 

jown wolar; ie a tie ‘ Selectric plant ‘wi y : aN i eeclenco: | 
mat he "pléeirls “apnaintua wil oat in hed teat tho sound of 

vy circ apparatus” wi ‘con nt as i Poa 

‘erg foanarrow’ evening, It “wars FANN. HRetnNent ho beceling, thy —— it Tho Sormmufator consists of asmall cyli i 

hipped fs a bagenge-car, from Now Org : MAnnént. tinge er a aris of tho Ferg) ving armature, ‘ 

ead anu ts contig on iho regular Sun ¢4 : fwound around @ piece of softiron, . We Consisting of as many strips ot motal as 

t D wae i f ‘of there are coils on the armature. Every two 
POL OAC Oh oe . AS * rolled {MY Giso state that the nearer the coil of ‘opposite stripson this commutator ara con- 

Appearance \wire comes to the mognet and the stronger nected oy wire with two opposite coils on 


i i. if ; thearmstare, If ono of these colls be gen- 
ww!) Cbicbaud, bE, : klong vo. | it is very like one of the magnet and the more rapid sepoollon erating positive electricity the oppositecoll 
At, ¢, J . 


ne ne an 5 


pmodiled f 
stho influent 
cor conducti 


y of 16-candls power, lepart. ; 
pally P THE Wa'PENNy DussES : of the coll, the stronger will bé the curren Js generating negative electricity, 20 If two 
el 


men ae FA att 2 requt ; of | : i 0 f electricit: fi fat fro bi ted with th 
special esigned for tho dutics reqylrod of - . ian Y a ‘of electricity, nds of along wire be connected with tho 
tho molecu j (ethos on she decks. nud fa slig act sacs <n 49), _ ang Het ! ie tae Vice mo eae co Understanding these principles it is read-_ corresponding cotamutator strips, the cur.” 
rorceal ; ET feo ntaees do Wants Are ane eed A (A bout four inches in width, and tharo is 9 stocr- | fly geen that if an iron wheel with its cir- Fent will fom--not through the machino. 
“antin sono: CARS Ee ’ < F Watertight globas protected by wire guards, ‘|** : : , OR Apparatus a eo el ualies ? weit cumference closely ond with several: be uulhzed at a distance for power, light or 
itho Apparat es Be 3 : BEANCH LIGHTS, : . : a ted wire be caused to ree any other purpose. is amatl cylinder 

ou ready,” asked: Mr, Ward, and desers of fnmulate that tho circumference | mate up of Trips of metal insulated from : 


: " 

‘py. 67, St, 8 4 ‘ YAS regards Inrgor Inwmps,” continued.:|’ iu : 2 . 

[imoditeatior q : Mr. Seothe the Charleston will bo supplied 4)" -. ae itch vibrates “with each carresponi j ho three:of us climbod into tho. machine, passes hetween but near to thn two poles of.’ each other and from the axis {9 called the ; 
‘ With four gcarch Nghts—-two forward and JA‘Nimple Appitention of. t cllon or roputaton of the tectromaznet Lond Russell remarking, in coldly sciontificlE'strang magnet, we will have a machino ' eomeyutator, aud tho electriclly fe taken off 


‘1, Induen ‘$e , . 3 h peat: “y- A Mn q ” 4 
j : : “.ptwo alt, No cruiser now afloat, English, #! ‘OF Moun Stoned anil produces the count autho ear, As the Hf; manner, “I'tako it if wo: upsct tho ncld'in tho ble of ating electricity. . There; from it by two “brushes,” which: usually 
} Maunotic 1 French, German or Italing, hus an electele |: h neta iso. Inoves Tackwants and forwards ceumutators it is powerful enouigh to ‘consumo capable, of itt. eleciricity developed in consist of thin sheets of copper touching | 








j ie. 

“eA. 7 lighting system that will in any way come. r f AVOR . Pane aro’: t oslte ends of its dt- 
{pare ing tyater Sven ANnrOnite va y me nd reprodicesthe somnd waves wf ( all but. tho iron in tho omnibus ®—~a. pleasingjeach tarn of the wire, but ‘since there ‘ithe commutator at opp 

boy 





Sfother end of the dine tt strikes upnlnst the HT {thought to ‘take with us i tantly passing between ameter, The same results could be obtained 
Charleston, It will ba perfect of {ts kind, to bo ne tiinit tothe hrubber bulb and enused. corres soniye i wild career, Of we ‘lid 8 ina wwe urged on om iis tale pels She Gat vets ennal tothe’ by letting the brashes bear on the circum 
and will be installed with nll the cure that worsal electricity, Each Sear thoughts waves In tho water, Ths Intenslies and 4 xo of a: um of all the electricity developed in all. ference of the armiaturo itself, but as tho | 
modern selonco and skill enn gly. {Pay i fie toe ig etreistlions the sound and readers it more j 118 AND, DOS f these cofis, and may in that way U6: wires are all carefully insulated this insula: 
ppc legutdlng the delay In forwarding the (ful, inveuttvo minds open. new Held ‘auuiihto, : : i Ite considerable, Since many moro of, ‘tion would have to be removed in order | 
apparatus hore,’ .concluded Mr. Scott, A hiist, More powertitt that of led Waite this very staple arrangement In- ee coils or turns. of wire will pass de’ that the brasbes might have electrical con- s 
i yl nh Mat {tis in 9 grout monsure ue to tit, inextaustiblo tn supply, elfey’ ferdawd the howsliite distance afte leptioning, 5 ween the magnets in a given time when | tact, and this would! ane reat trouble; 
‘dence, consequontly,.and oxtra-thue was ro- the wheel moves raptlly than when It the commutator cylinder is 
-}quired in its constriction.” 

4 ‘Tho spocificatlons aud oxauilnation of all 

‘Parts of the oleetric machluery ara in 

“Charge of Lioutenant-Colonel RO Ik Bends | 

ford. of the Naval Bureau, who was apo- 

2Clally uppolnted by ox-Secrotary Wittnay | of ‘earn bas . veer tatrly jnvitiny 

‘to superviso the “electri. plint of the is ap by the: ative: « “eb thod [x 

jCharleston,« We: is represented hero hy |, eshibliton of Ste ; pllenohicnd: Hral€ to this me! o 

racouengne Grant U. é, Be dito fone f jrnactical discaséries hive’ teed of Tifo9t i 1 . ery sribed | iron th 
tap rats, ; ek Paes date: All can remember the nest in Jong as 
fen ald Brostess | Js Getog anne with trolvetion of “Iho: electric Laan : at 4 0 i ‘ice 
\ Tn asgtanclsco, Sho will bo. photic, while many persons recall tle! Hey I ‘When permanent magnets nro employed, 
-oady thls thue next year, Mi Gologeaph ssird, AB x motive. power ah ly : the mackiae iscalied a magneto machine. 

seincall application bas been made, and th. y oh We dae aera betel hows When. 


rl need er , 6p ° p { g ¥ disevicries of *Brevoort, tha Cleveland . {loging a E to call up.the exchange 
» | is ourrentay Y y “Oy npeaetdte, DOL. | invchunte, tn regard to thy genvratton of id ett the Lee show : we tut tho cane Crmmattrstbetveona thet 
: i R eens | 2 My, ‘ heal, was the Deg iuntug of dtevelopminnt: i Mity {nnd . there. to so trason : i oles of asmall permanent stecl magnet; 
ae: aul: ah . a” i that tine, Brovoort, whose rennin le eawhy It should. not): the phonogmplif. Wy Ivanlo cell wittels accompanies cetinal 
" if: 3 THE CHARLIE ey Tons wero deserted fn ‘Tite Smultactimont will be Invatuate, as it would 4 one has nothing whatever y 


Peay tne Ihlereated fs wont Haseed tiie Fant founds, scarvely nudlble forerce, 
I : 4 the louy distance (raveld, and: ther ey KR 2! ¥ iP eso: 
= Eas financial affairs eoutd not be tte Lethon out tu clear ones and, ropeat ib os forua a fot abana i Pe es Sore pasa 
but by me } totirily arradicedt ho went. tu Plitadelptitilsehen desired, . : eae an F whipped the donkey fone ca ace ety ate ovo" Ito no electricity 1s appar 
direatv of & Rape aul, according to letters recelredt fron litfyt Those practient ldvas of the Cloveland in- whipped the donkey for a moment into a gallop, [EO BO cern soe ng 
f : Os : i 1s ineeting with such suczess there that lls lyontor, coupled with the constantly. linet : and madly tried to get in our way. Tha poor {inua to fow around the rapidly revolving 
Hovention will ba In practicg uso, withln-& poravpd tell inven tine promisa to “renier’ donkey. would. lave had a bat ‘time o wheel, 
iat Erronoous Impre: le i «%} ¥oral communtcation with auy part of the! but Ar, Ward saw tho dan, 
the Fant. ia i ranted 3 f dlcountry easy ant cheap, « Bare : 
Apaper } ; io dynamd aud clectrte outit’ for vi Sept 
into rani Da ! tulser Charleston wos. reported at ki F t Y : : 2 quite e! 
{this rearon 2 #4 yeslenlay by tho rallroad pe . tively : : sit ! _ We fe Wel 
tolephiono an ‘ff q t includes a complete set of F ve 
at tio Ligh f rl inery for clectrle 1 
ho Wire v y 
torsion of th 1 





0. machin 





Ride on the Wow Dlectri : . eat Od A me . >> “Vever, isthe usual on 


i Hy * a ne of 
Tusses, '. ; w 4 to run my ‘bus, and yout can't work two hotioa alter, in apealsing 


By YORK A. wire otc: Mane it cea Ue , 
aa 3 ; chtended rie’ ng, saya. Star man, “1 i : under 6d," Before five years are out horses will | d the whee! 

these current, (PRS iy mules “Clorelanl lpctrically Propolled Umui- conto to be ured for all heavy trafic” '* pave utc to. poe it may, 8 
by jolning thet {f D “3 ithout involving, 
‘wita; inthe . : 
wiro to the pr 5 ae : 
over: ti 

fetoging it girough on : : 4 
,- fron Now Orluans, wheru, t . X rontyfi r : ; *yloylinder, .on 
Ported b the-Mor, i . I We fea og Ni Tong tudinally 








Wits 
0. t] 











ie : : en : een TA Se a LLNS 
tt darken, ming tin peel | cee ata SESQERIONL: PLANT. 
: A “aclene ee ncas. making it, in peacefis “applica:; recaivlog ‘the matter: a eithin a fow | os ie 7 ae 
Ages, philosophy amused itself: in-scien io ‘the servant? ta: his wants, ‘and in a po ann bana ent Of le ba sae A betral ities VALUABLE INVENTION, " 
than to demonstrate a wider. diffusion ‘yang ea meni at the thunder; ‘deat nom la Th pronaaee ys | fhe Manufacture of \totors.—Fitty | w; fn 148: Ki 


bolts ofJoves ° ~ ura he paper tobe used’ | - d.—A Model Bullding. {iu 
‘e'priit it had im: Dfrjoveis | e : | “By the aama’ mothod. The papor to , Hands Employed,—A Mode + ot fighting created considerable conlinent front 
nine a : erode ict ae And the red ia of cheteiety to hue wil Bove shiek tha renk poles oe era | tn 10 ees aecturinge eanpndent sends this foroten ‘paval offictale, "Tho aucneas of tho Trou: 
er abbhbaba TT y begun, < ‘ ‘ A tele : 
and contro! them for purposes of illustra: ‘ ae Be pene saconly ee * 4 ibe AOR wilt bo ie Ritaneereryewmee eri ar {+> Windsor's chief enterpriso—that fs, Windsor 
tion, Hut the most daring imaginatio: th pen add fuie at the point of sen ing, and 4 ‘proper—is tho. Eddy Electrie Manufacturing 
Ha 


: f] 
. : nd §Chy. 
F ; ; * a . my bo trans. | Tacs lant |oaKo Fs 
. 3 had not sqared so high as to.suggest the - : , $2 ‘with thin aa tho only dolay, thoy cau | Company: This company removed thelr plan aratuaes: atid HOCOUG uf the new venacia Jus 
"1 " * ’ OAS. Can, F t difticulty, every line aud ahidow: |" apn 
jpaguetiom Ra a} identity of the lightuing. of the; heavens; Inti Ge 2 ‘ mitted willigu vith b 
TANLOMO t 


“holag reproduced with oxtromo fidelity," +.” { from Hartford to Windsor Inst May, and after |eomigg will bo Mpused ta auy.otler way but by, 
heen taoler 9 i ( i : Ques, 45,1989, “Have you tested the machine?” 3 


ne " “| romodeling and, refitting for thelr better ac- electrtalty, 
; “| 0 # charm, Gr 

errors #0 ( or the excitement due to’ the frietion'of " gploar aie auctomag heen rel tag | comnatation, creulod the atop formary 
riolobulen £ APH qh electri Prat 7 : . machine is : g 

pMiolocules & Ree we Uti amber or otherelectricgenerators. Frank: PIOTURES BY TELEGRAPH. - eapdanaly tor toceo of tho daly pre Sl} ¢o presume that thls fz ono of tho model shops : 
jareangamot 1 ie ‘aR lin, : when) chis itime + for observation We Baa : : un .-Lenable our nowspapers to ic eae ~@} tn this Stato—alry, with an abundancoof Ught, 
fown tla RUA Mig : ue : and experiment: did so dare;:andahe|{* >: toe ovante in tho feaue inmediataly folowing In- | location all that can bo dosired, aud tho best of? 
iby fs beng : t Waele *  alead ofa now, waiting a day or two for tho { facilities in overy respect. ; : 


see hee | q “ iT ) . artist, You can readity understand how auch + ‘When the Eddy company ‘opened oporations 
Beat oth i cei ‘Sag “ an instrument cou rear ne puede, fn Windsor about thirty bands were employad., . 
decir city | 3 7 = ‘ aoat dally ar nightl: vary ro erin could Pins 
: : j q in {Mtn ms 
See fate different eflects of these Wifferent forty of It Will Transmit Copy in’ the | pees woul boobviated, and tho eter cag 
‘For thist « machines, ani also to describe in detail the -Handwriting ot tho a Morso trangmisslon superseded. Bosldos, an- 
smothods of :Windiugs of what are known as “coustant Author other polnt iu Ite favor, which all lect. nto 
moliied fa potential,” “constant quantity" and ora most dangerous toy, played. with trieians will approciato ja that tho Phat 
tho influent x Varible potentint and quantity" hm, atthe risk oflife, But a cluc had been ‘broader, surfaco = presented §=—s magnitlos 
‘or conducti {+ eines, bat tho limits of these articles pro- : ss And Will Reproduce Every Lino tho olectric = ratlo 90) greatly thal 
tho molecu! MWbit. found to its mysteries, and step by step and Delicate Sanding in even at 6 tlino whou ordjuary tolographio in- 
In our next Paper we will add a fow sciencé has marched onward until it has P a a stramonts sro unavailable on account of storm 
:Wotds on the present eubject and then take | . ‘ toe ‘ "| a Picture. ‘ or for othor causes, thle machino will uu! atte ' 
up the electro-mutor, | Rained a partial control, 4 . ingly alvo connection atrong enough to do tho 
ds col : eo EM, The hints given by accident to the an: MORSE OUTDONE, : 0 Menace will tho: instruments cost when com- 
ihhenw, puitle, PL, Y, cienta'that electricity was-the product of” {Copyriahted, 1889.) “ plotedy” 2% * [as att dynamo o 
: , sett A y < “ + tell yet, but thoy will be within the hich Ja’ rated. aa 
Toby 1 fetiony “generated by the rubbing of | New Yonx, Aug. i. : fick ot seare cbterprieing nowapspor H 2100 ¥ gr tno! 
amber, seems to justify Edison in his re- PUNAT would peoplo boaure”' 
‘ A ree “A. y b 
He cent assertion that allewemsiawelectricity : geay of a newspaper Tho nicturos tranamlttod Af 
1 to. human uses, illus-| jg the result of fri rene eliect of the - : 97 Peathat pnbliahed—say a 
‘.marvellously the. triumph of the rapid motion of the earth in its die |g , LSA socens pictures of tho 
aan mind Over the forces of nature. | yenal rotation, and in its course round . aoe Ea recent Bulltran-Kib 
le most subtle, the'stin; in’ the case’ of the earth, the WY AcSegt ls prizo faut, taken 


Part SAG trom tnatantaneou: 
has atmosphére' furnishing ‘the resisting and ‘| IR " Wotisiogrenus sr 
' le tO fractional agents, Perhaps mauy of the’ y . : uN 
Auman ‘progress, not: phenomena witnessed : on the heavenly. | Cae ay ea { fh 


[ vedepree ofcireumspec- Dodies i tot 
on ‘in the ‘guidance ‘and control of $0 ‘eh, Tha tne chen Dethiee | , 


; + : 
and intractable a steed. “But when 
began to be‘learned:that means could 
Conttived' to manage -him,'the ambi.’ 
ign of man was inflamed to‘achieve an- , slr iyi ly Corpora et 


and was with tho “Little Corporat through about fi 
ther ‘conquest; nnd “realize: the decree f many of hits troublos ‘Tho won, who came to rt Ch ty 





io f 


Ane 





1 
that “all things--were made suhject-to tuis country when a child, is a votoran of tho an 
: : Me ; . 
[Hho wira i thacountry, 6 . ? 

‘of ; ; ‘ p Be. too. hishly entimate:'* 
itho currents’ | OF a century, and, for such speed and mo- bes ' re 

eetricity ‘been put to the economical’ its wide diffusion and the’ inconceivable 

ut by 1.000 : ! : jwas, ‘was a profound mystery to the an-' force in nature, 

the fishy f 1 a8 t ; itti Py A ad or sholf Projected on Edfaon‘or Wostinghougs from refining agar’ 

Oe — ) Tbardin Droadaldes" may be fred from 
M 1 H . “PART ‘VLATED BY THE’ ioiegteiolty whole 
oxplalnod Me, Ginochia “Ite ‘Alled with clack. $ { easily awindted good men with ft. Elvotrl-! lsrporrast Att ae ‘i 


* war. Hohas many olectrign and othor 
fi him : * * patoute now in operation in ditforont purts of bo doutruciion on macdnng obs 
3 4 » Only, hi vithi th ago dorived from the ight 
o A genaltivo : nly, however, withiu the tast quarter by the friction of pito the value of tho eleotrlo 
itor aud et ae REE | ata |b Nie the decade, tum asdefy our methods ofcompu- | 
ory ay Bal aly 1 been ‘achieved, and the powers of tation! ‘Such Agency with its subtlety,’ ; 
uses ‘oftman, What that ‘element was,’ rapidity of its moveme: : : ner ° 
iwhat-its, origin was, what. its nature udmitted to: be the! 
Hiren. t f 0 fang 7 * —. bons . , ‘On some of 
the t-laplmnt «lente, They'hear its voice in the thun- in ite’ wildest’ fi f Suovrp tho cloctric augar refining awinitto, to fire tho - au 
deta of the orm,’ . ed worked by tho scoundret Friout, proyent A. ad yee ane ae 
RHI is THU athcnnee wWrMh clectricity, If it can bo done? Tt wnen; | ‘BLBOTRIOITY IN BAITHE. 
. MACIIEN! . tt t See 
ithatds to revolutionize Nowapaper pictorial art,” SL eS L Gretna epee cen Raseal: nid | | the conning towor by the more pressing of 
Bg: : : ‘ rATe BILITS. ast ae ‘ 
recion : work os clty fe Deeoming the great ayont,. Thera {9 | * peyopric CURRENT ON War 5 A Mawttote 
hi ! i H , the’ ‘Ite mata Bree By 8 ae, Cracked, battery. . NO Teuson to suppose that it line over beon} “Ptin’ countless dovices ‘by which eae) Re ae 
;telephono an Pe 5 


i ‘otf Call tried with sugar, Nothing ha v pplicable aboard the ao’ ars ” 
of two bichn 4 i itelthar meee Or te lettan and It will tothe prejudice of olectriel prieity bt tiwrveluna,” “remarked” a? - 
{ite wise it Q Bin uF pen. Lat (nat ‘wold, be nothe . 3 pei “Lot Edison or Wektingliouse or bot! o What with’ suena 
torsfon ol 4 t ‘i Uto-telegran! a8 boon known for . Pie ae A i i tricity, bas 
constant ficlt | ‘ i ly ton yoars,, ‘Bi thie, will carry out tho os a Bao % Sa Sis tael power for no 
wiro by eit! § jatta-telozraphilo {das to tho fulloat extont. You : is . < . 
magnet. “THE? reau write ag intich as you pleaso—thousants of ae as i 
induced from; i y we: words if you liko, as bowapapur mon and othora ¢ : 
notiam of tht: +h ‘ jfroquently have to do-aod this machino will : Chileno for 
theso curren ye 7) Chow ik up—thitis, trapemit it—ae fast ae you oi : Dattory-euns, 
dy joining th ‘ i ; i Pere f }, tho writing can bo dono on acon- on hes : lanows ¢ pire 
wires in tho Human pride ‘can make no “higher, | nied men. & score of inca aro writ. | : ‘ eh? #3 ne a iit nhip, have “hed thotr orlgin 
te tenertod ed : boastand display, no! grander richieves ; Writer contintgs ‘Alling np th BN de! “re : of naval olfloors: 
a felepliong. dd ment thaa the triumph over this. mig ty ad without fearing the roll: It ean a : ; 
see ‘f 4 nn H reas annemerys ee aco a 
EO in ; Fj teas if ; ber. clement; aubatidniy it! to ‘service ‘lke ¢ kr: Swritory ‘aud by” hits tls 
: As : benstsiof the'fietd, (4 fn}: (be d tho: Machitio?. wills bo. on, 














pexwreries Toe 













ug and, 
k J . : ig and. pattotns,4 : Dok: a fran ‘not Undersy 
New Electsio Iuniinntor-- sue" 'f ; ! ; ite sndeaceat ght ey i ppany; 0." Es { ter. (Sander 
cessful Tents, afew, roar bi Yolo to storage; = ; : in! "Upon this 
Lout one yeu ago, it will be remem: Dee, #8, i KA tock * if back upon one of the 3) Sau Fr, a 
3 *{ bored, Chancellor Ploreon madu a sudiden: Rfoxements of the age.” “Instead of belng td berfect 
i he eat falas nd hasty. visit to Enghind, When he the ‘most striking {ned Umtor ; 











‘ ; it shed. 
whig 1 ’ id = ’ Progress which the {'g posed all 

tho Royal i ( j |r tho object, of this visit was d Hl : 7m : 2 BE Waray WW. 2: Wallac Livermore fenre,- 2p ¢ 

iustr. f vulgaL Itwas toexumine the D'Ilumy: Pro; Ty Inaniated dor; ‘Wires t te a Ba by : Adc gays, under di 

(i 103) 60 i; ig stem for producing incandescent clev-. r perly me y 8 ‘spirit of Bive bim the full 






: in S) » Pal ns : euens, 
ipolating te 7 RE tric Netting, by whlet dwellings, shop - bo'Used in Supplying Pab je'and Priya dL to-bo i i jth high f the rit bas ¢ 
imaguetizm H atororote,, could nianufacture their ow : Bulldings—A ‘Dosorlption:. of,'the Pr seh wehioh, {te fa" 7 ‘ ore represents, in| 4 


















drrangeniey eletrielty aud distribute the NMeht! a z : fees ; q ¥ on ; ‘ wi a bers who have 
thes note throngtout all tha’ reoms at will ine Posed Siracture, °° fF, ©, Je i ‘ 4 i rlon eke aectiean ows ol a communicate 
lecreaso it 7s : 


jibit the oft 
jhiolocules it 
‘arrapgomer 
{noticm cou’ 
{own molar 
iby its parma, 
tmolecular n 


. eames F y : ? fc the poblic); 
“ Ground has beon brokon on Pearl ‘streot,. ne: 7 8 on city, Wo appreheud, a . 
unk Li 

, unk Myrilo ayenus, fora largo ‘buitding; by the Eats filed r ai en en Adis ON ELECTRIC PowE, 
hls “bow, ‘son Electric Muaminsting Company, of Brooklyn! n : 7 11 Epa. Recono-Unto: My attention haa 
of promlsa™ and bas constructed a plant! to contain ‘their! frat’ plant for oloctrio Uahthiz, 4 : es which appeared 
{n one of the Lack rcoms of bis bane’ tho moat oxtensivo by far of any similar plant 113 } a nce to the Bacra- 
fo ous on tlate rect ys ate: thie oF ang other cftys : * in Vs Pe ; eee ay ; eat epee piel 

subtio forces is distrilaited ina Dy ho brilding to be crootod will . on. Doar! 7 A : 4 x ¥i it ; J 
room, Night before inst he put thea] ‘As atroet 75 feet, tanning 100 feot through to an : : {WHAT THE FOLSOM WATER POWER: be es lem Hag been fully dem. 














Searches in 
tpassibte, thi 









lelecteicity. 4 (Reta Fan Te te ee rtegy : allosway in tho rear It will be basemen’ and 4 COMPANY INTENDS, af othe 
; th .) pothor np hedupleated their light with ; Lliron atarled wih, ot a win bering irene, ; . Pt 
: full exactness, proving Leyond pera | Gbruction, as it must nog marder 60 a ig ; Bi 
For this 4° Yonture that tho new esa iy pitte tire rellability In [ts aorvices, boing. continually Tho Possihities for Sacramento with 






sinothods of 
rmodiilrd fo: 
tho influent 
sor conductit 
tho tnolecul 
tricity ory 
smovemont + 
cpu perry p ; j Kons fs not 50 nueh—aot so dirty--Uot’ | rear of eithor end will riso two linmenee chimney 

2 i 89 dangerous us a erosene ofl laup Wo., 99 foot at the base and 100 foot in halght, 


Haas chavcai eet Hetste® of" tathason wile te tame Ballon il be 


v4 é i | ‘romagreatdistance. ‘ a 
CTT TEER one 3 nee SreveeR yy cre epee lat for ntout, «rhe ground floor will bo divided into two fart many -more Ighte: 
Mfr 1G J. Prate, the electrician for the!, BY 8 fire proof wall. Thd. front half will contal requiring the fins 
7 amps, coutirins the report previo twelve donblo.automatio til OPINION oF THE “ ELECTRICAL nEVIEW." 
3 peavey J. Varley ul Air. Hale Ik ‘| - tery asa source of power, All the debate || The Electrical Ieview of July 13th has, 
pL report to the company, hie say" : was conducted upon that plae,and if any || the following : : 
cogs that unt i ; 190 An ; rt fagitive oxpression concerning electrical 
f wenn Ds roach. Thess engine : ower.and iis hon-utllity was made, at an 
wibined alt tua clemanta of wiesons Lo! wt ‘ Pp a uly y 
hsh a demo ns te nak tt practivatty fect high built ona thee, that did not afirmatlvely quailfy it 
meeps omental atin tenet : a00n an: as referring to f “ie 
st unis iy Hiny battery : ] ; 
aet{cally reduced tothe one ofthe nite 3 expendi. STODAGE BATTERIEA, a¢ 
fs ackl consumed, and as it dy convened: ¢ ta This community and tho regutar readora of lla Have become a 
nth rene athe cont ft antontshingly the Recono Union fully understocd that | MUustesttc ver thie method of ely ts rapidly 
skiers, F much less than any . that was the only matter at {sgue, Mis. Heat og oie ealenslon to the Eut Clove’ f 
fy counnany has deen forined . ' conception ‘of thia fact bas led Mr, H.P, and Hleciio alive f waxopeted in Crevelasi n 
forxon, president. They tinva! Livermore of Bau’ Francisco to read this [jou Peoepect street and Euctit avenue. 
peated {foulrol m tha patent for. tha! : journal rather ‘s sharp criticism, on th ememtion, OF He ate Clevel Mine with woand 
beng mado te mit I sever peter now ty fi ¢ assumption that when electrical power a half nifautes’ hoadway, aud a'l homes will bo 
fick put In soveral argo Instul- spoken of the Intention was to pronounde.!|removed an toon as the iotor cars are cquipped 
a . i flcetrical sppltcatton as fallures, * ‘i with the Sprague motors that have becu or- 
8 scarcely necessaty to ray that this f th: 
eper has at notimo been unfriendly to ints i ai datarening fect In eo at tue elecirie 
he utilization of electricity asa motive {ears with the Paxongurs and tbe wropett * 
er, Feds pane # + (owners along the ling e" A 
Mra naneteeconmuine, | AEESERE DS lio a aed 
HM bas hailed srery pew dlecorery in-that’ Hions wero pared commeutingon the secetaiul 
rection satisfaction, an {Operation of tho Eprague electric y 4 
‘ ; ng columns and editorial expression ies kept Head tty ecint diuati a Ho says: “Tho (ieee see eactrelay 
Hau ia thesa ey ‘ abreast with the advance of electrical ‘dur te haprove the trauet facilities.» - |. [veg general proal, Andrew Plzinnl, in 2 
f dhe com 3 actence, We believe that electricity fs-in- * : of the sane 1 i ‘atlas 
Ob Sk com. led with great posslbilitt 1 WIRTH AND BATTERIES, communication of recent date to a ge 
tt | for moving Hachibery, and koow of and The Keconp-Uston takes this opportun-‘ !man an this coast, says that the Richmond 
ffs) 






t i ihe Chancel. | in oporation, and’ removing tho remotest posst. " F 
ul ine re : \ ay be Chances bility of auy Sar, or disturbanco to (he wurrounds { Electrical Powor=S}rong Letters olinsone of 
‘happy, aud t saying nich for one { Ing proporty owners. It will bo absolutely’ fire t Aniriing Kts Evonomy, . [Railway Com 
sho valways ful of the unelorderd 5 i panes rt) er aeauect ant aflor one mating £ tric syaten, 
rfhing of fe, ‘hen we state that the, wi novor shut down, he fronton Peart: streot.: . e Di 
. Peary and attention acoded for the battery: dg ofan ornamentat charactor aud will make a ! Fy Duting the discussjon of the Propriety of, ame cain 
+p Which wil thoroughly ihuoinate one's’ no improvement to that thoroughfare, At tho! ieranting to” the C t Street Railway- it 












SAT te Re oe ak eet 







































































ithoc irrents + 
oh 1 st 












ce of Underwritors, - 
$5 the Commercial Gazette, 
















KnEstonr, ' Pa, rd). a y ity to say {t has not seen any sutiiclent: frond bas been {0 operation for filtcen 
diton.coa of a } J ; ly of Plt ; Y : sane a apmicktione we Pearce il Iebaon, when sil the pene eet months, givin nee 3 Pletal would! 
wa tenbene 4 : f ; 6 i : manager of the E . fen ole tine now Y : lore; be same statement to any one, Such 
Mheotut' det if . ‘of 4 tp Wate. } Yatdiost WATEN Powen comrANy, Ry, Stattert may’ not ber aed (ngiveres rarentaeesas has this road been that a 

q sobermitt ‘ Ki § ee I i . AStateythat that corporation hua thoroughly; {mento. If appears, however, tohave been large order for an additional equipment 
——— ae ‘ 


ates investigated and sincerely beliaves fu tho | by genttemen who have been: |hay been placed with th 
a) Ansper, 7 a arranied’ to sto 2 , Of 00. : abiitty to tranguait electrleal wer by wire, aoe the ‘premises, that. no overhead? /equipped the road, 
nto rapid id if H z , : : 4104s, be says, the fotention of that company wire for the transmission of power would’ THE TOWN OF SCRANTON, PA, a 
jablo. tu pert: : . {0 prove the practicability of {t by trins-: (pe permitted in Sacramento. This isan: \ 
. ‘this reawgu @ af p n y , ; . “{mllting: electricity by wire to: Sacramento’ ‘assumpilon, we contend, as yet unwa 
mene ae , } f Mie ‘ Ly h “ ', ‘from generators “moved by the’ Folsom’ jranied, and a question ‘upon which tho 
ok tro blah Fe ‘ Dy. LJ woe water-power, when that great work Is com- 'Recond-Union bay not before expreused [t+ 
foniou of th j Uy: dd PP pleted. In that totention we, recognize’ self. and on which the people have given 
ton i or iH t ae tt ‘A a ‘ : ‘. ‘groat good promised to‘ this city, andover’ no testimony as to their wishes, If, a8 is: 
wire By } ip | tod a 8 year ayo, in an extended article, so an- shown below, score or mora of cities of 
in an -olabornto ‘illustrated equal’. Importance with Sacramento, 
idont, df ; : iption .of the . works in’ ‘progress? have permitted the overhead wire, an 
recat ate. : oltax ; Before pad inns, that found the, a stern | econanife * and, 
a : f a " A time the Reconn-Uniow has taken paina re-s lgroat): tefernble to dorsee, 
I, Presidents fa U inp: Y Hdontr{e Mere Chinriock: also of | eatedly to show <its.falth in thatachere| Sndentand, in:present Nght, why objection i 
euldent; 1 cf, 0. Pai ry ror: le: Mri he eopte. of: Sacramento. look forward: |shiould be deemed Insurmountable la Gace, 
wor, Are th Wey intereat; to ;the completion of}tramento, We ars not authorized to apealy’ 
a hat work, and lo,tho fransmisyion of elec! jbut feel confident that the present a eat Tt ited 
composet of tho fol’ Htrlolty by.wireitovibie scl be: ured in|'car conipany projected for.operatt 4 blot Lf 
ds Tot Ada yd promoting powerat turing. and | ‘electric. road ‘will adopt? any Practicabloy 
a : other purposca.sReca n+} if permoltted, whlch cau ba showa to be 
Le rc ce 7 


e company which 








foal 





the Royal 
iiaatiate i 
P. 105), se 
. ating t 
magnetian 
idrrangome) 
theag inale¢ 
decreate it 
Tibi the eff 
ndolecules i: 
ABIES AONE 
{noticn, cou 
own wolar; 
by ita paraa 
{molecular r 


duced i 


Lanothods of 
pmodiled fu. 
ithe influent 
2or ccnducti: 
stho motvew, 
qtricity orn 


ipa thro 
eee, ng that | 


{with the 
{tho curtents 

y aud sf 
jordin uy gal 
{tetophon y 
jtage ta thea 
lof the 


4 e 
“Bato rapid Te | 
jablo to pert 
pthis reasons 
jtelephono an 
af two bichn 

the wiroit yf, 
foraion of th 4:7 
constant fick 


ineoisuen ne 
by joining 
witos in the bis 


{ wiro to the 
™ tho telephonic | 
G8 thon, th 


NFARER an 1 











BEETLL ORS Sart enone oe 


seeeerine si 


‘froada were in excel ent condition and working 
can them to twenty 
slowest motton. 


‘They . 


milea an hour down to the ve 
They ve atanlule fontrol of he motors, The: 
feagth ol the cary e y -; have been recent: 
7 db ated by horses the road did not pay oper, 
wedie acy eaariod/aa high an ins Mieco’ allig expenses, bot alnce the electrical :.8 





stanly, They carricd as high aa ol 


nts 

ra up tho 20 per cent, grado ‘with 

eae, 1he motor power ia underneath a com: 

mon car, to you could seo nothing of the ma-! 
chinery, except a little cylinder about seven or. 
juchte fa diameter aud two fect high, 
iced on cach end of tho car on tho platform 
8 1180 short crank 

which makes the car a double-header. 

‘not Neara the ¢ gost of running, pot thoy told 

r O18 0 u 

ir ape euia “ ne par has sold as high: as $75, Itisnow $65 

Te 


fd and $0 usked.” At the present rato of Eicon jttchiuery, 
tal 


eight 
and worked with 


wet, 
Popregue haa 


head wires, whic 


shrough the city, 


supending the el 


any city, 
eons of St. J 
lem and aro 


ithout ver: 
erits, an 
mechanical a: 


iafled as to th 


| City road, whfet hi 
tion for some week 
that an fncreasa 
ordered, Probab} 
ment as could bye 


entitled, 


oseph aro delighted with this 
idating other roads and 

ve polling tn the Spraguc system, Iu fa 
je only thing that pleases me at all, €0 far, 


consol: 


incl 

tric roads then equipped, an wero 40 sate 
of electri 

| traction that it was adopted by the Athande 

jas now been in opera 

3 and with such ance 

of equipment bas been: 

bly as impartial a state.: 

made is the following,. 


© practicabitit 


“" ELECTRIC VEMSCA ANIMA 


Which appeared na 
number of The St 


4 


Duslnesa Is rote: 
fats throughout . 


rdly a, 
¥ electricity, 


sand upolny 


Caute of this eu 
ness in 


Penscs 


Jian by 


which wes published {i 
ago, was from Teesident We f. 
Yenport Central ‘atlway ‘Com 


lowa. Thieah 
fron 48 per. 


ows A gross Increasoin 


Cont. to 66’ per cent. 
110. Der.cent. ta: 


ed within half the 


on top, 


Patent on running the ove: 
h aro no more of An cye-s0 { 
than tho common telegraph and telephone wires 
connisting of poles about 1to 
feet apart on cach eldc of tho street, with wire 
stays running across from one pole to the other, 
ectrla wire inthe center. The 
wire belog not much larger than the common 
telegraph wire, The mainelectrio wire tubs on 
one slde of the street with feeders to tho ceuter 
at regular sntervala, Tho poles an: strong 
enough sotbat all electric, telegraph and telo- 
phone wires can be placed on the same 

making wo morc pole than fs gentrally used 


orseona erent 
gtot! 
£0 short 
Wodentood. Tho desire 
seduce the 
(o the mint. 








2 


with tho 
horses. 


a e! 

, Lhave recently seen the atatement that”-| Steubenville, O ; Seatt 
+A WEALTHY CIICAGO ayxpicaTys : 
-Has recently purchased an‘electric railway 


for the sum of $350,000-—-some 


‘they fant montha hom Be 
f uae t Seen, with elect ricit; i 
je mont sof. tho sear 


x Det 
Fygomared | 


vMaas; 8 
Vay-Hartford, Conn.;:Clocinnall; 


5 
buque, Ia.;:Lafayette, Ind.:. Laredo, 
8t.- Lonfa, <-AMfo.;. Long’. Islan, 
Wilkeabarre,. Pa.;. Manchester, 
borough,” Mass: Portland, OF 


Mata; Omaba, Neb.; 


‘dcoma, VW. 


rlaburg,. Pa; Scranton, Pa. ttamordth, 
alt Lake Clty, Utah; Sandusky, 


Y.; Boaton, | Mai 


-W, TD; Troy, N, 


Wichita,. Kan. «Ini 
some of thease places more than one road. 
ia being operated auccessfully Ly electricity, 
(hreo Uines'| and fn the case of Richmond, V: 


thera, 


the original coat of the road. When opor- | are’60 electric: cara; Pittsburg, Pa., 25 cars 


uipment hes been ‘put on, itis sant the ' cars. 
nut carninga will pay an 8 per cent. divi 
deni an an investment: of nearly $100,000, 


ly ordered for equipment; 
t. Joreph, Mo., is ateo to have! ‘about ob 
‘hus you seo that celectelelty ,iy'nin 
ell adapted 10 an extensive system as to a. 
mall ayatem, for in some cases there ara 


YE . burg, 1's. writes: :jolectric roads with one or (wa cars, “The 
BW, Entrekin, of Harry er italiway ha l following is a Iles of some of 


Our Spragne Eleetrical Street 


yy now been running about .alx months, and/: : 
‘hay been such a success, operating over a To which clectrio motors are now put, somo. 

jof them quite extenalvely: Mills, wnining 
machinery, boot .and shoe maphinery, 


distance of threa miles, that 


working wo expect fo declare a 


stock at so 


15 per cont. thuning lathes, cae 


‘purposes, meter work, 


THE ArrLications | * 


braiding machine: 


Iwaya, clreular saw: 
Neudthe firat ycarand tuextend the hill H 4 
| nen about oueand n half mites, whtels.cottee imilla, deutal work, elerators, 


{Winake a ride of over tive miles for & 
cents, I would like to know whether such 


fr 
a record cau bo beaten.” So succcesttl lave chines, sewing tuachines, woodworking 


two other roada been, that the 


ating them aré now in correspondence with 


parties oper 


toachlnes, ventilators, tramways, ete, Some 
of the testimonials from pariles who are 


me, contempliting tho purchase of a horse: using elcciric niotors ought foraver to put 


railway in this State with the 


intentlan of 


to rest all vroakers. Corporations such as 


changibg it by putting on electricity.” In ihe Pennsylvania: Ralireed Company, the 


addition to this, T will state that there is no! Chicago, Murlington.and Quincy and the, 
Pennrytvania railroad companies, the Eant 
‘oston Sugur Refinery and tho California 


{roublo-{n placing bonds In 


market upon electrical ratlway enterprises. ty 


the Eastern: 


which can show a good franchisc, and Sagar Refinery bave adopted our motors; 


where it {s the intention of adopting asys- fai the Unlied States’ Gavernment bas’ 


tem with an establishedteputation. Some | piven us an order. Mre8, W. Entrekin, of 


| iden of tho rapidity with which vlectric! 
rallyoads are : 38 ; 
GAINING FAVOR IM THE RAST 


Can be bad by.the slmple 


seven woeka recently one company recelred atin, era distance of ‘three iniles,- that’ 
ordera for about $900,000 worth ‘of work,| stock al #50 pér bas been sold as Mglras | 


which was’ mostly for steeet railways, ba: $7 ty now $65. bid and’ $80 asked. At 


- MARNISBURG, P) ent 
Writes: “Our Sprague Electric St 


fact that in} months, and haa been such a success, opers 


not entirely, an the company is engaged fn} ¢), 
present rate of working, wo expect to 
tl for. almost! declare a 15 per vent. dividend ite tlest 


ho menufacture ‘of: motors 


avery conceivable application of power, 


lng machi 


eration 


year, aud to extend the hill braoch about 


ne'to operate! one and a halt miles, which will make a 


in Colorado: 


Wi ride of over five miles for G cents, I would; 
{ like to know whether auch n record can be | 


8 past given perfect! beaten," As waa slated in my lost letter to 


case there ere two 
round ata distance 


Of this’ plant, Mr. Fri 
id Smeltin 
polar the 


articular | 


fon, They occupy bat and ¢ 


|vou, tho Prealdent of the 
osurfuce, measuring DAVENPORT CENTRAL RAILWAY comrany ! 
od Has made a report, showing @ net month) 
eneral Manager of (he Increase of from 110 to 820 
Company, 8™ told that the bonds of that company | 
machines were placed at elghty cents ‘on the doltar, | 
at ihe company wished to buy theas 


fe space, (he power {a easily controtled, back at as high as 110; another significant 


; [they can be taken up and mo 
‘lan ready lt necessary, and 


pose to w. 
with ateam or compressed alr, 


i 


cb we put then, o comparison 


cannot see why a plaut of any 


ved quickly , fact is that there fs no 


ditheulty in placiug 


fur the par. jelectrio railway bonds in the Eset if the 


rojectors have n good franchise to show. 


both as ree Tire Seattle Etectrle Railway and Power 
ards effectiveness, convenience and econ-|Company has. furt placed a bond ot $17. 


tagnitade which it fs deemod expedient to {bonds {n Boston not 


manufacture abontd not render proportion. | Villard told mein Portlan recently, that, 


joniy, fs Altogether In favor of the electrig {000 at aix per cent., and # roadin Portian 
i which we, are about to equip, placed { 


Jong ogy, Henry 


ate service.” In Eastern citfes large central {there would be no trouble {n placing bonds 


stations are every day supplyin ower to | for any good electric road io 
eleciric motors placed ny joterydle about | or any ot 


lav Francisco, 


the large citles in Calffornta 


‘these citles, to ‘operate numerous incebant. |‘Two inen, who are ‘dperaliing electile:ral 
cal davices, both large and small; and it fs ways in (he Esot, have been In“ correspond: 


to be huped that the day f 
when Californians witl a ate 
have beeu unfortunate in the bele 


r distant | eace with mein regard 
bot they ‘ a road here for the purp 
ction of aj into on electric. road, 


to the purchaac of 


ons of converting it |. 


You, can hardly } 


fow Inferior ayatems, but that the day for| pick up an electrie or street yallway paper! 
electrio transmitsston’ of power fs noe at| Without fladiog notices, from obe i a) 
dozen, of work that ia under wa: ar about) 


hand. Very reapectfalls, f 
RPI 


RUECTNIC’ROADA, 
Jo another commun! 


L. Jarxe, | to be contracted for, 


Josxeu L. Jarne, 


THE WHOLE QuastioN, *:, 


This .presenis, the wholo questlon #9 
drawn out by the lovestigatton of the Folks ; 


tn Water-power Com 


any, bo the success 
Sacramento ‘look 
Nelther 
a take any con 
-Wwotora, or what : 


of} transmitston *- 
0 Jong’as], 


emory . 
wheele, prindstones, ice-cream freezers, 
Jewelers’ work, knitting tuachines, medical 
pUDI pS, eansago mae 


reét Ratt. 
way bas been running now for abont six 


! 
per cent., and y f 


Fee are ete anette 
leted we contermpia: 

‘Famento (by electricity), and-we have the. 
‘most abandant ‘aegurances ‘that it fs per: 
sfectly: practicable -fo profitably. utilize it 
‘there, We hold thac with suck. a power; 
‘available at“ Sacramento every interest of. 
ithe city will be most benelcially pro-; 


‘moted." 


' The same gentleman 
‘ Recorp Union eo! 


_ compan 


jill be YA 
will baild 1 


“tty.” 


Ite perhaps fortunate that Mr. Liver- 
tore misnnderstood the debate here cone 
cerning the electric rafiway (storage bat- 
tery), since it bag resulted i apeciiic ex- 
pression on the part of bis company of its, 
Intention concerning motive power for: 
manufacturing and propulsion and other 
in Sacraniento, and which in- 


piirpores 


‘ formation, comlng $n this cMivial uisoner, : 
{ will augment the Snterest of Secraméentans 
in the work of tho Folsom Water-power, 


NUPACTURING POH SACRAMENTO. 
writing to. the; 
We have. deep-; 
seated conviction that when the works for, 
utlllzing the power. of Toe American river * 
‘at Folsom, now In progress under this; 
abet! bo completed, Sscramento: 
@ position to enjoy exceptional 
“ailvantages forthe we of electricity which 
ip its populatithy and prospere 


CORCLUSION, 


“Company. 2 aed bey tee 


» *y 8 Threeton Electric Motor, 


Bauzmone, Aug, Ona two-milo cire 


4 
n to Sace: 


lax track tho startlog.speed of two mile: 
spolouto was this morning maintained for abouti 
‘on miles by: tho: three-ton ‘motor of tho Elea-! 
fo-Automatio Transit Company of Baltimoro’ 
ity at thole grounds at Laurel, Md. This: 


rspood equals ‘\throo . miles 
‘straight track... DayldG. Weems, the invento 
jeonducted’ tho experiments, ‘The company’ 


tet, 


< cattl 


Oo Us 
on 


earlog: 
on fron 


ho upper bo: 


Hly.- the: yractlcabillty “of the 

Passenger-system, atid also ‘th 
satic system for. Ilght packs; 
snd newspape: 3 3 
{the otectrio railway proves to be! 
what, its Iriventor clatma for it, it will 
Fevolultonizo rallronding.” David. G. 
Weems, who Is the Inventor of the ays- 
teni; says that within w: faw years ther 
will ben double track electric raltway’ 
from’ New York to Qhicago—about 900 


‘autom: 


A traveler can then leave Chicago early 
fn the morning, lunch in New York; 
spend the afternoon in the city and be 
back In Chicago by midnight. ‘This 
ine, saya the inventor, would not cost 
‘over $12,000,000, and wonld have aca. 
pacity more than equal to all the mail 





imam which George Stephenson ox-| t 
oted to attaln, and now trains are run pi 
nm certiin roads at sixty ayd even” 
| eventy miles an hour. There {s really 
0 Imi to the speed so far ns antety is 
concerned, for'a track can be ao built as 
to bo justas safe at 200 nutes an hour 
‘ag at 10, : fe ey fi 
It is foo soon to grow enthusiastic 
‘over Mr, Weems’ inventtun, but itis 
not wite to deory it or make light of ft. 


~APhis ts the age of meoklanical marvels, 


‘and there sre Infioite possibilities in 


‘|The Speed Attained on w Ctreniar Track’that mysterious forca which we call 


electricity. It will not take long toascer- 
Kain definttely whether Mr. Weoms is.a 
ent inventor or ® mistaken man, 


per’ minuto on o 


y 
'AFromtho New York Commaccta) Advertiser.) 
{ Binco tho law requiring oxecutions of tho 
death ponatty by oloctricity Instead of hang- 
ing Went Into offect, oloctrictansand hunian: 


{tartans huvo become more und more awak- 


bout the now agent of death which thoy 
Avo Invoked in tho Intorestof taw and hus 
antty, ‘Tho olactriclans seem agrood 


nlyupon tho fact that donth can un- 
ubtedly UO causod by oloctricat stock, but 
hore isu yonoral cuntussion of igoorance as 
jo tho proper strength of current und tho 


con= Snod to tho fact of low tittle is roally known 
Ny Bo 
od, 
ip 


bearing Wi: Mechunivs Of ts application in order to ron- 
jax 


Ser Tone Bal 


Ques 5, 1994, 


RAPID TRANSIT, 


lor death 1 all casus gure and palnicss, Tio 


fnerve”cantere-and ‘vital 
current would bd absolutely 


luce ‘the dasired rasuit, 
Lexpe: 


iments befora execu: 


tie 


th, dustans and 


Anothtr lag Dovier, This Time ae 
| ~ EV Alnen, 


A new fnsention ta fire protection Is 


m Saad at 
des 


8 


| brakes by i 


tf contact with the body almose | 
vi ore would produce death. There aro, 


‘tried on tho Lohigh Valley r 


over anything else. The 
tible. hawavar.larce tha daw 


j 


r) 
' 


~. | OC tho effect on the human systent of n JU00;" 
miles—and that tratne will be Fun on | voltcurrent, It will cause death quicker than 


the road ata apeed of 200 miles an hour, ANY Other, known agency. except a sttil 


fy 


ween APSE TLE, 












"eer ET 


Fol eae TEES sees 2 rT re 





the 
mad Hie operat 


Sel . va £ Pe ty 16 alto, 1 foot apart, ‘aod’ 
electricity, ‘Thére fs no doubt: that if tho Lg oe 3 i ; an 101 lal, and Une Uppeet st 
i ; } k } stipn recently: perfected “by. MryIxnican| INE W: E. had bee ‘ o it power and: to the uso ol wicos fi "and brach HFrude, 
ie Joyat : F : LgxxITH, one of the special agents’ of tho} |: Seren. thi at ; b te 
lillustrate + 4 ‘ Ts { iReeGadrabynth Toro aa- practical 'o:- a ye ny F to a th ground in wat, 


», KUG), se >4 J : : reer rs . . o i i 
$ weit t CP AES ; ‘as ithasddne on a emalt acalo in} |’. iy. i : Every current do 


i A that,” ging 
paisguetism | eis i (ee By feet inet ives Fo ; : What of‘ 3ir. Drown's remed tho on (3 
(derangome: Pica Ges 1 aEaR : af. ' , ‘The ‘Executing . Current, ‘ : i fhe reasure to $00. volte? slee Wiroe run, Mao crectsteal Tatas | 
H ‘ F J (j : : wa KS “ n i i o a { at 402 ana) ita 


decreatg it 
it if the eff Dioce of ma-):4 


Tidloculea i: WW tet : i 89 OF tho tN 
0 of , sinh ; d 
Inetian cou i i i ne on the nchlovomerits of.tlla romarke VIE ° S OF A LOCAL ELECTRICIAN ON Ton the nerves ie” Yi , ; wire wil 
jpwewiolar, fT Hi Mg electrical tabulntor, Tho chiot cost of tho}/- °. THE NEW METHOD, |. /fratt¥.tuan the continua ; | Soptlnuous currents 
; A . i fa tho tabulation, In 1890 {t cost £9,085,-.! ious asics: 0 insulation of lis conduc ! ahen you -don’ iF 


‘molecular:  { rip rabid ee zi nee 
vardtes in BAHAY a ; Pend io 1800. (f tho same methods aro ‘om- + , ° , bah i : tnows ha 1 i], MCortalnty not, for, as eatd before, tt can 
4 toyed, the cost imny reach $3,000,000. Soon ) The enorate watartllag. ot i gulated and ‘made an’-anfé ap the contin rary ole hf} 
tor tho first day of Juno, 1600, thoro will bo in bees ' ie. ih ro ;| Uotts current, and 17! venture to predict that! /solo} 0 power 
Washington achedules designating the namo, ived by tho Telegram: {n ralation to the | iy Edison ta Cone Will adopt th altoraatiog ny 91 in tholr collar): mia 


Sra oe & SENS cH : h tensloo alternating current used for. bre, an mn! ‘ W 
‘anes tuts ] lage, sex, race, conjugal mopaiions senllaable, stPeet olectric Iighte. Av ft 1s understood ‘Irngth of tho wiroaud the damnyne ihyres Tho Chatieng ‘ete, Se ey flve-hopae, ‘ 
imodifled fo. f mis to hend of family, birthplace, birthplace ‘of that the.alleged deadly system will be fatro. 2bat thie dangerda vottmazioary ts shown b ‘|, Tho challenge referred to by Mr. Brown tn lor." $h5 
; : } 4 father, Ddirthplaco ,of moter, occupation, weg! y vy! ovor Oticen deaths and o large number of seed, bis latter of warning wae -e-followen we gor there are 


ithe influent du ., Anjurles within th i , 

‘or conducté ate. ‘whether tho person can rend or write, whether ae aE ee eee Re on ous lverlg waiy at these cuare wore not hee challenye Mr, Westisghouse to meot me in on 

‘tho inolecu! ap pe deat, dumb, blind, insano, {totic and so forth, iy Own, ew York ight cinyloyes, in every city having large tha presence of Competent electrical experts d off by any workman, A 
t) 


‘tri ( as . clectrical angineer, will bo of Interest to the | aiternating current atatlon many crippl ibe and take throteh bh dy the al UY 
‘movement i ; j of every person n tho United States, If this eople of He lt “Uf bls assertions are! Moneracan bo foun The mot set bicd pos current while J take “nour Talae scouting no. ar atte are gree 
Hint in gone} b f record of cach Inhabitant was written out {Ino iP st Ye k ft Hy ‘huey are Shove ofa eon of I'ro : uous current,’ Tus altern Kn eucront must} Motor y Uaes 
‘eho apparal 1d single tino across a strip of paper, and such ;‘ue tt concerns evoryons to keop o| whe eromnincats round’ q [have | not Tena’ * than. alternations. at 
DP. 7, 4, » 4 Mnes wgre exactly half an inch apart, It would :*tteets Mxhted ‘by electricity when the ale frit yy . r sscoml (af recommonded by the Modico~ rte 
[moditication f ‘takes strip of paper fully 500 miles long to! leged ‘death-dealing current fs, turoed on} 1, # E fut nto for lahee 
% Enfluens oy fees contain the records relating to population alono but Ut the vlowa, of .a: local electrician, wlio, wok 
Vatugnotie at Res OAH AbGhenASt coseus, : . | Was questioned to-day bya reporter, are te ¥ 
. jn tho p |: i ; ‘The amount of tallying required to accurothe :Pe Deering dnershen: ot canner ted me 4 i i tis and Gon gts 
jinduccd cu 4. FURR ‘ity [absolutely necessary results without regard to! °° patod. That there le peril la. the ty fs cf 
which inten Se Ie special Investigations is tremendous, and, of, ires.of aa ae tama hied ae i for fve seconde bas jbelting, and hen 
i age <4 is Hy ‘a! oy LJ ulate i erine ce 
{elvese currow ma: g FEES course, costly., TheHollerith method conslsts, + detalis reported from man citlee cone! valve any 1 ‘ een Fudiled by the low ont fa stork 
ite liane of a \i essentlally, in first recording tho data relating? Hf Prove, wud ‘a system that fe described na cull t nelon of alternating currents,’ : + uaby 8 60-! 
tbo juterint 12. eat tocach person by piunching holes In sheets or; Hkely to increase the danger cannot but ex. : Ba i PON Sg ed BEER ‘ yean put 
rodused u {SHA , atrips of electrically non-conducting material: cite Suprebaauion on ae Of thoes Ikely : : 4 : sr ; Y power for tho ine foot 
ivleaticity, 1 4¥ AN BRE i /Qaper), and then counting or tallying theso ane eee wt, bi oreo engine alone, 
Hndiuenes oF Ea : Mie |data ‘olther separately or in combination’ by Alleged Dungers Coming, =~ in les pt ee aol Bo ing con 
fourrente, J We Ef: means of mechanteal counters operated by athe paral {estar Of Mtr. Brown followns ° sary to xray) } : ee ‘ oP np he Inrger 
‘somo new p +t feed electro inngnets, the clroufts through which |: eae Sit— addr Ki Y i R ; ootrio, Ww: 
» ‘cali Ag ! a ar 8 nd death whiels mi GUAT Nghitag companies by t ‘ ne —_— _ ‘niles, and ry 
sure su safe limits would f 0° 7 yopmo will 


¢ 





8, OWOR, 
atlae 
lof wilkecover “(FN Reale j H . OF 4 . 7 bo no a th Moor 
jot te coll 78: (FF ATE jt Y , ! t yor Nosded Fae tee eee sod BOE, iws-uorao yuwer ia used with two 6b-borse 
geal ret f Minato |: |tho.englue must ran ike belitna tan. hare fx, Peyce bouts and ans uorso power drnaing 
fi , ‘ ‘and. nos. ch Wwasto with, atectricity. ike no OF Of} only sé-coree. power was. tued. All tho tate 
0 that P i a : ‘of An on 08 88 TOF 84! trons of the car ate controlled from. the on- 
Shr eee j i ft 1} wine-room at the stutlon, Itcan be bucked | 
[tho wire bys y ' Pi “tets oe et Ot fun forward or stopped at any givou point 
LA acneitive 1 i by ticuply, pressing buttons, Mr. Wuews bas 
iwith (hu coil tte tho hetero pateutud an electric brako to bo used on tho 
ta ‘lroom ‘and to study,the wonderful mechanism, apoctatora fralnawhiog a ag falas cad a0) Caen 
* consliterations of wconain: fret lof tho Intricate combination of piston and rod my ono uh 9 world, of 100 wiles'an hour. Un passangur tralng, 
ta tompbligiy wet furth by Afr. Woastinghou: . 7 ‘ar 4 ia Worked by electricity in this] ur ourae, an onginver will contro! wvery- 
company and others. Sincorely oure, # hid yore }@ moflvo powor I did«| tying, ‘The position of auy train, be sa! 
| atauoninad Bhows, ¢* rt hie lous parts of the] can pe duterained ut any polot on she it 
{ pad 5 tg do sorvico.: You etand’on ono of the uppor building t! inatoad of by} te expects to bave thy gonuratiow stations 
ins city omnes iigeatny er lotandant of 964 af : Mbore and look at the nolsy, whirring lathes; 2! tw and pulleys, | ‘ ‘} about one bundrad | tales apart. ry 
; @ Ke Po ‘ saneatl ere ty . i thaw 
a détles ae work, eo cnllod Mr Tb ‘(or bis oplulon of Mr. rown's clreuiars dlie : ypuoan see tho lostbor belt which connects ‘ Fovolutions aiginute, be anid; would tm 
{8nd ‘devise such a ‘inn + Peply was-thut Mr. Brown's waraluye wore ‘ ‘the latho with a wheol upon the colling: thore’ COmoricam, Balkmore, Vn train one hundred aites. Ifa rail should bo 
fh serious consideration, ax bis moe : ‘My in, elght the, shaft, which: strotchos cloar ng 188 z broken by an acoldent dr 4 wracker, tho ou 
bolp Keep the Edison syatew, on ‘ "oross the colling, and the loather band run- 13, 1069. : "atoppad. Une of the weoatcat dliticultios 


the tl.phone . ; bee 
mittrics, be | : counting vartous combinations of Inrge num- 0 wltutation was this: Eul. { double 
: Fi 4 ? i Ede . louble; bo ovorcomo was tho hoating of the jouroa! 
( fog from, the shaft down through & qe the tiotor care from thu rapid. epbode 


: ‘ BOUDIG) pe  nmrerieneteares OF 
“fi Usta, as tn consis work or in vita) atae ale being ipod Ae eee eta te tance of : calli {a the’ floor'you know goes down Into:the TRANSIT: BY: ELECTRICITY. dlectrig compauy made tho frst journute 
! : Ee tade 


“Hilstica, 1 think that Le haa aueeceded, and that 1° : vy . round a wheel of; fotind tone. they hosted 
] nt death { tating syatem, and it was Co the Interest of nglno room, and thero rins tL eetity tad had'to bo discarded Bie W 


‘peompllers of demographical data will bo glad turnating! {hat inventor to bave eomo one dfscoura; , Ing, and ‘there gots the power whichi/f. |. ol id et’ 
ito ktiow of thla system,” me at wand pros; ihe Produet of « conn oon ee Least Tatha up atatra rovolvo, | PEXPRRIMENTS ATADIE BY AIT, DAVID! thon mada somo of his own, fi 
l i oath [eef | ofa Molectrtetty ts to'bo efitted in toald tn taking }) ['*{ have rocalved the -conmutitcatton,” be. ' But itis much? more intoresting to: go, {nto 1G. WEEMS AT. LAU 
telephone an Ayr 4 bo bext census it oiight to bettone promptly, | ald, and bave read it with Much | : hor bla facté#Y,‘and standing on one of tho 
of tro bia j Poo bike Fy ae ha vay 7 Parag bat area th Femenibor i : sroer floors to look Ground. apd see machines, 
h ae : Thos zs : H ze of progress, ‘Tho fs a oe n 
; ry: i , Hon alternating: eugraBe proininoe better tee ‘bho aamo ns you aay in, tho. first building, and | °°): pa tr : |arbaniae sr 
| 








jults than the old’ methods. Noao will deny | oo them revolve and do thelr work and yot not ’ : 2 1 and wito which, bo eays 
‘Uat there fe ina davgor in 300° volls than 1a ! g 0 ablo tosoe whonoo they get thoirnowor. Oror{| | “hore ool Bunky Tract, a ero uid itm It would be. itaposeibto 
‘erfol curfent cau be : 7 “fn that cornora man with grimy face 1s boiding| + & Now One to vu, lg Broduy locomotion, AC tho bien cate rate 

«a as.to vor a lathe. {n whose faat-revatvlog arlp thors 4, + be Tuite 1 URfeyuay reached, (hroo alive a minute—coy- 
rs wt ie thu: tT in 

is o bar of fron ‘that ho fs fashioning ac 2 tat, wigela woud bg usuless, fur they would sou 


, pus Tener - q 7”. 'D: A ada - anothi 
jing toa modol beforo him, 4 place ot bor seer Divot the modo of locomo-|syatom will shortly complotoly fuvolution|zs 


fat comes down to tho iatho mest ray 9 aa jon ovbr raile: by tacane.of elootriclty, ° Hoi ra Ve eraaele io al ite nk ene irae cara 

re + 460 4 tho colling, and that plainly | 4 Oy: tg cho {nyentor of m.now syatem, nad bis wilt be Wied to carry. feel a 

sni6 etek, ts ay vam ehate company bes beda incorporated under 12O/ MT Weds isa young main Only A iLO Ove 

Hee see fi f tenn é hameof the Bloctro-Automatid Transit Com |suiety ‘youre, Ie nas boon At Wurk on b 
iuorveaain) int odes 0 pro, th at EE to th oer ea at ouuy a limon, Bic ham Gat oan fer ae be tat Vepetas 
ed the. ais oF OF by of, Bal , maa 
fan a af). | be we ; on vend: cae calliton’ dollars. act is the elmplicity and choapnass of avery th 
MERU “pnt 5 et Mee y bd oad sie a § fod about: : i i lcouuegted wien’ IL tho apparatus 





— 











von tb as i 

Secon position, incl inere-rn and injur g 
Maye number of Persons an de prodived who h ia in 

1,000.volt, shock from alternating currenta without injury, and 

pee "t : ; i hae anon then ® wiretonn Deenme insensibly and held hi hand in 

: | rs : : . ae 80 ; : : ; icone va the wires for a period of three minutes without frtal 
zi : : rey Ht. W: : « Hl i EF 
ie a DND HGRALET E vrenilta in fact, was able to go on with his work after a short {' 


fyibe practically sesured by the employment of, thes tear Other) > BS b st + We have no hesitation in charwine t1,, F ty 
ile sound signals. Article 12 of the English’ i lowed * fav an regal d ‘periments is by inthe aa ae ite these es 
ule of the road, preecr#bing tho algnals proper. for ‘\Maotorily ‘deterialat th “Wen ; * jendeavour to create in the minds of th 
snd atoam, iain active work in vessels of avery i hi to ‘hae: pated | er id ; RR a ae ithe uae of the alternating currents, Sai 
raaritime nation, By article 1 ‘every ateamabip al ¥, S2WWith  reapect to sound aliing a ‘ d signals, + to .tn th : ire to be benefited by the dias nination of lite 
hfs under sai), and not amder steam, fu to bei} s Board., of - dy dally ws ‘and onal; shed th 1 . Tneter, in their annual report, issued this fall, 
ailing ship, and'every steamship F | Sie. baa ®. ated tho syrea: iy The: Fronels sHydrographia ithe past year they cold of their continuons e 

Wwhich:{e under ateain, whether mder aail or not,i Ye “Ie ; ; ; Hydrographiques (ea tie Marlttmect Coloulale, ee “rattses ntral stations, to the extent of 14,000]; 

omaldeced a ship under afeam,".: Accord? n 1973 iment: > ‘ould at repay the trouble of .perusal,-as is Current year, ‘The Westinghouse rie Company, 
aa. 5 to the rues in activo operation, every sound i nd, wo to reo uurselves as othere see. ng, seinen month of October, alone, received orders fa 
lavrangeme! produced by steam Is characteristio’ of. a 1 ‘i t kd See eee ee Ne 2 eee : central etation use on the alturnatine current ayate 
thesa mmole: At tD alia wihip under ateam, and, speaking atrictly} } i j < : which were for use in London, where the laws with 
Ideorenso it r : Bi ling ships aro only authurived to users fog hora, . i the distribution of electricity are more 
ee ia of H Bike gel: GE: worked .by a bellows, or any auch mechsnical oo : : ne ‘ thoy ever have been in th country. 
eels E p f trivance, se s é 1885, confirm thia ‘Tho Brest i ae _ Tlectris Company began its Intzine. 
Inotism cou at = Fela the sotual state of things hawerar, fons val the palm ‘to the syren, and second p “og N ELECTRIC see on the alterna ting 
own tuolar, wey mit WA <tbipa ure horns or trumpets,” and othe tained by the steam whistle : ay : : other electric companies in th 
Phy ita pared ea tp iia: F tee vibrated by the sid of steam produeed {i ’ ens orate sleaze wh perieerd pean tha, LIGHT WIRES, icontinnous current system, 
imiolocular t ikea fre VERS i cuxiliary boiler. Sach ships commit » arave, bf over, pointed ont that ® syren costs fone tien ag od A : ilu to the Tae! 
wanible i. CRA 4 “TRGHHHTEY Holeaction of the rules, The regulations are pre-, ce the introduc] much xs an ordinary ateain whistle, and. eotinaies » 2 Mae follow rom Mr. Gvorgo Westinghouse, jun, 4 president fis of an e 
IMeetrisity'1 “tf +B: ite.. The horn, worked by» niechanical blower, Hteaiushipe, which daily disregard fls,| three times as much steam in working. * of the Wentinghousa Hlectrie Company, ippenrent recently in th 

ree! fa th AER he the only sound apparatie authorised for sailing: D ‘going vlow in-time of fog, it'has | Sea experience . the. greatoat difthalty fn BI Avie ‘ork : e rrent over any! 

Wire LEE ote. hips, This rendering of the rule is too Darrow become allogether defective and dangerous! localising a sound heard {n forny woather st ses, J have cn favoured r the city of New York and other | 
; Hor thia | alin {and not, av will be aeen, of nature fovourable to! jooding. Real Different observors on board the vamne ship bare Printed in jgoue Paper ey y one flarge plives, 
amothot q 4 the development of mochanical powers, whic! 4 . . been known to differ hae f 7 arald 1. Brown, at the 2 1 rane with} One Tinare with reference te the alternatiny syatem: It not 
ymoditicd fa {, i : ‘ ee ignale on buard steamahips are, moreover, ‘ much ae four pointe fn he alte: thieucesl 4 A ; x 4 ‘ uy ay ‘ 

. 1 . would make more effective the precausions with> Sound sign: ‘¢ i the alternating curceut, and Pb jonrnal and othe only permite the use of a current of 1x0 volte for utreet maing, 
tho iuuen 4 SEED ‘ shinilar to thoae employed at shore stations and the | thelr eatiaation of tha bearing of a ship soundiog a ‘to be iisledy the rents injuted and xte I : tes ity conversion into currents of 50 volta or Tess for 


which ships under sail alone ought to surround ateam whi. =i i 
females fn order to avoid collision, Steam fe lghlships around the oat. Some stations alo ee ‘ Near Apparatus have beew de- ‘vested interests also i 2, Ethink it due te the su ft repre. [house wiring, ‘The converters are so constructed that the primary | 


{ danger, Wall; 
d doubt % tal it ems, use loud toned bells, which only tend to add to tho jource a Ret. Wallace -Rent to axk th fy vol ae Hine ti satan 
, Acura Fapeeudinten Pomertl agent em ‘contusion already existing. For example, in the and hcker's phon 9 Monty's siti car, “tht mubject of your columns for some renurks on cot ate nyt eae thes hone 
~‘Micration, Tha prohibition of the uso of steam crowded Channel,’ it fe difficult to distinguish ; markets Thasoion. henteg best abut fo te i Et is gro mtact with the alternating current ng used? - 
ling ships for the emission of fog alynale compela, between tho suund elgnals of steamships and the} calm weather, but man ‘drcurusiae y fer LJ ; : iting woull be aware of its presence, with the: 
rm to have recoures to apparatue altogether {nei syrent of Seven Stones, Lizard, Start, and othe falsify thelr indications 0 Trntty wee? ‘ mapany s that the : i the shock would he painful, if not absolutely dane! 
ficient for attaining tho end in view. A’ wells ‘places; the horas of the Ghaunbles and the Overs j 4 1873, and he ‘United "Stator Eighth eee) Hi “yitally injured it " fy if the person were at all delicate, 
pwo sound maker, espectall amall aht tho gonga of the Nab; while on the French coast ; * 0 Peta streeesda Sf ¥ there should ber dl right in all things, and 
abit bes * 1867, mada detailed investlgaifons into the sand that the at this compiny ix perfectly justitied in deawiog the attention! 


mouth horn, which has an insignificant. ran are tho ayren at the Oasquets and the horns:of , t t 
edund, : In the French Navy, were ina foe Hovre and Point d'Ailly,  I¢ fe teu that each of ctrecetionttiy purzling behaviour of similar ntseder th y i expe of the public to the reasons why Harold 2, Brown conduets his; 
8 sonnda io times of fog, experiments with alternating currents in the manner stated at! 


rovided with mechanical blowing appara: the shore stations has ite own peculiar sound, but s . : 
Fal it fe wilt the only a of indicating a; thoy are unintelligible in the presence of ‘saveral’ proch inconvenience woutd result’ from: the . ii : ent ithe Inborntory of Mr. Edison, since, if that company cannot. 
p'a presence in thick weather, A ships sounding simultaneously In thick fog. ‘Ships ra ‘de ment of a recugnised code of fog siguals i y with the commercial jeounteract the ineoads mady inte their insinvss by the ulternatin 
Bteamsbips, on the other hand, are’ provided. have positively been led Inta dangor by this simil! ented to pravent collision s and several commie ; ee iti y TV ateention the fayatern, they must necessarily continue te oveupy an inferior place,! 
th whistles, very powerful syrens, &o; quite ‘tude of signals, Tho. substitution, of ayrone, | #458 bave reported déad agatuat it, Ta fact, some whic surednt WF 1 age nimple i} nd the protection of their vested interesta has led them to use, 
pable in favoarable circumstances to make mant reamera, and buzzere, ‘in the place of ordinary | Measure ie required to render Hlegal the use of in if | ? hiny atrike the dame: [4 correct nnd proper, any me ods that under other F 
iat the presence of the ateamors sounding thom to .ateain whistles, has made confuston worse cone | eruments of multiple tone, which caus trouble t in any onv of 100 places without producing | s would hardly be resorted to, ‘The Westinghouse 
her vouel bidder from view a and confusion to ships attributing tha different: and even when fred from a rifle must enter Company has introduced its alternating system at the present 
|| Potes to separate ships, Such sical could only: +. ne of the fow vital parts to have fatal eect, although when go ‘time into 130 central stations in this country and Canada, nll 
give information auto the course uf a slip emitting: voted it fs perfeetly easy to producytins nnevous death. ‘within the brief period of two years. hirty-six of these stations 
them, but leave her bearlog unknown. Some of ~ {method of applying ‘the current used im theee exper i nervased their plant by ordering additional apparatua from! 
‘| the’ suggested codoe would alter the senso -of| “tearefally seleeted for the Purpose of producing thy most star ing this company after having started with their initial order,and Wor 
article 19 by applying It errunco sly to the circum; : ts with the amalleat, expenditure of current, and regardless of fee Justitled in eaying that in addition to our own experience with 
atances of foggy woather, ‘This article might be. 17 huy connection between the nature of thy current and the xpecial the alternating eystem the business would not have hud this’ 
q : i y bass [:™M0re explicit, but fe only Intended to be applied dunt extraordinary weans used tow ply the current for those, enormons and rapidly increasing grqawth if there had been con-!; 
of the ait BEE ray ft whan shipe arb én’ sight of each other, Captains vexperluenta, "The parts brought under the ction of the enrrent meted with it thy dungerans Penees ely Mr. jtlarold BS 
vacant, ciret * Y nary ould “never manwurre in Rovordance with ‘were not only those inost vasily affected hy it, but were so oar Hrown and his associates ofthe Edison ‘ompany so loud ly pro-' 
jira ts faste PORTEIME 4 ‘tt iole 19-when an Approaching ehip te bidden wt fully plwed in the etreuit: as to receive a ahock such aa would be elain, Fo you aunt Anes part: eapnaclail 
acing thro F PO ay i rom view by fog or overcast weather, Sone tterly impossible if the current were applied in any ordinary or | Finally, we shall be glad to have you send an expert connected , 


dente . i y Ter . 7 ye valine per who ia disinterested and competent to! 
terproting it erroneously have been brought identat manner, In order to injurionaly affect any organ of the with ent tenttian italien, the subject of the alternating and 


iM atford him every opportunity to 


forth an injunction against , the application’ of ‘of Hee current. “‘l'o thoronghly appreeiate the eae it must be satisfy himself of the vast superiority as to safety and economy of 
Article 19, exoope when the veeael cat Lesren. ‘The . Understood that the current ia increased to a given pressure in the alternating aysten, 
«xaetly the same Proportion na thy realstance offered to ite passage 
reduced. — [t waa for this reason that a vital Part of the body 
‘ng selected (in the vxpertments at Mr. Edison's Jaboratory) that, 
could be renched by the current without traversing: any conmaders 
4 yyabla portion of the hody, and in addition to this the resist. 
f 2 AB tain ineans of doe}: wince of the contacts waa made ns low as possible 
dlrenann of 34 i t 0 noleo mada by oo tu cantalda when “8 larger surface and moistening the parts whe he electrodes 
the Clephont f 4 Ae . Florent ” i from each other by vo jwere applied. ‘The reanlt of this en fully arranged plin was 
bo Bat a) Ry abe i : en aro Ted to adoph “+ jthat a large quantity of the eurrent was wmady to pass through 
y “ fennitive portions of the brain and spinal cord, ‘Nhe same eurcent 
applied to any other portion of the body would pot lave deen 
‘Apeper Th : : h likely to produce any injurious result, and, moreover, in order to 
ato rape iE ‘ % Produce auch nu tit woukl have been necessa 
jablo to per eye ay |. ex.’ Es : : {Brently tneren: etromotive force, wo that, inte 
tha faunal s wait P : i ; /y¥olta, ws claimed in tho Case of these experiments, xe 
fot two hich " i j i wank have been nee wary to fave the same effect. ‘Phe sual: 
tho wire it » {FRE Ab t weinita of contact in dental shocks U from elec 
torsion of th P| ne a , finda ries are also d . ; protest. diy tough es Jude or dome ollie bortion au hy 
constant ficlt ‘ tata appa " the wulses which are presen ; a i y Usattes of yrentor or lesa thickness, and a i 
lt am aur directly ae ile Peeters ofan observer : auch as th ! pe eeneriene eee found that pears ’ 
nd, ¢ | th volte ean be withstood by persons of ordit 
: Mecanien cet ee re ae Be uallsed eeu. but relying upon bie experiencing any permanent. inconye ; ; 
Haan ‘ ; hy 2 thi of the sound of the ts Dating current ty lees dangerous to » from the fret that the 
het 1 es a 





melt 
‘into’ danger, Which bas led to the ince of <body itis necewsnry thata certain quantity or volume ofeurrent pata Ml . 
a oficial notica by the Board of ‘Trade setting . through it for n greater or lees Hine dependent. upon the nmount’continions cirrents, We 





by joining tl ie port, and in halla rf FH nomentary reversal of direction prevents decomposition of tissues, 

wire; in tho If, BEE 3 t ‘ ‘a series of € 4) and injury can only result from the at effects OF the shock 5, 
| wire to tho pi Q i al th Sf wherens in a continuous current t here is not only the injury from 
tho tolephon: : 1 hi it ti thu latter caneo Int a positive organie eb ge from, eb , 
08 then. tho 2] th OWA i beet taerh ae ; POSTEO organt ipa ats 


“WR 











vaiae dade ma They 


, 







TMT MARON'S INYBNTION | fa 0 as ot ibs inten 
‘Wonderfal capabilitfea may be seer 


foe 









y : 6 } setlumctenns mpaiy” ; : 
1 i l i avenue, this ety” clal , bangs wat “tok. sats cae eee 
whi Hat, : i ayinted 6: by which ‘slectelelty ean} fnoat’al 8. Tt barrens exhibition plant!‘ ' : y : ran 7 ome ‘Tramps and! 
tho Toyal ” } ; bot a energy may ibe: . t : ucabid phere 
ilustrato | ins cortain chomical : : nail Eatonae maeatle As; 
Gp, 105), 69 Bip eMect “WHT Chie Wai 
ipoiating te Likely to Huye on 
maguetism 

(Grrengemel 






rere 





is.beon partitlonad off In tho loft, wherg 





ieee 








hi ads ‘of cleciric. lamp Oxtures, connected: q i 3 sts 1 
it ea saeltt fy jet by ‘wiros outside the Hons ary wido rabgo of praotl A ¢ artifiotal i te 
ed from’ ihe ceiling. ‘Tha fonture o: a a artifl pohsewen aa 
ned ls a battery in common house. plant referred ‘to; 7 














ots, to tha number of sovonteon, 


ee A I 
A capneliy of four galtona,  Urdi ie = : Oh ) t hidiis j. Jenn 


feed, 1s tho principal thing. ‘Thta wil) teat ourrent. inj Qug.), 1888. , a without avon a te 

slually used up, by which a steady, puro, secondary cure! hirdee fe ee A, 50 aaaie. ; Ama Stil mnother was 

rei ft Tee: iow and white light ts pfoduced. Mr. Mason dir a4 2 Iv Ep ta away with the magic vory 

duced in th Wg “TB. Blaine shat bisinvention Ys success, aiid that ho Museu apepelliapr peat ‘ES souuthe will do ror than we think he f* oe Waters! b Ino. It caught 
socio } : wed Ibconatantty for tho Inat olght months, : nte,: emg Perimon fee ae Chattanooga wan le abdut to ravon act’ it gently, tossod it upside down aud hunted! . 


ae tae et . a zo clalmod over tho dynamo Ia that tho Be ‘Tupon this phenomenon, doy! % : mle tantra 1 4 
mated! i tom require no engineer or attondant, |' ‘This battery Includes tho chief feature of Mr,| 0F° D eno ised storage bat * pubelectricily to a use Hdlson bas never! [brought to the lattice window a itis Van {ora spring trap in s safety pin, felt around; 
‘yet thousht of Mr. Pennack of that 


tory convisting of plates of load immorsed In di. , :  bebind and produced a vial of pategoric and 

it Iderablo oxpense. ‘Twonty-fve | Mason's Invention, Thero are reventean stone Winkteist; ne 1 paregoric an 
aoe ‘ H 4 : hs colle pa teams ton Tighe burning f¥9 | pots just like those In which housewives keep|lato sulphuris acid and water, This from n ect. ined propasan tie WORE R cocolatan Ak 14 Hea) 7 Baers Se tan ip ta ate ‘ spoon, gavo the Imaginary paby a ower 
y coeus, i © i ‘ A 4 + et ked ry ; 
: R vomtieemattteeee aor meee me “jl plekieN. ahecapaclty of renel te four gallons saree wepipsiak wis 0 fu and when pro- the mail aul expreas earrylig ousiness., | i ejaculatid, intorrogatively, “That's the, shaking a rattlobox the while, Itwas pipe) 
saeel ae Rea at . utes auch ag aro wnod prdinarily in batteries, perly manipulated, would yield a high and steady | "He ts in Ctleazo at present, and a private! ! Trai tly japmarked tho writer, "I'd i {mprovement on the midnight parade act,! 
‘nt in eon} fs Bs) he mh Ay fences on He colution jay wii combination :©.c0tro-motive foreo, and currents of any desired “Inter from hin to hls brother at Chntta-| i anestiah eke ot ! abe and! 20; and will, no doubt; mako 4 fortuno for the! . 
tho npparal oa 2 QAdimkisen, tow, Mass. jot chutnlealn which Bre Mason wifl not nuise strength sooording to tho alxe of tho plates, On| ang sked." To mako a short story, old follow, Now, sou go outaldo, tap upon! 

St 



























































































































‘nooga, ays: “Tho carrlor will cause 8) Hong, tho writer ing: tf ‘tha: . 
brcl On the aoimhloaligns fos he lacomtucat hates) soooant, however, of tte great wolght, and the ‘Mg wenvation. It lv gchome to trans={ Hrfondahip of the cattenee oe it th8!| the door and aak for a ploce of ple,” sald the; | 
qe n ip of the cottagar, and not only ab. rit 
: apalyats will make lo for noy ‘putt the mail, telegrams aud small pnck-i [tained the desi it ai -:'ald fellow. ' Tho writer didas directed, The} 
raee : 7 : per o telegrams , | iaited the desirad drink of water, but somo! j word “pie? lind acarcely wended its melli.{ 
% POWELDING By 1: NOPRRICIT a Preparo tho plates to. rooeiye @ ohargo tages between cltles, running a small cart {delicious cnrrant wine that mado hint love? iquoua way through the doorway when there” 
” ‘ Tt Value for Ocean Steamer: i and | of any considerable magnitude, the Planté bat. (orearrler Ina tubo high lv the alr, the; | tho old man, and snperinduced a destro ‘to, vasa howl nnto that of a million wateh.: 
RTT teal : f ae ‘ Mk of the 


‘motive power belong an electeic tmotor fof | board with hint for tho rest of theday, - Th HF 
ithe car, which recelvos Sts currant fron}! {two becamo quite coufidontin}, and then it! 
jour batlery through the ralts, “L think $f | Tut Ascertained that tho old fellow wwun.a' ftonrd a near-by apple tree, Ho ene eet 
will no et fast a8 gronsed Hshtalag q ae told ae ob praee lend ie jdealy Ieesaed frov behind and wos dragged 
' f fy . way. To told tha secrot of his termit life; /! e 5 . i 
‘expect the Chicago crowd wit go witd! | 4 . " #;,ton wood-pite behind the barn, An fron’ 


: fant eaid that tho only Feast fur his 80-'! and grabbed him, asaw wns placed in his: 
J} when they see tho model rnuaing around! | questéred lifo waa a desire to benefit man. | hand, aud a current of electricity compolled! 
the room at about a mite a ininute.’*? kind “Fain destined to be, said he, con: him to say nothing but saw woad fot one! 
Nery lkuly, “Hut we must not go too; | fidentially, “a grenter man than Eilison: Wut | consecitive hone, while the old fellow sat! 
fast. Mr. Keely may have some atock ing },I don’t desiro his glory or hisemolument. I upon ‘the wood-pilo and chuckled 9 cold,! 
this now machine. have invented inaumerablu machines whieh | ohilty langh. : 
. I not only prove of inestimable value to] “There,” said the inventor, ng the writer, 
tho world, but will be more practicable than | becaine exhausted, “now you can have your} 
lila. Como with me.'* ‘The old fellow, who ple or, better still, como in and have somo! 
Wagnman of eduention and wit, notwith-| currant wino ond chicken,” aa 
standing his uncouth appearance and sure] ‘Tho invitation wns accepted, and then the: 
roundings, lod tho way ton born in the rear | writer left and started for tho station filled | 

“] of tho house, which ho called bis Inboratory. | with thoughts of tle greatness of the old! 
ALL SONTS OF UNIQUE INSTRUMENTH toon on the hill, currant wine and chi ke 

‘ Furthor Impro and machines were acattercd about, and it] ” ‘ 
. looked ay if'a blizzard hod atrack a boiler 











a net tory was not avallablo for commercial uso, 
The jproreus of eluting fos" 4 Camilla A. Faure, aftor many. experiments in 
brace thay at ana 1 not. AW ton {a thls fleld, mado the remarkable disoovery that a 
eiric Welding Cont Lyi. Professor Kittin GyAamo. dhe Ppasto of oxido of Jead mechanioally applied to 
pripson, tha Inventor of the process, Lins Aluson nayathe plates now|the plates, brought them instantly into condi: 
tied that it might Le appiied to tho mending! 


fectly steady. Afr, 
hing light which ho showed yextarda 
tie shaft of n st |e been ‘used by Blea f 1-|tion to receive a 


dogs holding a hnsking beo. Tho writer in.,. 
oluntarily started on a Dextcrous cantor, 


































Fanre's disoovory materially « 
lenoy and capacity of the bate’ 
tery, and reduced its size nid weight, om 
oat of this, he Having briefly aketched ‘ the : History of th 


8. 
ist iat the new ih at 4 jatorngo battery, wo now proceed ta filustruto the 
le it wi 



















crt wens eae of . Lael 
‘pomet) ace in} Tf... THE ELECTRIO. TR 
wot ae rors, ay f) A New invention Which 

pe , net ae rt ae Deity als 

» frit ‘ Ve o¥e ma be Bat mer, than tivo weeks, light imposible under any clroamstance, 
Wears be thutot teplentahtne oa broniae er Leto schigrn rhea shPromeat Pa 

1 f 
\Honary and locomotive power, telegraphy, mod: , 
‘foal and wurgtcal parpotes,: general labratory 4 
bg: BH, central station Ughting,. factory Hghitog, . 4 Dy "inoans of multi=| conl.tod hung in front. Tho other hand 
jand many othor purposes. ho momentum a grabbed a shovel and the machine starte 























fs a i ai 
tery plan exhibition Hteatlon: to. tho driving invent 
other 1 artted al f ts | ‘Tho storago battery plant, now on exhibition i the’ Masbines “Acawitely” board ‘uf[toward tho cellar. Ina minute it returned Heat enna i a 
ith the hod filled with coal. Then ‘t ba 9 
pines { { brak h Placed at tho: right of. tho, rior by. meang4 With the ho ed w i eattaeent nig! But 8 fo ou Pad held 
1 Inspected, farther is'e6 he: ie ine! AS Re id be fof which tho. current is operated. Tho. bats, #tasped a broom, .returne ‘ ite 
wall 


iar At 8 fe i ;Hty containg. auficlont stored: cnergy. to run {stairs, ‘Tho action was perfect, ere 
Mr Htobroy wad that the ‘ty mono Inmp got elt elt jpomne five honta. ‘Tha inventor. has.spent much | wasn't n word out of ft. “Boo it ited es 
Co, al ty ‘ 1 ay, eit, This ft f ‘ v Mime and Jabor upon thia machina and feole contl: | fire,” sald the old fellow, a8 ho pullo ‘ 

ii fi lent that ite near futuro tal! othor crank. ‘Tho machine started for the 


f to 
fone 10 nd ist ttt y a filled its tender with’ 
al 









h ho: Inctin 
telephono an t would by pos. 


of two bichr K ‘ uy Steamor shart et y I, : Kind. 
tho wiroif w eB ! Hnraeticahte, "4 pint? Proceso Bima, Bulaban fe, a. tove,a torch phot out, lenttod the thse 
torsion of th #," aie sald that tho brats Ho Ans F ? '|Mnga, and soon therowasn jolly 7 rut 
canatont flolt 7. VED ag ele Ht be " i oh E23 BRR : ‘ ithe niachine filled tho kettle, placed tt upott 
manok ‘th l bro d ie ; 4 ; [the etove, and all was in renliness for , ale 
induced from ; 4 f : ' 2 engticer Ww ; ing by Llectibeliy a : coffee, -“Ag soon ie pete ace aihy ek pited direct from te main, 
Teeurrene y mild Uroketrentis eee ‘The Weatlnghouse Etectrle Comps ef : ment oe bari worthy of consideration, ~~ 
i H ; : a {th thus could ‘ie done, ie [Ptoted the took of the now. alternating inotor ; . : Delmontco’s. Tt won't talk. baok; it 
an , vat F : ater ee tot Nuportanics anit vata ty’ yeaterday, It S8 ‘very. aatisfactory, ce ee? dn jother: roapacta. 7) ¢whon the pars : 
eal wire ta the py : F eht that the froruency of It Indicates Molency of from 10'to 20 par - won't strike for higher brane aati the 
‘the telephono; 4 ei} ale 3 Was Ovcreathouted, me ae i ‘ . lor ia full of company: if Hote: 
ga then tho 1 , 3 Xperid ica at aon tty sud had eager . bare a miasua' drossos, and It ling no cous ns... rae 
erat sbytdhet ff i Fro other machine, Btand up hero aud; ° 
ti your foot upon that foot rest. a 






In malt! 
t 



















6 dl 


(ane! 













Je Instant Seon 
rere joe ed ene 
holt theeost thie ong pinined 
motors, 

‘ Sawing 


To 


(ond FEATURES -O8.-4 


Which “Will. bo Appreclated’ by Rattread 
_-Engitieors and Econdinists, 


ona mass of genrin; NISCOVERY THAT JAS BEEN-NURSED: 
{astakon off by* bolt ‘ Seana te _, F 
A “tho electric | JOniitran ron mm pisrarcit.) 
seta work Gao “s - THLER ‘people’ bestdes 
In progress, amd boat! ig . Madame Blavatsky be. 
team was mado, 60 . work; ? Ny Iloye that tha’ gods will | 
uot permit humanity to 
mnake Uscofthe vastagen- , 
¢y of power with which 
Mr. Keeley would run hia 
* motor and the mach; 
of the world, B ye a my fth 
Owe tnt ’ t * 
a ie, tte, asking. 


os harn Q 
a tor, safor, cheapbr po 

y B Roa a 

hav eed diseoverod’ and tho. steqm-ougino 

Is destined to tako ita plage alongside tho, drod 
tudmill and tho watermillas ‘ons of Uh} ation 
putwora inventions thas norved tholr pure’: 


1 50 & 
jof machinery hi 


‘t 1 throu, 

{fii:au iron w ' quietly, mo 4 ,ourrent aud the voloc! i Noh » Piston ease, oylinder, 
ywhich inter @ Fh t {tuo li the us ts flanges, ports and legs, Fi 
{thesv currey f oh 8. 

hwoa undor {$4 3 i+ eloctricity, to be sure, ; 4 cheapo: 

itslinit of 4 ith Lj Will etrctric.ty, ; 1 

itho intermt 2 ES place, as nd iy ‘ ‘tie 

BY A os }) AS. 9 

i tt eo rely ns at inca be dates he eh 4 ers over his . An vengive was sot u 

tinflaence of |: a ‘: a Ne b ‘ to amile in at Emlenton, where ‘it 

lconstunt am 4 y' 4 k a moment ! in ‘driving the machin- 7 
curretite, ‘I { ' bs. tho atoppe 

ROMO NeW yp 


1 3, 
F brain. No feated. |“ Importa 
eating elearl sae + want 
iT will descri oe vor, tho reader may aay, inventor except to re- 1 
ae a ct LE RRLES * [tho dream of-an-Edleon or somo ottor ovorei? by pect of tho eye wholly un. pile 
. ho. thinks’ becaus: H oye to be met with on 
‘ais bard ben performod with elostrlos 5 ar 4 
0 Ki therefore all blogs anay bo and will bo ue thatcan be taken , 
wares fae SF of Bony ie i to the work, instead of haying to take tho: . 
wire is fastu r : ty, Ts fe not { i ‘ 
‘paniing thra , 4 tho rovotution of h work to the engine. , 
that ; : boy fs pi ith th b: An ordinary 10-horso power engine uses 
jtho wire by By 4 . pidity y po: Nz, ‘ 7M" oublo inches of steam pee 
tA seneitive tf Hy i } 2 5 ‘ 5 g 
wi 4 rd H nt ; revolution, aud develops the same bower. 
Mhowarenttt 4 peel ee is h : heli y heli m two revolutions that the other docs on 
‘alowy aud st : bi NaS, ing aud U ih : h one, thus making a saving of one-third fu! 
lordiuay gal & VE , that tue power has tog, t T oy ee i “may, seem ot G the quantity of steam used in the dovelop-/ 
ftelephongy ly fe q19 4 o os not doar " ‘ jaiog Ppeara that something offering ‘cyl mént of the same power, It will run with 
tage cu the much, unless it, & this always aatd ‘about -a valuable inneteroand projecting from the center of water or/ gas pressure equally as well as 
be in the line . és Hs Hayention by the people who know: every. ach parallel face the shaft -10, with top with steam, being a perfect water moto 
OF having a eas thug worth‘kaowlug, ‘This reminds ‘mo of Sreil portions “1, tho fottrnals.y Diamotrid. 
‘nickels plated ;8 kecgnt utterance ofa well-known engincer- eally through the eylnder 9 {s bored thd: 
Jathe and a : Ang journal: "Tt can’t be done’. is an. exe, Hisdrleal hole 12, in whichis the vibras | 
com plicated ‘ ay ‘ jPreaston unworthy ‘of: an euglneer: of th im piston ©, which Js shown in Sgure 3 
Reometrical . ny ‘ “Diheteonth century, * Better say, ‘not prac, reich the flanges 13 and . packing strips 14. 
¢huck to'work : 4 tlenl-§n the present atato of al¥aricement.! "| The piston and flanges are of tho. exnot 
WIth) for ‘hl @gg Tho little engine shown inthe out» is now! Jength of the diameter of tho cylinder and, 
Nfo har always . ‘muoning the moohine shop at Etnlenton. It: tho flanges aro the eame length as tha cyliny 
*Apaper } - g : (héen that ofa fon iefrhorse power enging According to on- Jie, sy HH in figure 2-are, the cyl inder, 
Yato rapid 40 oN fi rate; plain mechanie . : gluecring mathematics, but when its ploture heads, 16,Jho bosses, or bearing boxes, the: 
jablo to pere PALE ak imi very Ittlo cde : ; a ei vranl ed It ‘was arrled down 19 the phew the oane arn or brace D aro tha 
this rearon @ I; ‘thotp : ald. from. tho 2 5 2 "s and ae! - Upon the tho con! er ica of antl-friction . 
‘taste an Hi " Fady toh attatn Loge highe ibooks, his edu. : . Ja" gn, "Hele ~ oylinder,!. less: bearings tae the. bearing Ha place, ne 
of two bichr. t motors: Tt : jthon - Inches in‘ diameter, and 3: the stuffing box'and I 2 in figure 1 the c! i 
the wiro if 0 i zi rough, welghing, nll.’ told, 94 ‘valves used in the reveraiblo engine. i 
torsion of th R f hituorto untieatd-of uses, A. ‘ dt ent for its Photograph, 12% ‘pounds, a) The advantage claimed over that re uy 
constant fiol lo of; this is : ; thing the writer copld put on his shoulder engines fe that this has a” perfect ston nas 
wiro by itl UE Ye AF Lwhigh consis! 4 Y to,.be el / and carry ncrosy the atreet, A few minutes" the sleam to act agalnst, while at eras re 
magnot. "Tho ied Inoh bv 1033 | id and Mork with a wrench, and these iwachinsts | overated either on tho turbine | prine: Pie fl 
induced from } " ry u P x ‘tattered tho pleces of ‘tho ttle. glatit about ep reaction of: the steam, : or. baye drop; 
notiam of tha’ 5 y . eee ‘ rT es i ee en 
theso currentat” ig ! de Tj ‘ 2 7 5 z 


Youre Three, 


ithe floor'as thoy-aro shown in the cut. “And 7 
“anyone “having the. Teast knowledgo . off [2's 
‘ana’ engines \can > seo: ‘tho. advantage In 
Hog tho steam pushing tho piston all th 
AY; Around instead of: havin to-be cut off : 
exbelle “back df 
an 


rok 
af tc ous TY agence : 























: ‘A SECOND EDIGON, ‘atio 









oft 2 ‘ ae 5 Groat Britain’ 
a |e HoT, ta and Bovinr ots, an Eto | fi enntral generator that will! 
ae Interview. ee osha Burmeuits tho {eupply ton thousand fucanituscett jompa 





with a low speed of but two hundred revolt. 
tionn per’ minuto, It te, however, the pre 
eutintention to immediately put in opera. 
ton wemnll plaut for the furnishing off 
Power to factorios and hotols in connection! 


H 4 . Dinioulttes That Have Batied th 
i Royal J BS is Bs Heed L t Abtusf Kiectricians of the Age 





itlustrato 4 : : fath “Bast Jgmo there arrived in this country a 
(p. 105), 8¢ Raa wi! | 


inti charncteg furnishing a atriking iuatration 

ay THRO eR By te lof. the, Whe. saying of; Pythagoras, thot with ‘htenm ‘heat,and the manufacture of 

drrangemel {y} iui igh y Abily Qge ficoossity dwall noar cach other.” | jynamus for tsulntod planta: and for tho lat. 

thesarnolee °) ; fend have’ the -clectricity convoyed from: From ‘Buafigtd, Fy qiond, with but. Imited fear there area largo number of*ordora ale 

decreas it. j : and hare" S. engines to the locomotivea |; nioaus camo Mr. 97. Dorman, a young manot rondy on hand, praia : 

it af he ells 3 bene stationary & tho rails, For example, | featy thatitwasonly.with dit- | arr Tolland haa aleo,had conaldernbla ox 
are a ; by. wines two big engines botweon New | foulty that he succeeded tn inclining others | rerionoa in mechanical aud olectrtenl appl 

notion cou Be raul Pihtlodelphia, and cnough power {to tho -volief that lio possessed mmora-than | anoon, and has invented komo valuable tna.) 

ia: 4 Yor be'furnished to whisk tho limited at{] medtooro capacity. But ho balloved in him. abfuer, notnbly that of a motor in whieh can: 

} Ktjeould be if 100 mites per hour, : Self and bolleved {n tho ultimate success of | 5 Stored from twenty to thirty horse power,! 

FL: (he bats is the point I have been working | an invention he was to perfect, and was will. Is Wan {n thin way—by thuipartial con oltda, 

Hey anes to Ponvert ent directly into fing to work for a mora pittance if but given | dion of invoutlons—that Mr Dorman waa Ine! 

ata Aakers the Intervention of boll-) achanco to demonstrate tte practioabiltty. | duced to lovate luk Paul anit nesoctate him. 

electric all that. What an-enotmous | This opportunity wow tneldontally brought Isot¢ with Mr, Holland. There is no quesilon 

ty alcant a nic could be saved ff this | about through an Introduction fom Mr. fyut tint bo hav not only mado a wisu xeloo~ 

a _ oe think of putting something | Baker, of tha Economy Steam Hout and Eloc- | tion, but that hy has invented apptances 

pal LG at of that natural gas fire] and | tro Light company, to Mr, Hollaud,of tho Hol | chat will bo tho ineatia of amassing a groat 

fe ine leetrictt yout of it. It can bedpne. land &Thompaon Manufacturing company, jfortuna for himsulf, and for such others as 

ubiog ¢ fe Laieh and just now [haven Who finally offered him tha uyo of their may choose to become (nterested in tho Ine 

it ‘i mn YF am Gi the right track} but! Works to put hia theory of electro-dynamio yeotiona 
fi ia peaky problem; onethat can be work-| Power to the test, Posscesing thondventage | ye ty conceded by all that cleatrtofly is but 


of several years’ employment in tho Edison {n {ta infancy—that it {s to occupy a prom. 
dout only in time, ~| factory tn England, and conneotion with tho! iment place aiken tho manutactniag tote: 


principal systems tu Canada and the atates, he | osts of. tho country, wherever fuel adits 80: 
was enabled, within the spaco of throu weeks, miuch to the cost 8% Paul, ne the gntoway 


~~: y bi . to construct and put jn operation a machine of the Northweat, offers‘an excellunt fleld 
nh. § St. Ou thas fs not only giving abundantantlafaction, for tho development of auch an enterprise, 
: . [due tsa marvelans ¢ uy. 
f Thay 5, 4389. Pe BUNERISE TO SCIENTISTR, : 
Be The test yesterday of the Dorninn elcotro- 


hud ju connection with this there isa dia 
“oboting for an estabiiehinent for tuaking the 
- te ee 2 ‘ rep 
y nm ber RadjmittagSiganit bes Genate dynamo at the Holland & Thompson worka thoy nil Have to bo scot to Chicago or Now, 
. &tonrde O'Connor's Bill, weldje der i 























































nics of eluctrival appliances, aa at Present, 
at Bouth Bt Paul wan in avory way aatistao k, 
5 Wlectrie Light Company bie Ciefering 00 tery and of considerable Interest to overy ono. 


‘iibieot| WEL Pepe Sem Seth tot Me oot getanct, voHl Pew semchetis eee eat, Cle bral 
iuterm! ES c mittee qilnflig etuberidtet, y af 
Produced wu | O'Connor fellte den athteage Nari ue pxnibition of a number of incandascent! 4 


“ juleotiiclty, 4 dritten Selang we valficen, dod} erjob" Bierce, Vests given. Ax scon aa tha north und south Aee.H +1889, 


Hnfluence of bageqen Cin rid). O'Connor fetlte plerangPole® were conncated, thoorotioully aponke. vg bine este Se oat ity Mott : ey 
i iq 7 : Q 
A PNEUMATIC. YACHT, 
















looustuut an Ha tte ing, thero flashod a lino of beautital ghte 
" : é den Vhttrag, die BHC im 4 x ng, thero flaahod a In ae tea Hy 
fearrente, ; : t tt beralhey, Cantor petit raat ees fo bright, wo white and juro, that In coin 
livecleall FLARES) ettrag. de bejeldhinete bie Bll ate yey] Parison with artificial lighte they seemed tol 
HE will dese : AEA EMRE Cte von Speciatgeleygebung,] moms AI otter tee dayliuht, dott tho: 
feho rubjvet als 46 ihn fe borgefommen fel, der Wouverneie| MMP.”” ‘Then, what wover before has boon 











fot the coil ea 470 {MOK erviderte, dah die Bid von der KSub.| Uabtlue of the inrgo aro lighta and the in-’ 


wapr-Roxrnilon. und Mayor Chapin ent 


Bs ee ee athe peaetmetemen ey. 4g 3 , 
, pandescont lizhte nt tha samo timo and from). -/'- ° Knots an Hour, 
| Ge at atic SRS ragaman | oe 
ERY J teenie, das demolratifuye Witgtied der Stone)! ITS ADVANTAGES OVER 8 ‘i ; y : 
free, ao that Ty ; ie. miffion, die int vorigen Sabre De nied iovontione are savery), and of vital import. ‘RUN WITHOUT STEAM OR SAIL 
NA tneitlye { hi : W Hl Ader aaah Stadtvervattung Vorgenont; ance, . ‘ 
Reith tho oil 4. j bh! men, daranf hingewiefer habe, daft in ‘ 
ith oartents : q ERD LTE [ou aur gives etetteil 
lore nud at es 4 b 

fardiuary gal 

jtelephons, ti 

ita; a thes 





ee “ 


‘Tho Posolbilitios of Hectriotty asa Motor 
Are Wustratod ti-tho Trial Trips 
_ ofthe Now Vossol—A 
‘ Storngo Battory,to 
bo Used. 


ee 


EW and wondorful: 
possibilities of etoo 
_trlolty are being itus- 
g trated avery day, 
aE Street cars run by 
electrlelty are becom 





erathiung der Qil tne 
I wep au 


q power house can be located at the outekirteot 
s Re aN 4 M 1 the etty;thux obviuting thy nulanney of mmoke, 
g ft : HE bette i and the current teankmitted on twa enbtea | 
q ad) be from the contral atutlon generator of liigh 
tension, to the motors which drive the dynn- 









telephone so 
of two bichr 
the wiroit wf, 
torsion of th yy 
constant flolt F;, 
wira by eith 
jnagnol. Th 4 
induced from P 
netism of th rafted mengu 
theso currentat : Fi > plang beralhen und 
by joining th Ten 
wiro ida hole oy 
went WiTO ho pr: 
tho telephono; 


¢athon. tho tl ‘ SAE He ; ! ‘otlior. 


Ma paareare tH |) coting, 
eee 3 vi » B : BY beg 
es ; : 4 : 4 
. we se i Lae by. ty h Bub think 
n Sena i my aa He : ‘ : pallor-stoarat fe 





cenlians wae 3 2 oerde diefelbe trientals unterjeldynen, O'Gord SCOMPUAhad by ‘other rystems, wan th, Its Expected to. Make Sixteon’ 





7, 






0 


mpany. thi 
Rent, Mr. Charlos A, Denton, 
ntiact, which culls for tho mi 










tsth 
Paar. ¥ late of 


ty aH 
tl 







a 
uot eaten! 
rouen thet 
‘The motors) 


| 











really 
tor can be us 
Incandescent 
gee ae ad. and 
and; 
ght: offortie ar ‘ed'from these 
anillantit tho. 










aa 
That Kept 













ime, On, her tr 
nleed a'dynaimo 











» Occupy less than t : 
{n the storn, { ref ti 
tailroads, | 
tho tmek 
I then: 
de. 















post and thoraddor. 
ipped ona shoe or 


| 
Ed. Iamp.. Tho success of tho expori-: 
faneiely iad presages the general adoption 
by our const fishorniea'of this now mucovorys, 



















nd, by moans o: 
BO batteries and: 










Ii, Boe 
Gee 20,1990 


i Bleetelcul Typewriter, 
W. Sor of Poilndalpt: 
jaye witty a tinished ‘dynamo. 


Pre; od 
"Bheor! Meokger, 





Ata. 
Pounds he expects to drivo 
Tougl the water at the rate o! 
¥ vote an hionr, : 
Thoro In also Uilng'porfectedt at one of ¢! 
) Brooktyn dooke'n hydraulic vossel that 
expectod to go at the 
our, Conrorvailye 
Ampossivl6, but th 
smteceay 














forma that itte produced o: 

jursed for Pa Ha ernie / appears 
o Nr. Kor L 

Aha machin realy tot i ; 











wee! iro t6 tho 








fy )* Burners. fam ¥e 
BY}: . With water motera most persons are familar, | 
eUs anthoy are alno wilh gna motors, bub with the 
i Moasurement of electricity they aro not so 
hich a yu “stored a6. muah racre: millar.. 1¢ ia easy to understand how water aud * 
may. bo a = 8 ay ‘ 

pmaguetisn than’. dynamite dory= bi 
drrangeme) 
thesa mnolet 
deoreato it | 


“AE Sa 


gamer 
Doticm cou 
own twolar} 
poy its patsa 
smolecular r 
sOearches in 
pasaible, th: 
‘electricity 1 
duced in th 


}{ son company 
want them, 

cla ahs ayntomn the wires pntering ry haltding. 
‘ti r > = 46 inte the bux containing Oo meter ani! 
eh, sitter. dolng away with all tho old iek Pitoneh thie bottles tn whteh faa ring nul- 
uncertaluty and blind fighting wile jPate  aninvton in eontner pith zine 
H ado ‘all great contasts: alnce gunpow-} iplates, inaking a positive and negatlyo 
eit ¥ o ~ coutront, ‘Sho zine from the altive plate 
this : : fdér;.catno Into uso so appalling and {nest Soe inaliy an in the olectronacing ‘wie 
pinetlioda of re a ait BIST f ig? What a chango In tho conduct of| Ceety  Stauisterrod Aas chenicat action ta the 
qanodithd fo. fF. * 4 ‘ 4 v movomont} ‘seaative pilates. fore putting in the zine 

the fluent : aimee Leather oir g Le dlstinatly: Plates they, arg wel et in 
“greonducti: | bea Ee i [scent What  differones {t would mnko In| the Pimutivato tlunrgstive pate ater a betta 
ny s Y of thirty «ays, hoy aro Wwelghedt acolo, ne 
the. great -sea Oghts avon to come hotween ,consutner ia then chareed with the number of 
i d the monster now navios!’. ‘Tho work! will Im iraranics ost, For instance, the boultive 
oa ‘with plate weighs 41.015 nuttarmmnisa when put tn, 
:tho apparal miss jeten swith eagornoss for a report et tho pr ‘tho bottle or when tho consumer beging using 
ipp, 67, $1, 4 . , feeodinga® at: Ksson. “Porhaps a revolution 107 the tninps Abtheend ofa month the plato ie 


Cae we 


[moditication “fit M ard i \ - Imethods “of::warfaro, ; just. at-.this ‘critical Wwolgluait nealg and fount to wolglt 41.203 milile 
b TUPLE f Sera -" - : amma, ahowlt 20 miliarammes,* 
it Toduent (UAH ‘ 7 fiiteture fn: European dftatrs, might rosult 10). Te ete tie riser the nostri a 

| Magnotie f Partial “he adorable, prolongation of the armédé midtigrammen an hones and it fe thorefore easy. 


2 E q ront the ite jf Lo adcertasn what tho counnmer mnuat be charged 
s In tho p ; ¥ and thus. provent tho slauglitor f inno: according to the rezulac acale, : : 

ndeaed bas f ‘ Ethoysanda, i. none |: Mr. Munsgn, who has churee of the meter de- 

. ‘ BD hs ‘i ‘partment at the Edisor plant, saya that tho 

As irouw P18 } Hi :Mothod of ineasurinu hours by the Ions tn mill 

ieee ‘Rrammee bas been tested ropeatedty, and that it 


bea undor { {8 yah Bd Pee | 







possesses the virtue of absolute correct| 
Bess. ‘At tho end of the month the zine plates! 
‘10 each consumer's meser ars taken to tho meter 
j Foon and weighed immediately, Tha platen aro, 
of different sizes. Some aro for a twelver light, 
plant and rome for 200 lights, and su, on, atid) 
ara fargor In proportion to the number of Hahte, 
used, ‘Tho scales are sensitive to m Bitle 
Platinum wolght of one milligramme, aud from, 
{i that.up to 350,000 niflligeammes, ‘Tho weluhts, 
4 aro ploked up with pincers, In this climate, 
whore, in winter, thy fluid in the bottles is 
| Ukely, to freeze, a thermostat fe put in each 
motor box with w contact point connected with 
fy lamp ;nocket, In which Is recured a lain. 
Waen the femperattire in the meter fall hoiow a 
; Certain point tho thorino atrip ctrves up, brint- 
‘ Ang the two contact pulnts together, ¢ osing A 
i elrentt through the famp nud heatiug the ine: 
‘terior. Ag tho setnperatury grows litgher the 
strip atraightens anil tho tain is cut owt. 
Hack consimer has a meter, and, on shown, 
* 8 record of the hours each Iasnp fs i uno $5 kept 
by tho chemical proceas in the meter, deactilsd, 
and mutiplyius the number by the given rate 
oC fn atxteen-candie lamp per hour the amount of 
. tho Willis eanliy docertlned. ‘Tie process of, 
measuring hours of consutuption by the deposit: 
Of zing ‘Ia ailent and beautiful, and 1¢ ts oo of 
bho triumphs of current electrical aclenoe, 
iat . — 


dts limit of 











‘tho telophon| ff 
mittauce, b 
rhaostat di 
‘aloraittont 


! . 
..* A paper, 

‘Gato rnpid id oe 

jablo to pert YW 

sthis rearon a 

telephono a: 

of two biche 

tho wiro if 

forsion of th { 

constant flolé u 4 . 

wito by elt! ‘ i ‘ 
magnat, aay i ‘ 

induced from 

notiam of the; 

theso currentaf."}8 

by joining th 

wires in tho 


the telephoxo| f ‘ . . 
G8 thon tho x] ‘i ‘ 4 


aes YO Nout Coe 


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at. 






COME at 


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Menlo Park Scrapbook, Cat. 1008 


No. 7. "Electricity and Railways" 


This scrapbook covers the years 1873-1885 and contains clippings 
about electric railways, electrical devices for railways, and electricity as 
a motive power. Many of the clippings relate to Edison's electric railway 
at Menlo Park. There are 139 numbered Pages. 


Blank pages not filmed: 1-2, 115-139. 


mappe 

















ri 
i 
= 


se DIE: 


az DIR, aaa 






















: Elective l Yung’. 
Sug 28 1873" 


Railway Signals, Sami, 
Filed June 5, 1875, .-A circuit 
the passage of railway trains 
Ing-supported connedin| 
and placed. in communi. 
of a central. contag plate 
and connected to the earth 
station by the contadt of 
ubstantially in the manner 


AUIS Chreltit” Closers for 
- + New Orleans,.La, 
closing device for signallin 
‘over the track, composed o! 
plate indulated from the groun: 
cation with the line wires, and 
supported below the connedor, 
for closing the circuit with the 
conneGor, and central plate, s 
and for the purpose set forth, 


¢ eat, ‘fowss 
iy a 












nN 


<aee 





Radena 


it 


the Bristol Mecting of the British Assoct: 


Pa. 


Go. epaonly “huw-s 
Ise S797 


oS 
ea 
























rz 


ington; Manchester, La 









eon: 
the’ mode Of fixing ; 
Secondly: The use of the * 

vith the’ signal: for 

Theform and mode of warking, i 
The mode of interlocking the 
vers. ‘Fifthly, The use of the | 
ne current for working the signal, Sixthly, Aj 
powerful cledtric: bell intended to be used asa fog’ bell, 
7 sr nely.. An sranrovel moile of’ arranging the a pet 

rising out of. the pg: i y 
Heer ig the. greater facilities offered by! 











Gbelncdl Moan, ay re 


{ camprovements in electric tilégraph apparatus for train? 
| signalling and: warking the ihe on shat the, 
| block or space system, parts of thich apharatus are applié 
cable tu and for other purposes. Richard Robert Marper, 
eledtric telegraph engincer, 19, Salisbury Street, Adetphi,! 
WC,” January 28, 1875.—No. 336, Vitung or applying’ 
a guard with a sercen plate in “front of the exterior Pe the 
case, 80 as to prevent both plungery, keys, or fappers being’ 
moved or operated upon at the same time.’ Also arranging: 
the combination of a permanent Magnet with the two poles’ 
or terminals beneath or tna different plane to'the. poles ‘or, 
terminals of an ele@ro-magnet, of which one is‘on each} 
‘side and above the Permanent’ magnet, and so placing al 
compound’ armature and ‘needie ‘mounted ‘on :the same 
spindle between them that the current, on traversing the} 
eledromagnet, magnetises. the compound .and curved, 
armature, which is attraded by the one pole, and the other’ 
pole repels the other end of the same armature, whilst the 
pole of the eledro-magnet which is repelling ‘the said? 
armature is-at. the same time attraQing the needle, and: 
the reverse pote of the eledro-magnet at the saine time! 
repels it. Also in a novet arrangement of key and appa.: 
ratus, whereby the instrument is kept free from the is: 
{ turbing effects of lightning, carth-currents, tine-contadts,, 
and such like disturbing causes, by a peculiar arran; ement; 
of spring contadt-picces and insulation... And to t ¢ bell, 
gong, or relay, there is applied two springs, which ‘are! 
aded upon and: brought in metallic contact aa described. | 
By this arrangement any error is Prevented if the receiver’ 
by any accident uses both the sending and receiving por! 
tions Of the apparatus at the same time... Also an arrange. | 
ment of interlocking. gear. for reventing the signals for! 
working traffic between branch lines and the main line (ors 
vice versd), or, on single Hines of railway, to Prevent two! 
trains being taken or admitted on to one seion of the line | 
at the same time, This Je efleded by the use of a double. | 
ended lever-arm or“ yoke” fitted on the bottom: of the | 
case connected to the battery or earth. as between two or} 
more instruments, #0 an.to.insure the signala being ‘condo. | 
nant and harmonious, and ‘In no, tase Sonfidting or, con. : 























by one} 
This “ yoke" is alternately adtedt upon by o 
crower at -the plunger tappers, oF keys and eqniot ‘be 
adted upon by both of them ‘ai a a 
Aing such instruments. a 
tery and battety.cells for ‘wor ng atch Fas | 
| made by fonning the plates of verte ia vertlent capt 
ations, to ive them strudural. sta i yt coming Ineoas| 
Boekding or bulging out, and revert aele ¢ ming in cons) 
ta& with the zinc: plates. The cells a eae ving: 
1 kets on cach side at the bottont, for ing; 
amt pe quantity of mercury and the ends of the zinc! 


plates dipped thercinto. | 070 { 


at ena hyd 











, 
4 



















% 


EOL 


ve 


F) . News, 
i july 22, 3875. 


i ice-—The offices are op ry day from | 
1 Service—The offices are open every 
7 Tei ick inthe morning, and from 2 to 6 ooer 7 
the evening, ‘The offices at Lampsar and Richard-To 


Li 
10°05 fe for cach additional word. ates 
The amount received for private despatches ; 
AMOUNES1O se ve os ce ve oe oe 9:925°85 
The transmission of official despatches core ; 
responds toa sum Of .. 4s one 13,492°00 


: : + Total. ve salle oe 23,417°85 
i The total number of messages wy ited during 1873 
i was 8531. ve . + 
i The stations of Gandiole, Bette; and Wibidjem, being 
‘distant from any centre inhabited by EWvopeans, have 
jonly very few messages, : . . 
Surveillance. of the Line—This service is very trying, 
‘especially during the winter season: the torrents of rain 
iand the violent tempests overthrow the poles and break 
+the Insulators, . Notwithstanding these difficulties, only 
, three days’ interruption have tdken place during the year. 
(The materials ludkag thef poles, are carried on the 
‘backs’ of mule “aft the disarrangements are 
's, which the sandy soil will 
stone in the interior of the 
d the wgoden traverses are 
nitesf fortunately, how- 


‘only to indicate to Europeans the road to follow in going 
from Dakar to St. Lou 


—— 


' MR. C, EB, SPAGNOLETTI'S NEW’ RAILWAY 
7 ELECTRIC. SIGNAL, 


v.the adoption of Mr. Spagnoletti’s cledric signal, the 
\bour ard danger. attend ne the present syetems of sig 
/Ralling would seem to be reduced toa minimum. It com: 
ines the present system of ‘signals and block telegraph, 
and includes a locking arrangement of signals and points, 
together with a notice call todrivers on their a proachin; 
jasignal, At present the bes! m of block telegrap! 
tonly conveys a signal on a amall and delicatel: contrived 
instrument’ from one tignalman to another, who in turn 
Fepeats it by means of fixed signals to the drivers of 
traina ; but ‘the signals themrelves are worked from one 
‘ation to another by this eledteical apparatus; thus 
Fenabling drivera;’ signalmen, and other employés to at 
ronce see.the signals. transmitted from the station in 
j Advance, .and thereby preventing the possibility of any 
| Minunderatandings or ettors—=which may be occasioned 
iin their transmission, elther through negitg ence or forget. 
(fulness. ‘The advantages are—ret, Immunity from danger, 
sinconvenience, and delay, should the signal wire break on 
jaccount of frost, overtraining, or other kindred causes. 
‘and, The preverition of the present uncertaintyin thewor 
Ing of signals from contragion or expansion owing to vari: 
{tlon‘of temperature, 3rd,' Greater: protecion to life’and 
) Property from errors or forgetfulness of signalmen. 4th, 
pie cue. of placing Algnals in any patton required, 
a long and goo 
{With the present aystem, sf wanna hee tee 


| beyond a limited distance wi fet 


al cannot be worked Z 





> avery loft: 
post has often to be eredted, on’ high ground, on curve! 
and in cuttings, so that drivers may get a good view of it; {- 
such’ posts are, in heavy gales, frequently blown down, 
and should they fall: across the line, the traffic is thereb 
endangered ;.they are.also expensive, and thelr cost ‘is | 
added to by their having to be“ stayed ;" more 

lamps are at a great height and are consequently : 
venient to light... With this clerical signal, distance is 
no object, as it can be worked equally well at 100 miles 


asat too yards, therefore a shorter and less expensive } 


post answers the purpose, and is more convenient, as it 
can be placed in any position, and at any distance 
required. The signal arm can be worked either by a man 
or by a "‘ tread] in the latter case, the train itself puts 
it up and takes it down. ’ 


"In cases where these signals are placed Sy! the sight 


of the men who work them, it is arranged that the signal 
arm shall indicate to the man who work na small 
instrament fixed in his hut, its position, whether it is at 
“ danger," “all right," or in an intermediate: position. 
The patent mercurial Jamp indicator is also associate! 


with t mal, and acquaints the signalman whether }. 


the light urning or.not.. This instrument is so sensi- 
tive in ite aion, that the warm the lamp is sufli 
cient to work it; the alternate actions are far more rap 

than in those systems where the metal is made very hot by 


the dire@ a@ion of the flame, and which require a longer * 
time to cool, and consequently a longer interval to give f 


an indication whether the light in or out.” 


It can be ao arranged, with this electrical syste 
a point or switch cannot possibly be opened unle 


signal proteGing the same js put’ to “danger,” or any : 
‘atl 


er signals necessary to protect the points or switches 


to be worked are brought into adtion:: At-Jun@ions - 


where two, three, or more lines converge into one, the 


admission of a train from one line by taking down the | 
signal puts the signals controlling the trains on all the ;- 
other lines to ‘‘danger," and “treadles"* may be used at ; 


Jjun@ions, so that any train itvelf may perform this work. 


\ On the Metropolitan railways, or similar lines, signal. | 


men may be dispensed with, and "treadics” used in their 
stead; the signalmen could ‘then be otherwise eniployed, 
On such lines the modus operandi would be as follows :— 
Let A, B, and C represent: thtee stations. On a train 
leaving A it passes over a “treadle” which puts the 


signal to danger" to prote@ it, and u bell is also mung | 
at B as a signal of its approach ; on arriving at Bit there ; 


uts a signal up, takes the signal down at A, and tingsa 


ell at C, and soon throughout its Journey. On main ! 
lines of railway it is often necessary (owing to stations ; 
rm 


being far apart} to ered intermediate signal huts with the 
usual system of signals, and extra ‘men have to be 
employed. With th tem a‘ treadle” and signal for 
the up and down lines is all that is required, and the 
expense of building a hut and the employment of extra 
men is obviated. In order to check the working of auch 
intermediate signals, o bell can be tung on the passing of 
a train from the station in the tear to the station in 
advance, so that the signalman may have notice of a 
train's aproachs and when the train passes over the 
intermediate * treadle” and puts the signal up, it sends 
to the signalman at the station in advance an indication 
of its position on a re eating instrument-fixed in his hut, 
And on its arrival also shows him when the signal is 
taken down, Such -an arrangement places this inter- 
mediate signal simply in the position ofa Present distant 
signal out of sight. : Pee 
If the absolute block is worked by th 
as above atranged, either by a signalman 


“) one signal for'each line at ‘a’station will 


liewt of the present six, viz,:——The two distant, two home, 
and two starting signals, ‘The signal, when worked, requires 
no effort of strength, and for the Present expensive frameof 


eek tere 


en te substituted a miniature and Inexpensive'arrange. - 


“médaille du. Conseil et insistait énergiquement sur la mé. 
rite d'une invention rigoureusement infaillible. Les avis du 
rapporteur quoique. étayés. par des observations .dgja in- 


nombrables, n'ont ¢té suivis que particllement méme en 
Angicterre. ~ : i : 

La galvanoplastic était’ moins bien partagée. On sait 
qu'elle fut inventée ct pratiquée en France avant aétre 
transportée de lautre cdté dit détroit. Cependant le con- 
cessionnatre anglais recevait une medaille dit Conscit, 
tandis que M. Ruolz, dont les ateliers étaient deja rue de 
Bondy , n’avait en partage qu'une insdaille ordinaire, 

Tout on frisant Péloge de Pindustrie nouvelle, le rape 
porteur déclarait qu'il n’était pas pradent de se servir des 
objets galvanisés pour les usages économiques, Tt con- 
damnait,'par conséquent, l'emploi de Vorfivrerie électrique 
pour Ja fabrication des couverts. Les avis du rapporteur 
des arts chimiques étaient l'écho de préjugés aNxageres 
nvont point tardé A disparaitre, 

Le gouvernement francais avait fait de grands etforts 
pour que Ia representation de la France fat digne de ta 
nation, L’Assemblée nationale, divisée sur tant d'autres 
objets, avait été unanime pour voter les eridits quis lai 
avaient Mé demandés, Louis-Napoléon, présitentde la Ré- 
publiqne constitutionnelle, avait, au milieu de Pete, recu 
le ford-ninire’d UHotel-de- Ville et A Saint-Cloud; il avait 
donné au Champ-de-Mars une grande revue en son 


honneur, Le 24 novembee, il voulut présider a In distribu’ 


tion des récompenses dans le grand salon du-Louvre, 
Mais lencombrement fut si grand, qu'it fut impossible de 
procéder ala cérémonie, Elle fat remise a trois jours de 
distance ct eut liew au cirque des Cliamps-Elystes, 

Crest dans cette occasion que M. Wagner, horloger dis- 
tingné et un des créateurs de Phorlogerie en France, recut 
la decoration dela Légion d'honneur, 

Te coup d'Etat, qui ent lew quelques jours aprés, ne 
changea rien aux dispositions du gouvernement, qui con- 
gut Ia pensée dinaugurer le nouveat régne par un eons 
cours digne d'étre comparé & celui de Londres. 


XS o. 


DR eee scans 


APPAREILS” BLECTRIQUES 


POUN PHEVENIN Les COLLSIONS DE CHEMINS DE YER 


lionnement régulier du sitet automoteur, de MM. Lar- 
tigue, Forest ct Digney, sur les ehemins de fer du 


\ Nord, ont- pu démontrer aux plus inerédules qu'un 


interrupleur placé sur la voie peut ctre mis en 
action par un train en mouvement, ct provoquer 
des eflets électriques certains ct netlement déler- 
mings, il me paralt difftcile qu'on puisse trouver des 


. objections séricuses & application des systtmes auto- 


maliques d'avertissement imaginés, il y a défi long- 
temps, pour couvrir fa marche des trains ct éviter Jes 
tencontres, systémes. dont Ia plupart sont inflniment 
plus économiques que les électro-sémaphores, aujour- 


_ {hut employés sur beaucoup de chemins de fer. 


omme Ja plupart de ces systimes sont généraldément 
oubliés, je crois intéressant de tes rappeler ici, d’au- 


‘faut plus que lemplot des moyens électriques n'effraie 


plus autant aujourd'hui les ‘compagnies quiit y.a_une 
vinglaing d'années, Je commenceral,. en:conséquence 


row 
ystéme: qu ‘avals “imaging -mol-mémi 
qui avait préeédé: do deux ‘ans celut-‘de 

M. Bonelli... 2-0 0 aMeendeas 

Par ce systéme. des trains en mouvement: peuven 
1° dire mis en-relation télégraphique avec les, stations - 
tous les kHombtres; 2° cnregistrer A cos différentes 
stations les divers points de la voie suecessivement | 
parcourus par eux; 3° recevoir A temps des ‘avertis— 
Sements automatiques en cas d'un trop grand.rappro- 
chement, ys) Sg Rte ‘ 

Pour obtenir ces résultats, je placais devant chaque 
horne kilométrique,. et entre les deux rails, deux..con: 
Joncteurs de courant, constitués par des. barres.mé: 
talliques isolées comme le eracodile du sitflet automo: 
teur. Ces barres étaient placées & quelques :matres 
lune de autre, et deux frotteurs placés sous 1a-loco-: 
motive et qui pouvalent etre constitués par des balais 
métalliques, devaient appuyer sutecessivement: sur ces 2 
interruptenrs, mis isolément en rapport ‘par. un-f 
télégraphique avec un appareil spécial placé & chaque 
station. spat oe Wh ae as 

Cet apparcil était une sorte de compteur. kilomé 
irique, mis en action par un double mécanisme d'hor- 
logerie, ct quiavait pour fonction de faire. marche 
deux aiguities indicatrices, dont-les axes adaptés l'un: 
dans lautre, comme ceux des aiguitles d'une horlogo, 
leur faisait, parcourir sur le cadran Ie mémo ‘chemin 
circulaire. Chacun des. mécanismes d'horlogerie était 
commandé par wn électro-aimant, dont Varmatire, ~* 
élant une fois attirée, permettait au mécanisme non- ;: 
seulement de fuire avaneer aigutlle de lintervalte: ' 
dune division du cadran, mais encore, de no: lalsser’: ‘ 
se produire te renclanchement qu’aprés un Intervaile: 
de temps donné et qui étatt au moins de dix secondes, 
De cette manitre, si plusieurs fermetures de“ courant 
étaient produites & linterrupteur pendant le passage : 
du frotteur, une scule était effective, et Faction sur lo 
compleur se produisait comme si le contact odt été 
unique et parfait. Les deux armatures étaient d'ailleurs 
polarisées en sens contraire l'une de l'autre, par lac 
tion de forts aimants flxes, comme dans Ics systémes 
lélégraphiques & doubles réactions. On comprend que 
des électro-aimants, Hughes auraient encore mieu 
rempli ces diverses fonctions, mais ils n'étaient pas: 
encore imaginés en 1834. a 

Les électro-aimants des mécanismes précédents 
dlaient interposés sur le méme cirenit do ligne, et” 
trouvaient par conséquent reliés & ceux des inte 
teurs échelonnés sur la ligne qui se trouvatent touche: 
par un méme frotteur. Dans ces conditions et en’ ral 
son de Ja polarisation inverse des armatures, It: arrl- 
vait que les fermeturos de courant elfectuées par: 
frotteur ne pouvatent réaglr que suc un seul des:deu 
méeantsmnes du compteur, pour un. sens‘ dontié: di: 
courant, et pour faire fonctionner l'autre mécantsme, Al: 
fallait que ces fermetures fussent elfectiéés avec: Ie: 
courant dirigé dans. un sens contralro; * toutefols 


comme on pouyait disposer 1a pile sur les conivols,"d 


manidre & ce. qite te frotteur fit en. rappo 
pale. posilif pour les ‘convols patrs,” ¢ aveo:le 


 négalit pour: les convols impatrs 


sorte “que les:fermelures. de.courant ° 












gree icttET TORIES 








THE TELEGRAPHIC JOURNAL, [Geptember ss, 1873. 


The Tetegrapher. Vol 
Pope's Patent Repeating Ei 
the past fow years the crow 
lines of trafle in this cou 
tho Hability of tho oceurr: 
accordingly find that the at 
largely dirceted towards 4 
and signatling apparatus, 
the case in En: 
crowded with a much heavier 
this couniry ; and tho necesal 
is correspondingl: 
ignal, consisting 
n Upright post, which aro 
moved into a horizontal position to iud 
or f vertical position to indicate « 
largely employed upon the | 
apparatus ts often worke 
by means of a wire or 
at tho signalinan's hox, 
the distanco through whicl 
iu this manner 
fut oven the 
» often experienced in winter from 
anow and fco upon the cables and 
distance throngh which it is desir 
phora exceeds the abovy limit, 
apparatus is cruptoyed in conju 
instruments are themselves cons 

tu mniniaturo semaphore, 
vignalman'a box at tho m 
at the poiut from which the latter 

Inetroments are 
a telegraph wire, 
bis cnee inumaterial 
Hguul, for exanplo, 
exhibited at B, in o 
point, the rignalmar 
signal at B to © danger,” at the a 

hy means of an electric bell, 
ment of Lis instrument on th 
** tho signal back to 
{ tholutter point to ™ 
notified that the track is blocked 
at Bh. This arrangement is o 
land, with excelle 
been introduced 
Ut is ovident th 
be exhibited at 
of aeignalnan 
rawe tue infallibly repeat 
which tho signal wis origin 
p in ndvanco of ¢! 


I. ix., No. 370, 
teetric Semapliore.—During 
del condition of the main 
utry lins grently increased 
cxco of collisions, and wo 
tention of inventors is now 
ho improvement of simats 
This bos especially been 
as n rule, tho lines aro 
trafic than is usual in 





of oe or moro aris 
capable of being 
dicate “danger,” 


6 


id at 0 considerable distance 
ablo attached ton hand lever 
It is obvious, however, that 
h the signal may be worked 
is limited nt most toa very 
n much difieulty ix 
tho necumulation of 


‘edt to operaten semana. 
an elcetrio telegraph 
unction with it. 
tracted in tho form of 
One of them is placed inthe 
phore, and another 
8 {0 be controlled, 
connected in tho usual !} 
the distance, of course, 








cr neerneentnter ncn 


is tobe transiuitted fron 
rder to atep trains at { 
first set the clectric 
same time notifying B 
Hthen copies the move- 
0 ecinaphiore, and | it 
A by setting tho 
danger,” whereby 


ae ke 


then “ ropents 
electric signal a 





ee 








pe 






stensively used in Eng. 
ut results, but, we bolfeve, haw nover 
rat Teavt to any extont, in this country. 
at any means by which a signal cou 
any required distance, without tho nid 
and it indications at the 
cd back to the place from 
ally transiuitied, would Le 
ho English aystem, both in 
Tho diftteulty has been princi. 
Any absolute weans of re 
stant and consequently 
ition wo nro about todeseribo is 
y ina very vimple 
We aro informed, 
Yin practical use, 
ig operated Inatantly at an 
mamits the return’ signa 
a uscd to convoy 
solutoly infalltbh 
no possibility of err 
record of the position of iho dist 
peréon acquainted w 
of tho ordinary 






















pally in tho liek o 
tho indications of th 









intended to overcome 
and ingenious ananner, 
Proved trustworthy 
it iacapublo of bein, 
however great, trai 
same wire that i 
in said to be abs 







and satinfactor: 







the direet signal, and | 
fo in its indications— 
or or inistako in tho 
nt semaphore, Any 
io nnd coustruction 
HL havo no ditliculty 
from tho following 
Phore is placed on a post at 
nt a suitable height 
ignal is exhibite 






Morvo telegraph wi 
ling tho apparatus 


tho right hand side of 
aboyo the ground; tho #1 
#, usually about twelve inchos 
with glass, and fluminated at ni 
th a-reflector at tho back of t 
lor mechanisis of the geutaph 


IRfTUab & hertemaet goa 





ho signat-box, 
ore cousists of 










eS 


fdisk, about 30 inches in diameter, divided into four 
segmenta, alternately whito nnd red, An adjuatablo 
counter-balance weight, attached to tho Periphery of 
tho disk, keeps It in the proper position to show white, 
indienting safety, exeopt when under tho fniluenco of 
tho cleetric current; or it may bo arranged to show 
red by tho action of gravity, in which ease a signal 
can only bo shown when {ho machinery and battery 
aro in perfect working order, ‘ho disk is mado to 
turn through one-fourth of a revolution by means of 
an electro-ruagnet, tho armature of which is attached 
to the short arin of an angular lover working on a 
fulcrum. ‘The long arm of this lover fa connected 
with a crank on tho axis of the signal di Thus tho 
digk will turn and show a red signal whenoyer the 
jnagnet Is charged by tho clectric current. A supple. 
mentary magnet is provided for locking tho signal in 
position when set red. ‘Tho Apparatus at tho station 
Iny bo at any required distance froin tho scmaphoro, ° 
Tt consists of n secondary or station signal—which, in 
princtplo and external Appearance, is a ininin{uro copy 
of tho distant semaphoro—n difforential relay and a 
signal switch, for operating tho semaphore, ‘Iho bat. 
tery for working tho entire apparatus is also placed nt 
tho station, Tho operation of tho apparatus is ag 
follows :—~If it is desired to set tho distant semaphoro 
red, the signal switch 4 turned on the danger stud, a 
circuit is thus formed from tho main battery through 
tho switeh and maguct of tho differential relay, sema- 
Phore magnet, and clrouit changer, ho relay 
magnet attracts its armatnro strongly, bringing tho 
lover into contact with an arm, aud then foreing tho 
latter against a stop, co that tho local circuit which 
vperates the sinall signal is broken at ono pulnt, not. 
withstanding it was at the game instant closed nt 
Another. At the rame tuo tho Inngnet turns the soma. 
jphore disk. Just before the disk complotes ita move. 
Inent, and after the red signal has been fully exhibited, 
9 projection on the lever comes in contact with a cor. 
responding projection on thu circuit changer, and Wits 
up, breaking the previously oxisting cleotrical 
contact which cuty tho battery current off from: tho 
magnet, and instantly transfers it to tho locking mag. 
net. Chis occurs just na tho soft tron armaturo on 
tho periphery of the disk eomes in contact with the 
locking magnet, and the latter, being now strong! 
mnguctic, locka the signal disk tirmly in its now post. 
tion, "The locking magnet is, however, wound with a 
inuch flier wire than the primary inaguet, and the inser. 
tion of this greatainonnt of cxtrarcelstancoin the circuit 
weakens it to less than half ita original strength in tho 
relay, When this occurs, napring which isadjusted with 
a strong tension, pulls the laver away from tho relay 
magnet until it in itself arrested by tho stop. At this 
juncture tho local clrenit is completed, ant the station 
Hignal turns to white also, repeating the movement of 
tho semaphore. Iv nu possible ovent can tho station 
signal change, unless the distant semaphore has pre. 
viously changed. The aceurato repetition of the 
distant signal is thus rendered absolutely certain, 














' A German inventor proposes (in tho same 

journal) to connect moving trainy telugraphi- w 
cally with neighbouring stations. “He would 

have a line wire supported from posta so an to N 
; roject horizontally and be in contact with x F 
Rorlzontal grooved friction wheel supported : 
it projecting aprings from a porcelain plate in i 





aide of the guard's van. One of theso 

neha’ is connected motallically with the axle 
of one of tho rail wheels (nnd so with the 3 
‘ground), through 2 relay and Morao key. x 
i With batteries at the two. atations connected g 
;to tho wire by like poles, a constant’ourrent : 
“Would pasa through the van to earth, andQ) 

siguala could beimnade by working the Keyes? 
fot alenwebtewe 0 Erle dealt feces 2} 
















Se : 

















ete are ey 








agog: Wi Moscloy, of ‘Monchester, electrical en- : 
gineer, Lmprovemente in Electrieal-Signal Apparatus, oe Saw Suita we™ cerScerea 
Dated September go 1873 wy, vention re ates to fe ane es aan : i 

novel construction aud attachment of tho various Hs Canada, nt presen 

ve ons of electrical npparatus used for tho trans. Remy Ehusley, of eee et atrial Waniah,| 
mission of signals on board ships and in hotels and i nt Leaming Ae onanuniertion between | 
other Indldings, and for similar purposes. Stel: appa- rie © een} 
ratus differs from the long lines and instruments used 
for publio telegraphie purposes chicily in this respect, r 
namely, that in tho Intter the battery is always near ‘SIanuury 22, 

















7 
jaa e i 
in Transit and Stations or Termini, 
raratua connected therewith. Dated 
7 Tho novelty of the invention 
s an electric contact between 










October f, 1878.) THE TELEGRAPHIC JO RNAT. 























































































































tho commutators and a short portion of wire leads consists in taints n cles ilways, . ; posters tts 7 : : 
from the negative polo of tho battery to the commnta- the trains or carriage: Peet Sranrit on rallenyes ‘ Lot us supposo the difforontinl relay R! to have} Ist. If wo havo two units of copper curront from : 
tors, but Jn the aforesati electrical apparatus tho Unt. aun] p sige commanding an adjustable revolving y two tonguca, aud lot tho connections bo maile aa! 8, the soning station, that isin the direction shown 
tery cag ' eee aseciit ood fneulation : and amy ‘ oved pulley or pallies rauning on auch wire, and shown in Fig. 0 Fusthor, let thia rotay bo | by the double arrow in Lig. 7, both tongues of tho 
on t at Hes trnetion ae ee rineipal portions y { ai ) are ct ted with 9 portion of the train by polarised, and lot both: its tongues bo worked by a relay R! will be open, so that, notwithstauding that 
the a aasatie and tho combination of is parts in | bart of an adjustable inetallie axle communicating * current in tho direction shown by the arrows in | the tongue of relay H ia closed, the circuits of both 
such pail ns will exclude the various pa tbe of | with an elec ratusin the gaord’s van. } Fig. 5. morses will bo brokou, and thosy instruments con- 
irregularity and other difllenttics which havo heretefore Nga sequontly at rost. 
Leen found inseparablo from such apparatus, cabin (on eee tad. If wo havo only ona unt of current flowing 
+ So lin this direction from tho sending station, tho eur- 
7 i tants flowing through 1 will bale cach othor, 
: , and congequontly the tongue ¢ will go to its posi- 
nt Ll ISA. lor tion of reat, that is to eny gainst its contact stud, 
i ~ Y wer fe 4 fs - and ng the enrrents flowing through I still cattg0 
wie * : its tongue to remnin aguinst its contact stud, we 
e/ See a ¥ oT papaaaY : . 
C ' Eur Tyiasivana. 5 shall havo tho local cireuit of morso A complated, : : 
E ‘A trial lias ison wad at Tan of the Fauro (ca £ aud therefore that instrument will work, ‘The ' As 
accumulators of tho French Electrical Power . We must also suppose tliat when in u stato of tongue t of relay a a tho gontrary Te tatet : 
Storago Company by tho General Omnibus Com- rest, that ix, whon no current is passing through { 14, por a o be “tly the chenit y a ats “ll : 
pany in propelling their cars, <A ear which plied ; the reluys, tho tongues will be in the ‘positions | Pints hid sath theeeton that invtras eet beat i 
Alt Along the Quai de, In Confereneo from tho ‘Ineo 4 shown in Fig. 6 be opened , and therefore that instrument will be a : 
aan lo ‘orde to tho Trocaddro was fitted up with } of ; 
mat 2h tons of accumulators placed under tho’ seats, : ‘ #iy fs ard. If wo haye ono unit of zine current, that is, 
A ‘ 0 srood was atout eleven miles per hour, and n R aha aH in Vig, 4. Hy shall havo both tongues of 
ae ho trial was considered satisfactory. It was 3 aR 81 4 rolny 2" closed, but the tongno of relay Ro will be 
LE announced that the omnibus company hnd agreed | Sram, a tedee i opored, ag that veluy sill have no cursont passing 
| to‘nadopt tho syaten on their cars to Vorsailles, | -O ae aa | | through it, and its fongiie will therefore go to_its 
iy but BI. Goraldy has publicly criticised the mattor : fa | —O: position of rest against its insulated poizt. Wo : 
very soveroly on tho scoro of expense, and wo nro d shall thorefero hay tho circuit of morso 3 closed, oe 
hot Jet aware whother tho proposal will be carricd Ree | ae but that of morse A open, { 
= ees OR Nn ath. Ino enrrent arrives from 8, all the tongues ! 
, will bo closed by the action of tho current in tho 
ale cirenit, and consequoutly both morsos will 
i work, 
ri: j At tho sending station, then, we want such au 
i 2 5 be ) Arrangement of two keys ag shall produce the fol- 
‘ Things being: thus arranged, lot a current from | lowing variations of curronts, by their four combi- 
$ be sont, as shown in Vig 7. nations, 














Wo shnil thon havo a curront running through| 1st. A coppor current of two units whon both 














ono coil of R', not only in a direction opposed to koys nre at rest. . 7 
u that from t, but also of double tho strongth, and con- | 2nd. A coppereurrent of uno unit whon key A is 
sequontly, tho resultant magnotic oflect of tho! ..: depressed. ; 5 
currents on this relny will bo to give it a polurity | vil. A zine curront of ono unit when koy B is 
which will bo opposed to its working; thus, not, dopresecd. 
only is tho tonguo ¢' allowed to full away from its' 4th. No cnrrent when both koys aro dopressed, ry 
i contnet, but is hold in that position while the! (To be continue.) 
i] tonguo ¢ is also forced away from ite contrat point ° 
, x against which it leans during all the other varia- | on, maize riots 
} tions of the curronts received from 8. yee 







: ‘ . of n system which at its best canon! y insure tho 
i Hitherto wo havo supposed tho resiatances on aug observance of its principle at Nations and 
cach sido of tho difformntial relay to be equal, but junotions, in many eases fow and far between, 

it will bo scon at onco that wo muy reduce the 10- Teaving, miles of intervening lino to chance and 
sistanco HW it aS reduce tho mutiber of cells in tha good fortune, i 
attory bin tho snino proportion; wo may thus” Ty tho “ block” system wo hayo a mothod of : 
cnglly reduco his battery t una coll. ‘egulating and protecting milway traflle, at ones ‘ 
ecapitulate then, wo find that— w simplo and scoure as is tho "tino” system com- 


Yox and dangoroug, A line worked upon this 



















Elizabeth, 'N. J.” Electric 
plication filed October 
signal automaticall: 
by: tho: primary: signal, 
ing ‘in tho samo circuit. 
ted: bya duplex. magnet," 
going dircetly to battery! 
neh to primary: 


0,790» Frank L, Pope, 
railroad Signal Apparatus. A] 
2. Secondary or tell-t 
tho signaling station 
both: signal mech: 
Secondary algnal,‘ actual 
1 circuit through one: branels 
~pud’ through: other : brat 
ry aigual at conclusion of sotting cuts n 
in of out of its branch of cireutit, destroying 
“at secondary station, Tho 
signal and a secondary signal, 
or indicator, included In or operated by ono and tho; 
Hy gamo eteetrical cirenit, when {ho-movements of the 
Inter «aro dependent: upon 


. Frank I. Popo, 
Hteetrie Railroad Signals, 
May 13, 1873-~Combines with one battery several 
ignal stations, cach having its own signal, magnets, 
Branch circuit from one station 
in rear roverses signal: nat rear station 
‘simultaneously with display. of signal at. forward 


__foetober tutta. 


har at the preceding 


RIC JOURNAL. 


anmo timo éauges-tho taeulat 
‘coupled up to ite batts 
followiug train arrives at that station tie-line clear 
signa) will be given to it. “ 
‘ Wiliam Robert Lake, 
Lake, and Co, Patent Agents, 
} communication from 
:}Ticozzi and Ca, of Milan, Italy). 


i Tho principal objcet of this 

invention is (he construction of a brake which may bo 
operated in ense of danger either by tho engine driver 
Tho electrical mechanitm ocen| 
The said mechaniens hau two 
with coils of conducting wire whose extremitics are 
fixed to the two poles of a battery. 
bo eatablished ar interrupted by means of a button 
placed within reach of the driver, ‘To tho frames of 
the enid bobbing is fixed au armature, 
part of the apparntua thero is o dram which tarne 
npon tio pivots, and which carries a cord provided 
i} with a weight. Whon the apparatua fa sot tho button 
is pressed, the electric circuit in closed, the bobbing 
are inagnetised and attract tho nrmatare, which caures 
the hollow cylinder to turn on its pivots, The weight 
Yean then descend and turn the anil drum, which 


‘ throngh suitable bevel gearing olosca tho brakes. 


of the firm of Unecltine, 
{Sautlnanpton Buildings, 
Meséra. . Garan 
Improvements in 





























‘t[ equilibrium: of magnets 
'\ combination of prinin 











The cirenit may 
and circuit closers, y 








‘4 
4 








3619. J.J. 1, Stovons, railway ai 
Nproved contact a, 
{| for raitieay signals. 
provisional specificat 
loosely on an axis, 
‘}epring which is dxed 
of two insulated metal 
{in the usual manner wi 
‘Jauadraut is moved by 


nal manufactirer, 
Pparatus for electrte indicators 
Dated Novomber 6, 1873.—Thia 
ion describesa undrant mounted 
placo by a anctal 
and bears againut ono 
peces, which aro in connection 
By tho Cleetrie indlentor, Tho 
an arm wo 
removes tho signal; Sieg frotn Ua 
that tho spring bear: 
et is nado, and 


contnct is Uroken, 






Llckiiul 
a decalsrs 





ed npon by 

A croge bar Hf 4 Rane 
ble on the depression of 
din-rabber bag to causa 
8 parts into connection | 
‘ation an warm or signal, | 







Sova MfoML by clea! 






hen it is moved go that 
20 Of the metal picces, 












vertical corrugations to glo ibem struct 

buckling or bulging out, and provent helt co 

ai The cells aro formed with amall pockets on eacl 
Mercury and tho cnde of the 


tauility to prevent thelr 








luo plates dipped 


EY ne ot eee 





eras caer seer oP E TEC 




















May t, 1876.1 


THE TELEGRAPHIC JOURNAL. 

























129 








THE TELEGRAPHIC JOURNAL. 
Vot, IV.--No. 78, 














THE DIRECT UNITED STATES CABLE. 
“hs our last we gave a full account of the meeting 
“of the sharcholders of the Direct United States 

Cable Company, on March the 28th, at which the 

various shareholders reviewed very freely the pro- 

ceedings of the directors, and the causes which 

have led to the shares of the company being at 60 

per cent. discount. | 

It appears to us that the root of the whole 
matter has been entirely ignored by the speakers 
at the mecting, 

In an ordinary contract for engineering work 
the contractor has to perform a certain work under 
penalties by a certain date. If the contractor 
performs his contract, his duty is ended, and the 
failure or success of the enterprise rests with those 
who have embarked in it. And, on the other 
hand, ang failure in the execution of the work has 
to be met by a pecuniary loss on the part of the 
contractor, : 

In ordinary enginecting work, the work is 
specified by a responsible and experienced en- 
gineer, who represents the directors and share- 
holders of the company for whom he is acting, and 
he is met on the part of the contractors by an 
engincer, or agent of experience in the same 
species of work. In such cases there is very little 
misunderstanding between the two representatives 
of the contracting companies or firms as to what 
has to be performed, Each has seen through the 
contract and specifleation before it has been 
signed, Each knows every particular point; and 
unless something very unforeseen occurs, every 
small point affecting the interests of the employers 
on each side of the contract is jealously watched ; 
small disputes and discussions arise, mutual and 
honest concessions are made, and eventually the 
work is carried out to the satisfaction of both com- 
panies, 

For this to be effected it requires that on both 
sides men of known experience in the work to be 
performed, and in whom cach contracting party 
have confidence, should be appointed to act. For 
a short period after telegraph cables became a mat- 
ter between contractors and companies, this sys- 
tem was not followed, and the consequence was, 
cables failed, disputes arose, and in fact, for sume 
years “the trade was spoilt,” and for this period 

nobotly would touch telegraph cables ay an invest. 
ment. Gradually the matter, between contractors 
and companics was brought to a healthy issuc; 
engincers were regularly employed by the com. 





panies to prepare the specifications, to test the 
cables during manufacture, and to watch the 
interests of the buying company during the laying 
of the cable. The Direct United States Company 
and the contractors seem to have ignored all this 
previous experience, and they seem to have gone 
back to the middle and dark ages of telegraphy. 

A-cable had to be laid across the Atlantic, an 
operation which had five times before been suc- 
cessfully carried out. The simple and obvious 
means was, on the part of the contractors, to en- 
gage engineers who had experience in such work; 
and on the part of the company to engage the 
services’ of engineers accustomed to the duties of 
acting on the part of telegraph cable companies, 

Had this simpler process been adopted, it scems 
highly probable the work would have been carried 
out at the proper season with the same success as 
before; a repairing ship would have been ready 
for the first repairs, and the word “consecutive " 
would have been inserted in the contract, asit 
always has been in previous contracts. 





BLOCK SIGNALLING, 
{Continued from page 116.) 


Musors, ‘I'ver and Norman's latest form of instru- 
ments possesses considerable advantage over the 
earlier form of instrument employed by Mr, ‘Fyer. 
The difficulties arising from the use of two plungers 
placed side by side—one for the block signal and 
the other for the clar—has been overcome by 
the use of a mechanical switch or reversing 
key, seen in the front of the instrument (fig 24) 
showing “down line clear.” ‘This switch performs, 
in fact, the same duty as that employed by Mr. 
Preece in his single wire system, of which it ap- 
ears to be an offshoot, By twisting the knob 
immediately below the indicator referred to, in 
one direction, the indication "train on line,” and 
by turning it in the opposite direction * line clear," 
is brought up to the opening which in the figure 
shows “down line clear.” ‘The complete action in 
the one direction places one pole of the battery to 
earth und the other in connection with the signal 
or bell key, whilst that in the opposite direction 
reverses them, bringing the opposite pole to the 
key. When it is desired to clear or block the line, 
therefore, it is necessary, as in’ Preece's system, 
to first set the switch at blocked, or clear, and then 
press the signal key. an 
Afurtherimprovement consistsin an arrangement 
hy which the co-operation of the signalmen at cither 
end of the section is necessary to send and receive 
the “line clear" signal. ‘Ihe indicator portion of 
the instrument is normally out of circuit, and is 
only put in circuit on the receipt of the signal on 
the bell, or gong, indicating that the line is clear, 
The indicator portion is then put in circuit for 
receiving the usual indication, and when this has 
been done the instrument is again disconnected. 
A gong is used for down trains and a bell for 
up trains. ‘Two plungers arc still used, one for 
bell signals only, the other for train signals only. 
















































































2 





nthe AIEEE LO 

















138 


THE TELEGRAPHIC JOURNAL. [May 1, afte. 














to £28,523, and the expenses to £21,160, leaving a] the up r 


balance of £7,363, which, with £1,606, brought 
forward, makes J3,969 to be carried forward to 
next half-year. The report states that the sub- 
sidies received during the half-year amounted to 
£3,749, and credit has been taken in the accounts 
for £4,643, voted by British Guiana, but not yet 
paid; and it adds, regarding the other subsidies, 
that if the Acts reported to be passed become law, 
the renewed grant of the whole of the subsidies, 
amounting to £16,500 per annum will he obtained, 
—(Daily Newsy vgth April.) 


THE TELEGRAPH CONSTRUCTION AND 
MAENT = COMPANY, 





Tue trustees of the ‘Telegraph Construction and 
Maintenance Company (Limited) Second Bonus 
‘Trust have announced that the second distribu. 
tion, under the trust-deed, will be made on and 
after the ist May next, at the rate of as. 34. per 
£5 certificate, and will be payable at the banking. 
house of Messrs. Rarclay, Bevan, and Co., Lom: 
bard-street, 




















Lebvietv. 


Railway Appliances—By Jos Worrr Barry, 


(Concluded frem page t28), 


There are, of course, many systems of signalling } 
{rains, and Mr, Barry is no doubt correct in that 
he quotes at p. 145, but, if'so, it is to be regretted 
such a system is in operation. The * warning"! 
signal is not usually followed by the blocking of 
the line, nor is ‘this generally done until the 
“departure” of the train has been announced, 
No doubt, however, the example he has piven will 
be fairly understood. His other remarks on audible 
signalling are very good. The registration of every 
signal in B book is advocated; the advantage of a 
jaime tpt a day Pointed out; and the 

yment of bells at lev ing: ¢ 
gmplo me at level crossings pronounced 

The single needle, double needle, Spay ty 
Tyers', Bartholomew's, Walker's,” and Were 
Systems are illustrated. With regard to the date 
of the introduction of Mr, Walker's semaphore 
system, we fear there is a slight error; 1555 is 
Mentioned, but we think it was not Until 1863 it 
Was practically brought forward, and it was not 
used for some short time after this, 

In dealing with Mr. Preece’s system an} 
error is committed, which it is ‘only ‘ 





two forms or systems of block signal ins: 
a three-wire, and aone-wire pie ‘Alpaca 
is stated the former is “ worked by means of t te 
Wires to each instrument.” Fartheron the different : 
instruments which. as a whole, form the three. 
Nite system, viz. the switch, bell, and semaphore 

. 


to the sema 
Own, and one to the r 


tire system is more 
expensive than a one-wire system is unquestionably 
truc, but the expense, where. railway companies 
are their own maintainers, is mainly confined to 
the first outlay, ‘The cost of the instruments is no 
greater than that fora single wire system, whilst 
the advantages are such as to thoroughly com. 
ensate the outhiy, We cannot agree with Mr. 
Barry “that the danger apprehended and guarded 
‘against by the three-wire cm has not been 
“found to exist to any serious extent, and that, 
“ though theoretically more perfect than a system 
“worked by one wite, the three-wire system is 
“ exposed to the disadvantages of increased com- 
“plication of mechanism, and of considerable 
“extra expense.” Any system worked by a 
momemtary current cannot offer that security 
obtained by a permanent current, such as is used 
with three-wire systems, and instances arc not 
wanting to prove this; whilst, as regards 
“complication of mechanism,” all single wire 
systems are immeasurably more complicated than 
three-wire systems. 

After referring to Mr. Walker's “train describer,” 
and affording some explanation of an “electric 
stop signal,” which we believe to be the invention 
of Messrs, Tyre and Norman, the author proceeds 
to weigh the advantages or otherwise of the block 
stem, The * suggestion that the block system 
“introduces new dangers, which is the heaviest 
“ charge against the system, is endorsed by some 
“railway authorities ‘brought up under the old 
“system of time signalling,” is a remark we as 
cordially endorse, ax do we the following conclu: 
sion, arrived at, after considering the enormous 
traffic dealt with under a proper system of signal- 
ling upon one of our most important lines. “It ix 
“probably the fact that, if the use of the block 
“system were to be suddenly suspended, the car. 
* rying power of at least the busy parts afour rail- 
“way system would be diminished to an ex- 
“tent for which few people are prepares 
As to whether the block system is restric- 
tive to the carrying power of lines, the 
answer is in the negative, instances being quoted 
where trains are worked at the rate of 18 per hour 
overeach line of rails. Pronouncing the block 
system a success, the author regards its adoption 
simply asa question of expense. But the cost of 
“ efficient signalling is a remunerative expenditure 
* both in developing the capabilities of a railway, 
“and in Preventing those accidents which are nut 
* anly deplorable toall concerned in them, but are 
* extcemely costly to shareholders in railway com 
“panics. “The additional expense, therefore, is 
“not sufficient to censtitute a lid objection 
“ against this most valuable system." ‘The chapter 
concludes with some very able remarks on" Objects 
to be aimed at in Signalling,” which are worth the 
Mudy of all connected with this important branch 
of railway working. 

Towards the close of the volume we get a few 








nm 




























“ better.” ‘That in use an the South Eastern Ruil- 
way is described, and with reference to the more 
general employment of such an application, the 
Recessity of employing it for starting or stopping 
Signals, or, at all events, -in some such manner ns 













ees 





See SCA oce 






























Noon 
Loge fp eee 


TUS. 





5 ps sn eee, oa 


"SIEMENS AND HALSKE'S BLOCK-SYSTEM APPARA 













eae 
10 RAILWAY SIGNAL. 



























































been in use on the baie f : 
., ime past, which ‘ 
Lowell, and Nash fora short t Nour impression of the 21st October last, we gave a résumé. of the address delivered in the rT 4 Id hardly be entrusted to the hands 
: appears ta'golve the long sought problem of making ot i: Brussels Exhibition by Herr Rau, representative of Messrs, Siemens and Halske for France, employed, complicated telegraphic nsruments ak eg this) many of these instruments 
rails serve aa conducting wires in an electrical cireult ' > We learn from the sltheneum that “ Attention : oe ane Holla peers carve psp pag reeeerrge aan oe aS im aro eatabilaly “only. leetle conection Between wo adjoining Sectlons Fe an matt e elee (rie 
= : ; : . oe fa ii ering it impossibic nnecti " isible si , the driver, and the electric 

oth “Ins been enlled by M. Max Paulet to the By fora sigial tobe altered from “danger” to ‘all ight " until the com jelion of all uch srrange- Saat beivern ie son see y Which alte block stations. Of what use is it, If 
destruction of wooden railway-sleepers, laid in . anes: aie Niagara A Soy thes Dassin t the train, and also fora negligent attendant (o | a signalman can send the message ‘up line clear,"’ to the man before him (behind as regards the 

: create a siluation of danger. He could indeed cause an unnecessary. stopping of the train ; but | train) before he has placed his own signal at danger" after the train has passed his bex, and if 

revious block station passed by the train? In 











such an occurrence, without having jeopardised passengers’ lives or compan; *s stock, ‘ 
give an admirable accasion for investigating the conduct of negligent Employes, wore He tee ee Sar truth that the block 
on of this metallic snl conditions -to be fulfilled on the portion of line between two stations previous to the signal | an accident happened nevertheless 

allic sult being put to ‘all right,” and those to be fulfilled at the entrance to stations, at junctions, at swing Let us now examine what are the conditions to be fulfilled by a perfect, block-signalling 


: ballust, in spite of atlomptsTo preserve the wood |’ 
© by injecting sulphiatg’gf copper. His experiments]. 
tend to show that tho na 


‘system adopted was in full working order, and 























: onthe ligneous tissue prodyces a com i i i i i i 

Habe é pound which Inidges, and at tunnels, differ with the individual conditions of the line, while these signals arc also ne vorked by th 

_ italien tite ety sermon whieh] UY ieee eine A ae ae he mids apr, (0 Ti etic ating a eg st a le erga 
: g] by Messrs. Slemens and ¢ preceded that for fulfilling the above mentioned conditions, we | clearor line blocked,” the parts of the instrument relating to upand down lines being quite sepa- 











oy * solubl x inc . ‘ Y ‘ 
uble to a notable extent in water charged with |} will first ve a description of the former instruments. rate, as far as repards the reading of the indications b the signalman. (: 
R ‘ " if ww. r cading 0 indica’ 4 
Ina double line of slight traffic between two passenger stations, if we call the first station A, clectric and visible signals ought hot to be the result of the closing or interrupting of a single 














; carbonic acid? After having: lain H 
. t for somo timo? 
nenr the i ni 7 ‘ 8 and the se B, A ; 
te fron rails, the wood was found to contain |’ the second B, A hydro-electric current circuit of the same direction, but should be obtained by the sending along 
the line-wire, from one signal station to ‘another, a long series of alternate magneto-electric induce 
h as semaphores, for 


Se 
_ we could easily carry out the block system on the space between these two stations by throwing | tion currents, (3) The working by the signalman, of the visible signals, suc 


a considerable proportion of iron, whi 
» Whilst away |! 
the responsibility on both station-masters and providing them with a printing telegraph apparatus | giving cither the “all right” or the danger” sigtal, must be rendered inseparable from, and 


from the neighbourhood of the rails the carbonate |' 
of lime derived from the ballast took the place of |; 















; R ering the gignal mechoniem, We append on engraving of 
eH which certainly is exceedingly simple, and, 









Line: 


the copper-salt ; nnd although the lime-compound, 
Line il. 





thearrangement, Tot! 7 
+) from the testimonials of railroad engincers and others who is not itself a septic agent, it yet acts prejudicially Station L. Stitonll. Station lft. 
i 2. _ F 








‘have had direct experlenco in Its working, o very effective 
-*' Hovention. 
‘\ 4 Band Dare tho rails; Elan single cell Callaud Date 


tery; F is the signal, the mechanical arrangement of which urable | 
Havel not be dcscribed. The conducting wires of tho batte- of permanent way.” ‘This fully confirms the oxpe-! s 
ry are aecured, a8 shown, one to each rail, and the two ralls, rience of the Boucherising process upon telegraph! } 
as hero represented, may Indicate a section of track, sny two |poles in England, capecially in tho chalky districts. 
niles In length, each section belng, however, insulated from We give an abstract of M, Paulet’s paper at p. 48. 


by removing the preservative medium. From)’ 
theso results it appears that wood thus prepared is}”’ 
far from being 0 durable material for construction, 





















© 
i 
















Down Line, 7—> 

































‘adjoining sections, ‘The signal at F has an electro-magnet aia : 

‘connected to each rall by the wires, as shown, When the ’ A ° : 

‘etreult fs closed, os ts normally the case, the magnet is ex: \ Ae Owyhee aww ‘ MY ib) Up Line. <—o %s i: a a 

lettea, and the elgnal control! ‘ aft ; . > ial 

5 ” ‘ ' ( oo” 

clear.” Should, however, a car or a train run upon thesec ! ane a 
Fi. 2. Fio. 8 






Ned thereby 40 04 to show “Iino! AN ELECTRO-MAGNETIC BRAKE: 7 7 
— rd + 


qj tion, then the eircult ty completed by the whvels and axles, , 
and the current, taking tho shortest course, will traverse | 
through @ and then return to the battery rather than go: ‘tion of August 1, 
through tho longer distance necessary to'pasy through the, , public trial at the yards of the 


A H 
A valuable improvement in railway brakes, the inven-} 
Dawelius, of Cincinnati, had its first; 
Cincinnati, Indianapolis, 
2tat of duly, in! 


on the Morse system, which would preserve a record of the messages exchanged between the two. | dependent on, the clectric signals, so that a signal: ’ hanically th iti 

In that case the following rule would be laid down. When station-master A had despatched a his semaphore from “ danger to “all ST et ee aap in cates rae 
train to sition B, he mast not send off a second train until 13 has informed A that the previous ) Neither can he at his own signal-box put the electric visible signal to “danger,” which would 
train has reached him ; and the same would occur in the opposite direction on the other line, But | give electrically ‘line clear"? at the previous station, until he has previously placed his own visible 


































ine Coneaventl the clreult be at once be ruptured, | St. Louis and Chiengo Railway, on the ‘ 
the magnet will cease to attract, and tho signal, by mecha-, ‘the presenee of many prominent rnilway officials and] Hain Ms fe requites tat the trains succeed each other at shorte : ri in 
a; ‘nleal means, is at onco turned to “danger.” : leading citizens of Cincinnati, An engine und three enrs} H) required by the train to traverse the distance between the mbcater laterals tia toe ae ve en ae ae tat ine pire ne tan ea Taare Per ‘ 
It Is obvious that this must occur ox long as a single car were used in the experiment, and the results were such as H| fulfilled Ly a space system, instead of a tine system, become more complicated for the following j at “ danger,” and must remain thus fixed until the electric signals are changed, (3) The means 
remains on tho track, or when the circuit {u broken by a dia- to eatablish in the mitids ‘of all present the yulue and: BI seasons, (1) fhe use of telegraphic apparatus by other persons than responsible station-masters_ | ctmployed for ensuring this connection ought not to cxert any direct influence on se semaphore, 
A placed or ruptured rall, or any other cause, Hence tho de- “utility ae r eee A Ie) 4 would become dangercus. (2) ‘The telegrams exchanged relating to up and down lines might be | because the latter must, so far as it does not concern the block system, remain at the disposal of 
j yleomay be applied over an entire line, and will indicate utility of the invention. he, engineer, to whose ju K°} Bt liable to be confounsted, (3) Although the ordinary telegraphic apparatus may be sufficient for | the signalman to stop a train by changing it from “all right '"’ to “danger” in case he should per> 

the condition of overy section thercof tothe Leativabout an: ‘ment of its efficiency much weight was naturally given, | transmitting and rece telegrams of sonar iesportarices where a thunderstorm may only cause ceive any cause of danger arising in the neighbourhood of his station before the assing of a train, 

toring on the same, ‘pronounced emphatically in its favor, declaring thot it clay 1 h ¢ it would involve danger to the traffic. even after the arrival of a message “line clear" from the next block station, in such a case the 

‘worked better than any other brake he hnd ever used? z 












4 Tho inventor, Professor Wm. Robinson, of 208 Washing- 
‘| ton street, Boston, Mass,, informs us that thero is no draw. 
‘Ving-off of thecurrent of the earth under tho rails; nor, du- 
‘| xing his experlenco with the device under all conditions of : 
rain, snow, ctc., haa ho found any time when it became In- 
operative, In actual employment he hos also determined 
that the single Callaud cell will Inst for 168 days; and by 


i According to the siccount given of the device by » repor! 
iter who witnessed the trial, the electricity used is yen- 
erated by mechanical. means, not by acids ond metals, as 
‘in telegraphy, and the current is allowed to pass along 
Guoluted wires, which run along under the enrs the length 
sof the train, ‘The connection between the wires nt the 


: using two cells In connection with an ingenious device where-; jend of each car is made by some metallic substance, At 

or ee traln which passes over the section throws the ‘nw certain point along the line the main wires are tapped, 
tak quails Pe oe and the other into action, the last. cas it were, and Dranches ary gent out to connect with the 
the Anvenilca? b eartart staan he tan arogreatly enhanced., apparatus, which consists of 1 three flange spuol shaped 

: » by suitable mechanical arrangement, ts mado, electromagnet, fastened to and revolving with the axle, 
‘having for its armature nine wrought iron bary, resting in 
{ tadfal slots in the head of # castiron drum, and capable 





















































oo 
of being attached and upplied to the mngnet with any de- 
gree of power required, causing by their engngement in 
the slots the revolution of the drum, ‘To this drum is at- 
tached » chain, coming: through ta system of levers con- 
necting with the ordinary, brake mechanism. Instend of 
the common wheel brake being on the platform of the 
ent, it is, of course, under the car. The current of elec: 
tricity is regulated byt lever in the hand of the engineer, 
and the power is thus applied at his will. 
















Se 
VP LINE 








man to pive the. 









. a ae ; coal 





Iewe suppose, according tothe ‘aumber of t a t i ms would oblig Rot so eficienty for. 
a rains to be'started during a given time between the | construction of th t plock syste! sal, th hesides the 
jo statlons A an £ ee Of Intermediate block stations, tr 2y°3» 4» and 5, Mall right” signal, wir venort ea anyother mea tt on chine! and for this reason? the 
a EE ORL ae nes Se ler ric ata vary in intensily 


fn 


d, the ave 
i rage 


cht ou plit to p at n , H % 

, y then cases 
le, @ rds, and then the ie he 5 ofthe eat ice the 
gers, AN fon current tothe preceding b! 


ect us now consider what AG (erates ie’ safely of the line are avallable for slgnatmen rm artye induction CUTS “Cr'the instrament be 
Heche intermediate block stations; those employed: by Nv . Hr en se handle, H, & 
ther Instruments used for such purposes. Pre “the y Mesare Seren Mock ayeterna hitherto i ed Bian ; ment, BE ore 









Sn hens ds pvacee 













































































Bettie se neyeres? 








THURSDAY, APRIL 11, 1878 





THE APPLICATION, OF ELECTRICITY TO 
RAILWAY WORKING , 

The Application of Electricity to Railway Working. 
By William Edward Langdon, Member of the Society 
of ‘Felegraph Engineers ; Superintendent (Engineering 
Department) Post-Office Telegraphs ; and late Super- 
intendent of ‘Telegraphs on the London and South- 
Western Railway. (London: Macmillan and Co., 
1877.) 

IF any proof were needed of the vast and important 

services that science has conferred upon man, no 
more cloquent example could be instanced than that 
great combination of the conceptions of Stephenson and 
of Volta—the locomotive and the voltaic battery—which 
combination in its claborated form is known as the rail- 
way system of the present time, 

Living as we do in the midst of conveniences of transit, 
the mere belicf in the possibility of which would, fifty 
years ago, have made a man a fit inmate for a lunatic 
asylum, we are apt to lose sight of the complexity of the 
problem that has been solved and to forget the all-im- 
portant part which science has played in rendering such 
a state of things not only possible, but an accomplished 
fact of so familiar a nature as to have become a necessary 
part of our very existence, But when it is remembered 
that upon most of the lines of railway in and around 
London several hundred trains are ruaningsdaily! at inter- 
vals varying from three minutes to half an hour, that cach 
of those trains requires a separate series of signals only 
to protect it from collision, and that interspersed with the 
regular traflic “specials,” “light engines,” and trains out 
of time have to be provided for and protected against (to 
say nothing of the goods traffic, or, of shunting, crossing 
and junction operations), it will be readily understood 
that traffic management, holding in its hands the power 
of life and death, is no casy task ; and that without some 
very claborate combination of sound administrative 
organisation with scientific instrumental aid, the trafic 
of a single hour would soon become an inextricable 
tangle of confusion. 

Notwithstanding the ‘great importance of the subject, 
involving as it docs the safety of millions of human lives, 
it is somewhat surprising that technical literature should 
hitherto have been devoid of a work upon the very 
essence of safety in railway working—the application of 
the electric telegraph and of electric signalling to traffic 
management. This need has now been very ably sup- 
plied by the work before us, every page of which bears 
upon its face the evidence of being written by a thoroughly 
practical master of the subject in all its details and rami- 
fications, and at the same time by one who possesses an 
exceptional power of making the subject clear to his 
readers. 

Ir a handbook of a particular application of electricity 
it is refreshing to find that no valuable space is occupied 
bv matter to be found in every clementary text-book of 
}, sics, that neither Thales with his amber nor Galvani 


© Duting some portions of the day as many as seventy-five traine 100 
through Clapham ‘Jooction Station In an hour, and between goo and 1,000 
fothe daily aggregate average, 


You, xvi. 


yeaa ser 








NATURE 








with his frogs are even mentioned, and that descriptions 
of the various forms of the voltaic battery find no place 
in the book, The author presupposes that the necessary 
elementary knowledge is possessed or can be obtained 
by his readers, and disposing in one page of a few neces- 
sary introductory definitions plunges at once into his 
subject, 

The work is arranged in three principal divisions :— 
(1) Speaking telegraphs ; (2) Block signalling ; and (3) 
Misccllancous appliances. Under the first division a 
chapter is devoted to descriptions of the various speaking 
instruments and of the methods by which they are worked. 
‘The second chapter treats of signalling regulations, and 
while being of special value to all professionally engaged 
in railway working must prove most instructive and inter- 
esting to outsiders, who are thereby Iet into some of the 
technical mysterics of tclegraphy. Every one is familiar 
with blank spaces left at the head of the telegraph forms 
issucd by the Post Office, against which are printed the 
words “ Prefix,” “ Code time,” “ Words,” &c., but compa- 
ratively fe w know their meaning, The Prefix to atelegram 
is a signal letter or abbreviation to indicate the character 
of the message which follows, and therefore the order of 
its precedence for transmission, The Cede time is a 
similar abbreviation to indicate the exact time at which a 
communication is handed to the telegraph clerk for trans- 
mission ; and the space marked “ Words” is set apart for 
signalling to the distant station the number of words con- 
tained in a message which gives to the receiving clerk a 
check upon his correct reading of the signals by which 
the communication is transmitted. 

In railway telegraphy the prefix D.R, (Danger) gives 
to the message precedence over all others, and should 
never be employed except in cases of great emergency, 
Other prefixes SP. (for special service), DB. (for 
ordinary traffic), and various others arc employed in 
railway signalling, by which the degree of its, urgeacy is 
indicated before the message itself is transmitted, 

‘The system upon which the Codo timo isabbreviated is 
very ingenious, and will be readily understood by referring 
to Fig, 1, which we have borrowed from Mr, Langdon’s 
book. Opposite the hour figures on the dial of a clock are 
placed the twelve letters, A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, 
and M, and against the four minute divisions between the 
hour figures, are placed the letters R, S, W, X, which, as 
will be seen in the sketch, are repeated all round the dial 
Asimple time-code is thus obtained, by which any hour or 
minute throughout the day can be expressed in from onc 
to three Ietters ; thus 2 o'clock would be signalled by B, 
245 by BI, and 7.12 (the time shown in the figure) by 
G, b, S, that is, G for seven hours, 13 for ten minutes, and 
§ for the remaining two minutes to make up the twelve, 

‘The technical regulations for railway telegraphing and 
trafic management are treated very fully, In this the 
author’s large experience from having had the superin- 
tendence of the telegraphs of onc of the most important 
lines of railway in the country is most apparent and gives 
great weight to his remarks, which ought to be committed 
to memory by all concerned in the management of rail- 
ways; for if rigidly enforced and carried out, railway 
accitents would become well-nigh impossible, except from 
failure of instruments, from the breaking-down of rolling- 
stock, or from damage to permanent way. 


ee nee a NEE ERE 


career 


HBersers |” 


eer rors bones 


, Sarre 








i 


aA 









eens p peneennanaan reer ene NOE coe naa 


462 





[Aprid 11, 1878 





NATURE 


The second division of the book is devoted to the con- | of sections or i blocks,”and the trafic is so regulated, that 
sideration of the block system, first conceived by Sir | itis impossible for two trains to be in the same section 
William Fothergill Cooke, and to the instruments and | at the same time. As a train enters one section, the 
regulations by which that system which is the great | signal behind it is set at danger, and is not lowered until 
guardian of the safety of railway travelling is carried out. | the train has passed [into the next section, which is 
It begins with a short historical notice of the subject, and, | similarly protected, and thus throughout:the whole of its 
after explaining some of the elementary principles upon | course a train cannot follow it ata distance less than the 
which the vatious instruments are constructed, procceds | length of a section, or the distance between signal and 
to describe the different systems for carrying the block | signal, This is the one principle of the block system 
system into effcet, The chapters devoted to this subject | and all the various arrangements devised by different 
are embellished by a large number of excellent illustra- | inventors differ only in the details by which it is carried 
tions; cach system being treated in a chapter to itsclf, | out. 
which is a tolerably complete treatise on the subject. In Rousseau’s arrangement, which may be taken asa 








Fic y. 
Fin. 3, oi 


The beautiful arrangements of Mr. Preece, in which , type of the automatic systems of block signalling, the 


: the indications of the signalling instruments as well as | train in its Progress depresses treadles on the line, which, 


their manipulation are identical with those of the outdoor | by making electrical contacts with suitable apparatus, 
signals, are clearly described, As well as the systems of | set the signals at danger as the train enters onc section, and 
Mr, Walker, of Messrs, Tyer, and of Mr, Spagnolctti, all | releases them as it passesinto the next. \ general idea of 


_ of which are very extensively used in this country, ‘The | this system may be obtained by referring to Fig. 2, in which 
system of Messrs, Siéincns Brothers so largely cmployed | A, 3, and ¢ represent three signals, and the spaces A Nand 


ba ie Sarnia a description of which concludes this | nc two sections of the line; ata isatreadle by which a is 
part of the book, is spectatly remarkable for the fact that | sct at danger, and ata’ is another by which it is released ; 


i it batteries are dispensed with, the necessary electric | similarly a treadle at 4 sets the signal nat danger, and a 
‘urrents for working the instruments being derived from ~~. ‘ 
small magneto-clectric machincs, 





pe 
oe 


Fig. a, 


The various schemes that have been devised for making 
the train work its own signals, either by depressing 
{readles” on the line, or by otherwise making electrical 
Contacts, form a very interesting chapter, in which the 


systems of Mr. Imray, of London, of Mr, Rousseay, of 


New York, and of Dr, Why Blot ‘ 
and endeiea ary yte, of Elgin, are described 


mea awl i 
fila gupiiatee ‘ans of drawings and diagrams 


“The essential Principle of what is known as the block 
a ie insuring of there always being a certain 
‘nce between two trains travellin ine 

See , ig on the same line of 
rails, ‘To cary this out the line is divided into a number 


Fia. 4. 

second at 4’ lowers it to the af clear position, A train, 
therefore, in passing a, which it does just before entering 
Al, will block that section against following trains by the 
signal A; travelling to n it will, in passing 4, set 8 at 
danger, and not until it passes a’, when it is well out of 
the section An, can the signal A be set at. ad? lear, 
Permitting a following train to enter Ai, 

In the system of M. Brunius, which is under trial on 
the State railways of Sweden, telegraphic communication 
is made between the stations and the engine of the train, 
so that not only can ordinary signals be transmitted te 
aoa — Taner orenrenetenare en/na 















£ the engine-driver, but he can receive instructions by 


telegraph. : 
Miscellaneous appliances employed in railway tele. 
graphy are treated in the third division of Mr. Langdon’s 
book, and an interesting chapter {s devoted to the various 
'sienal repeaters” and “light recorders.” By the former, 
which were first employed by Mr, Preece, the position of 
the out-door signals is reproduced in miniature within 
the signal box, so that the signalman knows at ogee if 
the outside signals are correct. Light recorders are 
instruments which give warning, within the signal box, of 
the extinction of the light of the outside night-signals, 
Of these several forms have been devised but they all 
depend upon the expansion of metallic substances when 
subjected to the influence of heat and their subsequent 
contraction when that heat is removed. Fig. 3 is a cross- 
section of the transmitting portion of one of these instru- 
ments, in which 8 represents a concave disc of copper 
attached by its edge to the ring A A, a short distance above 
the flame of the lamp. When the light is out the lever b 
rests on the contact screw attached to the arm F (as 
shown in the figure) and the circuit is closed between 
the “line” and the earth, and an electric bell is set 
ringing in the signal box at the same time as an instru. 
ment indicates the words “Livht owt." When, however, ‘ 





Fin, 5. 


the plate nis heated by the flame below it, it becomes 
expanded, lifting the stud c, which, pressing against the 
lever p, lifts it off the contact screw, thereby breaking the 
circuit. ‘The bell ceases ringing and the indicating instru 
ment falls back to the signal “Light 2.” 

Figs, 4 and 5 represent a different arrangement for pro- 
ducing the same result, in which the contact-maker con- . 


_ sists of two compact bars of dissimilar metals, constructed 


after the manner of a metallic pyrometer, and united 
together at the end A with the similar metals facing one 
another, By this arrangement the are of motion is largely 
* increased and the instrument is in consequence rendered 
» more sensitive, Under the influence of heat the bars 
; curve in opposite directions, as shown in Fig, 5, but on 
’ the light becoming extinguished their differential contrac- 
' tion brings them to the position shown 'in Fig. 4, contact 
' ts established, the bell rings, and the signal “ Light ow,” 
is transmitted to the receiving station. 
‘The important subjects of the interlocking of points and 
» signal levers, of level crossings, and the'working of rail- 
"way yards, all find their place in Mr, Langdon's book ; 
; and very interesting chapters are devoted respectively to 
+ the various kinds of electric bells, to lightning protectors 
| for telegraphic instruments, and, for the methods devised 


by different inventors ‘and adopted by different railway 


companies for establishing intercommunteation in trains. 


It is not casy within the limits of the space at our dis. | 
posal to do anything like justice to Mr. Langdon’s most : ‘ 
useful work, which is a thorough exposition of the subject | 


in all its branches by one who not only has had a very 
large practical experience of the application of electricity 


to railway working, but who has the gift of clear descrip. . - 


tion and a power of interesting his readers, 


To all engaged in railway management whether 


directors, engincers, traffic managers, station-masters, 
signal-men, engine-drivers, or guards, Mr. Langdon’s 
work will become a necessary text-book and book of 
reference, and the general scientific reader will find-it 
most interesting and instructive, We must congratulate 











its author upon having put so much valuable information ; 
in so smalla space, and its publishers upon having issued ; 


it in so cheap and’attractive a form. awe 


‘ 


eee re era rx 





























































ie a ek 


pS 


ee. 


rant 





aye ORT 


ere 








LA NATURE a 


on diférer tel travail, enlreprendre (elle affaire, 
procéder aux ensentencements, aux récaltes, ele, 
cest en vue de co hut pratique qua ta preé 
limitée & fa formule rapportée plus haut. | 
ther Tidicator fournira en outre d'autres 
ments aux metéorologistes 5 ainsi les tdlég 
transmis par l'Office central dorment les moyens de 
pointer sur une carte Ia position des centres de 
Hautes ou de basses pressions; ar [étude d'un 
grand nombre de aonvements tour (cyclones 
au anticyelones)a fait connait 

aux du temps dans les différents: sex 
cerele d'action, Lors done qu'un o ‘aileur 

de depress 
pir pour ehaque 


le 
lien des zones de temps clair ou couvert, de pluies, 
Worages, de temperatures anormales, ete. 4 il 


coon POUCA ctaulve prejuger temoment vir fe 


tions da_ temps régnant dune Leertaine distance 


atleindront sa station, ot : 
[introduction de cet apparcit dans Jes stations 
des Etats-Unis est un nouveat perfectiomement 
ajoulé & tous ceux qui depuis longtemps ont placd 
lo Signal Service au premier ring tes étiblisse- 


“ments inétéordlogijues du monde entier’s “navs 


avons dif que le Congres Iuialloue. an erédit con 
erable, mais si l'on envisage Jes services rendus, 
les récoltes préservécs, les nanfrages evités ou se- 
courns, les existences humaites couservées, on recon- 
nailvaque cette dépense est Iargementeompensée par 
les résultats obtenus. 


: 1 0 ivement i ves 
, Questions importantes & plus dun titre: un die 

plone Monnet vient Wetre aceordé 
international de I'Exposition universelle au service 
~ melgorologique frangiis, Les ressources mises A lat 
disposition du Thereau central 1a eorologique, wont 
pas permis jusqu'ici de pourstivre ees ctitdes avee 
tous les développements qwelles comportent, mais 
hous espérons que les Cliambres etendront}a la Mé~ 
Worologie leur sollicitide, ¢prouvée pour tes diffe. 
rents servives de instruction publique, et vondront 
assurer au Bureau central’ un fiudeet en rapport 
ave les obligations du déeret du 14 mai dernier, 
qui a consacré Pindépendanee de la Meétéorologie en 

_ Fratiee, oe ‘Tt. Muunesux, 
COMMUNICATIONS BLECTRIQUES 
. DES TRAINS EN MARCHE, 


Quelles que sojent les pnécautions gisds dans 1' 
tation des lignes de cheminsilu fer, on ni" 
sent empécherabsolument les aceiden 

ie les difliculiés 


ins Tesploi- 
at pu jusqu’le pres 
til futreconnaitre 
anginentent constamment t mesure que 











se perfectionnent tes moyens de pratection que Fan em- 
ploie, Le nombre des trains va toujours en evsissait sur 
chaque ligne et lestrainsqui se sneeédent ant rarenteot fa 
Inéuerilesse, De plus, les embranchentents deviennent plus 
Hombreny et chaque aiguille peat élre une canse multiple 
de compheati fans ces conditions, on pourrail pres- 

juste tit Stonner da nombre 


siverent ona perk 
nent chaque train sur | voie qu'il dail pare 
ona vendu solidaives matérielement Jes signauy 
et les manauvees de smaniére que: celles-ei ne puissent 
sire en désavcard awe coulis; ona perfectionné, on 
perfectionne chaque jour tes reins qui, en présence an 
danger imminent, permeltent an arcet presque inst 
&, et i semble que La sedation seit trou 
alomatique Saction de ces freins de pelle 
sorte qu'un signal Wariét evistant: sur la vose, le train 
rel: de lni=meéme et sans Vintervention da anéeani- 
cien on Mut employe queleonque, Ces divers perfection. 
Hementls, que nous Fappelons seulement en r ait, ont 
permis Camclior Vesploitation dine maniére re 
qquable, 
N faut pourtant recaunaitre que tons les appareils, 
tous les moyens auvquels nous fisons allusion, s'ils 


ON ud rene 


ents preeiy 2 Sur ta 

Ye une seule voie réussit 

ear » Norwich & Brandall, he 10 seplembre 
ASTA, par suite d'ine erreur dans la transmission dane 
depeche, deus trains 


erreur fut recone 21; 

Norwich aussitit le départ du train, in 

Von fut dés lors assuré qu'un épanvantable aveid 

se produire, fut impossible 

Si Von avait pu eovoyer de la gare une dey: train 

en marche on Vent averti et il se fut ar en femps 

Ulile, 

equi y aurai 4 Gtablir des como 

wee les trains en marche 

longtemps 1 de nombreux systtmes ont ét [Prapasés 

pour alleindre ‘stllat, Nous ne ferons yas Vhistori- 

que de la question, depuis ds chevalier Borrelli aqui, 

Croyousous en 1854, te premier choreha dins ce teas: 

Tous voutons tons tomer 4 signaler un syslime qui a 
adn sAposilion rniverselle de (878 et qui de 

Plus a fonctionné régutityemont sur une partie de hali- 

gue qui reustit le bamp de Mars i a gare de Grenelle : 

ce systéine tn él imaging Baillehache, aneien 

inspectour, chef de ce deta ligne de Glos Montfict 
Dans le systéme tel qu'il I ‘ 


Cleetriqn 


aces. 


un fl tegeaphie F 








a pplication El tricity to ‘Railway Working. - 
Te: Application of aS Macmillan and Co. 


: ee 5 rt 
author rightly thinks that electricity will play a more Important pat in railway working than ; 


. yet a ted; and that, too, with equal bencfit to science and the service. - The character 
Pe ec ea em ployed, the arrangement of circuits, the method of block-signalling, its 
ae plication to Janction-wworking, station and. siding protection, repetition of signals, are all points 
‘ol Tnterest alike to the railway manager, to the telegraph engincer, and to railway officials generally 
, S4indced, to all interested in railway working. 7 . i ae 
TY The object he proposes for his book is to set before his readers not merely the uses to which 
Yelectricity may be applied in the advancement and for the Proiccticn of railway traffic, but also the 
rates and principles which should regulate its practice. Ife is clearly of opinion that numerous as 
Sate the uses of electricity in the present day, cach succeeding year, in furnishing fresh demands, 
“produces fresh applications of it, and there is scarcely a channel in the tnanagement and working 
of railways in which it isnot destined to become an active agent. The necessity of a scientific 
knowledge of its principles on the part of all railway telegraph menis apparent, and some acquaint- 
fae with its application must be of the greatest use to others whose duties He more directly in the 
‘regulation of the traffi i 
fa’treatise on elects 
ments of railway traffic. 


The author very properly confines himself to his aim, not of producing 
» but to render more inifiar the application of electricity to the require- 


Electricity was first applied to signalling on opening the Mackwall Railway in 1840. ‘That line 
bas then warked by ropes, one on the up and one fur the down line, {fn its length of only four 
“niles there were six intermediate stations between the termini at Minories and Hackwall. 
iniles of rope was faid ait over free rollers placed between the metals, the rest being 
‘around drums worked hy two stationary engines at cither end. ach car was fitted with a means 
of: gripping this rope, and all were provided with conductors and rakes. But since it was 
aNecessary, before this rope was set in motion, that the official in charge of the engine should know 
Sthat cach carriage had actually a hold of the rope, it was for this purpose that electrical 
communication was established. ‘The instrument cmplayed at Minories and Blackwa I and inter. 
‘Mediate stations, was a needlle-indicator, capable of giving only these two signals, Ready” and 
Stop.” The carriages were brought up to the station . the passengers loaded into them, the 
"Carniages huoked on to the rope, and the signal Ready, made by pointing the needle to the left. 
hand side, was sent. When this signal Had been received from each station, the engine was sect to 
> Work, and all the coaches attached to the rope were thus put in motion, As each catriage 
pproached the station for which its passengers were booked, the guard loosened its hold of the 
“rope, bringing it to a stand under the contro} of the brakes. The up line was worked similarly. 
“Frequently the rope broke, but the want of tension being casily detected at any station. 
When such was the case, a signal to stop was sent either to Minories or Blackwall, according to 
the direction in which the broken rope was being wound, In every respect an admirable plan has 
! been thoroughly well executed ; and the author has given in a succinct form the results of a long 
‘personal experience of exceptional variety and value. sad 
‘Phe work is amply illustrated by 149 plates and woodcuts of apparatus and arrangements now 
used in the application of electricity to railway purposes. Indeed, the volume is in many ways a 
f puidchook—unique in its scope—and not unworthy of its objects, one of the most singular 
# developments of human ingenuily, * : 





\ 





Meapateh was printed tn the’ Aultdds 


‘Jann, 18, 1879. 


aos = w Your, 4 

Tho. Mctropotltan Elevated allway {a packing Its’) 
Falls with saint, tar. avd cotton: jo lesson, the noise," 
raving paid Mra, Walton, the Inventur, $1,000 f 
tho invention, .. She isa boarding, bo! 


New York, boards with Mrs, Watton, > Orta lagy att 
mor day last season Mre;Walton asked ‘Iii. Jf } 
didn't wait to’ make a speculation, atid proceoded to 
unfold a play for deadcaiig the nove of tho olevatod 
yallroad.: Hho related. that when a Jittluy girk wer 


father’s * house was 
with’ bisekwuith 
utlesnes thet upon 


wituatat. ou. the sama biock | 
pr witch: bevatno #o great = 
pPileatlon Of the residents 


that locality’ ha: was’ ordored to: remove lis abop. 
Her father went to tho blackwalth and told’ hit that 


ho cuttld Sx him vo he needu't move 


Thierenpon ho- 


placed the anvils (no box Alled'with saud and other. 
ualorials tho: biackaiatth’ closed up" hid: doors, the |f* 
Rolne ceased oni! [twas a couple of wouks' befure 1! 


uelyhborhood know that tho wanith, had 


ute? 


ha then disclogad to, Mr, Davie a-plan, for enclose |! 


Jug the quand rait of. tua devaied 


faa bor Aled 


with ssud, tarant cotton, Mr. Davis’ procured “a 

caveats ehowad the invention tu the Metropolitan Ele |! 

ovated Iailroad Coinpany «aint they applied It to.» 
rs 


couple of block 
thu > latur’ : the 


i company: 
they hat: 


obhel 


cArack;, A, plort 


+ ropirewented’ "that 
aby: cliscovercd «3 tha! same 


ravi 
anethod, atid irae found that they. Bat Aled 6 caveat 
wubwogvient to Mr, Davie. Mo thervupon filed 


IP tice of Interference. “ Subsoqtently au! arrangement ’ 


war *toachal whereby the. compabys coyensntadl’ to ”} 
adopt tho patent, protcot ft froru itlqath 21,000 


down, anothes $1.00) 
willy Of thetr tr: 


pollidte and Lull of Mew, 


when lt should. 


royally, ora quarter of the rvyalty, The invention 
ia paid to wor! 


like a charm, ca ‘will probably be In' 


duinaint foe all vlovated: 
for sbing tino to devine va 


olay aud gave up the attompt.. 





4dison experiinuntad 


to stop Chis kind ot 

















Expos! ion, fonctionne actuellement sur ta ti 
a Grenelle. 


























ang le systéme BE. de Baillehache, te fourgon du chet 
train‘devient nn poste {dlégraphique ambulant, de 
féro.A permettre d’ctablir, par dépachie, des commu- 
ications certaines soit avec les trains en marclic, soit 
avec lespostes des slations, , 

‘La train Se signale sans attcune interruption aux sta- 
tions, aux garde-barrigres et par suite aux trains qui pour- 
raient se trouver sur la méme voie et sur des voies diffe 





i moyen de ressorts Y OQ qui le-protégent. con- 
‘mouvements de trépidation, de tacel, dentraine- 
ntl conire Jes poussées dans Ie sens vertical, 
“Lun des pdles communique par un fil de enivre XN, 
2 pyec une eréinaillire C, dont le jeu est appelé 4 trans- 
foe ou 4 isoter Ie courant, parce que sa tige sup- 
rte uno palelte métallique a ressort P, qui pernrel 
lablir un ‘contact parfait et continu, lorsqu’an Pabaisse 
fil de fer galvanisé, ait fil de ligne, on qu'on 
: . 
p Ce fil de ligne est placé dans Vaxe de la voie, assez has 
§pour ne pas Aire touche par le cendrier des machines, II 
Jepose sur’ des hohines coniques B, dites & isolation inté- 
eure, .disantes de 1k t2 metres, et fixées sur dos 
its poteaus en hois, on méme sur les iraverses des 
2 J# fil de terre M, partant deta pile, est appliqué con- 
tye Ta plaque de garde des raues, et permet i l'électricité 
de-passer dans tes rails et de Si dans la terre, c'est le 
: Second pile, 
La palette formée d'une plaque de cuivre et de deux 
| glames'en tle dacier faisant ressort, glisse sur te fil de 
vdigne dont elle suit les ondulations. Un ressorl i boudin 
: fu une lame dacier V placée sur ta tige et ta pression 
due & son poids, qui est de sa kilogrammes environ, 
aintionnent Ie contact. 














Co raccord doit étre établi depuis les bifurcations et 
les aiguilles jusqu'aus gares les phis proches, 

De cette manidre le réseau tdlégraphique faisant com- 
muniquer les trains ct les gares est complet; on peut, 
dans les passages i niveau ou aux harridres, faire passer 
Ie courant du fil de ligne dans une sonnerie trembleuse, 
de maniére & prévenir les gardes de la présence d'un. 
trains Ja trembleuse s'arréte d'elle-méme dés que Je 
train a franchi le passage du la barritre, ; 

Ein outre, si tn goro-vers laquelle un tratn so dirigo est 
i munie d'appareils Morsa, i est fuctle A un chef de gare de 
Ri pouvoir A tout instant sulyre divers trains dans leur 

marche, den régler Vallure lorsque des retards se sont 
produits, parce quo Ja bande de papfer du cylindre du 
Morse se déroulant donne In trajectoire sulvio, en indi 

















i 
: a 
2. 
ee 













ANNALES INDUSTIRIELLES. — DIXIEME ANNER, — 0 JUEN 1878, 





i 
kilométrique oi se trouve Ie train avec lequel il a besoin 
de communiquer. 

Voyons maintenant tes principaux détails du systéme. 








quant les passages & niveau, les espaces parcourus par 


les trains, le temps employé 4 franchir ces distances, et, 


& toule minute, un chef de gare est informé du point 


Le conductenr est un simple fil galvanisé de 0,00 §. 

Ce fil, A cause du cendrier des loconiotives, est posé h 
une trés-faible distance du sol; cette disposition n'est pas 
favorable au courant qui, soumis 4 des dérivations st Viso~ 
intion n’est pas complete, peut amener des intermittences 
dans les transmissions, I était done utile de rechercher le 
mode Wisolation te plus convenahle. 

D'un autre cdté, le contact lant pris par une patetic 
midlallique qui glisse sur le fl conducteur et suit, avec la 
vilesse des irains, loutes ses ondulations, il fallait dis- 
poser l'appareil de facon 4 tviter toute cause de choc, 


Cette hobine est formée de deux cones tronqués en 
hois peint, vernissé ou goudronné & Vhuile de lin, accalés 
par leur plus grande hase; ce double cine est traverse 
par une broche de fer émaillé, graissé, qui est boulonnte 
sur les hranches du support; celle broche est enveloppée 
dan manchon de caoutehouc, La hobine présente done 
cing isolations différentes : goudron, huile de lin, canut- 
choue, émail, graisse, 

Une lame Macier, faisant ressort et en partie noyée 
dans le bois, retient te fil prisannier, sans opposer aucune 
aspérilé au glissement de la palette. 

Dans la manwuvre des disques et des aiguilles, par 
exemple, oft i) est utile de faire passer un courant pour 
faire fonctionmer tes sonneries dappel destinées a, pre- 
venir les agents de la voie de Vexéeution d'une manauvre 
ou d'un signal, la bobine plantée verticalement en terre 
par sa lige de fer émaillé, on supportée horizontalement 
sur des pieux équarris permet de supprimer les poteaux 
tdlégraphiques ordinaires, 7 











Le suppor! de la hobine est en fonte ordinaire; ii peut 
élve rigide ou i ressort. 

Le siipport:- 8 Feksort, qui permet au fil tendu de céder 
sous la pression de la palette, et de se-relever apres son 
passage, se compose d'une fourchette & deux branches 
inées 4 recevoir la branche de fer émaillé; cette four- 
cheite repose sur une cloche qui garantit le manchon 
dans lequel se meut une tige métallique faisant: pression 
sur un ressort. 

Le manchon se fixe sur les traverses memes de la voie, 
par deux ow quatre oreilles, 4 Yaide de tire-fonds ou de 
vis; on peut aussi les placer de dix en dix métres envi. 
ron sur pieux équarris, 

Entre les branches du support et Ja hobine so trou- 
vent, de chaque cote, un manchon en cnoutchouc qui 
empéche la hobine de se ddjeter dans un sens ou dans 
Voulre, et qui ta maintient dans axe du support, 





Lo contact est établi par une palette métallique & res~ 
Sorls, mue par une tige & crémaillére, 





fourgon de téte le perd, et réciproquement, ce qui assure 
une transmission permanente, 


Ligende de ta planche 48, — Fig. 1 et2.— WW. Wagan, 
typo du Midi. — P, Palette A ressort on contact, — BE. Po- 
sition de la paletto ixolée, — 1. Rossort d'acier pressnnt 
aur la tige T.— T. Tigo supportant Ia palette. — C. Cré- 
maillére. — Z, Manivello do la crémaillére. — A. Appareil. 
télégraphique complet, — 2, Bodine a 





RETR 


Fig. 3. — Dans un wagon queleonque, chaque chatne | & 
Wattelage oxtréme est relide Pune A Vautre par un fil abou- | fi 
tissant en spirale au crochet Mattelage galvanisé at brasé | 
au enivro au point d'atiache dit do contact: co fil est re- | 9! 
convert sons le wagon de gutta porcha comme isolant. n| 

Les chatnes d'attelage sont relices l'une & Mautre par 
Joura crochots, 


RRR Ostees SaS 


Fig. A. — 0. Bottes do ta manivetlo, — A. Manivelle, = 
B, Position de la manivello au momont de ta sonnerie, — 
S. Bouton de sonnerie. — P, Ligne indiquant la limite du 
compartimont, — TX, Arc du corclo == AB. —~ €, Galet sev- 
vant an jou do la crémaillare. ~- N, Rochet avec cliquet. — 
. 7. Crémailidre, — F, Botte du pignon ot de In cvémaillare. 
— G. Pignon, — D. Disquo porpendiculaire au pignon G ot 
faisaut corps avec lui, 








Fig. 5. — B. Point d’attacho ot est brasd lo fil do cnivre 
qui, on quittant Je crochet Wattelage, est isolé par la gutta 
percha ; co fil avant d'étro dirigd sotts le wagon pent paxser 

y en epivale autour des mnaillons, de maniére A taisser ans | Pt 
4 attelages tout lo jou possible. di 
1 Le crochet Wattelage est nickels ou ¢tamé on galvanisé | pr 
avec tne hrasure au cuivre intériouromont pour Vattache du H 











re 


PERS oe 


Sano 


eas 


23 









ee 4 
- woitiennne wh 

















solation intériouro.. 





— S. Support deo la bobine. — F. Fil d'ontrovoia ou fil do j 
voio clectrique, — M. Fil do terre. — N, Fil en spirale qui f 
tranamet ou regoit le courant aux appareils télégraphiques | 4 


dos gaves ot du fourgon. — G. Plaque de garde des roues, | F 
— R, Rails, — YOQ. Ressorts & boudin pour ompéchor la 

trépidation, — D. Galets  frottement doux pour In tigo de | u 
In crémaillére, n 


ul 

Le fil de ligne, malgré le contre-poits ou Mencliqque- 
tage desting & le maintenir tendu, a une propension, 
sous le poids de l'appareil qui glisse str lui, a plonger 
on avant et en arriére de chaque support; A premiére 
vue, on pourrait croire que cette différence de nivear 
produit une ance capable d'amener un choc; mais 
il n’en est pas ainsi. 

La palette, formée, comme nous I'avons vu, d'une lame 
et dune contre-lame trés-élastiques, se trouve prise, en 
at au-dessus de chaque support, centre dens pres- 
s, celle du train et celle de fa bobine; at lien de 
er ices pressions, elle y ciile et s'affaisse en aecen- 
tuant seulement un peu le contact. 

Ce mouvement de tlexion est d'aileurs favorisé par 
Ja forme conique de Ja bobine ct par I’dlasticitd de ta 
fourchette qui la soutient, ct qul repose sur un ressort 
placé dang le manchon du support. 

Cependant il n'est pas indispensable d’employer un 
support & resgort, le support fixe sulllt, 











La plupart de ceux qui ont recherché Ja communica- 











Application ‘of Electricity on‘Railrd 
tm Fronch ‘havo lately introduced “a's 
J which a stationary electric battery fs mado sul ¢ 
ito blow the whistle ‘of an; approaching :locomatiy Na 
caac the road ts not clenr, without the engineer 























tance, It §4 tha reverso of the system. i 
our Hudson River Ruflroad, (described on ‘pago 68 of; 
our July number,) by which overy approaching locomo? 
tIvo sets a stationary clectroannynetic alarin bell at the 
depot In motion. In the French system: referred’ ' 
tho obstruction at the depot, atarta the steam whistlo 

on every approaching locomotive when the train Ja still 
fur enough away to slacken speed and stop, ‘It hi 
now been in successful operation fur a year on tho Ind 
of the Northern Company of France, informing the 

J engineer whether the way fs clear or not, Tho signal 
tender turns a disk aud eendsan electric cupront in tho 
| direction of the coming tratn to a bar pla 
J tho ralln; when the engine reaches: tho apot, a: tnetal 
| brush, placed between the wheels, sweeps tho bar, the 
s to tho engine, ‘and, by means of air ele 
tro-magnot, presses upan a lever which opens tho ateni 
whistle, thus making it blow automatleally: ‘ 












Exgctiic Car. Sicnal—A 
a signa tly patented by Mr. 1. A. Sherman 
of.a new signal recently patented t pir, de Sherman 





and Mr. C, E, Mees, of Louisville, TT fn 
leman is an‘accomplished electrician, and is con. ; 
d with the Louisville. and Nashville Railroad, 
The invention consists in combining a signal device ; 
upon. the locomotive with two conducting wires extend~ 





h the cars of ‘the. train, and terminating at. 
each car in adjacent contact plates, forming |” 
seats, together with a flexible cable having two ins iF 
wires terminating in metal plates separated by a soft | 
rubber block, to continue the circuit, but permitting it, : 
to be broken when the cars separate, and transmit a. 
signal to that effect to the engineer, It can be a) 
to freight as well as passenger cars. 
something more than that of the s: 
Nat, Car-Builder, U. 


















waillére de madre’ que 1° 
eMenre te fil pendant la marche. 

De plus le fil sounis it des mouvements constants de 
tension et de dilatation n’offrant: presque jamais & la pa- 
lette les mémes points de contact, il n’y a aucune usure 
notable & redouter, 


Pour rendre complet te circuit télégraphique de Ja 
voie, on évite les caus, les bifureations et les 
en se accordant au fil des poteaux qui longent la vole. 

II faut aussi tenir compte des passages i niveau ; quoi- 
que l'interruption ne soit guére que (une demi-seconde, 
sion néglige ces passages, il peut sembler utile dl 
blir une communication non interrompue. 

On Pobtient facilement en installant unc deuxiine 
plette & crémaillére dang te fourgon de queua, on fait 
communiquer ce fourgon avec celui de téte par un fil, en 
se servant de la disposition indiquéo pour Jeg crochets 





Aux passages f niveau, Ia palette du fourgon de queite 
garde le contact avec le ti de ligne pendant que celle du 








whee = 








oon. 
tinde of » now signal recently patented: b 

1 LA, Sherman and Mr, 0, FE, Mees, :of Loui 
i ville, Ky. ~ The first named gontloman is an a 
“4 eomplishod electrician, and connected with: the 
Louisville & ‘Nashville railroad, Tho invention, 
onsists in combining, a signal dovica upon tho, 
locomotive with two conducting wires extending: 

2 {,throagh the cars of tho train, and torminating 
at the end of each car in adjacent contact plates, , 
: forming seats, together with a flexible cable; 
having two insulated wires terminating in motal 

* plates separated by a soft rubber blovk, to con- 

«1 tinue the circuit, but pormitting it to be broken 
“whdn tho cars separato, and tranamit a signal to 
that effect to tho engineor, It can bo .applied 
{ to freight as woll as passenger cars. Tho cost 
will be something moro than that of the system 
now generally in uso,—Nat, Car Builder, ; 


muay§ way \ty V8 


; : ae. ‘ 
; Railways and Telegraphs at the Antipodes—At tho|’ 
close of 1877, the seven members of tha Auutrntian Broup of : 
acttlements had either open or in course of construction 

699 miles of railways, whilo thero wero 30,965 miles of }, 
olectrio telegraph eit! v in actual eperation or shortly to|* 
In regard to railways, Victoria took tho lead, 

g 8 total of 1143 milea; Now South Wales followed 
with 860 miles; South Australia had 732 miles ; Queens. 
land, Pet miles i and Mestern Auatralia, $3 alles only. 

1, however, with its comparatively limi . 
held in reality tho Grst place, inving no toss mite Bia 
wiles of railway open or constructing. It wag not the 
tame, homorer in FeRord to Lelegrapls, for pile Victoria 

Wire open, ero wero in 
Wales 9763 miles, and in Now Zealand only Hay ote 
Steel Rails on the No 
The North 






































| ‘ a Tin atcel railed th: ! 
nd i403 lider branch, "Th isp rot fa a 
so been commonced this year Upon the Bilbao : 


3 care Wow an tha Madrid, Saranossa, and 
b. Afin,  & YEAR'S PROGRESS, ; | 
+ During the twelve months now drawing (6 a a 
‘Jhave quietly happened nota few events which in times of: 
lower progress, when great projects nnd great achievements’ 
Were Jess matter of dafly occurrence, could searcely have’ 
fulled 19 make a grand stir in the world, There can be ine 
* {deed no stronger proof of the exceptional character of the 
present timo than our proneness to accept such things as 
' Imatters of course. It §9 only when erasmaking events be- 
jcome common that they cease to bo remurkable, 
7 Theo regular readers of the ScieNttri0 Amentcan do not 
i° need to bo told at this Inte day what important, if not 
sMetorable, occurrences In the world of progress—commer- 
yelal, industrial, and scletitlfle—hnve charneterized the past 
Year, Iaving followed frdin week to week this record of 
fe World's inost effective thought and action, thoy are al 
ready possessed of the grand results of the Year'a activities, 
It may not be unprofitable, however, before closing tho his. 
tory of tho year, to recall 0 mind some of the more signtfl. 


d cant of its eventasom 7 

hima ated of the mora notable mov ements of 
It Is safe to assume that the 
most to our individual en: 
well-being, ling been conn 

















































































Ts ae 





vamet=d 


| 


ENON 


ey, 
sees 













to many, there 
Hustries of the 


or serious! y 
(he natural and inevitable congequences Bidets 


Seana anion eae aS 















‘selentific events 
many Important ones stand out most promiuently; and thr, 
work of discriminating Is mate all the harder by the elrcum-{ 
stance that the achievements firat made known this year huve; 
largely been, as usual, tho final outcomes of long serics of! 
paticnt labors; while the Inrger part of the year’s work of 

our scientific men, in the flcld and in the Inboratory, ro- 

mains unreported, 

Three or four new metals have been discovered, but that 
sort of thing has echsed to excite gencral interest. While 
fone elass of chemista has been thus adding to the list of 

‘elements, another class hag been working with no slight 

protulse of success te show that several if not all of the ele 

ments are but variant forms of one matter stuf. Meantime 

Mr. Crookes bas been carrying forwart his researches In 

;connection with the ultra-gascous state of matter, though 
apparently without making any discoveries of a radicat 
,eharacter. Mr, Edison tins made some valuable observations 
‘with regard to the behavior of highly heated metals {n 
vacuo, and has materially improved the means of convert 
ing power into electricity. His electro.chemical telephone 
iting been rapldly developed and prmetically applied; the 
| sonometer hag grown out of bis induction balance, and the 
{ mfcro-telephone has been the basis of not a few more or leas 
useful Instruments of physical or physiological investiga: 
tion, Mr, Edison’s call for platinum for hls long promised | 
electric lamp has resulted in the discavery of many deposits 
fof the metal in the West and elsewhere. A Inte dispatch 
from Colorado reports the discovery of the mre metal um 
nium in the Sacramento mining district. The ore fs enid to 
mun 00 per cent: but the probable quantity of ore in the de 
posit is not mentioned. The development of the mines of 
gold and silver in the West during the year ling been very 
mpid; and close at home we have the discovery in West- 
chester county, New York, of what promises to be of greater 
. |uuility than any mine of gold or silver, nately, vast deposits 
of excellent emery, Another matter of local interest has 
jbeen the addition made hy the State surveyors to the accurnte 

‘knowledge of the geography and topography of the central 

parts of New York, The work of geological and geographt 

cal exploration in the West lias been pushed forward not n 
Aittle during the past season; and the Canadian geological 
survey has done much good work. Further north the expe 
dition In search of. the remains of Sir John Franklin hayel* 
made valuable corrvettons In the map of the region north of 
(Hudson'a Bay. On the opposite side of the continent the 
Tcannette has made a bold and promising push Into the unox- 
plored regions within the Arctic circle north of Behring’; 
Strait, The safo passnge of Nordenakjold through the 
Siberian seas is the most notable event In northern explora 
Yon, Projvalskt and other Russian explorers have been 
doing good work In high Asta, Major Pinto has crossed 
{he African continent; and o large number of, exploring 
parties have pushed Jn yqrlous directions into the little 
{known interior, The"last™ report of tmportauce mentions 
ithe discovery of tHe head springs of the Niger by a couple 
of Frenchmen, 

1 In Austraila, Forrest has made a bold and successfal 

j Passage across regions hitherto unexplored, discovering vast 

jtracts of farming and grazing Jands where all was supposed 
to be desert, 

In the field of engincering, a large number of important 
undertakings have been Drought to successful fasite, particu. 
larly in the ‘construction of long and lofty railway bridges 
jand Sreattunnels, Among the latter fa the famous Sutro 
tunnel, and we are almost able to add the 8t. Gothard, 
‘which fs rapidly approaching completion. Thegreat work 
of improvement in tho harbor of Genon has been largely ; 
va bia unre work lina been done in the 
SES Cand of New York hurhor, and on 


zi Peay 











he pro- 














































posed fiuinel under tho: Hudson, -Soveral- oxtonsive ocean 
plors have been: constructed ut Long Branch and Concy 
Island, The mouth of the Mississippi has seen the practi- 
cal completion of the opening of its channel to deep-dranght | 
shipping, A now Atlontic cable bas been Jald, and other | 
works of the same character have been carried out In the © 
Indian Ocean and elsewhere. : . j 
41 These.are but-a few of the topics of tnore than temporary ’ 


i 
H 
i 


Vinterest which the readem of the Screntiric Astenicay { 


will recall. To speak of the important projects proposed, { 
Aiscussed, or actunlly begun during the year—like the pro° i 
posed ship railway across tho Isthmus of Panama, for exam 
ple—would awell this article, already too long, beyond all 
Hrensonnble limits, Beshtes, our renders do not need to be. 
gpecially reminded of them, Enough appears at the hastlest . 
‘ plance to show that progressive men have not been asleep | 
‘during the year, and that those who bave cared to read about | 
-the world’s real work have not Jacked material for engaging 

‘thelr attention, This, not tospeak of tho hundreds of Invens 
‘tong described and figured In our pages; the numeraus jllus- i 
trated papera on our great industries; tho Hlustrated papers : 
lon practical nechanics, and the many suggestions for inven: | 
‘tive work that have been furnished from time to time, : 


He en 


Enecrne Ratnways.—The firm of Siemens and Halske. 
haa laid before the municipality of Berlina new project for: 
the catablishment of electric railways in that town. They} 
propose that all tho railway termini in Berlin, and the! 
stations of the metropolitan railway, should be placed in com- 
munication by the electrical railway. It is proposed also that! 
a line should be constructed from the Skalitzerstrasse to the’ 
‘terminus of the metropolitan railway and to the Zoological 
gardens, passing by the stations of Potsdam and Anhalt, 


und that a second line should be nid between the Brand 
gite and Charlottemburg, 





Tiinya naw cme Ween on Tere 































“FKGECIRIC: RAILWAYS, we 
Exrornicity scems to be: coming to the foro in many 
respects not dreamed of in our philosophy a few years ago, 4 
and is now beginning to be regarded as a remarkable force : 
capable of definitive and ready control, instead of Betng : 
looked upon ag an erratic, unreliable, and mysterlous agent, |. - 
:| as was the chso up to very recently. Wo have heard a good | 
deal of its progress atnce 1878, when the light made its bow } 
to the public in Paris, and havo olrendy accumulated’ | 
| goodly fund of evidence in its favour In connection with a; 
variety of strictly practical purposes, Wo havo long been : 
acquainted with the advantages of electricity for alectroy: 
plating and similar uses, but for n dozen years or £0 past w : 
have been progressing with more celerity than many of u! 
haveknown. The invention of the dynamo-electric principle » 
of producing frictional electricity has completely revolu-c 
tionised tho applications and powers of the fluid, and recent | 
developments have made it plain that there is scarcely any ; 
limit to the possibilitics of the future with regard ; 
to this most powerful and occult of the forces of Nature. | 
Perhaps tho most strictly utilltarlan of tho appli- : 
| cations of electricity has been that of using it as the: 
motive-power for the propulsion of vehicles along a railway, | 
‘| Tho successful operation of a short linc worked in this; 
| manner was described in our Disseltorf Exhibition Supple- ; 
1 ment of July, 1850, since which time the system has been! 
worked at Berlin, and is now in operation at the Crystal ; 
Yalnce, London. <A paper tend on this subject Inst week } 
before the Society of Arts by Mr. Alexander Slomens gave; 
full selontific details of the modua operandi puraued, and) 
left Uttle or no doubt of tho fensibility of the Idea ona; 
larger scale, Dr, Werner Siemens, of Berlin, first con-t 
ceived the project in 1967, and discussed it during tho} 
Paris Exhibition of that year with other experts, It has} 
how attained @ certain measure of practical utility and! 
| completeness along a line In the suburbs of Berlin, from; °, 
Lichterfelde to the Military Academy—n distance of nbout, 
1} English mile, ‘The permanent way fs Inid in th 
ordinary manner, one rail being used as the positive and th 
other as the negative conductor, The car is exactly similai 
to an ordinary tramear, nnd §s constructed to carry 20 persons: 
besides tho guard. Uneler ths car Is placed the dynamo ma, ‘ 
chine, which transmitsits movement to the wheels by means of, 
spiral steel springs. Tho tires of the wheols are insulated from’ 
their axles, and aro in: clectrical connection with bras 
rings fastened on, but insulated from, the axles. Contact: 
brushes ‘press against these rings, and conduct tho current 
to tho dynamo machine, whick is thus sot in motion, Tho 
primary source of power is a steam-engino which works a 
‘| generating machine whence the electricity fs conveyed td 
tho rails by underground cables, With these applianess tha 
electricity is first. generated by the working of the steam. 
1) engine, Is taken to one rall by the cable ; from that it passoe 
through and works the dynan machine underneath tho 
‘| car, nud then passes off after tise (roughly speaking) by tho 
| other rail, Scfentitically and strictly this fs searcely an 
‘| exact definition, Lut it will saflice to convey the idea of the: 
| operation of the plan. ‘The railway so constructed works 
| well and gives every satisfaction. Should it continue to do. 
so thero would appear to bo no valid renson why olectricily/ 
shoukl nét-be.used in the same manner on railways, 
generally, especially on tho underground lines of the 
metropolis, which are almost unbearable in summer owing: 
i to the foul odours induced by the uso of atcam-driven, 
locomotives, It may be that this is scarcely practicable as 
t yet, but there can be little doubt that in electricity wo have 






























































































































































' g forco which has almost boundless capabilities, of many of 4 
© which we are still in comparative ignorance. -. ; 
2 
* a 
iH 



















rn devoir | 
une lise ¥ 


aussi les 
tque les» 


avoir al 
les Pyrénées, 
Les fortes pluies ne tombent pas: simattandaent 
dans toute Pélendue dar pli 


6 derniers jour 
ais te seecétaire de Vasile, Cu 
ses fucultés, . 


H 
fe toutes 


norte 


ty 


—o fo-- 


Hint sats expasds 

vents pluvicus. Lorsqu'elles sont amentes | 
vents de Ouest on dir Sud-Quest, ce pti’ 
le plus fréquent, elles s‘voonlent suv le versant aed 
nien et donnent tiew any maxima des mots dAne 
brae, die Cantal et de ke chaine des Pays; an con- 
traive, les pluies da Sud et du Sad-Est) sont 
releanes sue le versant iidditerranéen ot expliquent 
des maxima die Ventoux et des thontagies de UAre 
eehe, 


te vas 


de Ja distribution des plates, que ML Del 

formulées en 1865 pour te bassin de ta 

(sty nos. cartes. et lit peutratisas 

t pls netic chaque année, 

ions metéorologiques ddpartes 

es qui, deéveloppant une des plus essentielles 

de dears ativibutions, dtendent Progressivenent le 

réseau (observations, en clablissant de nouvelles 
stations convenablement chuist 


Tu. Marnnacs, 


etree 


ry 
LE CHOLERA 

ET LA SUPENSTITIUN DES JAVONALS 

On sail gentralement la meéfiance qutont tes dapat 
pour tots tes Eoropéens et pour les amuddecins étrang 
4 leur pays; nous eatrayons & ce sujet un I 
ressant du Rapport Mh consul anglais ats Japon 

«hors de sa visite au port de Niigata, aft 
épiddinie cholérique asses violente 
fernbre 1879, M. Wostey ful appeld 
terrenr daus ki population eta 
contre tes Eavopéonss Elle attri 

i Ne des pits: par 

Hus ele 


ssi ane. 
aU Ly sep 
fe constaler tine granny 
dntipathie trés grande 


ewrer leur ti 
géres, ' 

«© Perudant la pe ascenditite de Uépidemie, le gou= 
verncue japonais avait interdit aux élrangers de surtiy de 
la ville ot de cirenter dans da bautiene, Le doeteur Palin, 
nolatiment, ta saya missionnaire, dat int 
permbtnt quelque temps tournées périodiques 4 
hara, Shibata et Nahaje, villes ait il Mait tome en geande 
pstiaw of en grand respeet par les habitants, et nit il tai 
souvent appeld en consuliation pareles inddeciis da 


(In Britisch medical.) 


“UN CENTENATNE! 


est mort récemment 4 Londres dans 
Vasile de Mand-i nd, Well street. Gest us nomind 
Neary Mussel, qui était ent AN Ce Dtissement il 
Ya vingt-cing ans. UH est mort a Mage decent qu 


Un centen: 


* Voy. da Nature, méros 88 de US décembre (895, 52 
du O aA 1870, S51 dad octobire ABT. TUL adie Fee nad (RSI, 





LECHEMIN DE FER FUNICULAIRE 


plus curieay de chemins de fer ¢ 

sent sir tes montanes dont le: 

des pentes Leop capides 
isse les graviv, Nou 


a: t 
poe qiwvane love 
terons, par exemple, fe 
i Lyon, Te sys 
swimble des plans inelinds ante. 
nl'Cambe (anmndros 508, du 
Ly urs IT, 55 du 18 eetabre, et 569 da 86 juin 
1880), Nous ne saurions anjourd hui passer” sous 
silenee Ie chemin de der finieula reverent 
inauguré sur he edne du Vésuve et qui présente tant 
Wintérot on raison des dillienllés qu'a entraine 
Hlation de da vote sur te sol mouvaut dela 
te. 
emin de fer da Vésnve s'élave sur te flane 
da edne A partir de VAdrio del Cavallo, sorte de 
cirque semi-civentaire qaisépare dé da Soma le 
volcan actiel, Ada hauteur de 800 metres environ 
aedessns duc niveau de lamers il arrive en ligne 
Aroile presque jusqu’a Vovifiee da edne et 
ida fle TISQ) nidtres, soit 70 mate 
as que te sommet du Vésaves La penmte de ba 
vinnie de $48 G0, et présente une valeur 
moyen de SO pour LO0g te dévelapperment total 
est'de 800 ndtres environ. Le chemin de fer est a 
double voie, et ie trai descendant correspond tou- 
jeurs 4 un train montant, qu'il vontribue BY dlever 
par son propre poids, ce qui annale 4 pea pres 
Linfluence des poids anorts, Lit traction est operde 
& Vaide d'un double edble sans tin attelé: direete- 
ment sur tes wagans en imirche et enraulé au has 
tla plan sur ua treuil command? par une machine 
lixe, 
av voi, qui forme ane des particntarités les plus 
intéressantes de Tinstalkiion adoptée, west pas 
constitnes par deux rails parallies comme cans tes 
chemins de fer ordinaives son a été obligd de poser 
seulement an miliea ane longrine longitudinale 
appuyée sur fe sol et suppertint be rail nique qui 
sect A guider’ les ns. La vole Maller et da voie 
de vetour ont dé construiles akins ces conditions, 
eMes forment un ensemble de deux lon- 
Héles en ehéne, crartées de 2 uittres 
environ cl fortement entretoisées de métre en 
inélre par de grasses Craverses de S metres de lone 
gueur, ; Meas co, 
Celle dispositions qui est due aM. Cingeéniear 
Olivier, lait te seule qavon pat employer pour div 
blir solidement ta vole sur le sof mouvant die ¥ 
suve. ba lave, en efel, qui seule peat fonrnir le 


time Aguiio, Vi 
inoteurs de lit 


ase re~ 
s qui ont 
vitd Gait 

et ils 
uinerait 
n parcil 


nachines 
de deve. 
Iles met- 


rites, 
s str ta 
els exté- 
longrine 


au mois 
lis pelt. 
SOLEUS, 
erminds: 
ny et ta, 
artiv de 


techalqua. 








TigBtew baht P ace DBa ThE a 
















WHOLE NO. 307. 















machine in tho locomotive ia on tho railway, the 
electric current produced in the machine soon’ rns 
throngh it and causes it to rotate and to impart its 
rotary motion to the wheels of the locomotive, and. 
the Intter continues to move until the current is in- 
terrupted, Even an inpertect state of fsolation on 
the part of the mila doer not materially affect the 
action of the machine, When the locomotive ix mov- 
ing its conducting wires form much better conduc. 
tors than the damp earth. If the enrrent in Inter. 
rupted the damp ground in not a anficient conduce 
tor to keep the dynamo-clectrical action cing, The 
magactiam of the machiner producin The current 
conwoquently disappears, and tho result ia that tho 
subordinate stream through tho earth is alsa inter 
rupted. A great advantage 1A possessed by tho 
trausmirsion of electric force from the fact that the 
locowotive, whether moving slowly or quickly, nl. 
Ways works up to its fall power—nn effect which has 
hitherto been an unsolved problem in mechanics, 
When the mnchino that gives the power hax to do 
auch work, and so goes Blowly, the counter cur- 
rents it proiltices aro nlxo correspondingly weak, 
and the current through tho conductors thereby un- 
dergoes an increnso in strength ton similar extent. 
By this.imeaus the clo tro-mngnetinm and, corre. 
Aponing tothis, thoattractive power of the machine, 
arg increased. ‘Cho dynamo-electric locomotive has 
the further nlvantage that it curries in itaelf tho 
power which can be employed aan brake, inaamuch 
as it becomes itself the primary or current-produc. 
ing machino when it rotates more rapidly than the 
wetual machine. In judging of the performances of 
the electric locomotive in the Berlin Exhibition, it 
must bo remembered that it was not constructed for 
tho purpose to which it bas been applied—that is, to 
propel the three elegant little passenger carriages 
which are attached to it, 


In this country Mr. George Little, more promi- 

ently known in connection with automatic teto- 
gmphio inventions, has devised what he terms an 
electro-opyciclo engine, designed for a similar pur. 
pose, Mr, Little is still engagod in porfecting this 
invention, which has not yet been practically tested 
in connection with practical railway locomotion, 
and of which a full and satisfactory description Las 
not yet been published, 
* More recently, Mr. ‘I. A. Edison, of Menlo Park, 
N. J, hnw ind conatructed at that place a track of 
somo length, and equippod it with an olectric loco- 
motive and one or two roughly constructed cars 
which nro propelled quite rapidly by an olectric en- 
gincer. His arrangement, however, is vory similar 
to that of Dr, Sicmons’ Berlin railway, except that i 
ho uses tho two rails alone ns conductors, ‘This lat 
ter arrnngement, however, had been described by 
Dr. Siemens although not adopted in bis Berlin ox- 
periment. 

Mr, Stephen D, Field, late of San Franolaco, Call-, 
fornia, but now in tho employ of the Western Un- 
ton Telegraph Company, in this city, for whom ho 
is substituting for the galvanic batteries in uso for 
telegraphic purposes n nystom of magneto currents 
generated and dlatributed by a nystem dovixed by 


this subject by the cable syatem for propelling atreet 
care in San Franciaco, which ho conceived could be 
economically substitnted -by an eloctric aysterny i 
With tho cables thus employed, there in unavoidably 

a great waste of power, and the woar and tear of 
cablos is very. grent, costing Inrgaly for continnod 
repairs, . Ho belioves that he has invented a aystem 

and apparatus which will solve the problem and 
overcome the difficulties horotofore exyest-zcud) in i 
Practical operation, especially.in’ the application of 
power derived from electri€ity to surface atrect cara 
and clovatod malimrean, We Mt filed a envent of 
his invontion over a Jone ago, tuus antedating, it is : 
belioved, the invontion of Dr. Sfemens. Ho has ob- 
tained the tirat patent upon his invention, the 
claims of which, a8 allowed by the Commissionor of 
Patents, nro as follows : 


ae . 
id 

Original Articles, 

: ) BERCTRIC RAILRUAD SYSTEMS, 
f. : As carly na tho year 1830, tha nso of the electric 
be : current as a motive power, asa substitute for aterm 

re and horse power in the movement of railrond trains, 

, iattmeted much attention. In that year Dr, Charlea 
\ . Grafton Page exhibited an invention for this pur- 

t pore, and-his experiments were #0 far-succenaful as 

i to practically demonstrate the fact that carn could 

/ thus be moved, and he {s said to have actunlly ot- 

‘ : tained a spcod of twenty miles an honr with his 

i syrtom.. The magneto machinca had not, however, 
: at that time been perfectod, and he was compelled to 
employ galvanic batterios to generate the current re- 
quired, Hoe found not only thnt the powor thus ob- 

+ tained was much more expenslvo than that otherwiso 

» mupipliod, but also that the motion of the car contain. 

g the batteries, wonvoldable from high speed, dis- 
turbed ‘and disartanged the batteries to such an ox 

-* + fent’as to ronder thelr employment, excopt oxperi- 

* mentally end- andor #pecially favorable conditions, 

- - impracticable. Consequently, after spending much 

r time and money in tho effort to obvintu these difl- 

F : culties, ho suspended his exporiments, and for many 

ps t Years subsequently the mattor was in aboyance, 
Tho invention and perfoction of powerful mngneto- 
electric ninchines, and tho utilization of induced cur- 
rents, introduced n now and important element, and 
tho project of electrical lcomintion hasbeen resumed 
with much more favorable Prospectsofaucoess, With- 
‘in the lant two or threo, years (ho matter bas been 
again energetically taken up both in this country 
and in Europe, and material Progress hus been nindo 
towards overcoming the diMiculties connected thero- 
with, In‘Europo Dr. Werner Siemens has so far 

~gueceaded ag to enablo him Inst fall, at tho Berlin In. 
dartrial Exhibition, to show in practical: operation 
an electric ratlway, which attracted much attontion. 
Upon this railway.threo curringos wore run, each seats 
{ng from 18 to 20 person. ‘Those carriages, fully 
oceupled, wero propolled’ by tho current from an 
electric motor, round a clrenlar mulway nearly one- 
Afth of a milo in length, in:from one to two minutos, 
‘The following description of this railwoy, and the 
Apparatus omployod, translated from tho alrchtu far 
Post und Telegraphic, publishod at Berlin, was print- 
ed in our Issue of October 16, 1879: 

Thero are two' lines of rails Inid down, which, aa 
0B harrow-gauye line, return into themselves in n 
Ping-ahaped curvo. ‘Tho length ta nbout 300 metres, 
In the middle ix’ an isolated third line, consisting of 
an upright, continuous iron plate. ‘I'he locomotive 

3 : carrion two roflers, with which it stands in connuo- 

‘ Poe afl Lome hs ey on with tho isolated middle line. ‘The essential 
4 7 ‘ portion of the locomotive is formed by an clectro- 
dynamical machine, one polo of which is connected 

with the middle fine and the other with tho. pair of 

Outer rails, through the outer wheels. Similarly the 

uuchine which ‘produces the current atanila {a the 

machino room in connection through one pole with 
the middle hno, and through the’other pole with the 
outer pair of rafle,’ When, therefore, the dynamical 






















1, The combination, with an cloctro magnetic 
motor and its commutator, of a circuit-controlling-' 
lever capable of three positions, the first closing the . 

reuit on the commutator whon in position to pro- 
duce a forward mution of tho motor, the econd clos. t 
Ing the cfrouft on tho commutator when in position 
to produce a backward motion of the motor and the: 
third interrupting or cutting off the current from 
the motor, au stantially os wet forth, ‘ 

2, The combination substantially aa herefn act 
forth, of a continuous hollow chamber containing an: 
insulated electrical conductor and one or more tubes 
extending lengthwise of the chamber, , 

3. A railway track rali, consluting of a continuous, 
hollow chamber having an insulated electrical con- 
ductor extending lengthwiso within it, and provided 
with a longitudinal alot, substantinlly as set forth, 

‘This patent, however, doca not fully covor his sys- 

tem of electric locomotion, many additions and im. : 
Provoments having been made which aro yet in-the t 
patent ofice, In its application to elovated rail. 
ways tho continuous hollow chamber, containing an 
insulated electrical conductor, and oncor moro tubes 
extending lengthwise of the chamber, can bo dis- 
Ppensed with, 

It is understood that Mr, Fiolds' inventions aro 
soon to bo testod upon ono of tho elovated milroada 
in. this. city. If found practically succossfal and 
economical in operntioa they will undoubtedly sn- 
porsedo steam for such roads, and thus do away 
with many of tho disagrocablo features in connection 
with thoir operntion, 


—_—_—_——__.. 


{From La Lwmidre Slectrique) : 
DIRKCT MEASUREMEMT OP THE INTERNAL t 
RESINTANCE OF  MAGNETO-ELECTIUC fi 
" MACMINEN IN MOTION, a5 <a 
By Ti. pu Monoxr, ; oh 
Is a sorios. of articles, of. whioh thin Journal han’ 
published tho first, Mr. G. Cabnnolins has reenpitu- 
lated the means that can bo employed to inveatignte to 
in an ensy wannor tho best method of eel ; 
’ . ylelded by mngueto-electrio machines, 
Athough but recently a publio aspirant for the | the curra: * yielde e 
aaa of sliver electro rallway apparatua, hag | and to all. Qf their being classified in the order of ; 
Inut two-or three yenra at work upon | their mor! ; 
tute prob Hin attontion was firvt attracted tol. Ono of tho greatest difticultion ho has encountered 





































BRta aR ergs 


wae 






‘i 







cA eae 














- 






st yee 


er tw meen 5 




























































wa rw SR TRL NE, 


’ 





































aT Eto Fs 
Sioned § tlectrical railway 
: is running constantly every day at the Brussels Exhibition, and F 

earning a great deal of money. Itruns under bridges, whisks [- . t wo locomo- 
; s }Oney 


There are three ¢: 





of the lovemot 








ethan in the latter, 
and we 
ed up on the 
'Y. in order to. test = 
levated . Grated ts pommunicated to the 


Camden and Amboy Railway in New Jerse 
whether the system is applicable to the New York v 








7 CUE, eee) 
ELECTRYO ‘RAT WAYS, ~~ : 

(PURE utility of tio olectrie datrtharpsiati Reh 63? 
brought to a test in the. Unjted States. . ‘ 
Eight miles of the iron road are sc. Part on the 
Camden and Taey, for the 















which, with 


: round and over bridges at the speed of a fast trotting horse, 5 ut Poin iy ate 
“Whe engine is no bigger than atea-hos, and the driver sits {- of September, rials ti 


made yiold 


astride of it with the broke and contnet lover in his hands, Aatistactory on to appl 
inges, cach carrying six persona, seated 
back to back after the manner of an Trish Jaunting car, The 
power being greatest when the current is let on and the coils, 
ure stationary, there is sharp jerk on 

starting, In going up hill the driving enrrent is aleo stronger 

than in going down hill, for the same reason, nanely, that 

ater difference between the velovity of the re. ! 
volving coil in the stationary dynaio-electrie machine, or pptat 
generator, and that of the revolving coil in the moving ta electsjo motor, placed ou the 
machine or locomotive in the former ¢ 
The electric railway is evidently quite. a sttecess, 
observe that an experimental line is being fit 


he olectria Iway which, 
ork, 


by rena 
exhalations, utolerablo 
The electric engines are calcu. 
0 theso complaints ; they will 
noisy, omit no amok or ateam, nor fill 
ha alr with cindors, In addition there oO, they 
Will introduco Breat economy in the working ox- 



















Pplies “tho motive ‘power 
stationary engines, and thence 


















tho wheels, a 
O-attarters of 
Tho motor ia 
in uso for the 
mysteriously 







i 


Of leathor bands Th boedl mean! 
2 ine fe pelt motive power ma be de.’ 
{ neetied rd it, S Powerfut brake 7a con: 
: Without any 


¢ has " x “ 
York Would se calinated that the cit of Now 





Stoured for an Sconomical aunnty 
tho six stations will be required 
ote, of Power, each quota to be 
According to thu requirements of tho 
a station) ro atfbinnes pre to be worked , 
Cal plan. Ati tufertor 
coals. compared with that Tequired for 


team locometives, Tho or gt of 


i While these items § 
f ieteated In thy managements 


‘actor, so far as tho int 
; { 4 Concerned, ts that thy electria enon 
A fy BECO Of enfety ; no smoke, cinders, 
| passenger, eile smell can orally annoy the 


Agalu, the current at; 
tho vloctri ions, 40 ae ts 
, Hvelliog ata prenfet ty, 69 Povent 











pr Lnensistiy 





Orewa 8 
» around sharp; 





jtho fulleat teat as to what can bo dono in this; 
dircotion, It will havo soveral exceedingly. 
sharp curves, ono of which will bo 30 ft. radius,! 
Tt will alao have somooxceedingly steop rades, | 
ono of which will. he 880 ft, to tho mile, and’ 
‘Another of tho remarkable gtadlo of 2,600 ft. ta! 
tho mile, A track rising nt an angle of half'x: 
‘mile in a distance of ong mile, would cortainly{ 
jconstitute @ very remarkablo railway, ‘The’ 
grado of 1,080 ft, to the mile, by which tho! 
summit of Mt, Washington, in Now Ilamp.; 
‘shiro, is reached, ix ascended at a vor alow; 
paco, and then ouly by means of a coggad track, ; 
Wo should rathor be excused from the firat: 
ride up Mr, Edison's grado of 2,000 (t. in a mile 
over @ amooth track, with ouly electricity as 
the motivo power. : : 


Tar Euxctifst yt 
Musrus—Major Feasting, R.E., who ig entrus 

_ charge of the buildings of the South Ke 
gives the following account of the experiments o 
With the electric light:—Arvungemiits we 
carly part of the Sear with the Britiah jy 
Company for trying a Wilde's inachine in 
Raphael Gallery and one of the Shee 
machine was worked by the gus e 
ceding year. The trials, however, were 
; Short time, on Account of the buzzing noise enitted b: 

















aur” y 





ted with th 


f lust yea: 


—— toe 


ns 3 fs 
HE Se Kevstwafon 


0 


nsington Museum, 


r 


ere inade in‘ the 
lectric Lighting 
d lights in the 
Pshanks rooms, ‘Pho 
gine purchased in: the pre. 
discontinued after a: 





e the: 
lamps, which wag found to be Very objectionable, ‘The pro-. 
motors expected to bv able to Overcome this difficulty, and it! 


Was intended to have some further trials when this should 


have been done; but before long the company was Wonndve 7 








and no further trials were made, . It was found from the, 


trials that two lumps lighted one of the: Sheepshanks rooma, 

in which the consumption of gis: is 600 feet per howr; and 

that. six lamps gave sufliciont light for the Raphacl Gallery,’ 
J Usually Tighted: by a consumption of 1,800. fevt of gas’ Q 
hour. Apart from the noise, the light was generally tise 
factory, though the lamps required rather better adjustment, 
tu make them burn satisfactorily, and to enable six of them 
to be properly worked by the gas engine. ‘this better ad 
justment could ne duabt have been effected with care, but it 
Was not thought advisable to continue the trials with this 
view as long as the great defect of the noise remained, Ag. 









Probable vost of wear and tear of the machinery, Ge, could 
of course be arrived ut from these limited trials, bat the 


tainly be ample to cover this cost, as well ns the interest on 


Werdermann, the inventor of another form of electric lamp, 
lent some of his lamps for trial in the Art Tibrary, ‘They 
were worked by a Gramme machine hired for the oceasion, 
and afterwards by the Siemens nnichine, the motive power in 
cach case being the gas engine. Neither of these machines, 
however, yave results satisfactory to Mr. Werderman, and at : 
his request the trials were discontinued until he could get a 


aching iy maby lioved would answer his 1 ereey | 
rinse aa . . 








vite 


found to coat 2s, 6d.an hour for the Raphact Gallery, against ; 
© cost of 6s. 4d.an hour for gas. No determination of the | 


saving of 3s. 10d, an hour, or nearly £140 2 year, would cer. : 


i 






LN 


. + 7 
Tegitrds cost, the motive power aud earbong for this light were * 


: 
i 


the outlay for the machinery, At a later period Mr ' 


















Wr \ 
wy | 














Juetter. He has uot, however, resumed the trials ag yet. The 
Reading Room was satisfactorily lighted by these lamps. 
|The light was steady and of good colour, and the amount of: 
heat given out by them being imperceptible, there.was 0, 
favournble contrast-.to the gas lighting, which makes, the | 
room very hot. There were uo signs of the evolution of my: 


noxious vapours, but this isa.point which will require further i» 


investigation, Eight of theae Inmps were used in: the Art: 
Library, but the best result was obtained when seven only: 
were used at ono time, They were placed at the same height: 
above the tubles, about five feet,‘as the gas lights, mid U1 
consumption: of gas in the lights which they replaced i at 
| the rate of about Gd. an hour. ‘The gis consumed in the gas’ 
' engine which worked theelectric lights cost about 10d, si hour, 
:Jand the carbons about 8d., so that these two items aloné-cost 
| threo titnes as much as the gas lighting. It muat be remom- 
: bered, however, that in the new Reading Room, which will be: 
| nearly 35 feet high, it will be necessary to have the gas lights’ 
J about five times as far above the readers’ tables as they arein 
‘| the present room. ‘he consumption of gas in proportion to 
the number of readera will therefore be largely inereased - 
but there will be no corresponding increase in the number of 
| electric lamps, which may be as near to the tables ag they were 
in the above-nientioned trials, and therefore probably the cost’ 
of-even the Werdermann electric light will not be much 
greater than that of gas in this case, and in every other point 
the advantages will be with the electric light. ‘Phese lights 
|| Sppear to be particularly suited for the Art Library by reagoti 
+, of their great steadiness, 


Jing the expense’ of working them, Trials, however, will by { 
inade of other systems of ‘electric lighting as occasions offer, | 


in order to determine which will answer best for other parts, 
of the Museum, ‘The ‘total consumption of gus in thet - 


| Museum, schools, &c., at South Kensington ast year was | 

28,820,800 cubic feet, costing £5,044 1s, 2d, At Bethnal 
reen 5,224,000 eubie feet, of gas were constuned, costing; 
if H ee 


Pr ie ia 


ie dap re get 


chan Sans ee eeD | 
Tur Eneernie “Rarnway: According a the Operat . 
: : , — r to, verator, 
' Mr. Stephen Dudley Field, o well-known telogra nher, and 
' nephew of Mr. Cyrus W, Field, of Atlintie cable fame, 
elnima that he invented an electric locomotive ghitable for 

; Altrface or elevated railroads before vither Professor © % Ao 
of Berlin, or Mr, Rdison, of Menlo Park, hud done “th Vuling 
in_ that direction, A patent was issued to Mr.” Field 
d We gthy while Mr. aon pitent for a similar 
et been granted, adi 2 claim j 

ee bid rh gn the Peo Edison says that. the claim ig 
ment for opening and closin 
samo relation to‘ an electric engine that 


sewing machine, und to uge whic vi 
Peay ay ‘ @ Which -the 


& mill dues to a! 
Must first be a 


and it may therefore be fouing! : 
i advisable to introduce them into the new rooms, notwithstand?, . 


118, | 


invention | 


ield patented a lever attacl t 
revit, which bears about the! 


s : : is econ ean chan D 
toctric railways have been running enmo time at 
aoue mand “Sirussels, these have been on a toy scale, though 
they carried about sixteen people at about eight miles ber hour. | 
ain clectsic railvay is now, however, bélng constructed - near. 
Berlin Botersens F sichterfeide and: ‘, * ranch Ine tor, 
Grosso Kadettenhiaus, Messrs, Slgtnei 
structars, vge ree et eas 


isis Het 


Annes Qe & \SRD 


ar TANDARD WIRE GAUGES 
01 > BTANDARD WIRE =, 
Waecxtil “WY tw. antawonin, Ourwinnton, 4 
As all elvilizad,.nations divide the cirele into 800 degrees, 
Pfnd as there catsde no variation In any of these, nothin; 


can be more standard than to take one of 


* “these angles for n wire gauge, an angle 


Unt everybody ts familiar with and re 
cognizes ad fixed. But with this to begin 
j With, no good would result if we were to 
seltct a certain size wire to alart with, and 
then regulate all the other sizes from that 
(as Ta the old so-called standard Bauges of 


yihe present day), ‘This might perhaps do 


if all makers were to guess alike on thelr 
starting size. The metric wire guuge 


{shown in the engraving atarta at the center 


of the elrele(or apex uf the angle), which 
having no size is called 0, and to tx upon 
the points for the other humbers, the. 
metric system Is adopted as being a'stafd- 
ard measure, and from 0 both stdes of the 
angle are graduated so that ong millime. 
ter from the center gives No, 1; from No, 
1 two millimeters for No. 2; from No, 2 
three millimeters for No, 3; from No. 8 
four miltineters for No. (10 am, from 
), and soon in arithmetteal Progression 


With one millimeter ag the common dif. 
ference, 


1 With this gauge thera is no guesswork 


In tixing upon a size, elther to start with 
or to carry out the system jndefluitely 
and when teferred, the exact diameter of 
Any number ean be easily catculated with 
oul measuring, If one ‘prefers to do 80, or 
‘does not happen to have a rule at hand, 
The metric Measure f¥ adopted here, as 
it ts evidently coming Into quite genera) 


_ Use, Spain having put it Into full force throughout her entire 


Possessions on duly 15, and Turkey havin 
recognize it, 

Ifthe wire Consumers wero to adopt this metric wire 
Bange and order from tte numbers, the wire drawers would 
undoubtedly yield to the Popular demand, 

pe 


1B KONE 8v fur as to 


Grane machin 


ledtrle locomotive 


0 use of electricit; 
Monetary Times « 
interviows with 


Sound and from ¢ 


ne otal work tho line fora It ‘ 





© Muchine Works, 


Tn Accumulating matter for our Dr. | 

; Gusror tie Manuracruntyo AN Mer- 

' SANTILE Tloubes: or N EWARK, we at [© 
mes erg Reross establishments en. [t 
aed iusthe production of a special as 
rall as genoral line of goods, Of this 
‘iss the [ope Machina Works of 

Mesars, W.G.& G.G reenfield is one, 

Their nmaufactures embrice a luirge 

‘line of specialties, such ag stationary, 

portable and yacht engines and boil- 

ers, Wood and. foot Jathes, punchit 
Ages, stereotype im: 
w 


Mne motors, The a 
resents the Greenfield ye 
one of the simplest, mos 
durable, and cheapest er 
market. In its eonstrue 
the best material isn 
workmanship is of the 1 
and unexceptionable n 
engine before leaving th 

minder steam. and thore 
and it is so ovenly bal 
; {bolts or any other applia 


sy ysane * fasten it te. th 
qrera JME a eat its rated sh 

ly, ‘acct: of it is put tog 
aya, De. most thorough and work 
constructed. “Her "he steam joints 
! jane ground to a_perfe 


obviating the annoyane 
piper. joints; the shaft 
“valve rud and cross head 
of forged steel, and the 
liled vith composition + 


1. | ‘ adjustable to tate up thy. .6 


i firm reeently, sold” tw 

; these engines to a prd, #2 
' York house, and are now 
“asecond order, Messrs, 

j Greenfield also make a 
Riley's foot-press. ‘hig. 


ty 3 GTR Mert 
larger range of djustment“lutas” eee a 


ke Uh" y other in the market,“ 
It is strony, nut ciunbersome to oper- 
ate, id in every way the most perfect 
machine of the kind made. Asan 
evidence of how this press is appre- 
ciated we have merely to state that tie 
firm recently placed one hundred and 
twenty-five of them in one establish. 
nent Which discarded others to make 
roont for this, ‘The firm are also man- 
ufseturers of the champion bling wir-- 
ing machine, made atter J. Hole 
berger’s improved patent, ‘This ma- 
chine is said to be the most perfect of 
the kind in the market, and the firtn, 
are continually in. receipt of orders. 
for it from all sections of the country. 
Tho Hope Maching AY argqare located, 
ea  oeAop ON ssaUENG OI) HE ODtLA 
Jwanouad [Fuos01) puv Buoy yo uo! 
“uod ONT. *f Puy uuptog “ET osu! 
Oty JO sLOqtdUE OAOdE—L OIL, 
spray Savsgooou or tte pUULUTtOd j 
PURI SITE ESI RENTON INET TEST IT) 





Vee 








228 


: Re ‘ The } 
|The Possibilities of the, Electric Railway. :{ thronged with vehicles, be realized, th ¢ single advant. 
: th ating practical ox eriments of Dr, | aga that would be galnod in the improvement of the 
ee pistdanatreat Le ‘and of Mr Edtison, in con-| sanitary condition of- our ‘eltles dn ridding us of tho | p 
tructing and operating a railway with electrical mo-|.vast bodies of Alth with which our atreets ares ly 
y have attracted universal attention by ‘reason off littered, can hardly be ove: mated, wie ~ | same, ee : uy 
he novelty of the iden to tho presont generation, and] Tho history of tho olectrieal rallway resombles that The ‘olectric railway requires, first} inamo-eleo. 
ithe apparent success-of tho experiments; and much | of the majority of Smportant and revolutionary inven-| trie machin at the terminus of the hich Is ac. 
iapoculation has been indulged. In a8 to the possible tons, In that several aborilys attempts at ita realize. tuated by somo source of power—an Slonary en. 
} : ae * [Hon are recorded before its actual success was assured, | gine, This machine fa placed in elj trkonnectton 
‘| Nearly forty yeara ago, the iden’oc. vege ca A 
curred to Prof, Page, one of the plo. 
neers of electrical invention, and somo 
Jeara Iater Mr, Silby and Dr, Colton: . 
_ J essayed the problem, But these early 
‘{experimontors Incked tho means for 
the economical generation of elec. 
telelty with which our inventors of 
today are provided, on which necount 
they falted. Tho only source of eleo. 
tricity available at that time, was the 
galvanto battery, tho inconvenience, 
uncertainty and costliness of which 
waa an nsupernblo obstacle, Tho de- 


t 

t 

nm ‘Le alice . v 
i Package and frolght-traffic ‘over thoroughfa 


ubsequently mad 


ailway In the eft; {Sco cut on Firet Pa 


Menno Pann, .N. 
Tarnoapens {00 . 
my promise In a former lotter, I'give 4 
In-regard ‘to Mr. Edison's locomottyg 
railway aystem. ‘Tho locomotive whitch 
You illustrate ty of course one constructed sole}; for 


to factly ex At consists of a targo olectroy 


¢ between the poh 
tlnes which Mr, Edison | 
It is mounted hori 
wheels having thal! 
As it Is essential to ecda. ; : 
gitudinal aupports ‘T 7 (Fig. 4), H " fe a nace } : 
which the rails § § (insulated from each other) reat o wheels, perimental locomotive) {i i 
sleepors ofhard wood, are firmly fastencd to Mhocolumnd was rex The track, ft Oing 
The passenger Coaches aro to be constructed ns Nght; eJong, was culistructed ot tue 
E + f natural aurface with Very little ballast, and with curves 
of 200 feet radius, on grades of Lin 40.-Thits ‘locds 
velopmont of tho dynamo-cleotria mn. motive depenits for power upon the electric current} fh 


hich was, in the ex; eriments, taken’ fr th Is 
chine within the past few Sears, how. Taeemanmecny! ms Seema : th ae Ly p ‘Tom the rallies 
ever, has removed this serious dif. top Me : ¥ Say . they forming, with the armature on tho engine and cone . 


NO San eid 


tal-servico, Sn ire 
between central 
i iB an 
Wo give below Situs 
of these suggestions, 
bo realized. Itis 
the elevated elect; 





+ { faturo uliltty of this Intest application of electricity, 
; From the results that have been reached in the pro. 


; 
iH Iiminary experiments: of both the inventora above 
| named, wo risk: very little In advancing the optnion 
; Hhat the practical success of the new method of propul. 
sion hns been demonatrated both from‘a technical and 
economical standpoint, and we may reasonably oxpect 
to sea the system extensively Introduced in the near 
F futuro for mining and - 
agricultural purposes, 
ant in our cities fo 
the transfer-of pasgon- 
gera-and yoods, For 
{the purposes above 
{ named, and doubtless 
{ for others that do not 
j on tho Inatant occur to 
; Un, tho advantages ot 
electricity as a motive 
{ power over steam and 
| animals, {8 too pro. 
nounced to admit of 
! queation, and the econ: 
+ | omy of the now method 
| having been onco es. 
i tablished (which - we 
| think may safely bo 
; Assumed), the general 
j introduction ofthe , 
j Clectric method of pro. 
pulsion for the hauling 
of ores and minerals, 
for plowing and othor 
| agricultural work, and 
: dn clties for tho trang. 
port of passengers and’ 


culty from the path of Inventors, and 

has given thom what before was Jack. 

ing, namely, a comparatively cheap moana of gonorat- 
ing and maintaining poworful electrical currents by 
the direct conversion of mechanteal enorgy (no matter 
how generated, whethor by atoam, wind or water-fall) 
into electricity, In thts form we can send our power 
to great distances over metallic conductors with com. 
Parattvely little tons, drive electric locomotives or elec. 
tro engines located at distant points, to do the work 
of the steam engine in our factories and workshops, or 


q 
by metalllo conductora with a meond dyrorelectele 
machine, which, properly. mounted on shiclo, the 
wheels of which aro set in motion by it, ciltutes the 

olive, Thus wo have thet dynamo. 

electric machine sot In motion by the sti engine at 
tho terminus, tho oloctriclty penorated tt Ie con. 
veyed by the rails, or by some spectat iductor, to 
the second dynamo-clectrie muchino, wh It sets io 
motton, and actuates the locomotive, ‘ke’ are tho 
: . essential ris of tho 

electric way, The 

details off, Slemens? 

System ans fpllowas 

Fip 1 prepots a 

frott view He loca. 

Motye, 2a 

longtudisl sdtion, 


munfated bysultabla 


PERU Cea Tea in Ticks: 
Hd iil r 


Gearhg to th wheels 


4 iths nountd, al theso 


iti “al ey of thi wlicler which 


3.087, MENS? ELEoTRIG RalLway AT THE 


railway wilt 


joyances of flying 
Grease and other dangerous and offen. 
; BAO accompaniments of oF 
* rgade, would atrikingly de 
‘should the Onticipations o: 
sfrallway for our cities, 


Inthe Course of tha next deca 
Werner Slomens, 


fe 


aro place malls of 
the ordinry dstruc. 
lon, ‘The leldrleity 
from thedritlg elec. 
trical mehinut the 
station § coarped to 
the locorothre trough 
8 specia fosulad cen. 
tral ral (seens Fig, 
1), the arrenibeing 
taken fren thi fnau. 
Tated railbya itallic 
brush, aad tared to 
the firss magine 
through ca haere 
-Untnautated fall) thus 
‘completing the croult. 
should aye betn:jatéd, 


Lm 
an 
view ry 
drawing three c each containing S| 
The current !2 thrown On oF off by . 
astride of the motor and controls its aah; 
formance of the locomotive here desea 


3 


Fg. d.—Stemons? Kleetrteat 
es 


hj}necting wires, a complete cirenit:to the generat 
‘the current, ees: 


It Is well known tha 


4; converting power into 
{the passa, 


t 


as fa compatiile with antety, and aro dealgned to neat us 
persons, Each wheol {« carried-on an independent 


connected, Tid two driving-wheels RX receive thel 


motlon: from the dynamo-electria machine, whitch ig 
placed under the bottom of tho volilcle, Tho contrat 


rall In (hia plan fs dispensed with, and the track itaolf 
is made the conductor, tho Plan being simllar if nat 
Identical with that of Mr, Edison's, described in the 
June number of Ula Journal, : 
Fig, 5 representa n epecial arrangement destgnod for 
postal service, by tho samo Inventor, Tho road ia pro- 
posed to bo carried on short bron culumus 8, On these 
rest tho wooden slecpers, to which aro attached sheot 
metal pieces 5! 8, forming tho aldo walls of an Snclosed 
railway. Detween theso sheet metal atrips, at suitable 
distances apart, are Placed light wooden cross-ties, on 
quent inter Vaid In Telectrioal Souecseeine 


Blevated Ra Weay.: - 


f 4 


axte;and tho axlo boxes of ‘each alde-aro electeleally/ 


ag 
aated di 


3 
{ é 


/ 








ngincers, 

for the presen 

rted in olects| 
turned in-the 1688.4 
at'p Hf 











armatura:of:ona-of, the ge ras? j - 
ko generator recelyes* Instend 7 of ~ generating) 


na always been to” 
hout having to carry: 














IN Irary.— Tho suggested uso of 
ilrond locomotion ig finding 
An experiment bas been tried at 


| Exrernto. Rarmaway 
electricity for the purp 
great favour in Italy, 
Luria with very satisfaet 
ithis case used for producing 
mitted by. means of two pa 
uite—La Lumitre Electriqn 7 2 
me R ates Stipes Electrio Locomotive, : ie 
The locomotive fs about the 
car which raltroa 








the electricity which was trans. j 
rallel metallic cables along tho i 





opel along the track, and, 
f one of Bulson's generators on 
Apparats Is Intended to generate 
ure Is turned with great rapidity 
fu) magnets, 
quantity of magnetism or ele 
any purpose for which ft mi 
engine of at lenst flve-horse 


electricity, the armat 
















motion from the current, The 
e Is geared 10 the driving | d 
¢s four revolutions to one of the 'de toute nature qui s 


armature on the Joco 
wheels, 80 that it mal 


Up a spring in on 
motion to anoth 
Get the electrich 














Ta. 
electricity will : 
ble and, let us (9? : 
Supplying motive power : 

inly two important func~ 

and though weare not so enthusiastic as to say that 

it will displace gas catirely, we are fully Justified in predicting 
& great future for it, 


reat ‘rapldit 
KO 


4 - LOCOMOTIVES ELECTRIQUES 


Lidée d'appliquer lélectricité A la locomotion est naturel. 
‘Tement contemporaine de Winvention du premier moteur 
Slectrique, ct!’on trouve, en effet, des récits de tentatives de 
ce genre qui remontent jusqu’d l'année 1840, Depuis cette 


electriques qui, d'ailleurs, n'ont jamais donne de résuttats que 
comme simples joujoux, é 
Cet insuccts était dd A deux causes qui sont : 
; , 20 Violation des régles fondamentales auxquelles doit sa- 
ale j tisfaire tour appareil locomotcur, quel que soit Vagent qui le 


Hydraulic force was in 





TPR j Metteen mouvement; 
size of an ordinary hand. ! 2° Emploi de piles comme Bentrateurs d'electricite, ct, par 
i suite, prix de revient trés- Cleve, 

i La condition fondamentale A laquelle doit satisfaire un lo- 
| Comoteur est de pouvoir développer dans Punité de temps le 
ond takea fram them < Eplus grand travail Possible tout en ayant Ie plus petit poids 
possible, C'est ce qu'un calcul fort simple va rendre plus 
{ Precis. Designons par ‘T'Ie travail que Ie locomoteur est capa 
| ble de développer Par seconde, par f Ieffort de traction 
qu'il faudrait tui appliquer pour Ini Imprimer la vitesse 
| qu'il prend, sous Winfluence de sa Propre puissance, par v sa 
| Vitesse de translation et par P son poids, La résistance de 
i late Gant négligeable en pentral pour Ice genre de locomo- 
* Uves qui nous accupe (4 moins de cas spéciaux que nous 
; xamincrons plus bas), nous Ppouvons regarder les résistances 
fopposent a son Mouvement de 
translation comme indépendantes de ta vitesse, ct 
;omme proportionnelles 4 son poids : d’ott fm AP, & tant 
tun cocfficient qui dépend de ta voir, de son inclinaison, 
idu diamitee des roucs, Cte mais “Po fy =hPy, dot 


enfin y= oe ‘c 
Ap 


Cette equation nous montre que, toutes choses egales 
Ilcurs, la vitesse atteinte sera Proportionnelle au quotient 










1 
tare tspre Or ce quotient a une signification mécanique; c'est la 
hauteur 4 laquelle Ie locomoteur pourrait remonter son pro- 
pre poids dans une Seconde, si toute 54 Puissance etait 
employée a te hAler verticalément ct qtte toutes Jes résistan- 
Secs auutres que.ta pesanteur fussent annuldes, 


A. 






Cpoque, nombre de brevets ont ete pris pour des locomotives | 





4 qvernek mere ah de bluvimule 







| jruwmab tmuteat pus hu Choice Fi 





ee , ean reir 
eee 




















































Le meilleur des locomoteurs sera done celui pour tequet 
ce quotient aura Ja valeur la plus considérable, Quoique ce 
recueil soit exclusivement consaeré A leleetricité, une digres- 
ston sur les locomotives A vapeur qui circulent sur les che- 
inins de fer me paralt absolument nécessaire, ne {dt-ce que 
Arour micux délimiter le rdle que les locomotives electriques 
sont appeltes A jouer, ct pour réduire A leurs justes limites 
des affirmations et des espérances qui me paraissent empreintes 
idl'une exagération inadmissible, 
si Les machines qui développent fe plus grand travail sont 
p-celles qui sont affectées au service des trains rapides, Leur 
Y surface de chauffe, de laquelle depend leur puissance, n'a pas 
rvarié beaucoup depuis prés de 30 ans: elle oscille entre 
go ct 120 metres carres, suivant les types; en revanche, leur 
poids qui,en 1855, ne dépassait pucre 25 tonnes, atteint an- 
: jourd"hut"jo tonnes evan dell, Nous admetrons 30 tonnes 
comme poids moyen, Leur puissance normale oscille aux 
environs de oo chevaux-vapeur soit 30.000 kilogrammeétres 
~ par seconde (elle peut atteindre exceptionnellement 600 che- 
vaux soit 45.000 & < m par seconde). De ce chiffre on ddduit 















: 1 ; i 
pour la valeur de ape t métre par seconde. On pourrait 


objecter que le poids des approvisionnements que la machine 
doit emporter avec elle ayant dté omis, ce chiffre est trop 
i dlevé, En admettant que le poids total (machine, tender 
€t approvisionnements), soit de 46 tonnes, ce qui ¢tait le cas 
des machines Crampton construites it y a trente ans, on 
trouve que ces machines auraient pu lever leur poids A une 
hauteur de 0,65 par seconde, Mais ce résultat peut etre fae 
cilement dépasst par tes machines-tenders, It existe en 
effet des types qui pesent A peine 36 tonnes aves les appros 
visionnements, et posstdent cependant la meme surftee de 
chauffe et par suite la meme puissance que les machines 


A T ae 
Crampton prises pour exemple. La valeur de Pr atteindrait 


alors om,80 par seconde. Sur la ligne du Great-Western, cn 
Angleterre, on a construit en 1848 des machines qui pe- 
saient avec leurs approvisionnements 50 tonnes et ont donned, 
dans les essais 4 Vindicateur, environ 750 chevaux soit 


. 
1 A 
j $6,000 kilogrammetres par seconde. La valeur de patel 


gnait dans ce cas 1™,10 par seconde, 
Les locomotives ont ét¢ pendant longtemps les machines 
——— 


pour lesquelles ce quotient vt ett de beaucoup Je plus 


Glevé, mais on a crét depuis quelques anndes d'autres classes 
demachines qui ont donnd des résultats supdricurs \ ceux que 
je viens d'indiquer, Ce sont les pompes a incendie A vapeur 
et les bateaux torpillcurs, H n'est pas rare, en effet, de voir 
ces deeniers donner un travail de prés de 500 chevaux avec 
6o mitres carrés de surtace de chauffe et un poids total de 





coque et ¢quipage compris). On a dans ce cas T= 1™,35 


par seconde, 


Je citerai enfin Ia petite machine du chemin de fer A cré- 
SS : 








27 tonnes A peine (machines, chauditre, approvisionnements, 





mailltre du Right qui Femorque un poids total de 25 tonnes, 


environ composé de la machine-tender, t wagon et 80 voya- 


geurs A la vitesse de 2 metres par seconde sur une rampe de 
0,25 (vingt-cing centimetres par mitre), ce qui-donne une 
vitesse verticale de om, 50 par seconde pour Ie train tout en: 
tier, et un travail de plus de 160 chevaux, quoique la machine 
pése A peine 12 tonnes, Ces deux derniers chiffres donnent 
pm I par seconde, 

Ne tous ces exemples il résulte que, dans les locomotives, 


le quotient =~ est compris en général entre om, 50 ct 1m 


Par seconde, ct que leur puissance absolue varie de 200 4 Goo 
chevaux et au-deld, Ces derniers nombres ne permettent pas 
Mesp.rer que les moteurs Clectriques puissent, dans un avenir 


Prochain, faire concurrence aux locomotives A vapeur, 
1 


Quant 4 Ja valeur du quotient — les moteurs dleetri- 
3} Pr? 


ques ont fait sous ce rapport depuis 10 ans (immenses pro- 
gris. Hs ttaient autrefois les plus lourds et les plus encom. 
brants de tous les moteurs connus, Un apparcil donnant 
2 00 3 kilogrammiétres par seconde (et fe nombre n'en était pas 
grand, ce travail crant deja considéré comme une exception) 
pesait plus de too kilogrammes et exigeait une pile de 20 4, 
25 dléments Bunsen pesant A peu ‘prés autant. Qlinie d ta 
puissance de 1 cheval, elle n’avait jamais été constatée d'une 
maniére authentique, et lon n’osait se demander quelles se. 
raient Ies dimensions et le poids d'un moteur de cette force, 
Avjourd’hui, Ics choses ont bien changé; une machine genre 
Gramme ou Siemens, capable de produire un travail de 1 chee 
val, ne pése gutre plus de 150 kilogrammes, ce qui donne 
pour as la valeur 0”,5, J'ai construft moi-mime des mo- 
teurs qui pésent moins de 3 kilogrammes et peuvent donner 
tkmm, § par seconde, ce qui donne encore $ = 07,5. Ces 
nombres n'ont d'ailleurs d'autre limite que celle A partir de 
laquelle fa chaleur développée dans le moteur par ta portion 
du courant qui n'est pas transformée en travail deviendrait 
dangereuse pour la conservation de lappareil, On peut con- 
clure de I que tes moteurs tlectriques remplissent aujour- 
hui la premitre des conditions impostes 3 tout locomatcur, 
quoiqu'ils ne développent pas encore une puissance compara- 
ble d celle des locomotives qui servent la traction des trains 
de chemin de fer. 

Mais, si des chemins defer on passe aux tramways, ta 
question change d'aspect. 

Un vihicule de 50 places pise environ 3 tonnes a vide; 
lorsque it est chargé, son poids peut attcindre 6t,5. En ad- 
mettant pour 1a résistance A Ja traction sur nlveau-le chiffre 
de 8* par tonne (1), on trouve que l'effort total en pilier est 


{t} La résistance des vehicules de chemin de fer ne dépasse guére 
3*,5 par tonne lorsqu'on marche & la vitesse des tramways, mais 
Vinferiorité de Iétat d’entretien ct de la stabillté de la vole de ces 
dernfers, ta présence continuelle de Ja bone, de ta poussitre, etc, 
doudlent Ja résistance & Ia traction,et Ja postent méme parfols 
a to, 

































































Evgctric ‘RAILWAY IN at Cae Siemens’ ; 
and Halske are about to construct an electric railway ne: 
Berlin, - The line will only be short, and is intended mainly | 

# for experiments to test the practical value and applicability 

C the new invention, : $ 

“THE TRANS-SAHARA RAILWAY.—The Academy says 
olonel Flatters left Paris, on October 14, 10 assume his 
explorations in connection with the survey for the projected 
oTrans-Sahara Railway, and is accompanied by Captain 
} Masson as second in command of the expedition, which is 


‘ 


Tring: Soot peu d bane, Dett 





1663, Ranavay Burans, 
i (Gt April, 1880, 


} ‘This consists in the n . 
i oO Ci 
jtho wheela of railway i aoe ea ete 
; power, A fs anfTeclric proceeding from a 
nttery aula wi hitibeaind connected te electro. 
juaunets cont ae in* ae Hand shod with 
» dS an the periphery of 
lice, V infre ng werew, andl ee mt fia 
. on cach siddfor supporting theease 1 onan arn, 


me. 
\ 


Gr. ia anpported at one 


D, and at the other end 

t descending fron 

: FF are connerti 
seription for joining 
Thy 


eitry or gouvenient, 


Tho traction of railway trains by electrical 
means is now being seriously studicd in various * 
countrics, A. successful reatixation of it has 
been lately effected in Italy by Bf. Gasca, ona 
portion of railway (about 200 imitres in length) \S 
rom the Colicyno station, on the Turin-Modenn ‘NS 
line, to the Grattoni mills. One man sufliceafor © 
managemont of the clectric engine. Thoeleoe & 
tricity ie produce by hydraullo force, and is \X 
transmitted by means of two metallic cabtes, 


"| arranged parallel to the wheely. These electric ™N>) 


| the present 
junction wit 


A eras 


ECTRIC Ratny 
have obtained f concessh 
an elevated electri 

i le rail 
Yeltow, 


ns and Hulske 
les for building 
Lichterfeld to 


bites 


trains aro said to cost Iesy and make lesa noise 
than those worked by steam under the same 
conditions, 


MAY 14, 1881. 





vg i UCCKSS UF A-NAIW MOTOR, 


ic Over Xizbteen M 


hat. ir 
tained. 
running 0: 


Mesan Bour 


he ri! 
in Monday, 


oo — 
wh ingle ceri Hattway, 
ie samo problom that Messrs, Siormons 
Halske are reported to havo solved in’ ae 
many wus solvod months ago in this country 
iClectricians. Thomas 
ne eyes 8 Monto 


Hoa 
oH opporti 
Hat nthe, xper mask 
Bt ectricity from 
ad in successtul ope: 


‘Peaigro FY jal of te task, 


hi 
ithomsa: ; Soct the 


ra: ni 
i 18 
hy 


PS 


ye 


JOURNAL UNIVERSEL D'ELECTRICITE an 473 


le role différent des deux electrodes, que ces expériences 
seraient d'un grand intérét, pour éelairer ce point important 
de ta physique. 

Tu. nu Moncen, 


DES 


LOCOMOTIVES ELECTRIQUES 
3 article (vole tes numéros da 65 octobre et da ¢$ novembre), 


Les essais dont j'ai parlé A fa fin de mon dernier article 
portérent d'abord sur une petite machine composte de 
deux de mes moteurs clectriques tournés en sens inverse, 
fa bobine de chacun d'cus était tixde A une petite rove 
de buis: qui t ainsi une roue motrice, tandis que lt 
roue oppose etait folle sur Vase. Hy avait done deux roues 
motrices en diagonale, Le diamétre des roues était de 
qo millimetres. Le courant était amend par des baltis (rot- 
sant sur Lavoie. 

Le chemin de fer dtait um cercle de 3 métres de rayon, et 
Mécartement des rails ctait de o™,20 tandis que lécartement 
des rones ctait de 0,12, cested-dire a peine plus grand que 
la moitié de Pésart des rails, C’était 1 une trésmauvaise 
condition pour La stabilité du vébicule qui prenait un mouve- 
ment de lacet extreinement prononed. Won’y avait pas de 
ressorts de suspension, de sorte que tous les chocs dus a fa 
translation sur une voie grossitrement dtablie, se transmect- 
taient brutalement au véhicule et absorbaient un travail 
relativement considérable, Hnfin, le diamétre exigu des roues 


augmentait dans une forte proportion les resistances ati “ 


roulement et l'intensité des chocs, 

Dans ces conditions, le véhicule chargé de 5 kilogrammes 
{il pesait lui-méme 7 kilogrammes. ce qui frisait_ un poids 
total de 12) kilogranmmes), et anime par un courant: de 
5 couples Bunsen ordinaire, atteignit une vitesse de 3,50 3 
4 omiétres par seconde que Fon mesurait facilement en 
comptant le nombre de secondes nécessaire pour parcourir 
un tour complet, En augmentant le nombre de couples jus- 
qu’s 10, on n‘angmentait pas sensiblement Ia vitesse, mais 
on faisait patiner les roues, parce que lappareil prenait un 
mouvement de laces violent qui, d'une part, absorbait beau- 
coup de travail et provoquait, d'autre part, des soulévements 
accidentels des roues motrices, Ce dernier etfer dtait di ace 
que Vappareil reposait sur 4 points, sans qu'il y edt dinter- 
midiaire dlastique entre Ja voie ct les roucs, 

Eu égard aux circonstances défavorables qui viennent 
Wetre dnumerdes, le résultat obtenu crait réellement remar- 
quable, Cela me décida a entreprendre de nouveaus essais 
aves une machine beaucoup plus parfaite, qui est représentee 
dans la figure cijointe. Eile est composte de deus clectro- 
aimants plats, horizontaux, entre les poles desquels tournent 
deus tubes contenant chacun deux bobines Siemens conju- 
gues Aangle droit. Ces tubes sont solidaires des roues, de 
sorte que toutes les rours sont motrices; de plus, leur dia- 
mitre a ct porte A 0,120, Le courant amene par des balais 

rottant sur ba voie, se bifurque entre les electro-aimants per- 


manemts et les motcurs séparés, constituds par les deux tubes, 

Les roues sont garnies de caoutchous comme les raves de 
velocipdde, et leur écartement cst gal d la largeur de 1a voie, 
Lensemble pése environ 1 skilogranmmes,et chaque tibemoteur 
essayé au frein Carpentier, peut donner 3 kilogrammes 1/2 
par seconde ctant animd par fe courant de 10 dléments 
Runsen, On dispose done d'un travail de 7 kilogrammes par 
seconde pour tansporter une charge totale de 20 kilo- 
granmies, y conpris les paquets de lettres, 

ous les vices de construction inliérents 4 La premitee ma- 
chine ont done dré evités dans ce modéle, ct ilest a présumer 
quil atteindra une vitesse trés-supericure J celle du premier 
appareil, La construction résolue dés le mois de novembre 
t87y, a cté retardte par divers incidents, et les essais 





nfont pu encore avoir Tet, Mais, j'espere qiils pourront 
dire faits avant peu, et je tiendeai les tecteurs de la Lumiive 
Electrique au courant des résultats obtenus, 
(al suivre.) Marert. Dernez. 
eS 
LA NATIONAL-Z EITUNG 


POSITION 





La National Zeitany public, dans te numéro dato no- 
vembre 1880, un article qui appelle quelques réflexions; 
la forme et Vallure de cet article sont d’ailicurs si curicuses 
que nous croyons devoir le reproduire on entier, quoiqu'il 
soit un pen ong. 

«Au moment de la cldture de Ja conférence internatio- 
nale de Paris relative A Tintroduction du service des calis 
postaux, M. Cochery, ministre des postes et des wWégraphe 

















i th it uncconomical performance of the) 7 ieee o i 
ivi iho sass nt por tuecosaaty, Dut the ratlo: of WI rele es 7 : ae {** ino clear” or otherwise, tho tivontér inakes 
he mean economy of both will prcazut them in ¥ i 6 8 Se F ea aid “ {tho ppwardly oxtonding arm of H? of greater 

Seas |wolght than the lowerarm, He thus dleponses 


"8. ELECTRIC RAILWAY (fai ght tated teat the older form of dynamoy TH Toquived f ith nny current rake’ 
-EOONOMIOALLY CONSIDERED." ijcyran chicie et tee oe sovententhe p . : { needto position," ¢8? "ne wire to retain the 


ee prinelples essontial to the successful usa of cent. #6 {tho experience gatnéa { on nee 4081. Exerc Stow, Sh Avranatun ron Rane: | 'The ‘ele Feceatly: oon et with 


nae : * i 
¢ f translerring energy, , Taking ndyantapo nid te: , : . H : ¢ : t j 
in itseconemfeat conversion into Work Wao con-' thelr construction, by tho teats subsequently es rete ; ae . i. Bay, Pons ‘a dee Lake. Dated 7h” | much ceremony in Berlin, is constructed upon 
eelved by Mr, Billion oN before} his i — § upon erent pom mad ‘he conan Aion of the ono hundres| ie te - ae - | Petober, and B eh rity af enna em A, _| the principle dovired by Dr, Siemens, of Lon- 
arty te theotion eal rena altiquay thas and tenty horse-pomer dynamo, Bip. Ellon | patton mmotivere oa ; i on, England, It is a natrow gauge, throo-cll 
cv priuetptea” apply’ to all machines which convert | e | 
: Mista ont f iuto. work, it fit, assumed pracy fhe axtent that ninety-five per, cent. of tho powe : 7 bs jawiteh Nz and ‘aleetric bei ; jelly, and about two miles it's Zs 
tical shapoin tho dovelopmentof an electrical railway. developer will bo converter nto et0e one " : = : Se v. Tho ha atte ell; jelty, and Wo miles in length... Tho cara 
Bani even Segal baker ack en eae aero ra eens oe ge : and ape "ar | urd tmaget ech. Th 
complote aystom of signals, er, and. awitchos,’ . Es priate ical bi " * | genorated by a dynamo-e 
goed ela advatage tro seu’ th averago lo from foro Sud icons rating tha weir. Ey a GDorao pater ag 
rom the use of electricity in operating railroadsicent., whic Teaves _cighty-tir fore, that ; ! : 8 4 Pa it re | colar rail 
ra numorous. Economy ts of prime importance.! ayatiablo on the linc.’ Assume; re ores the hdl Th ing doublo : pring’ 
of Mr. Editon’s dyuamo-clectzic] eighty per cent, of this is returned in work” y t 0 ie 3 Wo be ho impulaa ration 
machine will convert nincty ond soven-tenths per d © cout of zr ‘ 7 . parted by tho impact | ‘i trie locomo- 
ent. of,the ror: develo : data elockctent cneray, ower, phe ant pound nf ce . pa aire a . Pane a , 2 whon th tive tt 
be t in-friction of bolts an orate power at stu! IT ON- RAILROADS, 
re reneetnder ant foappreclable amount in local Te ehitecd by locomotive will bo Exectric Liat 


Ans as , t 
rents in tor. iM. Enncrno-Maanetic Rangole, p, |other end V 
Tu thoi : inging f 
Teeth im * densen.—Dated 25th ‘ptember, 2880,—(.1 com. | 2¥inging fram ided 
red th: ae { munication from T, 4, ne) le, Od. : I ta ohatral b 
Tho invention relates more to nm number of : vf 
totaly than to principles, Caro ia taken in tho 
usulation, and imeana are employed to regulate 


teamsto to tinatony bit by qy : avrg ") ; BG ee 
> oa 6 oe ed 
‘A. comparison] Sls, and nll t : Uyt exerted in : : . cae re : ye 4 
d : nears : : ott : Aiik 
7 3 


eer come Fig. 1 shows the apparatus in clovation, with 


outer casing connected with pushers | treat railway, located on the outskirts of ‘tho 
i 


‘ 


hat Jost in the machine,’ *: 
Ttis well known’ that 
nuder such con t hired were a ne i j 
in a railway, under varying con- (rack cou pO made as p i rail i h upported 
pead, eighty "per Gent, will pth ier a is would do away entirely with H : . q RPS Als Tepes 
‘alr avoruge. . i expensive and cumbrous’ head. : : omotive a 
“Af the effective convérion of the dynamo bo 
ssumed an ninety per cent twenty-nine thirticths 
jor al iy seven per cenf/is nvailable on tho lino, 
tand elghty per cent, of this, or sixty-nfne and six. 
‘tenths ner cent, of tho energy oxpendcd is returned 
in work by tha electria logomotive, ° ing f: * eat 
Int ft alto be assumed that lo cuirront user. ‘There ix 4 Central station, in. 
foggy woather, the leakago fret Bpulated rnils tn sections, switches, and means of A 
ails reduces tho efficien i ing as shown in drawing, 3 [th t! 


original amount. f ins been alroady r . ‘ t 
en high: ie $007. Invnovrsents ix Maas To-RLRe RE 
CAPrsnatus por Ratniway St WING, @, 9 ‘ "9 hi moves on, 
early threo tons with 
BU . sations motive is easily man. 
aken i Foe producing - aged; by applying the brako tho current is cut 
i 7 inventor maken Pay olf a8. driving-power, whilat tho wheels are at 

Dy CL. Ctarke, Ullwon's Laboratory, Menlo Tak) Nu. ry f patented by him on the 13th | the red and nucover the white light, ao indicating tho aanio time mechanically skidded, 
fo Von Nostrand’s Engineering Vogating, 1 k The lavention, is ayeeinlly Bug Tae W en 8 caren Iatssen through M, By reversing tho current the locomotive can 
*,Caretul testa of tho beat ‘poof steam locomotive, to ioc rego an oporntes as |i sallot In no effect on i ae tho eure mntat bo dtiven in either dircotion as desired, ae 
. : t t . é * 

ree overage.of six pounds of coal per tndicates| *! t I Hef I iiss etre Tesh tae the Inoment the pallet comes in contact wit tho rape eieo srescyeeamotive: cee _ 
¥ -rail, 


power, when special akil] and attention are tT my Tt lee: Tt Jie [HOt iron core of the sleetrounagniet: 
g aud running the) | i. ti cator nt ling station argent oot iy pais [through te nalct, the upper part of whlch by and from the mid-ral to the locomotive, from 


lrcumstances, comparing the t in switch J. ‘Tho crank G is then turned and {meaurof smof] apringa It ix brought into contact it again to tho outaido rail, and from it back to 
ns for clectria locomotives les y culty can [ rotates an armature in the Hlold of the pormanent with 13, which communicates witht tie earth wire, tho lixod maching, topenda entire) upon. the 
i havavfivo. ti be egestion that, by | magnet A, thereby producing a current, which, {Thia current in Passing actuates the bell, which superior conducti ity of the metaillo wiros and 
r i ey Ceanea to opernto at thy moment of contact of tho ‘sails over tho conductivity. of th e'earth: and 
oat lettering and number |! t rails ovo! col ivity 1 
of tho Aa cent {s omployed; also tho mechnoisin of tho electri z springs It or RY with torminala 2? or RY, and the ithis mode of driving the electrical locomotive 
tlon in oth is simple, anit hos few moving and : ngincers of. si 4 pallot is returned to its vertical position by tho bebe bi be eee 4 
reciprocating yarta to keep in ba ia aligument, 1 Rah rie station iw ; [Setion of a small xpiral spring, A current arriving “apn raleoad Hues of ayy congo atne ees 
therefore nono of those irreguluritles of motion pa wae : ; “ent * trun on Hae kre tne, maa Us tha latest accounts from tho Berlin railway 
fi rience, ]O in same awitch indicates "lino clear,” roport many difficulties in tho way of ita sua. 
vantag ‘ ‘cessful oporation, It was found that the elec. 
nee em 7 : . tricity escaped, in great quantities from the 
Intoli . ‘middle rail, in spite of the beat insulation | 
which coult bo devised. This loas will bo still} . 
i ‘greater in tho wot, anit mud, and snow of winter, 
‘ thi ; ia B tt has accortingly boon dloteralned to, eetlaet 
j 7” § the current by « copper wire properly insulated 
Rae Tobe De Ne ti 5 jand attached to pillars erectod bythe sido of 
‘i . : ‘ F the track, Tho current will be conductod from 


—_ 


"Brenty i P it by, nn inployeo 
HO bi 
ts tah ep “tht ea, the copper wire to the locomotive:by means of 
t key aul : ‘ contact rollora, Sat m 
age atin the | a : | Tho tolegraph, within a’ fo days,: has do. 
up to th a . ee Snes ‘ ‘scribed another trouble mat with at Borlin, as 
Me as aetey : : |followe: “A horso while crossing the oloctric; 
railway, having act his hoof upon tho rail, was 
jinstantly thrown, down, and another horso 
larity : i having also touched tho rail with hie jron-shod 
ly arr s hoof, received @ shock which sont him gallop. 
a ‘ E is given: Aw noon ni ignal y jing off in wild terror,” L' Electricitie affirma 
rane fh 3 snare a + Che sendin, 7 that oloctric railways can bo successfully 
; 2 loyod only in tunnels or on eleva’ 
sry Riu ivosignals, ‘Te yyod only in tunnels or on elevated road 


va, 
Si ro_is not Nmi 


















yi : ¥ 


ie Hibechinies Neat hig Qinerieaws 




























Arveulty 1, fier HE, b 


SL Bleetric Mtallroad. 
Mrssiny ‘Simmase& Batske, the 





i ieee rE 16 Bematinneal me 
278. Inrnovesenrs 1x Exectnic SEsariores 
yor Rattwara, W. 2. Lake—Dated 2lstt i 
January, 1881,—(A conimunieation from F, 8 J @ 


- Tho object of tho inventor in to provide almplo 
and offective mochanism for opernting railway | 4 
Is, and consiats partly in a simplo combina 
tion of Fearing oporated by we ight, and 20 Peery ge, dicher ; 2 
need got bee onl her pata D hans, six miles: from Berlin, ‘The trial was made im 


simple tram-ecar, with an electric battery coneeated be- 
tveen the wheels. It was conneeted through the rails 
ov which itran witha principal battery at the station, 
The rails are thirty-nine inehes apart, and exactly rer 
sembling those of an ordinary railroad, the gauge being 
turrower, Tho greatest speed obtained was eighteen 
English miles an hour. Tf necessary far greater xpeed 
could be obtained, but this was not allowed by the 
police authorities. The railroad was opened to the 
public on May Ith, 


Gamal of he Sagas 








50 








— Fit eye 


bee _ Bleciric Railway. Notes, : 
Tu: Berlin electric railway, having given’ aatia.! 
‘orm F on tho plate G, holding the Mog Ain gear] factory results, isto be prolonged to. Felton and! 
with tho ratchet wheel, and theroby aupporting afterward to Potadam, making a total length of, 


eu) 
Ta ee rama tally ng se eit about fourteen miles, At cach level crossing ithe, 
answer tho purpose, while at the same time an) conductors will be placed underground, to avoid: 
heavy a weight au tho material of tho gearing will) accldents, which have already happened, caused by: 
motion artes tng pon tha chats M Thus tho| abiocka to horses crosaing thotrack,. <<") °'. 
provided tho weight round ‘up, to-onato whic | AN olectrio railway, similar to that in Borllo, has; 
18 pivol ne lamp stand or any otho 10: ¥ -One| = 
Placo a lover, Q, onoond of which fg ‘forked to been inaugurated at Franklort onthe Malu. ‘Tho, 
‘allow tho chain ‘to pass frocly through jt, tho] Toad goes from tho. Place de L’ Exposition to the. 
ce "ear ge bang crooked; a0. to ongago wie tho rollway station. ‘The line ie about 260 ‘yards long: 
4 i ny v 
; Sis closed tho lever Q wecurely looks it, 8 tho and was . conatructed - hy Slomens Haluke, of 
| 


is tha clectro-magnet suitably located to actuate 
“8 proporly magnotisod lever & which fa so placed 
‘that whon in a cortain position it Buppo 











coe ee 2 
nig BO Teche ecrous section of f Ax olectric railway bas been openod at tho: 
Srpamin in Fig, BOW thasomepboro rm,” fw stestd Induatslal “Exhibition in ‘Milan, The 
i ge olectriclty is furnished bya machine placod in the 
gallory of machinery... The ourrent te earried 366 
yards by copper wires and passes into tho raily, 
which conduct it to the dynamo machine preceding 
three small cara covered with canvas awnings,’ The 
ivailway is 400 yarda in length, Sean 
ten. 


Mauls st ine sa dae 














gee ey 
The Electric Railway, 


According to howspnper report, It $s contemplated 
fo run trains on the raf 





Ha Eee) : well known: Berlin. electricians, on: 
. the Ith of May, gave-a’ public trinl 
of their: new electrie ratlrond; whieh } 
runs between Licherfeldt and Cadet’ 
































































































Be. Pires a 
asp. AEE SB, 





operation, and a traln’ with Earl Browntow,. 


Sir Henry Halford, and elghteen other mem. | 


bora of tho Association, ran the length of the’ 
“Une, about a mile, ata speed (six miles ‘an} 
hour). which earned for the engincer the 
‘congratulation. of the party. The experi 
+ {ment has been, unfortunately, a rough one, 
jand the conditions under which It has been 
carried out are very detrimental to the rep.. 
utation which tho system [s susceptible of 
{astatnicg. The famlllar track of light rails 
[Inid twenty-two years ago, with carriages of 
itho same date, the slecpers loose in the 
isandy soll, Is not the kind of tne for an 
Clectricity-irlven train to be shown off 
. Upon, especially when the wheels of the cars 
:Are so rauch furrowed that their bearing sur- 
faces bump on every chalr of the rails they 
‘passover. The system of propulsion Is by 
current generated froma Weston dynamo, 
worked by a twelve-horse Power Robey en. 
‘gine, and conveyed and returned by two flat 
copper bands about an inch broad, each laid 
iat the bottom of ‘a groove In long wood 
; bearers stretched midway between the lines 
of ralls, and supported on square. wood 
blocks saturated with pitch. The insulation 
appears to be perfect, for when tested bya 
galvanometer and a battery of five cells not 
the stightest deflection of the needle takes 
place. The motor cons!st of four external 
magnets coupled together In similar Poles, + 
and an armature formed of sixteen magnets, 
travelllng In the interval between tho ex-: 


> [ternal magnets and cutting all the Hnes of 


force. It is mounted on one of the ordi. 

wary carriages, and the current la‘ drawn off 
from, and returned to, the conductors by 
jtwo trailing chains dropping within the con- 
* ductor channels, 


(An English Electric Raliway.,  - > 
Tho olectric: railway at Wimbledon Is In: 




















Tho objoct of th 


and effective mochaniam for 

















‘signals, and cons: 
tion o! iearing 
arranged that thi 





I 


iste partly in 
oporated by 


@ atrongth of the electromagnet |} 
need not bo in proportion to the sald weight. D 


Ha the olectro-magnot fultably 
& proporly magnetized lever 


ythat whon in a cortain Poritio: 
tatm F on the plata G, holding 
. ot wheel, ani 
ight without. aunt 


‘with tho ratel 
itho 


‘from, Thos 
sustain may 


0 pivota to the 





Opparatua, In 







4 According to 
to rin tentna on 
waned by electri 
Machines naw er 





we 
‘Berlin, 
"June Mnuber 5 ai 
electrie ‘aystens 





tricity as the 
and about tho su 


#nawer the purpose, whil 


placo a lover, 
MMlow tho ebsin te 


| catch 1 secured 
; Sig closed tho | 
forked end of Q is heavior than 
ves a aide clovation ; F' 


, rings and for other 
iWoubtless originated frum the 
* ithe working of the electric railway fn the suburbs of 
tho public opening of which was hoticed In our 
for the special advanta, cs of the 


0 hung upon tho chain 
motion of tho roma) 


Fig. 2 0 is th 


phore can bo dopended upo: y 
tovided tho weight is wound up, to ensure which 
amp sana - any other. sultablo { 
seo sid through ie res road goea from the Place de L' Exposition ‘to the: 
other ond boing crooked, #0.a8 to ongago with tho roflway atation, The line ia about 260 "yards long. 


and was constructed by Slomona & Halsko, a 


freel, 


to the door S,osahown, When 
lover Q securely locks it, an tho 
tho other, Fig, 1 | Berlin, 


ig, 2,0 cross section off Ay olectrio raflway has been opened at the: 
} National Industriat Exhibition in Milan, ‘The 
“folectricity ts furntahed bya machine placed in the 
gallery of machinery, 
yards by copper: wires 


i Invontor is to provide aimpla 


operating railway 
a simple combina | 
& woight, and #0 


located to actuate w ip i ¢ ; 
a ieee ee placed * Tue: Ber)jin electric railway, having given, aatis.; 
tho dog Hin gear factory results, isto be prolonged to Felton and! 


@ thereby supporting th 
iatning any strane afterward to Potsdam, making’ a total length of. 


Freak “eloctro-magnet will 
lo at tho samo timo 


in three 


Thus tho 


maphore arm, 


Shee Be Se 





rallwa; 
ae 


Wasps \liaide, Oy 199, 


=—_ 2 


The Electric Railway, 


Newspaper report, it is contemplated 


the railway 
cit: 






through the St. Gothard 


which would be generated by the 


mployed in Pumping aly tuto the work. 





Turposes, Tits sugrestion has 


stiecess that ling attended 


haus, six miles: f 
tween the wheels, 
The rails are thirty-nine 


narrowe 
English miles an hour, 


sal conductors will be pla 
heavy a weight aa tho matorial of tho b pearing will) accidents, which have already happenod, cauuod by: 
shocks to horses crossing th : 

Aw clectric railway, similar to that in Berlin, has; 
been inaugurated at Franktort-on-the-Main, Tho, 


Wo refer our venders to that article, . 


There appears to be but tittle doubt that we 
ove of a deckled revolution by the introductt 


notive puwer 
tburbs of our 


lon of elec. 
for railway purposea in 
cltics, 


aro on the} 


t 


| 
| . 


y is 400 yarda in length, 






Briniles, hwwthdf, 





Wb 





Electric Ratlway. Notes, 


‘i abont fourteen miles, At cach lovel crossing ithe; 


cod underground, to’ avoid! 






10 track, 






‘Tho current $y carried 365 
and passes into the tails, 


which conduct it to the dynamo machine preceding 
three xmall cara covered with canvas awning, ° Tho 


Se 


<7 Btecirle Raltroad. | 
Mrsens, Suistass & Banake, the: 
well known Berlin: electrici ng, on: 
the 18th of Muy, gave a pubtic trial 
of their ‘new elcetric railroad, which: 
runs between Livherfeldt and Cadett- 
rom Berlin, The trint was ve rT 
fi i ery ro: u aed 
simple tranvear, with an electric battery concented be- | 
; I It was connected through the rails 
ou which it ran with a principal battery at the station. 
hes apart, and exactly re- 
svinhling thove of an ordinary railroad, the gauge being 
r. The greatest speed obtalned waa elghteen | 
Tf necessary far greater xpeed 
could be obtained, but this was not allowed by the 
police authorities, ‘The railroad waa opened to the 
public on May 16th, 


Shara 
Jal te lot 



























































































































































> An English Electric Hallway. ~~ 4 


The olectric railway at Wimbledon is In i 


operation, and a train with Earl Brownlow, : 
Sir Henry Halford, and elghtcen other mem.: 
bers of tho Association, ran the length of the! 
‘line, about a mile, ata specd (six miles ‘an 
jhour) which earned for tho engineer’ tho 
congratulation of tho party. The experi.’ 


+ {ment has been, unfortunately, a rough one, > 


and the conditions under which it hns been 
carried out are vory detrimental to the rep: 
utation which tho system [s susceptible of 
atalnleg. The familiar track of Nght rails 
laid twenty-two years ago, with carringes of 
ithe samo date, the sleepers loose in tho 
‘sandy soll, Is not the kind of lino for an 
clectricity-driven train to be shown off 
:4pon, especially when the wheels of the cars 
/ATo 80 1uueh furrowed that thelr bearing sur- 
j{aces bump on every chair of the ratts they 
ipassover. The system of propulsion Is by 
current generated froma Weston dynamo, 
worked by a tiwelve-horse Power Robey en- 
‘gine, and conveyed and returned by two flat 
‘copper bands about an Inch broad, ench laid 
iat the bottom of ‘a Broove In long wood 
[bearers stretched midway between the lines 
of ralls, and supported on square. wood 
blocks saturated with pltch, The insulation 
appears to be perfect, for when tested bya 
galvanometer and 9 battery of flye cells not 
the slightest deflection of the needle takes 
place. Tho motor consist of four external 
magnets coupled together In similar poles, 
and an armature formed of sixteen magnets, 
travelling in the Interval between tho ex. 


*, [ternal magueta and cutting all tho Ines of 


force. It 1s mounted on one of the ordl-, 
nary carriages, and the current ig drawn off 
‘from, and returned to, tho conductors by 
‘two trailing chutns dropping within the con- 
*{duetor channels, — 


ae 


Quy. ASE, 





+ ere? 





on 

















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‘span, 


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SUA DUI [CArIL0 ayy, -2079n Teq-C pur oue ynoqu| mays Cujo. u 8! “£yyeuoist so. 
poouatrodxa Haraq 43[n: 497UM appazsaqyor 

yo QIU syUdLIND aun * 

auo Suraq oFned ayy + 


B [eroned ang, uy 
*a19q3 £q pozona3su09 fvayies o12793]9 AF UO ayere 
MOUS OF OFDQENTT om sTuIWEIp Surdavdmossp a = 
ne ' Jonitorns. mee ee eee om sea ey 

















ms ve per eos any ane : Bees 
[hu “ith, Cpe alexa, ag, ff 
proreger rea ry “bl te laa, Claag./%, 87, 
rcs : i pil Bee ages see Pe : 
{ Blootris Rallwoys.—Thero was a very crowded meoting;} . Miretriolty nv n Mechiaufeal Powe 
‘on Wednesday evening at the Society of Arts to hear thoi MR ANDER Stxstexs,in ‘a lecture } 
paper road Wy Mr, Aloxander Slemons, “On Electric Rait-! |} : Suciety of Arts in London, is thus? 


i ways, ond tho Transmission of Power by Electricity,’ i jre 


‘Dealing with tho distribution of mechanieal power by|| ‘The practicability of an Electric Rail vay is : es : 
: Means of electric agency, tho lecturer frat promised that} | already demonstrated... Peo ple may see it for’ : 2 : ‘ i : 3 3 LEF sm 
isooner or later we sliall havo central stations, with main themselves at-the Crystal Palace, and the Ger- ee : : Ra eliee r.\ Vy 
cy 


and branch lines, and tho power of switching on the cur! / man capital gives yet more: convincliig proo! { 1 P 
rents, as wanted, into houses, At the central statlon one-| |The great potency of the invention consists i one pees | z > ANA \ q WP 

‘horse power could be produced by the largo steam-ongines i the transmission of the motive: current -by a: rs a ; a.) : =a 3 xy th; 

| with about 24 lbs, of coal, so that one-horso Power would bo! | simple wire.; Whether through a seable or: Ps wee AES : i a, N, % 

igiven out by the secondary dynamo-machine by tho burning! | mere strand, nothing can be-more facile: than: z Q 

/Of 5 lbs, of coal per kour, and this would. bo “less than tho; | this mode of communication. . The wire can 
cost of o separate steam-engine for each small place, Ona! | be buried or hung aloft, or twisted and turned) + 
“of tho first thoughts of Dr, Werner Slemens was to employ} {in any ‘desired direction fhe distance..to 

;dynamo-electric machines for working olevated railways, and | | which the current can be conveyed, and the 

‘he showed a model in the Berlin Exhibition of 1879, This; | amount of energy lost in transit, nre matters- i 

-has sinco been oxhibited at Dilsseldorf and Brossels, and is! | which more immediately affect.the economical’ an 7 8 : ; : 
ay Worle at Present pe the Crystal Palace, Small pshect of the question, jut allowing that only : ; eee $ : Ge) Saar i = pe, 

, Tallway was it clearly de Hhalf the: power expended can .be. recovered ‘ re " te F 

“port, “Subsequently, and tumell to account, Mr. A, Siemens shows} ” ! : “ioe A JOURNAL OF, MANUACTURING, 

; permission to build a that cheapness would be effected in’ inany in. : : 3 : = eae _— ‘ 
from Lichterfeldo, ; [stances as compared with the use of small : > Ag ~ : ee by N 2 Sede 
way, to the Mili steam engines, ‘The idea Is that of a central "ig Bite / ea - : ay 

station, pliers powerful siram engines, work c : =, ? 
ing on the most economical principles, would ; = ee Fak ao i < Le eee 
drive a number of electrical Machines fo pro-* cS : ere Se 3 pate 5 Sito 
duce the required currents. It would be easy 
ta lay wires fr the central station, in the 
ONE DOLLAR A YRAR. y 


jgonnected, in nadie saine way as we'sce them now laid in cast, ieee hi: j PUBLISH: Ae ; 
straps of iron ipe: ec) 7 ese H id g ) IC , 
‘admit an adjustmont eneeais s Saroiiee Menage a \_rwio TH. de . SP. RINGFIELD, Oro, OCTOBER 15, 1881. : 5 NO: a: {Singte Contos & Cts, 


and to reduce at the hous , and there would be no difficulty in eae EE 
cary to provide Tal Ee waar uarocenarate eee ee ght: Ne THE LICHTERFELD ELECTRIC RAILWAY, line raised on posts, such nx had been originally intended, being similar, either of them is able to net ana generator 
required, Already wel have the city ‘lume — in order that the experiment might be a conclusive une | or. aga motor; and thus if the train he propelled by pny 
inated by means of currents kenerated ata Messrs, Siemens and Hualske, eminent electricians and aa to the working of such a line. Thus the two rails were | other means—ey,, in cunning down an incline—the motor 
distance “once thought impracticable, ‘The . q wineers, of Berlin, being determined that Germany | chosen as the conductors for the forward and the return becomes a generator, und souls back electri ty tu the 
feshewns pee chine peng ane : ould have the honor of having built the first practical | current, although this necessitates specint insulating ar-] original nenerato', hy which it can be cee donee 
but by various ‘other applications. Cranes ‘ tetrie rnilwny, a suitable place was found at the Central rangements. ; j ; . fulwork. Thoresult is thatin practice ¢ he motor mad hing 
It is, | are worked and ropes are pulled by this agency 4 litury School, which during its building lad been con-| ‘The principle of the Siemena electric railway is now always gonerntes n current of aertain strength, which 
chine; fat Chariton, near London, while double fure : , pted with the Lichterfeld station of the Berlin and An- pretly generally understood, A dynamo-clectric machine | gous in the opposite direction to the driving current and 
ith | Leet eehen ens thrsaiag: eh Franc Hig ES t Rnilway. The earthwork of this railway, says the | —the generator—driven by a steam engine, senda a cur | diminishes its effects. The amount of this dirninmtion 
y making the clecirie cose : gineer, was still in place, and with the consent of the] rent of electricity through some metallic conductor—in | varies with the speed nt which the tenia travels, being tess 
thia ense the ril—to a similar mavhine—the motor—]—within the limits of practice—ng the speed is higher, 


Dr, Siemens is making the electric current 
perform all kinds of handiwork at his country: tious authorities, it was used for the laying of the elec: 
current is con- | rerileniee near Tunbridge, Wells, the result ‘ it line. mounted on wheels, to which it is coupled by mechnniam., | and vive cersa, 
in motion, ) | being that one man a f s 7 3 4 i: T i i conse egoing, | a ; 
it in a ghter do the work which othery Hetil : Pin tine, although placed oi the grounit, was, however, | Thu electric current rotates the tnotor, nud through it the} As a consequence of the foregoing, it has heen found in 
H . . . * x nM hi award i 4 WAU. 
to move them, | three—a fact which may elain attention frera! ‘unger throughout with a view to the reyuirements of 1 wheels whereupon the troin moves, ‘The two machines (costisuxp ON THI VauE ] 
ures ta be built; | the agricultural interest hard pressed by for- | ; 
Siemens romarked | eign competition, Sir Willia Armstrong 
city should nat bo! | has utilized the power of falling water for the: 
tions, but rather as working of a machine, whereby he gains suf 
ld not otherwise bo | ficient slecte ty to light up 7° or 4o Swan! ; j i 
tho meeting was amps, Dr, ens turns a wire fence to“ac. a. 
! count by making it take the return current, : , ; A poet ge ee 
It is to be hoped no ingenious device of this, 
kind will Jead at any time to an Unexpected 
mishap. ‘The danger of meddling with cold 
ron may assume unwonted proportions, if- 
powerful electric currents are to he traveling SCCTION THROUGH 
along wire fences aul other unsuspected places. wee THE ROTARY CHCING 


Fic.l2 


“AN Ousinus, worked by electricity, Is the latest novelty! 
Nn Berlin, It fg annonnced to ply over a distunce of about 


re i and a half, which will be run in twelve minutes 
innd a half, Tis capable of holdi dolls. : aia & . ‘ 
{nnd a li $48 capa lo of holding ten persons he toffee eter VU asm treed 
WA aa io ug. 13 */5S7. 
eo ANa cetonany Cofs 4&2. . Electricity in Gorman Cont Mino#.—To ineét tho wishes of the Ger- | 


yun collfery owners, who are endeavoring i 
' r 5 to substitute electricity 
7 reese (Horace a fH teans-of traction for their coal trans, Meant Semeur e 
Electricity 8A motive power tor ral In ekevof Berlin, havecoustructed anelectrie trans yat Sclunidtsebacht 
_wiys comes ta the tent Ha Hi ei iin Upper Silesia, ‘The current, instead of travers ng the rails, will bo } 
‘Rush, Trelund, day on ie 4 a St condeictedd along an overhead wire, which is in connection with the care 
Gas broken ae 7 rally to the Giants a $other places, ulzo, this ayatensia smd to have been adopted, : 
Causeway, 4 though only a few mile: mt : . Bea ee 
length, this roud willbe the ploneer re 
Kind: in the. United Kingdom, Dr, Sie 
mens, whose electric rallway near Berlin 
eerie {0 be an eatatltshed success, fa re. 
ported w Inrge contribut ; r 
. the new enterprise. te Minds of 


ima HO], 90RUCD [9D id ii ai : F : Seen 
Ho} fi ~ mane 5 ee z ne aan PATO) [eee Renews a omen fe | el | al 


Ae ee nomen eo OUT, 


Fia.tz RECTIONAI ELEVATION ‘oF CARRIAGE . 7 
THE’ LIOITERFELD. ELECTRIC RAILWAY, 


































































conductors; the coils of wire within the machine, and th 
‘outside conductors, and that. the: resistance of the las 
how d not be higher than the’ resistance of the machin 
tsclf, otherwise the loss ‘of effect is incrensed. Hence, 
. ‘with a given machine, it is necessary to have conductors, 
“which, however varied in form, do not give a resistance 
‘oxceeding this limit. Hence there fs an obvious con 
» venience in making use of the rails, which are always of ; 
saection so large that even in a length of some miles their ’ 
“resistance does not exceed that of the wires in the 3 
imachine, If aepardte wires are uscd their section 
‘must be increased at intervals by allixing ad- 
‘ditional wires or otherwise, which can be accom- 
‘plished without any practical difficulty. ; 
This method, however, involves an incrensed 











expenditure of force, duc to the increased section, 

and itis therefore desirable to find some other 
method of keeping tho resistances within the 

{proper limit. For this purposo instead of dimin- 

ishing the resistance of the conductor, we may in- 

‘erenso the resistauco of the machine, by using 

‘longer or thinner wires for the electro-mngnets 

‘and induction coil. The whole question of de- 

signing the apparatus of an electric railway is thus 

rather economical than technical, But it must 

he remembered that currents which have to over 

‘come a high resistance require n high degree of 
insulation, On the Lichterfeld line the small 

power required made the question of insulation 

leas important, sud it is worked in fact with 1 

known and determinate amount of loss, duc to 

the front end being on the street itself. 

i Should special means of insulation be required ‘ 
‘many aro available, the choice varying according ! 
to cireumatances, Ina line elevated on posts, 
and resting on wooden sleepers, these Intter form 
‘An insulation in themselves, Ina line Inid upon 
ithe ground, but so that the rails rest ustially on 
ithe sleepers only, and aro only exceptionally in 
‘contact with the ground, the experiencent Lichter- 
‘fel shows that, oven inn length of soveral kil- 
‘ometera, no specint meana are required; but chnirs 
of gluss, aspholt insulators between rail and 
sleeper, and asphalt coatings for the rnils, have 
all bean tried with success, Where, however, the linu is. 
actually laid in the strect such menns are ingullicient; a 
wire tramway hung from insulators on the telegraph posta 
must then be resorted to, ag in Big. 2. A small trolley. , 





1 
: 
H 


tinge, keeps up the electric communiention, It was fore- 


seen from the first that the proper insulation of the rails ore <i 


)was not possible in the part Inid upon the atrect; here, 


+ jtherefore, 2 suspended wire tramway, na alrendy described, ue PROGRESS IN 


and ag shown in Figa, 1 and 16, ia provided, 


7 retric railway j hoes «| An Electric Elevated Railroad.—M. J. 

The electric railway is at present working regularly in ject for Intilding in Paris an vlevated ral 
1 : tricity. The plans are 
The trains run at the nvernge speed of twelve mites an! {From the drawings give 


connection with the traing of the Berlin and Anhalt line, 


hour allowed by the concession, but if necessary can run’ {single pillars, 


on the level at twenty to twenty-five miles an hour, with; burowh: hg lena 
a stability, The proposal to use electrici 
total lond of 4.8 tons. The motor ean develop SJ-horse; |Urged more than n year ago at Berlin, 

designs, it would seer 


ithe fall complement of twenty-six passengers, giving a 


power, with a dend weight of less than 
sholf'a ton, The working hns gone on 
perfectly antisfactorily, and it is already 
Proposed to extend tho line further to - 
Steglitz, and also to apply the electric 
;Syatem to n tramway at Charlottenburg, 





Ex uorpoonuny 4 Comex! 





fanning on this way, and connected by a wire to the care | THE ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL. | 
“4Ocr. 16, 1881. a 
SCIENCE AND THE ARTS. : 


Chrétien has elaborated a pro- 
lrond to bo operated by elec- 
given in some detail by the Jevue Induatriclle. 
vit appears that the roadway is to be built on 
run singly, No special effort 
es theatructure any less unsightly than 
ession of having much greater 

is‘nothing now, as Siomens 
From n glance at. M. Chrétien's 
n that hecould learn much by visiting our city. 


and that the cars are to be 





f = a a OC er rte remem Senemere 





The. London 
sthat-at the Mannheim. Industrial Ex. 


miles tin hour by tho electric lift of Dr. 
‘Werner Slemens, of Berlin3: ~ , 


ing suspended by two wire ropes, which 








load. To raise oy lower the Mft,' there- 


‘electric generator on the ground, and is 
‘ contlucted to nsecond dynamo machine 
! attached to the carriage. ~The propul- 
| sion fs effected by moans of n metal lad 
| der onmek, which rans up the middle 
of the shaft or pnasaye of the lift, and 
: Into this rack work two toothed wheels 
veurried by the lower part of the frame- 
work of tho carringe. Theao wheels 
are driven by the revolving armatures 
of the dynnmo machine on the car 





“the carriage is suspended. 

















4 


Ime ene yg 
ice 3 











Tho. IHt is quite safe, tho cage.be- : 


pass over drums, and carry. connter- * 
weights to balance the ordinary average « 


j fore, only a slight additional power fs 
¢required. ‘This fs supplied In the form : 
)of on electric current from a dynamo. * 


by means of an endless screw, ‘The - 
current fa led from the statlonary generator to the moving 
one by conductors roaning up the sides of the ladder and 
two metal rollers which muke contact with them, 
connected to the arma. ture of the machine.” The return 
part of tho circult is formed of the metal wires by which 


Mining Jouriiat states ! 


Uibition over 8,000 persons lave licen i 
convoyed at the ‘rato -of nearly tlires : 





and are 



















re 







































































































































SLOTS Le ae ea 


mmrocall 






















Poe bh trme Doe TPE: 

























pS tele eneainnes ranting of soundness find no “draft. oF, 
or “timo” class in the annual fair catn- 


"THE MOTIVE POWER OF THE FUTURE. general purpose” 0 






Gof. CEE DEE: ies fie) 
ae ae ELECTRICITY. Riorhone oo 
The Amorican Blectrie Railway and Power Company HECTHICITY a8 a railyy 


é ay motor is to be practi 
Med articles ‘of association on the 24th: ca ital. 810,- | tried on tho Northern Pp, Practically 
000,000, Tho principal oflice will bon New York. 


: ‘acific railway in Minnesota, ae- 
John Stambaugh HO, Bonnell, Robert MeCurdy, J, ;°Pding to the St. Paul Pioneer Press, w 
3 . 4 = HH. McEwon-and W, A. Bi 
thatatcam is in ita dotage, Wherena it was hailed hy nj nothing for running oxpenses and repairs. Runaways 
F 


logue, is a picture which scoms impossible of realization. 
| «-Oxty the other day, so to apenk, we wero nceustomed toy, Every howischold then v ~ is phen aaron 
say of stenm that it was still in its infancy; and now, such Eengine, or equivalent thereof, snugly put away when 
js the hasto and impetuosity of modern enterpriso; theral in use, slong with tho garden-rake and tho Iawn-mower, 
bre grave and reverend scientists who candidly nssuro us costing nothing for. shelter or subsistence, and noxt to 





















nN 





































aldwin are the Incorporators | that president Villard hag mad lary ae ' 
h Sth aca eee Light Conmpany-for ‘Youtigstown, O., ; 8. Edison for the cersitone igri led Thos... 
Reucration not yet past middle lifo ng the crowning won-} and frightened women will be heard of ‘no more, and the : : The Beat Ble Tent Corts have anwicuicad fnaxe year upon which the oie: ol a ty miles of road 
Wer of the age, tho great wnissiontiry of civilization, the Society for.the Prevention of Cruolty -to Animals will si their intention of forme aw extensive manufactory of | © efficiency : 
‘embodiment of strongth, swiftness, certainty and docility, suddenly find its records abbreviated and moro than half} : electra Helite and 1 nachinery’ 
‘naw these same ‘crities contoinn it as expensive, cum-{its occupation gone. ae é 














ies z of Hdison's elec. 
electric pits and machinery at some polnt in Canada, jttic engines are to be tested. It will be strange if the 
c . uh wae Clinton (lowa) patties linve been ainda Sense: far-away prairies of Minnesota should witness the first ~ 
prous, refractory nnd in all respects bonenth the new ideal ‘Without undue disparagement of ‘tho - most sngncious a: for furnishing flvo mites inch pips for tho use of ; {Practical proof of tho success of thig device. ‘The ox. S = 
“Whieli they have formed, © Hnvinjz-set it-up ng tho mon-fand serviceable of quadrupeds, we are free to confeas that the Weatern ph Company in running un- iecssive cost of fuel on the Northern Pavifie ig leading ~S) 
‘arch of the materinl world, they have as suddonly re-/ he seema to belong to the Past rather than to tho present Ompany to search for a cheaper meang of prod 
‘solved upon its. dethronement...'The fact is not so mteh jorthe coming time. Considered ng a.mode of foree, the; ing motive SOF produe- 
‘an illustration of aman inconataney as of the insatiable | horse in, go to apenk, unmechanical, Patting sentiment: 
‘demand for something better, the chranic discontent with aside, and regarding hin simply aga machine, hois clumsy, 


‘ power, and this experime; 
- direction, 
a és j : i, The European, American, Canadian & Asliatie Cable; % 

existing conditions, tho contempt for things as they are costly, varinblo and perishable. Ho takes too much roomn, | Company have completed their flnanclat a 

. hich familiarity so quickly breede—in a word, thé pro-|is conformable to no established tules, and subject to all! 


rrangemente,? , ‘ 
c nd nn order has been given for the manufacture of two; 
: : f Peneeelio ee tlantic cables Inmedintel Is’ { 
»" Breasive instinct of mankind. manner of bodily ailments. Nothing in more certain | : George H, Christy, representing the Brush Electric 
} By what new and omnipotent motive-power ateam is to| than thrt civilized man, at his Present rate Of progress! : 






















































nt may be in that: 






































THe experiment of lighting 








railway cars by electric: ' 
Company, of Cloveland, has brought suit in the United:iity was made in a Palhuan car on the London, Brighton = : . 
bo displaced is not yet deterinined. With the revolution-| will soon have discarded all methods and agents, so far{ Ei Gentes Clreult Court ngn ihe lem Anderson Seat & South Coast ruilw 
ary people of whom we spenk this is a more matter of de-|a8 the application of physical force is concorne 
“tail, and does not bear at all on th 














‘ay, a few days ago, with Grent suc- 

{sclaimed that the ‘infringement couslats In wing the: i : ‘an's Vii i Ai 

© main question. {do not possess tho qual Weston and Fuller lamps, which are conan es the; 2¢8% Twelve of Swan's little incandescent Iamps were 
{Portable electricity is the favorite with come, and com- uniform action, economy 


sane principle as the Brush, tho right to use copper.’ fixed to the roof of the car, 
conted carbons being invelved in thissult, 

‘pressed air with others; and the enthusinsin of 

sana of these methods leads them to conclusio: 


and when the train passed 
Dante 2L—Electrie Exhibition prizes wery through a tunnel or when darkness enme on, it was sim- 
: ito say the least, are not Yet authorized by the frets, A 
Bill more recent discovery is that of a French inv 


























the parti- fn given amount of service, Tescnrcely needs to be demon- 


° . fawarled toxlay, America hns five of the highest dis: ply necessary to turn vi i 
strated that under these requirements, the: horso will he Uinetlve diplowins. of. honor, awardat to the United Py y min awiteh, and instant] 




















ly “a mild, 
States Signal Office, Smithsonian Institute, Edison, Steady and brilliant light Med the saloon." : 
! iat ntor | with one or two more of the Problems now engaging its 4 Grahans ard fo escent seein the onl merijenited 
imho evolves n force of unlimited degree and universal fattention. In all seriousness, and realizing perfectly the ’ d aveared to the fiugle-American prog neal Ue 
adaptability by freeing the ps ined i 2 . chi . fm H States Electric Light! ng Company, and to Gray 
ra ie ee ia ir i i sai all in the carbonate strong flavor of romance which scems to characterize this! FA Tawtor; silver mellila tp Dolbear, ‘ecard, Bailoy & 
a n And thus elevates chalk to the suprente dignity view of the case, we regard it as one of the remarkuble} 
- jin the Kingdom of nature, He proposes “to supersede shortcomings of 












yBteam and render unnecessary the use of ¢ 
ifwhich might be 
fit did not by ins 















3 Hoviae, Connell y Prothers, Electric pixlteatan Company, : oe 
inventi, H . e ‘ a ubbard Pond fndicator Company, the Electric yim. 
: motlern invention that it has not yet im-; fe Company, Wextern Electric Leht Company and} 
proved in any essential respect upon the means of ordi-! + . Western Electric Manufacturing Company, americans: 
nary street and highway travel enjoyed in the oldest his-; have also recelved several bronza medals, 


lectricity’ 
ncement, if 
ble participle, 








called an electrifying. anno: 
very terms abotiah that fee 















































toric periods; thnt our driving is still like the driving of] | _ The system of underground telegraph wires has been 

Sia sudden and radical innovations Are not only caleu- | Jehu the son of Nimshi, our finest carringes aro but modi-!- ailoptec che ak eet ane feat eb na 
jated to put a new fico on the materia} conditions of so-| fientions of the chariot of a Roman Proconsul, and our : Thiduleofthostres three foot ninetuches indepth, Tho 
ioe into utter confusion all our habita of carta and drays might linve been used without attracting! a Fre re ates of the In dinaoter tr te cucrete, 
thought ani modes of expression. attention for their singularity, by a contractor on the Py5rn-! a place, flve in asrow, and four rows, ono above the other, 
Metaphors and similes, all our apt it nd vivid | mida, : ae yA composition of pitch and slg is then poured in, until 
flashes of rhetoric 3 BUM nae cakes uti the pipes are covered, after which the top is cemented 
US cannot ce with concrete, The ditch te then tilted in and the earth 
pulse of; rammed down, Itis calculated that the twenty tubes 

andthe! will accommodate from 1,000 to 1,500 wires, a mian- 

Proportions and terrific snortings | : 












bole ta placed in each square, and the wires will by forced 
: through after the tubesare all laid, The work istriosthy: 
-Aerrify us, is virtually turned out! : toe at ult, haces igh hae 

no i Ho Herz wystet of telophony haw excited special al 
There in uO cheek Upon the tention amotg eloctricinna in Euro we, OU account of the 
ts to sovereignty, Only this surprising distances through which telephonic com. 

an exchange wherein wag : munication has been maintained by it, and ospe 

incingly d ] : sitice the announcetment that a conversation had beeit 
‘pabili ey Ccmonstrated the marvelous Cae: carried on through the cablo connecting Brest and Ten- 
Me ity one Keely Motor, And if what was told of it] zance=a thing Renerally conaldoresd Lnipenaitbte, un ace 
UC, ni ici A i count of the comparatively sluggish act! lonof the elec 
wk bag Portable clectricity, nor compressed air, : trie current fn rubinerged calor, The Herz system— 
wate by which conversation, it fs stated, hnw been cagried on 
through an actual distance of uver G00 tulles over cir- 
cults having no speciat adaption to telephonic commu. 
nication. dins to have solved two diltenlt vroblems, 
viz: that of Ancreasing tbr amplitude of electrival vibra- 
tions, and of neutraliz! ng currents foreign to thy telu- 













clally 














phonic cirenit, 
the iron horse to th iquari 
‘ity, but the quadruy 
Iran his race and fini 
future isto be, wo a 
{manner of Manufae: 
{for private aswell a8 









¢ engine of the! 
re assured, available not only for all] 


turing, hut for locomotion also, and: 


{ public use, fu thy t ev 
jralunble servant whi cing 


a Nn ingdom H 
inished to mankind will di ‘ eye 
Places which now know hin wi i 
H will know him 110 i 
yever, "A world with i he inne 
fination. A state 9: 














2 
B® 
3 
-. & 
5 
a 
= 
5 

4 

a 






Re O1{00 1 U00 = 





mat bd Way Lae UR LCL Scheer APE SES aE Rem 

















































i ftonna 


1 


ENGLISH MECHANIO AND WORLD OF SOIENOE: No. 867. Noy. 4, 1881. 


SCIENTIFIC NEWS. 


CCORDING to M. LL. Sehuthof, of Paris, 
Dun Esht Circular’ No, 36, Denning's 


comet, f, 1881, hea a perlodtof 7} years, ‘The 





olements he gives ure T 1831, Sept. 13-07, 
Berlin mean timo; + 3127 4" 175"; 
$2. 65° GI died"; i 6? GI 
9°860076. 





No. 37, gives 
Barnan’s ‘comet, ¢, 183. T= 1881, Sept, 


13'8288; Berlin mean timo; x2 9° 8' 26; Q 


269° 23° 48"; § 113° 46" 31"; log. g V°COtGE, 


Tho two juvontlo lectures at tho Soctoty of 


¢ Arta during tho Christmas holidnys will bo de- 
livered by Ar, Preece, tho subject being “ Recen 


“} Wonders of Electricity.” A’ course of Cantor 


+ lectures on “Some of the Induateial Uses of 
+ the Caleiuin Compounda” by Mr. Thomas Bolaa, 
1 will bo dolivored beforo Christmaa, and there 
‘ will bo threo other courses during the session, 


: — The meeting to discuss the Socioty of Arts’ 

Patont Bill will bo held on Nov. 30th, and of 
) such subsequent evenings as may be found cone 
‘ yenient. Tho acerctary will bo pleased to supply 
; Hekots to any persons who, interested In the 
; subject, aro not members of the Socioty, 








j Tho Linacre professorship at Oxford, vacant 


{ by the death of Dr. Rolleston, will henceforth 


} beknown as tho Linacre professorship of human 
} and comparative anatomy,  Thero are four | pe 


1 candidates for thechair—viz,, Mr, IL. N, Moseloy, 
i MA, PRS; Mr J.D. Cunningham, 
i S.1.; Mr, V. Hatehett Jackson, M.A, 
/ F.L.S8,, demonstrator of anatomy jn Oxford 
+ University Museum; and Dr. R. L. Anderson, 
:; demonstrator of anatomy, Queen's Colloge, 
: Belfast. ‘Cho professor will receive from Merton 
‘ Collogo a stipend of £700, in addition to the 
{ emolument of his fellowship, to which will bo 
; attached a fixed annual stipend of £200 cloar of 
Incomo-tax, Probably some othor names will 
{ besont in, but at timo of writing only those 
' mentioned wore kuown, 


alt the oponing mectiny for tho session of the 


“; Birmingham Philorophical Soolety, a report was 
read from Dr. Gore, in which ho stated thut 


sinco ho had Leen intrusted with grants from tho 
Birmingham Endowment of Research Fund, 
he bad mada, partly with tho nid of those grants, 
tho following researches in physica un 


chemistry, which had been communicated to 


tho Royal Society, and published, ns follows :— 
‘Therno-clectric behaviour of aqueous solutions 
with platinum electrodes; influence of Voltaic 
currents on the diffusion of liquids; oxperiments 
on ulectric osmose; phenomena of the capillary 

_ olectroscope; electric currents caused by liquid 
-/diffuston of oamoso; inilucnce of voltaic our- 
:Tonts on diffusion of liquids; and phenomena 


fot the capillury electroscope, Ho hoped before 


1 }lony to aubmit to the Phi losophical 
1, original communication, 


i 1, Tho first lecture of tho session at the Midland 
* : Inatituto, 3 ‘mingham, was delivered Inet weok 
| by Dr. RS, Ball, Astronomor Royal for Ireland, 
F Glimpxo Through tho Corridors of Time," 
1 Tho subject ts ono that has recontly engaged 
t Somo attention in our columns. In the courso 
; of his remarks tho lecturer said: While tho day 
was gradually lengthening through tho moon's 
action on the tides, the earth roacted on tho 
{ moon, and drove it farther and farther away, 
' Tho circly deszribed bythe moor was, thorefore, 
(grndually increasing, and thus tho day was 
Sita ae RRR DE he 


the normal sense, seem darker than red, ‘ihe 


joclety an 









gteen-blind will chooso yy osite shades, which to | } 
iB! 


the normal-eyed appear lighter than red” 
As fao as regards railway and marino signalling, 
the stato of complete red-blindness or of complote 
@reen-bliudnoss should bo regarded ns an absolute 
disqualification; while tho oxistenco of complete 
violot-biindness, which involve no Mability to con 
fusion between red and green, may boeutirely dis. 
regarded. A practical difficulty” will sometimes 
uriso dn tho caso of incomplete red or reen-blind- 
ness; aud tho examiner may be asked whether o 
given peraon {9 red-blind or green-blind enough to 
@& source of (anger to bitaclf or others. We 
have hore to deal with a queation of degree only; 
and all which the expert can do {sto reduce thoda- 
Grea of incomplete colour-blindacss to numerical 
atandards, When this has been done, it will be 
for the authorities to draw tho lino of safety, 





















Dr, Oppenheim, of Borlin, Dun Echt Circular 
<0. PPives. Uo following eloments of 













4 













in vain for any of Ha Pray tm nena of sab 

i rth, tho tides must | torranoan creatures in these ndness, &o.), or, 

hava been NG “tims te reat 38 at the present | indeed, any difference from enocios In surfane 

timo. Rising 210 feot high, tho tides would have} waters, This is explained hy the fact that nerd 

washed over the whole of England. animals have only a temporary sojourn und ie 

und; thoy pasa down wi 

1 _ or Leatnvos gn jeteneny vee Party, dia ea patty anes i tunnels in tho 
dolivere EL ahra”” bre ¥ 4 

tho ovenings of the 7th, 8th, 10th, and 11th wrealan wells nro artificial “bahra,” which 

a recent stormy weather has put a stop to| Mlow of their return to the surface. 

10 09 

Vragge' logical observations on 

pa ane rho int ae ake summit having been | substance, and it was found by a that 

rendered quite untenantable. It ts suggested |in_ alkaline solutions it rotated the plane o! 


of tho tide; and ho caloulated that, whon tho 







i : of electricity has been Bccomplished, Did not Faura exhibit 


ae ors ables : 
| “ . . re open which will soon revolutionize every 







Asparngin is known to he an spitcally active #38 


€ 
i 


eae 
WAY SIGNAL APPARATUS, fernel Fisher, Boston, $3 
Aasignor to the Unton Klectsle Signal compnn artford, 
Conn. leauod Aug, 30, 188t, ; 






The Electric Rallway. a 
st abuuit the Sfemens electric raslway! ‘Thatis undoubtedly 


and there Is no apparent. reason why the 

«trains In New York cannot be run by thia oraaimilarayeiess 
The track was nearly balf a mile iis length and had severalcuryes, 
aul yet the cars carry ylug forty Presengera were under the pers 
fect contro} of the engineer, ‘The power was furnished by a dy- 

j Damo muchine and engine situated [iy tha balling. For toug 

2 distances thia gyatem would not be practicable until the storing 












: : fs syatetn of starn; but Its etliclency from an economic 


Tho machinery connected with 











i ntfon, and [t fa undoubtedly true’ 





‘| electric tight? ‘There ta 
where only this Ught ia admitted, 


be the result of this gathering of 
ulate them to produce greater and ' 








i: ke nts in this selence.—{Intervl ith 
that the meteorclogical stations, especially thosa Polarisation to tho Ieft, In acids to tho right. § ah care f : { lew with, 


0 clovated as tho Ben, should be connected with | Herr Becker has Intely described to the Berlin 
tho head ofltee in London by subterravean 
cables. - 
The American electric Hight companics, with 
tho exeeption of Edison's, havo agreed to form 
anaasociation, tho holders of the Gramm patents 
having succeeded in convincing them that it 
a tunlly advantageous, ax tho d be 
wajort if the machtnes wore taeraly modifica- auth in bcesdieen peep Pet ened 
thins © Gramino'n, The Siemens ranching ‘is is about 6° to tho left, gradually diminishes, 
howover, open to nll, ns thrut ” s nd with 10 molecules of acid, the nctivity wholly 
patent has been lost in tho United States. disappears, Proceeding further, thero fs in- 
The Beaumont compressed-nir motor is at fast | creasing rotation to tho right. 
about to be put upon the North Metropolitan 
Tramways for an extended trial in actual his perilous nscenty over tho Mediterranean, 
eee to ‘A Brazilian” writing in the mado a night pecan lately (Oct, Sth), storm Salut 
‘ i gs pm, 
Times, ermanganate of potash, hypoiermically ecient New tiny ib pediedll He very intensa 
injected, is an antidote to anake-poison. It may front: It beoatnn: covered with hose frou, aad 


dotermine the inilucnce of different quantities of 
Akalics and acids, Ho ned solutions of sod: 
hd of hydrochloric, sulphuric, nnd acetic ac! 



















othor suggested and tried antidotes, was fount | iiindow of tho balloon on tho clouds. A double, 
useless. : ailveryspalo aureole surrounded tho shadow, 

An expedition is being organised in tho United | and, in descending to tho earth through mit, 
Btutes, to start next May, tor Beucon Hill, Gib+} ho remarked that the shadow was bordered by 







son Cove, in order to mako further investigations | a remarkable triplo nurvole, ‘The descont was | 


respecting Franklin's oxpedition, Peter Bayne, | effected ut Gaurin, near Tournay, at 10,30 Pm, 
who formed one of Hall’s party, will company 
the expedition, and undertake a long sledyo 
journey in tho north weat of King Willlam’s 
ind, 


Native strontianite, which contains about 90] numerous Roman and Gallo-Romnn coins 

r cent. of puro carbonate of strontian, is uow| found in tho mud, with atatucttos and débris of 
nrgely weed in sugar refineries, the mines in| pottery, M. Daubrée has observed, that though 
Westphalia yielding mavy thousands of tons pet| tho water is cold, i.e, of ordinary temperature, 
aonumn, The strontian ig used to extract tho many of tho bronzo coins have been profoundly 
saccharates, with which it combines in tho pro- | ultervd. They aro partly or wholly converted 
portion of t to 3, 
Peggaeehegli dent Hine light penetrates They resemnble in aspect, the Roman medats got 
metres for Lake Leman, by Prof. Forel, who| * Bourbonne-lea-Bains, but thery is no thermal 
used albuminised paper in his experimon . spring. as in that case, and cant may pita that: 
Asper has recently made similar experiments on | there has been none sinco submers th of tho 
the Lake of Zurich by a slightly differont {olns, for tho sulphide euvelopingy tho coins 
method, He used tho photographic plates| as also incrusted numerous fresh-wator shells, 
called enuision plates (morosensitivethan albumin. | te similar to those now mot with in the pond. 


ised paper), and immeraod them during the] It is known that the workmen in tho St. 
night of Aug. 3, to deptha of 10, 60, 60, 70, 80,}Gothard tunnel have been Inrycly aubject to a 
and 90 metres. They were bronght up after painful disesso, arising from presonce of a wmalt 
romnining twenty-four hours in the water, and parsitia worm in the futestines, In a recently 
treated with oxalnte of iron. published momoir, Dr. Bugnion gives full infor= 
without exo} mation about this disorder. Thenomntold worm 
tho Nyht. ‘Thus the chemical ra <Ankylostoma duodenalis) was firat diecovercd in 
clear water to at least 90 motres d a ania 1838; sLiaa becomnel within yarioteparts 
Animal life tn the Sahara has vari OF Ttaly ; isextremely nbunduntin Egypt, and it 
ine fontures, aah ‘which, tho ndaptation et has alao. been found in. Abyssinia, Indis, tho 
colours is specially notable. ‘Tho general colour | Sunda Ialea, Rio do Janeiro, Cayenne, ani the 
of the ground is, of course, that of sand, and the elles. 7 i Laloat ines of ie ats tunel 
scanty, greyish-leaved voyetation, away from} Workman who of tho discano (at = 
anes fs pany noticed, Belt ‘covered with ana Hospital), are fas 1,600 iaaieidust worms 
Now (according to M. Vogt}, ono is atruck, wero counted, ‘any workmen have tt 
coming from tho const, witht tho abseneo of all 
bright colours, red, sreany and blue, in tho 
‘Tho cxarinations Aa splodong Sibert me 
a show cloat! 
ins no tendency to cure itsolt, o to be removed ik , ui Lit cate aly equal in gy 
the course of growth ; for, among people of the Obes ry to tha! tho action of a grain 
samo class, the porcontage was tho same in adults | ° rater on a fo Ay : 
as In children, In tho samo way, among tho 
classes which presented highor Percentages, there 
genoral Secale colour: Hinds than among tho aystoma could ba wtee 
lon, las 
females To’ males Underwent no Trend tien of ticted. | This amounte to 20 Gegrees on the gal. 
fomulo cases wero nearly all alight or incomplete. | Himeetes TOW exhibited. To put the ques ‘on 
Among tho whole number examinod, threo of total differently, tho wantity of olectricity in 2 grains 
colour. blinduess aro sald to havo been discovered goa ater if equal to 24 million Charges of tho Loy. 
aud a few of violet blindness; but the latter wore Wocfat, Pattery, and, would Keo Platinum wire/! 
included among the partial ‘cases and. ware not 1-100th of an inch in diameter red bot for an hour’ 
mado-the subjects of any special experiment: and abalf, Again, in 6 thunderstorm, myriads of 
Upon the whole, thorofore, ita be aalumed ¢ rain-drops form myriads of electric tterles.| 
among the clases from which Tadlwwe Fi} Nenco the {ntenso atroke which, striking through! 
aval look-out men aro chiely derived cme mate =| 
ercent ‘ 


age of moro than four and a-half may bo regarded the Eanbone ae, ot 8 we Sorel as Vresident “ 


nearly circular pleco of water, called The Mor 



























Chemical Society oxporiments made in order to df 







Tho last nets much more weakly ot tho rotating rie 
powor than minoral acids, and it ia interesting to # 
note that, with graduat increase of tho acid froin § 










M. Jovia, an agronaut well known in France for 









remembered that in Sir J. Fayror's experi- stoi ‘crv frozen. Several times M. | 
imentain India, permanganate of potash, like tho tho provisions Ne ouriuus effect of the luminous (ff 








Tn the Fronzh Department du Nord, thoro isa f 








do Flines, In ancient times it «ema to have ff 
been a placo of pilgrimage, as in witnessed by ff 
















into sulphide belonging to that variety of | 
chalkosine which Breithaupt named eupreine, | 











Aehialeny Gye, Cely2, 188,2.. 


| Hleotrle Car Motors, : : 
A farther solution of the atrect car mot ¢ problens ds promised 
by the expertnients sow under way, Mr. Thonias, of Ulnetunati, 
fauna Mr, Wafes, af Philadetphta, both lave Underground models 
Fat work, which give promise of complete stecess. Another 
! motor Is under experiment at Pittsburgh. Tt does not differ It 
Claim.—1. Una railway nigual apparatus, the motor to set the ; Prinelple, so far as pubtiatiest deserlptions show, from the Sie 
algnal ft different positions, and the detent m am therefor, mens rallway. erected in Paris for use durlng the eleetsleal ex- 
connistlog of the following. elements, viz ‘The detent arma and phlbitlon On the Gertan experiuentat road ‘the raile were uscd 
stopa therefor, combined with detaching wens, one to dieengage us conductors of the current Renerated by the atatiouary engine 
» ear of the said stops, atl the electro magnet and Ita armature, and dynamo mache, This construction not being perusitted in 
sulapted to engage and arrest the mov at of one only of Parls, sepanute conductors on poles overhead, and elee- 
; eal detaching urns when attracted, nnd the other of the sald trleal connects yHaio michive on the cars 
farms ouly when unatteacted aud that at the central station by means ef contact travelers move 
3. The motor and tts safety and tent urns and two ng with the cara, ‘The same system of forming the counvetlons 
stops, one to engage the wuld safety aud the other te engage the Is employed at Pittsburgh, the current belng returned by one of 
Feakt danger detent aria, combined with two detaching arins and the ralls. ft Is said that one of the rallway lines to Pittsburgh Is 
pthe electro magnet and its armature to control them, it being‘ hkely to adopt Uhe new system, butt some other means of curry= 
adapted to bold only oneof suld urins at one tne, whereby, when Ing the current than by overhead wires will have to be employed 
the condition of the magnet fa changed, one of the aul detaching before Itc whe made popular fn large eltles already complaintog. 
jartne [a released to detach one of the stops aml allow the motor of forests of poles and networks of wires used for other pure 
to move and ehauge the position of the sygnal, Poses. HO the rally inemeclye Hot be used as conductors, 
3. A mnotor and detent aliaft and detent arms thereon and two tbe batter tuight be tatd it tubes similar to those employed in the 
tops, cuch to engage an alternate pale of the sald arma, combined Hon formed with a statlonary cable by a 
Swith two delaching arma, one to disengage one and the other te 1 teavellg con act pull ery much as the “ grip" is now deed on 
‘disengage Ube other of the sald stops from its corresponding dee {cable roads. To make the electric motor popular it will have to 

















Cree th 





















































































































Stent arm, and restoring dev operated by the motor In Its move: i Nave Its conductors laid under xround, where all the electrical 
fment, whereby, when one of the anid detaching arms ta operated | conductors may be expected to go souner or luter,—[Ex. 
ie allow the motor to move, the other of the said arnis 1s restored , Electric Railwaya. 





ito the position from which It can operate to agate release the 
notor and permit it to move. 

4. The slgual, and motor to set it fn diferent positions, snd 
Hthe electro magnet to control the entd Inotor, combined with a 
circult controller In elreult: with the rald Magnet, operated by 
the sald motor when nearly run dlowa, whereby the magnet Is res 5. 


The first steam railway for passenger travel [s sald ‘to have | 
been built aud opened for-travel (1 1825, but the Liverpool & , 
Manchester road, opened In 1830, is generally accepted as the : 
road from which to date the blatory of rallroad enterprises. . It 
took at leant five years after the frst road was bullt to get a not- 
able Increase of intlesge, but to-day there are over one hundred 
thonsand miles of railroat tn the United States. If we could 
Judge anything of the prospects of electric rallways, by compari- 
son of thelr history with that of the now well-established steam 
rallroads, thelr success would be very well assured. It is only 
nbout two years since Edison's experimental sieelrie palliray was 

cl y " Y Y mt EIENS Was CX- 
Soelte to those of the danger ult combined with safety aud aeelhgatiiee Git allar fee euine Ca and the. tiret vlectric 

ger stops to engage ey osthd safety and danger plus, respec- ce srelalty ‘ y Sleme "0 e 

ely, aout alsty naaaeie sMseeipaes ets eaten: ach of Neste y commeretally eT ticaae cow abant ene 
Be sald detaching aris belong held by the armature of the electro sutdieeteaten at aieh “roula hu ‘worklng onter, authorized or fn 
? aeicts Site) te oped ed ston pital ite pit tu pale course of construction, There are short roads In tise 1 Germany, 
Maouiition of thie cn olanrek the auld: stop as soon as the Holtand and Trebind, and roads aire projected or ln course of cow. 

6. The tnain whiny shaft of thie motor, screw threaded and SA a : Sal etorioe ot: the. kind, and one, 
Brovidedt with a nut, anda device to prevent the sald ant frau ro- of the most interesting because it fs proposed to run the dynamo 


{ , : chines by wate: ver, ‘The road fs to be nearly 
tating with the said slinft, combined with *san electro magnet to elvetrie inachines by water bower ae fo re y 
otto the operation of the sald motor, aud clreult closfig springs forty miles In length, < It pnpeares sila thelis teada aid ding: 
Mu clrcult therewith, and adapted to by eeparated by the auld nut: ways are getting ulong rather fas! i i! re “ hau erent 
o break the efreuit when the nutis near the end of Its movement thelr Infaney, and tt {6 not, jiupese le et ate 1 thelr allenge by 
ec the main sliaft caused by the rotation of the sald shaft In tifty yeara, electrle roads muy be counting up is 
3 











talned In one condition aud the danger signal remains pertas 
nently displayed until the tuoter ts wound tip, 
A detent shaft turalng uolformily with the signal shaft, and 
aving detent arias corresponding to the “safety and “dan: 
iger” position of the algual, the eald arma belug provided with 
op ping, those of the safety urs belng on the aide thereol op: 








































actuating the machine. tens of thousands of miles.—| Chicago Journal of Commerce. 


‘ 





Stn 











4g 


SCIEN 


written by him, all 


fathtuting electria 
ol 













. Hlectrletty an a Motive Power, 
“BY PROFESSOR MAUNICR “KEM, af, a,;"0, 

- . I. us 7 < 

I nave already in 9 provioug article, when spoak- 
ing of the fatare of slectricity, alluded to ono im. 
portant fact, viz., that one of. the pring 
monta to which tho sciontiat will subj 





















le aspect of tho question, both proved to bo equivalent: to th 
nal design and cost of work. combustion, and the SAMO was 8} 
discoveries ‘havo so altered ‘coal, Hence, it wag ‘compart 


in bearings ag. to Place it in a now light and | mino the rolatt 
upon a firm basis of practicability, 


It is only within a fow yoars paat that the grand- 
tand most usefal doctrine of modern sclonco— 
@ conservation of onergy—rovealed tho fact that 
zino nevor can Sompote with coal as a source of mo. 





hoat it ‘yieldod in : 
hown' tobe trae of 












These important 


























horses, 


by, the power requi 
tubes is that of 
Ss, 


fe tubes 






red at present with |; 
one Inndred and twenty horses, 

< comuintn 
Me colutnn of | | 

















al ANSCS AL Me! renter frict 
‘ Feat power, then, has to be ex, 
Potential ‘onorgy of. ; a nunher of dispatehes wl is relatively || 
ht. From this conalds ih the elvetriec post sand its much smaller expendi 
Number of spatches carried would be 
The Capuelty of the boxes might even 
m for carrying both letters wd newsp 
¢ Mice in different Parts of the ¢ Py 
Prove an fmportant auxiliary to the Postal service, 
and the more so in that both ¢ 


vice, |; 
he postal and telegraph ser. 
‘vices are nowaduys often combines 















































6 slectromotor, up to with- 
the prosont time, is a hie. 
oxisting over thirty yoars, Thoon- 





stenm, ate, the transformation will Appear nt frat} to; 
sight almost inaurmountablo, bnt only just what 









Md, 












































BOILERS WITHOUT. 
SA NEw Drocess f 
1B the dovelopmont if the oloctro- With the vlew of, voiding the sted of [! 

the invention and application of steam and gas cron. into an engino of th - id putes; ins Tately been designe ed by |} 
tod in thoir days, : was cost of working, ; . Windle, of Manchester, England, tml formerly of the 

Information besrin : : Raliwa Steed Plant Works, Newton Heath. In the rolling || 

‘ mill, which ha 

Ofobtaining motion : 
boon givon ina diajoi : z 
fry mannor, in papers by va: 
only, indoed, within tho 







ly designed for thiy work, a 
uiployed, The axles of thes 
‘ rollers are Provided with top beartugs, and to enadle the 
SS y t 
tri : 2 
Bubjoot has asaumod an: 
tract tho attontion of th 
however, have been qui 
808 of oloctricity ag a m 
recoived the later devol 

















quired to move thom, ‘Tho eficlenoy ' 
achines was, howorer, very « 
at tho best models wore in- 













velopmont, 

» Jonlo's all-im porta; 
fally disting tion of the mechanical equivalent ofh 
{n tho history of thig question, those onginos could, howover, 
more evident from the followin 






tom fon #0 a9 to 


The invostigation of Dr, Joule’ 
0 to the 













electricity {s nelthor new nor startling, 
forty years ago it bogan to attract 
tention, and go far back a 







be, they could not bo | 
invertors of zino poton- 
» But in atime whon 









i 
i 












FO. sclonce—tho con. 
wasonasurebasis 
her before named, 
bosides that which } 
asion that zine motors mustbofifty | 
f¥o a8 coal motors,’ It showed that : 
Ithin the peat twas toork, energy 1033 convertible into every other | a 
Honoo, since ft is evident that wo can never Ee 





















embraced yw; 


























eee Lnhthge Dd TELE a any 
































































ever, changed the whole aspect of the quoation, both | proved to bo equivalent te ; it’yiolded ‘in Er. Deprez, has w aera 7 
Bae anda cena. Cah in point of constractional design and cost of work-! combustion, and the same was ‘shown tobe true of d economy youl he : 5 fitten iy him, all . 
ne pacreeon MAURICE xEID, babi ae ing. These important diacoverios havo so altered | cont, Tonco, it ‘Was comparatively casy to doter:*. ‘am i] has potnte ectric 
AS <<a its'main bearings as to place it ina now lightand| mino tho rolative cost of coal and zine motors when: . j tr cars, cach wel hing 
I nave already in a provious article, when sponk- | upon a firm basia of practicability. : tho ratio of thoir ‘offtolenoy had boon‘ ascortatn: : ahd oe to a in motl | 
ing of the fature of cloctricity, alluded to ono im. , It is only within a fow yoars past that tho grand-| ‘Tho samo mastorly‘solontifia investigation lod to the® 8 tote! pow po crying a 
portant fact, viz., that one of the princ{pal dovolop-| est and moat useful doctrine. of modern solonco—| conclusion that a coal motor -was, solentifically oon-" ~:~: iim tohes hole wndereround 
monta to which the scientist will subject electricity | the conservation of enorgy—rovealod .tho fact that] sidorod, much loss offective than an electric motor 
ond direct its partionlar attention, will bo to oatab. 


zina never can compote with coal 8 Q source of mo- 
tive force,. With the publication of Jonle’a “Do- 
ductions and Discoveries," in which zino was shown 
to posness a definite amount of potential enorgy, 
considerably loss than tho spoolfla onorgy of coal, 
fell the hopes of all those who had borne up against 
repeated and ovorwholming failures, This disposed 
of tho {dea that a zino engine over could displace 
a steam engino, at least in point of goneral applica- 


aya Pp; : 
itiongor ste tt Of twelve horses, Net nae ie Wh 
But in relation to the question of cost tho following : 4 T. Bouton 


pS, the power re ulred at Present with 
Neutnatic tubes 1! y renty hore 

fact is of groator importance : It was shown that ee P ith pnewinatie ini or hued an me enuine ir 
coal possosaed saven timos the potential ‘onorgy of ...': : Hspatches to be Inoved, but alson consitlerable columnar Hl 
Zino weight for woight.’- From ‘this constdoration it E a Ich vatises a weds realer feletion than that of the box 
{8 ovidont that, as zine is doaror than . coal, tho cont: : ceed in curry, eae toN 
of onorgy dorived from zing must bo considerably a small, 
greator than that of coal. In reference to this point 


then, has to be exerted to s 
Prof. Jenkin remarks: In estimating that a sino 







lish {ta universal application ag a motive power, 
Thoro is no dondt that evon in this important branch 
. greater atrides would havo beon made by this timo, 
wore {t not that tho capitaliats and oxfating compa. 
nies oncountered a great many obstacles unsuitable 
to their pookata. Ican not say thot prejudice has 
anything,to do with it, because to every sensible 
mind it will appear manifest that somo day or tho 


























































T dispatehes, which Is relativ tly [ 
He post and it much stuntler expomdi 
eo numiber of dispatches carried would he 


The capacity of the bose. 
m 































































Stich na to fit the nelly: ‘ 4 might even be 
motor may bo only fifty mos as doar as tho con} from “oltlea Novae gine tl et of 4h nae 
othor—I hope not far distant—eloctricity will prove / bility and on anything but a small acnlo, motor, I assumo that tho cloctro-magnetla engine : ; Would prove an fmportant auxiliary to the p 
itsolf triumphant, Of course to oxisting companios, Again, tho history of tho clectromotor, up to with- may bo four times ag cfictent a8 tho hoat engine in: ‘ and the tore so in that both 
with their whole machinery and Plant arranged for| in a vory short period of the Prosont timo, is a his. transforring potontint 





steam, ote., the transformation will appear at firat 
sight almost insurmountable, but only juat what 
the invention and application of steam and gas crea. 
tod in their days, 

Information bearing airectly on the great quostion 
of obtaining motion from olectricity bas hithorto 
boon givon in a diajointed and somowhat fragment. 


{nto actual enorgy." : 
Thesoconaidorations oxhibit vory olcarly tho main 
facta at issue ond show why clectromotors, as actus. 
tod by tho onorgy of zino, novor Could compote, in. 3 for roll hoilere, 
Point of choapneas, with even inferior steam engines >. atlly-a pantvold : itélrare 
consuming coal, Thoy ntso show that itis hopoloas :. : # naire construc 


O postal and t 
Oty 





tory of failures, oxisting over thirty yoara, Thoon- 
ly cauao opposing tho dovolopment ;of the clectro- 
motive machine into an engino of tho groatost utill- 
ty was coat of working, or it may be mora correctly 
said that olectrio cngines wero not ontiro failures in 
themselves, but that tho electrio currenta roquirad to 


vices are nowndays often combt 

































































Loft 
to look to zino gonerators for a moans of aupersed." E ? porte er jy 
actuate thom wero too costly for gonoral uso, ing steam; . - : a a Newton Heath, In the rolling 
ary manner, {n papors by various authorities, It {a Tho main diffionlty of the carly Inventora of eleos:":: i fixed andn moran pebecially designed for this work, & 
only, indeed, within the past fow years that the tro-motors was not ono having apectat bearing upon:: . once ara 
subject Has nsaumed suffloient importance to at. 










tract the attention of tho engincoring public, who, 
however, have bocn quick to perceive the advanta- 
gos of olectricity ag a motive power, and who have 
reosived the later developments of the quostion with 
so much favor that the oatablishment of clectrio 
railways has bocome an accomplished fact-of course 
at presont only an in its oxporimental atago of do- 
velopmont, 

One thing appears to mo quite nosessary to care. 
fully distinguish and soparate two distinct periods 
in tho history of thia question, This will be the 
more evident from the following consideration, 
Tho more question of obtaining motive Power from Toulo'a had spootat 
electricity is neither new nor startling. Moro than clectro.motor, but 
forty years ago it bogan to attract considerable at- dircotly « 

‘ tention, and so far back as 1838 experiment demon- It was undortakon o! 
: atrated tho practicability of applying tho Power of |to ascertain and dotorm 
olectro-magnotism to purposes of locomotion on enorgios of rino and coal, 
water and tho moving of machinery on land, Nu- ‘The heat produced by tho combuat! 
merous attempts, however, to euporsode steam on-| of zino conld bo ascortained, 
ginea by clectro-motive machines only sorved to} to determino that 
show that in point of eoonomy they must fail when 
in competition with motive force derived from coal, 
‘Tho two leading causes Operating againat the eloctrio 
engine arose from the facta that the machine itsolf 
was fovariably designed and conatractod Upon de. 
ductions from reasonings now Bencrally known to 
bo misleading, and, indeed, fallacious, and that the 
source of elootricity—zino—was much more costly 
than coal, Subsoauont discoveries and advanoos, 
embraced within the past twelve yeara, havo, how. 


tho machines thomaolyes, but referrod to the amount. «| 
of oloctricity Toquired to move thom. ‘Tho ficiency 
of the cloctro-motive machines was, howover, yory 
low. Itts probablo that the bent models woro in- 
capablo of affording a Greater return of tho onorgy ~ 
expended upon thom than 20 per cent., a8 mochan- 

ical force, 
In tho ycars| Had the numoroua Invontors of clectromotors be- 
‘8 invention and tho| gun at the root of tho question, and had thoy axcor- 
important invostign-| tained, ovon Opproximately, the actual onorgy fn 
lent of heat, Nono of foot-pounds posscased by a givon weight of zino, 
that evory offect must 
‘that no mattor how 
bo, they could not be 


¢ employed, ‘The axtes of thes 
rollers ne provided with top bearings, and to enable the}! 

































































































ed oloctrictana upheld 
‘© contact of dissimilar 
of elootricity, without 
ndituro, it is not dim. 


















fon of s pound 
and ft was equally oasy 
combustion of a pound 
xporiments proved that 
ut seven times tho heat 
fon of similar wolght 





any apparent oquivalont expo: 
cult to understand why inventors hold‘ kind of 
vagto {doa that if tho aloctric ongino could be made 
suflctently near Porfoction it must Decessarily en. 
able thom to compote with steam, 

That grand doctrino of modern solonco—tho oon- 






























no matter how obiained, 


ofty 
ven amount of mechant- 


45 coal motors, “It showed that 
every form of energy tors convertible into every other 
orm. Honoo, alnoo it {8 ovident that wo can nover 


Bee eae ers Tenn te os cee Selma we 













The potential onorgy or work Powor of zino was 

















OX 
ee tie tap an fow.d: 

‘are now. 
ti is ok Brofeasor A: E, Sloan’a ‘sehool,’ 


fesy rapes ploseont tuotied, wuattonded with nau, | 
ral » Plesaant lotion, wu sn Ww 8 Oy 
indore aud clatter, oan 2. tah 


1d, 1882, 


i 
———————_—S ——— 
:  Clatn.—1, The combination, with the magnets of the signal 
“apparatus, of a commutator and pedal apparatus, the commutator 
belng connected In clreult with the pedal apparatus and ayranged 
to connect sald magnets alternately in cireust. 
2. The combination, with a signal apparatus comprising two 
, Clectro-magnets, an armature moving between sald magnets and 
“a eigna) disk connected with sald armature, of a coimmutator, 
coniprising an clectro-magnet and armature, and clreult changing: 
‘devices, operated by sald magnet to bring Into ctreult one or the: 
jother of the algnal magnets, ' } 
; 3. The shaft, with the contact disks-and Insulating ratchet: 
| disks mounted on sald shaft, the two contact aprings, the electro 
j Magnet, armature and retractile spring, and the paw! and ratchet 
{wheel, arranged to turn sald eliaft when tho armature Is re- 
attracted, . : 5 wey 
> 4e'The, peda) apparatus comprising the bellows, welght and; 
aprings In combination with the pedal and contact devices for: 
cmaking and breaking an electric clreult, sald pedal and weight} 
being disconnected from eatd bellows, 80 a8 to bo moved by the 
train Independently thereof, and sald spring being adapted to 
‘expend the bellows when the pressure of welght Ja removed, Hi 
}_ 6. Tho combination of a pedal, {ts welghted lover, a bellows, a! 
fixed and & movable electrical contact, ono of sald contacts being: 
‘Carried by a spring, . ry ‘i 
6, The combination of a signal apparatus comprising tro elcc-: 
\ tro magneta, with armatures moving between them, pedal appar: 
+atus comprising a pedal, bellows aud clectrical contacts, and a 
commutator comprising clreult changing devices, pawl, rachet, 
retractile spring, electro magnet, aud armature arranged so that! 
clreuit changing devices aro moved atep by step and are shifted 


(when the armature Ja retracted, menenaaeem } 





leant Ricetric Lamps 
: InEngland, \ Seine 
LA regular train of Pullman: cars is now, run pon the 
ndon, Brighton, and South Const Rallway, England. ‘The 
(inain Includes a parlor enr, a drawing-room car, with Indica’ 
hotdote and dressing room, a restaurant car, anda smoklng 
cat, while a comnpartment-at cach end of the tratu next to 
{the luggage compartment is provided for. servants, The 
‘ears are kept’ at an equable temperature by means of hot 
“water pipes. There is clectrie communtcation Uetween the 
‘parlor, drawing-room, and smoking cars and the restaurant 
car, and In many ways the comfort of passengers {s 
iprovided for, ‘The piost Important and novel feature of the 
‘rain is, however, tlint it [8 lighted throughout hy elec: 
itrleity. Dei a, 
+ ‘The Jamps used aro Edison's tneandescent lamps, 20 being 
iused. On the very successful trial trip’ the electricity, “was 
‘supplied by Faure accumatators,-of whieh 89 wero carricd, 
‘Mr, W. Lachtnn, the engineer, representhig the Soctété la 
‘Force et Ia Lumiere, who was in charge of the battertes, 


‘reported that but 30 were Jrought into use on” the peal i 


Journey, and only w portion of the electricity stored- in| 
these was expended, On the up journey these and four: 
“freat boxes were brought into operation, For the present; 
‘the accumulators will bo charged each evening ut Ue so- 
telely's depot nt Charlng Cross, lit as soon 1a the necessary 
larrangements can‘be made It Is latended that the recharging 
‘shall be done at Victoria with a dynamo machine worked by 


asmall stationary engine, It 1s not fmprolable, however, : 


‘that before long the electricity required may be generated 


con the train “itself, the chicf pructleal diftenlty in the way ; 
,of this saving of force arising, the London 7¥mea suys, from 


ithe unavoldablé alterations In the speed of the trin— 
‘a mechanical difficulty inthe way of charging the accumu 
‘Intors in this way which the ingenuity of the electrical en- 
{gincers will no 


‘. 


, October 18th.’ Gin ‘i 
“e¥Gatorday ‘the’electeia lig,bt (alrly con 
aered : sy now, domatn.:: SLO) THghto 
Lealtway Compary;which (ofzlato ve 
us been-a pioneer, of. {uy tovements o 
the fron road, ranc¢pectal tra 2J9.fom Vio- 
‘L.torla to Briphtonand back, with » alos, 10, 
cetrioge lighted: by: utored * electricity. 
, Tho event, noteworthy io iteelfimay come 
} to possess a historical idtorest, sluce thero 
ifa no doabt that It. was the first timo, 
either in the Old. World or the Now, that 
; aecamalated electrical energy bad been 
, to eniployed; while'the complete enecess. 
*) whieh attended tho exz.siment.ronet ane f - 
\queatiosably mark/a new departaré in 
i railway management. “It was only a few | 
! month since M. Faure nent to Slr William} 
j Thomron hie little box of load plates eont- | 
: ed with red oxide and fully charged with 
{ electricity. The great British Physiciat | 
1 baw at once fta capabilities,aud now every! 
day eeems tu be bringing to Huht somo} 
y new application of this, the sjupleat of 
U npparatue ever designed by genin 
- ‘The Pallnan car on which yeatorday’s 
(experitnent was nade, carried beneath it) 
00 nobelf rome 32 email wetal boxes, 
{etechuieally cella, eaoh of which contained 
flesden plates. coated with the -vxide 
} knowns red lead. Nothing fess preten> 
( tentions or more inert in outward appeat- 
Hoe could well be Imagined, Yet there 
Wanstored up in those sheeta of Jead no 
mount of force which, if it could be sad- 
oly liberated, wonld vastly exceed the 
1, awer of any etorm of tropical lightning, 
¢ fteani engine liad been at work on tho 
Feviog, night prod 4 
Tetrlelty which” in some myaterious 
auner.had hid Iteelf away.fo the folila 
the metal and benorwth the clouk of red | 
ide, but was teady ut any inalant to 
givo back in the form of Nght or at force, 
ithe energy that had created {L.  Twolve 
of Mr, Swalo’s incandeecunt lamps were 
‘fixed to the roof of the. carclago, and all, 
thut was necessary when the train paseed 
throuuh # tunnél or when darkness cacio 
on was to torn a switch, rod Jostantane: 
ously a imild, steady and brilliant light 
filled tho vatoug, From the polot of view, 
of the travoler, the experiinent-way com~ |. :,. 
pletely saccesqiul; a vupatlur amination 
‘cond hardly be deslresd; and dr it be tra 
an posulbly sangaloe électricians * saaert, 
y that this storage can. be. effected - « *- 
‘emaller cost than oil,-the pleasant trip ‘ay, 
‘Brighton “yesterday afternoon: may. bave 


twido reaching effeata. 





a by the new Puliman 


{ f the “ Pullnan’ Limited 
Express," will begin its regular ecrvicd on ‘the London 
{Brightou, and Bouth Const ‘Hine, betwech the Victoria 
Btatlon and Brighton, on Monday, the 5th int, Binglo cars 
jor the American pattern hava beon running on this line for 
five or six yoars, but this train fi made up entirely of Pull. 
man Cars, These cary, of which there are four, have been 
conatructod at the Derby works of the Pullman Palact Oar 
Company, undor tho superintendence of MF. Ef, 8, Roborts 





and arrangement of the cara being carried 
designs ot Mr, J, P, Knight, tho general manager, wed Ate 
j Gtroudioy, tho locomotive. and carriage superintendent of 
the Lento Mri, hton, aud South: Const Hallway,” Tho 
Pelt & parlourecar, n ur, | 
ae fica’ boudoir md dreasing-room, a Thue cu Pay 


‘amoking ear, while « compartment at cach end of tho train |’ 


‘noxt to tho luggage compartment is provided for ne 
The care are kupt at an equable tompernture by Ronee 
hot water pipes. Theru is clectric communication botwoon 
itho parlour, drawiuy-rooin, aud ainoking ‘cars, and tho 
rataurant car, amd in many ways the comfort of pase 
sera is provided for. Tliu most important and novel 
Itenturg of the new train fs, however, that it is Hghted 
ithroughout by electricity, An the train entered Box-hill 
‘ound otver turncla on the Dorking, Uorsham, and Steyning 
route, by which the teip to Hrighton wad made, thi cars 
jwero simultancously, and by the mere turn of a handle, 
brilliantly lighted, and as quickly, when tho train emerged, 
, the ligne was turned off, On tha roturn journey tho cars 
wore lighted all tho way from Hrighton ‘to Victorin, the 
lamps burning with 9 steadiness umlisturbed by the motion 
of tho train. ‘Lhe trial confirnied tho reaulte of an exe 
periment made some faw wee! aga with a single car, and 
proved tho posmbility of satintactorily lightiug 8 whole 
train by olectricity. "Iho lamps used Yesterday wera 
Falison’s incandescent lainpa, of which altogether there 
weru 20 distributed in various ways thro, bout the train, 
tho drawing-room car being auficfoatly iluminatod with 
an offect of pleasantly :tiffuaed light by Giro of them, Hach 
Incip was compated to be giving a Ught eduivatent to that 
of nino or ton candies, ..As ono of ‘these Pullman cata is 
581s, Gin, long, tho length of train to be Hynted was over 
SUK, ‘Tho electricity was supplied vy Faure accumula: 
tora, ot which 80 where carriel. Mr, W. Lachlan, tho 
engincer representing the Société La Force ot La Lumiere, 
who was in charge ot tho ‘battcrics, reported that but J¢ 
were brought into uso on tho dowa journcy, and only a 
portion of tho electricity stored in tliesa was oxpentod, 
On tho up journoy theso and four fresh boxes wero 
brought into operation, resent the accumulators 
will be char the socloty's dopot at 


‘ tad 


ISLET 
iy desctibed. in Te Times, |: 


tho manager of tho company In this country, tho Gtting up ‘ 


Ee chemin de: fer al 
i feld ‘continue ‘dappeler'a hog 


point de dépar 
+ nage -immédiat 
a environ 


La pente 
+ longucur: 


i obiunaa’ # chiemins le for. 
d A Leltis sursdes poutres “de: 
bois, L" infrastructure cst Ahalumeut te! 
wdme que dens.un chemin de fer Winte | 
rt local. : a 
Cemme les rails doivent en mome temps 
templir Poflice de conducteur du fuide 
électrique, on 4 recourt 4 un mode dat; 
tache spécial qui tout’ en Permettant aa: 
rail dé: se. dilater,' de’ stullonger sous Ving: 
fluence de la température, asstire ta com 
munication permanente d’ un rail 4 tantre.. 
La machine & vapeur, fixe, qui actionne:®, 


Io machine dynamo-dlecteique Servant: A las 
production de l'éctricité,est plucée avec cet~ ; 


) te dernidre dans un hangar situé & environ 


; 500 métres de Ja gure de Lichlerfeld.. Doi 
| 4, le courant est umend, “pur. tes fils d'une! 
i conduile: souterraine, aux rails qui par les ” 


; Toues du?vagon le communiquent °&:- leur: 
!tour' a ta machine, dynamo-dlectrique mos. 
_ bile placée sous te.fond du vagon entre | 
‘les essicux, ‘ sity 
| Cette machine est, par te courant, mise : 
:en mouvement rotutoire; lo mouvement se! 


, communique aux essiets et, par suite, se- 


; ransforme en mouvement continu en} 
javont, Le vagon est construit sur le type. 


des voitures. de tramway 1 coutient, otitr 


‘la place du conducteur, 20 places, dont: 
12 assines ef & debout. I est construit /. 
“symétriquement, de sorte quit uta pags” 


: besoin .d’8tre tourud, 


1 Le poids du vagon vide, y compris In’: 


‘machine électrique ufferente, qui pase en- . 
, Yiron 5 4 6 quintaux, estde (0 quintaus, - 
Avec-un plein chargement, le poids est de : 
: PO quintaux, Le mouvement en avant se cuv- ° 
{ Cinue (ant que le circuit du courant. dlec- } 
; trique est terms, L? dtublissement et 17 ins ' 
| terruption du courant out liet par. te, mo- 
i yen d'une manivelle'qu{ est plucte a droi- 
te du conducteur. cent 
A c6té de Ja. munivelle on a installé Ie 
frein et la sonnette des signaux, de sorte: 
qwune, seule personne suflit: pour. le ser! 
vice du vagon, Le conducteur. peut mame 
encore: dtre chargé de lv dtstribution des: 
billets st sd TOE gees fae ha’ 
-Ma.vilesse;moyenne est , en. vertu da. 
réglement officiel, de 15 kilometres 4 Vheu~: 
re, Lu vilesse ne. duit en aucun cus: dé~ 
passer 20; kilomidtres. Mais, on pourrait, si 
on le youlait:, obtenir “une: vitesse beuli 
coup, plus grunds:et presque C 
Wes" irains:de voyagetrs, 


‘A celle 
pres 


poe Ss Or 

















881::: fi 
<< Hrighton, . ‘coi 
Nargeat of which : 


by 
South Coubt Railway havo became,’ ats thno, 
tolorably ‘familinr ‘witli. tho ‘aspect -of ‘tho Pull- 
mon’ Drawing-room Cars, which fo uch agree- 
able adjuncts.to certain oxpross ;trains .botween 
tha metropolis and the qucon of: watering places. 
The passenger is: only- called upon te disburse 
jeightoenpenco in addition to his first-class furo; 
j and the paytuent of this. moderate surcharge ‘ont 
titles him ‘to’ become .tho oceupant “during his 
i fifty-two miles journey: of -a. luxurious: fautouil 
‘in ‘a tastefully-fitted .aaloon, in swhith Ho’ nay. 


5s. there 
tinit No sooner do you. enter 
at Dright Witt Roft ahd equal 
We : 
the compartments, ly Gra! torit da 
rf inp, 
moons noaded, aot ‘of tho train. It bas 1 nd 
B oe 3 bar ‘Souter: ‘Bervico of gular 
you énn ns much as” think 67 6 I thi papbt not, on thy ot 
dit is iteolf .a- magio-lamp> 1 totter-bo ; f hi 
mio at Brighton, you ore ,almost ; octht a8: f tho’ di of: 
sddincht you aro\sbated. val y About ‘to’ tako a novol ‘and. 
. jteresting trip, aledgethor Ni. UAtmdricain The 
gathering was, i moro than.one sonse, a highly! 
representative: one; and’. ainong. thoso: present 
may be mentioned the Right Hon Hugh Childers, 
¢ 000 AR ny ,, My, H. Edwards, M.P., Mr. Brydgod-: 
nenb.of, Vict is the drawing-room car, '“Bohtiicd}” 4 Willyams,, M.P..; General, 0. .S. "Hutelansou,? 
tig ® wi u nlso. the » ladies"; bouda aE Hnspoctor ‘of Railwaya; Mr, T. H. Farrer, Seo-* 
avith. : i 4 is tho paflour.dar i retury, and Mr..C, .Trovor, Assistunt-Socte- | 
b tary to tho Board of Trado; Captain Gossct, 


‘only au 
pasties, , c 





; hat ae ; ene Re . Serjeant-at-Arms; the Rov. ‘Monsignor Capel ; 
ie colt at eonennig tus negra i ull 3 a ; Me , Swinyard, President of the Batti 
i Nari gery Pant ha ic ate ay th " Phar i “ ‘clegraphs Conipany of Canada ;. Mi. Yeotuans helper 
iggealot from sacs an ovent ot ; arnlahod "dud decorated cars dt, th nual Hin Hobert sp resting the Putlaas Cat Meese tte ro give capthing stronfee shan tn 
a ‘ i ; rd tate otra fl \ : mpany ; AL, art, Mr. Pore: nigh : : ‘ H mtr Rien 
Sy Eoaeo who veo it lis Boen under gomstealif | ath pew tis pa Bir, Ee Yates; Mx Sons Lovyy. tho: doputy- ge ca Apacs enV aaa 
‘at tho” Pullman srorka; Dorby) for’ moro ‘than'|' in. -t rn. .-j Ls i ‘ chairman ; Mr. Bannister, the cngincor ; Bir, tale tea SEE eee ete te raperet 
oat Ronee Ai, Stroud a He troute H i Btroudley, , is lecouiet mpurintan dent; Ban ‘will obtain auch stimulants, of courso on prepay; 
tol ah pala eae re) ets tilip FF. ho solicitor; ani rn J. 2, . : : 
aera eulscte HLS tort Dee ee doen i, the goncral managor of thy London and Hus feo the ose paahleapaciouse bib’ 
. | aware at Dit me tha rod sitio “t | raile ‘the inilway companies havo glready had of tho, 
the: light wna on its :tria! wh: loctrical “Wtricks and manners" of licensing magistrates’ 
vas not tho shadow of of; de d:.t0 : tae oerress ‘this docision on tho part of tho “Brighton; 
ti suecoss of tha trial,’ Tho stent 6 pat Railway authorities can- only bo regarded .n9 
put of the incandosce avery prudent .ono. © hoy have not lost 


te 


Pesto sight of tho fact tha! the rostaurant cars’ 
burning joa Binet - Hi Cy Rich fartod with, such bright hopes of success .on' 
faired: nvolit descri 7 tho Great Northern Railay havo. boon wau-) 
ms ttonly eripplod in their mission of conducing te : 
gel ts bap ‘the 'comfort and convenicnco, of ‘tho ‘travellin 
ota rillin! i train 5 0 ki i \public by a capricious refusal of a liccnco'to scl 
wii fe on ;auiéthor, and, nn Ny wines and apirits: . Thoy hayo not forgotten that, 
:tho Prime Tinister proniised redress for thé act 
‘of silly and voxatious injustico thus dono, but that 
: re . sa eotolal narrowness: gainod tha. victory in :tho, 
sang“ eee fi eg 3 ‘ond, and that. travellers on tho Great Northotn 
: idee ue Gaeaary. for. Way aval veil} bh ; h trostaurant-cars aro still forbiddon to consumo, 
6, oud i ; ‘in tho way, of liquids, anything strongor than 
iuinger pop.” - hoy have not forgotten that 
on thelrown: Brighton, lino the justices havo,’ - 
Juor after, yar,“ tufused w licence for the mi 
\Sofreahiuent-roum at Worthing, of the building 
‘of which they huvo’ exponded’ many thousands 
of pounds ; whilo an analogous act. of despotio. 
‘Shuslishneas hud prevented thom from pruvi 
‘qdoquate refreshment facilities for tho publi 
‘sho'now Polegate Junction, the plea in extenua-. 
Mion fur tho denial of the licénca being that ther 














swore antored, 







hight. algo, wo ‘whe d 
Oe Ii ullng the train by eleotrlety 
ility of which way renda: 






tg public-howio clos by.” Tho predomind 
‘TMalueinstion of the tgctotal” enthusiasts’ sec! 


ihowoyer, tha ro. ‘Pullinan:.roa! 


e 


ane 




















dL *.to: i 
+, SLinlited “Express, *twonty. ahilling 
<, tbe.a desperate stoper ‘indesd who would. 
ing to pay a pound storling nioroly’ aa ad 
foo to a tavern on wheels, entitling him to tippto: 
Anceasary during’a period of, say, one hour and 
iifwen minutes,’ He: could - tipplo at: amuch 
icheapor rate on boarl’a penny: stoamor between 
‘London Bridgo and Chelsea Reach. 
‘In tho! Victoria” or restaurant: car aro al 
‘a nowspaper, and | periodical, stand and a lotter- 
hox ; and hero, likuwiso,.ara: clestrical discs and 
:@ doll: indicating in what part of tho train ‘tho: 
‘presence of tho attendant is required. : A baro-: 
‘moter; a thermomoter, and a clock complate: tho. 
‘Victorian’ “agrémenta.” ° “Noxt. comos:s: thi. 
~ drawing-roonr ‘car, +.“ Beatrice, containing: 
‘twenty-one seats, in - tho: forin- of: revolving. 
chairs.” ‘This isto :bo. nonnally nS ladies 
car, ‘and will: bo sct’ apart’ for ladios travelli 



















Limited Express was 
whole : train: is. lighte 


: ‘alluded -to; is’ a commodions little ca 
~hy swith tho 
p if rage of. thi 
i "hoor at ‘first 


‘oth 


mare alle 
Th eae | aden 
is stored. * Thirt 
‘lators, ° tr 


“wore in 


3 tho. 
say: 
pas, 

ps - of | 

Wero = susponded’ 
and that by this light 
per print anight bo, read, 
j ‘Qs purposely mado by tho: 
Doi ing | reason that it is cininontly 
a ‘daylight routo," thero beitt only tivo sinall 
tunnols, ono on either sido of Dorking ; but 
thoso wora aufilciont to illustrate in a inost ‘rus, 
markablo degree the complete control which ‘the 
cloctrician has over,tho incandescent lanpa, be 
they. Edison’s or be thoy Swan's, fed by: tho 
agency of tho Faure accumulators...” Dirce! ly the 
train ontered tho tunnel tho lamps: woro, turned: 
on,” oe * vory > instant. tan rai 














(struction for mioro than’ twolve' months, 
ita introduction-is not in any, shape or form con- 
(nected with tho Balcombe Tunnel tragedy... Tho | 
} directors havo simply’ started tho. train :as "an ox-j 
tporimant additional to the -singlo:Pulliusn cars) 
twhich hava boon working botweun: Brighton and 
7 Victoria during tho pest fivo or six years.. “The 
‘now. train has boon ‘constructed’ frdin‘t{ho plans 
‘and designs of “Mr: J.) P. Knight, tho general 
caldnagor, .and Mr. ° Stroudley, ; tho’ locomotive 
superintondent, and’ was ‘built of tho Pullman 
‘Works, -Dorby, ‘under the ‘superinteridetive | of 
‘Mr, H.-S. Roborts, tho European managor of, 
ithe Pullman Compan iy is : 








/ 


! AMERICAN papers are jJolning with European 
i f sclentists {n praise of Prof, Blemens,of Berlin,’ 
_ for having constructed, fu Parts, a short raflroad 
+) Propelled by electrictty, They seem to forget,! 
"ar, perhaps, donot know, that Edison bullt such: 
}w ratlroad three years, ago at Menlo Pack, two! 
{ iniles tong, on which a tratn drawn by an electric: 
f motor, which recelved Its current through tha 
Crall, ran up bill and down at the rate of twenty-, 
} tive miles an hour,” That experiment was a bril- 
(Mant sticcess, the road fs atill there; and (hore, 
| whe have ridden on {a8 Passengers witl not alt, 


pallent and sce the honors appropriated by a fon 


{ elgner at this late day, a 1 / 
Beer . ee we A. ts 





THE SANITARY ENGINEER. 





Me miming 


ar... 


' 1882.) 





' The recent railroad accident at Spuyten Duy- 
ivil, in which the subsequent burning of the cars 
‘was attributed in part to the oil employed in 
lighting them, directs especial attention to the 


HE LIGHTING OF RAILROAD CARS. 


different methods of illumination used, and their: 


‘ comparative safety, 


. The practice of the American public of reading : 
i while traveling has become’ very general; and i 
while it helps to diminish the discomforts of a | 






, journey, it cannot be denied that the result is an : 


| Injury to the eyes. ‘his is true during the day 

time, but is more especially so when artificial illu- 
; mination is employed, on account of the greater 
) strain under which the cyes are placed, ‘The use 
: of candles, which is very general throughout the 
‘country, is objected to because of the insuffi- 
| ciency of the light which they give... The lieht is 




















{tule the oil used-is safe; so far.as the danger from 


nee rail comipa- 
es substitiited: oil. “As a 


explosion is concerned, and in some States: the 
law fixes a standard for,all-.illuminating oils used 
in lighting railroad: cars,.“-Rhode Island, for in- 
‘]stance, has a standard of -300° F.,.and the use of 


soil whose -burning, point 1s below .this ‘tempera. | 


‘ture, is Prohibited, . The danger in employing oil, 
however, rests ‘in the fact that in. collisions the 
lamps-are broken and the oil is scattered about, 


:and coming in contact with the fuel from stoves |! 


‘tial. Burning oil, moreover, is more ‘difficult to 
extinguish than the wood. work of the ‘car, If 
-steam’ were employed for heating, the use of oil 
would be attended with less serious results, as in 
'case‘of collision the lamp flames would doubtless 
‘be extinguished and the oil would not be ignited. 
t The coroner's jury in their verdict on the re- 
-cent disaster express the opinion that the use of 
‘candles in lighting a car is “attended with less 
danger than oil, and that they answer all neces- 
/Sary purposes.” This represents the exact state 
of the case, and the only question is, shall oil be 
used for the increased illumination, or candles 
for greater safety ? 
, Of late years the experiment has been made of 
using illuminating gas in place of candles, and on 
;Many accounts the substitution seems to be a de- 
‘Sirable one, It can be readily stored under pres- 
sure, in iron cylinders, and distributed as desired, 
Each car could have its own supply or a supply 
sufficient. for the entire train could be furnished 
‘from a single storage reservoir, and carried from 
car to car by flexible tubes. Gas has found a 
more extended employment on steamboats than 
in cars, Its use in the latter case necessitates 
a considerable, original outlay for storage cylin- 
ders, pipes, burners, etc., besides the apparatus 
required for compressing the gas in the cylinders, 
swifich must be placed at points on the road 
‘where they will be most available for replenish- 
ing the supply. One objection which’ has been 
urged against the use of gas, and the only one 
which merits consideration, aside from that of 
“expense, is the posalbilty of explosions which 
might occur by the breaking of the cylinders or 
their connections in case of collision, and the 
consequent mixing of the gas with air to form 
explosive mixtures, It isa question how far ex- 
periment and ingenuity might obviate or dimin- 
ish this source of danger, but at present it must 
ibe admitted that the objection is a serious one, 
‘and leaves little choice between oil and gas, 
. Just now public attention is being directed to 


"the lighting of cars by means-of electricity. The 


“experiment on the Brighton (Eng.) Railroad will 
‘doubtless prove that incandescent electric lamps 
‘supplied with currents by secondary batteries form 
the safest means of lighting cars, but at the same 
time that the expense is greatly in excess of any 
other method. ‘This obstacle may,-in time, be 
overcome, in which event electricity is likely to 
become a common if not a general means of illu- 
‘mination for cars, In caseof collision the incan- 
' descent lamps could not cause a fire, as the carbon 
filaments are destroyed the moment. the glass 
* bulb is‘broken, : 


It appears, therefore, that of the four methods | 


of lighting, namely, by candles, oil, gas and elec-, 
‘tricity, and with our present. appliances for 
" employing oil and gas, candles are the most prac- 


} sidered. .--.-—- Jacks an Shy tial 





ticable where safety is iis first thing to be con, 


‘adds greatly to the amount of combustible mate., 


’ 


iy 2h 


fad 


Sy cretinee kak Tewad Re TPL Foe 





Telegram 


F Daily 





ell-kno' 


Dot onl: 
content 


necesenr: 
by the 
hardly k 


‘our Atlantic co 


will not be allow 


Me Kaho) oye, BL 163/093. 


Edison's Electric Railway, 
hy Pt By the way, Mr. Edison, how ts Jour electric railway Uo. | 
+ “Itts dong very well, Ehave tt romuing from a e: 
Pennaylvanta railway te Metuchen, a ietateu ornate 
The locomotive runs at the rate of 20 talles an our, with 1 pas. 
scnger car containing 40 passengers. It Isa 3 feet 6 Inches 
ikatige, with a 18-pound rail. The Weight of the locomottve ts 3 
ons. i 

“ Willa locomotlye of that Welght lave suflletent traction to: 
carry any welght of tralnt!! i 

“Tt las sutlicient for light tralns, and runs often, Tpat it 
Up us an experiment. 1 have also a frelght tratn whieh carrles 
{80 tons of freight and makes 8 qulles an hour. F tave only 8 
‘horse power on te locowotlye, Fat now, however building a 
large one of 45:horse power, with which T expect to te able to 
jpull about 18 coal cars. The track of tny road has been down 
;aeveral months, and stllt holds its Insulation, Tmade a run.the ' 
‘other day at the rute of 12 mites an hour ty the snow, and there 
| was only a leakage of 21¢-horse power on the whole Ine of the 

nk = 

“Can power be produced in this way to tuna locomotlye at | 
as small u cost as for coat used tn ordinary locomotives.” 
1 “Yes, The reason is that fn the botlers of our locomotives 
‘thelr heating and grate surface fs sinull. aA locomotive in this 
‘way (s unceonomteal, You have Sot to force it at a great waste 
‘of energy, while a stationary boller and engine ata station can 
utilize more power from coal, und by using a cheaper coal can 
produce power at a greater economy, and although to turn this 
power Into electricity and get (ton the track there ts another 
Tors, fi hover reaches that due to the want of economy In the lo- 
comotive,"? i : 


t 
t 






























































ae 























i 

Mate ENGLISH ME 

/ LAND wort.n DRG eS 
Manoir 24..1R89) ci Ses 


ELECTRIC RAILWAYS. 


A LECTURE on tho utilisation of electricity 
for working railways was recently delivered 
betore the Birmingl am aud Midland Institute, by 
Prof, Ayrton, F.1t.S.,\ who, Jin) conjunction’ wit 
Prof, Perry, has beon making a) special study of 
the subject.) “Engincors, said) Prof. Ayrton, had. 
been'turning their attention to the consideration 
whother electricity might 1iot supplant steam’ or 
compressed nir for trains) nnd for) tramcars.” Tho 
quostion was mainly ono of expenso, and what thoy 
had to consider was whether electric) transmission 
‘of power would lead to greater economy than was 
possible to bo/obtained with an ordinary locomo- 
tive. Tho weight of a railway carringo filled with 
pooplo was about soven tons, while the weight of a 
locomotive engino varied from twenty to sixty tons. 
Therefore the avorago weight of every ongino might 
bo taken’ as being) equal |to tix carriages full of 
people, © ‘Ton carriayes’ usually formed) a train; 
therefore, the presence of tho locomotive neccssi- 
tated’ tho expenditure of at least) fifty per cent. 
moro power than would be necessary morely to pull 
tho train along. A still moro scrious objection’ to 
tho uso of the locomotive was) that avery bridgo 
must be made many times stronger than would bo 
necessary to carry railway carriages; and the ro- 
pairs were manny) times as expensiv Compressed 
air had ‘enabled tho’ railway companics very 
successfully to) apply. brako-power to cvery 
wheel’ of) a) train; “but it was to cloctricity 
that they “must look! to ‘drive tho train, by 
power applied!to every pair (of wheels. Tho 
olocttical» energy, however,\) must bo’ produced 
olther from the) burning of coal, from: tho energy 
of the mountain’ stream, the forced stored up im 
chemicals, or tho energy of tho wind. “At; tho 
present timo it was the first of thtro—namely, tho 
potential energy ‘of ‘coal, which) was applied to’ 
railway propulsion ; and {t was that form which 
would still; bo employed) oven when thoy) had 
electric railways, as it was found that tho driving 
of/a ‘dynamo-electric machino by ‘a: stationary: 
steam-engine would produce electricity more 
economically thin it could) be produced: by tho 
burning of zinc’ in a) galvanic battery. By means 
of a sinall gas-engine, driving 1 Grammo wachine, 
tho! lecturer showed how. power was produced, 
which could bo transmitted by wires, ind mudo to 
work’ n) lathe, a drill, or uther apparatus at a 
distant point, and he explained that this mothod of 
producing electricity was tho moro economical by 
tho fact that a pound of zinc only contained about 
seventh of tho energy contained! in'a pound of 
coal, while tho! former was) about” twenty-fivo 
times as expensive, In employing electricity to 
drive a drill, floxiblo wires could be used to convey 
the current; but to drive a carriage along a rai 











































































the two wires, the one rail acting as the going wire, 
and tho other us tho returning) wiro—tho clec- 
tricity being taken into’ the electro-motor by the 
wheels on one eide and/sent back by tho wheels on 
tho othor, ‘Ihe rails, however, must bo insulated 
from ono another, or tho electricity would pass 
from the one to tho other instead of going through), 
the motor. “It had been found hitherto impossible | 
to insulate a long line of rails aufliciently to prevent 
oxcessive waste from Healing, and his colleague, 
Professor Perry, and himself had spent considerable 
timo in devising mothods to overcome this difficulty 
without adopting the |method, which, howover, 
liad \been successfully \used \for tramway, purposes, | 
or taking-a ‘supply of electricity with tho conve: 
ance by. means of a Banre's accumniator. Ins! 
of supplying dlectricity \to a \very long and badly- 
insulated rail, (their \plau was \to\placo|by tho side 
of tho line 7a \wellsinsulated ‘cable, iby \means of 
{which tho electricity was) supplied jto ‘a compara- 
{rivelyjamall section of the railway raver which tho 
1o(¥in was at itho timo (running. “As the train 
attakoue section and pases on to the noxt,/a brush 
contryied to it)camo in’ contact with a \mochanical 
toithevance which transferred the cloctrio'curront 
numbersnext section, and iso on throughout the 
composedot sections of ‘which ‘the ‘lino: might bo 
that anal, “Dr.!Siemens had stown ‘practically 
distances; :wttic railway would answor over short 
making up td” tho’ locturor submitted that by 
was automatic line of short lengths, each of which 
tho difficulty artlly rendered electrical in its turn, 
line Was! overconing from leakage over an oxtended 
tho system by mes. 110 thowed tho working of 
avout 10ft, in diamas of a model’ circular railway 
andhe pointed out ver, divided into four sections; 
méans by which on ‘at its) arrangement afforded 
would show over what soparatus | ina signal-box 
/Means could also bo Vid sro was moving. 
fd upon one-siction would ebided) by! whicly a: train 
ition behind it; 60 ns to prgpctually block tho roc 
awn following train. pent all risk of collision 
















| 
i 


| fi 





way, tho simplest plan! was to) uso tho rails ng) + 











Viel 


Blectric Lighting on Railways.—We were present 
on Wednesday last’at)an! exhibition ofa system of clectric 
lighting; which is said to\be articularly adapted for use in 
railway carriages. ‘The exhibition, which was held at)31) 
Lombard-strect," consisted of! a) number’ of, incandescent 
lamps, arringed in yariotis combinations; but the important 
feiture of the system lics in the fact that the light is produced. 
by primary batteries, in ‘regard to the special) character, of 
whic! 











hy however, the visitors were afforded’ no, information. 
Possibly the pitent rights of the inventors have not yet been 
secured ; but, asa matter of fact, the light only was exhibited, 
and in this)of course, there is'nothing new. Buta statement 
was handed to our represenitative of what is contemplated by 
the company working this system, and its general purport 
may be briefly summarised, It is well known that the sale of 
the bye-prodiicts of gas worksis a large item set offagainst the 
cost of ihe production of gas, On the same. principle the 
(so called) waste in the’ cells employed in connection with 
this system is, we are told, made of high commercial valuc 
to’sct off against the cost of producing clectricity by primary. 
batteries. There!can be no question that hitherto the heavy 
cost of engincs, dynainos, storage batteries, Sc. have 
materially hindered, in a commercial sense, the adyance of 
electric lighting with the public. By the use of th 
teries this heavy outlay/is said'to be entirely ayoided, and 
we are told “it conveys a true ‘and reasonable idea to say, 
that what used to cost pounds is now produced for shilli 

















To quote an instance of its practicability, this light is now 


in use in the Pullman’s car express, travelling between 
King’s-cross and Leeds, on the Great Northern Railway. 
During’ the dark hours the light is kept switched on, but 
in daylight, except when passing through’ the ttnnels, it 
is ‘SWitched off, so that there’is practically no waste. 
The batteries, it appears, only require attention about 
every twenty-four hours, and then any unskilled individual 
can do What is necessary ina few minutes. On the 
auestion of expense, the statement of the promoters is that 
the light can be maintained for 24 hours, at an average 
rate of an cighth ofa penny per. light per hour. While, how: 
ever, the present intention is to, develop, the system, mor 
particularly for. railway purposes, it is also said to be most 
thoroughly applicable to ordinary house lighting. The cost 
of the ight for'stich’ purposes is thus stated):—"A dwalling- 


house of the ratable val Gof £60 can be fitted with tyenty 
f Mps at avery reaso! le cost, according to requirement, 


sand assuming that an a age of ten lamps would be in use 
for 1,600 hours in'the year, the Working expense for that 
time would be 173. perlamp for those! ten, or 85. 6d! each 
onanaverage of the twenty lamps. ‘Total forthe yearZ8 tos, 
or about the amount of a pas bill” We are told further 
that the batteries required for stich a house as is here indi- 
cated could be provided for about £5. ‘The inventors off 
the batteries are, we belicve, Messrs. G. C. Holmes and 
Burke. Upon the practical and commercial value of the 
system as an illuminating agent, we are manifestly incom. 
petent, with the information at present before us, to express 
an opinion, We shall, however, take/an opportunity of in- 
quiring into the working of the lightin the Pullman express, 
and in other places where we hear it has been tried. If the 
system is capable of anything like what is claimed for it by, 
its proprietors, the public will be glad to learn that such 
material progress has been made: 




























May 1a, 1883] 
NATURE 


We hear of a curious incident occurring on Siemens’ electric 
railway at Portrush, Owing to the fact that as yet only 
part of the line is furnished with electric conductors, a steam 
engine $s still used as well as the electric locomotive, A few 
days ago the steam-engine while drawing ils load along the line 
came ton stand through the accident of bursting a boiler-tube, 
News of the ditaster having been sent to the terminus, the 
Ietattonnty dynamo-electric machine which supplies the Caren 
was set into action and the electric lucomotive despatched to the 
rescue, It returned an hour later bringing the disabled! steam: 
lengine behind it, ¢ ice 


Braces ee <I 



















or al 





er ee 

ara ta, | 
a 

a, 


loser we 








Pr oma aeey 


















a 



















ye 
ry At Re 
ANN? Sh EE 
Sati NEN 

WKGRUe! AG; 


Me ts ase WAN 
ais BN i ne a 3 x 3s 





















SET a 





© | les slung {n mid 
iodern civilization 
tty miles an hour, 
Tt {s convenfent, 
financial success. 
ins made a private 
irk, He sends the 
to drive his: car at 
8 the saving at 50 
illson fs an enthul 
(s'results. He has, 
success to secure 
lo be used on anew) 
ia Fairmount Park, 
ing up an overhead 
de I'Etolle at the ¥ aa 
Ja Bastille at the 
bwever, a 


stric tramways will 


lomplished fact. It 
company of share- 

H construct six miles 

j fs rio necessity elther. 
8 Wwelght of a steam 

I for horse traction. 
ecured elsewhere 1s 
pad, and from this 
{by a granfte curb 
0 twice that extent 
ost of construction 
t-ytiarter of that {n= 

.) The steel rails are 
el to them) extends 
ecurrent: from the 
+/Mfected by means of, 
hity required fs sup- 
When the turbines 
spe employed to pen- 
pt merely as a traimn- 





iotlye power em- 
4e of the promoters, 
pracs would be 11d a 


3ut the chances are 
been able to carn a 
<= yf the new rallway, 
<: ception to the rule. 





tary Acad i 
fon the tramway, 
ites ‘The current at fret was 





w Livenuere ig: 


\ 
‘ 





| 











e : 

/ ; September 21,-188 
An Electric Motor for Railroads, -  - : 24 iy 

A dispatch from Sarafoga, N, ¥., November 24, says: { 
! On the Saratoga, Mount McGregor & Lake George rail. | 
‘road, 1 narrow gauge road, at 4 o'clock this afternoon was ! 
formally teated for tho firat ima tho electric motor inven. | 
tion of Leo Daft of thezDatt Electric company of Now York, |” 
The ovent was witnessed by about 2,000 peoploinending a 
largo number of prominent capitaligts and railrond mon: * 
from various sections of the country, ‘The motor, which | 
only weighs two tons, was attached tos conch containing , 
seventy five persons and rann distance of onv mite and ap , 
oighth at the rato of twonty-five mites an hour. On return 
ing and backing down at the rate of twouty-tive miles an 





























i A party : nt Y road f 1. | = — 
manufac is cer, Saybrook; and 
$Date EI IM : { olf boant of the 
Greenville, 





Laurna—Annual t 
vy Septemfier G; 








; W. Su 















ivan, Fe Tnerleon, W. CG, Cleveland, Jolin A. Bark 


> Flenuning. - 


thio Central.— Annual teat lng at Toled 
ctors elected: Dantel P. Eels, Clevetaud 
cw 


isn parvinil 
milo of - wire. 





September 18, 





ork; J. Gi. Martin and George [. Seeney, Mrooklyn, No 








one was injured. The trinl trip was pronounced a succose. :. C8. Briee, Llinas Samuel Thomas, 
‘Tho clectricity was supplied by two generatora located iv H 
a building situated about 200 fect from the track wires con-} 
necting tho same, For thisexperiment athicd rail was Ind! 
inidway between the other rails and oxtended a distance of} 
a mile aud an elghth. The positive current ia taken up! 
. through a phosphor-bronze wheel, which bears lightly up; 
on the surface of the rail and ia (hones conducted to the: 
electroalynamic machine in the motor, thonce after having lk 
performed the necessary work, returning through conduc.) 
tors by way of the driving-wheel to the outer rnils, thus 
completing the circuit, All these operations take place 
with inconceivatle rapidity, During prolininary tests hero} 
the last twoor three days the moter has been mn at the 
rate of butween thirty-five and forty milesan hour, Noxt 
sumimor the Mount McGregor trains will be propelled by 
the electric motor. 


ital | 

Gout | ! 

i : 1D. Currington, of Tuledo, 
. i dlrvetory, 

~——______. 


THE ELECTROMOTIVE. 


Interesting Description of Edison's Eteotric Railway, 


Fl Cicada, Xoptenber 16, 1982. 
‘To tha Bdltors of Ting RAILWAY AUEt 





















Tong eng 
of eleetetelty on such an extensive acute, 








‘working of tho! Biomens, oloctric : sys: 
the prado au ne yuire. tho ‘tutroduction of an} 
overhoad wire, : according’ to “the Daft system the! 

low tension! corrent admits of; thesrunulog of; 
cars over; tails: laid: in, the; ordinary-mauvor, aud! 
“with no apectal precautions; against: contact with) 
‘the eacth or agalost floods. . “‘Tuore is no.attompt at: 
Inanlation in fact, aud thoro ts, consequently, abso: 
Tuto iinmunity: from danger of shook or harm to hue) 
“nanor animal life from contact with the rails, When: 
. asked what advantages aro claimod for tho clectrio! 
motor a8 # substitute for steam locomotives for ratl- 
ways, .Thoo Daft, electriolan of the company seiitoh 
: AIO, BAAS oT, Bea, : 1 
bears Ing natuo, sola ould be third’ the welght> 
of those nov in uge,’to ncconipliss the sumo work, 
‘They would Uo operated for fess than one-half tho; 
present pont for {nel, *. Ag to speod, thoelectrio. mototy 
“te practically walimited, because: thoro aro no reo ie 
rocating patts.,: The expanse of, constructing ,and), 
coping «in‘ropatr ‘is. much ‘less than for: any! 
steam . motor... Tho beat. ateam® locumotives. inv 
the. world are those op tho Peonaytvanta Roail- 
road; |. theso: ato.18) bys 24 | oylinider, wit . 
O-feat - driving-wheols;< thoy cousumy 84g tons of . 
coal per norse-power per hour, while our compound, 
“ statlonary enginos which furnish the powor require) 
only two tots of coal por burse-powor.por hour, A; 
‘ Phi or 250 ton train running at tho ‘rato.of: forty. 
‘tive miles on hour-dovelops 625 borve-power,’ and; 
“tho steam locomotive weighs, with tho tender, fifty 
ci tons. We ‘can ‘condoase..tho “samo ‘energy. into, ay 
’ twonty-ton oloctris motor aud thus add: thirty tons 
more paylng capacity;.to;the train: We in now; 
notaally accomplish a:apeod of ‘seventy ‘miles an 
hour with tho armatureon the sbaffand 100 antles 
an hour are possibla,’:’Lhe -reolprocating parte : In: 
‘steam ongines are alwyays elements of datger.in the; 
‘higher apecds,; Whilo+wo' whollyddota with} 
those in our wotor, thore t 2 constantly. increasing. 4 
onergy in thedireation of rotation atthe periphery. i 
‘Among :the'intoresting oxhibitions ‘ofthe powor! A 
of oleotricity: was.the ranning of; thorsawa‘th tho; 2 : : 
“sawmill.at thé rato of 2,800 revolutions a minate by! 
stourront: trinamittad! througl'a mile of wires but: 
jore astonishing than allclaoswas: tho running: of 
The electric motor.up anil down 4 track with a grnda: 
‘of, 2,000 feet to tho nille.&' Lut ent Which oleo=| 
trictty:laughed at the laws off; ation; : 











plication to rallway trifle aso motive power it 4s recognized not 
‘only as nne_of the most eutitle: but as one of the most powerful 
Seorces at our command, It ls quite possiile that electeielty wilt 
» Busurp the pluce of supreme importance among the forces whieh 
Moontribute to our welfare on account of fits wile adaptability. 
Menlo Park Isa small town on the Pennsylvaula raltroad, 24 

ntles frum New York, Tlie ground fs rolling, which stfords 
B iteasant alted for the seattured sesklonces of the place. Directly 
north ofthe atatton yor ascend n lung Might of steps, Crom the 
top of which Me. B.llson'a laboratory can bo ave, a quarter of a 
mlledistant. There are several brick aud wooden bulldings of 
various sizes grouped together contalaing a handsomely equipped 
4 ullice, an uxtenslve Hbrary, stean power, machluery, chomleal, 
4 eleeteleal and sctontifle ‘apparatus, and overythtng, whieh heart 
can wish for researeh and prictleal experiments, 

In one of these hulldings aro placed tha Edlson dynamos, 
whieh convert the power applied from a atcam ongine Into ete 
trical energy, ‘This Is comfucted by two Insulated wires repre: 
sonthig: both polas ofthe current, enclosed ina trench In the 
ground, a distance of 1,000 feot to tho rattroad. One of these 
wires [s connected tocach site of the track, the rails of whieh tire 
Inaile cleetrically continuvas from end to end by means of copper 
wires riveted tuto tho severat longths of rails’ where they Jots, 
The raita, exeupt thate face, aro heavily Japanned, which forms i 
very fale Instilatton when intact, and prevents tho escape of cure 


rent. ‘ : ‘ 
A bedding of japaimed cloth [8 placed under tho rafts at each 











} ing at Cannon Store, 8. 
. f Olticers clected:s. Presideat, We Ts Mauldin; 
director 1, Q. Donaldson, 8. 8. Crittenden, T. C. Gower, Gea, 


MMbert Dial, J. We Ferguson, A.C. Fatter, M.S. BalleyyJ. 


DL 
Samuel Shethar, 
Y, 


| H Columbus, 
and MLD. Carrington and J,‘T. Martin, Toledo, one year, Mr. 
was the only new name added to the 


‘The writer had the pleasuie, recently, of riding on Edlsonts 
electsle rallway at Menlo Park, Nod. Aalde from the novelty 
Of Che sensation experience, there was wreat gratitleation to one 
aed It the electric tustneas at this successful utilization 






























We lave been accustomed to look upon eleetrielty as an agency 


EDISON'S RECCTROMOTIVE: . 


‘sulted for the mautpatatton of delleata machinery, bnee fo its ap: | driving wheels. ‘The electro motor Is the same ity ts tised fn Eads 








Ured after three days of continous min, gave att Insulation re- 
sletance of 3,000 olins. Be ose . y 
Provided the track Js divided Info.ten nile sectlons and matn- 
tained tn equally good electrical condition, there wilt be an iusula- 
ton resistance of at tvast $0 olns tuder the mest unfavorable con. 
ARfon, white fe dry weather it will be taany times higher. "There 
sfatance which Me. Edison will- probably adopt Inthe revolving 
armature of hls electric-motor to take Up the current from the 
Falls ds tess than 4-1000 of un ola. The current will dfvile 































iiding! . 
honr, when rounding a short carve the nloter, jumped. the. ever: awe | three years; J.T. Frenelt, New Yorks i. 3. Terrell, Clevelants (trelf In Jnverse proportion to the resistance net with, a portion 
track nd was dannyed to n considerable extent. No one! ‘waolly wag owe 8. Miller, Charleston, W. Va, and Charles Foster, Fos | eseaplng between the calts and the balance passing through the 
ee orld, bWwo ye: 





armature where the work is to he done, The pe 
WIL be annual. : 

Tho tength of track now down at Menlo Park ts two und a half 
nittes. The ralls weigh sixteen pounds to the yard, whieh gives 
suflelent conductivity for the current, alt sough [n practice ordi- 
Nary railroad fron will bo used, which fas a conducting capaclty 
In proportion to ite welghts 

“The steepest grade on the teack fs thirty feet to the aile, 

The gauge Is two feet aix Inches, “If the whith of the gauge 
Istnereased the resistance between the ralls will be Increased 
and the Joss of ctirrent dininished, 

The cut which {4 sent to you with this communteation plvea a 





































































Its walght fs four and one-half’ tons whieb reste mainly on the 


sons’ Electric Light dynamo for raging sixty, sixteer-eandle, or 
one tundred and twenty-elghteande lamps. When teed for 
clectite Hght purposes iteonverts electricity tuto ght but when 
used for callways it converts eleetrlelty tito motion, 

Tv the electele ight dynamo the Aeld nisgnets stand upright, 
while to the motor they He horizontally and lengthwlea.of the 
eleetrumotive. The armature Je parallel to the axte of the drivers 
Ad carcles pulleys from whieh Sts motion Is communteated by 
Meansof belts. A substantial bell tightener fs provided. 

The electric current Is taken from the nulls through the wheels 
vod Is teanaferred by brushes (shown in the cut) which have a 
Tubdlug contact, to the conductors leadlug to the motor, An tne 
sulated disc la shown In the cut on the wheels ti vlew, which 
Drovents the eurrent from wasting Itself through the axte, There 
tsa Heavy balance wheel not seen fn the cut. 

When the electromotive is to be started the armature shaft 
wnd batanee wheel are fret put in motion and tien by means of 
8 detent the power fs applled to the drivers. A constderuble ad- 
Vautage Is expected over the ordinary locomotive for starting 
heavy tratus. ‘The rection of the electromotlye (6 easily con- 
trolled by rovurshig the, direction of the current through the 
twator, 

‘The speed whieh ean be attalied depends upon whether the, 
Held magnets of, the generating dynamo and thy motor are cons 
Rected in series or In Inultipigarce, With the passenger car shown 
In the ent, whtel resembles un onlinary street car dn size and 
Welght, with 96 persons on board and the floll mogiets con 
jane {nsorles, w opeed of thirty mites per hour has been at 
alien, : 

The writer found ropalra belng mada to the track, aud the mage 
nets © rected dn Multiple are for fretglit use. With tio fat 

. 


a 



















oe 


THE Ratnway AGE 










entuge of loss | 


correct idea of the Edison electromotive as it li now operated. 110 Volts, 





ee 








3 ; 
cars, welghlng 1,000 Ibs, cach, loaded with dirt and six persona 
on the tratn, 9 speed of ten rules per bour was attalued. 

To any one, familiar with electrical appllances It will readily be 
seen that there aradiMeulties todo overcome nt frogs ani switches, 
all of whieh haye been’ udcessfully, provided for, The operation 
ofan clectrle railway ig not without peculiar obstavies. An fron 
Dar placed across tio falls work be a serious detriment and 
night bring a train to.n stand stil A sleigh passing over the 
track ata street crosalng might havea stulllar effect if the centre 
of the track was not tilled sons to Prevent the runners from rest 
ing on both rilaat once, 

Tu renewlng ralla unteas a temporary wire connection was subs 
atituted, trains on that section of. truck night be brought toa 
stand still, Possibly this would be an advantage by preventing 
aceldents, A broken tall where metallic contact was sundered 
could not be approached until repatred. An open drawbridge 
would break the electrie contact and Prevent the possibility of 
aveldent, 

Recent experlence from escaping electricity on the under 
Kround wires tu New York has demonstrated that horses are fee 
cullarly sensitive to (ts effect, Dy stepping on two ralls at onve 
a horee might recelye a surprising sensation but could not be 
fnjured, The tensfon of the current used will never exceed 
whieh bs not auileluntly strong to injure an anitnal, 

‘The practicability of the electro rallway: ts based upon the su- 
perlor ceonomy of the statlonary steam englie as compared to 
the locomotive, The following atatement will glye a rough tea, 
of the factors In the problem: Two pounds of coal in the best 
form of the statlonary steam engine wilt generate one horse 
power, while from 6ix to eight pounds are required on the loeo- 
motlye. ; 

We will assumno that the track is divided luto ten intle sections 
With stationary engines and dyuumos at the terminals for com. 
munfeating current to the track. Edison's latest dynaimos con- 








vert 0719 percent. of the energy applied into cleetricity, Not 
over five per cent. fs absorbed by Internal varrenta and overcou. 
ing resistance In the dynaimos... The same amount may be allowed 
atthe motor. The tick realstance may absorb ten per cent. 
‘The toss by escupe of current should not exceed five per cent. 
‘This would etl leave 7214 per cent. of the energy available for 
work at the electromotive. 


As the locomotive requires three thes as much coal as the 


stationary steam enging to generate one horse power the large 
possible margin in favor of the electromotive can be appreciated. 


Owing to the shinplicity of Its construction, the electromotive 
‘IN absorb not more than onesthind the energy fn over= 
coming (ts own friction that a locomotive docs, Only 
ame person fs required to'rt an electromotive, 

Those who destre to investigate the relative economy 
of the logomotive niu electromotive are recommended 
to procure the admirable paper prepared by C. f. Clark, 
C.K. which was thest published In the Eglivering Maga: 

“zine for December, 1880, aud which has slice been repubs 
lished by Van Nostrand. In pampllet form. ‘The great 
fmprovements nade by Me. Edlson siice the paper was 
written have advanced the economy of the electromo- _ 
ve beyond the esthnate then made. ‘The relative cost 
of plant nod wany other Interesting facta are not at 


hand, 
The improvements tn track Instilation will undoubtedly 


lengthen the sectlons between the stationary engines. 
With suflictent engine capacity several traing can ran on" 








Tavh seetlon at the same thie, Mr, Hdlson contemplates a com 
plete system embracing electric brakes, bell cont, tglt for cars, 
signals und controt of switches. . 


fe ls now butlding a forty-tou locomotive of full size, designed 
ti haul n Pollan train of five cars at a speed of flty miles per 
hour, which will be put {oto practical operation first in England. 
‘This electromotive will have two armatures, one at elther end, 
each welghtnyg elght tons, There {wilt be twenty-six horizontal 
Held magnets. There will be two one and a half ton ily wheels, 
‘This electromotive will develop 250 horse powers : 
Edison's electromotive is now available for elevated roads tn 
elties, tramways tnd Hoes of traftlc ta thnbercd sections, or wher 
ever the lovotnotivels speetally objectionable and dangerous tolife, 
property or the geustbilities of the people. He expects to unas 
It avallabte for rallay trutile on the most extended scale, 7 
vlew of lls achlevemunts with the electri Nght and tn ae 
other directions, we may put contidenve In the faldilment of Lis 
expectations, ¢ 


‘There §s one posibility lu conn ¥ 
whieh inust not be overlooked. Shout the aystem of storia. 


elvetricity be perfected ft will make available the tides a the. 
whats. At the pucsent tlme Mr. Edison aera st i 
y bub. a clsmual i 
aystem a beautttal eeleutlile toy : : 
commercial protng of sem Tho welter’s investigations bear ow 


predicted that thecost of a hores power Be ean tho dynamo, 
one pound of god! by means of the mi leone antiquated and 
nnd constdtore tyyat the steam engine will bacon UT ray, 
Ho fto distag, 


wetion witt the electric nillwray, | 


INVENTIONS. 
THCOMING en Avsoclation.  Ailjourned 


atHee® 
October 19-—yfuster Car Halkt a 
Conventton at Niags Falls. : 
2 ne 











ELECTRIC RAILWAYS) 


i 
‘ V E have grown so accistomed to the regular announcement— 
Hl “‘serious—accident on such and such a railway, Feverall 
; passengers injured” that we have almost come to regard railway 
j accidents as inevitable, just as parents mistakingly think the| 
ineastes and whoaping cotigh necessary accompaniments of chitd~ 
hood, ut speed no more means disaster than a densel 
crowded city means disease, The first effect of overcrowdl 
; is undoubtedly to produce fever and athereamplaints, If, ho 
. Lever, the knowledge and practice of the laws of hygiene inerease 
: more rapidly than the population of a town, the death-rate, as 
! we have seen, diminishes, instead of augmenting, And so it 
with locomotion ; the stage-coach journeys of our ancestors were 
; slow enough for the most staunch conservative, and yet the-per- 
centage of the pas-engers injured on their journeys was far]. 
treater than even now with ourharum-sesram railway travelling, 
The number of passengers has increased enormously, but the; 
safety has increased in an even greater rate. If then we can 
devise methods introducing still greater security, a far larger, 
number of passengers may travel at a far greater speed and with 
less fear of danger than at present, 7 
Accidents constitute one charge against railway conveyance, 
but there is another, and that is the cot. Cheap as railway 
travelling now is, compared with the departed staze-coach laca- 
motion, the price of the tickets is still (ar too high for railways 
to fulfil, even in a small degree, one of their must important 
functions, and that is transporting labourers from parts of th 
country where labour is scarce, to others where it ts Alma 
‘and labourers in demand, , ‘ 
But how is a happier state of things to te realised? We: 
cannot expect the railway companies to lower their fares merely, 
; to benefit humanity, If, h wever, we can prove to them that: 
| the present system of railways is neither the most remunerative 
1 to themselves nor the most beneficial to the community at large, , 
“we inay hope to win the attention of railway directors, whose 
stock question is, and quite rightly, ' Wilt it pay?” 
Those of you who have read the life of Stephenson know 
what a protracted fight he bad to carry one of his most cherished , 
| Ideas, and that was the employment of a locomotive engine to. 
draw the train, instead of a stationary engine to pull it will 
ropes or chains, His adversaries saw the disadvantage of ad ling 
the weight of the locomotive to the weight of the train, whereas 
Stephenson was especially struck with the enormous waste of| 
ower in the friction of ropes or chains passing over pulleys, 
Tex eriments were then shown proving, first, that the mass of 
the locomotive necessitated the engine having a greater horse-}, 
power to get up the speed of the train quickly as well as a 
freater hore-pawer to keep up the speed; secondly, that the, 
friction and wear and tear of ropes, such as were employed 
on the London and Blackwall Railway, would have been an 
insuperable hindrance to the development of railways.) From 
this was deduced that, since in Stephenson’s day the only feasible 
mode of communicating the power of a stationary engine to a’ 
moving train was by means of ropes, his decision to adopt the 
locomotive was perfectly correct at the time it was made. 
Attempts have been made to propel trains by blowing them 
through tubes, or by Mowing a piston attached to the train 
through a tube, hut'such attempts at pneumatic railways have! 
nearly all been abandoned, ‘The employment of alr compressed 
into a receiver on the train by fixed pumping engines stationed at 
various points along the line, and employed to work compresserl 
alr engines on the carriages has been efiected with considerable! 
success hy Col Beaumont, especially for tranvlines, — 'Thel 
weight of the compressed air-engine is, however, still very cons) 
siderable, Any system of pumping water through a pipe and 
employing the water to work a hydeaulic engine on the train is 
hardly worth considering, seeing that the mechanical difficulties 
of keeping up a continuous connection between the moving 
train and the main through which the water is pumped scem 
insuperable, Gas-engines worked with ordin «TY Coalepas, stored 
perhaps under pressure, might be employed on the moving traiu,! 
bnt the advantage arising from the absence of boiler end coal 
would be more than compensated for by the fact, that the weight: 
of a gas-engine per horse-power developed is so much renter) 
than that of a steam-engine, None of these systems, then, off 
dispensing with a locomotive is by any means perfect, and the: 
success of the recent experiments on the electric transmission of,” 


i 





NA 


2258 
spectrum with acetylene, by observing that cyanogen compounds: 
,aecontinously formed when the arc discharge takes p lace in > 
, gases containing nitrogen, and that in all probability their forma. 
yon is due, as Berthelot has shown, ta a reaction taking place 
between acetylene and nitrogen,  Herthelot is positive in his 
assertions that cyanogen is never formed by a direct combination 
‘ between carbonand nitrogen, and any such apparent combination « 
is due to impure carbon, and the presence of an imperfectly 
dried gas; in other words, hydrogen ts exsential to the production 
of cyanogen under such conditions according 10 the views of 
Berthelot, 

"The fact that carbonic oxlde, which is one of the mat stable 
binary compounds of carbon, forms a distinct spectrum of a 
character similar to that of the flame spectrum, tended 10 support 
the view that the flame spectrum might originate with acetylene, 
The similarity in the character of the magnesium-bydroven 
spectrum to that of the hydro-carbon flame spectrum induced’ us 
to believe that they were duc to similarly constituted compounds, 
and teeing we felt sure about the acctiracy of the view, which 
assigns the former spectrum to seme compound of maynesium 
with hydrogen, we accepted the analogy in favour of the sup> 
position that acetylene is the substance Which produces the flame 
spectrum } or, at any rate, that acetylene is a necessary concomi- 
tant of the reaction taking place during its emission, and con- 
sequently tight pive rise to bie peculiar spect 

laving eaxanuiued this question in the way described, we 
adopted the view of Angstromand Thaten as to the genesis of this 
spectrin in oppe-ition to the views of Attfield, Morren, Watts, 
Lochye hers, who held that this spectium was really 
uur of carbon, The delicate character of the 
experiments which were required to discover the origin of the 
peculiar set of dutings in the more refrargible yart of the 
spectrum of cyanogen made it apparent that, whatever views a4 
to the origin of the hydrocarbon flame spectrum were adopted 
by different workers, it could not be regarded hitherto as experis |: 
mentally proved which was the correct one. a 

With the object of being able to exhaust this question, a 
special study was subsequently made of the ultra-violet line 
spectrum of carbon, in order to ascertain whether any of its 
lines could he found fn the spectra of the arc or flame. We: 
have found that the ultra-violet lines of metallic substances have 
asa nile the greatest emi: power, and are often present 
when uo trace of characteristic lines in the visible port of the 
spectrin can he detected, If carbon resembled the metals in 
this tespect, then we might hope to find ultra-violet lines 
belonging to its vapour, thus enabling us to detect the volatili- 
sation of the substance at the relatively low temperatures of the 
arcand flame, ‘The test experiments made on this hypothesis 
are recorded in the paper entitled “ General Observatic ns on the 
Speetrum of Carbon’and its Compounds.” It is there shown 
that rome seven of the marked ultra-violet spark lines of carbon 
occur in the spectrum of the are discharge, although one of the 
Strongest lines, situated in the visible portion of the spectrum at 
wave-length 4266, could not be found, Further, it is proved 
that the strongest ultraviolet line of carbon does occur in the 
spectrum of the flame of cyanogen fed with oxygen, ‘Thus it seems 
probable that the sane kind of carbon molecule exists, at least in 
part, in the are and flame, as is found to he produced by the 
tost powertul electric sparks, taken between carbon poles or in 
carbon compounds, 

Now the spark gives us the Kpectrim which is associated with 
the highest temperatures, and therefore it is assumed that this 
spectrum is that of the simplest kind of carbon vapour, If that 
be the case, we cannot avoid inferring that denser forms of 
carbon vapour must exist in are and Name, emitting, like other 
complex bodies, a fiuted, in contrat to a line, spectrum ; or 
rather that the two distinct kinds of spectra may be superposed, 


» Such Con-iderations showed that a serles of new experiments and 
} observations mtst be made with the special object of reaching a 


definite conclusion regarding the origin of the flame spectrum, 
aut the (allowing paper contains a summary of the results of 
such an inquiry, 

Vacwous Tubes. —We have heretofore laid little stress onobser- 
Yations of the spark in vacuous tubes on account of the preat 
Uncertainty as to the residual pases which nay be left in then, 
The film of air and moisture adherent to the glass, the pares 
occluded in the electrodes, and minute quantities of hydrocarbons 
of high boiling-;oint introduced in tealing the glass, inay easily 
form a sensible percentage of the residue in the exhausted tube, 
however Fure the gas with which it was originally filled. The 

i : Was origin A 
ae ASO aan 


itis, Or lina giogle-box, or else~ 
hicrept-alony the ‘map ‘of .the line 

) Stopped when’ the: train stopped, an 
acked when the train: backed. his ingenious device for} 
utomatically: registering the’ train's progress was demons] 


fy 
addition to the small sections of 20 feet or more into which! 


{ trated in action; and elicited enthusiastic. applause. In! 


ep iwould be certain longiblocked sections one mile ‘or several 
. } 


their electrically rubbed rail. was electrically divided, there 


taniles cach'in length, fot every, one’ of which: marked on the} 
map a separate ‘palvanomeler ‘would be provided, + By! 
another of their methods it was arranged that the connection 


between the main cable and ‘the rubbed conductor should; +” 


bo 


ey being made 

many times as costly, 
consequently also was. 
locomotive. “And it was 
ch lighter, for it would 


had apparently no mass 
there was, therefore, 


known’ system. ‘ jhe automatically made by the train itselfon entering along! 


section, ‘The miniature circular railway in the well of the! 
theatre was divided into foursections, and whenever, as Wasi 
shown by experiment, a train entered on a blocked sectiun, : 
not only was allmotive power cut off from. it automatically, : 
but it would be alse automatically braked, quite indepen 


Pons fans 150d. ; 


TRAIN LIGHTING BY pimrcr ELECTRICITY, 


Iv tho fow. oxainples of railway carriago lighting by | 
clectriclty which have hitherto como .undor our notice, 


‘ batteries, elthor secondary or primary, have formed the‘ 


Expert pow 
jecte 


rails ast 
throw those on one. side being 
well the other, otherwise the 
pass through the aztes of the wheels, instead 
of through the motor. . This simple plan was that cmployed 
in Siemens' Lichterfelde electric railway, now runn ing at 
Berlin; the insulation arising from the rails being meroly 
laid on wooden sleepers having becn found sufficient: for the 
short length, 14 mile. Photographs of the Siemens! 
railway were projected on the sercen, and experiments : 
followed, providing that.although two bare wires lying on 
the ground could be quite efficiently employed as the going | 
and return wire, ifthe wires were short and the ground 
diy, the Jeakape that occurred if the wires were long and 


for the absence of the locomotive. Consequently Professor 
Perry and himself hac for some time past been working | 
out practical means for overcoming these difficulties, sand 
they had arrived at what they hoped was an extremel: H 
satisfactory solution, Instead of supplying, electricity 19; 
lone very long, not well insulated rail, they laid by the! 
side of ‘their railway line a well insulated cable to convey! 
the main current, The rail, which was rubbed by the! 
moving tran, and which supplied it with electric energy,’ 
they subdivided into a number of sections, cack fairly welll 
nsutated from its neighbour and from the ground; and 


sections in the immediate neighbourhood of .the - teain! 
should be connected with the main cable; the connection! 
being, of course, made automatically with. the movin 
train, As then lcakaye to the earth ofthe strong pro: 


the ground moist was so great as to more than compensate’ | 


ithey arranged that at any moment only that ‘section or]: 


‘aources of the illuminating powor. Recently, however, 
‘an oxperiment in train lighting by direct electricity has 


lbeen successfully made, and is being continued on tho : 
Metropolitan District Ratlway {n connection with ono of | 


j [the suburban trains running from High Strect, Kensingtoh,’! 


to Putney. | In carrying this out, a Siemens dynamo and 
‘a Willans three-cylinder engine are placed'in a luggage 
van which is attached to the train, In the van 
is also o small boiler from which steain is sup- 
plicd to the enginc, The carriages aro lighted © 
by means of a total of 28 Swan incandescence lamps of 20” 
candle-power each, which give a very brilliant light, Tho 
present machinory was designed for a longor train, and, 
i tnladdition to the lamps in the carriages, there are about 
in tho van which are always lighted when the othera 
me. Tho object of this is to ascertain tho exact cost of 
working a aufficlent number of lights for the longer trains, 
ich are usually fitted with 50 ordinary gas lamps, The 
i experiment is being carried out for Lord 8, Cecil, general 
| mhnagor of tho District Rallway, and Mr. J, 8. Forbes, 
jcHairman of tho London, Chatham, and Dover Railway 


sane mpany, The results of tho trial of the light so far aru 


ednsidored very satisfactory, It is therefore Intended to 
egntinto the experiment for aomo weeks, the train being 
al} tho timo in regular work, In tho event of the machinery 
ptoving effective and rolinble, it is probablo that a Willans, 
eigine and a dynamo will be placed on tho engine of the 
‘train, so that steam can be supplied from the locomotive 
‘poiler, This arrangement, which has been proposed by 
Mr. W. FL Massey, of Twyford, will necessarily prove 
cheaper, Inasmuch as the small boiter and tho special 
attendant in the van will not be required, It fa expected 





pelling electric ctrrent could only take” place. from that} 
section or sections of the rail in the immediate neighbour. 
hood of the train, the loss of power by leakage was very’ 
much less than in the case of a single imperfectly insulated ; 
rail such as had been hitherto employed, and which, being’ 
lof great length, with. its correspontingly large number of, 
points of support, would offer endle.s points of escape to the! 
motive current. Contact boxes were provided by Professors} 





: > Ayrton and Perry at from every 20. to go feet, enabling the} 


traln to' record graphically its position st any moment on al 


‘that tho cost of lighting a train by olectricity direct will *” 
jprove to be considerably teas than that of ofl lamps, 








aaa 








| 
| 











coer 








Sm PRE aN, CHEER AE - oF * ty in, as sate ft 
wg : ‘ "AN UNDERGROUND ELECTRIC RAUAWAY, | oo 
saga Gore capon ile nee, : ah The first electric railway which it is proposed” to’ cone" 
ay ee Lees i struct in this country will be a remarkable plece of engincer- 
‘ : ea at oat vit be 4 ing'in more senses than one, for it wilt bo underground and 5 
.. THE, FIRST “ELECTRIC, RAILWAY"? 4] underwater at thesame time, Electric railways on the level { 
Heer . GINE. +. ; Fand éven overhead are no longer the'startling novelties they 
| Bg fs 4.113) were Only a short time back, "These Istands have) howeyer, 
‘gin, —Rogardin, tice, in’ Inow f viet hitherto not offercd a ficld for such enterprises.’ But now ; 
. te caslan's teatinony, iver, il an x of a ot | he experiment fs going to be made here,. it will be, of a | 
Patent Office of the United States, you will oblige us by-] Pature the magnitude of which is only equalled by the diffi- : 
stating that the object waa to fix the'date at which certain; ‘culty of carrying it out.» We are to have an electric railway) 
wings had been” made. under: the lirection .of Dr. t sal 


Werner Sicmens,. of Berlin, by. whom:Mr, Wesslan. was 
employed for some years in’ the: drawing < oftice.—We 


ae PN 
var, ke, 7. For Stemky# Bros, & Co. Listen, Te Bo , 


VAL, Srest the intention: to ‘construct an unders ’ ie ; , aa : ae 


: é j Taree oe TAA Ss Eee 
12, Queen Anno's Gato, Weatminster, round clectria-railway from Charing. Cross, at a point near i 3 Brg , iN SS ~~ 
», London, April 18, 1883, « E ail the north-west end of. Northumberland Avenue, passing he . : oa A WEEBLY a OURRAL OF Ben “J ia 


ranean onary eee cate 





























































Under the river. Thames, and terminating at Vine Strect, NN 
: - Lambeth, under the loop-tine station of the-Waterloo Ter. 


’ Ae fon ra Pe the Toon, and South-Western Railway, , We ‘8 : roien 7 j 
[suming ome mooie. | Bieter cers yile = ELECTRIC LIGHT. TELEPHONE TELEGRAPH AND SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS. | 


To theEditor of Inos. ‘ volved in its co: x 
“a é ite wh ustruction can ever: be covered by a traffi 
Sin,—Tho following aro the particulars of the working Jarge cnough -to yield even a. moderate. dividend. to the ——————— 


bin the ‘Siemons direee rotatery"herroee tt t harcholders in suel ing, : | ae : i Be . _—_ e : 
« of the separated © “shareholders in such an undertaking, ‘There is no desire on P Vol. 3, No. ot Stir NEW: YORK, THURSDAY, OCTOBER 18, 1888. {83 per Annum. 


magnotic fron-sand from Moisiv, Canada, that was sent to t i 3 ti 4 " 
) 5 our part to indulge in captious criticism ; the thought, hows : : WHEEEY, Mnglo Copter, 10 Genta. 





































these wore: ta lig Tretia upon, tonecertatn the hes ever, of the cost of constructing a tunnel through such soll mont 
' waterial in the rotator. After various trial charges, Tout + 38 underlies the bed of the Thames gives rise to the reflecs Conyrinht, 18, by Detaxo & Coxvany, 21 Park Rew, Now York, Entered ut lost Oflce, Now York, as Mail Matter of tho Second Class, ‘ 
that a charge of 25 ewt. of magnetic iron-aand, mixed with: Yen whether the promoters of the new electric rail yand = ee 
sens tie eared an Aare the best results. "The tunnel combined have seriously considered that point, F Tho Transmisston of Electricity for Elec| te very light, being Intended to xecommo-| necersary to use five or six of these chutes necessary fo choose a material of the very 
 nlnutes,and tho yieldof solid mctalic alte war View. 3.qe ) ” tric Rallways. ; date only twelve people euch, and the road | fora seven aud a-toalf meter rail, Ag will least possile resistance’ to transmission, It 
| The rednetion ° the ‘magnotie iron to tho metallic state: ‘ @, . . py ns ; a F mie ORE TATA AR is but one meter. wide. The entirg roul is to} be readily seen, the making of these five or; must too have the mintinum tendency to 
: F work ae i te ree deaths tt fe the heat tmatartal for’ Pus 697 fo ini Vi tof S tenlaviuvuy vine : 80 protected that the public will not have six isolations will be much cheapor than in| oxidize and the coefllcfent of expansion in i 
! balls: made with coal was: roughly hammered it intae | ¢ Ch 5, SSS B “ve ; TAGT Mi necesa 10 the rails. us 2 = fbsolating the entire tall, These chairs may | the different’ temperatures must be very H 
: . 3 ca TUR ‘ACT Y Vhe ralls will be Inid on soft thes, and af be laid upon gutta-percha Mnen, or hickory | small ‘The first of these conditions ts 


H Viet, which on analysis gave s—_ RUKOTIRG I 


Metallic iron 


; dircet connection between rails and es is] wood omay be used, as in America, A | easily explained by what has been said about 
Slagand silicon ratty A GENERAL CONDITIONS OF CONSTRUCTIO: “| provented by layers of gutta percha Huen, | perfect Isolation could be had if these chairs; the clectrleat transmission of current, The 


Car honaceous matter F s| A trial-of the Daft electro inotor for propelling railroad cars took pla VIMON ACCORDING TO THK SATU ‘This gutta percha Is of auch 0 thickness that] could be made ont of hard glass, as Siemens | iconvenfences of oxidation will be appar 
Bie phorus es "OOF at Borate ig N. va hat! November Me mie et ; toi! ‘ : SOT HOPI SH EPRnENT. OAR CONSTRUCTIONS | how nitich soever the wheels press upon It} proposes, Hard rubber too will bo found, | ent when one considers that from every part 
Manganese. 1, nce, san es Rene through yin overhead, it: havin boa fond mene > ;. AXLNA, Sue ang a Beane pias vale. | from heavy Inden cars, they will not suflice}though equally as good us the gutta-percha | of ths line the electricity is deflected by the 

ee “ to destroy Hs efliciency, ‘Ihe direct touch | linen, very much cheaper. ee JAconnel-motor which rolls over it, ‘There i 


- wentent too insulate the track as to use the rails therefor, and also because; } STRANAMIASION OF RLEOTRIO POWKER PROM hae ! 
10019 +: 'cunleag properly covered and insulated, the rails would be highly danger-) i TNR RROKITOR TO THE WAGON AXLEN— THANE | of the spikes with the rails fs prevented by af In. this description of rallwaythe wheels | fore a contact causing the least resistance 


One of the billets mado from a charge reduced with chars ls (2 other travel, . Mr: Daft, by a subdiviston of his dynamo, claims to! MINION OP KLROTRICITY 1N THE WAGON—-10- | stinilar means, which are not used to conncet: the motor] between the line in {ts whole length nnd the 

Peay aoa raheated ant simp ly “rolled "ite 4 evoked: bat tito Tatiancase ae manne thovougily eitgoted: ey he: ‘ 5 pe TE: : contect-motor Is the most desirable. Further. 
i i 4 ‘ ' vir ty 

doue), ‘anil gave om eg inn ro-lenting (an is usually ‘gonding the current through a third rafl in the canter, of, which: the. [(Tranalated for the Now York BLeeriucas Itevinw, more, If the expansion of the Ine in higher 

Motallic fron ie ‘fastening spikes ‘were removed from the rail’ b: a'strip- of vulanized: from Kefliner's le Klectrische Klaenbihn, by Franks temperatures is greater, the Irregularities In 

‘Sle me rubber, “Then, although one could touch the rails without feeling any! Mn Ht, North.) . the expanston In separate parts of this line ‘ ea 

Sulphur Pia a peer temper tte jas, Nory ovl ident that many were, temporarily ine Tn the first electrical rallway the rails were cannot be rectified, ‘Thereby, one gets nat : | 

‘hoaphonts : : than four horses fell on tho trac m the effect of th rrent, and ‘had } used tocarry the current, the one the nega: only troublesome Interruptions of the wires, 

ion : regu dyer : Paes ag live, the other the positive. ‘Two of the ear but nls interruptions of contact can be 

caused during the pasenge of the contact 


Manganese... ey bo helped off. | 
motor, whereby the generation of sparks at - i 


| ; TRE.” DAFT” BLEOTRIO™ RATLROAD. 

























rbou . ‘ é : . arts 
ee ne natal On iok orf ener aa by sh tivo-ton itor , wheels isolated from all other fron portions 
‘of n five- var, with a ore in waight o} Peer gers, : rN AS of the vehicle served to conduct the current 

a distance of n mile and an eighth, ‘This was up a grade of 70 feet toa to the dynamo machine on the car. On the the delleetion, on the other side, Irregular 

ties of speed aud uneven movements of the 

gnaghine cannot be avoided. ‘To produce a 


Tho tensile strain of this bar was 21-5 tons rmjuaroinch,  malle, with oue sliarp curve, and was effected in eleven minutes, On tho] pein 
with 23 por cent. clongation, Most of thu ballsinadewerg return, the motor was thrown from the track, and soveral who: were’ on a motor were contact closers hy which the cur- 
taken straight from thu tutator, and used in the Siemens. ,i¢ had narrow escapos ; but the accident was duc to n make-shift rope rent was managed. By these'contact closers 
ee for the production of mild steel; they were found coupling, und did not involve Mr. Daft's principle at all. Tho dynamos : the break could also be used, but this was vood Une, in which all the aforesaid faults 
to be very suitable for.this purpose, and yuve exeellont, at the factory for genorating the current were 500 feet from: the track, . B ; ae Se 1g l ful up to 
results, “There would be nu diticulty Th . getting. nik and wero operated by a 80 horse-power engine. « The motér itself seemed, ouly regotted to under extraordinary circum: ne corrected. hag not been suecessftl ty 
chien, or about & tons, per day of halla out of sucha rotator, fontiral: too small und light for the work expected from it, the ‘d. fintaoa |: : stanecs, because such use always resulted in date, ‘This is ye in the domain of uneer- 
rt hen working with this magnetic fron-sand, whleh would: ;thoreof and connections occupying: n box only about four'by six fect. : a severe shock to the machines, Ino what ja tainty. Although Siemens hag used copper i 
w kk wonky make of nt least 30 tonn per. rotator.:, Thocurront for these is takon ‘up from: the contral track by “a contact-; nbout to follow, the advantages and disnd- for such Ines, Weiller's phosphor-bronze yaa 
bout Be the rotator in pairs, the wages would como to ,.Wheel, which transmits it to a receiving dynamo, and thence by .connce:| 3 ¥ and Weiller’s allicum copper wire are more 
about 6s. per ton’on tho rough balls. “The fuel reyitired:; tion with a steel belé through ‘the axlea the outside, rails causes tho; fais He site ts ralls He Migconductof 0 be prete red ‘beeat ¢ the alloys of the 4 
u I he current will be discussed, . re a 5 ale 
as Dosablo 1 ton por ton of balls produced, -Genorally;| under control. - Mr.’ Daft was warmly congratulated: on fhe degree of: 5 As no matter of fact, even up to the copper diminish the power of oxidation of 
Wall ndaoted for tho production tierce 2 te, peculiarly thet th obtained, and mast of the Lat Party prosont were confident: |’ b present the, Messrs, Slemens and Halske such whres very inuch ike resistance 
¢ avery fine quality; | that! rial was a proof of the prac! success of the m, : ‘ mae andtea fe ‘ becomes greater on account of thd, 

cut be cheaply abiaiool, aie i yiat maces an, it 4 AOS a a emia Ee ee tr alaatlt "On the other hand the toughuess Isgreater, 
rofit in working, — ; . . . if : 
pl Now Steal Weis nae boo TAR Davin, ralls as 0 current conductor. It may be sald It is not to be denied that this scheme of | with the current, must be carefully isolated. Hiwaye where the line 18 exposed (0 me- 

April 16,1883, to ba n problem whieh is yet to be solved. | igolating: the rats isan expensive ono." But} In regard to the resistance of rails, there ante Juflnences, ‘The followlog. .table 
The use of the rails, however, for this] oven this cost will not prove so important as {Inve been'no exact figures plished, aud aaa the proportions af the aforesat’s 
purpose 19 always to bo commented where} nat which, ay will be Inter on oxplntued, | theoretical caleutations are, in this case, of | Pie 








for the Siamens gas producur ty heat tha rotator in aa near’! revolutions, . Tho apparatus is ensily operated, and ovidently was ontiroly| 
can be cheaply obtained, . P 2 Mele y yt. : : 
py o ; should yield a vory handsome. { : : r Dest and most eiltcient means of using the ; a ggvat advantage, espectally” with electrical 


















































































































throughout their whole extent they WTO) may Ue looked for in: guarding against the | little value, na the inses to be reekoned from na s 
nowhere exposed so that they may be gine danger whon the current [4 tansinitied jaro valuable only when the most cylindrical BS cienaes 
touched by the public, Tn elevated roads or | hy méans of suepented wires.) * ~ fan prismatic bodies are concerned. > BOSS DR 
in tunnels this description of clectrle rall-} “pestdes thtay It, should be “remembered, | A8 soon us the use of the nccumulators no 
way ia Mkely to prove most advantageous. |, $ Lot i rs _ feo] g 
| , Though currents of high tension are never ha 4 g; z 33 
‘ used fn this description of rend—the Lichtor- % 2s E acer 
folder railway, for example, is anid to bo 0 8 g¢ Be] Mas F858 : 
< yolta—noverthelcss, te ocensionnt production 2 Fata a ‘, 
| , 7 of extra currents make the ‘rails a constant m a | i 
| : ; sourco’of danger to: men and animuls, i ot o 
- Jlorses, even, if not seriously injured, sire 2 g Haeseee i 
1 apt to'get so severe a shock a to mike them é = & Baar i 
unmanageable, Bete cl . ‘ oO 
. “tho ralla, having a large cross-section, do RE cepa |e tr meaner nee ene 
; * 7 not offer mucli reststanco to the electrle cur- fa i 
| ‘ rent, On the other hand, they have many] || Pra. 1. Pees h Oo Prag, 8 2s gg mengrernig |. } 
; corners and curves’ whereby ‘differonces Inf | ” an Se g gb Peseta Tages Ze Zyostcirs | i 
: { 7 touslén’ aro produced, ‘nud losses’ of . elec-/ that in using thts gutta percha: linen sunder | for electric rallways find mora general appli- 6 
y | trfelty,fesutt:. ‘These losses are the greater] tho ratls,, a saving of power fg‘ obtained | cation, “all thesa diMeuttiog which sre et 
na thd: Solution becomes less perfect. At] whicti moro-Uhan ‘compensates’ for the extra] begotten of transmission of ctirrent Will, of ed s re 
tempis to completely Isolate the ralle would} expense,’ “Thick enables tending. from the course, be done away with, : a B¢ g onetes 
present specint diatcultics, | >, ..{ gdnerators and buried In the grown serve to Asie from the electrical ratl way (elevated!) 8 #. 5 Syasuses 
In the Licliterfelder’ ralliyay: the reat ‘are | convoy the supply-of current to the ralla, -’ [and tindor sucti‘ conditions: that the public; aT.) a A 
sald not to-be well fsolated, ‘and a regular] So-far as’ the: rally: aro concerned, It is / cam be’ protected ‘from’ th current Inthe) Pa ; 
transfer is possible, . Thia qttestion, of Isolu-) better to use serew-liended bolta to fasten the ralls, the best: form’ of oledteloal: railway Is 
tlon ta onc of. the ‘moat: Important problems | raits to tho tes, for thege may more easily’ be | that by which the cttrrent f remitted Dy’ 
in this, description of clectrical * railway, feolated..* :* ** eee ; aes *. {ameans of a small contact:mot Hicl runs 
Tho shapo of the ralls, the welght per meter, | 'Thiy lsolntion will ha‘aven more simpla: if alle: belg st 
the underpinning must be well ind earefally| the “ebntr-rail "system Is usc, fer whieli tho j elugurtelty, belmss 
cedsiterad saan eo | ralls are. supported upon. metal chairs,’ tind iy “small % 
Tho nuthor. is now ‘constderlug a project] do; not, save ‘nt ‘these points. linve ‘any con- ‘lth’ the £ 3 fi re 
for an electrical rallway 8 kitometers long of} nection ‘with ‘tho, road-bed. To :pro One, . gu f A a 
this charneter In whilets Vignolo’s rails welgh-| bonding of! thé nilts, even w! f Even this system, ho wer h {is peculiar ig 2 Ee 4 Pht LCE OD 






ing 13 kgr. ‘are to be used, ‘The wagons ure to} Ing forty-slx;passougers are’ ‘dificalttes.. “Gnd ‘mist 


RS a 
meni er’ that ft ts 




















883! 


TRAMOA Sothite SVEN S., 


A Warn at tue dynes Sen Sune 15, 1882] 





NATURE 


















more than tooo observations up to this. Latterly, this 


branch of science his made distinct advances in’ Ame- | 7/2 AARIANNE NORTH GALLER VOF PAINTS: 


INGS OF “PLANTS AND THEIR HOMES. 
te 













iS 
ios dig, ovr aiftes vica, where Burnham has made excellent use of the 
Xb i et of laced Rigantic refractors, wel are made by Alvan Chirk of ROVAL GARDENS, KEW Je. 
"horace’y aftorda me es oston, e has discovered a number of important vY ea , 
bef : 4 double stars, the components of which cannot be sepa- M ANY peegpn Si te dubia: aarare hat 








rated at all in okter telescopes.! ji i j ‘ + ‘ 
; In 1578 the Trench astronomer Flammarion, who is so Se Ne cee arial neue renault ak 
i avourably known from his excellent popular treatises, is |; : att 4 
: u I xcel a a | this lady, the property of the nation, The collection is i 
tors used published his “ Catalogue des Etoiles doubles ct multiples | a handsome buildinse i ted in K : 
h d i " ‘ : aha t specially erected in Kew Gardens 
: \ po here -water .or other’ en Mouvement relatif certain, comprenant toutes les t Mi $e 1 ‘ 
Stor Cone Ee the. Blootiical; iy ‘ 4 ally: Observations faites sur chaque couple depuis sa décou- ages dives by’ Me. ae res re eee 
storage Oompany (Litnited),- aftor tho » experi«'! f . verte, et les résultats conclus de Etude des mouvements,” spened wi corcniay a 
Eo Ban eee a eetete|, Hs i \ A avotesthat cle” lias Hl if) the gallery was opened without any ceremony whatever 
‘on Saturday, pri iz } of: if a shly valued by double-star investi- vai fe dit wi i 
haber Pesteed 2E.o, Iemabeor ag, : ation .of- ‘ fate rated * s and henceforw it will be open and frec to the public j 
Garter.” Hotal, aI andé all'as. gators, but private observers will do well in consultin 8 i 5 
spceches by mon‘of eminence my “hehe tropolitan : away’ i] also Messrs. Crossley, Gledhill, and Wilson's i! Hands i Ae same ames: an Lessin aber ne ouIae An etl i 
a: dolivere " Sud to,produco’ book of double-Stars,” with its “ Supplement.” Now that this is aniaecom lished fact, a fe dl i 
‘Electrical. Power As remarked above Herschel found that changes had respecting the history and aie: rinci We stares of the 
rca! taken place in several systems of double-stars, and in collection may be ey Im elled bra teolairt a 
1836 Strave was able to give a list of a hundred systems, | Miss Nort! iy ‘nay pera tratellinie front cn ene 
where the components appeared to revolve; but on ti ccoliitre. wad ai prany soars travelling from country 
ond : slccount of the difficulty of the measures, it was not easy Seesten at chihe utdee eta deni aad fron 
by cleatricity.. lone’ to decide whether this was owing to actual motion of the | time to time some of these paintings have Beis hibites 
tho: tisea of alea-/ i es star or in some cases to divergences of the observations. | in London. ‘The more Mi PN Kt v led nn inted 
4 But he proved beyond dispute in about half the cases | the more the desire to travel ‘and maint seeing sani 
that the companion had revolved, and Midler, who was grown; the result being } large cbllection of jetures 
one of the most indefatigable double-star observers, as | Then Aros he question, what should be done wit! them! 
well as the most prominent calculator, raised this number | and happily in this Miss North was influ db 
to several hundreds. His work, “Tabula generali: i i t fostunats 
aellat tunliel indicaxi 1 abula generalis | the kindly (ecling that she would like other less fortunate 
ste asi dup! beluin a feationen motits ayratorii €x- | persons to see and enjoy what she herself bid seen ane: 
pet ie Syst: pa here in 1849, and contains 6530 enjoyed so much, ‘This idea once conceived, the warm | 
entries | ae many ott tere wate tere: sarinlies, and have | hearted artist and traveller set to work more assiduous | 
t ‘ ah re 41] tiation If the observations Wine ‘abso jutely’ free from errors, it ata before ts are Dsalanas TOE te sie one 
auicar, th of tho noveltios at th D ‘from the ml * y an easy ta investigate ° eta at regi 
dd dhixing. tha? aftern a Waster Moudey Wes tho east Tslaes on tothe oulsiter sate ths locomotivo] lesa th: vould bean easy tisk to investigate the path of the coms | the vegetation of that region, In a country where the | 
¢ { { a SA ral 10 macht ) and from it by : panion, but in addition to the imperfection of every | love of flowers is {from the t i 
2 power, and}” that rag cAtrallway, constructed by the Sockéts ‘Anonymo! machine, depends entirely upon Us re observed position, we I explained abov: ers ls general trom the poorest to the tichest i 
5 A'Ligotricité of Hrustols, ot the Siemens ayaten, Wctlvity of tho metalite wines ang] ——- agai d position, we have as explained above to guard | such a gift as that now offered to the public will assuredly 
‘{ On the upper terrace of ‘the Palace grounds: over: conductivity of tho arth: andthe against systematic differences between the different ob- | be fully appreciated. 
looking thy charming scenery of ‘Sydenham, ate vlecteleal locomotive dennis (AS servers. In long series of observations of quickly The collection is designated in the title of the catalogue 
miniaturo circular litte of railway, consiating’ of 38M open tr difficulties upon raisin revolving stars, this gives occasion to endless discussion. | as paintings of “plants and their homes,” and this tith 
three lines of motals, has been Iald down, snr. &83" Soustderablo length Ne We draw, for instance, verful aid in discerni ra. | 2S painting: pis : . ? us title 
f raundding one of the omnumentel nee, oo ny, ath, baw ies ¢ draw, for instance, a powerful aid in discerning sys- | is justified by the fact, that in nearly all the pictures 
E vrooden hut crusted beehte gs ee patho mall : feinatie errors, from Kepler's law, that the areas cescribed plants have supplied the motive, the other objects repress 
zt tion. which fa alout Og moles ny the falls vector are proportional to the intervals of | sented being accessories, Altogether there are upwardy | 
i i time; but he would be a bold man, who in the present | of six hundred pictures, representing vegetation in nearly 
state of our knowledge, would affirm that all binary stars | all temperate and tropical parts of the world excep'’ 
fave been proved to revolve according to this law in | Europe and Africa, unless we regard Teneriffe as belong 
elliptic orbits, in the focus of which the miain star is | ing to the latter country. A descriptive catalogue, com 
situated,? or would condemn all observations that could | pifed by the writer of this notice, and published at Mist 
not be made to fit into such an hypothesis, But though | North's expense, contains not only the titles of the pic 
this assumption is a mere hypothesis, and may remain so | tures, but also short notes concerning the life-history 
for a long time to come, we have nothing else to guide products, Xc, of the plants painted, inserted with thi, 
a3. Infact we cannot calculate an orbit at all except by | intention of making it as instructive as possible to those 
who know least of such things. There are representa 
tions probably of not less than a thousand species, anc 
these include members of nearly every natural order it 
the vegetable kingdom, ‘The fruit and other useful plant 
L * 4 of the different countries are numerous; and associater 
tiitwatorg, ft ba- i ita ‘ ts performs with them are man: of the most ornamental and mos 
dor, thi x fed sith double stars, | striking wild and cultivated plants. In dealing with tree: 
i h is so minute compared to the main star.as | and shriths, the artist has usually painted a flower-hearing 
or fruit-bearing branch, or both, in front, and given thi 
habit of the tree or shrub in 2 landscape behind, With 
reat | Out being botanical, the paintings of the plants are 
Siemens mach . hesitation | $0 thoraughly naturalistic, that a botanist has litte dif 
which fs a i afte aervatory iva uneh en Tit She hack Diente cnet | ficulty in determining such as are not known to him . 
to be fautrted on Mount Hamilton fer wnitewal advan by sight, [n so far as regards its prominent features 
and peculiar types, the Australian flora is more com 











! 































































































THE EXECTRIC RAILWAY. { stationary tlynamo-machine to thofof No, 
















































































power: 
yarda from the: atid of these laws. W. Douerck 


(To be continued.) 
















































Mr. Mhralain as there already discovered some di tant , t 
m nor telescope. letely portrayed than any: other, about seventy-five 
* Hath alves fh mon ¢- avily, pletely portray DN, : 

Wath ears revatee, of caus, round thelt common c-nite of gravity, but | DEY Te devoted to this region, Miss. North 


‘itis casy ogee that the srdatice position ofthe two stare is all the same then a , 
i sited Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tas. ; 


asif only one revolt F 
sare sete brie Sy lean te ‘ 1: mania, South Austealia, and West Austral id from, , 
each of these colonies she brought home pa gs of 







1 ia cate of ples 
: Jut | Jorge number of the most striking and characteristi 
plants, , Thus of Eucalyptus there are portraits of 






t ‘ot tha aamo 
yeni et 
(driven in el ¥ 

dt ¢ Thi * 
Ljation ‘of "th : current. fave ihe 








PServer: 








IN}, Manon 16,1863. 


tho:400'e 


Ont 
being tess than 
movin; 


fore, 
byt 


one 6) 

aa, Would it pay? Profocsor: “i hi = ‘ie A 
Ayrton oxplalnod that tor economy in. electric  transe! ry y y' ‘ the ete 
miseion. of pawor great clectric, prosauro was ecet=; i is any, who buil 
sary, amt ke ahowod exporimentelly tow this great! b va , which u 
electric pressuro could be tonco:ed comparatively i 
harmless by insulating both the going. and retura g agninat 
wives, and by using a dynano-machiae like that invented. bit of Fett ww 
by Vrofessor Perry aud himself, which, white generating a whether sn electrlo launch 
very high electromotive force, yet gS¥o & current freo fig jn or out ut tho 
from thoso objectionable rapid’ periodic altoratio:s in: 
ateongth that aro produced by many of tho so-called vens 
stantdansmes, Mo then’ dwolt at length on the ausolute 
nceussity of keeping the vluctrio mains at 
sure, aud showod ex; 
ro hours, of w 
the 


ei : 
lectric orergy Into fe sei aes nee 
econrcriot a.moot diffe b h ed ee j 

ower ‘and ‘the 

fords such.a'm 

for sinking f 

18 

he relat tat.\ 


: ampéres or watts, and as seve 
Hecsrical onetgy, ti : watts constitute an electrical 
isa coaaunp tion of cig sp 
a yield on the fulley 0 


‘To offect thin the: 
rough directions, such 
ono ¢ 
best dyna: and ‘to menuots. i ork 
ng electroe : uipped: 
ture should ' fi ; a 
pas it soaueuattusca) hel and, on ap fy fakin 
reinent etn Bh 
jeri ae tho meet! jis provide 
larger nor, 7 
| wa the! : f dl : fi 


end of the car, Electric signal bells aro provided for. 
the use of tho passengera, v 
,. The important question of cost las been fully gono 
sand trlesch a into by the company, and the results of their investi- 
i ‘ot hi oand Iumselpele Mealy ae : gations on'this head may bo stated as follows :—Tho ‘th 
: id 0 Hloce of tho locture theatre, ° ; cost of horse-power produced from a stationary steain 
fal EES ere alae engine ‘of large size has been ascertained, ‘and is 


rs 


on tho contrary, 
‘produced by ths 
should bo Ms] ure, 
Wap neccesary 


: te 
net, whe jrarlous de 


accepted as ono halfpenny per horse-power hour, 


Five hundred steam horse-power would, therefore, cost 
thoy : . two hundred and fifty pence, equal to £2 0s, 10d, per 
swoight a mich tan could 1; : hour, ‘This power would be applied to the working of : 
tained b ase toro eficient mater, : electro dynamo or generating machines, ' It. is.stated - 

i I that one dynamo will give an affective return’ of : 
from 95 to 07 per cent. of the power given to it, but ‘oopor (chair. ; 
the company do not adopt this ag the basis of a Sir Frederick Bram- - 
calculation, and as there are many dynamo machines * i 

. For! ‘ which givo a return of over 80 per cent., they take :V 
ould; ; this os a more certain. proportion to work upon. 

i From five hundred steam horse-power given to the 
dynamo, a return would therefore ‘be obtained of | 

Very | : ’ four hundred electrical horse-power, Tho dynamo is ‘|Mr, Crom 
fave i 5 worked to charge tho electrical accumulators, which ‘Johnson. 

: : in turn’ work tho -cloctric-dynamo motor machin 

f from tho dly’ wheel’ of which tho direct power is: 


1 














\alveady. stated, “adding that;with’ the exception of +t; 
‘some slight alterations in‘ detail; there would bo no} 
difficulty in respect of the. Board of Trado licence, | 
Tho toast_of “ Electrical: Scionce ” was: proposed by! 
Sir F, J, Bramwell, who prophesied a great future for | 


Practical electricity. The toast was responded to by : : , a | ‘ EL ECTRIC HEA DLIGHT. FOR Loco} 











i 





Dr, Sicmens, who ‘referred to tho first practical appli- 
cation of electricity. some forty years ago to clectro- ; . ; . m 
plating, and contrasted its then limited with its pret. able to’ try the ext Age 
‘gent oxtended and “extending sphere of ‘npplication. | 
Mr, E Noel propoged success to the Electrica Storage 
Company, to which Mr. Sellon and Mr, Volckmar 
replied, Sir Hussoy Vivian, in proposing the’ tonst | 
of tho West Motropolitan Tramways Company, ex- | 
‘pressed n hope that with cheap haulage the pubhe | 
would have the benofit of cheap travelling, Tn reply- ' 
ing to the toast, Mr. John Beattic, the chairman of: . e 
tho Tramways Company, ‘gavo his assurance that if : 
the present car proved a sticcess ho would certainly 
urge the introduction of the system on all the tram- i) 3 1853 
way ste Maa Pes ‘was connected. se, toast of ihe ; Lon, -l 4, , 
health of the chairman was proposed and responde : : 
to, which’ brought .the luncheon proceedings to a i ELECTRIOAL TRANCARS, 

‘close. Tho driving-belt having been adjusted, the Aw clectrical tramear waa run for tho first timo at 
return journey was commenced with about forty of Paria ono day last weok, by tho French Electrical Power, 
the visitors in and on the car. ‘Travelling on the level: ° Storage Company, : Tho car, an ordinary three-horso ono 
or on a down gradient the car ran very well, but was | ag used on tho Paris tramways, mado the wholo run, from ; i: iit é : : 
unable to copo with ascending gradients without the . ita starting-point nt tho Placo do la Nation and back, a! i : me PS . Fes 
aid of horses, This circumstance, although untoward, + _ distance of thirty miles, In about three hours, - Tho tram.’ Reg : ; at : : sues eae famed 
need not detract from the value of the principle in- cat {a propolled by meatia of Faure accumulators, welghing ‘ 

volved, inasmuch as there were several unfavourable. somo 60 owt, which: aro: fixed‘ undor the tramear yeatar 
conditions. attending -the working of the car, and: ant connected with a Slometis‘tmachino placed undor the! 
which led to theso results, In the.tirst place, the car floor, “The machino, which ‘makes 2,200' revoll tho ‘A 
was now from the works and had been running for some ‘minute, sots in movement, b: means of i Be ons B 
timo before the official trial, and the driving-belt had - ‘to which aro'conn cted the’ ft ‘hich fae ey, anaxlo, | 
stretched too much to be set right without being taken ; Tile wheols’ astrh txt her ena ayine vo the wheels, 
into the ahopa. In the next place it was found, when - i Tova vo aixty times to, 12,000 revolutions of | 
running on tho Kow line, that tho section of ‘the, tH? machtng, The speed of tho olectrical tramear waa 9} 
wheel tire did not correaponil with that of the rail, 80. hed an hour on level ground, sind 64‘ miles on an ascent, | 
that undue ‘friction and retardation wero the unfor- ; Ho present tram lines of Paris aro not well adaptod for tha 
tunate resulta, It is to. be regretted that these "eW locomotion, On'tha newer linea, tho ‘movement waa: 
sufficiently smooth, but on thoso that have been Intd for, 

































/ 











































See Al 


SEDLACZEK'S ELECTRIC 







HEADLIGHT 

















hs 
matters were: not looked into and the car tried over i , word a 
the line previously, os there is nothing like machi somo timo thero waa a.‘marked difference, and tho actual! i : FOR | LOCOMOTIVES, od Be si ay if 
¢ new from.the shop for causing disa; ppointment where; _Warking forco . was consldorably lower than the indicated ‘ ; Ntheeng vingson page 179 we illustrate th lectri : oe Ee lteh 
least expected. However, the: official run: on. the hokse-power. It ia stated that the experiment, tho first, cheadlight for locomotives of Here Sedlaccete i dl [a 
_ 













z consists of t = 
cal communi cating tubes, A ead B, ef une sal aie 
meter, as shown in fig,.1.. The tubes are filled with 
glycerine, and at the pistons moving in, them, and 


Acton’ line ‘demignstrated tho ‘practicability of this: over mado over a long distance, fully proved tho -prac! Austri ineer, Hi 

application of electricity, and if This is established by | atte of oloctrical tramears, ve a Prag; , Austrian engineer, His Jam 
daily working there can be no doubt, other things : eee 
being equal, that the system has a wide field bofore it. 














Troplon thet th orgs empang' avy al | ~ a fiscban, tne connentfemanes (ee fcr ee 
» 7 ' ns. Lhe connection between De a 
a their accumulators, Vor some months past they have © ‘may be revulated by the piston vnlasee Picton tes: some bridyes could be distinguished at 2000 leet: 
x had a launch running on the river similarly propelled, 1 Retin aus piston is joined to the lever T, which The speed during the two trial trips was 46} miles 
and on Saturday this boat was worked up from Mill: is held in tension at one’end by the ring. R, and jy @R hour, There was no interruption ofany kind during 














eo wall to Kew Bridge. Tho lnunch js.fitted with a: 
ie battery of 40 cells and a Siemens dynamo, and is pro. : 












attracted at the other end by the electro gnet Ky citherthe first or the second journey. Anobserver who 
‘ Insthe position as shown in fix. 1, the two tubes arg (been placed at one of the intérmediate stations 
pelled by a serow, During the day sho made several ; in connection, and the carbon’ points touch each ‘Stated that the ‘arrival of the engine did not in the 
short trips with visitors on board, her speed when fully: other, Iftheelectric current isnow passed through, the Teast interfere with the work in the siynal-box; on 
5 7 Joaded being about eight knotsan hour, Sho ran yery., . electro-magnet I, theresistanceatthe are, beingequal the contrary, the signalmen declared. that they 
| smoothly and ‘noiselessly, and ‘of course. without F to zero, will attract the lever, and the piston Pwill be Were able, awing to the brilliant light shown from . 
emitting steam or smoke, ‘These excellent qualities shifted from lefttoright, closing the connection between , the engine, to observe the p 
are so eysential in torpedo boats, that stored elec- the two tubes. | At the same time, the level in tube A. Sfeat distance.’ The’ coné of tight: given out from 
tricity at once commends itself to notice for use in: {yl fall somewhat, the lower carbon point move from pyengine could be seen at a distance of 4 miles. 
their propulsion irrespectively. of the other ‘advan- , the capper, and the voltale are be produced, ‘The he annexed engravings have been courteously 
tages it possesses for torpedo service, Altogether, | piston Y, therelore, acts as a regulator, by estab. » Supplied to us by dur'contempararyy the Hésendatit, 
then, we have the fact:that electricity has mado « lishing or interrupting communication between the  Mlence are taken also the above pi 
fair start in two practical and -important directions {wor tubes, nccoriing gs the resistance ine : . 
ag a source of motive power, and it has our best or decreases, and thus bringing the 
wishes for its success, : ne the Proper. distance from pact other, 
* ig a diagrain of the lamp, fig, 
arrangement of the a 
is produced by ‘a Schuel 
continuous cutrent, is t motion by a 
Brotherhood engine with three cylinders. The normal 
speed of the machine is zoo revolutions.per minute, 
‘The steam is supplied direct from the boiler by the 
ipe A (in fig. 3), and the waste steam escapes by the 
pipe B.- No data are supplied as to the power re- 
quired to produce the electric current, 
Sedlaczek’s ingenious lamp has been tried with 
success on the Austrian Kronprinz-Rudolf-Bahn, 
Similar.cxperiments have been made on the French! 
 Chemi i Me au Nord, En vane and Dam- *: 
martin, “In the latter case the dynamo machine # 
land the motor were Bred upon tie platform of a 
mecxpress locomotive, as shown in fig. 3. The lamp 
with the reflector was placed ina case immediately id 
me routofthechimneyata height ofabout 11 feetabovethe 
mails, ‘Ihe first trial trip took place on December 1 of 
ast year. the lamp was lighted before starting 
rom Paris, and it acted without any interruption? 
' & until the arrival at Dammartin, ‘The Vightings pros 
\ : luced the following effect, In the immediate 
ighbourhood of the locomotive and up to a di 
?tance of about 8o feet, the illuminating power we 
most inte so that it was possible to distinguish 















ion of the-points ata 






































t 




























































































Par sa 


Ebene 











a 





come ot ed SE 









2, 18S bs 
ig {or 
2 bs ce he tie chee Cascais Mies meth (THE 
ELECTRICITY AND RAILWAY TRAVELLING, ae .LICHTERFELDE, 
T the weekly evening mecting of the Royal Institution on Hiiday night, last week, a pape tT" fa known that an interesting development of; 
“On the Applications of Etectricity to the Protection of Life on Railways,” was read by Me, tho Mossre, Siomons, ant Ialsko's ofoctric 
W. IL. Preece, one of the Divisional Engincers of the Postal “Yelegraph system. Mr, Preece set! rallway Syatom (first exhibited at the Hesliny Exhi-, 
out by proposing to establish three propositions—viz., (1) that railway travelling is dangerous bition ie at sf) as Tataly tale lace in tho sone 
(2) that railway travelling is safe ; and (3) that the danger is potential, and the safely actual; art tint at Gress Lichtorfelites peat Berl potter 
that the ane has been converted into the other by the « operation of scientific thought, ant by the. tg station of the ‘Anhalt'railway with the Tnetie 
application of scientific skill, The lecturer regarded the first proposition as sctt-evident, and scarcely: tuto of Cadote, n distance of 2,00 metros, ‘Tho 
calling for proof—a view of the case which, unhappily, has been brought home ta very many persons. following particulars of this rail taken from a 
during the past twelve months, As regarded the second proposition, the lecturer adduced some ‘recent (illustrated) paper by M. Tissanilior in 
very interesting statistics, showing that in Proportion to the total number of persan who met with vio- La Nature, may ho acceptable, 4 
Tent deaths, only a small number were liilfed on railways. ‘Thus, in 1873, 17,246 persons in Englands’ Tho rails aro ono metro apart; thoy are of atect, 
and Wales met with deaths of this description, being Werage 750 per 1,000,000, or one in 1354 88 in.ordinary railways, and fixed on Wooden 
of the whole population, Of these, less than 1300-4, only abaut 8 per cent.—met with their sloopers. At alent 500 snetees from tho station, in 
deaths through accidents on railways, Objection might, perhaps, be taken to the comparison on 2° tl soe ie contain at foe hydraulic 
the ground that, for the purposes of the paper. the figures should only have included the number of Seer Nich ie ‘tinge be igh ap wi by ‘leg ae 
persons killed in the act of travelling —whether by road, rail, river, or at sea—-and should not have eee ‘Tho aloctric currout' produced ts chavo 
extended to such forms of violent death as injuries inf mines mechanical injuries of various kinds, to the rails by means of Het ha round wires. “The! 
. i ” - xf 

asphyxia, and other forms of so-called “ unclassified violence.” A subsequent table, however, placed current circulates in tho whorls at tho carriage, 
the niatter on a more intelligible basis as regards the relative safety of railway travelling to the num+ nnd reaches: anothor dynuamorplectriv imach! Hn 
hér of journeys made, and the number of passengers carried, ‘Thus, in the tliree years, ending 1949, ‘carried hy this, cauning it to rotale and actuate in’ 
oie passenger was killed from causes beyond his own control for every 4,782,188 journeys made; its turn the wheols of tho vehicle. The carriage: 
for the four years ending 1859, the proportion was one passenger ta 8,708,411 journeys made ; for, 4 quite like an orlina: tramear, On tho day of 
the same period ending ten years later the proportion was reduced to one passenger for about) insuguration it carciod, besiles the conductor,; 
13,000,000 journeys; and for the three years ending 1873, the proportion had fallen to one pase] trenty) parsons, twalve of whom wero seated, 
senger for upwards of zo,000,000 journeys. ; Paks the average length of each journey at ten placed Hetiveen! (hen wheats af aeee tmaehine te 

miles, one passenger iis killed, from causes beyond his awn control, for every 200,496,000 miles!’ = vorka ach Gea u 
Aravelled , me matit a person travelled ten house ad ¥ y aed schelow the floor, Tt works without noito, is almost 

I 


day at the rate of thirty mifes an hour for each! inven te Savas : 
of the 365 days of the year, he woud probably be skilled in 1835 years. *During the four years’ fpviaible, aud does not in uny say attract atten, 


he 

ended 1874, an averayze of toy persons were killed on railways from causes within their’ aw: este motallic wheels aro insulated from the axt "7 
control, as compared with an average of forty-one killed hy the fault of the railway companies, /Thoy ‘are connected with tho ‘dynamo-tnachino 
so that it would appear that these companies are, in reality, more anindful of the lives of thelt ‘under the carriage by meant of coutact-rings 
passengers than the passengers are of their own lives, Of passengers killed by their own negli! insulated and arranged round tho axle, 

gence during 1874, it would that by far the largest suimber—-fortyenleesau fered death fron Oneach of theese contact-rings reste o certain! 
falling between the carriages and the platforms, and that these two causes—petting out of or into number of collector-springe, whielt, during the: 
trains in motion and crossing the lines at stations-—are ‘responsible for nealy one-half of the Jotation’of the wheels, i.e, during the motion of: 
whole number of accidents of this description daring the period in question, These figures, how. ProPulsion of the cartingo, hulp to esabliah con- | 
ever, do not compose the whole death-roll from all causes on alt railways of the United Kingdom uote metallic communication tatieeen tha: 
‘during the year 1874-~as many as 1424 persons having been recorded ‘at’ the Board of Trae as From the ae ho rnils which rucoive the current: 
‘being kilted in that exceptionally fatal year. or these 2tt were passengers, and of the remainier | ‘Tho prssago and the interruption of the electric; 
788 were oficers or servants of the railway companies, or of contractors, and 425 were. ‘current taku placo through a commutator under 
“trespassers or suicides, or others who met with atcidents at level Acrossings or from mi elfancous control of the conductor, The bruke and the 
causes, It has been stated that 1874 was an exceptionally fatal year—a fact which requires’ aignal-bell are so urranged that a sluglo individual 
little comment when it is remembered that in the three terrible accidents at Oxford, Thorpe, and ‘is suflicient for working thocarringo und distribut. 
Bowness Junction respectively, no fewer than seventy-one passengers’ were killed, Analysing the ing tho tickets, ‘The earriagois built symmetrically ; 
different emia ud accident on railways, the lecturer showed that defective “human machinery” it sill run {neither disectiu, aud doa not require. 
Was responsible for 41 per cent. of these mishaps} defective sipnals for 28 ‘ ye turming. ' 
Permanent ways for 18 per cent, and defective rolling stock for “i per een Ve then retel ‘nate German authorities require that the tihee'te! 
to show that iclegraphy, or the art of conveying information by certain preconcerted signals to the,” peed shold he. 34 Ellometres an heh Bae tht | 
car and to the eye, is the chief ald of the railway engineer, ‘These simals are interpreted to th see th a neraed, 20. Allonay Hus HE: awould ba 
Outward observer by mechanical appliances faniliar to all who travel i eagy {0 rug much faster, 


outw r hy railway and are exhibited | 3} i ko have y pubs 
‘in different forms to suit the requirements of day and night traflic, ‘Thus—-the favourite signat hy A eT ca eles eave: Socal jae 


iday—the survival of the fittest, so to speak, is the “arm,” which, when at right angles, } v fi 
{uay sprea a a A $s, implies advantages, ho yy i 
‘danger, and when at an angle of 45 dep. implies safety, ‘The rule af the road at night s itprtat follows phe ® Peinelbsl arguinenita’ atu: ‘as 
on the memory of the youthful or inexperienced signalman by the well-known couplet :—"White ‘| ‘The neceasary motor, steam or atmospheric 
ancans right; red means wrong; green mean slowly go along." Speaking of the block system, -Pressure, is not established on tho carriage; thus 
the lecturer characterised it ay the greatest clement of safety on railways, By its means traing te convoyanco of « largo inert mass is untiecess 
travelling on the same line of rails are kept apart by a certain and invariable Interval of space, 227+ ‘Tho carriage may lic of very light construo- 
instead of by an uncertain and variable interval o| time, Block systenys are of two kinds! ition, | Consequently, the motor force may bo 
“absolute” and “permissive.” ‘The latter Mr. Preece characterised as no “block” system ‘diminished, and n cousidurabto ceouomy realised in 
all, but a system introduced, not to secure the safet of trains, bi Hoi eth Systetn at cost of rails, aleopers, rides, &eo., iu constructing: 
of the line for the : ., ‘ ans, Hut to increase the capacity. -¢he line. Thedynaino machine fixed in the carrlago; 
for | transmission of increasing trafic, It was doubtless an improvement’ ‘js light, compnrativoly to th view it renders; it! 
on the “time” system, but it bore little allinily to the reat Mock, and should certainty ‘may Le applied direct to any earria yo; itinvalves: 
Tot be included in’ the same category. “The block system on single fines is addition ily 310 au oF Ho ONY ft nh tig! iniess of the’ 
used to protect trains from advancing: as well asf i i ore he ies tic t stopping onvl wid facllitat 
Howed. th leave n i a | trom succeeding trains, Nefore a train fs whole allowa of stopping ensily, and facilitates the, 
Wlowed to leave station A the line at 1 is blocked in aulvance, and when it leaves it is blocked action of tha. brake, : 
jbehind at A, so that it is thoroughly protected in both directions during the petiod it is running ._ ‘The uso of stationary steam-ongincs in working ! 
‘from Ato B. The lecturer illustrated the various uses of electricity in the protection of life His auch railways presents another advantage; the 
‘railways, apart ftom its use for purely signalling purposes. It was used for keeping tip a system of, - Poller may bo heated with more certainty, and tho | 
communication between passenger and guard, for regulating the traffie in varlous wars Andat various “3021” botter utilised. ‘Tho improvement is mani | 
points, for the distribution of correct and uniform time along the: various lines of aa rae ud feat, eapociatly when tho powor of tho fixed; 
the reparation of error and thoughtlessness of passengers, Hut as the prineipal element of a iat steam-engino which works the dynaioecloctria! 
-in railway travelling consisted in the fallibility of the human machine, it must not be foruatten that Bs ae increases. ydraull 
We owe our immunity from accidents ag inuch to the carefull selection, education and supervisi AE derea ney teens allway, fo natural igerauls 
the staff of railway companies, and the maintenance of discinti "to the fances of cehentte, force may bo employed, biel, need not bo to te 
sla a a scipline, as to the appliances of scientific ‘eles, sioighouthiood co the line, ge olectricity 
ana a i, j 3 y , ‘uel | 
The lecture was illustrated by specimens of the block apparatus in use on the principal lines: of, with facility not presentad by any’ gtlierajatern i 
‘railway, and hy s l interesting experiments, One of these, showing the action of the Elec fc _ Where there’ are two Hnes of rall, tho machina 
Repeater,” was viewed with quite peculiar interest in present circumstances, ‘This is an arranned which supplies tho curront may furnlah to cach ! 
Ment by means of which an electric signal is sent back from the signal-post to the cabin to show? Hing tho Tiplig forca it requires. By suitable, 
‘whether or nol the signals are answering tothe levers, and it seems probable that had such ame hot measuremonts, tio or soveral eatringes might bo 
{been in operation at Abbot's Ripton the recent deplorable accident there would have b Ct pees :erauged to formu train on a given Hine, oF start | 


i" sderalher have been pre.’ sly rv i =! 
vented or considerably modified in its results, Another experiment of great interest consisted in’ _ oparaealyt a protee a ith vetoes mae tho: 


ishowing how by a very simple electrical Arrangement the fact whe he J c y 
in the distant signals fe instantly made known to the signalman Win canis aye huni mer edlesise rallway. 
coe sey iss 


088. 





























































een 












pe 
a - ELECTRIO} 
} (A LecTUny on’ this’ sub; 
Ayrton, at' tha’ 4 
22," Forty-three yoars 
'teally sliown by Jacobi, 
tion by the ald of electric 
then, merely to | 

day, Ne 



















3 


Po 







































































to'save 
{, thoy! 
















‘a dynamo of tl 
‘ er In 






ould prodice fr 


fa 


it 


{that he ‘would reserve for ‘ils next \1 
;} Yarious dotails-of adjustmont’ ofthe ‘motors, the perma: 







) from eight to ten 
m 16 to 20 times as much. «Very 


eed of the motor oven slightly ox- 
speed, An experiment was shown 


nent -way in‘electric railwaya, And ‘tho construction and 
ld: | insulation ‘of cables for: supplying cloctricity. at: high: 













pe rr re Do 








pores 


ELECTRIC LIGHTING. 
~ No. Il 2 


/°TCHE speculation in the shares of those con-. 
cerns which are briefly called on the Stock 
xchange “electric lights” has ‘far outstripped 
anything justified by the practical progress made 
by any of them.” Indeed, the furore’-in ,the 
shares is to be traced entirely to the successful 
manner in which .two parent companies obtained 
‘large sums of money by the sale, to subsidia: 
‘companies, of licenses for the right of -using: their 
patents throughout ‘certain,.countries : or districts. 
These secondary concerns were enabled -to.get the 
required amount of capital subscribed, partly owing . 
to the faith of a num 
siderable—in the speedy and profitable application 
of electricity to general lighting purposes, but chiefly 
on account of the anticipation that they, in’ their 
turn, would be able to re-sell their powers to come 
R which would undertake the supply of the new 
juminant to parishes or towns, It remains, however, 
‘to be seen to what extent this hope was justified. 


‘It was a theory very attractive at the first bl lush, but-- 
‘alittle consideration would have convinced people. ’ 


‘that there would be required; at least, some further 
development of the electric light before ‘the public 
‘would be induced. to. take: up. these . working 
‘ companies, as they may be termed,’ The inevitable 
reaction has set in, and now several of the offshoots 
are at a considerable. discount, whilst. others. b 
no. means retain. the ,high, premium. to- which 
they were forced a few weeks: ago. Only.the two- 
: parent companies are as much in'favour.as formerly, 
and that: is solely. on account of the expectations 
that are entertained ofa division of the spoils shortly 
“taking place, -and because itis hoped ‘that further 
sums may be obtained by the sale of concessions to 
continental .licensces, . ut before anyone purchases 
an interest in these companies at. the excessive 
prices at which their shares now stand, he would do 
well to consider thoroughly what are the future pros 
{spects.. If the Anglo-American Brush Llectric Light 


:Gompany and the Hammond Company, :to Specify 
iy of 


the two which are most prominent before the public 
at present, continue their policy of selling all their 
Fights throughout certain countries or districts to 
subsidiary companies,, the immediate. returns will: 
no doubt be handsome, but it is difficult to see in 
what way future profits will be made when they have 
thus.cut themselves off from -engaging in practical 
Operations ;' and it must be remembered that the 
field for enterprise in the launching of local or foreign 
Companies.is being narrowed with the floating of 
cach fresh concern. Some idea of the eatent to which 
the speculation in the shares of electric light and 
power conpanies has been carried will be gained 
tom the following figures. Up to May 6 of this 


year the capital subscribed amounted to £2,500,000.,' would: duubtless necessi 


er of people—no, doubt con- . 





,{ ign, that these subsidiary companies are compelled | 
.}to rely on:the result of the actual application of the ; 
-Leléctric system ‘of lighting for their profits, what arc , 
“the prospects of success which lie before them? In: 
answering this question, the first consideration, and, 
perhans, the principal ane of all, is the v. luc of the 
| patents for which so much money has b ‘en disbursed, i 
, If these patents should not ‘prove genuine—and the! 


ty, lidity of more than one of them is already: 


+ questioned—the money paid for them. has been 
simply wasted, and it is quite probable that further! 
large’ sums of money will have been expended in 
trying to establish the contested tights, In the case 
of the patents being confirmed, all may go well; 
but should they be declared invalid by a court of law, 
the raison d'dtre of the companies vanishes in an 
instant, and the sharcholders will find themselves not 
only in the position of having paid away large sums’ 
of moncy for what is worthless to them, but also, in: 
all probability, saddled with heavy claims for 
damages for ‘infringement of the patent-rights of : 
another company, Tt must strike many people as 
not a little curious that so much haste should be dis- 
played in disposing of these valtable patents, But! 
even in cases where. the particular patent may not! 
prove altogether worthless, the prospects before the 
shareholders will not be quite unclouded, ‘Theinven- 
tion which they possess the right of using will prove 
valuable only in proportion’ as it shows itself to be: 
better and cheaper than’ its many riv, and even ¢ 
where it may attain that ‘position for a time, it will, 
always be liable to be displaced by the ade 
fresh und mare perfect system. . Indeed, i 

; haleyon days for inventors, the probabilities would 


Scem to point pretty much in thatdirection, Again, °. 


the very important fact must not be lost sight of that 
a large number of the recently floated companies have 
not acquired the sole right to supply with electricity 
the district which their operations are to embrace, 
, but merely the title to supply one kind of electricity, » 


ly | if-we may speak of it in that way; and it by no 


‘means follows thot such. will be the kind most 
| favoiired by the public: or private consumers in that 
locality, Tet us .suppose, however, that a Brush 
company has established ‘itself in 2 certain district, 
“and that its patents have been confirmed by a court 
vof Taw, and ‘its ‘system accepted by the majority of 
the houscholders, but that another: method of apply- 
ing clectricity to illumi Ing purposes is brought 
out which is more effective and less costly; in what | 
‘position will the already established company. be 
placed? Unless a series of monopolies are to be 
organised,'a proceeding which could hardly be too 
strongly . deprecated, ‘the Brash ‘company: would”. 
find itself. compelled to buy up ‘the new patent, which 


very’ considerable’ 


From May..6 to May 20 sixteen companies were’ additional ‘outlay on capitat: account, © or would, 


brought otjand obtained subscriptions to the amount 
of 42;850,000 more, Since. then several other con- 
cerns have Deen: launched, swelling the total sub- 
“scribed capital to £10,770,000, OF this sum, no less 
than £3,162,500 has been paid to promoters, orin 
the shape of purchase maney to the compinies own- 
ing the patents.’ The recent mania in the shares of 
these concerna’ har been compared to that whieh 
prevailed in railway property in 1845-6, and it ought 
to be borne in mind that during that period of mad 
excitement the shares of the princ P ilway com. 
‘panies were. forced..up 40 prices which have never 
been approached since,’ notwithstanding the un- 
doubted success which has attended the working of 
ithe Hines, Perhaps history may repeat itself, 

We have more concern, however, at the present 
‘tine with the question of the practical working of the 
licensee companies. An endeavour may be made to 
secure profits by the re-sale of thelracquired powers, 
; but of the successful accomplishment of this object 
Lwe_ must confess to being very dubi pposing, 


have’ to. see''itself driven ‘off ‘the field by the’ 
new invention in the hands- of: a: tival cams 
pany." We ‘have thus! ende 
out two'or three of the chief co 
intending investors in any 
moted: companies would do wi 
before parting with. 
not confoiind with th 
‘the ‘sales of. conce 
obtained from actu: 
of which results':m 
exercise of a great deal: of patie: 

le of: the ‘recommendations ‘which: the Select 
Committee.of the House of Commons appointed'to 
jinguire ‘into the question of electric Nghting liave.’ 
embodied in: their report have: 2lso avery close | 
iconnection with the view ‘of the “subject which we: 
‘have:-been’ following: out in, ‘this notlce, ‘insomuch! 
that, while'they very properly provide for thie'efficient’! 
control ‘of; the: development’ of: the’ electric lighflng? 
syatem iby the Board of ‘Trade; the’ posed reguls 


eee 


tions will restrict in some; measure, the opetations of. ome “ ittiva “oF RAiGWad OSE Re We 

: the various lighting companies, - A“ leone rom the Tae Liaitrixa oF Rituivay ao acai ian BLCERIOr, 

‘ Board of Trade, or a provisional order subjdct.to tlie | Somo intercating oxperimonts in lighting railway carriages by. 
confirmation of Parliament, will’be cssential.before ‘incandescent olcctrio lamps have been conducted by Mr. W. H. 
any company, can undertake the lighting. ofa given! |Massoy, at tho request of Mr, Forbes, Chairman of tho London, : 

area}. the former will hold good for five years,’but: | Chatham, and Dover Railway Company, and tho results have boon : 
may be renewed at the end of that ‘prriod; the,katter; jcommunicated to tho Socicty of Telograph Engincors, ‘Tho expori-; 
will remain in force for fifteen years, at the termitia-' {ment bogan on Jan. 8 Jost, when a train fitted with Mr. Massoy’s | 

‘tlon of which time the local authorities‘ata'to’be’ «| nrrangomont bogan to run botween Kensington (High Street) ant: 
gmpowered to purchase the undertaking, paying for! Putnoy. ‘Tho iden was to tako tho atoam power from tho boilor of 
it only a fair market price without ‘reference ‘to the: { the locomotive; but thero was an obvious dificulty in tamporing: 
goodwill or to future profits, These’stipulations are, | with a Jocomotivo Loiler for a mero exporiment; and,so tho steam 
no doubt necessary in the interest of the public, and; was genoratod for tho timoin an independent boilor. ‘Tho dynamo: 
that is what Parliament has to concern itself about; | was a Siemens 8 D! self-regulating machino, capablo of supplying 

: but at the'same time it cannot be denied that they 1120 high-resistanco Inmps, but only called upon to run at 680 rovo- 
add to the risks run by anyone investing in theshares,. [lutions per minute, and supply 52 Swan lamps of 20-candle powor 
of the electric, lighting companies, ‘Then the very, |{nominal), ‘Thoso lamps wero distributed over tho wholo train; 80 

’ pertinent question arises—In what. manner“t5 the! aing in tho cartinges, and 20 in tho specint van carrying the ox- 

‘ competition of the various rival concerns to be best) iperiznontal clectrical anachinory, which consisted of tho. spocial 

‘regulated for the advantage of the public 2, If one, {vertical Loilor, o Willans engino of 7-horso jowor indicated, 
company has obtained a license for a given area, are, land tho dynaino, Tho train was sumptuously lighted, with’ 
all others to be excladed from ‘that district ;‘or will, ithreo lamps in each doublo first-class compartment, ono in 
the Board of Trade restrict the number of rival corte; ° ieaa second and third-class compartmont; and tho head and 

, cerns to, two or three, or will it leave the choice to'be, [tail_lomps wero also. lighted by olectricity. Tho 20 lamps! 

itimited only by the number of different systems! {wero placed in tho van fo bring tho umber up to ‘about’ 60, 

| which ‘are willing to bid for the support of the public ?,  j which is tho average number for a train of tho ordinary longth, j 

‘Tf the Arst plan be adopted, and the earliest ‘comer; ».:Tho Jamps wero usually of from 16 to 18 candlo powor, and ‘ 

i obtain’ a monopoly of the locality, there are, many, “{wero lit at first for 8} hours vn day, and afterwards for 6} hors 

‘grave objections which may be urged against it i la day. The arrangoment of the conducting wires was easy, because 
while the other methods are scarcely tess free from’; tho train was nover uncoupled, anid tho eablo was simply run along 

i disadvantages. “The only solution which’ would © wooden trough on tho tops of tho carringes. Only one mishap ; 

’ give, perhaps, entire satisfaction, would be to dis-, ‘occurred, when a passonger wilfully removed a lump; and only | 

 bibate the city or the town, as the case, might be, jsoven Inmps broke down, Supposing the steam to have beon 

: between two or three clectric power, companies, {taken from the locomotive Lotler, Mr. Massey found that tho 

{whose sole function would be the supply. of the; , | 72-horso power required, on tho average, for tho 5 lumps, would cost 

‘ necessary energy, leaving it to the focal authorities, “| after tho rato of Us. Yd. for conl, Ud, for water, 1s, Sit. for oil and 
- and the householders to employ whatever system of, '  wasto, Us, Gd. intorest on capital, and 2s, 6d, renowals of Iamps; or 
utilising the force they preferred, That “all these: jn total of about 1!n, per 1000 lamp-honrs, the. lamps Awernging 
idoubts and difficulties are suggosted by a slight, 118-candlo power encli, ‘Cho first cost of fitting up a train with 60 
‘consideration of the. matter only proves ‘that the, ‘lamps and tho necessary dnachinery was £170, Thus tho charge 
‘question of the application of the electric light to {for cleatric lighting on this ayatent is apparently 30 por cont. less 
foneral iuminating purposes isin’ avery crude, jthan tho cost of 60-candlo oif gas at 128, per 1000 cubic foot. Mr, 
ote as yet. tos ‘ ; Massey contends that tho only practical way of driving dynamos ; 


2 jon trains is by steam from tho locomotive boiler, — 
Saw. (Eee: 
7 : 


pass ane 


ELECTRIO RAILWAYS FOR LONDON, 


Fros a report made to the Holborn Board of Works, 

{ wolearn that the London Contral Electric Railway scok 

| for powers to construct o railway to proceed by a junction 
with the Hne authoriacd by the ‘Charing Cross and 

{ Waterloo Railway Act, 1882, from ita terminus in North. 
umberland Avenue to Piccadilly Circus, and from thence, 
passing under the new street now fn courso of formation “ 
by tho Metropolitan Board of Works to New Oxford | 
Strect, and by way of Holborn, Charterhouse Street, 
Snow Hill, to Nowgato Streat and tho General Post Office, 
St. Martin’s-fo-Grand. Tho line will be in tunnel for its 
entiretlength, and tho tunnel itsolf will be 10 feet in 
height. Tho proposed railway would, it 4s atated, bo a 
great boon to Loudonera generally ; and, worked by olec- 
tricity (if olectricity can bo rolled on as a motor), tho 
tunnel would bo free from mophitio vapours, which tend 
so much to destroy the comfort of those using the under. 
ground raflwayas as at presont worked by steam. Another 
achomo ofan cleotriv railway for London is that of the “ 

) Mid-London Electtio Railway, who scck for powers to {7 
construct a rallway from tho west ond of Oxford Streot, ; 
close to the Marblo Arch, to tho Royal Exchango, passing 
under and along. Oxford Strect, Now Oxford Streat, 

| Holborn, Chartorhouso Streot, Snow Hill, Newgate Streot, 

| Cheapatde, atid Cornhill,” Tho, ino will bo in tunnel for 
its ontiro length, but! it: differs materially from the firat 
railway as to the ‘levol ‘bolow tho surface at which {t is 
proposed to conatru tunnel, . 




























Fomo Grammo dynamo-clectrio genorators of a 
Special type designed for the transmission of 
power, that were driven by the Hermann Lachapelle 
engine, Wo return to the subject to-day to givo 
somo additional detaila, and to refor especially to 
tho exhibit of M, Felix, who ntilisod at ‘the 
opposite ond of the Palnis de I'Industric, tho electric 
current, to put in motion a number of interesting 
Apparatus, Tho generators which produced anc 
collected tho current wore specially designed by M, 
Gramme, with the object of transport of power, 
and havo quite a different appearance to the other 
machines of the same inventor. We have already 
described and illustrated these machines (seo 
NEERING, vol, xxviii, page 417), hut we may 
few words as to their erat ingement, 
first glance at tho machine shows how well it ig 
adapted for the servico it is intonded to erform, 
‘Tho generator is very strongly built, a solid cast. 
iron frame enclosing and protecting The form 
is vory convenient for transport, and indicates con- 
siderable power of resistance, and admits of cay 
repair, On roferring to the drawing wo published 
it will be scon that the gencrator that was exhibited 
has two modifications, ‘Tho first provides for its 
hoing bolted down rigidly toa suitable foundation, 
and tho second permits it to bo mounted on a steel 
khaft passing through two brackota cast in one with 
tho frame, in order to give tho generator an 
oscillating motion, the purpose of which we shill 
explain, ~The Gramme Company makotwo sizes of | the pulleys Band D 












































































ho draws it toy 
Tho rod acts on 



























direction of the pulley 


on account of tho increasing use of electricity in tho 
reversal of the engine, 


transmission of power, but also because att impor. 
{ant company ling been recently formed to’ manu- 
facturo and sell generators of this class, In interior 






































thoy comprise a ring relativ ly of considerable 
diameter, which revolves within four magnotic|tho electric niotor. ‘Chis short 


ordinary direct-current machines Like these lattor protects all t 










the current from the four points of separation infout by the constru 
the magnetic fields, 
Among the apparatus put in action by the 
enrrent from tho machino exhibited, we must 
describe the electrical locomotive of M, Felix, con- 
structed in the workshops of M. Boulet, to whom 
we are indebted for the illustration wo publish 
above, ‘This engino, called tho “ Ville do Sermaize,” 
in reference to the place where M, Felix mudo the 
greater part of his investigations, and especially tha ph 
curious experiments in ploughing by electricity, 
travelled upon a small track placed at tho back of 
the Iateral gallery of the pulace, wlong tho outer 
Thistrack consisted of two carr ying rails, 
Which served no electrical purpose, and two flat 
conductors, formed of two narrow longitudinal 
sleepers of wood, on whieh wero fastened thin 1 
strips of copper that received {he current from tho 
fixed genorator, and from which it was collected by | deeidnons order, 
two rubbing brushes, which transmitted it to. tho than pines and oth 
tachino placed on the locomotive, fn pormanent | is that oak fore 
installutions M, Felix proposes to plico the copper 
conductor not on tha top of intermediate Tongitudinal 
sleepers, but on their inner sides, in order to nvoid 
necidental connexiona which night take place, 
either by tho fall of a piece of iron across the two 
conductors, or by the passigo of a man or animal, 






practice, 


















NOTES, 
















































districts in profe 
expceially pine trees, 








A trial trip took pl 
























dental connexion would be practically avoided, | lau, of Ethin 


Tho focomotive travelling on tho track is, 
will be seen, extremely simple, What is espeeially 
interesting nbout it, the special arrangement 
which permits of roversing the movemont, while 
the Gramme machino always revolves in tho same ; ‘ R 
direction, ‘ha engina consists of a frame CC] during a trial trip of five hours, 
carriod on four whoola placed within ite-- Tho | While tho total weight amounted 
Gramme clectro-motor A. of the type referred to ab {O° 5821b, por Jndicated horse 
tho beginning of this article ia movablo around the formance way in ovory 

shaft a, and can oscillate to tho right or left. ‘Tho Tho engines 

penerator shaft ix furnished atoach end with a cast. | 2} in. and 17, 

iron pulley L, tho face of which is covered with paper 

to increase itaadhesion. ‘Those two pulloya Bare in 
contact with tho two large pulleys D, which by the 
pinion E drive the toothed wheel F keyed on tho 
crankshaft G, ‘Tho travelling wheels receive this 
jnovement by the connecting rodax nt and thoeranks 
GG", Inthe position shown in the flynro it will 
be soen that tho movement of the travelling wheels A New ‘Mrrony 
is in tho same position as that of the Hf i 
inaching, und the engine would travel forward, 'T'o 












inclusive of water, 
horse power, ‘This 





























eS AND Furnas 


of the gas longer ly trees, 
specially the oa 
er coniferous tree: 
sts should be cultivated in min 
renco to those of other 


Torvrvo Bost nts 
t ti jwco a fow dd 
Dantzig, with a new torpedo boat, 
By such a’ modification tho chanes of an geet. | Gerinan Admiralty, and engined by Mr. 4, Schi- 
which these diigo pr ree eified | i 
a total weight of 29001, for rie il batlee 


rd® him, it takes the position II‘, 
the lover Kf, which moves the 
Grammo machine towards the le 
turn around its axis, and throwing out of contact 
. n . At the same time tho two 
{his machine, and this branch of manufacture will {levers m carrying tho two pulleys O are brought 
doubtless receive considerable extension, not only {down, and hear on the pulleys 13D, changing the 
D, and thus enusing a 
Tho locomotive is com. 
pleted by a scrow brake, of whieh tho lever iy on 
the loft-land side of the conductor, 
construction they diffor ut slightly from the {JE ison his right, 4A sheot-iron ensing encloses and 
| the mechanism, a large opening closed 
hy a door giving access for oiling or examination of 
description will 
fields formed by four electro-magnets, cach pre. serve to show tho arrangement ofthe Felix locomo- 
senting a widened pole-picce, Four brushes collect tive, the details of which have been well worked 
ti ctor, M, Boulet, and we think 
Chat it will bo called upon to do useful work in 


ft, causing it to 









SSS 








and 
y investigated tho 
pper J 
sence of sulphurous acid in 
enemy to v 
and cither die or cause tho 
rom which thoy 


yetation, 







or tHe A Ae 
ramimo} Ina very abto lecture hy Profesor W 
) 1 Adaing, recently published, we find the 
roverse, the engineer usc thecontrolling lovor II, If theory propounded to account for tho obse 








a ; eee ENGINEERING. 23, 1881. | 
G-Tech al | Meant 4 
engine shown by M. Boulet, and spoko briefly of 


THE FELIX ELECTRICAL LOCOMOTIVE, 


interrelation of earth currents, magnetic storme, ; 
Aurom, and sunspots. Professor Adams assumes 
net, and infers that changes in: 
tism affect the magnetism of the earth, 
the sun and moon, by 
sphore towards them as th 
cause that friction 1 
that evaporation wh 
supply of positive electricit 
in the earth, “ Again, the 
will cause the iniss of it to lay 
solid carth, and ata height 
we have a _layor of air whie 
onductor of electric 
ing of tho magnet 
lagging of the conductor behind , 
and hence, according to the laws of 
@ may expect a curi 
ctricity in the 


the sun to bo a magi 


dragging the atmo. 
we earth revolves, may 
between nir and carth, and also i 
ether may generate tho j 
yin tho airand negative 
les iu the atmosphoro 
behind tho revolving 
of thirty or forty milex! 


wo have, not a laggy 
conductor, but a 






rent or a gradual i 
heaping up of ele air in the opposite | 
direction to tho e 
es in the atmosphere would cau 
© olectrivity from (he 
ither ava current orn 
“When the air in] 
ing point wo may get the! 

as tho aurom in the air; 
the earth ; and sinco the 
approaches nearer to tho! 
gions, possibly within | 
the earth's’ surface | 
barge of the aurora 
to air by gradual 
y be by the state of 
tnge of temperature, 


ransfer of posi 

poles toward tho equator 
mass of air statically 
charged up to discha 
sudden discharges: st 
and tho carth current in 
conducting layer of air 
© colder polar re 
twenty miles of 





ound that the dise! 
may even take ph 
slow discharge, 
moisture of th 


aco from earth 
nided as it ma 
ie air and by ch 
and those of a 
ky much better 


miticl Lavousrony Srovr, 
4 I'he inference 


i in the elontical | 
lity at Varin, is dex; 
pporadure within it. 


This apparatus, which 
laboratory of the Municip: 
fo imnintain » constant ten 
regulating the suppl 
heats the stove, 
following manner, 
passes into the stove from t 
nereury above the height cor 
hich it ix desi 
to partinlly close tho orifice of the! 
Tho reault is that tho fomperatura, 
and hence the niercury sinks ta} 
"ho wtove ix lined inside with 
tlass door ia provided 

ovaporations to be 
ject of stoves wo 
of Dresiten, has 
ve, Which ia an 







supply of yas which 
gulation iweffected in tha! 
thormomoter tubo! 
te outside, and the 





to the tempera 
{ho stove is caused 
$s supply pipe, 


me and boiler, |i, the ntove falls 


tho engine should indicate 100 
performance wa 


far oxceeded at the trinl, the en plaques of carthor 


mn front so na t 


nay mention that 
invented an acetate 
f the property 
its heat slowly 
Hl it will be remembered 
certain Swedish rail panies somo time ngo § 
first ndopted the plan of fillin 
With acetate of soda, 


and fusing it 
them in the carring 


ea, the result being that Ghe ¢ 
olained their heat very nec i 
vith hot water. 
that by using a mixture of te 
phate of soda to ono volume 
cooliug could bo still 
constructed a stove in which tho } 
hy three Hint casca of tho fused walts plac 


Hlorr Miske found 
2 volumes of hyposul. ; 
of neetute the fimo of | 
oxtonded, and f° 




















































































































































“SCIENCE, 





“3. ELECTRICITY AS POWER. 
5 BY FRANCIS Pp, urton, ESQ, 


Siemens, in Berlin, and Mr. Edison, at Menlo Park, : 
are experimenting with electrical railroads, Mr. Edi-{ 
son uses the rails as conductors of electricity, the cur-! 
rent going in one and returning in the other. The: 
wheels are insulated, so that, by means of brushes on: 
them, the electricity may be brought to the moter, : 
which is on a carriage. "The moter is simply one of 
Mr. Edison’s generating machines, laid on its side, 
and connected by suitable mechanism to the axle of 
the driving wheels, On an experimental track of 
one-half mile length, a speed of twenty to-thirty miles 
an hour has easily been reached, in spite of heavy 
grades and sharp curves, 

For elevated and underground railroads, this method 
has many advantages ; it does away with all the smoke’ 
and noise from the puffing of the locomotive, and 
substitutes for the many locomotives a few stationary 
engines scattered along the route. Mr. Edison feels 
very confident of success, since his troubles so far: 
have all been in transferring the power from the arma-| 
ture to the driving wheels. He thinks that if the; 
armature is only reliable, experiment will lead to, 
proper mechanical devices for transferring the power: 
from the quick-running armature to the slower driving 
wheels, noe 

The road will be very useful in mountainous regions, | 
since the engine is quite light and can be carried byl - 
trestle work and light earth work, over any country. ! 
The engine and boilers are not in this case put oni 
wheels and required to push themselves over grades’ 
and around curves, but are placed in the valley below. : 
Perhaps in many cases they may be done away with 
and water used to drive the generators, : 

For beach roads, in grand exhibitions, as fecders to 
main lines, and in many ways it is easy to see that 
use may be made of a properly constructed road. 
‘The gentle fluid, which has so quietly, for many years | 
been the swift messenger of man, is now showing that 
it is also able to be a strong and lusty servant, and’ 
carry any load that it may be asked to take, } 

at Pen Sahe is 2 












In the early history of electrical science, many forms 
jot Cngines were made, by which the power ‘of elec. 
‘tricity could be shown. Each was as wonderful as the 
,other to the unthinking observer; for, without appar. 
‘ent combustion of fuel, work was done, We find, 
: Among the largest of these engines, one used in St, 
Petersburg, to drive a small boat, and one in this 

country to propel a train. 

‘The United States Congress voted a sum'of money 
ito Prof. Page to carry on his experiments and he 
built a very efficient motor. After many experiments, 
‘though it was found that any amount of power could 
‘be obtained, yet the expense was so great as to make 
‘it of no practical value. Ina small machine, the con- 
Sumption of zine might not be noticed, while ina 
large machine it would be found to burn exactly as the 
‘work was taken, Now that the doctrine of energy is 
‘clearly understood, the folly of the attempt can easily 
jbeseen, .Ina battery the fires are fed with an exe 

pensive metal. ‘The energy developed by the zinc, 
thus used, was given to it artificially when’ ‘it was re- 
duced from the ore, In order to obtain a convenient 
‘fuel, both the coal and zinc ore must be mined, and 
‘the latter reduced, absorbing in the reduction a very 
‘Small per‘cent, of the energy of the coal used in the 
‘process, Thus batteries for furnishing power consume 
ia fuel at least fifty times more expensive than coal, 

Besides the cost of fuel, the atmosphere, so to 
Speak, in which the zine burns, must be furnished to 

it artificially in the shape of acids or solutions, Though 
this has nothing to do with the’ theoretical cost, yet 
in practice, it is found to be the largest item of ex- 
pense, It resembles furnishing a boiler with air made 
ya chemical process, so far as the economy of com: 
_bustion is concerned, Yet the convenience and relia- 
bility of a battery to burn zine has, where very small 
: Amounts of power are required, allowed of its use 
commercially, since steam is extremely difficult to 
‘manage in fractions of « horse power, 

To-day the practice has been entirely reversed from 
what the first experimenters expected to realize, For 
electricity is now entirely made by means of steam 
engines to drive large motors. The last few years 

have brought the means of generating and using clec- 
trical currents to such a high state of perfection that ’ 
" power may be with economy: transferred by them, 

‘The Joss in transferring is double; if a machine 

converts fifty per cent. of the power it receives from a 
; staem engine, only fifty per cent, of that can be util- 
! ized, that is, twenty-five per cent of the original; thus 
| wasting seventy-five parts out of each hundred of 
| energy. < sixty per cent. machine can render effective 
thirty-six per cent.; an eighty per cent. machine can ; 
turn into useful work sixty-four per cent. and so on, 
This wasting of power in the transmission is more than 
counterbalanced in a great many cases by its de- 
livery at the point where needed; for example, from a 
waterfall to a field for ploughing and threshing, as has 
been done in France; or from the shore to the water 
‘for ‘the purpose of driving a torpedo boat, as has 
: been done in this country, ; 
| Lately experiments have been made to show. 
{ the_.application,, of, electricity y. to. railroads, Mr, 



























































von 





ree 








vesthee Rade kes TPE. 



















SY Lenny. Eero tod ees ofu of : 
Gch Ee AS J Lyset PLAIOT. 


je be et + c f . : 
oo ene ae i r Apnin 20, °1883,.-- 
oo — 2 

“Telpherage” is the name given by Mr. Fleoming Jenkin, the. well-!i L " { $ iP A : when'l a a! Si 1a a3 fi ze 
: fenowelPhemge, I and professar of civi engineering in tho University OC} TT ia known that an intereatin {lovelopmoat of; The Cuglish Plecharic ike: the roel betes erence ra than ; 

. , sige | : é ‘ % ; i t 3 tino, ne 

Eontairing good hal passengers to alatance by te sloolee cancit| tees ee dae acter he Beets a AND WORLD, OF SCIENCE AND ART, |fioitracnag mee pumbletn's serow-tool | Bern, and ‘what is more to thopurposo, sitio 
independently of any control exercised fram the vehicles themselves, bition in ay » lias Iatoty {akon place fn tho cp : : " PRIDAY,' APRIL 2, 1883. hub upon tho blew dees Hae act nat ie fie: pening, there igg on neither lets 
‘|, Tho aystem, says Engincering, has been patented, and it is to be hoped Tat chnoss Lichtarfetie, near Lorlin connecting ; : ay tho formor rovolves it causes tho lattor to{ that lino tho sume fh hav "i d ia a. 
that a practical trial of it will soon be unde, Professor Jenkin's idea ia] thostation af tho Auhalt ‘railway. with tho Inatic ravorso horizontally at the rato of pitch, | worked an electrical trenmney trot Charlot 
to employ strained metal cables, which will serve both to sustain the loud! tuto of Cadets, a distance of 2,600 metros, ‘Tho z SCREW-CHASERS This is tho exnet converse at whit y OL tonbun to the Sane nh uy rom itll 
and convey the electric current. The frames or trucks supporting the ‘following particulars of this railway, taken from a G how suggestin In ‘this caso the Ik ‘fon lo ho th ik Spandauer Bock, Berlin, a | 
lond run along tho cable'‘on wheels, and the cars or loads are suspended recent (itustrated) paper ly M. Tissandicr in : licability, | cdpos of the Hei 8 caso tho knife~ We Of Lf milo; o short line, used during 
below them from the axles of the wheels, ‘Ta Nature, may bo acceptable, travers: lene 4 ee summer only, in Rostverloren-pirk, near 
» | In the simplest arrangement ofthe line, there is a break of continuity Tha bois ong metre snark i,they ay of atech, ; 4 L 7 dasieealan i, jand 8 tino railway at Zan 
Jatedfedan cael oflioe and tho earile They. are, lowover eertfen at] tecpers. At sbowt St nelrea from the station, in : 9: Siomens Frtres during tho Mteutsieal Toes 
being conneeted by movable coupling-picces, actuated hy the train, go ho balding: whtels cuntatay engines fork ear ace 7 hibition in Paris was a success while it lasted, 
‘that all the sections reecive the eeeiting current and form part of the! ns which is ‘Riven aot a high 2 by a tenn Sah for the clectrie car carried more than 13,000 
“general circuit. F -engino. ‘Iho electric current uced is convoyed : gre i passengers por week, and latterly they have 
|: The current is supplied to the line by a stationary dynamo-electric; to the rails by means of und und wires, ‘Tho te successfully ostublished tha: line : between 
machine driven by a steam-engine or other motor ; mid since the Ine fa! current circtilates in the wheels of tho carriages 4 Portrush and Bushmills under tho direction 
‘elovated from the ground on insulating standards, the samo dynamo will! snd reaches anothor {iynamo-electrio a ne p bo be ‘of Sir'C, W. Siemens, “In America‘ Bir. 
~gupply n considerable length of line, ad the leakage need not be exces. + carried by this, cansin je taszotale abil actuals e Edison has a lino: of: hissownzat: Menlo- 
sive it proper precautions are taken. With ground lines of electric rail is Sura tha wicels of the: veulele, ahs: day iv ms park.which is sonicthing inore than a moro 
road, Iiko that of Siemens or Edison, tho leakage is very marked, and! inauguration it carried, besides tho conductor,’ = tramway, for quite a long snd heavy train 
Mr. Edison has adopted the plan of dividing the whole line into short: : is frequently hauled over’ tho. 2}. miles or 

































“AW ELEOTRIO Wine TRAMWAY, 





knifo-edges to fine saws 
thoy would cut clean. | 































































+ H twenty persons, twolve of whom were acated, gts ' ; 
. Sections of a few mites, with stations and feeding dynamos at cach, Dr.) whilothe others stood, ‘Tho elcoteia machine ie , i 80 which aro: now ‘open. ‘The’ first po! 
jWerner Siomens favors the use of an insulated ‘conductor supported| placed hotweon the wheols of the crrriigo and ei : provents ly | to bo considered in planning an clectric ruil- 

y beside the line, and giving current to the motor on the train by means ‘of below the floor: It works without noize, is almoat Ge eatching in, way is tho means to bo adopted for convayin, 
‘a runnin ponnection pulled by the train, Ma Ayrton. and Perry! invilbte, and dloes not iuany way: attract atte: 5 to tilt w the current to tho motor, for it is ie, 
jhave, as is well known, sought to overcome the leakage difttcu ty by! Hon. 4 A that with tho best-devised schomd n serious 

oH i Hl ‘ Th : 

“making tho line in short sections, cach of which is put in clreuit with tho; sag atalle haste ane tutta od Seon Mie ales Teakago of ‘power muy. be easily brought’ 
«dynamo in turns the train progresses, by an automatic action of the train! under the carriage by means of contacterings Be nbout; but practice under this head must 
u also vary ‘with tho. speciul conditions, as 
















itself. In this way, there is only ono section electrified at a ime, namely,’ insulated and arranged round tho axte. 






























it out of action, disconnecting the two sections at that point; butt. tion of the electric 
the circuit between these ‘sections fe maintained through ind wheels o ea eee ae, teetugh a commutator ance 7 horizontal angle. at_ whic! 
the train ital tind # conductor, on a Urnin, In tron, with ta cou: ssontral wot tho couslustods _ juenke, oan fe 3S Tho serow tool consists of a sat of knife- 
uctor is a dynamo-electric motor, which is actuated by the curren ‘signal-bell aro so arranged that a singlo : . i 
propels the train by driving the wheels, ‘The power * rovided ia tnore, innuficent ay Working thocariiage snd dlstelba : nee . itt ie, ot nt ce aie mao, ice Aboud bo: rather » held than pater 
han sufticient to keep up 0 maximum speed, and the train is provided] ing tho tick in clthor direction, and daca not requ, indent tho wood, and wero of such aform us! bring one of its od; wormed by the nets 
: to be capable of close application to tho} into uction, ‘and used as an inside tool, will | at t! 


“tthat over which tlie train is running, and the leuknge on the whole line). Oneach of these contact-rings rests a certain’ at of = lead : rust . 
y ds consequently very small, , B number of callector-eprings, which, luring the . ‘ hand of the pt oe ee at Pane ta 
.. $ The londs or cars on the telphernge line are connected together in; rotation of the wheels, i.e, during tho motion of j ‘ars to mo, ought] Joad is given can be and ck fe vaying: the cur: 
trains, and the ‘length of o train is nearly the length of aj propulalon of tho carelage, holp to csabtish con: : “to assimilate that of a knifo-edgo laid at] potion oy oat ine the on ei a Weorodo 

P H 1 bi Ine 7 6 Tainuous metallic communication between tho “ an scUge auction, and t) rent; but in ‘the caso of tho aukerode: 
geotion of the cable or fone etor, On pss CHET OE ne eee aed. theo salle which reeetyotho current F 4 givon angle upon a rovolving oylinder, th Mines, whore it is frequently necessary to ‘ 
movable coupling pieces Aveen tio sections, the train throws! “from tho motor, x pine knife-edge at onco tania ts own gi lift’ and. shift: tho rails, tho curront ‘is led 
avorso ub it rato whee ing to the throughout tho workings by an inverted T 


it is placed. iron atlixed to tho roof, On this rail a little 
carriage slides freely nnd makes connection 
with the motor, while similar rail serves 
as tho return wire. Tho engino in this caso 
Weighs 30ewt., und can draw a load of 160ewt, | 

0 rato of 7} miles an hour. “Tho theore- ; 












































with ue vernor piel when the speed is aufitcient, closes a shunt and urniug 
allows the current to pass w " stros:; , wn . ‘olvinee avii ‘ ie ‘ $ un ho 
“motor, The governor’ neta directly te “chee the oar rue an ould t i tiloncet babii ie tnd teat ae io Ie ag, cylinder, thoy would, T imagine, | be found to work quite as well, if not ensier, | tical features of clectricul railways formod tho | 
becomes excessive, by short-circuiting the electro-motor, or otherwiso} ahoutd never exceed 20 kilo. Dut’ it would bo! z tha ater tae eae ora aes iH than an inside ohne. i much A ins publeee et a petper te at \reek bofore tha 
nging electric brake: js : . ! : - . z ee >| sorte one of our tool-makers woul ri- | Society: o: 3, by Mr. » Siemens ant | 
Bing electric brakes into operation. oasy to run much faster, such thut contact of their front or knife-{mont in this direction. Tt has ores [ En Topkinsom in-which tho latter gon- 










































































































































1, To further insure thut ono train shall not overtake another, Professor). Mestre. Slomons and Malsko havo recently pub i fi imi ipti 
Jenkin provides an automatic telegraphic communteation along the ‘Tine, ished a pamphlet on this now railway, showing ita! edges is impossible, except tou vory limited | costed to mo that a tilo-like front faco would! tleman gave u description of the Portrush 
‘and the trains in passing close and open the telegraphic circuits, This: Sdventages. Tho principal argumonts are as: : : oxtent, and ig ero is not sufliciont cutting! become choked at once: if so, a coarser | Railway, and some useful figures connected 
automatic telegraph netuntes cireuit-closers between the different geen: {ollowa:— ee aivdenihisele: powor to cnn lo them to indenthard wood, for| tooth could bo adopted, the sole object being | with the expense of, worl hing it; The 
tions of the main cable ‘or conductor sons to maintain connection between _ a ie net Malet ed on tho carla; of thi whieh (ns ee mae) they wey | to Bet a cutting action on the CE ee eee cnasition tot 
the sections for a certain distance behind the train quite independently, it iene conte ranca oo large inert mnes Is isose ‘ iyouded. Being cut on w hob, the front é Toy, feleateical hoist, and some mensuting ma- 
may be, of the movable coupling-pieces. It is obvious that a following’ nary. "The carrlago may be of vory light conatrucs ' vdgea can only touch from top to hottom a : | chines, gave experimental examples of tho 
train entering upon a part of the line in which the sections aro thus com! ties, Consoquently, the motor forco may : oylinder of tho samo diameter us tho hob in fundamental principles involved in tho ap- 
nected will havg its speed checked, ns the application of the, power upon! diminished, and a considerable economy reallsed ta: question. Upon a largo cylinder the con- ELECTRICAL RAILWAYS. plication of electricity ns w motive ‘ 
the train depends upon there being n brewle dn the cleetieng coupling cost of rails, slcopors, brldyos, &c., in constructing ,. tuot is in two places only—namely, at tho FX tho time, being the question of tho! and showed that the following conelus ons 
between the two sections on which the train is for the moment supe. the Tine. ‘Tho dynatmo machine fixed sets carriage. oxtremo point and bottom of theso curved trunsimission of enorgy in the shape of | ure to be drawn from tho results of the ox- 
ported, i Tight, ‘oom paratively Sait kG fot ng A ena y knife-cdges, Upon a cylinder smaller than olectrivity is confined to tho practical appli- | periments, ‘1. The motor, as « machine, is 
Mee ae . Seater enfe . cep, ~ ae ye ap pte yarecey te an ire Tohgueas of tho: | the hob there tf more extended contact; but] cation of the current on tramways, tho moat | entirely indopendent of the generator, and 
‘whole allows of stopping oasily, Sud facilitates tho all the cutting: power is at the upper surface, | notable example of which is undoubtedly | nust be designed for the particular work it 
action of the brake. i so that the load of tho tool is practically nit{the Portrush Electrical Railway, as it is| has to do, without reference tothe generator. - 
Tho uo of stationary steam-ongines iu working i until tho skill of the workman his cut tho| called—notable because it has already been | 2. The current depends upon tho load on 
‘auch railwaya preset 4 other advantago ;, tho i firat groove of correct pitch, I think Iam successfully worked by genorators driven{ tho motor, and upon no other thing what- 
‘boiler nay bo heated “ree he at nade Hl right in saying that these tools ara cup- by a steam-engine, but is also wbout to bejaver, 3. Tho speed depends upon the 
ite Sect whon the powor of tho. fixed : able of improyemont, and may bo 80] supplied with nergy, obtained primarily | EMF of the generator und tho total ro- 
stoatn-engine which works tho dynamo-clectric, made as themselves to’ give the lead re-| from water-powor, Although the vust/sistance in tho cireuit of the muchines, If 
‘apparatus increaace. i quired, and if this can be dono their uso-| powor running to wasto.at the Falls of ;the mains which supply the envrent to the 
| With tho electric railway, a natural hydrautte! fulness will bo indefinitely oxtended, In Kingura or in the gorge of the Severn hus | motor be maintained at a constant potential, 
‘force way be employed, whic! i es in he, the first place, the hollowness of the figured often cnough in lectures and papers; aud tho motor be soparately excited or have 
fleas nctahibenrhooil’ of tue lito. iia < loets foot 4 fuco_ should, I think, be obliterated asfon the future of electricity, no move has yot | permanent magnets, the apecd is pees , 
vin 8 is caso al Pye e ey aay other eyatern. much | aa possiblo, loaving’ the knife-|been made to seize upon tho cuergy thore| tional to the potential of tho main, less the 
"Where there tre two lines of rail, tha machina! 3 odgos rectilinear; but-hero itis ovident thero available and to transmit it by means of | lossof potentinl duo to the resistance. of tho -- 
Hwehich aupplies the current may furnish to each! auust be some compromise, because neither a dynamos and cables to places. whore] armature, ‘Theso conclusions ure supported 
‘Mine tho dinpolliug forco it requires. Dy suitable straight line nor a curved (hollow) ono canfit could bo utilised, On ‘the contrary, {by a number of experiments made at tho 
{moasuremonts, two or aaveral atriages maight be, adapt itealf toall dinmotors, and, if tho face | the practical mon scom to look askance at| works of Siomens Brothers, which show : 
arranged to fom feat on “Ait thoey ecueldorne: of tho tool is not deop, the concavity is, in] the projects of the onthusiasts, and discard | that for a given load the ourront ron 
i separate Iya i a bntar n right fature for the many ‘cases, not: excessive. I have’ found vlectricity, oven whore it could bo utilised } constant, w! hatover tho 5 peed, and that the. 
jologtrio railway. somo nearly flat, others sharply ‘curved, | with advantage—supposing it is possible to | latter deponds prinel yally upon the re t 
is bic epee eens oe ttatemtnatbi ans el < Taking the’ former as probably the best of | transmit onergy economically by its aid. | ance through which fhe current passes. ne 
: the two, is it possible to give the knifo-|The St, Gothnrd Tannel, it will “bo re-| follows that the gonorntor thust be designs ‘i 
edges moro cutting powor, so.na to insure inembered, was drilled -by machines worked | to give the ourrent req tired by. tho, sole 
instant grooving of the work ‘on their ap-| by compro: air, and ‘that was supplied /and have suiticient E Mo} to grt “O 
plication to ite surface, I.think thatif the by pumps driven by tho wator-power which | requisite speed aftor allowing for of the 
tront edges wore serrated, they would make | is found in abundanco in tho neighbourhood, | potential owing to tho resistance i 
elent work ‘oven in soft wood, and givo tho| It seems, therefore, to bo a neglect of an| mains, . : sent tend 
required lend too, : : oxcollent opportunity to allow tho power to Tho Portrush Itailway at priser ‘andl. 
“Tn the ‘Lathe and Its Uses,” I sitggested | run to waste, and to haul trains through the} from the terminus of the: Bel y ; 
















ies Rai ills, 
Northorn Counties ‘Railway to Bushnll i 
distance of six miles; but it is inten lott 4 
conncet it with Dervock, thus comp! 





somothing of tho kind—filing notches across{tunnel by means of fuel-burning  loco- 
tho fuco of tho tool; but this suggestion I} motives, “That locomotive carriages can be 
would modify or extend to reducing tho| successfully workod by clectricity, Messrs, 

vou, XEXVIL—-NO, 949, ee 


. re ee ‘ 4 















































May 16, 1883, ENGLISH MECHANIO AND WORLD OF SOLENOE. - 


poculiar ‘resistance caused “by” tha’ slighi 


adhesion of the contacts, Is it practicable ful electro-magnet under the control ol 


The English Mechanic observers in unother room, and, aftera con: 









at lenat beth}, (4 | 


































f | see with one eyes, any, 
< | graph with a ‘camera, 
hanical appliances for transmitting 


i : ; 
ey eee 


No: O17, - 





more than’ wo photo- 
. These are merely 












int energy to the true sensitive agent, 


tal modify profo 









sight, is ultimately 





undly the transmission 
sensitive plate, . 


plished, r ; 
‘ ie ti d to build: an slostro-locomotive supablo of / 
Loxerting such a Dower na shat, and to convey, “ siderable time in darkness his two 
: »' the required ourrent to it by moans of old % ‘ AND WORLD OF SOLENOE AND ART. |‘ sonsitives” perecived a luminosity, and led rad 
rails? Tt would seom totorably clear that ’ : | FRIDAY, MAY 18, 1999 him up to the magnetic poles; the current which, in the caso of 
he is also roported to have said thut: whon electrical trains come into fashion j ashe 0 is Was afterwards made and broken at irregular | the brain. Now different kinda of glass or 
thoy will be either very light and ve f intervals, unknown to the observers, who, in crys 

















short, or cach couch will be fitted wit! 


a motor; but for high speeds coaches LUMINOSITY OF MAGNETS, 


By J. T. Spraave: 


“RECENT experiments by Prof. W. F.| tld observe: 

Harrett, of Dublin, will direct fresh | seo the phe 
"7 Deen imperceptible to Prof, Burrett himself, | copt 
1 


observer the Appearance and disappearance | and 


‘Edison is roported to have stated that he for tho present he .did not think clee- 
glow. Itis important to note that, as 


Aue, BI ttt tricity would be generally adopted for 
tig building wb Jvoniat v of Sie indicated heavy freight trains, or for passenger trnins ‘at i 
‘horse-power, with be wed tho Under- turning long distances, For street cars, cannot well be made much lighter, an 
diameter, which will be used on tho ly clovated railroads, and other short lines, he there are obvious objections to making up a 
ground Roilwayin London, whore, it elias a believes it will be found invalunble. In the. train in which all the vehicles carry’ thoir 
added, “‘smoke and vapours aro  dletnitely. latter conncetion, for instance, he estimates’ own propolling power : hence it would seom H 
ive.” Although it is not stated definitely por cent, in the fuel con- that in tho future a third-class carriage will attention to the statements mado man 
; re by earet Reichenbach, whic 
ave hitherto amet wi 


+ give. hear a saving of r 
that by: | loconattve,°. tn Sea hs sumed, tho avoidance of unplensant’ fumes; ho, fitted with the motor and will draw o ; 
‘meant, there can bo Mteclric cnaine if it ie of sulphur, and tho dangoroas emission of | composite of first and accond class compart i ieerta net, 

context, that it is an ¢ edtrie Bt rt, after, sparks, whilo one man only will be required! monte! ‘These calculations, howover, work j pated ron he prion i Pear 
‘anything, for according to tho phi rhe ten’ for each electric locomotive. Tho fu out, differently when. thoy are applied to number o} people ive, howover, felt that ; i 
‘Stating that it will haul from cight to faa estimate is based on the known consumption | trains travelling at such high speeds nsaome ig Reichonbach's statements were too definite! to bo the brightor; in the older oliserva- 


passenger coaches at a high aie ols yj ofthe Now York Elovated Ruilroads—lines | | t ’ 

40 or 50 imiles—Mr. Baison went en to ay which electrically propelled trains would ‘only tha air-resistunce, it varies with the tant, Goliad thers ened 

iat fi wi patina at elk ony Seotions' bo as heartily welcomed as on our under direction of the wind and with the felooity : \ en mnibty “aha from thelr neler | 
co { g ante mat wit ‘ ts emitte 

me Amongst other placcs|of tho train, and obviously it is greater wi faint luminosi Y> Which became perceptible | y 


id railways, 
be added, so that the trains can be run, groun' Pi setae at mt i af M , 
ean here tho clectrical railway will be intros iq strong wind blowing direct against the , to eyes which “had been kopt in absolute | was arrested when tho armature 


























tic world, A great | will be dealt with presently, 

































poles caused tho light to waver, 
anying a board or cloth on the 
rot iitect its development, which, 





poles did | chie 
however, | Wo 























































lany desired distance, and thero remains no us tho ‘‘detaila” are-workeditrnin than when the wind is wingin, | fs in i 
other obstacle, oxeont working out | ihe eager ooo favourite resorts, Coney | the some direction as the train is travel ’ 1 slat uae for some Sarin ae at sacl on the magnet. 
enped “Fetcueat wise thn locating sland, Long Branch, Fairmount Park, ‘the nir-pressuro is, howover, always con-; | darkness is uot easily obtained hor ato thurs Di i 
1 sidered os directly proportional to the area : hiany observers willing to be confined in it{ 
estly true; that the| hea 





but this is] g 






is’ cither a fact ‘or it is not, for a ind Snratogu, So far, ‘there is, thon 
electro - motor capable of doveloping nothing ‘of oa #8 r t! ' ‘ : Ito 
‘475 indi aie oter in tho roported : interviow, oxceptitho train, Thits, in calculation, it is usuo many . 
ie ray opr anil rr Hep being 0 locomotive Br London, and wa may assume that tho air is still, and experiments } haba y necessary 
2 tani,’ hins “ooon ordered ‘by. tho- Unders| pass the renutk that “any rato of speed" havoshown thatthonvern poreouray iene - famtnous hapeesstona te 1eeny eye 
‘gtound Raitway Com: any (which ono?), orjcan be obtained . according of,ten miles is about half : therefore, would need absolute rest 
Bt 1 P ( . { square foot of surface standing normal to § considerble pe riod in onder fo an ; eau 
oth 








equ 












‘} of i ed at the central depots, ns a pico of , 

a arene iwteoduction of the dedteeat sora Hyperbole, put erin cna bes ld the direction of anation i iba as {peed Lof : Precio etre as 
‘system on lines whero it would unques-|to the extriordinary stator {60 miles an hour, this reais 7 i sideration, : appearnncesover magnet | are 
jsage of the train is increased to 12h mer, ‘ ppoaraneogave nugmet a 


‘ , i 1 i jor Inter means will be. found to ‘obtain| 

Tena eel ingraion, Tei sate electricity from the earth without the use of'square foot, while if the speod could be, 
4 statement increased to, suy, 160 miles por hour, the. i ' i vie cannametio polesaf i 

' globe containing on 


: ig ny with Mr,/any. muchinery whatever "— 

Fale catnee ticks cl sovoral}that is made’ appurently with os much ‘air-presaura against each square foot pre- 

forms of clectro-motor, turned his whole gravity as the others? If Mr. Edison had ‘sented normal to the direction of motion, magaet which Rooted ns ae 

‘attention to electric railways, and at Menlo told the reporter that he thought about sould be tho small item of abouta hundred- 
é am: ‘Park he has convineed many. sceptics aa to/ fixing o pulley on the North Polo, and using weight, and probably more; for such ox-, 
ithe possibility of moving even’ heavy|the rotary motion of the carth ns motive periments as have been made to test this 
ctraing by ameans of a, current genor- power, tho interviowor would probably have suatter lead to tho conclusion thut, at high: 
‘ated’ by a stationary engino and dynamo, sponded the words “ this is 4 joke”; but speeds the increase is more than propor 
‘Thoro is overy reason to beliove that the.he seems to hava been quite satisfied, and to'tlonal to the squaro of the velocity. or: 
‘reported “ interview" really took place, and’ have loft off at just. the point where most tho purpose of calculating the power, Y : 
it is probably only the “details” syhich re-‘ others would’ havo been anxious: to know required) to overcome the air - resiat-! $ bya particular ala 
quire working out to mako it altogether more, : teon ie buildjne: Anee: it ia necessary ony, to multiply, “ff hii *sensitives,”” netic disturbances uro_ produced ogd ee 
“credible, Unfortunately, they nre not sup-: It is clear that if Mr, Edison is building the number of feet pas through: in 1 PA 
plied, and wo'are loft with a fow hints onty:/an clectro-locomotive of 376 indicated horse iinute by the number of pounds pressure, electric discharge, it should prodvesinteccd 

b to'the system which Mr, Edison is,.work- ipower with driving wheels Oft. in dinmeter, on the front ‘of the train, which will giv. ‘| to itecth Lae ae aetueed 

ing upon. For instanco, besides the stato- ho must. bo proceeding on somo entirely the work in foot-pounda, wheneo tho horao: ; ; dircetion’ ara’ but slighty 
‘Ment that stations are: erected at ten-milo novel lines, which will account for his uscof power ia deduced. Thus, for 60 miles‘ on’ influenced, while strong currents ou iifoe 
intervals, and the current fed five milesench: old rails os tho cable, thou ‘hour, the horse-power required to overcome * : duced in lines at right ‘ungles, as they should {oa 
sway, we are — fat it is proposed to .stch largo driving wheels, a pata mee fe coue ane 2 bolt so ) - bo Mf the aurorul rays nalegtor a sinetuation 
Operas ¢ railron iH etic) uare foot Oo! CC! , ‘. in the mugnetic mtensity o: io ei » pros 
‘ha central rail lai NENING Tittle ‘culoulation will suflico to show that if utifle world regarded | duced either by direct Tiagnotio filuenees, 
0 ray of tho specd is to bo incrensed to 200, not to. f charlutaniam, or, at] or consequent upon the circulating currents 
:Sponk of 300, miles an hour, a very largo most, a pivce of hysterical delusion. themselves, ee 
‘portion of the powar which it is possible to Even those who know tho truth about My object in writing this article is to 
‘pot out of an electro-locomotive will: be, mesuerisin, and its relation to’ the occult {clear away some difivulties and prejudices 
iabsorbed in overcoming the nir-resistance, 
jdue to hi ho. oleatro-locomo- 
: he .futuey -will naturally be 
ovimade of such a-‘shape as ‘will oxposs 





















ic colours flowing from cach polo 
at sone little distance 















































mai 





















































honbach's {and also the reception of their statements, 










wero willing to beliove that Reie 








; had a preat difleulty to surround the human body, My observers 
the least resistance to their passage through to eucountor, I have myself gono through | described me (ns did Reivhonbach’s) as sur- 
tho-nir; but, however small that may be, these oxporiments, and, moreover, I have rounded by an aura, v 

will: affo On lthe quostion ‘arises,'can ‘tho: required power found ‘‘sensitives’? who saw all these one side and a blue tinge on the other, 

iB weight by making bo put into’ any. clectromotor yet dovia , y . phenomena, not in’ dirknesa, but in faint} with brighter mys proceeding -from the 
: But as. - train and, if so, by what ‘mncans? : ae light. Ifthia scoms dificult, it should be| head anc hands; in fact, the imago pre- 

Fa atatemont thut'a/of .cight .coachos with an electric’-locd- ie Ca a) WeReR remombercl that nowadnys we can see, {sented was just that of pictures “of the 
thor", has beon dovisod {motive will ‘not ‘weigh less than-100 tons, : : und oven photograph the Faint light of the} ‘Lranstiguration, Now, aa £ suid before, I 
ly olen condi J and the resistance of wind, curves, gradicnta, |; solar promincnecs, and oven of the invisible | um quite uncertain whether this itppearunce 
| &0., will not be loas than 401b, to: tho ton,’ ig eae , : corons which formerly were. ouly visible in a wag a real phenomenon, percoptible only to 

ed a “ gee: ny own statement possibly, But my | vision resulting: i 
ditticulty was that I could “nover sutisfy by thoso special persons, f 
myself that what my observers said thoy | sttrrounded by such an aura iad 
saw was in actual oxistenco. 1 wagsatistied | known to all of us, It is invisible to’ tho 


7 y saw what thoy described: my|oye, but the thermomoter roveals it. Mb ia 
{Tey metually naw whut th i jective, A aura of feat; it is uw mass of warm air; 





to useful knowledge, 















































from the. faculties possessed 
But that we are 
positive fact 














oe” 
















"an action exerted from without 
optic nerve; or whether it was sub, 
vision produced from within, by the influence 


every instance except one, simultaneously | of rmdiant energy to the 


4 0 to affect it; also diffe 
with Reichenbach, only the specially quali- plates would give oni 
ra—the sensitives, were able to| of the same spectrum 
noniena, which appear to have| It is precisoly so with our oy 
ions’; some people are unable to perceive 
or perceive them us othors. 





i and threo. other gentlemen ‘in the room /some colours, 
ith little or no accept- | with him, This matter is explainable; and There is overy probability that different 
: the same Inminous spect- 
© it extends further tothe 

. t wb : right, to others to the left, In fact, to some 

lecturers have spoken. of. hus, to. take, y : to be altogether set down as delusion, and |tions a difference of tint: was noted. Tn people, orders of rays aro visible, which aro 
».that there must be somo trath, possibly im- | both cases it was found that blowing: on the} invisible to others, Now Reichonbach asserts 

nut the | that his odio force is re 


Feople do not seo 
Tho north pule of the magnet was said frum; that to som 


was placed | fully belioved that th 
forces presont in 1i 











rom the mnngnetio poles of | light by people having abn 





the auroral rays are of 

a luminous bo ly With an aurora of{nnd that they sro not visible 
but that thoy, whon at a 
yor when undergoing ¢ 
It has always scomed | intensity, not upon tho gases and n 
aurom was & magnetic} in tho uppor regions of the atmosp 
ctric one. Its raya run] become visible by fluorescenco, i 
., while the electric cart currents rating linos in tho sp 
ran mainly E. and W. In an aurora, mage | with any known substance, There can be 
no doubt of tho interest at! 
strong earth currents; if the aurora were an subject, and various branches 
have progressed so far as to 
oxaming it now with oyery 
provided it is examined ina broad 
‘0 to the physiologi- 
1 problois involved, as woll as tho purely 
Professor Barrett 
something of these various uspects of tho 
ject, and will, no doubt, attend to them 








ight, 
inte 






vantage, 


physical ones, 


sub 
in further experiments, 


re 


ssteri . 4 . fF ikely " Ney ELECTRICAL RAILWAYS. 
anysterios of thy nervous system, and who which are likely to affect future observers, px Tondon to. Edinburgh. in. threo 
q 


total cclipso: something situilar underlies special porsons, or whether it was 4 mero annus. of; locomotion. 
spirit of that undortakin 
acyttainted with tho dificnlt 
that the timo is oven noar ‘when 
will supplant.steam on Hho unit lines of ous 
doubt was whether the sight was o Sf Trot bse is, howover, ap 
pon their} itis radiant eneryy. Now hero is the key of y scicutitic on husins! a ; iP n 
jective, u| tho ideas-1 wish'to present. — ” fight steatrical milvays i hey ee ! to eo 
P a nner ? 7] " , , 
Sted Cees aswell. to oxamino tho subject from his 


railwass 
the on 





cnablo differant. parts of tho spectrum 
















fly tothe violet 
ningt remomber’ th 












he spectrum; ¢ 
for him to ‘si 


















rent kinds of receiving 
tirely different: records 

transmitted to’ them. 
‘eg and our per= 




















frangible, and belongs 
end of the spectrum. 

hat in his time it was 

ere wero three distinot 

ht, which were sifted out 

terofore, it was reason- 

on ' a i BPpose, that bo had as 
very remarkable cha-/ ware of tho velocity o! 4 red a, now force, *‘ Od,” associated wit 

very re oxposed and to tho sq ¥ for imny hours at a times 5 t light, and’ actinism, and playing a 

» its uny one may dis- { natural phenomena, very important part.in nate dee 

that tho eye retains uld come when thoy: partments hitherto 

this force had 












ro in those 
least understood, because 
not beon recognised, It is 


ally reasonable for us now, to believe 


int inthe magnetic ficld and 
er actions, ultra-violet, dluorescent rays 
fluorescent 
be perceived as 
ormal powers or 







produced, and that. these 


s may, in somo cases, 





na Of perception, 








in many 












n fact, I have long ago au gested that 
Tuo mf 








nner, and with an oy 


i 








uorescent natire, 





directly. og 







fa 






nit 











iirticular 





uges of 


Moisture 
here, and 


is geno~ 


ectrim not associated 









tached to the 
of knowledge 

enable us to 
prospcot of ad- 


ows 





i y i ul erefore, to! 5 ces Bui hours anda half may be a possibility 
observations wore probably opening a road | I return, therefore, to! the appearances said of th futures but cortutaly ne onto. avo ak 
onthusiast would ae that it ia likely 

ving wu pk ing h nin tho lifetime of anyone now 
pai © pink tinugo on Bin 2 cot Prof. George Forbes, ina paper 









entitled ‘ Eloctricity us a Motive Power,” 
expresses tho hope that ho muy live to travel 
those 400 miles-in threo houra and a half, 
“smoothly, and without jolting.” Under 
the above heading wo gave, on By 
account of an clectrio railway, which 
be the forerunner of 1 revolution in our 
But, tho. master 


is too well 
ick to suppose 
on electricity 





11, on 
ich may + 


i 4 . 
; , hatin “06 : ctrim consisting of 

of my own knowledge of what was to be] we can genemte a spectrin consistin, : Tis paper swag rathor strangel 

y three parts, only one of which, the middle standpoint naotstity ia a Blotive Dower,” 


expected, ; . * is por= 
Pig este oka Lf po Vilvel Ge oasis bab ication duct for it did not deal so much with tho branch 





over this ditlculty, {0 employed a power- he 
spa Ms tl 
Py a 


oN 
os Sates 





ay 








RTS 





ness” Thte will allow 
rock ptuator sayings rlatiia 


ares 

| Amprovononts te It, whieh werq 

MUN Iu the hands of tho Patent OMe authoritios, a: fi 

: Ot whieh: therefore, he did not: feet at, a, SUOK Or 

\apeak; {Tho patent in question," howald, “had ‘conio X : ‘be sbi | 
up Sirat of the hosp," and ho took it ont ae ho woutd iventd; 


jAchostout that was roasted, while: tho. 
i ioaaiete wt 








i aovir 
“For an clovated road, 





BECTRIC RAILWAY: 
+ THE sAmeriotn Journal of Raitiea; 
roads, My ‘attention , article on a new electrie milway at Co: 























































































































a 
: chen ; tho weat sido of the New 
pMaa directed to propelling streot care 1 TROft. long, nearly the whole len; 
}4u San Francisco, Tho gauge hh tin, Tho mils are of 
ia operation, 20ft. Jong each, The ends of th 
plate, cl pa fre then put on, 
together, . ‘To help the conductivt : 
i bave been reinforced with t 
‘ara’ Inid on strips of woul, and both flemt: i 
iplanking, No attempt in made at insulation, Tn fact, none ia} 
j heed ‘ pee fenerator for furnishing tho ety Is No. 5, and i ; Oye 
es " 7 ie capable of producing a G-horso ower current, It ia shunt wound eit s Dena - aro 4 Pee fSea J, i 
Way Jushan in the esto of the cabios, ‘Tho, cablos, - with low electro-motive force, Tho intenalty of tho current varien, { THE: GREELY RELIEF STEAMER & PROTEU: ," CRUSITED IN, THE ICK IN SMITIE SOUND, JULY 23, [Se Paar 606.) ‘i 
_ You know, raw Mia hollow chamber or tubo with « fof course, with tho external reaistance; and obviously upon this ioe . ‘ i. cael : ‘ . 
itlot along ths top and movocontlauoualy, When | j Firlatance ‘epenits the speed of ie {eter Ita normal apeed in ‘ { ‘ 2 ‘ we 1% . y 
car wants to bo actin motion tha cablo tx gripped turns per ininute; ite weight about 660 Tt is driven by ‘ { : Gay eeeeenes " fs, Running through the yard of the Daft factory at 
\by H e H i i fully avcompliahod hy a number of inven- } electrified rails, Munn ng through the y 
BY aa arm trou the eur, whitch moves. wore rie, j onaof the B-horsovertical : ’ "] dusts lias heen successfully aveomy reeny! : 4 rhe tH 
road wren It 1a necoetsry to atop the grip 1s looong engines, predecensor, the i A NEW. ELECTRIC MOTOR, tions, neveral Of hich only lack the perfecting of tho transmitting motors bate by ig cope ene a hl the eet 
“Tht 44 the fouudation of my achome for a conductor Ampere, lich Fan ap scossatally orn Bp nee, ! Is the villago of Greensille, New Jersey, 1s n moiddat brick fuctory | and macelring saline and of thelr ystems fash ian to Leeoing irene He it exhibition, at which were present 
he boty fa made o wide, 10 i ohh " voit ost lier 3 f commercially valuable; but the safe tranamission . 
superstructure consists of only a dashboart in, high, to which are In wich nee baling solved fie ofits mast cea light come | ene " te witig motor 1s the Problem which lag presented | many prominent rallroad men from remote scetlons of the country, 
attached tho switches for contrulling the motor; abox on the rear, problems of the day. Te‘Is shat of the Halt Bleetrig Wight Corns Hintionary to a6 ig u R They all apprectated the danger of contact nith stectlted metal, 
30in, wide, 3éin. long, and 16! in, deep, in which ty placed the any, of which, as yet, Httle las been heart hy the publiy, dnt wiost dif culttus, ra have beon operated Paras cut after witnessing vone interesting experiments, carefully 
inv ting agnnno; a ti front it ie or, pat sitact fa te tha mie eens ids i ey and eee tthe a within eae rene he vera eae tho one | avolded tho Gis They were ft eto eal te 
driver's neat, On the Tight of thle scat fa the roversing lover for with the utmoat interest by scientific and Practica al 3 t st y i" & ¥ ‘alr whiel, to | charged with an eleetrle current 0 sniiclent 3 Ve 
reversing the brushes on the comnmutatora, hence the ow of cur: “its name would seem to Limit the objects of the eam pany to the | ts at present on exhibition at the reat Lav si Hale se ac tial Street cara londed with passengers, - Then the opposite rails : 
Sid castes 9 RO MODEL rent through tho armature, and thus it direction of rotation; se production of n superior iluninating ngent, its real Interesta’ He | castinl observer, seems ° ane a ate 4 Hie eel qualities | wero connected with copper wires, the other ends of which were 
‘gtion nay ee in pinata Lorene four Tackand toton the ee ete | _ fe te edt of the cena eee eal analieation ‘of Sears gett favors tent roan ho nilapte, to commercial nse, | placed upon the tongues, first af Me, Dart himself, and then of 
“Mr Figtpet running gear ta slinply four 12in. w! heels, with din, dlectrieity to motors, atationary ar otherwte, >t Absolutely casentin o i 
attached to tho body, and on y if 4 
elevated: vad. Ihay, 
band for thu Weatarn 









O€ eloctria eu, 





: " a i ‘ho were willl: to ‘try the experiment, : 
Provioiia expetlmneis in this direction have Geen sueecsatal only Every praetienl aratean, Hear ne eee neler considoration, lng Meal of tie Slefiora ia rere eiteeltes ttnallete ieee 
t which obstacles have been encountered | made use of the metal ralla o he track ng ; valeielie. AL the eae time thong 
, tip Ne n eA ren eee nent ans * ‘The transmis] power, and heretafore oe serious obstacle {0 complete Lore ate ay tinea af {ie presence of oles tant into vontact with each 
dint of electile power over conalderabte dfetances from stationary | been the danger to human and animal Ife from contact with these | the expo _ 4 an 
shor 0% cl Ie "I 5 2 
















jand an iron hub aro firmly bolted t 

fonk, Tho wood elfeettially 

ipsa from one wheel to its o Hposito through th 

isa No, 3," and capablo of gt 

compound, and ita armature ts cay 
this obviously ineans speeds of motor, 

i 













elsco, 

i You beran your ex 
* Won out thera T bellene? 
yeMr Fixep—Yeu 
jSlovator aud ray it Up an 

4 [princlpio, 
















yo Pa TELEGRAPHIG rota! 
an A ploctrtelty 2 : 

ithe Pacito co, ‘The nenget 
‘an a tho 









or, 
ing] 






























iwhich.¢ 
(ie fally cay 





poe we 


: 4 WN 
Hh WS 
ey Me 


nN 


[2 
’ 











AN RLECTRIC: RAILWAY | EXPERISIE 





— Drawn ny WA. Rodrns, 


















 creviane bab tPan Ske, PS 





Pellaincehiale eee 





ht erat 





f Tt may be noted th ~, 5 
was brorte : AT TALIS Wer 
on rac ie 

yonilon fe tent, 





















TAL WITH MR STEN 
uron MIB PATENT: 





FIELD] T ductors, “Dy, er, has Usacribed séciiz 
ey INVENTION—1spnoyee! Bley Yow it san ue one la; that way; in tact, Juut 








Porn ee 















ND OLEeTIONS comnatep, Je there to. Edison's methodr | 
inve: Heol thatie not 
. i y the application: 
hoary work, though it tay do: 
‘ 7 eugine like hu te descctbod ne; 
i ay 
t 









ehaWhy,: an: uxpress; tran, goin, 
merle 1,000 Lora cee at i 
It 


Po: 
thinks with" pant j 
wt thn tracks ara ecn nee 








uder other Nrau: 












f 4 J ete that a went ‘at. dimaattt 
H 3 , q the‘trst’y es proaston 
$ ’ ce 
7 13 1th tal, 7 . 
pon tha same protilem: ‘ fotos 4 









you 
yor tf 47. 
ind For art 









i ! 
to avercomo i 


On lils'salutg. 
























‘Bort tho no. | Mdontod to 
Bios tho na. |. adoviod for 
all tho itt 
I nt | altbough 
jae OF na $ Tho 
"Cravolling, arn oy dm 
this tnba’ “hay 








( J Ny be 
i ‘Of, ‘elécbrid -toeoma iw * re 

‘ co; 

: ‘ SOW ana, U dnto Dark! which upon 3 






¢ 

I Of at folk a 
i a ¥ ich aml] 
win , 

locomotion: wilt 

tales: 












iy 
shall ent about | i 
ike vory tong to sf 
‘and’ put them’ together, iy 

ni UD awe 





lr. Pinto 
dra w)n; 










Inston with 8 Neode: 
-etectrta” motor” for +t win, almptat 
tracks) Yai! 






Io, miachtng th 














At. glvca tho beat ree 
manus tt nes i 
' Wan directed to 
Ho eon of th yparatea ‘antde it iaon tu San Frantic 
5 ati i eetriatty: now -turnod, { Mou, wh 
‘Sarna atiit: ny ‘ane ‘or Litton bate | ia opera uy whieh 
i Pa 7 mnst.: come, No. exprmeton 
Inco. Min youth: 


clatras’ of olth 












; clovated ‘roads Will be: blessed AS‘ Wot] a8 ro: 
hy wanted, but it ts no hatin. to remi 


























ui tho Iuventors: 
: : on’. tha * Lovet iat.” rata 4 that ho givos twice who Alves qtilekly; eet 
| dotlrues of elicht nuhee tg tes, OPO Hab a. a ae ee 
. Inventor, domotimes of aizht tnttoa 4n, hone, - Ab struck m9} 
“han: 1! fwontd be J rtine at: resent, Str, Fhele thero wana groat waste Of powor, and the weat.“and | 
Raa: boon! Snparatie porforme the sama operations ad Me, Eh j to y f coating heavily “for ro.? 
doubt’! ¢ xan‘a of de ving, RtApplng und reversing the motor, iT coating heavy ; 
6 laying O's FANE It wilt bo a6 well to roproduce ‘Afr, Held's elaien ; 
the, malate: him to tho atuity of b1O {Utes ay, 
atoctelel ty’, ant fn Ban Francisco 


motor, of conrae, a con-! 
- te. Th th a 
ho has already¢ 





Bh atAst reputation tor Lite impmyem: 
Ani loetrieity te'thio telogeapt Hig i ndconing te cicnil on tua enareao 
yndeabctoctrtelly for that Hy gale: } 

batterles,) Ho. pres 


mn:Gaton company,.e 
6 





Prostod 
: eae 
, P : Jmodidestlo: 
: ! , ° BH ig BR TAINO! on ‘ 
uaa Yh i of Now: York 
“4 . ia : ; : he 












rd are tho in: 


: ° ot MADE XRT, oat 
hi 
atta ont! the: \ mt : 








‘motor, and tho, 
sized onging to dea 

trang ‘ ‘elevated: road, 

maina, ‘yshort 

Songt ft ptatlonory 










“You bean 
|. Von-gue there, 
a Ble, 


















i: 
‘ ce 
The Urnacy . ie 
fale Cyrus aud tio ie 
i arning elec . i 
rf ae ‘old iu 1660 H tas 
. Buy ton ta 
f : : b an is Bt: 
. engine: in ‘ ni i ‘ ty 
eating Fiot os TW B 
i RS 
p “Wy i 4 
-ORDNO| ° i 
lin other. ) Hh fis a 
nik ttre! e : : i 
the * ‘ : ; i 9K0,": : 
ctr ing netle f { ee pohety taccoD: E 
' sate pended inne 
fects 




















THE PORTRUSIE 


power ia being 
f. Marcel Desprez 
worked ont on a 
NDGNED- 5 OFEOr. OH rant ist 

“83 Wot smth if pcutaye 
DUN, AP rwo noNDRED MUO f ido to be 
crard, 
vos. Croatoa now. 


J have read with much interoat your published ao: od ; ud an ‘SI trafic of tho line, 
counts be Me. Utisan's and thors’ oxporlinoats in d "ve toured ag 5 sion Mr. Alexande: 


tors ° : 1 | Mesara, Siomons ant Halake, 

tod ta by Mesars. Siomens Brothers 
7 firm, as ia well known, hay 

C8, OF engaged upon an elec! 

T PAY, pol otters wautd : ol ee tke ‘B Afthe. North of Troland, 

pie .. New Your, felouraph,- by.wol : : oJ} ments have been brough! 
‘nie Eurron ov tur Mens bye ry, eba by tho introduction of tl 





investigated 


in France, it is boing gradually | 


practical sea 





a 









‘elootrio tocomstion, tepri fh ¥ i kinson have recently communi 


soucan doubtzho working ‘Buca $ m z will, Hou of Arts 9 paper upon the transmission 
mnonstratadsthe, fi my opinion at least oatitt fn: fai by olectricity, in which, in addition to an account} 
utalon of i mochantcal mind, rs roe “2 BF EMS fof tho new milway, thoy have dealt with the sub-) 
a & | bb ¥ C : ject on n wide basia, demonstrating tho conditions, 
: 4 ale Aa Hsieh ° 4 toama engines of | * t for tho successful construction ani installation of, 
i : 4 ; iron am, he nt to . electric motors both oxperimentally, graphically,! 





ot 
ind—vt'ho iret coat of ul 








“an any onginoer an and analytically. 


After a sh 


electric railways alrendy in oxistence, 


; : : SJemens jltustrated by exporine: 
that doraiane 0 Re is av watt a possible whon elec 





lecply: Liitoraatod’ ta this Qud the protuund ‘obs 


Joe 


at 


" lon : i speud of the lift ar 
for the onl : _ : : Weight, 
0, whore, 1 tet ud ‘ EES Tewt, 


4N,000 font pounds ‘alteration in the 


ry 
If Bite, « Iron pound : woe ; : 
r jltiog duteriurate moro repldiy| [eat ernele gay 
eth canes eight, 


: orale moro 
4 {n thie ting ted toa gon fewt, 
tho estab 





NeVatl : i Weight, 
Hy avlerence }O -catanl i New! : a Jowt, 


Weight, 
owt, 
apart): 


rete nthe 


Work done, 





Load 66 i 


inserted 


| Keslatance 
inCireuit in Ohms, 


bs} 


Munfeation with 





comprise the fundan 


y, four years'of labof iu | gentlemen who haya, bal : Oe satay in parallel eireuit, two 
cable mgior, tasent e : * sinnll ones thd aan) 


mC wuritchionalrated if 


was hing to the chain, 





ri Loat 
Vounde, | Ampores | 1 ewt, 


per eat per 
Mloute, | Slaute, 


; 1 - PUEpUEE ‘Of: 11,870 
, : { 10,0 


"tho power applied tort, ies : “Bt egas and water, “Thero were 


id the ettrren 
Speed. 
4 ft, per see, 


other condit 
Ot 
Speed, 
2.6 ft, por nee, 


Speed, 
12 ft. por wee, 


When tho weight was doubled the results were ¢ 





Speed 
1 ft, per see, 


: ‘Thus it’ was demonstrated that the current ina 

1B tha athe: . given wotor remaina constant at all spoeds, ant 
i % [that the speed depends Upon the reristance in 

i hi vd Table are show 


anne: 








nental princi; 
ustitission of y 


LECTRIC RATLWAY. 
Waite the subject of the electric transmission of 


und in this country! 


© been for somo time 
ie railway nt Portrush, in'/t} 
and recently their experi-j 
t to a successful conclusion 
he firat car into the general 

Taking advantage of tho ocea-! 
+ Siomons and Dr. Eaward Hop- 


niotora, a largo and w 
if OF -iheandescance Tania 
iat each could ho warked 
MeN ol he others, alwa A takin this 
propor amount oF ew: ut for ie ream A 
destined by ath 

ic by Messrs. Sictons Brothora, was then 
shown in operation. [t was coupled up to the lends| 
‘|proceeding from the moter, and a weight of Lowt. boun obtained, thus comploting the connexion wit! 


Tt was thon atarted, thal | 
t being as follows + fand Cushendall. ‘Lurbines aro bein, orectod near | 


Work slave, i 
Renee poms (errere ca 
i 









experimentally hy 
lo in Gormany by: 
nd Co, ‘Tho Intter! 

















cated to the Society; 
of power, 








ort account of the; 
Mr. Ad 
nt the arrangement 
tricity in laid on like 
laced in the lecture 










opkingon, and! 













|Northern Countios Railway, to Bualunills ‘in ‘the 


jcounty road, The line is single and has a-gauge of! 


ee er es ror 


iat the inotor, fa'n machine, ia on irely in-? 
dopondent of the Generator, nud must be designed 
for'tho particular work :it has to do without To- 
ference to the genorator. i 
2. ‘The current depends wholly on the Load on the! 
mintor, e | 
3. Tho speed dopends upon the electromotive! 
fareo of the gonorator, and the total resistance in! 
the cireuit of the machine. If tha maina which: 
supply tho current to tho motor bo maintained ata” ‘ 
onstant potential, aud the motor be soparately 
excited, or have permanent magnets, the speed is 
prapertional to the potential of the inain, less tho 
‘oss of potential duo to tho resistauce of the arma.. 
ture. ~ é ; 
As a practical corollary the generator must ho; 
designed to givo the current required of it by tho! 
motor, and electromotive force” sufticiont, - nfter; 
allowing for fall of potentinI through: the resistance! 
of the mains, to give the requisite Speed, f 
Turning now to the Portrush Electrio Railway, | 
Dr. Edward Hopkinson explained that it oxtends 
from Portrush, the terminus of tho Belfast and: 
















































‘Bush Valley, « distance of aix miles... For half n° 
mile tho line passes down tho princi pal atroct of; 
Portrush and Nas an extension a long the Northorn ‘ 
Counties Railway to tho harbour, For tho reat of the 
journoy the rails aro laid on the scaward side of the 





3 ft., tho gradients being exceedingly heavy in parta, 
Haing to ss much as L to 85, Tt is intended to! 
‘connect tho line with an olectrical railway from Dor-! ~ 








































Curront. 
amperes, 


10) tboct the dvocetbas We HAWY HI é The weight wax then doubled without any {tion, tho power ia derived froma small steam engine ! 
2 tt : ions, and then tho gat the Portrush end, i 


ar | 


Current, 
, 13 ampires, 


Secondly, the former weight was replaced, but a! 
jresistance was inserted in series with the motor, 
when the currrent and the speed wero : y 


Current, 
Sl omperes, 


Currant, | 
WS ainperes, 


| 





Work done, 


9.2 Load VWaAb 
pres, | 2ewt. |Amperes 


Foot-ile, | Speed In | Foot ths, Foot ites, : 
per x pet 
Minut Minute. 











eves Chat 
Three con 
the results which! 
plea of tho theory 
power, 













I 






ithyeo gaps too broad to bo bridged in this way In’ 


ijmutator worked by a lever, which switches resiat-/. 
i{nnco frames in or out, na inne ede i. ‘Tho samo: 
“|wheels, ‘and theneo to tho rails, whieh are wi} 


‘ [by double copper Joops sold the’ 
| [joints in the ally boing stint ly wade, ‘Tho resiat-’ 
C 


vock, for which Parlianientary powers havo alrendy | ‘ ve “e 
hi : rahe 
the narrow gaugo systems fram Ballymena to Larne 


‘a waterfall on the River Bush, where there is: 
abundant water-power, but pending their comple. | 









‘ 
The syatem omployed tay be described aa that! 
of the separate conductor—~n rail of ‘T-iron, weigh: 
ing 191), to the yard, is carviod on wooden pasts, | 
boiled in pitch and placed 10 ft, apart, at a distance 
of 22 in, from the inside rail and'17 in, above the: 
gromnd. A cap of insulito is placed between each; 
post and the conductor, the insulstion varying from 
00 to 1000 ohne per mile according to the weather, + 
Hen tho total leakayo cannot exeved 2.6 am pores, ' 
represonting 1 loss of three-fourths of ia horse: 
power, or under five per cent., when four cara are 
running, Tho current, gonerated by a shunt- ond: 
tynamo machine, driven by an engine of 95 indi: 
Heated horse-powor, is conveyed from the conductor 
ito the carvings by two atect springs, ono at enh 
ond. ‘These double brushes onable the car to bridge’ 
over the mtunerots gaps which necessarily interrupt 
the conductor to allow cart-ways into the fields ant 
commons adjoining the shore, ‘Thera are two or 














































































is 

[thor cases the driver will break the current befory 
jreaching the gap, the momentum of the car carry. 
ing it the 10 or 12 yards it must travel without: 
power, : 
~ From the brushes tho current ia taken to a com-! 












lover altora the position of tho brushes on the con} 


to | {Mitttator of the dynamo uachine, reversing tho! 


direction of rotation, From the dynan the current; 
is conveyed through the uxle-boxes to tho axles and: 






insulated, ‘The conductor is Jnid in longths of about : 
21 ft., connected together by tish-plates, wand also; 
Tovedd to the fron, the’ 


ance of a mile of conductor, including tho return 
by earth and the ground rails, is actual ly 0.23 ohms, 

Tf calculated from the avction of iron it would 1 

6,16 oli, tho ditfurence being accounted for hy the’ 
capper loops and oceasivnal imporfect contacts, Tho 
electromotive fore at which the conductor is main-! 
tained is nbout 22% volts. ho dynamo is Hnced! 




















ove 




















ifs | Italy, America, Scandinavia, and J Tolland, also take their 


sharo, 















































ne ee Se% epson 
iy the tin f $21097318s7g2082% 
tl anufacturo of zine, tho origin o Soak 333 oe 
pee i ea eect i a fqstterisg goles 
elved from the be; i ef E Beeeis 
very ange velit, MR Peter eal 4:33 grelda fafa! 
: mente flow cred tot ite ‘ere by the ick 3 3 g “20 3 et 2 
Uuetion, by the mu ital wht’ it absorbs, it holds ona Bgid od dw bes eto t-e td 
at dhe mcf the capital which C indunteta te ae siaeezegde <Fa? By 
cof the foremost places in the great industri ai fall a] ag eee Sag pea gee 
., ho depreciation in value o! afads B 25 28ei¢ 
t ae trata iat otters rot ya wo year 8 * 3 a eaga 3 3 gs é a8 
hg and tho financial resulta of the aperatio f : Zeed 2aevt gees 
fi . vorking of zine has a brill lant past, ; ES ag 208 boy 
> and ee ie vd that f x It onjoy in Belglumsa H aay i 83 £ 3a4 si} 
cat | long ora of Troaperity, zs 5 s23337 3 satege 
* Make of Raw Zine in Europe since the Year 1860, sctEcetce: dase a: 
; Soe pep 3 
: - BO 84s. if eg“eas 
} | * ad District, 1860, | 180%, | sro 1875, | 1880, | eee & gue aa pats caer H 3 
: Rf 2 —— . | tone. | tons, | ton tons, | ; sty Seas Se 28 
i Dg tly ner ala ‘ia! Sia S214 4828} 05,5 bees fs eos aged 
y “ 43] Mhentsh Provinces : £3 a a 
: 3 x ++] 8,602) 16,617; 18,000) 25,306] 4 F268 Bao Bure § 8 
: y Viele Senta: e093] gofcos! 42,002 ators] 4 Bas Hin! 
ooo ab edsage barge bss 
| turin Bhat eECES ET bare re: 
pe ona es a <3 3. §a2epa5 WES Le Z 
or 23 tte 335 
: Bs. 2 Bag 
fol Austria ¢f 2 genisisaielga 
‘ Total ., by geiggis His 28 
Beek Sine OF "4 
MEME EE 
AN AMERICAN ag eee fa 33 wa * 
Ox of tha saveltl At 2 2 qiadee By 
eld at Chica; ‘Sf or Se: 
Hi the tint conn in tho United States fi vey. ff ¢ Fs ze BS ef i Fe a 
ing bamnene Altl it was ry very 2. $3 2363 2 i fees Eg 
workec E aa 
hurried ys work Ht formed 0 very interesting ge Tide gaessgae 
and attractive 3 BH E SS 83 BF od 
detailed notice, 3. =a. Bae be Ba 738 
ara indebted to 5 $24 F a3 egy 
of Now York. 24 3 2 ivegs ae 
Tho Ki hany of gs go Bae 5 loge Bag 
ana antes eZ ceevivie fides 
PTE Lees co 
“BSS S3seut saad 2 
EPbese bes bso bes 
Sao AasSFagas Bere 
Pieseaeteiene é 
SPySPeS8yiae7s , 
SEs Ser bio? 
oat agH eteea ia abd 
22 oeas “a® as 
ERs ig ue age eas ge 
Be conned Sie 2e 
8 Bit 4 S85 s35 5032892 F 
pec th ok pa gg ge bigs Ba 
Under tha cite mosaiito tes ae tee e rok Pas £3 $i 
Fi hopa for great elticl It in, Soph be ee” Spe 
ith ind y wie Zacks Bead £3 ges gs 
a fale! SEES ES Fy 
PPetshigeetly te 
53 a2" 9555 Feo Z 
‘285808 sefgaees F 
Bese aag tae ge F 
: BETTE rE 33 
i States Mec a? Sie 52828 a 
Which alvo hnd age Sf op Begs gigs 
je y i sraeggs e8 bea REE 
‘8 bee cise $2298 e5 
. BBG ES sEbEas ag 3g 
Ge oes sabes i233 
ROSH OS855 aoa 3 
by 


Her 
ery’ ol 
around ite HH 


pO nearly 
ft, gauge, 
AS COM 
enerntor located 
Orn about 50ft, ‘The 
ele el togethio rand 
er polo of na nhown in the 
» "Shiv aArrangen: Oo Necessity of in. 
tho wheels M600 thy 
cn 4 AO tKed, 
10 radlwas: ld betwee 
‘ark, in which hh rail f 


ie 


ged 
earin 








electrom 
ese 
fe 
tor 
ture 
op 


ad {No.8 Copper wire, A oud 
¥ Trail hy Proper fastenings at 


2 paeehd BF a 

Sag a Sep Z 8 

Pies, EB ies iads 

i Behied dy eg Sag or 
wero Inid y " if "AW i Ee 2 83.8 Po 38 

Arf with No, ob } il wi ‘S $ aq ge B 
TOT No. 8 iron wiro, Tho central rall wi red ww; a og be 





mo! 
a 
th 
¥ 
rar 
“shaft 
by 
Pp 














cores 




























Mie tins ‘ : 


















oth 


re 

















Pe) 





aia 







eee 


ss 











ES 







TES 








“ak 







21070. 

























Ocr, t 9, 1883.] ° 


















necting tho olectricity is attached to the dashboard in 
front, Tho track fs conateucted of planking as shown. 
Tranaverso sleepers aro Ini upon the asphalte walk, 
and upon them rest four longitudinal spare, tho middle 
ones Hsu the sides of the central’ channel, and 
with the two outer spars mipport the top boarding, 
which consista of crv yank ao Iatd’ns to leaven fin 
xpaco aver tho cent: tho mid-channel. ‘The tramrails 
conabst moroly of If in, angle from screwed to the surface 
of Uhe planking, ‘ . 
Tho conductors laid in thia track consist. of copper 
Janda yy by ye 5 licasa disca aro soldered to then at. tne 
tervals, thera discs have muall holes punched in them and 
fonn a ready method of attaching the conducting bana 
to tho bottom wleepers, ‘Tho collecting trolly catalated of 
two brass side frames insulated from each other by a block 
of wood ; in each end of those fittings work guide or carrier 
wheels, and attached to the rides aro cases containing 
slippers or skids free to roo and fall, thin to Inet con: 
: q == i tuet In ease of unevonnons in the track or from vibration. 

i : H j Hach brasa frame has upon one end an upright plate or 
t ——— flat har long enough and thin enough to pase through 

tho slit in 9 tap Hho track. oe the Sruelt in iis 

natanco consinte af we it Was not necessary to insulate 

tio cloctricity thorufury collucted hy- their aerRronu ral 
respective wheels to alippera in ready for connaxion with |} y woudon 48 cor bei 

. the motor on the car by means of insulated copper wires, ‘aris, M, Chretien's plans do 

a a, BS ‘ This trolly in mado to teavel with the car by simply pass. f n of parapets or protection 
‘ n : fig a wooden bar between the two upright plates, the bar i in omission which would pro. 

being helt in fixings attached to the nlite fraines of 3 ably arg a do good if the achema were! 
car. ae a : adopted, ho width of gauga wou o 4 ft, and! 
The entire weight of the car'with dynamo and year te A i 
Wewts, Tho track, an beforv atated, is ona Ataltent the total width of the. structure would not Cx-} 
averaging 1 in 20, cecd 15 ft, 0 comparatively small proportion to 
| Miige ¢ ’ ‘ As regards tho practical reaults obtained tho author the total width of the boulevards, ‘Che viaduct 


a fnco,, 
varigu 









SASS EBaAe: 




















nal atationa, 
0 Madolnine, 


e Carrefour Drouot and at the 
Intermediato stations would -Afy 
e nt intervals of about 400; 


B25ro—s= 





thartre every day, 

For a long while, in vie 
trallic, Frenelt engineers hia 
necessity of creating 
telievo ‘the 







Bocas 







lutea carrying two! 
Tongitudiagt lattice 



























stated that thotgh it fyis much as three men can do ty would bo carried by a Tange of columns 130 ft, to 
Dish the empty car up the ateop Wil, yet tho electricity 160 ft. apart, ant surrounded with re 
wits wo collected anil ied ag to run it up at a moderats to thoae now. existing. 
epeed with six adults in the car—total w ht, nay, 24 owt, width of the street would 
he author pave a description of one, Muntrated by : : ii : ve 

which isn tection of a tramway, AA is the ; with, the structure wo 
surface of the road, Ba transverse slovper pon whieh 
the raily reat, C © the ordinary tram raile, 1) tho 
contrat channel consinting of rolled or castdron girders 
} ad. (4 : of tho form shown, At intervals along the chaunet 
i ” i are bolted brass chairs on vuleanite block, These chatra 























aro made to held galvanised anil fron fu the manner +a 
shawn, and the sate key that ho tis the angle iron ala tae 
j A ms pripa a copper wire: by’ this combination a firm track ia i 


ormed for thy trully, and the electrical resistance ds 
tolnimnised, 






THE SIMON-CARVES COKE OVEN AND 
THE JAMESON COKIN "ROCESS, 
To THR Eptton oy Exaiwernay 
Stty—Tho replies and repuindern of ) 
solf may bo interminable if we deift into. 
pase over in silency matters in which cithe nay by proved 
Wrong. T replied to Mr. Sinon's first fe because in it 
ho Hrntitutel i con d 1 is coking processand 
ming, professedly quotin, ; y 
figures and thos of Mr, Seen 
Now he 
ce aly 
ant not col 











four Drovot and opposite the Cirque d'fiver, 

2, For the Boulevard Haussmann lineat the Carre. 
: ur Drouot aud on the Avenue Friedland, 

Farhan (or posses 3. For the Boulevard Voltaire line, near the 

feoln its tut tied ; lace Voltaire, and almost in the middlo of tho 

wt its but this Parconr. ’ 


very much ina 
as tiuch futere accompanled by an Frieaineat Carrefour Drovot and the Avenue 

«| At the Carrefour Drouot and the Avenue Fried- 
iM © mA Jand the coat of land is too high to be ocotpied by 
delaine tots nower stations, which will. therefore, bo placed ! 
nderground ;. eleowherd these stations will bo’ 
placed on tho ground level, M, Chrotien catinates 
tat tho power necessary will bo 75 horso power per: 
atation, except at tho Carrefour Drouot, whero; 
100 horse power would bo required for working the: 
lino, It would, however, be probably found advis. 
ablo to establish the menns for supplying a much: 
greater nmoun: bution in the 


It bo able to ay eresena | Hocallt: 
storago at Ta : i : 





fa 
Tan 
thuontinary 
4 to tho ux. 
















UL) 
authority in 
nee in that 










evaded. it 
allons, 


nestle ora Bos ya, effected soon, although tho ant Fe 
fo askw if our oy f very, ‘gen frequently mado during tho 
: at lan matter o : jh 
Vii 


oy) 

it miny ie 
care” const celiataly wel 
i praduet. Nhe 

He isan old ov 

My Oxceptional 

TEIVO ny) it fa e: 

pits oF ona not quite wu old, 1 | 

tt : ¥ 













Mr. Simon sponta of, my i y 
‘shilling to ten ohilingn Hier bon of cont mathe prone 





’ A tieuadl, 

















ey, : Pandit 3 ; Tage ph haces” en ueaat 
intervals of ono minute, thero jd Hever be mora] ee : : : : 
than ono train on’ ecction at tho samo time, : : ie Ereotnio TRincak—On October $7 this int 
tine could thus bo divided into sections!. : ., | bers ‘of . the Manchester: Association: of 'Employers: and - 
insulated electrically from each other, A atop of = | Foremon«made: an: inspection of ‘anew. “patent: olectrio ; 
180 aeconds at cach station would bo ample, as iaj . : tramear and ‘line constructed’ by: Mr, Tolroyd: Smith, of : 
proved by experience gained on metropolitan rail} . © | Halifax, and: which has-been put down’ i 
ways in other cities, Under these conditions the an open field in-the 
course from the Madclaine to the Baatillo would be : al 

















Toada, 
Journ 





STATION ©, 
a 


fore 





ed, and the passougers; : : a 
uble, ML, Chretion esti : Rs al [4] z . AP eatin 
maporting a vehicle from: id 2 il ! ee | ; ta . L 2 
the Madelaina to the Bastille would be 15 centimea! i Tt pete wana oy Set reew ores pete Oe ; 
for motive power, maintenance, aut general} ivort wheols in ioaring! ){Tho outer. raila of the tram. + 
expenses, In addition, the coat of two conductors: j May Ato ued for the rotura of the Gurrent of oteatricit “4 
Would bo 25 centimes, bringing the whole exponse! paul tine complete tho circult, ” Thio olectricity for work. 
*jper journey to 4d, Four passengers at 1d, each: ing 8 ODE Geotal: car’ le ‘generated: at «works: some ; 
Payyawould therefore cover the running cost, ‘The! : faa aeraye ane cacy ed along ordinary cables ta the; 
Mitfestimate for tho linc from tho Madelaina to the: would ty erectod at savontont| inte pee orton ith 
RgBastille ia 8,000,000 francs or 320,000/, Interest: tho: tramway. route, "ane auch atatlon: service alee ‘a of ! 
Pup § per cent, on this outlay would be 16,000/, aud ‘ threo: tiles.:."To move ono. oar..would fornine abou 

f'a further sum of 32,000/, bo allowed for working, horwe-powor, and it fs catimatod that the Sout car woutd:{ 
maintenance, and generat exponses, 9 gross revenue jbe about 2d. per mile... The arrangement,'which has been i 
of 48,0007, n year must be raised to mnko the line, (Vory. highly commended:.by. eminent authoritios in. the ; 
profitable. Now if it bo admitted that the 96 encs ‘electrical world, would socom. to ‘open the way for a prac. 
‘jon the Madelaine-Bastillo tine could make three  ticablo application o} loctricity for tramway tratti 
itrips per hour, that the eervice Insted 20 hours a FO mee a a 
_ day, and if these vehicles ran full, there wonld be 


joareicd 26X3x60x20=78,000 passengers daily, 


It is not likely they would alwaya run full, but ( ) . 
fon the other hand, the short-distance parengers — Ahk 4 vA GF) 






aS 










nn 


YW 












& 
ag 





























Would make up the quantity, On this basis nbout! 
(30,000,0000f people woutd be carried annually, and 
(Assuming a fixed price of one penny, tha * total! 
receipts per.annum would be 195,000/, fhis revenue! 2, 
jwould be probably increased by tho transport of, 3 
iparcels, and tdéa limited extent of goods, If such n: E 
ireault be obtained a surplus (supposing the catimate’ ‘ in ' pra. : 
‘ot expenditure were correct) of 77,0001, n year’ ‘Improving upon the’ sctric ‘railway, ‘Dr. Brunner von: 
jWould be obtained, but only'a comparatively sinnll! ‘Wattenwyt has invented:a'-simnilar: railway by: which, he 
\Proportion of it would bo available for dividenda’ Lelleves, letters may “be trinsmitted ‘to ‘great distances, as 
or sinking fund, since the Municipality: would) [they are.tiow sent™:to. short distances in pneumatic tubes, | 
Jundoubtedly Iny claim toa large annual pa ment 3] i Messris’Slemens and Malske, of Berlin, have constructed a/f ~ 






















corse aster d ae 
AN ELECTRIC LETTRR-POST. 


















Se ae 


















































2 3 4 6: ‘ 2 FY ‘9 
} . . ; * ip . 
3. jon the other hand the revenue could bo raised 50 per model of the inventor's apparatus, which was exhibited last ‘fy, oA ae a—_ea 
jeer by charging 14d, instead of ld, for cach! ; week at the lecture: which: Herr: von Wattenwyl delivered f° ' SSPE IRE, MT My areal toot Cored Heaps tart Whagt bast Bane Cat Khapt oR eae ETB, 
: jPaencer. atunmarised -M, Chretion’ Fe ‘before the Scientific. Club ‘of Vienna, Tpalactitee apoaes | f ! we aie eed fetatees Soret cae tay Heaps 
almost without ‘any eominegé SE cae: oe Ali j to place miniature lings of railway hear or under, the preat ! Fig. 13, 3, fa Bis etigt fata 
criticisa it closely more detailed information than ix! . 1 Tallway lines, and to put these Into: commupication with | f } flattoem " 
Plavailable would te necessary, but it ia evident that! small electric ‘locomotives, : to which: would ;be' attached | : 
















tho catimates of cost for working must be based on! | small waggons to take up? lette 
very slender and insufficient data, and may easily be, } run with more than railway,.s vand> would have the 
Hsyexcecded twofold or threefold, M. Chretien’s pro-! | advantage of beligg indopendent; trains,: and ‘capable: of 
Pporition must be considered, we iinagine, as wholly; i being used at any tine.zzThe electric étter-post: exhibited 

N, jtentative, tho first atep towards n new application. { duting the delivery7Qf-tHe' lecture was" miatle: ta: proceed 
; feast selence, Sie will doubtlces be’ along the rails at any ‘speed: required.’ ‘The lecturer, after} 
Iie has ex Rita ts project tok nok ot auccots, referring (o the doctrine"of the correlation of forces : and tis 

at tho Exhibition and by his ining tilet in aueley | Connection with his invention, pointed out that ane of the 
way ag to bo easily understood hy ne uublic, whose’ | chicf advantages of the new powek was that it was worked 
pinion, if it be favourable, will renlily mako itself, from the rallwa stations, and wes ak Sutried along fhe litie 

7 heard. ‘That it will bo favourable we think y locomotives, It- remains to seen whether the inven. 
fin little doubt, and wo may look ‘0 hea ale t) : tion is of such a Hatire'as to enable it being put into practledl 
i {experimental railway in Paris worked by ele i operation,” = Ra ann a eke tt 


eTherletter-post would } 



















































KIN B and for checking tho work done by signalmen and points. | and bont into tho shape of a horscahos, attracts tu ite 

on G RATWAY SIGNALS is mon, Though much has boon necamplishod in this dircs. | poles o plain armature; and by somo natural law, a8 yot 

. % 5 Hon both in this country and cleawhoro, thoro has hitherto | unsolved, the working pull of such o magnot practically 

On the Application of Electro-Magnets to the Working of | tyoon ulwaya ono initial want 5 namely, an oloctro-nagnet, | coasos, atalrendy atated’ when a distance of on din. be- 

Railway Signals and Points,’ which, with » low average curront ands small electro. tween the magnet and tho armature is exceodod. In the 

By Mr. Innivs A, Trsisua, of London, Dative force, shall givo m Poworlul, ong, and ya elnctro-maguot of tubular form, thenes called . clonal 
. Isnced attractive pola. rango of pull of on! in, | & hollow core or tubular In of brass is wrapp ut 

Ture cbloct of tho provent Hs la Metra which has hithorto ‘teen tho practical limit with Ciastre! with wiro or tapo and a contral rod of soft {ron, sliding 

Y Mtl tts pull ins mmannor suitable for convenient a insgnots, is _ovidontly not long cnough to ba of uso for lengthwaya Inside it, forma tho armature, which is drawn, 

tite a tot tho mochanical working of railway signats | hoavy mochanical work, such o9 pulling algnal arms ovor | or auckod longituditially into the cora by tho attraction of 

Hf a ints, Its main features aro its great powor, which | oF throwing machinery In and ont of goar; and although | the bobbin coll, until it reachos n contral position in rola- 

i Lis tod through a long range, and fs undor perfect | tho rango can bo increased by multiplying goar up to 2in, | tion to tho magnetic fiold; in this position the attraction 

a trol 3 and ita seonomy, th in oxorting tha initial pull | or in., yet tho increasod current then required formaking | is symmetrical in all direetiony, ‘and is thorefore nou. 

wht ah effecta the mechanical Movomont roquired, and | tho attraction powerful Snough attho initial 4 in, distanco, | tralised, : Although & considcrablo length of attractive 

a " ‘in taining tho moving parts aftor tho desired mova. | is 80 onormous that two dittcultion Presont thomeclvas | pull can bo got w: th such o inagnet, the current of eloc- 

if ont i He beon Rroctott which oro alinost insuperable; firstly, the expense ; and, ticity uired to give iy strong initial pull fs so exces 

mrt rapid wel of railway syatoms and thoir conse. | socondly, tha destructive violanco of tho final impact, in | aivo that its cost {a prohibitory ; moreover, it is clear that 

ig Ra oat havo rondorod uryont the application of | Consequenco of the attraction Increasing invorsoly ns tho | tho holding powor falls to zoro when the armature 

dleetricity Tor tho working of railway signals and points, | #taro of the distance of tho armature from the magnet, | reaches {ts contral position longitudinally, In order to 





hosiv z hat is called'n “ retaining” 
and for part of the stroke Hvoracly’ na tho cubo, obtain adhesive por ar or wi ns pis called eimenena ig 
Follow bobbin, and is capped at 


+ Paper rend boforo the Institution of Mechanical En. In tho ordinary form of the alectro-magnot, s coro or pull, th internal 
ideo et fen eae the meoting, i bar of soft iron, wrapped round with neoll of wire or tape, than tho length of tho 





Neen, 





( 
i 
{ 
a 















/ A New Eneornio-Unastean—T 
; Company. have fitted a, tram: 
jbattorica and oloctrio motor, ‘uoder. the direc! 
“\Reockenzaun ; and thia' car has no 
jmentally for some weeks at thelr, 
“car fg an’ old one procured from one o 
Taos, and it has beon drawn by hornos 
‘nad’ Woatminater for” man 

i vohicle woighs 24 tons, and it 
‘The aecumulators a: 





AN. ELECTRIC TRAM-OAR, 


Exventesta have been carrled out for a few montl 
ratemntic way with a view of determinin, J 
junction with electro mutors, for 
card in crowded citiva,. Mr, A, 
has designed, and the Electrical Pawer Stora, 
; Apparatus which promises a very 
and for moro than two months 
line put down for experimental 
the Storage Company nt Millwall, ‘The 
—is 400ft, tong, formin 
so that about half way 
From ono end, as 





perl 
at Millwall, The 
f tho. metropolitan 
y horece between Grocawich 
years, Tho body of” this 
accommodates forty-aix-pna: 
re of a apecial type mn : 
go Company, from tho designs of Mr, : 
Placed undor the seats on long trays; which 
for thoie speedy romoval, 


of secondary batteries, in conj 
the propulsion of train: 





car fas been running on a 





tured .by. the Stora, 





iB oright angle of ff: 
& curve of 35ft, mdius fA 
far ns tho commencement 
lovel; but with this curve " 
hich risea gradually untit it [3¢ 
early at.tho end of the up {' 
for the hit on 
The car itself ia an ot 
potitan -Tramwaya, and it 
drawn by horses on the 
body of tha vehicle weighs 















‘they are out of 
{uternally and joxternally, has, 
Tho. motor au 
tonte—aro placed underneath the cur, and 
Space that to‘an ordinary obecrvor thoy 
>The apcod may be varied froin three mites 
per hour,:: Tho’acoumulators 
tho motor, gearing, and accesbories about 
| the total wolght of motive pow: 
; With its full complement of 
: tona; whilat tho batteries, | 
, of furnishing at an: 
, horsoa if roquired, 
pared with ateam an 
elght to ten tons, to d 
' Tha Nno—¢ feet 84 inc! 
right angte of nearly 
j curve of 35 fect radiua has to bo 
us far as tho comme 
ably tovel ; but wit! 
1 indO, which risos 
' Lin 17 nearly at th 
possible to mako a rush for tho hill 
curve intervening. 
cent, depreciation on 


“.. ) run on rotlers 


tina to be passed. i wight, and tho 


of the curve, the road fe tolerably 
commences an incline of 1 in 40, w 
reaches the maxinum of 1 in 17 0 
journey; thus it ix impossible to 1 
Account of the sharp curve jutervening, 
‘one procured from one of the Metro 
haa done many years’ service whilat 
Greenwich-Weatminster ne, Th 
24 tone, and it accommodates fort 

latora furnishing the electric ene 
tured by the Stormgo Com 
Stowed under the seats on 
apecdy removal, they 
nally and externally has the ordi 
and gearing—Reckenzaun's patente: 
#0 little space that 
Tho speed may be varied fro 








{ Reckenzaun's 
{ Occupy so Hitt! 












cr to I% ton fora car which, 
Passongors, weighs itself fh 
motor, and gearing aro capable 
y desired moment a power of sixteen 
This weight of motive power ia com- 
pressed air locomotives wolghing 
lo the same amount of useful work. 
h gauge—is 400 feet Jong, 
so that about half way o 
pasted. From ono end, 
ncament of the curve, the road ia toler. 
h this curve commouces an incline of 1 
radually until it reaches a maximum of 
Journey ; thus it is im- 
on account of the sharp 
including 15 per 
bor cent, on accu 
to, or about one. | 
The car on the lino 
no charge, starting, 
ery alxty seconds ; and the ac- 
, Almost as quick!) 
es, by meana of a trolly, whic! 
‘ay of colls, runnin 
accumulators, or thirty on each 
buted upon‘two small 
on’ tho part of tramway ° 
for‘ horse-car traflic, aud 
eed by putting the bogics 
car, and fitting tho spaco , 
loniof. tho accumulators, . 
candle power. Swan lamps, 
icle enablo the passengers to, 
tor or driver by the ringing: 





rey are of axpecial type manufac: 
ny, to the desiyna of Mr Reckenmae Q 
long traya, which run on rollerafor their 
ight, and the whole car inter- 








i—are placed underneath the 
inary observer they 
m three miles to ten 































accuinulators have been 
4 in London, Paris, and 
little success, and eminent 
umnulator syste of motive 


Electric tram-eara proj 
male and tried or 
Brussels, but hitherto with 

men have pronounced the ace 
power ns impracticable, 
vas tliat batteries were much too heav' 
er Storage Company 

ight without sacrificing 
Tho accumulatom in the ca 
. | Motor, gearing, anid accessor} 
ht of motive power 
lement of passen, 


 eaveral occarion: 


Tho running coat, 
machluery, and 50 
ia stated to be 3:5d, per car m 
| half tho coat of horaing on tram lino, 
j at Millwall runs for two houra with o 
‘atonping, and roveraing ov 
cumulatora can be roplac 
‘as changing a palr of hors 
brings and removes the tr: 
Thoro aro alxty of those 
ielde, The toad ia diatri 
‘that no objection may b 
companles usin; 


Ono of the main seasons nawigned 






has, wo are told 
cither efficiency or «durability, 
r under notice weigh 
jes weigh about 4 ton, 

to 1} ton for a car wi 
gers, weighs iteelf §3 to 

pable of furnishing at any 
horses if required, Com- 





8 light rails lald 


© motor undor tho 
ta for tho recontt 
htod’ by four 20. 
ea inside tho vohi 
communicate with the conduc! 
of clectelo bells, 


The car is lig 





the steam engine and the tram-rails, 














































































































































Iy tho earlier’ electric railroads the general plan was to uso 
} he raile na conductors, and while, theoretically, this. was the 
beat and cheapest way, in practice it was found to possess many 
ilisadvantages-—perfect insulation was dificult, and guod contact 
between tho rails and wheels was not alwaya to ‘be obtained 
beenutsa af mud, ice, &ce, In addition, there was danger that 
animnts might come in contact with the rail. No matter how 
powerful the current used, tho tractive force was limited to the 
Weight of tho car, and, of courre, nny-attemmpt to carry extra 
weight to overcome a grade would reault ‘in additional expendi- 
|ture of power on a level, ne 
In tho nyatem of Mr. John 0, Henderson, civil engineer of 
this city, in caso of danger ono movement of a lover hatantly 
» throws the whole tractive forco in the opposite direction with 
\the full power that ia being weed nt tho tno, irrespective of tho |* 
| motor car, Tho car can be reversed and run back, as when 
overrunning a awitch, and in caso of a largo conflagration in tho 
elty tho road can be kept {i operation y simply introducing 
two or three crosaovera. in tho length of the line, ‘The conduit 
can be conatructed of iron, concrete, or timber, according to the 
Iycality, and having no movable cable running through it the 
extra apace can bo used by electric light ant other wires, ‘This 
system is very sitoplo in construction, as will bo acon from the 
ongravings, A fixed bar or bars are supported according to 
requiremonta ino conduit beneath tho track, in tho samo 
manner as in the cable aystem, and aro insulated by chairs or 
ishocs nt tho supporta, The grip takes hold by rollers under tho 
bar; the grip shaft posses up through tho bottom of the cat, | 
and ‘upon ies Upper end scrows a hand-wheol. - By turning this 















































































"wheel in’a direction to raiee tho grip, all the tractive powor 














WhO that no ubjed 
panies using light 





lrequired can be obtained, ‘Tho grip also convops the current to 
jthe motor, and back from nnd to tho bars, 04 tho caso may be | 
jor the locality require, since In some inatances it may be advan+ 
itageous ta use only ono bar, the return being obtained through 
‘both rails and the iron conduit, By means of lover tho electric 





ng stock can be 
carry the motor : 
tho seats for the 
Miantly Hghted hy | 
pushes inside the 
conductor and driver 



















motor can be alifted 20: that « pulley upon the: nrmaturo ebatt 
having a V-shaped face will be in: contact with similar pulloys 
driving the axlo ; by this means the direction in which tho car 
is moving con bo changed without futerfering with the current. 
Tho syatem is'dua'to Mr. J, 0, Ifonderson, 2, Liberty-streot, 
Now York Cit , 

















Pheer zy hee 


Tho Now Electric Rail 
At a meeting of tho Amoric 
{Railroad Company, held at the re: 
| Cyrus AW. Fiold, on 


Monilay ovening, it was 
{decided to issuo anit 


invitation to all reputable ; 
to tho subject of { 
mn, to assign tho | 
ir sovoral patents | 
poses to the new | 





olectric railroad propulsio 
oxclusive rights undor the! 
for olectric railroad pur, 
company, and to recolve from the Board of 
Arbitration appointed for 
proportionate share of tho 
to the valuo of such patents 
not avail themselves of. this o 
cember 31 aro to be oxeluded f + 
vantagoa of this arrangement. Tho Board * 
of Arbitration consists of Prof. 
of Glasgow University ; George : 
» presidont of the Ponnsylvania ! 
nines H. Rutter, president of the : 
Contral and Hudson Rivor Rail- ; 
:foad; Robert Harris, president of tho: 
Northern Pacific, and Prof. Charlos’ R, | 
!Cross, of tho Massachusotts Institue of Toch- j 
jnology. All applications aro to be filed with ! 
(Edward N. Dickerson, Jr., in Templo Court, : ; 















tho purpose thoir | 
stock, according 





































ie Beer ttasiaaaidetetr eee 


Rte ee rs bos res piers 





[Caleulaied Coif sQr Ope 
{ © by Electrio Moldy 











i Proposal to Operato the Elevated Rait- 
4 _ Toads by Electricity. 


1 
























THE ELECTRICAL BRA. =: 3 




























































company fs to get not only 
Dut algo to utilize the best 
different motors. 

















idone. 










per horse-power per hour. 
fs a fatal error, 






roads of New York ts 











motives, and the additions 









the loss of 


the =——— 
: The snnouncemont mado. 
Field at the sharcholtders' meeting of the 
New York Elevated Rallroads, that ho be- 
lieved electric motors could be used more 
. jceonomically than steam locomotives on the 
jelevated rallronts, has infused new Ife and 
activity Into all tho -compantes controlling | 
electric motor patents, As the representa. 
tives of cach patent clectric motor claim that 
thefr particular machino Is a little better than 
iany otter for applying power on’ rallroads, 
there waa imminent danger that: the ehergy 
needed to convince railroad managers. that 
electric train operating was practical might. 
be expended in a conflict of clakns. for 
superiority, ‘This waste of mornt power haa‘ 
been avolded by an agreement mado by five 
o€ the leading electric motor companies, to 
form a single company for sho purpose of 
‘Jcombining the usefulness of ihe ‘various 
motors. Representatives of the different 
companics met recently in New York, and 
arranged the prelininaries of the new com. 
pany. It was resolved that the new company 
should have a capital stock of 1,000,000, 
one-half to be paid In cash and the other half 
to be apportioned among the owners of the 
five different motors, according to thelr ascer- 
tatned relative values. The representatlves 
of these motors agreed to submit the question 
of relative valucs to a commission to be com. 
‘. posed of the following gentlemen: Prof, Bir{t 
William Thomson, of Glasgow; George B. 
i Roberts, president of the Pennaylyanta Rail. 
:toad; James II. Rutter, prealdent of the New 
:York Central; Robert Ilarris, president of. 
ithe Northern Pacific Railrond;: and Charles 
iM, Cross, Professor of Physics tn the Masen- 
chusetts Inatitute of Technology, at Boston.’, : 
{This commission will be naked to Investigate 
Hue merits of ench of the five motors named, 
fd grade them according to thelr practical 
Worth, The avowed intention of the new. 
the Lest motor, 
features of the 


{ Most of the motors represented in this now 
combination have been experimented with 
far enough to show that railroad trains can 
jhe moved by them if power enough be ap. 
: lied, but the patentees have been careful to 
Prevent the public from learning just. at 
what expenditure of power the work can be 


Cyrus W."} 

















































































{ 












+ The claim for superior econom: 

y Over pres. 
ent methods is baged on the calculations that 
ygood stationary engines, which can be used 
‘{to generate electricity, will burn 
‘{portion of the coal used by locomott 
: veg, anid 
{[that the motor will be so much lighter than 
.4% steam locomotive that Sreat aaving will 
: be effected In the reduced dead welght. 
Most of the calenlations asaume that locomo. 
"| fives consume ten pounds of coal or more 
foe eat We bellove this 
: é ‘e Lave good renso 
saying that the work on the dumied wit] 


done with half th 
conl consumption, ‘The welght of the i 


1 coal the 
Over a good stationary engine, will pid 
‘ f transmission of 
M. Deprez, an accomplished. 
‘Vocate of eleatri 
pliances, has demonetrated with pation 
Clectricity in traiiamiasion,. lio 
found that 0 current of eledtriclty equivaton 


i emall pro. 


Cyrus W. Field a vice-president of tho}! 
att nae naapenrnantinynenemtintaianmanee: | 
Elevated Railroad Company, of New York, |” 


and-be Is generally, regarded as: tho right. 
hand man of Jay Gould in al] the industrious 
Operations necded to’ keep up the reputation 


of the stock of tha elevated railroads. Cyrus |’ 
W. Field does not include the profession ‘of }- 


mechanical or electrical engineering Among 


his personal accomplishments, although he 3 


is reputed to have considerable experience in 


the engineering of stocka; but at a recent}; 
meeting of the company, of which ho is vico.| 
prealdont, he undertook to give the world aj ° 
Hectura on the most economical motive] | 
: ipower for operating ‘clevated rallroads, 
a | Mr. Fichd intimated that he bas the authority 
‘ jof Bir William Thomeon’ for saying thot 
3 inothing could be better fitted for the appli. 


cation of electricity as 9 motive power than 
on fron track ralsed in the alr. ‘The use of 
electricity In place of steam would, It 1s cati- 
‘mated, says Mr. Field, effect @ very great | 
[reduction in the expense of operating our 
jroada; while the removal of ‘the heavy: cin. 


jgines, making tho passnge of the trata | 


almost noiscless, would bring this system{of 
rapid transit as nenr perfectlori ag wo aro 
likely to attain in our day. . 

Although Mr. Fleld ia no engincer, he 
knowa as well na any man in this country 
that no meang of transmitting motive power 
through electricity has yet been so far ner. 

fected as to compato. 


\ 
\ => economically with lodg. 
¢ motives even on alo. 

\ vated railroads, Tyo | « 

4 & assertion that tratlag |; 
\ = could be run nolsclegy’ 


ly, wero the heavy lod, , 
\ See motive taken shes 4 
' \ 2. a deliberate deceptiog, . . 
\ and the wholo of 3 . 
Field's talk about. te. 
ducing operating) dy." 
pensca by the means i, 
dicated has apparent) 
n _ nothing more behin 
\ than a disreputable ‘ 
tempt to bull tho st 
sof the rond. 


Kc, 



























































































Rg aces 
















































ma 
lial 





ssion, to-and from U 
. Ta-conal ring tho whole 











nd back with o loss of 29 per. 
id, not’ represent tho losa"duo to 


100 five horse-power could/bo’ sent Talles! 









‘have beon charging fifty cetits for every ten words 
‘ging i y 


‘to give cheaper rates between the Mississippi and 





_,- Telegraph Tolls again: Reduced. 
A reduction of rates was on; Monday announc- 


.ed at tho Philadelphia office.of the Baltimore and 


Ohio Telegraph Company, The reduction in this 
instance yd only. between this city and St. 
Louis and Chicago. -Heretofore both the Balti- 
more and Ohio and Western Union Companies 


transmitted from Philadelphia ‘to either of the 
other two cities named. The Baltimore and Ohio 
altered this rate to forty cents, Manager Jones, 
when asked for this reduction, said; “It was 
made in pursuance of the policy of the company 


the East, The reduction is not by any means 
temporary.. It is permanent. and others will fol- 
low shortly between this city and points that I 
am not at Tiberty to name at present.” 

“What. effect will this reduction have on the 
Western Union !" 

“Well, as a telegraph man, I should say that 
the effect would bo considerable. We can furnish 
better and cheaper service between here and Chi- 
cago than tho Western Union. In cheapening 
rates we found that a reasonable profit could be 
made at forty cents for 10 words to Chicago or 
St. Louis, and we fecl sure that the public will 
patronize the best and chenpest method.” 

“Tho Baltimore and Ohio system dors not ex- 
tend hoyond the Mississippi at present, does it ?" 

“No, but it will ina short time. It is expect- 
ed to reach tho Pacificconst before a great while, 
and in two monthy the system, by means of icases 
and tho construction of new wires, will extend to 
New Orleans, Houston and Galveston.” 


An Elevated Electrical Railway again. 


Writing of the proposed Arcade railway on 
Broadway, New York, The Leetrical Review of 





that city’ makes some statements which will bo of 
value. to the gentlemen who are atelving. against 
the street railroad cerporations to give Philadel- 
phia a cheap and rapid "system of transit. ‘The 
aro especially important to Mr. Boker and his 
qasocinte capitalists in connection with an article 
in the last number of this journal advocating an 
electrical elevated railway in Philadelphia as for 
more economical than an ordinary steam railway 
and entirely free from the objections 20 often and 
so strongly raised against the Intter. Referring 
to the Arcade railway the Review says: 

Bofore deciding upon which of the two general 
systems for propelling cars by electricity is the 
most desirable, the projectors should carefully 
examine ‘each. In one of these syatoms storage 
batteries aro carried by the car, and actuate a 
motor connected imeclinnically to the driving 
wheels. In tho other the necessary electrica! 
energy is transmitted to the motor by tho rails 
of the track, or by an auxiliary conductor, Each 
system, it must bo said, ling its virtues and dis- 
advantages. . In the former mothod tho principal 
disndvantages are thé great weight of tho storayo 
batteries, and the fact that they return only a 
frantion of the power stored in them. In tho 
latter syatom, tho principal disadvantage arises 
from the fact of the unavoidable loss in transmit- 
ting the energy along tho rails, both by leakago 
aud by heating thora, Tho results already se- 
‘eured with electric railways, however, aro such 
‘as to lead to the hope of their ultimate adoption 
in practice, The ‘fact that. steam railway loco- 
motives are far from economical, and that an 
olectric motor makes no smoke and little noise, 
-and. that it weighs much leas, and therefore ro- 
quires less power for its propulsion and cxorts less 
wear and tear upon tho rails, furnish tho princi- 
pal arguments’in favor of olectric railways, and 
to these must be added the additional arguments 
that sinco electric motors can be made very small, 
simplo and light, one can eporate ench car go that 
any numbor of cara can bo'run independently, 

these cars aro, too, solight that they may be 
started and stopped with great readiness, and 


this reduces beth tho danger of, collision and tho , 


disastrous. effects of: collision should’ one. oconr, 
The impact of two of theso light cars: would, na- 


_ turally onough, occeagion less disorder.and injury 


than the “meating. of two’ poworful: trains: filled 
with combuatible. material and carrying a furnace. 
So far as underground travol..is concerned, 
clectricity may.bo used where the steam locomo- 


_. tive could ‘not ibe ndmitend, . This has bean prov- 


ed in the mines of Lankerode, where an-elec-. 
tric railway is in operation. 

In the form of electrio railway, which is favor- 
ably considered’ by so good an authority asthe 
Siemens Brothers, and of which they hava con- 
structed soveral, all of which are now running, 


ee 


The Police Alarm. System 
The work of establishing the Police Patrol sys- 


tem in the 5th ward, which comprises, the 3d 
Police district, the contract for which was awarded 

Dyes Bayar King to the Gamewell Police and 
rir 


e-Alarm Tolegraph Company in February 


the current is transmitted from the dynamo alon last, is almost completed, and will be tested by 
x 


the roof of the tunnel through an inverted T-rail, 


Superintendent Walker ag goonas the signal boxes 


upon which slides contact-carringes connected to | are placed in osition, which willbe this week, 


tho motor on the car by a flexible conductor. 


The eignal boxes, one of which will be placed 


The return curre ing is | ; 
ba nt coming. from the dynamo is | in each house, so 0s not to be exposed to tho 


taken to a‘similar inverted T-iron parallel to the 


weather, hava arrived from Chicago, and, in many 


first which acts as the return conductor, The ‘miler 1 

reason for using separate conductors for both wae Se teak lors ae nthe ae 

direct and return current is that tho track is of | gach apparatus, one to sola the signal house 
. * . ’ 

necessity so roughly mado that its electrical con- | ong to open thesignal box, which will be in possea- 


ductivity is small and its insulation poor. The 
motor, « Siemens machine, is placed lengthwise 
upon the car, and through suitable gearing turns 
the driving wheels which propel it. 

Ono, if not the princi Hf reagon why this des- 
cription of motor has been devised is that the 
powerful currents required to move the cars may 
be placed out of reach of the public. But in an 
arcado railway, like that proposed, 20 expensive 
a system ‘auld not be required, Tho third rail 
system, there is renson to believe, will be found 
tho moateconomical, ‘Ihe third rail or conductor 
used in this system lies in'a large trough running 
between tho rails, and over tho trough is Inid a 
cover along which runs a slit, : 

On the conductor rests a contact-carringo, kept 
in good olectrical connection with it by both 
rollers and brushes. A strong metal plate at- 
tached to the contact carringe extends up through 
the slit; to this plate the car is connected and by 
it the current passes totho motor. After leveling 
the motor, the current passes to the uninsulated 
rails and thence back to the machine. 





Electric lights are now in use on most ocean 
passenger steamships. ; 


Sr. Lous is to havo an electrit light on top of 
the flag staff on tho Court house dome, which will 
bo visible for twenty miles. 





‘Trnertones for the uso of divers have been 
ordered to bo placed on all Briish Ships carrying 
such men. 

Tire telephone war has broken out at Cincin- 
nati, whore the Bell and the Overland Companics 
are fighting one another in the newspapers. It 


sion of the policeman patrolling the beat in which 
the signal is located, and the third, which will be 
in the hands of cither the Linetenant or Sergeant, 
to release the first key from the lock attached to 
the door of the signal house. The object of the 
latter is to know who gives the alarm and detect 
any tampering with the box in the patrol line, It 
is the intention of the Mayor to place keys in tho 
possession of reputable citizens who reside in tho 
immediate vicinity of a signal house. 

The manner of operating the sane box is ver 
simple. On the interior of the box is a small 
sized signal transmitter, upon the faco of which 
isa small hand, which enables the operator to 
give five distinct signals: ona each for patrol 
wagon; that thieves are about; that a riot is in 
progress; to test the patrol lino; and to give alarm 
of fire. ‘The indicator when not in use always 
stands at one particular point, the polico report 
signal, but can easily be set by tho operator to 
any one of the five points referred to. To illus- 
trate the operation: An officer will first open the 
signal-house door, and, while in the actof opening 
the signal box with one hand will pull down a 
siuaill terse with the other, which will almost in- 
stantly regulate, by a chamical process, the num- 
ber of the signal in the station honse. 

The officer will then take off the telephone 
hand-piece, place it to his car, and will commu- 
nicate through the transmitter, tho samo as thoso 
attached to all telephones, to tho operator in the 
police-station house, If ho has a prisoner, he will 
detain him until another officer comes to his assis- | 
tance, or in ense of an accident or riot. he will 
remain until thearrival of the patrol wagon, Tho 
Mayor propozes, in order to keep the men on the 
strect at night, tocompel them to communicate 
with the polico station at certain hours from each 
house located on their bents. 





is fun for tho public, and profitable for tho news- 





papers, who charge so much per line for the war 
of words on paper. — 


Prof. Tait, of Edinburgh, insists that when peo- 
ple think they seo n lightning flash go upward or 
downward thoy must be mistaken, ‘The duration 
of a lightning ‘flash is less than the millionth part 
of asecond, and tho eye cannot possibly follow 
movomenta of such extraordinary rapidity. Tho 
origin of the miatake seems, ho says, to bo ‘ ts 
jective one, viz: that tho central parts 0 Te 
retina are more sensitive, by practico, ee 
rest, and, therefore, that the portion of the flash 
which is seon directly affects tho brain foonty 
than the rest, Hence a spectator looking toward 
cither ond of tho flash very naturally fancies tha’ 
ond to bo its starting point. 


Dunina tho present wool the National Hepue- 


lican’ Convention hag been in seasion at 
and the wirea from that city have been erty 
with an immense correspondence oa Mies 
ress. In this city Zhe Press and he. Lae 
vo of courao taken the lead in eit 
patches.” ‘The former papor especially sat ng 
nsplendid record for enterprise, it having oe ; 
fourteen long: columns of ‘special dispate 4 a 
several daya, It has three correspondents a 





The Bennott-Mackay Cable. 


"The Pall Mall Gazette of London, gives tho 
following information rogarding the construction 
of this cablo: 4 4 

Tho “copper centre of the deep-sea part of the 
cablo is formed of 13 wires—12 wires of small 
sizo coiled around ono wiro 1-10 of an inch in 
thickness. Tho conductor thus created is 2-10 of 
an inch in diameter, This work of binding tho 
coppor_ wires together is performed by a small 

“atranding machine,” which grasps the principal 
wire as it is driven through an orilico, and fastens 
the 12 minor wires around it. All the interstices 
nro aftorward filled up. with a solution of -gutta- 
percha, Thero are ten of these stranding ma- 
chines at work upon this cable, and theso can 
togother turn out 60 miles of copper centre in a 

day of 24 hours, Breakages of wire aro rare, 

Tho copper used, of course, is of tho best quality. 
It comes principally from Lake Superior. Messrs. 
Siomens generally buy the coppor in: wire form. 

Thoy are now using it at the rate of 20 tons por 

‘ioel, There is. more weight of copper in the 

eablo now being manufactured than in-any othor 

cablo previously turned out, : 





“The Central and South American Telegraph 





Chicago, three operntora in the Convontion hail, 
; ites wires running into its home oflico, anl ttieee 
operators ‘in constant sorvice there. An Lt “tho 
amount of “matter” is being handled a 0 the 
antive satiafaction of the newspaper and t " ths 
bora of tho sta which handle it, Credit for tie 
organization of this splondid news servicg 8 duo 
to Mr. William Jones formerly of tho Western 
Union, but now {tho manager of the Baltimore & 
Ohio in this city. : ; 


uv 


Company has re-elected tho old board and ap- 

“plied $260,382 of tho carnings to the liquidation 
of the construction account. “It is estimated that 
on the 1st of August the company will have: paid 
off $301,000 of debt with its not-carnings, leaving 
9934 shares of stock in its treasury and no debt 
whatever, ‘Ihe earnings from January 1 to June 
1, 1883, were $66,176 : same period 1884, $140.- 
666: increase over 1883, $83,386; operating. 
oxpenses anme poriod 1884, $48,000, : 











1B Or 
uotion 


Hwould be impossible for any 
0p yceed toa section‘already oc- 
, by-phother: train, and collision 
would: YoIdiposaibte.”: : 


sh 


ia 


Prraczy P/gs-l 


foal Intereats aro coming 10 n“head. | 
The: Inventors, have proceeded. far enough to 
put their discoveries into the realm of:property, 
‘and there some Intoresting contests are’ in 
Progress or proposed, ASl over. the world peo- 
plo: aro looking to see how tho trin} of 
the Daft and. Edison systems..of running 
trains on the Now York elovated railways will 
‘result, ad when It is demonstrated that wo can 
operate railroads by lightning, the will no 
donbt'be a legal batilo fought as to pater right 
(i, invol ‘But petiding that contest, Thomas A. 
f Edison has opened another one of uatlonal 
interest. ‘The Edlson cloctric light company havo 
Degun sults in, the United States clreuit court 


what they are hired for. Th gre: legal Aight that 

was Snevitable in this business has: begun, and 

Edison has fortiticd himself by entistiug great 
+ capitalists on'tho alde of his clatns, 





Mr: 


‘patenbens with 


iy and: m he is fotroduclo, 
nee thes Talimayy of whlch, hint 


oo a# Te ial of the Henry eleciria wioTor} 
Sal Ktnnans City, Mo., loa} week, resulted a 

favorably that the presiden{ of the company 
expecta to have a pusmber of cars ranging of | 
the aireet rallway In a very aliort time, At 

‘this trial, after running the street car on the 
hain track n gmall car, 21x10 inches and 
{furnished with sixicen clip) wheels, wag 
‘placed upon the horizontal wires that wer¢ 
‘stretched overhend on twenty. posts, cach 
ipost being 136 fect apart, ‘The small car, ot 
chi tr, was conncefed with the street car by 
jtwo vires which conveyed the current from. 
hye’ vines ‘overticnd, which ure connected 
yf the generator, to the motor, » Every: 
‘thing being in readinees, Mr, Henry gave a 
‘signal, and a ten horse-powersengine, whieh 
- stood at the end of the shed! was put in 
‘motion, and the generat Fe minenced te 
work. Mr, Henry turnedig small erank, f0 
the front of the car, and Ally car moved 


hy 
forward at the mte of aboudften miles an 
hour, At the terminus Qf the horizontul 
wires, where by again tuthing alever, the 
car was reversed with scarcely‘n perceptible 
stop. Lverything worked like clock work 
and Mr. Henry was mitch pleased with the 
result of the text, ‘The distance traveled 
was about half aiile, and the grude is fully? 
6 per cent ; sth the car traveled up it Just 
ns rapidly as itdid on dhe return trip. The: 
slippery condition of the raiis did"not affect, 
the gpeed.of tha,cdr it ‘any way. Only ten, 
pounds of steam were cvquired to attain "| 
speed of-ten miles an hour. _ 


Ox! 
NR 
m 


father; 
DBidwoll,'ss: the }dnvoutor "and 
if 
‘3 


ir vials, ft ta for the, 


atrating the pra’) Fotber conveniences of ’1! 
prithay er.of dls. distributing power, and, 
" 


a 


P eee 








¢ Int varion: parts of the workd shor’ electric raliways have heen } 
established tn large elties to take the place af the ‘street car lines, 


Dut thus far they have proved very éxpenslve save on very short 


lines; for one reason, becanae n current of high tenston could not 


safely bo ran along the track or over the talls, belug dangerous alike | 


to men and auinals, Many atlempts have been mails to prevent 
this, but we do not remember to have secon stich an Iugentons means 


of obviating the diflivulty, as that Presented in a contrivance for |. 
whieh Me. Thomas G. Clarke of Seabright N. J. recelveit a patont 


last week... In Uils aysten which has uel the appearance ‘ot a 
condult fur a cable road, and indeed it may be used as well for 9 
| runuing cuble'as for an electrical mata, the conductor seenrely 


, 
| Insulated (It might rest on rubber wheels), Hes submerged ina pear 


Shaper tube with the stem end tonching the surface, No tuman 
: Unlug could reach it if itarled, for this opentig fy only large enough 


to tecelve tha contaet bar from the motor. ‘This contiel bar carries |. 


the current from the submerged conduetor.up into the ear where 


“PI enters ant charges a fell of force whence the driving wheels of 


Hthe motor are operated. Here are the detalla, 
pA foundation for cable or eteetrla rallways, constructed of urtitietal 


> fatone and having the subway of condult formed there Ws deserlied, 


‘fn combination with the track: Unters, wutel are embedded theron 
fal hetd atthe proper diatanes asunder thereby, 
1 fhe combination, wit a foundation countructed of concrete orother 
Lartitichel stone extenting clear aernss the Tord bed andl hivedng suite 
j Way orcondalt formed therein, as deseribed, of the Crrelstimbors sup. 
‘ported by and juibetded direetly in xaht concrete, whereby they are 
Cmitutiine Cat Che proper distanee asuidurs 
+ Tea enble or oleetele raliway a foundation constractet Of wrdlelal 
stone dud hiwing a eondalt formed therela, ay descrthy t In contin 
PMO Wath the ataberadle rigtdly: a Wad having 
{ Utelr baedes embedded therein, subs atlatly ad shown mnddeserived. 
Te combination with a foundation constructed ar conereto or other, 
| Setiiclud stone, aud havin f the conduit formed therein, as deserted, | 
the tracletinbers and wlotraits AUpparted Uhereby and ensbedided 
thereln, ; 
Ena cable or electric rallway, a subway or condult consiricted of) 
concrete of other artitichnt stone, In combination with the stotralla: 
supported and embodidud dn sali conerute and COMMCLELNG Hn Lateral” 
part of the walls of sald condute, . i 
Inn cable or-eleetria railway, a foundation constructed of eon 
crote or other, artiticlil stanu ant having. the ‘nathyiy: of condult | 
furtmod therein ax deecelbod, fn combination with the Irack-thnbers 
and slotralla crobedded therein, tie whulo constituuing permanent 
Integral structure, eee | 
Tn cable or clectrient rallway, & foundation cousteretod of voticrata © 
for other nrtltletat stony, having a contult or subway formed therein, | 


° jin combination with the Leshapet anetor-benis embedded ins sald 


any 


Jconcreta, itd tho stot-nilla secured to will anchor-betms and havlag 
f thelr bucks also embeddat in the concrete, - 
Inn cubic or eteotria nullway. a subway or contult having Ite lower 
; Portlon formed entirely-of artittell atone aint Mls njiper partlon oF 
;OpoHing Nned with metallte plates or vlot-relty ennbedted i tho cous 
ervto aud forming an integrat part of the wall ofall condtelt. 
jdm a oubte or electri¢ ratiwuy, thy combleaution of tha condttlt formod 
FOF artificial stone, thometativeslot- rails set into thestono, the Leben 
Arranged substantially ag deserlve.., wud riveted to the slot-rulls, ant | 
| provided with the holdback-rods for atrengthuning tho support of mit; 
rails, | 
‘na cable or ctectria ritway, n foundation formed: of concrete or! 
other artiiicial stone with a subway or conduit formed of the same! 


fatertnt, In combloation with tho tniek-timbers sot lute suldeonerete, 
MU tho plotralis, £ beta, and Gepleces arranged on doth sides of 
WAND WHy Od ia the concrete, the whole foralag a slagle aud: solid ! 
rueturo. in . : 
Improvements In electriea) railways are constattl appearing 

give: dy A Aeseription’ of. such a rallway ‘fdr “whiel N 
tent was list week granted to Frauk J. Spragne of Noth Adams, 


iene hata nee adn Db Rady tn 











ian cleotric-rallway system; the coniblrintlon, with a” work! ; 

ndtictor from whieh the invlor derives enrrent, of muln conductor. 
_ pranly connected AL Antervals with sald warklig. ‘onctictir, i 

Hiian electrie-ratiway system, tho comblaatlon, wlth: a weerletn, 

ndvctor divited Lite sections, of a mish ‘conductor normal 

reted with euch of sald avotlo { a, Phe 

In an electrio‘rallwuy system, ymCoMbinntion of continuous main 

yluctora and “Wworklng-cendiuctors normally’ ‘connected with sald 


Juctors,.. from avileli we nB-conticlors. he current i |; 


hken by the motors.” : . * i 
Tu nn olectric-rillway system, tho combination. af couthivous maln:, 


ndvetors Ane Ww worklng conductor oF conductors divided electrically |. 


tte nections, euch section belng normally connected with tho main) 
Dindiotars, ‘ « J eo Ca ah ‘ re 


7 In anetectric-ratlway syatens, the combination of continuous maine 


pouductora nid wo workisig-conductors owl divided cloctricnlly into | 
fetions, each of suld sectlons belng normally connected with the}. 


nade comlustors, + nes whe s } 
In an cleetric-rallway system, tho combinatios ontiniious matin 
cHlons, normal connections fronts the mln corductorsa to te work 

Dgrelrenlt sections, and motor or niotors, enct) 


» conipletat fran the math conductors through tleworklng cétidugtory, 
wd the motor of motors, a i i pangs i 
Inanel Hisheral eax aggemrthe combination of tho maln‘cone' 

luetora, the separate y routts normally connteted therewlth, 

hind one of more alveffic fyroperutal slguniing deylees in each of sald 

Worlting-clrenita, 

Kean electric ratiway system, the combination of contiunous nati | 

pondactan, worklog-conductors alyided bite sections, braneh cone 

ttuetors mart nully conncel lig the tmuln co ituctors with the worldng: 

Hictorxectlona, and oteetrical signaling devices operated or cons | 

bro at hy the current fn sald broneh eondteters, j 

Inaneteotrle rallwny system, the combinution of tho mali or traf: 

le rails, one or more Lutormediata rails divided lite sections, contin 

FOUN RUIN COnMUCtORN Normally connected with each of Be Kl sections, 


Provided with kultablo current-collecting dovlecs bearing upon sald 
Jntermedtate null or ralts. , : 


therefor sittinted out of thy ino of continuity of the conductar, 


rondtictors, working-condtictors ono orboth of whieh are divided Inte | 


lor. having onal: 
erminal connected wilrone of the workiug contuctora,whe: rent). : 





Md ay tober Motte wpe a cae ten! Me UPOR BAI rule Pulls and ¢: 


: : 1 
In an elvetrt way xyatent, tho comblunation, with « conductor]: 
from which the mocors cerive cirrent, of tens! mvintasning devices |.” 


fy an electric-rasliny aystom of the ehuracter deserlbod. the come} | 








bintion afi conthivons mniada conductor plaeod uniler ground, work. 
tng conductor placed above ground one OF more beatich ilies | 





tons extending from sald sais conductor and normally connected With { i 


jald workIng-conductor, 


t 


he “ma 
et le 
i 








ree 


















Character of article, A 


From the 0. 












From the —Legphy.. 





























































‘ho car moved: oUt. Of Wie yard, parse 
ies Of 225 feet ‘tothe milo and aronnd, 
h 7 feet radius with caso and comfort, 
sod an tho occasion were simply. the 
wer, not cyen malo for m: 
ub for incandescent light. “Dut Str. Hauer, the 
out the subject, decided 
boxes a atreet car could 
ly. demonstrated, menyning of 
wer boxes wero placed In’ 
cab and connected with the Daft elec 
»| On level grades on! 
>‘) the loaded car mi 
i] On. tho xtfvet graite f! 
10-hareg 


A storage battery 
car purposes woul 
Loxes {nstead of one-quarter, 
ulred. The etorage coi 
Ut boxew in the mot 
Company. Ja pracitcal tage these box 
put under the seate af the ontinary paarenger car, |. 
ho car will be atarted oF stopped ‘by al 
ingaawitch, An ordinary hand 
Suihigh Chis Tn future wilt bo 


‘The batteries u: 


Electriclan, aNor Agurin 
that cven wilh these ainal 








29 of these boxes were U: 
canlly six miles an hour: 
049 boxes wore used, equal 


constructed for. street 
of ‘one-home power 
and about 65. would 

























brake was uscd, 
dono by eleciricity. 
ta doubt that the future motive power 
ru mAy be sone trouble ‘In prop. | 
ply ling tile tremendous agent, 
experiments of Hen. Franklin 
| ft orlattally taming the fery fufd. Uero need be 
6} but litle anxlety chat the grand result. will not be | 
; “The successnit ex: 


r] erly storing: a1 
But afer tho cru 





, FS eiceieas 
SEW. ELECTRIC neaDiignT for locamo-~/; 


upsn the Lollgh Vatley rasiroad {° 
st Week, 16 sald to lava proved a great |: 
‘success, Tho glaro was, 
that ft nearly Ulinded engincers whose, ma- 
jehlues, provided with tho old light, wero: 
‘golng inthe opposite direction. With the 
jolt lamp obfests can Le sedn onlya fow lun- 
‘red feet away, while by tho new ayater it! 
(Js poseltle to sea nintic, Tho reflection of 
he Tight itself cau bo discovered quite five 
sniles off, 80 that:the arrangement shoul 
«Prove of much yaltio in 
* One’ of "the: most tneumnfortd 
Able -expertences” fs to. be In a tardy 
(trata, moving unenally along, uncertaln’ of. 











elmeuta of dls 


son St electric lghtity fe proofof shin, What-a fi 

Loon electricity would be on the York fond Natl | 

way, Wo hope to sie the day when Prealdent 
tt it Peo pitt ste -Suteoduction., 


fudeed, so brillant |i 
















Preventing col 








ithe whercabouls of one in advance of {t ori 
- hat Itfs topass, and stealing around tho} 





curves in that faint-hearted Way with which 
‘Dl travelers aro’ famnlllar, the engineer not |: 
now!ng ab what inetant aslieck may come. 
{With the’ tntense white: glara ‘In k 
Warning Lim dt yo miles distance 
{easily take: the: propor precaut 
enfcty ‘and thedarker tho niglt the better, 
‘Tho sitio contrivance nay bonlso expected 
to save tho Hives Of many. 
walk on the tracks; 
Wkewlee render ft ens 
(signals along the 












foolish people who 
Tho vow Nght will 
caster to mike 

! road anil’ to Wscove 
condition of the switches, which nro so“o! 
laced: or corolessly :: left 






































= : 
Character of article... Lo, Melon 


From the — PP bts 7) 














Y worklng outa problem whieh he betteves Is golag to bring tin 
both fame and money. ‘The project, is to light and heat, houses ate 
railroad trains by electricity, | Wallace worked fur a long time wlth 
the Cornells’, the New York trou founders and macttaists, and was 
for nearly a-year with the’ Weston Electric Manofacturing Com 
Dany }:so that, as may be Imagined, lie brings to bls, task a “know. 
ledge of both applied inechanicsiand electrics. ‘Lo those faniiier 
with elogtric sclence, there will appear nothing starttugly new in 
kelting heat ont ctriclty by placing resistance In the elrentit but 
f° the apparatus by which he accomplishes ihe combliiatloi I$ saht: to 
be both Ingenious and best of ull, shuiple and Inexpensive, | 
As explained to the Naw York correspondent of Te RAwWway 
News durlug a ‘recent visit (yu Albany, Wallace's Apparatus consists 
/ of small dynamo connected to the axle of a car. and coupled ap 











with a small’ electric accumulator. ‘The power taken from the 
axles $s only one HP. per hour per car and this, when the agen 
inulator [ys charged, will furtish tunr electrie Nights, (incandescent) 
and suflictent heat to keep tip a tican, tenipernture of seventy six 
degrees on Fabrenbelt’s thermoteter, When the cars are in motion 
the Nights are fed from the dynamo, and when ata statlori, bi 
accumulator. ‘The whole thing Is automatics the stopping o: 
car in liself rerving to switeh on the aceutmulater and the motion 
Of starting sulllelng fur re-connecting agai. ore 

As to the fightlig of cars hy elvetriclty, of the licandesvent onter, 
itis unnecessary to dilute here as the readers of Tin Raanway 
News are entirely fatniliar with the advattages derived, but the 
heatlig arrangements belng novel, require description, ‘ 

With electrle heating on Wallace's plan, there fs sno vitinting of 



























Le tenaeeas eatin etm peer 4 


Ino little shop near the great machine works fn West Albany, | 


+ Y., Joba Wallace, an expert mechantelan and electrician Is utomati~ ‘ Westie 
. Signut, 



























the atmosphere. ‘Nhe freali aly trom without, comes tt through |: 
the ventilators ad passing through alittle box of wvetate of anda |! 


comes fn cantact with a colt of wires ata white heat, ‘This alr Is f 
heated upto about two hundred dey. F., this having beett farind | 
necessary In order to re-wartn the cooling wir of the car and mike 
op for the chilled alr combng in through window crevices. als 
Wallace can do what he says‘ho ean, and Indeed what his friends 2 
say thoy have seen tin de, te hus a really valuable apparatts for |: 
railway use, Alreaily some of the. tren people of Albany are i 
tatklng of organizing a company for the ptirpose of exploiting ‘a { 
patents. zn i 


tO en 





— Speaking of electrical lighting for cara, the Troure battery has 
been found to be well adapted for use this directlons-- ‘This Mind 
of Igtitiug has one great nidvantage and that is the luminosity does 
not depend tpon the moving of the cars, nor yet upou the certain 
working of any ling current carried by or near the rails, In the 
apparatus devised, there are four baltertes of slx cells each In the 
gronpused in asinglo car, ‘The Trowe batiery is what is known 
asa bl-chromate batter It consists, of a wooden trough In which 
aro fitted for to six ebonite cells, each contaluing one zine and 
two carbon elements, ‘Tho elements are connected by meaus of 
niovable chumps and are uttached ty a windlass, by which they are 
raised from.or lowered Into the exciting solution as required to 
regulate the Intensity of the current, .A wooden stop whiels may 
be pushed aside When necessary, prevents the elements from ben 5 
entirely rufsed from the cell, while the height of the crank altot, 
of the cells being removed for emptying and redilling. A spindle 
covered wlth Indla-rubber supports the clemonts, the zines belig 
notched at the top to facilltute thelr fixation or removal, thus pe 
-mitting them to-be reeamalgamated aud rapidly re-nrranged, - 











A tee 


‘are having a new eleetrle signal placed uu the tralns of thelr a i 
In place of the old-fashloned bell rope. ‘The batterles which opi 
the electricity are In the cab of the engine, near a large bell, Five i 
vire Is stretched through the cars and connections are nine tilde 
yy between the cars by bringing the unds together in a small 
agp. ‘The exposed portions of tho wires are covered with rubber. 
BY ihe aldo of tie door at cach end of the car is placed a button 
alidiur to those used on all electric signal wires. By presslg au a 
button the bell in tha cub Is rung. 





pit a Rulteblo | 


Vt 

anechatiiini can bo 
Tun (1 ease of neces 
ded wwith'n: key: | . 






































— Tho New York, Suaquebauna and Western Railroad Company greener 



























pipet srenete tne tater Hie ani 






Character of article..4 


From the WE 6, 


by electricity, 
jur-foreign,oxcl 


A he d 
thrown out offcircntit, 
m i {twenty-six ‘accumulators iro cl 
i i by.tho dynamo“ wligh. the’ 
0 : He 














foir 


ago oxperimenta® clear] -dem 
te Sys contemporary, | ie rk - 
ty Jightin trains’ by-elec- 
“ight. being perfoctly 


of 


‘ : ‘thes jo 
| A de and 











“lighting -is estimat 




































LEOTRIC RAILWAY. IN 
PHILADELPHIA. °' 
tric railway noon to bo constructed along 
+ Belmont Avenue, Philadelphia, will preent 
novel sight. of cara running without. any. 
free from anuoyance of 
‘ho motive power for the 
run acoording to the Bidwell 
will bo furnished from a.etation located ... 
ere on Betmont Avenue, : ontsido the park. 
It coutd, if necessary, be carried over an {ndefluito 
tem differs from other syateme 
ain’ not-passing: the. carrent * 
Guarde:taade of lumberjzun 
slong the iuner aldo of the rafle, and a broad coyer- 
ing projects toward tho centro, leaving a narra 
alot in the middloofthotrack. Boneath this core 
and parallel with the rails, proporly insulated cop: 
ir conductors of a.somitubular sliape are placedé: 
‘he current is conve: 
the power throug 10, 
way, where connection is mado with the copper, :,., 
us sent through.the wholo « 


apparent propelling fo: 
noi amoker and dust. 


cars, which are to be Date, 
















[of electrio railw 
through tho raile, 











wires to tho term 


tubes, and a current is th 
length of the road, 
‘To propel tho car, 





a receiving dynanioc re 
16 contre of the car, Conneo: 
tion with tho current is made by means ‘of an iron 

sing down through tho alot, with branches 
er direction in the form of an inverted T.. : 
On tho end of cach branch a small wheel, so placed’ ’ 
as to run against the co) 
the connection, wires 
from ‘the electromotor in tho car to th 
Tho electricity being passed through the elreuit of 
tho track, tho operator has but to turn a lever to 
receive the current in tho motor, which inmodiately 
Tavolvos, and by an attachment with the wheels of 
the car propels it in elther direction, necording ‘as 
tho current is reversed or not. 
versal of currents the need of brakes is dispensed 
If necessary, tho car can bo brought to a 
auddon standstill, but tho change can be effected aa 
raduatly oa may bodesired. ‘Thero will, therefore, 
0 00 danger of running over persons on th 
Tho avenuo will bo Ii; 
by running wires from 
iu ordinary atreot lighting, while the care 
iluminated by running a wiry from the motor to *- 
tho incandescent lamps iu the interior of the car, 
tho whole power coming from tho alugle current 
supplied by tho atation: 
away from the track. Itit {9 desalted to heat tho 
{a mado ou tho current by 
through some poorly con> 
ducting substance, as Germau silver, the electrical 
energy being thereby dissipated in the form of boat, 
Theso connections aro made by incaus of awitches, 
to that no current may be mado 
wires when tho light or hot is not wautod. 

An important feature of this railway for the park. 
fu tho utter impossibility of trifling with tho con 
injury froma shock, Thoy 
0 board flooring near the raile, 
and tho only opentog {s tho narrow alot, more than ~ 
.|2; foot distant, tho whole being 

view. Tho road will bo about a mile and x quarter 
long, and ton cars, carrying from filty to sixty paa- 
To furnish the 
theeo, and to light both tho avenue an 
will bo required, — Scientific 


—_—_—_—_———.. 







| eed, the 


le the a f “Character of article... 


3 From the WE 


with thosame current — 
0 tubes to tho lam; 


engines somo distance 


cars, another deay; 
passing tho electri 







telouruph Ine at the # 


through the brauch 
4 WO were |! 
ty bvo-in the th 

in “tho first, nnd 


Character of article... Ca. 7 
four in the'second chass 


From Oe _ LAG) LCM rere a : 
a 


ductors and receivii 
are placed beneath 


conceated ‘from 


about 100-horse 











ly,’no atte! 
1 Oxcopt ab: starting, 
were continued ‘for 
nd of which : time 
s fourid in perfect onder! 











































oe 
: tended 60% 
tralns to: 
































ter! ven antl depot- , 
of obB UtFo. UE ais nak gum| eS cor 
A Vata W 

































Boliniied _t 
ave. been, ¢ adi cted mutha e Wt 
eOy, i 







S07) a LIT AE 
i 





Alvah Raigon claims to have Invented |! 
f device by which telograpting to antt Crom sud. 





ly done, using the ordinury |. 
Taaanpar fine ab th SHU of the trick. By means |, 


‘a board covered with tfoll and placed on the 


o! 
r, bu say's he © makes clectricity Jump 
th reyoting feet the iets tho are without apiille 

Thia claitn, If Lultilled, will rence 
duction sprocess witel requirca a separw 
, lald botycen the rails. 


ing at." 







ee Tho fact that -electrio® motora lave teen | | 
4 Stiserted ti th trucks of the flrat Manhattan | | 
: t. tlon “on the. track of the | i 
[isan Macl Works,’ {11 Goerek: street, | | 





not. thy only important statement of elec~ i 





“Férfctans fn an article which appeara.on:our 





| first pa; sho declaration {s..mado that 


the Blectric Railway Company of the United 
States controls tho patents for the exclusive 
‘operation! of railway “trains by electricity /! 
Lin tlio’, United’ States, ‘and. the fntimation 
it nn fnfunction niny. be brought agaiuat 
tho tso of rival motors will excite the hopes 
Of lawyers that the cas yield lucrative 
iUlgatlon.: i ai 

























+ Character ff artiete 2 OA 



























porate. Itallway 

‘Tralus by Hieotrictty—Iilyals and Tejano, 
thous—The Motors on the Track—Jan: 
the Month for the Exhibitions. - 





ave beon at work day and night this 
wook to flulah tha olectric motors of the | 
t.ucks of tho Muubattan car at tho Edison: 
Machine Works, No, 104 Goorck ateeot,” asid 1". 
‘Mr, Batchotor; tho gonoral manager, at a lato’) | 
“Thave had:'tho tracks 
running on a track in our works, and {t would 
*-yequiro Iesa than adayto put 
dition for service.” | 
“Mr, Batcholor har wo: 








hour Jast ovening. 







rked very hard in or-{ 

bit tho car in Guorok stroot to Mr, 

old beforo bis doparturo for Ea! 

aid. Mr, Johnson, ; ot: 
Talfway™ Company of | th 

“United Flaten, whe: Hed 
3° hauso, 
oar at the Grand Contral Depot, 
son 
yee wand. Mfr,:Batcho- 






+ Jntonding to tak: 
Works to Inspect the motors, 
* Jor offered togo down with us 
oxo, bat when Afr, 
atcholor had worked all ni 
ho decided to go dii 
as ho is to sloe 
. gaillng hour fe carly. 


railway, 
ny Tait from Ghat aquare | 
Iver and back 1s lafd wo aball; 
hibit our systom of moving 








ight for two nights 
ho Canard ‘dock; 
- Atrante,”: whos 

on Saturday morntog, 



















‘ond avenue Huo of 
soon a8 our thir 
to tho Harlem 1! 

\ bo propared to ex! 


‘will the final di 
rar of Patents in your favor havo, 
tion of rival motors?” Btophon 
fan of tho Osmmearcial ; 
ed fn tho olive of 
8 Broadway, yostord ay: ; 


tostop it/?, was tho ro- 

“how .eoon the Electelo 
nited Statos, which 
may decide toast, 
wo could ‘ obtaln 





























y 
. Feld, the olectric! 
* Beant Company, 
that company, No, 1 
















+ “Weglvos us powor 





rr absalptes the I> : 
to wire J; 






ay, Company of tho.U 
row controls my -patoute, 







tho country, aud if tho 
om doubt itand wish 


avo boon tracod dowa', 
foundations aro jast as, 
11, Telephone Com 


“by vlectriclty.”. 
108 on the Second. 

















yes rf 

ibrough which rina 
ma eckon of. clectrical powor, -'V 
av“evoral: printing pr 
+ with, power from 













‘o,and al 
cee of tho Man! 
tho: Dafe’Company have 
substitution of oleatricity 
ervica gener 
tothe cost and draw! 
for hydraulic elovato: 


others, 
7 md ‘require 8 change, . A 
to bo dono ts to. tr: 


Fifteonth atreo! 
Hg to mako s trial 













. -of electricity woo! 

aia be a tithe lect: 
maent Ww: 

wean furnish the olovato! 


‘At tho‘ busy] stations. there. 








mee fal Thye dds, THEE 





ARTES ON TI 





Character ‘of article 
. if Or ae 


Yrom the ~. 





Character of article... 


FrOtns Ui eseenesssseteee b 


ee 
£ 
s 
4 
ul 
HH: 
4 

f 

f 


og a 


7 











net 


Menlo Park Scrapbook, Cat. 1009 


BOE SESE AR jf No. 8 "Electricians and History of Electricity, Notices of Book" ‘ peepee ates Ae drat oe, 
This scrapbook covers the years 1874-1881. It contains biographical 

sketches of electricians, including Edison; historica! accounts of 

electricity; and notices of books about electricity. There are 129 

numbered pages. 





Blank pages not filmed: 113-129. 








we 











a siete Shame 


i 


iy 


bel 














ues 


ra 


eee aang ana 


November as, 1875.) THE TELEGRAPHIC JOURNAL, 





THE TELEGRAPHIC JOURNAL, 


Vou, WL—No, 67. 


Cusries Wurarstoxe was born in Gloucester, in 
the year 1802, He was the son of a tradesman. 
Me was educated in a private school in that city. 
He commenced carly to fight the battle of life by 
the manufacture of musical instruments, an occu: 
pation which encouraged.his natural taste for 
science and mechanics. In 1823, he moved up to 
London, and established a business of his own. 
The natural scientific bent of his mind drove him 
to scarch deeply into the physical laws upon which 
the instruments he made were based, and in 
the same year that he removed from Gloucester, 
he published, in the Philosophical Annals, an 
account of same “ New experiments on sound," In 
1827 he published in the Quarterly Journal of 
Science,“ Experiments on Audition,” and a “ De- 
scription of the Kalcidophone, or phonic Kateido- 
Scope, a new philosophical toy for the illustration 
of several interesting and amusing acoustical and 
optical phenomena.” In 1828 he wrote on the 
resonance of columns of air, and in 1831 on the 
transmission of musical sounds through solid con- 
ductors, In the latter year he gave an experi- 
mental proof of Bernouilli’s theory of wind in- 
struments, and in 1833 he read a paper before the 
Royal Society on those peculiar figures cafles 
“ Cladni’s" made by sand on vibrating plate. In 
1832 he read a remarkable paper on.-Dreaming 
and Somnambulism, and he never ceesed through 
out his long life in taking deep interest in mental 
illusions and psychological problems, In 1835 he 


“sent a paper to the British» Association “On the 


various attempts which have been made to imitate 
human speech by mechinical means,” and he made 
a machine which imitated very successfully some 
of the simple elementary sounds of the human 
voice. - 

In 1834 he/was appointed Professor of Natural 
Philosophy in King's College, and in the same 
year he xande his celebrated and classical experi- 
ments/on the velocity of an electric discharge and 
the guration of the sparks by the aid of revolving 
miyfors; and ftom this period his mind seems to 

fave been devoted to telegraphy. No one who had 
ever studied electricity could have failed to have 
seen its special adaptability to the conveyance of 
intelligence to distant points; and from Lesarge, 
in 1774, to Schilling in 1832, a dozen or more 
telegraphs were “invented” and freely given to 
the world, Noone can claim the “invention " of 


the telegraph. Neither Wheatstone, nor Cooke, 
nor Morse were the first to employ electricity for 
telegraphic purposes, nor the first to convey intel. 
ligence to a distant point by means of electricity. 
The controversy on this point has been an unfor- 
tunate one. Sir Francis Ronalds in 1823 wrote 2 
book on the subject, and his prescience is won- 
derful to contemplate; but he only described in 
an improved form what Lomond had done in 1757. 
Cooke and Wheatstone introduced the telegraph 
into England, and invented gertain means for car- 
rying on telegraphy in a practical form, and they 
were the first to do this, , 

In 1835 Wheatstone exhibited to his class, tn 
King's College, Schilling’s single needle apparatus, 
and in the next year Sir W. Cooke became ac- 
quainted with that instrument at Heidelberg. ‘The 
deep foresight and commercial spirit of the latter 
atonce grasped the value of telegraphy to the 
railway world that was then springing into ex- 
istence, and through the introduction of Faraday 
and Roget, Cooke and Wheatstone were brought 
into contact, and the ideas of cach were amal- 
gamated and perfected. In 1837 they produced 
the five needle or “ hatchment” telegraph, which 
was subsequently modified into the double needle 
and finally into the present single needle instrument. 
In 1840 they produced an alphabetical dial tele. 
graph, In 1841 Wheatstone produced alone a type 
printing telegraph and a new magneto - electric 
mathine, and in 1845 Cooke and Wheatstone 
Pantly patented several improvements and addi- 
tions to their previous apparatus. Cooke about 
this period retired from the world of invention, but 
his partner never ceased to apply -his active and 
practical mind to the improvent of the child that 
had now grown a giant. In 1858 and 1860 Wheat- 
stone alone produced his beautiful A B C appa- 
ratus, and in 1858 his automatic apparatus, which 
was still further improved in 1867. It was while 
watching the progress of this last, and perhaps 
most perfect of his numerous inventions, that he 
was taken with that illness which proved fatal to 
him. Z 

It is impossible to separate the names of Cooke 
and Whentstane from the introduction of tele- 
graphy into England and thence into the world, 
for it 18 idle to deny that its practical success in 
England preceded its introduction in any other 
country. ‘The Americans claim the invention of 
his electro-magnetic telegraph for Morse in 1832. 
They are welcome to it; nevertheless, the first 
practical line was not put up in that country until 
1844. ‘The first line in England was constructed 
for practical purposes, paid for and worked by the 
Blackwall Railway in 1838, It was Cooke's in- 
domitable energy, sanguine temperament, prac- 













































cai | ietys | aa ‘Jan. 23, 3877. 
{. NOTICES. OF BOOKS. ~~. 


’| Tas little work presents in the space of 113 pages a suc- 





ChiawicaL Nawa, 





Lessons in Electricity at-the Royat Institution, 1875-6, 
By Joun Tyxpact, D.C,L., LL.D, F.RS. London: | 
Longnians and Co,, 1876. Hy 


cing account of the principal phenomena of frictional elec- 
tricity. It comprises, in a somewhat condensed form, the 
short course “adapted to a juvenile auditory" which 
Dr. Tyndall gave at the Royal Institution last Christmas. 
The book is mainly distinguished from the fad that all 
the experiments are performed in the simplest possible 
manner; there is no elaborate apparatus, and the youngest 
student of science can make for himeelf almost every thing 
which he is dire@ed to use. ‘The subject-matter is divide 





into thirty-two seions, commencing with Historic Notes, 
and passing on to Attraction and Repulsion, Condudtion 
and Insulation, Eledtrics and Non-Eleatics, the Two- 
Fluid Theory, Indu@ion, the Eledrophorus and Machine, 
the Leyden Jar, Atmospheric Elericity, and the Return 
Shock. We must not neglect to refer spactally to the third 
sedion, which is entitled the “ Art of Experiment.” An 
historic sketch of the science having been given, we must 
Next study the fads, and Jearn to produce and extend them. 
“The art of producing and extending such fads, and of 
enquiring into them by proper instruments, is the art of 
experiment. It is an art of extreme importance, for by its 
} means we can, as it were, converse with Nature, asking 
Ther questions, and receiving from her replies. It was the 
‘neglect of experiment, and of the teasoning based upon it, 
‘which kept the knowledge of the ancient world confined 
ito the single fact of attradion ,by amber for more than 
2000 years. .. . . In this way you will come into diredt 
; Sontack with natural truth—you will think and tearon, not 
on what has been said to you in books, but on what hag 
‘been said to you by Nature. Thought springing fom” 
ithis source has a vitality not derivable fom mere book 
knowledge.” 
Finally, Dr. Tyndall addresses some parting words to 
Head Masters on the subject of science teaching in their 
Schools :-"* To them, moreover, I would fay, in words of 
e by 





friendly warning, make room for sctenc your own 
jbealthy and spontaneous ation, and do not walt until it 
{ls forced upon you from without, .The condition of things 
j now existing cannot continue. * Its simple statement 
1 suffices to call down upon it the condemnation of every ! 
{thoughtful mind, With reference’to the report ofa Come j 
imisaion appointed last year to enquire into the scientific | 
iInstrudion of this country Sir Jolin Lubbock writes as fol. / 
:lows t=! The Commissionera have published returns from 
¢more than a hundred and twenty of the larger endowed | 
schools, In more than half of these no science whatever | 
ia taught; only thirteen have a laboratory, and only | 
eighteen possess any scientific Apparatus,. Out of the | 
: Whole number, less than twenty schools devole as much: | 
as four hours a week to science, and paly thirteen attach ' 
Ne 


examinations,’ 





‘will have the greatest reason to deplore," 





/ 





emg eT 
we vseeagenge lr 


7 
Notice sur tea; Travaue Setentifigues de Mo Tu, wv. 
Moser. Paris: Gauthier-Villare, 
We have received tho abovo brochuro, comprising In 
nconvenjent form a complete list of tho works of that 
indefatigable French philosopher, aud reprinting he! 
various. papers ho has at diffcrent ites sent to. the: 
Acndémlo des Sciences nt aris, Tho Count ts a} 
ardent inquirer into tho practical and theoretica 
branched of tho scienco of electricity, which he Jia 
largely onriched with much ‘waeful original research, 









how number fo many aa twenty-four is corlalily 


ne 
dustry, combined with an inventive genius all too 


—_— 


Phaneuf Awaba Vie Ventoronw Wo Sey +s. formerly 
teat 





























Tur Organising Committee for the International Eshibition vi 
of Electricity has held its first general meeting at the Palais de 


\ 


Vindustric, Paris, under the presidency of Colonel Laussedat, 
one of the delegates Appointed by the French Minister of War, 
The commiltee approved the regulations ‘proposed by Count 
Halley d’Arroz, the originator of the acheme, appointed him 


general director, and divided the exhibition into e! 


ighteen groups, 


Amongst these are the Nistory of Electricity, a section in which 
will be collected, as far as possible, the instruments which were 
used hy Davy, Faraday, Volta, Arago, Ohm, Oerstedt, Ampére, 
and others, in making their discoverics, ‘The cighteenth group 


will be Libliographical ; 9 libr: 
formed of all the books and Pp 
of the several Academies, 
clectricity, A requisition 
the National Library, asking them to offer, 
tematic Catalogue of Electricity, 
Republic will be the head of the C 
sub-committee has re: 
oie wien savants and 


Pee cee ee 


fary as complete as possible will be 
apers published in the Transactions 
and scientific periodicals relating to 
will be sent to the administiation of 
for 1877, thelr Sys 
The President of the French 
onmiltee of Patronage, and a 
celved instructions to open negotiations with 



























































“Cneuteat, News.) 
Dee, 6, 2878, 





Speaking Telephone and Talking Phonograph. 


‘271 
drawn, Without denying that the development of eclence | amination of thelist ar wae iS 


has met with opposition from religious bodies, we cannat 

forget that men of sufficiently heterodox views in theolo, y 

—we could point out such by name—are naw earnestly 

Jabouring to create additional difficulties in certain spheres 

of research, animal chemistry not excluded, 

Alter certain general considerations in which occur not 

a few moat valuable ideas, not unmixed with views which 

we should pause before accepting, the author enters upon 

“the examination of the chemica! principles and edudis of 

the body, Here, inter alia, he points out the erroneous 

» Sharader of the vulgar notion that the animal fundion, 

: ‘as contradistinguished from the vegetable, is mainly or 

_ entirely one of synthesis, and he shows that most compli. 
cated adts of synthesis yo an in (he animal body itself, 

; Inthe second part of the work Mr, Kingzett discusses 
the organs, fluids, and processes concerned in digestion. 
Tn the third he treats of work and waste, introduc ing into 

, the chapter on animal heat, vital force, and muscular 
adion those daring speculations on the origin and nature 

; Of the mind which we have already quoted. 

:" Part fourth is mainly devoted to that most iniportant 
but difficult question, the chemistry of the brain, The 
; Components of this organ, as far as ascertained, and the 
: methods for their separation, are given in some detail, 

The speculations of Dr. Thudichum and the writer on the 
. “labile equilibrium *’ of the brain, and on the conditions 

Of softening of the brain and of delirium tremens, ate 

moat Interesting, and contain at any rate a nucleus of 

truth well worth experimental development, In dealing 

, with the question what becomes of alcohol after its intro. 

dudion into the system, he proposes an experiment which 
would be inatrudive, viz, administering large quantities 
-of alcohol to horses intended to be killed, and distilling 
their brains, removed immediately after death, Perhaps, 
however, this might be pronounced “ vivisedion '—a 
term which seems estined to include any act soever done 
to an animal, with a scientific purrore ta view. 

The fifth and last part includes a chapter on “ cha- 
rader"—in our opinion doubtfully relevant, though It 

‘contains declarations amply sufficient to refute those 

* charges of materialiam which will be brought against the 
author; a discussion of the rival theories of fermentation 
and putrefadion; of ‘spontaneous generation; of the 
Rerm-theory of disease; and of antiseptics and disine 
ectants, 

Mr, Kingzett sees nuthing mutually inconsiatent in the 
doftrines of Liebig and of Pasteur, and shows that the 
younger savant has merely advanced on the hypothesis 
of the older, ‘The question of Abiogeneais he is content 

*. to Ieave undecided, whilst pointing out that the balance 

, of evidence is in favour of the doctrine Nihil vivum nist 

ex viva. Space has not allowed us to enter upon an 
examination of the numerous interesting questions which 
are here elther openly raised or at least suggested, whilst 
for numerous passages well worthy of quotation we must 
refer to the book itself, 

Ag a sequel we find a Ist of “ suggested matters for 
tesearch,” and a coplous index of authorities. Every 
medical student and every practitioner who looks to 
something higher than 9 mere routine practice should 
study thia book. Nor is it without its claims on the at- 
tention of the biologist, and still more ‘of every scientific 
chemiat who has time and opportunity for research. 





* The Geological Record for 1876. An Account of Works 
on Geology, Mineralogy, and Palwontology published 
during the Year, with Supplements for 1874 and 1875. 
Edited by W. Wirrraxer, F.G.S. (of the Geological 
Survey of England),. London: Taylor and Francia, 


\ | Tims record, though of little interest to the general 
reader, ought to be conaldercd a treasure by geologists 
-and by students of other branches of sclence who may 
have occasion to make use of geological data, ‘An ex+ 





ing that the development of science | amination of the lst of {ransadtiona, Journals, and inde- 


pendent works which have been abstraded in order to 
compile thia volume ought to satisfy every one at once of 
the labour that has been expended and of the value of the 
result, We can therefore most cordially second the re- 
mark with which the editor closes his brief preface :— 
Every geologist should at on the advice of Poet Close, 
and ‘buy a copy of our little book.’ : 

As a, fault—not of the editor's, but of geological ex- 
plorera—we must again point out that so little work is 
done ‘in Aftica, Australia, &c., where even economical 
consideration should be a powerful stimulus to exertion, 
The observation recorded on p, 162, that "there never 
has been a Glactal epoch in New Zealand, and consc- 
quently none in the Southern Hemisphere," is, if con- 
firmed, of the highest importance. beer lai 





New Weekly Fournal for the Oil and Fat Trade (Neue 
Wochenschrift fir ‘den Ocl und Fettwaarenhandel). 
Jahrgang II., Nos. 43 and 46, . . 

‘Tits journal represents the German oil-trade and the 

branches of industry therewith conneQed.’ The question 

of a duty on the importation and manufacture of petroleum 
tn Germany fs discussed at some length, and in addition 
we find'a notice of the Gallictan oil-weils, a paper on the 

oils employed in the arts and their applications, besides a 

great body of statistics and market-reports, 





The Speaking Telephone and Tatking Phonograph, and 
other Novelties, By Gzonoz B. Prescott. Fully 
iNustrated. New York: D. Appleton and Co, ‘1878, 


Mx, Prescott is already favourably known, both in this 
country and America, as the author of an excellent 
Manual of Eledricity and Telegraphy; but we are sorry 
to say that the present work, although valuable in its way 
asa record of fas, is not calculated to add to his repu- 
tation asa scientific writer, It consists, for the most 
part, of verbatim reprints of most of the papers on Tele. 
phony and kindred subjects which have been read before 
the different scientific socicties of England and America 
during the last two or three years, loosely strung together 
and interspersed with a few remarks from the author. 
These papers are printed in the same type as the original 
matter, and, as inverted commas are placed only at the 
beginning and end of cach of them, it Is often difficult to 
know whether it is Mr. Prescott or some one else that is 
speaking in the first person without referring back several 
pages. Tho very introdudion itself is confused by the 
reprint of a speech delivered by onc of the counsel at a 
recent telegraphic trial in New York. It is a very meagre 
account of tha history of electrical discovery, which we 
cannot agree with Mr. Prescott in thinking cither ‘inte. 
testing’ or “valuable,” seeing that exadly fourteen 
words are devoted to Faraday’s discoveries in magnetic 
induction, 

‘The fiest chapter is original, and gives us a clear and 
succing account of the principles of sound; Reiss’s mu. 
sicat telephone, and Gray's improvements on it; Gray’ 8 
Bell's, and Dolbeat’s articulating telephones, and Phelps’s 
duplex telephone—the latter a very beautiful piece of 
apparatus, as far beyond Bell's trumpet-shaped instrament 
asa modern Westley Richards’ central fire breech-loadec 
is beyond a Joe Manton, The same remarks apply to 
Gray's latest form of instrument, in which a horse-shoo 
magnet is used in conjundion with a double sct of vi- 
brating diaphragms, the magnet forming the handle of 
the apparatus, We regret that we cannot give our readers 
a description of these very ingenious instruments without 
a number of dingrams; we can only refer them to Mr. 
Prescott's book. Edison's carbon disk telephone Is also 
described, but the. book appears to have been published 
too early a the year to have included any account of tha 


peers eee 






















esata ion at HO ng tN IRS en Ne at 

























































June 1, 1878.) 


THE TELEGRAPHIC JOURNAL. 


VoL, Vii-—No, 128, 





PROFESSOR HENRY. 
Prorrssor Joseit Henny, who died at Washington, 
U.S.A, on May igth, for many years occupied 
the position of Secretary to the Smithsonian Institue 
tion, but is far better known among electricians by 
his carly original discoveries in electricity and mag- 
netism, many of which were of the very highest prac- 
ticalimportance. He was born at Albany in 1797, and 
had therefore completed his 8oth year. His ediuca- 
tion was only such as the common schools and 
academy of his native city afforded ; and like the 
tamented Faraday, who in many of his character: 
istics he greatly resembled, he was probably not 
a little indebted to that freedom from conventional 
modes of thought which is found in connexion with 
selé-developed mental resources, for the striking 


originality which he often exhibited in carrying out 
his investigations and researches, In 1826, he was 
Appointed toa Professorship in the Albany Academy, 
and in the following year he commenced that 
splendid series of investigations upon which his 
scientific reputation ultimately, rested, and which 


extended through a series of twelve years, In 1831, 
Henry produced and exhibited the first. electro. 
magnetic engine, which although very simple in its 
form, embodied for the first time, the principle of 
the pole-changing commutator, In the same year 
he published in the american Journal of Sctence, 
4 paper on clectro-magnetism, of the very highest 
practical importance. Up to that time, no adyance 
had been made upon the form of ‘electro-magnet 
devised by Sturgeon, consisting of a bar wound 
with a single layer of turns of thick wire, excited by 
a battery of large plates, and low projectile force ; 
under such conditions’ the addition: of even a few 
fect of wire materially lessened the magnetic force 
developed. 

In view: of this fact, Barlow, in 1824, had pro- 
nounced the idea of an clectric telegraph chimerical, 
But in the paper alluded to, Henry demonstrated 
that by winding the magnet with many convolutions 
of wire, and by forming the battery of many pairs 
of elements connected in series, that a high degree 
of magnetic intensity could be produced through a 
long Wire, ‘This law, which toa modern electrician 
stems so simple and obvious, was first discovered 
and demonstrated by Professor Henry, and he was 
also quick to foresee its practical importance, for in 
the same paper, after describing his experiment in 
detail, he directed attention to the practicability of 


THE TELEGRAPHIC JOURNAL. 





applying the intensity magnet as he termed it, to 
Che transmission of intelligence at a distance, 

Iu the same year (1831), he constructed and 
exhibited a contrivance for giving signals at x 
distance by electromagnetism, which’ consisted of 
4 permanent magnet upon a vertical axis, one pole 
of which was placed between the poles of a horse- 
shoe electro-magnet, while the other was arranged 
to strike against a bell, ‘This successfully 
operated through 8,000 fect of wire, in a room of 
the Albany Academy, ‘There, in the presence of a 
class of students, was exhibited in openittion, an 
instrument, which was actually i practicable clectrie 
telegraph, Had Menry elaborated and applied a 
telegraphic alphabet, there would have been little 
left for Morse to accomplish in order to have given 
to the world the sound-telegraph of to-day. But 
Henry stopped just short of that, leaving to his 
compeer the honours and the rewards of the inven: 
tion of. the commercial electro-magnetic telegraph 
of America, ; 

In the same year Henry produced another striking 
illustration of the {capacity of his improved electro- 
magnet, His papers in the Journal of Science having 
given him a high reputation, he was invited to per- 
form a series of experiments at Yale College, New 
Haven. The invitation was accepted, and Henry's 
clectro-maguet, constructed during that visit, and 
capable of sustaining a weight of 2,500 Ibs., was for 
years one of the marvels of that {nstitution. A few 

slater he constructed another one capable of 
sustaining 3,600 tbs. and occupying tess than a 
cubic foot of space, for the College of New Jersey. 

In 1832 Heary mide his second great discovery 
in clectricity—the self-induction of secondary cur. 
rents in a coiled conductor, In the same year he 
produced the electric spark by magneto-induction, 
a discovery made independently, and almost sinul- 
taneously, by Forbes of Edinburgh. Of these two 
discoveries, it should be said, in justice to the dis- 
tinguished scientist who has just passed away, that 
they embrace all the essential principles of magueto- 
electricity to which so great a part of the life of 
Faraday was subsequently devoted, and to which 
his intellectual fertility gave such an important 
development. ace ; 

Ie was impossible that an intellect of such a high 
order of ability should be permanently retained by 
the humble academy in whieh its cartier triumphs 
has been won, Jn 1832 the trustees of the College 
of New Jersey, unanimously elected young Henry, 
Professor of Naturat Philosophy, and he at once 
entered upon his duties. His very first course of 
lecture t Princeton included a demonstration of 
the feasibility of the electric telegraph with ‘abun- 
dant experimental illustrations, but here again, he 






















110 





THE PROGRESS OF THE TELEGRAPH * 
VIL 


ys 1843 Alexander Bain made certain important improve- 

ments in the recording and transmitting instrument 
shown in Fig, 28, in which two semicircular magnets 0 1’, 
with similar poles facing, fixed toa brass bar, move through 
the centres of two coils, A A’, the index-hand pointing 
tol or V according to the direction of the current,: This 
was controlled by the metallic contacts NN’ NN” open- 
ing or closing the battery and line circuits according to 
the position of the handle Fr, The connection and direc- 
tion of the current through the instrument from the bat- 
tery D is indicated by the arrows, the connection R being 
that of the line wire, and s that of the carth circuit. 

This patent and certain others that will be brought 
under notice gave rise to expensive litigation in. the 
early. history of the telegraph, In 1846 John Nott 

roduced his letter-recording telegraph, which, in con- 
Junction with Mr,’ Alexander Bain’s inventions, was 
carricd into the law courts on a question of infringement 
of the Cooke. and Whceatstone patent rights; but for 
reasons already given regarding patent law, the oppo- 
sition was unsuccessful on the part of the Electric Tele- 
graph Company, : 



























ae 


Satins eas 





































Fig. 28.—Haln’s Vand V telegraph, 1843. 


tion in Figs, 29 and_ 30, 


times in the circumference of the circle, 
letters or numerals were indicated by the 
motion of arevolving pointer or index-hand, 


dipping into a mercury cell, 
driven round by a “ clawker-and.driver” 
nection with the toothed wheel c, 
bein sletivedd _ the attractive a 
: “two horseshoe electro-magnets, a, , acti 

} armatures in. connection with ‘the claw 
’ Hon... The electro-magnet 4 govern 

call-signal. ; Either the speakin, oe alan ae 
_ telegraph was brought into action by th 


action in ‘con 











* Continued from -p, 72, 





P eeatenremen 


¢ 


; 









Nott’s apparatus is sein in aera and internal eleva. 
consisted of a di i 

the letters of the alphabet ‘and muurserals epacies “four 

The respective 

step. y-step 

of this pointer was controlled by successive makeand. 


break contacts with the battory by penn, of a finger-key 
5 ie index-pointer was 


the propelling power, 
ind repellant Action of ; 

upon soft iron _ ec 

ereand-driver” |: ° Fia/30—Note and Gamble’s patent, 1846, 
m portion of the 
¢ position of the 


af : NATURE 


contact drums, /;/, which regulated the direction of the bat- 





[Fune.10, 1875 


tery current through the electro-magnets, by means of the 
index shown in the external view (Fig. 29) being moved 


to the one side or the other. 






























































notice, and an important 


symbolic groups to represen 





ir 


over a metal drum in-circui 





Fic, 29.—Nott and Gamble’s patent, +846 External view, 
In 1846 Highton’s gold leaf indicator was brought under 








automatic chemical. printer. 


recording high-speed telegraph, by Alexander Bain, which’ 
has been the germ of several of the applications in the 
modem high-speed automatic arrangements (Fig, 25). In 
this chemical printer, a paper strip, perforated with holes in 


t the several words of the mes- 



































ee 
ses eC re) PR a 





Internal arrangement. - * 


‘sage, was employed to regulate the automatic sequences 
the cutrent through theline, This paper ribbon vas paused 


it with the line wire, and a fine 


metal style in connection with one pole of the battery * 


















































Fune 10, 1875] 7: 


(the other pole being to carth): pressed upon the paper 
ribbon. As the ribbon was drawn forward whenever a 
Perforation passed the point of the style, metallic contact 
etween the battery and linc wire was momentarily made, 
and a current transmitted to the distant station, the dura- 
tlon of the current being regulated by the length of the 
perforation in the paper—thus giving the dot and dash 
code, The message at the distant station was printed by 
chemical decomposition, A ribbon of paper, prepared by 
immersion in a solution of sulphuric acid and prussiate of 
potass, was drawn over a metal cylinder in communica- 
tion with the earth, and pressing upon this chemically 
prepared paper was a metal style in connection with the 
ine wire. When, therefore, a current is received by reason 
of the metal style at the 
transmitting station pass- 
inga hole and joining bat- 
tery to line, the chemical 

reparation of the recciv- 
ing ribbon is momentarily 
decomposed by the action 
of this current, and a 
darkish bluc mark will ap- 
pear on the paper ribbon 
‘of a length—erther a dot 
‘or a dash—corresponding 
to the duration ofthetrans- 
mitted current, 

William Sykes Ward’s 
patent, by which signals 
were indicated by the de- 
flection of electro-dynamic 
coils over the poles of fixed 
permanent magnets, al- 
ready noticed (Fig. 18), 
followed in 2847. This 
patent became, in common 
MY with most others, the pro- 
NY perty of the Electric Tele- 
mM) graph Company by pur- 
my chase. 

Holmes’s new form of 
coil andnecdlc, introduced 
in 1848, dispensed with the 
inertia of the long five- 
inch astatic needle com- 
bination and great coil 
resistances of the existing 
double needle system, and 
combined a greatly in- 
ercased speed of. trans- 
mission with a reduced 
battery power, both results 
of vital importance. This 
modification of the asta- 
tic needle combination is 
, Shown at Fig, 31, drawn 

: to actual size, as compared 
Fic, y1Holmes? diamond needle are with the five-inch needle, 
mrkiretsdtboaestenfefanie” ‘The nest patent brought 
duclog the resistance of the‘coil, 1848. under notice, that of Mr. 

: W. T. Henley, led to the 
first serious opposition against the monopoly of the 
Electric Telegraph Company. In 1848 William Thomas 
Henley: and George Foster brought out their improve. 
ments in ‘electric telegraphs ; this patent gave rise to 
the formation and establishment of a formidable rival 
in public favour to the Electric Telegraph Company, 
viz,, the English and Irish Magnetic Telegraph Company. 
The improvements under this patent consisted in acting 
on.a magnet, to the axis of which is attached an index or 


fointer by ‘a single electro or other magnet, having cach of 
It! 


s extremitics converted or resolved into two or more 
“poles, “Fig, 32 shows the magnetic needle suspended 





NATURE 





Bae : 


between the poles of an electro-magnet, a, cach pole 
being fitted with a piece of iron, of a segmental form, 
developing two similar poles. This magnetic needle is 
deflected in one direction for any length of time required 
by an induced magneto-current, it being brought back to 
its normal position by the reversed inductive current, 
The necessary magneto-currents to actuate the needle are 
produced from a magneto-electric arrangement consistin 
of two coils, 4, A (on an armature), which are mounte: 
on an axis, H, between the poles, M, M, of a permanent. 
magnet, and free to move in front of those poles upon 
depression of the handle, G, in such a manner that onc 
pole of the magnet is not released from its apposition to 
the armature until the other just touches it, by which 
means currents of equal power and in opposite directions 
are produced, This arrangement of parts is shown in 
Fig. 33. ‘These several representative improvements, 
selected out of the vast numbers that crowd the ficld up 
to 1848, will be sufficient for the purpose of tracing the 
Progress of the Telegraph. 

Such were some of the instruments already invented 
when electrical communication was inaugurated in this 
country by the Electric Telegraph Company. 

Proceeding down the cuf de sac known as Founders 
Court, Lothbury, a stone facade, with the words “ Central 
Telegraph Station” sculptured in bold letters,and mas- 
sive oak doors, arrested the attention of the visitor. On 
entering, a noble and lofty hall with an enriched glass 
roof presented itself to view, with two long counters, onc 
on either side, for the receipt and payment of messages, 
Behind these counters glass screens were placed with the 





Fig, 3a.e-Hentey and, Foster's Magneto-Telegraph, 1848. Indicator 
movement, 


names of the several stations open for messages painted 
in black Ictters upon them, the instrument rooms being 
behind the screens upon either side, 

‘The west side of the hall was devoted to correspondence 
with the northern and western districts, and the east side 
with the eastern and southern districts. Additional instru- 
ment rooms were provided on the first and second floors at 
the sides of the hall ; and at the time of the opening of the 
station to the public, the Company had access to about 
sixty towns, with an extent of single wire along the rail- 
ways of some 2,500 miles, and had a telegraph staff of 
fifty-seven hands appointed to the Metropolitan Station, 
The battery rooms, testing boxes, earth conncctions, and 
the tubes Tor bringing the wires into the building were 
situated in the basement underneath the great hall, The 
various wires were brought along the streets in pipes 
beneath the pavement, ‘Twenty-seven came from the 
North Western Railway, nine from the South Western, 
nine from the South Eastern, nine from the Eastern 
Counties, nine from the branch office, 345, Strand, in- 
cluding those from Windsor, nine from the Admiralty, 
which. with nine spare wires completed the circuit 
arrangements of the Company at the time that the tele- 
graph was. thrown open to the public. Many. of the 
railway companies continued to reserve the use of their. 
telegraphic lines to themselves ; the Telegraph Company 
from the central station had therefore no powcr to forward 
public messages over such districts. fu tuk f 

It is natural to suppose that great ‘excitement and { 
anxiety existed amongst the directors with reference to i 
the opening of the building to the. uiblic for the receipt 
and transmission of messages, The disturbed state of 

toed os 7 { 
4 























IGIERY cue Acie, 








































































































Perce me rs 


ae 


~., THE death of M, Duchesne de Boulogne; one-af-the most ce ; - ¥ankeo Hlcctrical Spread: Raglo a 
brated practitioners who engaged themselves in studying medical: } “At tho annual meating of the British: Association for tho 
electricity, took place on Saturday, Sept. 18. Mi Duchesne: ‘Advancement of Sctence, hold at Bristol, on tho 26th of Au. 
de Toulogne was the author of several cleverly written books on ‘guat Inst, Slr John Hawkshaw, F. R.'8,, the nowly elected 
the subject. Ilis death will he felt as a lois by. those who are a caldant of tho Association, a3 usual, delivered an address, \ 
organising the International Exhibition of Electeicity, which-is ‘In the course of this address he took oceaston to revlow the : 
to take place only in 1877, having been postponed owing to the y) ‘history of the invention and progress of the olectric telegraph. : 
;| Amount of. work required to collect all the objects relating ‘to rile Manian of his speech Is a8 porfect a specimen of tho in- : 
; i : es jaular egotism for which hia countrymen aro noted as xe H 
Bugernicat, News, : Comnedl: + have acen for some time, He completely ignores, in ue 
24, 3875. i ! ‘eonnection, the discoveries and inventions made by Amorl- 
The same journal : feans, merely incidentally referring, in'a foot note, to tho 
‘date of tho first patent of Professor Morse, issued in October, 
1837. With this exception no mention fs made of any Amer. 
‘cian of considerable/ ican; and so far as can be learned from hia ce pothleg 
s best known from the invention, which} has eta been dono an tile aaa for the developmon! 
r d. in 1865, for winding helices with uncovered] electrical sclence or of the te! Z 
wires Th 1859 Ne seer a patent for an automatic tele! In view of the fact thnt the first Ue Sint we 
graph apparatus, with which, on a short circuit, he ‘sued! of nny oxtent was built and operated ie i a iti ree ' 
ceeded in recording about 1s,000 words per hour, but he! Harrison Geay Dynr, in 1626, on ang elan ae 4 ea ‘Nithaa | 
| Was unable to Pradically work the apparatus on a tele-' over which dispatches were actual i ue Nee adits: 
Sraphic line of ordinary length. In 1873 he obtained a: most of tho more important telegraphic inventio \ 
patent for an a; i aes yements have been made here, and by Amerleans, this ! 
ipparatus for electric measurement, being al provewen' ‘ } 
‘| combination of a tangent galvanometer and.rheostat omission fs vat ate alee totho peel cane rica ! 
whic "very ‘now pied Fe his intelligence, While wo have no disp 
tha realge cance pried el from the aa eminout electricians and tolegraphic inventors 
means of Instrudion and experiment a mng Bees i of Great Britain the crodit which Ja duo them, wo arocertaine { 
A eee st ly not willing to allow such a slight as that which President 
Hawkshaw has shown to go manarieed or sreaued: aoe 
" y ‘elegraphic Journal. j It is In this country that most of the usvful improvement; - 
‘gun if sani th fa fowlig yroblen to your readers jh" and now adaptations of the telegraph have been made, and 
+ {for solution :— i J negative curronts theso have been gradually adopted In Europo until most of 
ausinit alternately positiva tae rath tho poles of : * | their telegraphs aro worked upon American systome, 
iti. elosed rete Aa iit oedlansy cance, using au Tho comparatively slow and inefficlont needlo telegraph of 
Srinre irae gt to which no extra point or appli. a Willam Fothergit! Cooke, not “ Wheatstono and Cooke,” as | 
‘ances whatever is to be added. No dov! bat other shat President ilawkshaw has it, has been genurally superseded, | 
the battery, key, and connecting ites, in obo sea oven In England, by tho Morse aystem, and thle ts supple. 
‘Loucloso two dingram boll novia (He a mented to some extent by tho printing totegraph of Profess. 
Aifforent manner L nin, en Thos. A. Epitoss or Hughes, an American, which Is also very oxtensively used 
| Nowark, 8.4.5 November 25; 1574. . | on the continent of Europe, The duplex system of Mr. | 
i i Stearns, an American, is also boing Brngrally ane on ee 
es sas (English and Continental lines. ‘The automatic syste o} 
ranained ar baeae ton : Professor Wheatstone, which 1s highly pralsed, is known to 
boas much behind the American automatic system of Mr. : 
Little, in. successful operation in this country, as Is the: 
needle telegraph belilnd the Morse and printing telegraphs, ; 
‘Tho firo alarm telegraph system is thy Invention of Measrs, | 
Farmer and Channing, both Americans; tho quadruplex hay 
Parnes eee {been made practical by Americans; all the printing telegraph 1 
j This ts the tit vo [instruments which have proved of any valuo are the ox. - 
Lo elusive Inventions of Americaus; the quotation telegraph 
don, under th ; legraph system, by which in 
Its programmo of of systoms; tho automatic fire te egraph system, by { 
stant notice Is given of the commencoment of fires, which | 
together with spo: hos proved of great importance and value, Is the invention { 
graphy and the va of an American; tho district telegraph system, by which \ 
machinery, "It tn a! mogenges can Ly summoned, policemen called, ute, haa buen | ! 
in mngazine form, twolvé Invented and perfected by Americans; and the harmonte olec« { 
and wish for its succoss, { tric system, by which not merely four, but there ty every : 
7 Teason to bellove ut loast sixteon communications can boatme | 
pia i| ultancously transmitted through 1 slugle wiro, ts tho inven. | 
tion of Mr, Elisha Gray, of Chicago, algo an American, i 
Somo of the frat olectrictans of the World are also Amurt- 
cons. Professor Henry, of the Snilthsonian Institute at | 
Washington, an Amorican, invented the intensity electro. 
magnet, by which tho tranammlasion of tolegraphie siguuls on 
long circuits became practicable, Messrs. Farmer, Channing, 
House, Page, tho latter the Inventor of the so-called Ruhm. 
korff coll, ond many othors eminent for ability as electricians, 
are Americans; but theso ato coolly ignored by the orator, 
who has nover heard of any achievements in olectrical sci. 
enco except thoso of certaln Irltish scientists whom he 
nantes, save by a fow Germans, to whom: ho grudgingly ne. 
cords some small credit, , : 
Tn no othor country las telegraphy nequired such perfec. 
{j tion in actual uae or been so untversally adopted and used by 
tho pooplu ag in the United States and Canadas, Moro ace 
tunl buslness ig transmitted dally on a singlo ctreute by two 
Operators In thls country than hy four operators on two clr. 
cultson tho English lines. Business fs drlbbled over the 
Wj English lines slowly by means of needlo telegraphs or Ly TIT 
Morso regiaters, the use of which Is unlversat there but ex y 
4 ceptional here; and the automatic telegraph of Wheatutone 
Bives n speed of soventy to eighty words per minute In ac. 
"} tual buslness against 1,200 to 1,500 words per minute by the £ 
“<4 American automuntic system, Only in cable telegraphy ean | 
any practleat superiority be shown on the part of British 
: electricians and telegraphors, and this friges from the fact F 
ocha thet in the United Statea we have hod no loug submarine 
» 72 feables to operate, We consider ft quite probable, howover, Z 
Sthat If the speeit of transinisston fs herenftor materially Ins ; 
es It will be through Amerlean iaven. 
blo telegraphs of the world centered In 
Now York, aa they have In London, we bellove that our olectri- 
cians would, before this tne, have devised some method of 
tranamitting through long submarine cables more than soy. 
enteon words por minute,"—The Telegrapher, 
If Sir Jolin'’s address savors of egotisin, nothing of the sort : 
can bo charged upon the The Telegrapher. Tho native ino. 
| deaty of tho Yankee fs proverbial, and tho above prettily It. 


» Tuatraten lis mothod of Practice, » ae 3 Lys , x 





Sb a IRAN 


‘ reenactment ante ieernryar eet woth ge - 
a oe ae - — 








































































NATURE 


It is, however, in practice mechanically” unsafe to rely 
upon mere tisstics of insulating material surrounding the 
conducting wire ; a certain thickness is absolutely neces. 
sary for security. Every insulated core to be used for 
submarine purposes, to ensure integrity of manufacture, 
should be tested under pressure, so as to break down all 
mechanical imperfections in the coating of the insulating 
medium, before the cable is submerged. The determina- 
tion of the dimensions of the insulator influences also 



























































stretching from London, the telegraphic centre of the 
world, by. land and submarine circuits into Denmark, 
Norway, Sweden, and Russia in Europe, thence across 
the wilds of Siberia in Asiatic Russia to’ the Japanese 
Sea. and on to Japan, terminating within the tropics, 
at Hong Kong. “ Secondly, the “Eastern Telegraph,” 
which, crossing the Bay of Biscay, reaches Lisbon, 
and thence threading its way under the dark Ulue 
waters of the Mediterranean Sea to Suez, reaches India 
by the Red Sea and Indian’ Ocean, and on to Ceylon 
(Point du Galle), joining the “Great Northern” at Hong 
Kong vid Singapore, Thus by means of these two great 
systems 4 complete circuit of the continents of Europe and 
Asia is effected, the one within the limits of the tropics, 
the other bordering upon the Arctic circle, reaching as 
it does to 62° of north latitude. At Singapore the circuit 
is divided, a branch extending south to Sumatera, Java, 
and the continent of Australia,— Sydney, Melbourne, and 
Adelaide being reached ; New Zealand being about to be 
included, Thirdly, there is the vast stretch of the South 
Atlantic Ocean traversed by the circuits of the.“ Brazilian 
Submarine," connecting Great Britain, wid Lisbon, with 
Madeira, St. Vincent, and the continent of South America 
to Pernambuco, ‘There it joins the coast submarine cir- 
cuits of the “ Western and Grazilian,” extending north to 
‘Para and south to Bahia, Rio Janeiro, Rio Grand do Sul, 
and’ Monte Video in the River Plate, at which station, in 
connection with the local lines of the River Plate Com. 
pany, it reaches Buenos Ayres, thence by means of the 
Wires of the Argentine Republic, crosses the Andes into 
Chili and Peru, From Para the electric circuit is ex. 
tended (Para and Demerara being now under comple- 
tion), by way of the West India Isles, Jamaica, and Cuba, 
to Florida, there joining the extensive system of ‘the 
United States Trunk lines i to San Francisco, west, and 
Newfoundland, east; and thence, by the circuits of the 
“ Anglo-American” ‘and “ Direct ‘United States” cable, 
crossing the Atlantic Ocean to Great Britain, Thus the 
New World is also encircled by two great systems, the 
one almost equatorial, the other within the higher degrees 
of northern latitude, : 

In dealing with submarine circuits the electrician 
has several matters to consider and accurately adjust, 
some of which will be more fully considered hereafter, 
First, there is the Copper-conducting wire, its capacity 
according to the length of the circuit. ‘Too sinall at con. 
ducting wire on a circuit of a given length would offer too 
seat a resistance ; too large a conducting wire would be 
equally faulty, induction increasing in greater proportion 
from its Jarge superficial surface than its increased 
sectional area augments the Speed, ‘I'he exact sectional 
area of the wire has therefore to be determined ; then 
for insulation, the best relative proportion in weight, 
and sectional measurement between the wire and that o} 
the insulating material, Insulation, as is well known, 
may be obtained by a mere film of 1 non-conductor sur- 
rounding the wire. ‘his is illustrated by the’ simple 
experiment of passing a weak voltaic current of electricity 
through an extended ‘fine metallic wire immersed in a 
trough of water, Under ordinary circumstances it is but 
natural to suppose (water being ‘a conductor) that there 
would be no insulation ; not 50; by the action of the 
current through the wire decomposing the water, a fine 
non-conducting film of hydrogen is developed surround. 
ing the wire, which, with a strength of current ad- 
Justed to the resistance of the wire, will Separate the 
water from the metallic conductor, perfect insulation being 
imaintained, Destroy the balance between the Current 
and the wire, and the hydrogen, evolved too rapidly by 
reason of electrical decomposition, accumulates upon the 
surface of the wire and, passing off in the form of small 
bubbles, destroys the insulation. This simple experiment 
demonstrates that insulation in the abstract sense may 
be obtained by a very thin covering of a non-conductor, 





Tia. 34 First Avantic Cable, 1857 (natural sie), 


materially the inductive effect of the circuit ; and when 
it is remembered that the best insulating material repre: 
Sents a cost of about 6s, per pound weight upon the wire, 
the close connection between science and pounds shil- 
lings and pence becomes at once apparent. The varia- 
tions in weight per nautical mile of copper and insulation 
in some of the recent important cables are here given, 
The Atlantic main. cables of 1865 and 1866: copper 
300 Ibs, insulation yoo Ibs, ; lengths each about 1,900 
nautical miles, French Atlantic main cabte, 1869 : copper 
400 Ibs,, insulation 4oo Ibs, ; length about 2,600 nautical 





Fi Atlantic Caber 7 ge 
IG. 35.—Atlantic lee Paid In 386. d i 
Newfoundland (natural are), weight per nau wee eaters an 


miles, , Falmouth and Lisbon, 1870: copper 120’ t! 
insulation 175 1bs.; length about 800 Hautical aed 
Anglo-Danish Cable, 1868: co per 180 Ibs, insulation 
180 Ibs, length, 365 nautical miles, Hong-Kong— 
Shanghai, 1870 ; Sopper 300 Ibs, insulation 200 Ibs, ; 
length, 1,100 nautical miles. . China Telegraph, 1870: 
copper 107 1bs,, insulation 140 Ibs, ; length, 1,632 nautical 
miles, British India Extension, 1870 copper 120 tbs, 
insulation 175 Ibs, ; length, 1 48 nautical miles, Eight 
important submarine circuits have here been summarised, 
and in six it will be found that the proportions in the 
Weight per nautical mite between the Copper and ‘insula: , 








| (Fane 241 875, 








“Sune 24, 1875| ; 
ee 


‘the best practical results at the least expenditure of 








tion vary -in an extreme degree. © Thus there is found 


copper and insulation. in ‘the ‘respective Proportions by 


weight of 1 to 1, also 3 to, 4, also 3 to 2, also 2 to 3,.and 


also in the irregular -proportion of $1 to 14. By these 


figures it ‘appears that there is no accepted ratio, and 


every new cable scems to: be constructed according to 


the clectrical views of the designer, in some cases at an 
enormous cost, as compared with others of similar length 


and equal efficiency in transmitting power, Thus, by re- 


ducing the weight of material per nautical mile into an 


average money value, assuming for copper 15, 2d, per Ib., 
* and insulation 6s, per tb, we obtain the following. ratios ;— 


1, 100 nautical miles : copper £16 0 insulation £60 


1,632 ” ” 65 «4 42 
2,600 " ” 33 0 7 
2,000 " ” 160 ” 70 


With such indiscriminate specifications there is certainly 
something left to discover, and the next few years may 





























ch Atlantic Cable laid between rest and Inland ‘of Satate 
Dlerte, 186). : 


determine with some degree of ‘accuracy the true propor- 
tions by weight to ‘be adopted between the conc ucting 
Wire and the external thickness of the insulator, to obtain 


capital on a circuit of given length, worked with one of 
the sensitive recording instruments already brought under 
notice, =As an example of the augmentation of speed 
upon a submarine circuit, according to the delicacy of the 
recording instrument employed, upon the Great Northern 
cable between England and Denmark, 365 nautical miles 
in Jength, with the most improved submarine morse, an 
average of seventeen words per minute was obtained ; 
with the Wheatstone’s automatic thirty words, and with 
the ‘Thompson syphon recorder fifty words per minute are 
practically reached, Rts ft ° 

For many years there has existed a divided opinion as 











"NATURE 















cable more costly per mile from in 
and weight of iron, 


4 per cent. 


Fig, 36, 


The weight of the main cable‘per naut is 
" intermediate 4, 
” shoreends 4, 


(To be continued) 





to whether a light submarine cable, co 
of construction with mechanical facilitics of laying, is 
not the right system to adopt as against the heavy 
and more expensive form of iton covered cable, The 
light cable theory may be said to be 

the eut, M, F. Mau 
every apposition adhered in Principle t 


451 


mbining economy 


based upon. the 
ry, who through 
© light cables, 
in his own words: * You 
may snap a taut rope, but you cannot break a slack 
line” This remark may nautically be quite true, but 
electrically far from Correct, for the following reasons, In 
submerged cables, speed is freatest upon the shortest line, 
Now, in deep-sea telegraph, in the onl 
h possibly be emp! 
security against mechanical interruptions, two or three 
points come into play. Supposing a light cable were to 
¢ used aver, say, a circuit of 2,000 miles, with an average 
depth of 1,500 fathoms, or about 1} miles, First, take 
the specific gravity of the light cable as compared with 
water, at what rate will it sink to the bottom? it not 
so adjusted as to sink at about one mile per hour 
(looking to the cnormous sweep between the paying out 
steamer and the bottom of the ocean at the depth of 13 
miles), it is more than probable that although you cannot 
break a “slack line,” it may be so twisted and 
by surface-currents and under-currents moving at various 
velocities or even in opposite directions as it slowly sinks 
to the bottam by reason of low specific gravity, that a 
very great length of cable may be paid out (as a slack 
line). Secondly, the cost of this increased mileage must 
be taken into account as compared with that of the heavier 
iron-sheathed cable upon which a mechanical strain 
can be placed to ensure more or less a Bee" line, 
Thirdly, the speed of transmission through a submarine 
cable is inversely asthe square of the length. Now, 
is practically correct, it is easy to determine whether the 
best commercial results will be obtained from alight cable 
with increased clectrical resistance, although it may be 
carried out at a less original outlay, or from a shorter 
creased strength 
ut with greater transmitting speed, 
and in consequence dividend carning capacity. But 
of equal importance with any of the previous points 
is the impossibility of grappling a tight cable from any con- 
siderable depth in cases of injury a fecting the insulation, 
To raise a cable from a depth of 1} miles involves a 
great strain upon the cable, and unless the breaking strain 
has been calculated to mect such an emergency, any suc. 
cessful attempt at restoration must be abandoned, and the 
catire line is rendered tseless and the capital lost. Eve ty 
submarine cable should be laid with a certain percentage 
of slack, regulated according to depth of water and sur- 
rounding circumstance, The average slack is from:8 to 


if circuits upon 
loyed with any 


contorted 


if this 


‘The first Atlantic cable, 1857, between Valentia and 
Newfoundland, is shown in clevation and section at Fig. 34, 
This cable, from imperfect construction, remained clectri- 
cally sound for a very limited period, and very few 
Messages were successfully passed through the con- 
ducting wire, It, however, became the pioncer to suce 
cess, and elucidated several important points in connection 
with the design of the 1865 and 1866 Atlantic cables shown 
at Fig. 35. ‘The covering of these cables consists of ten 
strands of Manilla hemp, each containing a homogencous 
steel wire. The French Atlantic iron-sheathed cable 
between Brest and Saint-Pierre, laid in 1869, is shown at 


‘Tons, 
ae 1652 
se 6256 
vee 20447 


aaa ae ee 























































ee ane 










































ooo SIR OC, WHUATSTONE, on 
Tne London papers of ‘Thuraday tho Qlat inst. 
chronicled the death, at tho ago of seventy-three, of 
this eminent man of science, who may be considered 
as having belonged to a class which has sprung 
up with tho riso of ‘the electric telegraph, He was 
both: an investigator and: an invent The dis. 
coverers of scientific truths had ‘previously con- 
tented themsclves with discovery, leaving it to other 
men with other aims to find the application, “ En. 
‘l gaged in tho. high regions whither their thoughts 
find carried them, thoy hardly perceived these prac. 
i| tical fasues, though born of their own deeds, .'Theav | 
‘Jrising workshops, these peopled colonica, those ships 
j{ which furrow the seas, this abundanco, this luxury, 
this tumult—nll_ this comes from discoveries in 
science, and it all remains strange to them, At the 
i]point where scicnco merges into practico they 
abandon it; it concerns them no more.” But since 
+| Cuvier thus wrote, occasion hns developed as it wero 
j]a now order of men who cross that border line and 
‘}apply as well as discover, Siemens, Sir W, 'Ihom-! 
}j8on, nnd others are members of a schoo! which it was 
}Jnatural that a young and growing science, whosu. 
researches were manifestly prognant with so much | 
practical importance, should produce, é 
Wheatatone, the son of Mr. W. Wheatstone, of | 
Gloucester,’ was born thera in 1802, aml at na: 
private school ho carly acquired « taste for physics | 
‘and mechanics, In youth ho learned the art of | 
) musical instrument making, andstarted 9 business for 
himaclf in London when little over twenty. “But it 
is clear that his business did not wholly employ him, 
and that the higher powers of his mind were thus 
early at work, for in 1893 ho published a: work 
‘Jentitled « Now Experiments on Sound," and nfter- 
{wards devoted himself to tho analogies existing be- 
‘I tween light and sound, publishing many contribu- 
tiona’.on the subject in the Journal of the Royal 
Sociely and Philosophical Magasine, ingeniously illus- 
trated ‘by apparatus of his own contrivance. In 
1833, through Professor Faraday, he communicated 
to tho Loyal Socicty a valuble paper on ‘Acoustic 
Figurep,” and another in 1834 on Certain Experi- 
ments] to measuro the Velocity of Hlectricity and 
ithe Duration of the Electric Light.” ‘This ‘paper ! 
‘mado’ public his invention of tho rotating miror | 
‘used for measuring very high velocities and short 
intervals of time, He caused a Leyden jar to be 
discharged throtigha cireuit of several miles of copper 
wire, interrupted at three points, where, however, 0 
spark could pass, One point was between one cont 
af the jar and one end of the wire, another between 
‘ho other cont of the jarand tho other end of the wire, | 
he third was in the iniddle of tho wire. Hv had thus! 
hrge sparks, which whenrellectolin the nirroratreeti 
showed three distiuct imajges in a vertical line. Bat] 
vthen tho mirror rotated at a high velocity, the} 
aniddle image of the middle spark was keen to In dt 
Dehind the others, proving that the two side sparks \- 
were simultancous, and preceded tha middle one~in | * 
other words, the electricity took o certain time to 
reach the middle of the wire, Also the images of 
the sparka became clongated according to the dura- 
tion of the latter. i 
In the sane year Wheatatone’s scientific merits 
were recognised by his appointment to the Chair 
of Experimental Phyaica, King's College, and in 
136 he was clected a Fellow of the Royal Society, 
and read on that occasion his “ Contributions to the 
Physiology of Vision,” a paper which announced the 
principle of the stercoscope, Ie pointed owt that 
the impression of solidity was due to binocular 
nm, Each oye placed at a different point of} * 
view forma a different image of an object in tho 
| brain, and the two images united produce the’ 
Appearance of solidity, ‘Iho smaller the object re. | 
latively to tho distance between the eyea the more 
atriking the effect, Paintings of amail objects fai 
in the inpression of solidity, although in large dig.! 











ENGINEERING. 


tant objects ns landscapes the defect ia hardly. 


noticeable, By photography and the use of the 
stereoscopo we overcomo it. ‘Lhe photographer 

j .takes two views ench from a. separate standpoint, | 
and tho stercoscope is called in to blend theas {nto 
one. In theory a picture cannot represent nature 
(na ecen) without the ald of the stercoscope, A 

0 no viow—n representation of nattire 


Speed (C 5 


a mare rey 


“rcuit'D ye. Ihe rp WOT 


aid represents nature as seen by both eyes, 
ineans the effect of solidity may be greatly ¢ 5 
rated. ‘The moon which appears tous asailat shining |’ 
ise, may be scen through the atercoscope in those }. 
beautiful lunar’ hotogeapha to havo. n distinctly 
globular form, the an iuminated ball of snow, 
Wheatstonv's atércoscopo was reflecting, ‘Tho two 
views were Wended by means of two mirrors. in- 
clined at an angle, Browater was tho inventor of 
tho refracting stereoscope (seen in every drawing. 
yoom) where the images are blended by refraction 
through lenses, ‘The principle is the samo in both, 

‘About this tno Wheatatone’s inind was -alao di. 
rected Lo the application of electricity to telegraphys 
Imtit was not until he co-operated with Mr, ¥ 
Vothergill Cooke, whose acquaintance ho made 
throngh Faraday, that his ideaa took form. In 
May, 1937, the, first patent for telegraphic 


| paratua in England was taken out in the nam 


Cooke and Wheatstone for “ improvements in gi 


Sosignala and sounding alarms at distant places by 
incang of electricity transmitted through metallic 


cult" and next year the firet practical applica- 
1b under this patent, a8 well as the firat telegraph 
in this country, was made on the Blackwall Railway 


+ hy aneans of insulated copper wires in an iron tube, 


Ibis difficult to accord to each of these men his proper 
share of credit in their joint undertakings, Sir M. | 
{, Beunel and Professor Danicl awarded to Cooke 


| the meritof having practically introduced and carried }) 
\ out the telegraph, and to Wheatstona that of having } 
} prepared the public by bis researches to reevive it 

1 aspracticnble, ‘The proper cottrae fa, no slouht, to 

1 associate their names, ant 


itis on thia practical appli- 
cation of electricity that Wheatatone's chief claim to 
{immortality resta. ‘The Americans cain ainilar 
honours for Morse working in America, Ench 


} conntry may honour its own pioncer without rlyalry. | 5 


Another of Wheatatone’s great inventions was]: 
the automatic tranamitter, by which messages can} 
he sent through a lino at any speed. A slip of paper | 


perforated with signal holes runs by clockwork, and |; ° 


regulates the contacts of the transmitting key, and | 
thus the succession of currents into the ling, nga 
elerk’s hand does in manual sending, Wheatstone 
probably borrowed this idea from tho cards of a 
Jncquard loom, As many og five hundred words a]. 
minute may be sont by it, whereas, the best clerk}! 
cannot send over thirty-five, : 

One of the most useful and adinirablo of hisinvere 
tions is the magneto-clectric dial so generally used on 
short private linea between offices, railway stations, 
&e., wherein the current is generated by turning a 
handle, and the message sent by depressing a series 
of stops, corresponding to thirty letters and sym- |i 
bola, arranged round « dial, And one of hig most 
recent works was his production, in conjunction 
with Siemens, of a mrodification of Wyld's electric 
light apparatus, Wyld turns the current gene- 
rated in a battery of stecl magnets into an clectro- 
“magnet, whore armature being rotated, generates the 
glvetrielty for tho Hubt, .. Wheatatann direards tho! 
battery of steel, magneta, and turns part of. the 
current (generated in the Siemens armature by 
rotation in the at firat feoble magnetic fictd due to 
residual smnagnetism only) into tho coils, thereby 
increasing the strength of tho magnetic field, and 
consequently the atrength of the generated current 
in compound ratio, ‘Tho remainder of this current 
is utilised in producing the light, 

Measles theso principal electric inventions, Wheat-| 
stone originated tho arrangement called the Wheat | 


stono Bridgo for measuring electric resiatances, an'| 


Tarrangement of great utility, but one which could 
{not long have remained unknown. It may also be 
mentioned that ho first showed the spectrim of the 
relecteic spark to bo that of the metals forming the 
felectrodea, Among many minor inventions, both 
curious and useful, mas Ue also mentioned a means 
of conveying sound by deal roda from a musical | 
iuatriment in one part of a building, to an atte | 
dience in a distant part, also tho solar clock, a con- |: 
trivance at onco ingenions asd beautiful, On|! 


‘Jexamining tho light from a clear sky in a dircetion |} 


at right angles to the sun's rays by a Nicols prism || 
Jand quartz plate (the usual apparatus for exhibiting 


ef’ thug phongiienon of tho polarisation of Jight) the 


aur of.tho quarts plate-arg found to“depend,on 


AN Experience of upwa' 


lVinake use of them. 


i ig prt! 
io position Or the prism, and vice verad, the fi 


iti Phat these 
hie. position of the. sun,; ‘That, 
Oe anes accordin ag.the sun, shifts in tho 


inciplo. upon which |. 
heavens is, therefore, tho prinelp ip 


: kk depends, ‘ 
the nation of the solar cloc inted nv jucor in 
was appuinted a juror 
Drofensor Wheat Ke Light, Tien, and Electricity,” 


aris Universal Exhibition in 1855, on which } : 
t 


Foccasion lio was created a knight of tho. Legion of 


i the Emperor, and chosen 0 Correapont- 
anes af tho inatitute of France. we mets 
we " recoyniged by most of the learned rocictics ft 
Ienro o, ‘he University of Edinburgh eatowe! 
the degree of LL.D, and in 1863, iter Majeaty 
conferred upon him 


ied i 5, an J \ 
matted in th instant. Tlis_ remains 
A 


vi t to Kngland were al 
oon in the Tie WAgmeaseau by the members o| 
the French Academy, where the cloquen 
ayed n tri 
ia been a great gain, and whos 
great loss to acicnce, 


——— ES, 


Vur coteimporar ‘Nature, line commencetla-#orl 
of articles on The Progress of the ‘Telegrapl 
from which our renders will be surprised to feare 


Nelint * up to-wddaectrieal knowledge was more or ; 
Nous conftic lecture table; crude exporiments i 
{upon fel 1 electricity, the clements of mag: | 
netic antl yolalC pheyytioda, constituted the portto- | 
Io of knrtedige us Recdpwed by the publi and | 
that, little or no progress wamrmade until “Tn 1848 | 


Holmes gave to telegraphy the practical result of Wa | 


reacarches as reganis the rapid transnission of ely. 
nals over extended cireultal” ‘Che name of St 
Wiliam Cooke—the father of the English telegrap] 
tnystum—ats searcely mentions; and induct es 
capacity and absurption are raid to be the sama, 
1 gan sone eee chee ’ 

12.8 WCITY AND Maanarisa,—Telegrapha, ete, 
ie Brothers Siemens, of Berlin, made a very fine 
fall kinds. ‘The only 


hin the seupe of this | }reeciver, which ia said to be among t 


le! & yaluablo collection of old 


orth ain whoae activity 
bute to the ferule etnies will be n| J ueedle tele 


oT 


23} H ENGINEERS 


Ins utcesaful conversazions 


Soclety of ‘etegraph Engincera, at W' 
where it was evident thae no pains A 
to bring together auch instruments. and apecimens: 
ng muat. have been Of tho highest ‘interest to the 
numerous visitors, ‘Thua tho President exhibited’ 


I ot and very rar ‘ 
i treating of electrical subjects, and ranging Roar 
' | De Magnete of Petrus eregrinus, 1668, down to: 
the Catalogue of the Ronalde’ Library, in the! 
{handwriting of the late Sir Francis Ronatda, whilo! 


had been spared! 


the honour of Knighthood. Ile ‘Tone of the most intereating featurea of the con-{ 


cro, |. || Versazione was the Wheatato: i j 
dd died’ at the Hotel du Lourro, : by Mr. Robert Sabine, Tere. seman sett 


ttended to tho Engliah record of the intellectual labours of that fortite in- 


4 complete! 
ventor aud eminent savant, Sir Charles Wheatstone, 


tM, Dumnat : Arranged in succession were the various modifica. | 


tions of the five, tho four, the double, 
i graph. The most re 
yment was close to ita protot 

‘Telegraph of 18-40, while th 


Hy uncouth-looking 
d speed » 
000 miles of 


enerally heighten the 
ic of our great electri. . 

types of tho 

by others, the last 

ad C) moat recent im- | 

2 rt vt apparatus, ext: { 
_fingentous in device, must have Meen Moone ct 
every student of clectricity ; wo mean the rotating | 
inirror with which Sir Charles Wheatstona made 
Nis celebrated researches upon tho velocity of ! 
electricity. hero was yet another exhibit in this’ 
collection, which was typical of the convereazione, ' 
and which wo must mention, as it closes the long’ 
list of the inyentions whick we owe to our Into’ 
veteran electrician, This wasa capillary mereurial 


he most delicate 


steel needle | |apparatus for signalling on submarine cables, It 


ry ProprinyFdytuper of 


and 


(has beon used with success over 2000 miles of wire, 


(i oils |] It was to perfect this instrument that Sir Charles 
Ly 4 
tele 


the extremely satisfactory performance of this Instru- 1 

ent, the peculinrstendiness of motion heing especially |] machine, the Clamond generator, and 
worthy of notice, ‘The apparatus was, however, sone- dynamo.magneto machine, 
Fwhat expensive, and, though well adapted for research, 
is not likely’to replace the much ¢ 
of Ste William Thompson, us made by Eliott Brothe 
of London, Fe sien Bee - 


Py Lt a cea ; 
In the House of Commons, on obra 10 
i y to | tion from Mr. Me 
Manners, in reply to a ques ee 
stated that the only reason 
Pie ‘tnake of telegraph cards was that the | 
rds of three years showed ie : 
i ablic, could not be inguced to | 
‘elusively that the public co ee s 


fx 


inuing the, 


'| Wheatstone went to Paris a few months ago; and 
he was actively engaged over it almost to the eve of 
his death, 

Among recent inventions, we noticed tho Gramme - 
‘Tisley’s 
: * Tho former, 2 aul 
model machine, was connected with Foucault's ap- 


instruments}! paratus, by which it is experimentally shown that if 


Acopper disc be mado to rotate between the poles , 


~|| of & powerful electro-tnagnet, heat is ultimately de- 








veloped in the disc, and the temperature yariea | 
nearly as the velocity of rotation, : 


ates, se 


We lave to record, with mueh oD death, 
on Sauunry agri, of General a R Director- 
General of Telographs of the Ge rman ‘Empire. } 


' . 


a SOFT TEN re 


was given by Mr. Latimer Clark, President. of the! 
illis’s Rooma,?. 


pte res ore Dey 













THE CONSERVATION OF E 
The following is from: the 
triclty and MM 
now in the press, 
ry of -elcciricity adop 
jatever Its” nature, eae 
may prove to be, 
les hoth matter ani 
In-that itcan nelther 
loctrine of the Consere 
ago. by Lavoisier, 
ir create matter, 


LECTRICiTry, 


Elementary Les- 


sons In Elec by Sinvanus Pp, 














electricity, wh: 
electricity, wh 
energy s that It resembt: 
Bpect, however, 













_{ tablished a con 
can never destro: 
distribution andats f 
ways, The doctrine of tl 
has been bullt'u 
Mayer during the 





Pp by Helmholtz, 

last half centu 
© nor destroy 
from one: form to anoih 
energy of movin, 


aly ea change It balls of naval arch 
a ar asthe: roan construction, Tho special ftth © tapeliltca- 
ot ; ark wore arranged by Mesira, Siemens, ty oe Bits, ‘elegeagh 
ed against gravity qo to Mr, Froude. You will sco b: th mocet t 
tion whence it can |" fore you what her goneral conatructlo: a doubt 


of heat, or asthe 


eemeecsnn rt? 


an 


Or may cause it to spi 
which themselves can a 
| cording to this view all 
i Mire merely instruments. fo: 

electricity by. moving some 
{ or for causing electricity when hea 

Work in returning to its former lev 
| out these tessons the atte 
j fc of the science in Jan, 
i but rather to 


ye 








8 and batteries |. | 

th es ja the highest classification, be 
K the distribution of : Moya ontinery requirements the yetach i ettion rilltton t9 1 ; cylinder t2in, 
in, 


etm ecee og tt 


New York, Saturday,. July 


pews eeer ener: 


tice ty another, 
one place to do 





tpt has been made to 
RuAge consonant with 
lead the young student to thi 
Upon it ddgmatica 


En 





lth this view ; 
as the result a. 
ly att Che outset,” 
























went of electro. 
60 fully pone into, Peay tay? Wouble, 
meariesbtnats A ‘ a 


uta 





my 





iS OF THe emrtemraven ron Otters 























ia Scheer 








{ : 
(pea 
4 


oughout Is that 
That this 
fs not matter, and | 
id cnergy In one rea: 
be created norde- 
nation of Maller, ws, 
teaches us. that. we 
{hough {ve ca, alter its 
ations in Innumerable eecurreil to me that somo. account € th 
tation of Energy which | 2gmformance onght to bo given to the toate et 
oule, and:| :“:ggypreforo, through tho kindness of Messrs’ Slomens, 














70, Wy Menuvien, RLS, Auoello “Meaul 


gned hor, ao far aa regards al 





th a rudder at each end, SG0f, tun; 
rawing usually at load dea he trom eat pen 


; 
HE TELEGRAPH. CABLE SHIP FARADAY» 


ber of Council: 


sol and of hy 
My and I have fi ¥ an auxiliary 


teaches us that we can tloulars as I thought would be of modintorcat,’ obtalned aucts cllera aro 16ft, 


rs, Mitchell ani Co,, of Nowcallo-on-Tyno, 


keola, and fe 




















“Arni 21, 1876, 








' 
\ 
‘ 
y 






Tor buitt ahatts, Inatend of ‘ 
cre ae anglo between thom ins pal 
turning, a9 that, if th 

section, they would be 


keols aro [.*eBoated by Dp, 8h 






and drawings givin great ndifit 
U 


o-onded adi 
LGC. dee 


: t Sho has acdlag | {itted a 
fn aqitara bilges, with largo oxt al bilgo al | atonal, in ttt 


ty sailed on vory nuarly avon keel, 
nks, having an aggregate capacity of 1 


asol will carry 300 tons of cablo nnd 
if stores anil cable 
Si) tons doad weight, all told, at abou 


4 ‘Tho bull of tho vesuol is built, in accor) 


6 INCA 


+ fPby having tho upper and middto decks of iF€edin a 





yore noe threo cable 
thocontral cones, The form ant displ) jont it tick teats alx o} 


tY 
machinery, and 1100 tat tone two ! annor ns is 


the 
bog 






" The veasel 
Araught of boltors 1 rf hoati f vossal. ine 
squire foot, 








sith Moyd’s rules, | 7 rd 65 1b, on the 


h tho English 
rengthened | ¢ 







; 1 t0 ate arranged to 

ee cal ge Xi cel ftom t SH a ete 

Ie dnaln deck an the pars peouplad WA cab is re pe nee any fa ah eee 
‘oor, no construction of tho tanks, {ron ¥ cys 

Hinner bottom, Ke,, ia all x0 inenrpornted togeth's usol’s hull, ee enears to bf to iatitya eres 





r{p)Sreatest amount of mutual support and atren; 


i of 







carried on numerous longitudinal girders for sho I 
drawing; the apaco between the bottome and ap to 


vessel fa fitted with two rudders, so that sho may 


middle and lower iron decks, Each tank is providec 


water-tight cone for the proper stowage of the cables, which cones | "tu, two cnurmous bilxekeols, or falso keels, outelde the bilges, acl 


are made in pieces, connected togethor aut to the innor,bottom by deep, wn about 120ft, long. These are tuado of sheet 
dincruliber packing, ao that they can bo removed when iN i hel Now, namely, two sila plates tt. din, deep, and about 
OR 


bolts and inc 


i gequired, | ‘Tho tanks are alsv provided with a eae ayatom of | 1 


cocks anit pipes, ani a special atenin engine for too 


with water and €or pumping out when required. A perforated rose | they gg joined by a trough-shaped noso-plece, 
distahcarup each ide at tho cones, with » bent] of Rais weeny toseaward, Tho elfeot of t 


Fextenda a certain ¢ 


plate over tho anmo tv insure the water-tightness of tho cones, felt, n oniy in its goneral result of 
i Kater service pipe—aA. wrotight fron pipe is carriod froin tho | tho shij,qwn roll, as distinguished 
eogine-room along the bulwarks, with brass nozzles placod at con- | waves, bt also, if ono may vent iro to use 
tenient distances, so that hoses can bo attached for saturating tho | anchoringher in tho still water below, jos 


aatlos, washing decks, or other gencral purposes. . 


Water ballast.—Tho space between tho outer and inner bottoms | cilective wan acing upon her side, 






fs fe, give the ho mont’ interesting fv to Juatify a fow further 


OWS on 
dtcek has been tmiado avatlabte for water ballnat, Lert! lore. na ta Iny ant sometimes t 


} Hine, 860ft.; breadth uf beam, S2ft; doptl saaulien 
pa", : 
either end, Tho veseo! is propelted by two distinct pairs i th, therefore, baum } 
aud two rerow pro; nellora. tho en tien are on the eonnp Sogtnet bilge... Cunsulering her groat bread, the fr Tight drtabo : 
face condansing principle, with n view to economy of fuel. 
Lit Calle aaa ef tho faltowing ‘limenatonti-<Eore sank ft, | decks bot irou, and somo rather heavy minchinery on deck. 
!-diamoter by 20ft, deop; main tank, 45ft. diamoter by 20th \.. | yy: Hy Indon with a larga cable, 
alt tank, Toit. diameter by stie, deep. Tho tanks are ciral When fully ladlo® with in 
hand enticoly constructed of wrought fron plates dia. thick, When abo is light, the increase of weight 
‘entire inner surface of the tanks Ia flush riveted. ‘Tho bottom | shove tho ‘water Wing i 
: formedk by the innor bottom of tho vessel, and thn top of the tank. 4, her ballast tanks, ‘These conditions all ten to casy rolling in a 
- are united to the upper iron deck, and ara also finaly 





foatures nbout hor is her 


which tins further been attained by having the able “eure, 14 eas tnagen way, She is not absolutly without 
zr 


ct what sho has ts smal] Jn oxi 
tent 
ry ty point out how erential thie alin inne 
mick y © plo up ant ander 
I3(t. ‘Tho }eaT hig frat place, it fe te Beebe whlch 1 thls quality hss ‘been 


sored at | tosh in proportion toher beam, towing, 






uur | low in tro, In tho next piace, whather ut load or 
so tareioa ar weight rather high, having her niddla and upper 





this fills the eltedtas tank 2 
5 fino of sho upper deck. 
which it fs stored not very much below the Hy of te rest 


ino fe not much more than balanced by tho water : : - ; 





united to the ¢, sidoring hergreat breadth, would hardly secure this 
with a centro vena ba notable feature oe therfore introduced by fitting her 





part, scoured tothe aide of the ship by angio irons, and closing 


4 cs { the bilge kecl, whero 
her within about din, at tho outer edge o ba igo mn) whete 


em is very atrongly 
f dimlolshing the amplitude of 
from the furced roll duo to tho 
auch an expreasion, by 
toad of allowing her to 


he aurfsce motion of to the mean 
Breet ee itor hee aiden “Tha diiferentinl offect is o 


ing the cabte | t 


‘Tif the veasei bas boen fitted to carry water ballast, and is divided | mattor not s¢ gues work, but of direct observation-=the waves 


Atransveracly into threo compartments, besidos a longitudinal divi- | recoiling fron hedaile in a very unusual 
don, making aix compartments in nil, so that the veasol can be | lying alongaidcis brood away from her, oven nga 
Himmed. ‘The fnner bottom ia made of plating din. thick and | of the waves. Th) can only bo expla 

Jiarcfully united to tho skin of the vessel; uno of the lower decks | hor straight side, aki capecially of her 
is matte water-tight to form the upper part of the ballaat compart. | motion of the watg in the waves. | 
ments, Ehey havo alt needful cocks and pines for filling and} = ‘The resenschea okRankine and of ¥ 


1 manner, so that n boat 
inst tho direction 
nad by the reflex action of 
bilge picees, of the circular 





‘roude, which are printed in 


smptying tha various compartments independently of each other, | our own transactiog, havo furnished tho theoretical laws, hy 1 


Choy have also manholes at convenlent distances for cloaning, kc, | judicious and reasoiible npplicat! 
Ruddere and steering. gear —The ates aud astert-posta of tha | has been obtained inactice, It 


Lof thy veseel, na shown on drawing, The ateering gear is of | therefore costly abip, 


fon of which» succeasful resulé 
is nat too much to say that ¢hoso 





go nt once to the full dteveloputent of theso 


Haro formed in auch w mauger aa to re srudier at ench | reavarches have giver Broston to the derignoes of this large, and 


pla power, aud is placed foro and aft in such a manner on deck j laws in her construothn, foatead of def 
tht the ahip can bo steered at either ond, A steam ateoring appa | throtigh « long coursd of intormediate tris! 
due fa supplied for working vither thu fora or after gear, ‘The | given ua a sories of vascls, each perhaps 


ring their application 
» Which woult havo 
an improvement on its 
{ul aud more costly than 






ftlder not in uso looky, by means of 9 vertical bolt dropping | precuraor, yot on tho whole far less nucovea fy oa theories auil- 


‘augh the skia of the w into the shpuldor. of th 


arranged as permanunt coal 









jncly 1400 tons, 

(Store-rvoms aro fitted up as shown on drawing, 
hiner ox the available space would purmlt, 

(Coding are fitted up in the after part of the vessel, 





Coat bunkers, —All available apace in the engine and boller-room | olently woll established to justify practi 
H T bunkera, with resorvo supply | further popular olucidation of the general purposes of th flosting An 
ranged ne conventently aa possible, making a total capacity of may not bo out of place, If wo consider be ae, seta ite 


. ts shown on | oscillatevanctly likes pendulum, 


o radder. the bolder smcasure of acting at once and 







fenl adoption, A little 
sof these theories 










. water, no as to bo exactly half immerse’ 
and fo such | aaisin the wator plane, ant suppor it to be loaded either mush 


AL 
or Hittle bolow ita canteu of figure, then, 1€ wo sot it rolling, it wi 

IL be nothing to atop it 
ated theta ee tuk for thats Ie 


at! 


fan. Tho aaluon bina pltastera of pollahed wood with neat bmckets | excopt the Frictlun of tho water on it: Pune Mikes pandas 


t cop, mubogany tables, awing-bach senate, hanging trays for | would go on for over, with an unaltered osoill 





Tf, now, wo pus a keo! 





lasses, Intnpe, ko, Tho sleeping cabins aru titted with berths ao {lum on frictionlces bearings in a tar aaeadpe Wehintanoe to tho 


—gunstructod as to be casily removed furcleaning, . Sultable accom: | on this cylinder, wo introduce a dirce! 


f thoalde of tho keol bas to 





nodation las beon provided fur the cable hands and tho crow of | oscilintion, becattes tho wholo surface ot Wo cylinder rolls, ‘The 


ho veaecl, . 
» Deatingrroon ts 


writing desk, and other usual fittings, 


fitted up in the space betweon two enable tanks, 
fax shown on drawing, and Jing wn atrong table, battery, - ra 


bo driven tlatwise through tha water, aay the thine of oscilla 





thon 3 that Ls to aay, 
kel, ft. would atill rol 


Rigging. —The veesel te rigged as shown on: drawing. -. Tho | extent of tho. roll wou! 
lower maata nce of frou, arranged to servo also fur ventilation, | this dimiuution, depoudin 


Allatanding rigging feof gatvaniaed wire rope, and 






tho running | atill water is concerned, au, 


rigghug of beet Petersburg demp, The snils are of navy canvas, of lindor reall; 


suitable numbers, 


be Gay 

[th chnvas awnlo, 
comptato, ¥ 

vam: winohes, with: Heth rEo 


in neconlanco with Hoard of ‘Trade 






about paying-out from her, and nono : 


+ provontod such dolicato 





ra 
a aplioli 
ie i ing i has at nll paar ages obacrvations fn tha 
he veasol fs not designed for gréat speed} thnt fe'nod noccessry, 
for. oof erark, fu ceonoiy of saat conipion He geek eee 0 bo 
A ary workin, . 
Hala, ane sho lina exceeded ten Tenste” Aiton toe eet te Miao 
wiael ney hot attempted to give you any account of the tinchinery : i 
tert f 9 fig laying A picktugsup of 1fus,cablea That belongs i : i 
nto naval archltcatt: yor, ° 
saublect which Z havo not aufletent knuwladge to veutine rece 
fe. Slemons sald that as tho owner and usor of thy hip Bara o ‘ 








day, ho might ba expected to make a fow 

ob Ht h a 
otoxtinondleeatruation tia cheat waa nos ia petuey ea ™ 
i dimonstons or poculinrith f 
§ mthor to ecomipliat an ouptneering abjeat, “he queen wee 


how to Arrange tito fond in tho all 
ip and nko th 
wudler all circunumtances, O10 of tho clientes tn cenfenagentte 














‘¢ ne . ‘ 
turel-de voir les étectriciens prendre unc part importante | 





At casas’ dds Yo debut de Vinstitition, i tait-tia- § 


q 


- A cette: idés de transformation” complite ‘des réseaux { 


“actucls. ‘Les promoteurs et les partisans -de' cette tratis- | 


formation ne se dissimulent point les difficultés qu'elle \ 
présente et ils se préoccupent d’écarter les effets din- 
duction et de charge qui ont fait échouer les premiers : 
essnis et d’assurer sur les lignes souterraines une trans: 
mission aussi rapide que sur. ‘les lignes: actuelles: : 

ost dans cette penste que M. Hottenroth: a. ima- 
giné une ‘disposition’ ayant, pour -but,.de diminuer. les ; 
imconvénients dé In charge ct'de ‘Iw décharge. "A cet 
effet, il propose dintercaler “dans le. fil. souterrain des: 
rolais de décharge placés 4 des distances 1 pet pris 
égales Pun. de Mautre. ‘Trdis relais intermmddinires Ini 


: porattraient suffisants pour une ligne de Berlin i Franc- 


‘ayant sa partic condensatrice en communication avec” 


“forte A. ebté de ‘chaque. relais serait un condensateur. \ 
In terre et sa partie collectrice reli¢e '& armature du | 


| yelais. Suivant que larmature est attirée ow non, elle” 
“vient buter contre "une ot autre de deux vis de cone. 
* tact, dont l'une, celle qu'elle touche a l'état de repos, com: | 
* munique avee Ja partie condensatrice * et: dont Vautre,: 


_, Billagranle 


 eguatey 
i Abn SATE GBs ai : 
4, Cibles souterraing ct sousemarinse — : 
. Construction de lignes télégraphiques souter- 


aw 


raines, par A. Hottenroth. (Archiv fdr Post und‘ 'Tele-- 


“année 1876, page 161). 


 ouragans: et” des‘ jnondati 
“de l'Europe ‘pendantles mols 
ner une. impulsion plus: vive.”. EnAllemngne, 
ate immunications, soute 


‘ Parinature du: 


celle quelle vient frapper: quand elle est attirée, avec 


“Jeg deux cotés di’. condensateur sont doc en commu: - 
 nfeation directe ct le.condensateur. eat dévhargé, Sous 


“In. partie collectrice du condensateur. A Pétat de repos, | ae 


Yaction du passage du courant, au contraire, !es plaques 


collectrices du condensateur sont mises cn communica: 34° 


ton’ avec le cable; ce. dernier se" décharge et quand 
relnis retombe,- le condensatcur ‘eat dé-. 
tour. et prét & ‘recevoir une nouvelle © 


: chargé 'd.'son 
charge. fii TCD A conn a 
 , 2.:Nouvelle méthode pour. correspoidre a travers 
les cables sous-marins: (Sournal of the'Telegraph, vol. 
IX, page 38). Pai ; 
M. Varley, le célébre électricien: anglais, vient de 
prendre un’ brevet pour une nouvelle: méthode qui subs- 
titue dans Ia télégraphie sous-inarine 
tique & Pelectricité dynamique... Pour Jes citbles entre 
“PEurope et: VAmérique, lo courant d'une pile de cing 
éléments, au ‘leu de pénétrer directement dans le chble, 
pénitre dans le cété d'un condensateur dont autre 
-eOté est: en communication avec. le cible.. Le .con- 
+ densateurse charge d’un coté par Ja -piledans un cer- 
_-tain sens, par exemple, positivement, tandis que Yautro 


-ebté, nse chargeant ‘ négativement, ‘produit dans’ le: 4 
‘courant: qui fait’ dévier Vaiguille de: Yautre “i! 
nie communication abxilinive avec In terre'ayant 


ines s’étaltfait jour 


Vélectrivité sta-” : 


‘Ce yatéme . présente sur’. lancien’, mode de ‘correspo! 
darice' les" avantages ‘suivants. Lé courant direct n'agit 
' galvanométre qu'aprés que le chble, est ‘chargé; 
‘courant do ‘charge, au‘ contraire, exerce son influence 
dds 'le ‘commencement. ‘En outre, Ia durée de influence 
le galvanométre cst tne’ valeur définie, indépen- 
dante de la durée de labaissement du manipulateur. 
3. Conférence sur la pose des cables télégraphiques 
sous-marins, par Ternant.. (Extrait du Bulletin de la 

, Société scientifique industrielle de Marscille). 

L'auteur passe en revue les méthodes suivies pour 

les épreuves et In’ pose des citbles. “Il décrit en’ détail 
“les freing d’Appold et ile dynamonittre: et donne une 


“courte explication sur:la recherche des faites. En ter- 


“minant,: il fait ‘observer que Je rapprochement des deux 
~métaus de Farmature et de lime (fer. et cuivre) dans 
“Ta faute, forme, sous action de l'eau de mer, des élec- 
trodes: dont In force électro-motrice’ est trés-varinble et 
vicie ‘le ‘plus souverit'les résultats dela recherche, 
“4, Méthode pour localiser une rupture dans wn. 
cable sous-marin, par H. Re Kempe. (The telegraphic 
Journal, vol.:1V, pnge 98). . : Ae 


: 5. Droit: télégraphiques 
"1, Die Lelegraphie und das Volkerrecht (La télégra- 
phie et le droit des gens), par le Dr. P. D. Fischer, 


“=> conseiller supérieur des" postes,’ une brochute. in-8° de 


GO pages. Leipzig, Duncker ct Humbtot, éditeurs, 1876. 
Prix, fr. 1. 60. 
Comme ‘auteur lui-méme le fait remarquer dés le 
début, les diverses études publi¢es sur tc droit télé- 
graphique, soit dans des‘ouvrages spéciaux, soit dans les 


“:. reeneils ‘périodiques, ont cu, jusqu’d présent, principa- 


~ lement pour objet les relations de In télégraphie avec 
le droit. public, Ie droit civil et Ie droit commercial, 
En 1871, le Dr. Dambach avait comblé une lacune en 


.) étudiant. ces relations par rapport au droit pénal. Le 


Dr. Fischer, s'est proposé im but analogue en abordant- 
Ja question, au. point de vue du droit des gens, cn 
‘d'autres’ termes du droit public international. C'est dans 
Jes conventions conclues successivement entre les diffé- 
~ vents ‘Etats et dans tes protocoles des Conférences qui 
“an ont préparé 1’élaboration, que l'auteur puise les prin- 
~clpaux . éléments de son. étude et, &. cette. occasion, 
~ il-fait-remionter lorigine du concert international Ala 


“seorivention du.25 Juillet 1860 qui a fondé l'Union austro- 


allemandes ‘ce,qui ne nous -paralt pas tout-d-fait exact, 
car cette 66 Fenttot avait 6té précédée de deux mois 
“du.16 Mai 1850, conclue entre ta 


: "mesure que -Tinstitution’ 80” développe, 


| “générales déja. unifo C 
“des traités ‘de’ Berne et de Bruxelles, L 
Vienne” ét de Roine ont. complété et perféctionné Vccuvro 
des Conférences de Paris en en étendant l'effet 
extra-européen et aux relations avec ‘les sovidtés privées 
et, enfin, Ia convention de St-Pétersbourg a codifié, en"! 
les concentrant, tous les principes consacrés par l’expé- : 
rience passée et qui présentaicnt le caracttre d'incon 
testabilité ‘propre a -fixer. les bases du droit interni 
tional.’ ct conan nek 
Ces principes peuvent se résumer ainsi:! usage publ 
du télégraphe, ‘garantie du: secret et. de la bonne.exp 
dition des correspondances, - irresponsabilité’ des. Adm 
nistrations, établissement de fils interniationaux’, - droits: 
respectifs des télégrammes d'Etat, de service ‘et privés, 
droits de contrOle ou de suspension des correspondainces, 
uniformité des tarifs, solidarité des comptes, rglemi¢ 
tation ‘commune révisable d'un commun accord, instit 
tion d'un organe central, faculté de’ conclure, dans ce 
taines limites, des conventions spécinles, admission: de 
Etats 4 adhérer et des sociétés' privées. & accéde! : 
‘convention commune, enfin;’ caractére indétermi 
In durée de cette convention avec faculté de’ dénonci 
tion pour chacune des parties, sang entrafner..la”“dis 
solution de’ l'Union. Comme ‘ces. questions ont. déja fa! 
Vobjet d'études ou comptes-rendus dans le Journal télé- 
graphique, spécialement dans ses’ publications sur’ lo 
législation télégraphique, nous ne nous arréterons. pas 
& Pexamen qu’en fait le Dr. Fischer, et nous’ nou 
bornerons ‘4 constater qu’t ses yeux In Convention télé 
graphique générale s'est, dans ses différentes transfo: 
mations, rapprochée de plus en plus des vrais principes : 
du droit international et & réserver notre appréciatio 


sur Ia question délicate de Virresponsabilité, ‘ot:“nou 


ne saurions partager les idées de l’auteur qui voit ‘dans - 
les nouvelles mesures introduites par lo Réglement de 
St-Pétersbourg en faveur des dépéches: recommandées, 
une‘atteinte -heurcuse &-In disposition conventionnelte - 
‘dont’ nous considérons, au:contraire, le principe comme. 
demeuré intact '), a CO RT 
Toujours préparées sinon conclues par des délégués. 


" gyéciaux, les conventions: télégraphiques ont) dd, d’ail- 


leurs, Iaisser de c6té ‘des questions importantes qui sor: 
taient du domaine do lexploitation administrative: pou 
engager plus directement la souveraincté -politique: de 
Etats.’ Elles. ne sauraient done suffire a elles seules‘pou' 
établir les‘ bases du- droit” des. gens en’ matid télé. 
graphic internationale. “Aussi, dans 1a division’ suivi 


pes se. dégagent ‘avec plus de netteté; "l'accord da? 


eer t ice res ete mpm 





\ 
Q 











, to, | 
: 4 Hofftbook of Btectricat Test; 
: teres circonstanc : \ sacle : vleckrical Testing, By 1, R. 
8 acauton se born. & _ o | formant | tO ie all Pee pe Engincee oe orth Seckety of Telegraph 
Smanis il wen , “"Ainesure quel! i ROM A seri ¢ ft . ° 
foltke Ics -fil ctudier) es complataicnt oe cries of articlea on testing which ori- 
Moltke eaten jusqu’d con B. ginally appeared in these columns, Mr. K, 


Kempe has| 
oe taduced an excellent fi tle wi is subjex 
t-oubliée pen- ‘aux memes points, afin qu Be ttle work on this subject 


- sinie prussic! 
“autres corps, 


On’ no’ préta’ point’ 

enti ¢ on Dra 
attention suftisante en brance 
: ynésaventures du géneral aulrich 
do méme.cn Altemagno, oft '‘M. ! 0. 


minutieusement. 0) doic poin ns [. tis truce much has beenadded to that which origi: {: 
La telegraphic militaire ne - sront de 4866 4 1870, ct pu, st, malgré la surve nally appeared in our numbers, but this makea the i 
éeg qui s’écoulére : rts, | rope Cah te! Work of more vale. We hay, aus 
Jant les quatre années q Syruvatifs secre : imment Pobjel, test ¢ c ¢ have now a book whieh, |! 
ul furent si activement cmployces Bs ie pour rejoindre incessa beginning with a simple test f ? 
aaa i Guillaume: quitta Berlin 
Lorsque le roi Gui 


i for the measurement |’ 
Hemaride était sce of (A resistance, passes on to the more complex 
f ‘ C lf he 
son aime? ac rat A is sur le papier. comme heur 
: Perl Wj 
* ¢ n’existal 
celle de la Franc 


tests used on measuring i i 
t F K the resistance of the insu. 
ile se come | souvent ieee os rddcurs francais était tating sheath coating cables, 
ist eevonie races ¢ 
nie itjtaire allemande Un des pro 
‘ice de ta telégraphic mili : 9 bavas 
Le service de la 7 pwussiennes, * 


vos par | a 2 i a adi 
unployés pa ‘tit fil tellement fin quill } ; csistance coils, the tangent, and Thomson's 
eat ra ani 
posait de 10 divisions de marche, de re 


complite, 


‘ec salvanometer nd el 
vera fils avec un pe aban * i § and clectronometer, shunts, keys, 
é J aivers tapercevoir de Vendroit ott la ligature : and condensers are described, + ee REYE 
‘visions d’etapes toutes s@Ppossible de s'aperce' : af 
: surtembergeoise et 5 divisions tail gaposs Ge systt: mgt N sistances or oe ment of the internal rc. | | 
roles, | war mage quinse divisions. PA te opérde. Ce sys ¢ do-Jauvelle, aujourd'hui S Of batteries and comparison ol electra. 
fennes; en a : : 
prussicnnes; fs » Vintérieur; ce brave élégra- faults i 
o inisti intérieur; ” : » Measurement with condensers 1 
5 spartenaienta -é au ministire de : atnit ; : 4 , and mea. 
de 8,000 kilomiétres de Bl, dont plus de, 0000 servaient £2 peer fut décoré pour ce haut fait dectrique, étai turement of high resistances; menier ee 
‘ : ot dont 3,000 en hy -pliiste, ut, ring 
des lignes nouvelles, ct dor "ste Gouvernement de gorti de Paris en ballon ( (rant pacts of the circuit; Measurement of ree 
iene: cree . peas 4 
rem, placer los lign : a 1 cté Gpargnis A In France ai les : ces by the fall of charge; joint testing 3 
= crit Gta & bi e be 
Que de mialeues ne un moyen facile de faire con- 5 tures, &e, 
Allemands neussen! os eo i 
5 et enters into the error poi ted . Waa born in Susquehanna County, Pa., and entered 
* . 3 de Paris st a B inted out by Mr. Clark the telegraph service at the aye of sevente n, 
Que de sang n’edt pas coulé dans les rues a caused by the induced cree produced in the /* cera ie en, Tn 
" ue Bown (rahi sclf, and gives a formula of his after one year's practice ranked as a first-class ratl. 
diti suvelles de la guerre moderne, n’eussent attribue . Wa for this correction different to Mr. Hockin’s, . {- [road operator, He held. positions in several of the; 
itions ne a J 
quite so fully treated as other part d we } ew York nbout 1865, enterlug the main offlee of 
él 3 malhett- ; ‘ Parts, and we here | fd 5 
vets de Pennemi! Hels! ce miss Mr, | 
les surprenants succes " 
reuses_ vietine 


ine imaging A Paris fut propage BD gfe have the measure 
Gtablirent sur notre territoire plus pratiqué pac M, -Lemercie motive forces, the Wheatstonc ridge, testing for |!’ 
Ces 1b divisions * ta’ 
Y dans le but de remplir: cette “AR fesistances by measuring the Potential at dif. 
: ricuse mission. ; SAN 
R pee) cloricuse m1 Specific measurement; correct, 
y « on: 7 . 1. 
\ : ; 3 for tempera Fred Cattin 
leurs forces sur les points menacést ma it Ta the Measurement with condensers Mr, Kempe 
verger lel 3 
“ ns 
u rdes nationaux, incapables de comprendre les con- coil by the needle itself, ais months he was a fair “sound” operator, and 
des gar 7 
Ala teahigon et & Mimpeéritie des chefs les‘plus hanorables The measurement of the capacity of cables isnot | | principal offices on the Erle Railway, and cane to; 
7 fait lockin's test without & condenser, j [the United States Telelgraph ompany, in which 
3 d'ambitieux vulgaires ne comprenaivn’ 


he Correction for the loop test, so as to take; | position he remained until the consolidation of the 
ji je de nos calamites était due 7 Sccount the resultant fault caused b the loss Yarious companles with the Western Union, - 
Paden et argo dc ive TA Se een enn tae (| tes i cae 
ATélectro-nimant Ampere ee iant partl ot 4 eee appear in any other work that the numbers averaging it 6:50 1 3, about 400 moe 
gi francaise dont l'ennemi avait tiré an si brillant p ; i ate ee of. We believe this correction was first ae aa inalidin lg at oles meshagr oh Bt 
ites ignoraient jusqu’ Pexistence. Prine gt til ts duc to, Mr. Lerbert Taylor, when at that time, were not numbered, For several ses’ 
pe bls ae le courage de revenir sur toutes les ; isting rome of the second «Persian Gulf Cable, {Jstons of Congress. he worked the Senate wire in 
Se ea i cccNaa raléeurieité ax totiriw contre 7 ut that Mr. Kempe has improved it by making it jo York, receiving from tho famous Billy Keltles, 
‘circonstances dans lesquelles bs iL faudrait roppe= \ analeabla even if the resultant fault iy not in the: | at Washington. Fred has always recelved letter A 
rt nous cerasa défnitivement, car Hh ne : centre of the cable, All cables should be tested fof the President's message, and feels quite proud 
rset incidents du si¢ge de Metz et du Pinveatisse- ss by the loop test to find the Position of the resultant} /Jover the thet that ho las nover been. omitted as 
ler tous les ineiden aie 2 7 cette organisation puigsante ; Of their lenkawe, so that if a fault occurs this cor-| {ono of tho recelyers of the message since his advent 
ment eit ici des. forces supéricures rection may be applied to the ordinary loop test,;. |] in New York.” Having in nowise tteterorated; hie is 
3. rouvions devant 1 aden ° 
ai Aitecay iulgue Peifectif. de larmée assi¢geante, ft In the chapters on 


when such test can be applied, a strleily first-clusa man, and is probably the frsteat 
ne seta rc i pera, Re ren fo eo 
"i remee quielle réduisait A ta fa- We miss the means of applying th i ee mntlong’ 
loin d'attelndre celui de Taree Lan ae In, guerre, i when two portions of the eircutt difies in tempera he iso genial and estimable gentleman, 
mine, circonstance imouic dans | ’ tes sropriétés de } ture, ‘This often occurs in cable factories, where! 
uxploitée par les agitaleurs, mats que les prop : - Sometimes five or ten miles of core is added an ins: 
exp ‘eité expliquent fucilement. the factory to the cable in a colder tank, Some: 
I dluctricite exp! ty était si profonde, queles plug effrayants : daily tests, as taken generally in our cable facta. 
Mais ignorance 7 ine-Blanche et deta Boules esi Placed down in the best order for facilitating : 
agitateurs des clubs de Ja Reine uand ila met= if ba vor vand worked out in logarithms, would ; 
Noire ‘ne trouvaient aucun contradicteur quai : age Nave Deen an advantage to the learner, and, ine | 
Petey ites forcées sur le compte de ta trabison de i deed, of use for easy reference to those whose duties 
talent ita pa uM. Thiers ou du général ‘Iroehu, ee FB] may leave them some time without having to take i 
Jules Favre, de Mt. 


ae tests, and then have suddenly to take them, 
Comment cependant ne pas rappeler que ce fut Pelectri | : ‘Taking the book ‘ 





altogether, it isn very excellent 


¢ 


\ 


é ‘little work of reference, particular! 7 
cité quimit le comble & nos maux? litle work of reference, p f ¥ for those who i 


Versailles elt 
Grice au télégraphe, le gouvernenient de Vergaille: 


voya A Werder Pordre de livrer bataille au général Hours 

it Bee dies fl 
Lr aaine par le télégraphe, Parmeée qui venait : meet 
Faidherbe put acviver 4 (emps_ dans Ia haute, Seine p 


Briar sea t tre 

donner le dernier coup aux derniera: chris dasa 

in i Yi nous soit pers 
y ogayer cl venir lugubres, qu'il n 

Pour égayer ces souven ra SA ara 


PHIC JOURNAL. . 95 
ea, ee een eth eee 
en 

Sish to learn the rationale of the various tests, as 
they are very clearly cxflained, and we hope it 
may receive the success it deserves, 
rr ene ee 

eee eee kK ee 
Tr fs a question in some minds whether a stud 


as: 


graph Guide, London: Cassell and Co, 
ly of telegraphy will nat became part of the 





a hf ordinary ety Porm ‘it Servi e. 
anis de raconter comment Jes (riomph j 'y educational curriculum Forming a portion of the Civit Service open to public compe 


a “BY tition, an adequate knowledge of th lence has already t ; 
: 83, e cations. . f Wate knowledge of the scicnce has aleeady become ac esideratum to many, and the 
ectrique conduisent a une singulitre Men rapliie evelopment of: technical ed ucation generally, and the applicability of telegraphs to various 
: Pimportance des services que Ja (clog: : ranches of Hridustry has brought this acquirement futo greater request. ‘Che smatl volume before 
Scduits par ’ Jes Allemands simagiitrent — Us was compiled by offices of the Ro yal Engineers employed in the Postal Telegraph Service, 
militaire leur avait rendus, le : Sf and ls therefore albairably calculated ta become popular as a practical guide for beginners, 
‘ : The country Postmaster who suddenly finds himself called tipon to become telegraph clerk would 
 Welcaine such a work, we should Imagine, as a boon. wr : 
























Nouveaux appareils électely 
‘ :\combinatsons nonvell : 
Lappareil imprinier’ de’ Phelps (Journal 
telegraph, 1876, page 162), 
*"'Mgug les télégraphistes connaissent l'appareil i 
: ment Hughes. A I’époque ott son inventeur résidait dl 
> * qux’ Etats-Unis, il s'était associé avec M. Phelps 
+ do concert avec iui, apporta, systéme primitif 
J slewrs ‘modifications encore généralement en usage 
“1858, le. professeur Hughes quitta l’Amériqu io 
fixer en'Europe ct M. Phelps continua seul Ia’ re 
des ‘perfectionnements dont le ‘systtme lui pt 
susceptible, en sorte qu’aprés une série de t 

ations apparel imprimeur qui porte son nom 
ujourd'hui étre considérd comme un appareil di 
Papparell Hughes auquel i. doit son origine.” 
firactérise plus’ particutidrenient Vappareil Phelps! 

emplacement du chariot par un cylindre horizon 
isposition verticale de l'axe de la roue des types ‘ 
ties -en général, enfin, In substitution au ressort 
‘onique d'un. volant, assez lourd. D'aprds'les jout », 
méricains, 1a, vitesse. de rotation et, par conséq:: 
rapidité de.In transmission seraient sensiblement 
{grandes dans 'apporeil Phelps que dans Yappareil Hy} 
190‘ tours par minute: au lieu de 130, I! cst assez 
“gulier de remarquer que l'appareil Hughes qui s°¢s: 
pandu-en Europe. pour ainsi dire presque portout, ti) 
‘aujourd'hui en’ usage dans le ‘pays ot il ‘a 
‘“naissance. Li, c'est Yappareil Phelps ou, comme] 
\ Américains ge plaisent 4 V'appeler, le «Combination p 
ting telegraph » qui.s’est; partout substitué & lui. i 















































































oRTEETTON 






it 
y pole’ x : 
ea AGjA ‘indiqués, il faut intercaler entra le relais ct 
les autres instruments un commmutateur qui permette de 
diriger Jes ‘courants i 
relais dans un sens dé 
dance double est rendue poss 
de T'électro-nimant’ polarisé ct par son .a 
gens opposé, suivant’ qu’ ¢ 
pulateurs sont abaissés simultanément. A en juger par 
le ‘desshi, 16 manipulateur devrait encore | ttre modifié 
sensiblement pour obtenir un fonctionnement régulier” 
du: systéme. Cary tel‘qu’il est représenté, la communi- 
cation du relnis ‘avec la terre serait’ interrompuc avant 
que Je contact f 
infer contact’ ne serait’ pas_du tout interrompu, deux 
conséquences . également inndinissibles, Nous doutons 
fortement que le-nouveau, systdme, ‘avec scs complica- | 
tions diverses;:-puisse prendre: place oh cbté: du-grand. 
> nombre’ do‘systtmes . plus “simp! 
graphie. ee 








41 vant’ le systtme, @apparcil récepteur employs ::pour 








ais, -Les, piles :de ou ; 
‘og gout intercalées dans le nidmé sens, c'est 
“que ‘si-une pile a son péle.zine & In terre, Pautro 
ine en contact ave In ligne. - Outresles. ap- 








travers les électro-aimants du 
terming d’avance. La correspon- 
‘possible par Ja désaimantation 
imantation en 


un seul ou que les deux mani- 


avec In pile ne: fit établi ou bien le pre- 





ela: duplex télé- 








9, Méthode pour imesurer le’ contour, des ones 
dlectriques qui parcourent : les ‘lignes télégraphipues ; 
par Robert Sabine. (Phil. Mag., yol. MI, page 321.) 

Suivant: les déductions de Sir W. Thomson, le temps 
employé::par une: onde électrique “pour parcourir un 
coriducteur et donner. un ‘sigual’.d ‘l'autre extrémité, . 
dépend ‘de In capacité/inductive ‘et ‘de In résistance du, 


conducteur., Mais deux: autres’ éléments: influencent co’). 


temps,; i sayoir la” gensibilité et In résistance. ‘Evidem- 
ment, Varrivée d'une :onde Glectrique & lextrémité’d’une 


ligne n'est pas instantanément perceptible; elle ne’ le \ 
deyient, qu’au, moment -ot elle. o accompli: un. ‘certain | 


travail, par. exemple, Ja; production. d'une: &tincelle ou: 
Yaimantation d'un: électro-aimant. ou Jn: déviation ‘de: l’ai- 
guille d'un galvanométre.,, Les résultats: varicront |8 










’] déterminer Ja_ vitesse de .propogation: de l’onde- étec- 


trique, mais lo vitesse, apparente restera toujours infé- 











par exemple un ‘cible télégraphique, ello - inet, 














































rieure ila, vitesse effective de Vonde. Les expériences .| 
trésintéresgantes et toutes. nouvelles do. M.. Sabino,’| 
font reasortir Vinfluence qu’exerce An: résistance de l'ap- |. 
poreil- sur cette vitesse: apparente “de Vonde électrique... |. 

Qinnd une onde: dlectrique parcourt un -conductcur, |. 
“A couse: 













































férence de potentiel diminuant graduellem 


-Valeur.:8i minime. quo ‘les: oscilla: 


cillation a été apprécié. A 4 millionigmes. de’ seconde.. 


. 5%, Mesure de la résistance électri qui 
: J gue des liquid 
au moyen de l'électromitre capillaire, par M. J Lipp. 


mann (C. R., tome LXXXIII, page 192), 


. L’auteur croit pouvoir. remplacer In. méthode ordi- 
naire de mesurer. la résistance des électrolytes par une 
méthode ot. la polarisation ne troublerait nullement les 

» résultats obtenus ct od Ia mesure resterait aussi exacte, 
* que Ja résistance-4 mesurer fit grande ou petite, ‘Coite 
\ nouvelle méthode est -basée. sur Yemploi. de.'électro- 


\ métre par M. Lippmann.» . 


8..Sur. Vexpansion galvanique, parsM..B, Edlund 


\(Pogg., Ann. vol. CLVIL, page 148). rte eaigy 

De différentes expéricnces, M. Edlund conclut. qu'un 
Al métallique S'allonge sous l'influence d'un courant dlec- 
: trique qui le parcourt. La dilatation du fil dans de pas 
Yeilles circonstances a deux raisons, d’abord, ta chaleur 
développée par le courant et ensuite une influence al- 
Jongeante propre au courant. Quand Io fil est dlevé par 
un courant & une certaine température, il deyient tou- 
Jours plus long. que quand il atteint Ia méme tempé- 
Tature,.sous Peffet d'une autre -souree de chaleur. 
-M, Edlund croit que Je. courant électrique polarise les 
oscillations caloriques de - sorte .quelles regoivent une 
Mirection: paralléle 4 Paxe du fil, . 

9. Rapport sur les effets. électromaynétion A 
convection électrique, pur M. H. Welinholte (Poga. oe 
vol. CLV, page 487). . 


ot Les expériences. dont il: est: rendu compte ont été 


-exécutdes par M.: Henry..A. Rowland; M. Helmholtz 


‘désigne par convection électri 

ési I t que. le transport de I’élec- 
-tricité d'un point. .unautre pir le mouvement de la 
Matidre ‘pondérable: qui .Ja :contient. Si lon accumule | 
‘par ‘exemple de: électricité sur un disque de. matiére 


isolante, et si.co disque est mis. en rotation, ’électricité 


‘ tion de Paxe des cercles comparables i ceux 
‘des ;chevanx de. bois dans un earoussel. Or M. Rowland 
~ft:conataté que cette: électricité- se mouvant: ainsi dans 


Le 


pu: constater que. pour In.vingti¢e oscillation j i 
oe ‘une: déviation «de: 160. a achalip ae Tee 
bs tre, ‘Théoriquement, le nombre’ des oscillations .doit 
Gtrei regardé.comme ‘infini, mais. In: grandeur: dela dif- 
oscillation, ; ces :différences’ Sioibedl atic ee 
u tions ~ “i 
préciables. La durée de chaque sitilatian at ele 
M.' Mouton a trouvé pour. In premiére . oscillation. me 
durée de 0,035 4 0,11 millitme de seconde suivant les 
bobines employées, et pour les oscillations suivantes unc 
durée de 0,024 & 0,076 millitme de seconde, Le temps 
entre la rupture du courant inducteur et le: commen- 
cement de Ia différence de potentiel de la premidre os- 


fils. télégraphiques, par H. C. T..van de Wall (Deutsche 








AGL 
Pespace’ a les, mémes effets -sur- une -niguille’atmantée akg 
qu’tn courant. électrique qui passe-de la: manigre: ordi,’ ~ 
naire A travers un conducteur, é 
“10... Rapports entre les. phénomene: 
ques. et’ électrodynamiques, par M. 
Ann., vol, OLVILI, : page ‘497). ony : 
2 est Ie compte-rendu d’expériences de: friction’ trds- 
ae ressantes. Si un’ frotteur en cuir-repose sir un cy- 
indre: tournant Cn Vorre, on peut, avec un galvanométre 
sensible, reconnaftre toujours Yexistence d'un’ courant 
aeetiane du verre au cuir, mais ce qui présente plus 
intérét, crest qu'il existe méme un courant d’une extré- 
mité du cuir 4 Pautre. Ce courant est opposé .A Ja di- 
rection a aremant Visolateur ‘quand celui-ci est 
en verre et‘suit la mémo direction, ‘quand il: est 
d'une ‘matiére résineuse, © Ve ; a 
dines Ae la. résistance ‘électrique du tellure. sous 
iférentes températures, par M. Fy. Exner (Poge. ‘ 
vol. CLVIII, page 625), wines ‘ ass a 
; * oh Bs conductibilité électrique du‘ manganése 
et au charbon, par M. W.. Beez '‘(Pogg, Ann. 
CLVII, page 653), ee 
- ms asi de Holts avec disques en ébonite 
_ Par J. C. SchlUsser (Poggendorif Ann: 
Higa 658) Sor (Pogger » Vol. CLVIU, 
























hydrodynami-_ ten 
Zollner. (Pogg. 


+. 44. Sur les contacts imparfaits: qui se produisent 


dans la transmission avec des points de’ coitact ri- 
gides, par M. T. A. Edison (Journal of the Soc. of tel. 
Enginers, vol. IV, 117). 
15. Sur la polarisation diélectrique, i 
par M. Elihse 
Root (Poggendorff Ann., vol. CLYIII, pages. 1 et 425), 
__ 16, Sur les lois du passage del électricité & travers 
des gaa, par M. G. Wiedemann (Poggendorff Amn, vol. 
CLVIII, pages 35 ct 252). oe a 
17. Expériences sur ‘les forces électro-motrices des 
courants induits dans des circuits non fermés, par 
MHL ‘Helmholtz (Poggendorff Aun., vol. CLVII, page 
87; voir aussi Pogg. Ann., vol. CLVIL, pages 106 
“et 172), - coe 
. 18, Sur Vargent cristaltin ‘oblenu par Te courant 
galvanique, par M. W.. Kirmis (Poggendorff ‘Ann., vol 
CLYIL, page 121). | ere een 
19. Sur la constante. diélectrique. des liquides, par 


MP, Silow (Poggendorff Ann, vol. CLVIII, page 306). 


20. Sur quelques anomalies de. Vélectroscope & 
feuilles.@or, par M. W. Beetz (Poggendorff Ann., vol. 


_CLVIIL, page 320). oo. 


21... Expériences sur induction, voltatque daus les 








allg. polytech. Zeitung, vol. IV, pages 210, 258 et 319), 
C’est uno étude purement théorique, 


vee 


INARA 


A 


a: 





Le Journal tl 
nites defi Jn ‘pre! 
“eg. manuel. :Tl. seu 


“du. second. volume sc poursuit simulta 
© que les livraisons 
‘pas encore sorties de Ja presse, 
: fivraison du second. 
de revenir su Yexamen général 

yrage au moment ott ._ teranine 
’ perons a - faire connaitre aujourd'hui 
“Hivraigon. due i a collab n 
; est. consaerée aux objets suivants 


Ja premidre 





égraphique (vol. TH, page. 320) a ay. 
mitre livraison du premier volume de 


ua pc 
ue la “publication du premier ¢! 
are nément, car, bien 


suivantes du premier voluine ne soient 
nous posscilons dja 
. En nous réservant 
de cet important ou- 
nous nous bor 
que la nouvelle 
oration de M. de Dr O. Frolich, 
état dlectrique, 


i} sera termind, 


_-sources, de Pélectricité, courant Gectrique stationnaire, 


‘force électro-motrice, résistance ct effets caloriques du 
“eourauit électrique. 


8, Guida degli impiegati telegrarfici (Guile At 
“employes tédgraphiques), partie technique. Publi¢ a 
“Yq:Diveetion générale des télégraphes italiens. Une bro- 


*chure grand in-8° de 27 pages. Florence, 1878. 


ast In troisitme partic une instruction sur le 


. ' aay, Pare itn: 
gervice télégraphique que public Vadministration | 


lienne pour Nusage de ses employés. Hille traite a 
‘des. expériences périodiques 4 entreprendre pour ¢ ie : 
“aniner In conduetibilité et Visolement des lignes tHlegte 
‘- phiques. On se sert pour ces expéricnces du galvano- 


Y qndtre differenticl de Latimer 


Clark, et tes résultats |! 


doivent en étre exprimés en unités Siemens. Le guide |. 


donne ensuite les rogles pour 


arriver promptement i 


éterminer dans chaque cas spécial Ie lie ct Ja nature 


des défants qui 


se produisent, soil sur les lignes —fu- 


terruptions, résistances irrégulitres, dérivations eb més 
langes — soit aux plaques de terre, soit aux appareils ct 


; aux, piles. Il se 
“imétre, Ia sectio 


termine par quelques tables sur le dia- 
n, le poids ct In résistance mécanique 


- des fils de fer et sur Ja réduttion, en ce qui concerne 
‘Io résistance, des fils n°* 8, 11, 12 eb 15 en fils nb 


@inmétre' 5"",08). Cette 


dernidve table nous apprend, 


Y dlomatres de fil ne S (dinmétre 
par exemple, que 150 kilometres ¢ ‘ 
4,31) représentent In résistance de 208 kilom. 390 m. 


de fil n° 6. 


3, Hundbook of electrical 


diagrams cand connec 


tions (Manuel des combinaisons Clectriques), par Charles 
‘. 1, Davis et Frank B. Rae. New-York, 1876, 

* "Cette nouvelle publication est consnerée i Vexamen 
des différents systtines de combinaisons télégraphiques. 
Sous une forme claire ct bien distribuée que complé- 
‘tent trente planches d'une exéention irréprochable, Pau- 
teur, outre les diagrammes, décrit, le manipulitedr, le 

--crelais, les parlewrs et tes piles princapales en usage aux 


i. “Btats-Unis, et 
- > plieables tant 
les plus’ comp 


il étudie les différentes combinaisons ap- 
aux stations simples qu'aux: translations 
Liquées, duplex et quadruplex ‘systimes, 
1 


aux autres parties du manue 


= a Der eichstelegraphist a ‘ein’ Handbuch 


i erricht, ele. (Le -Telégraphiste de Vempit 
eee : legraphite); par Sulius. Late omer 
postal intime; ae dit 8°, XVI eh ae page 11 
dessins et 4 cartes. Dresde, 1877, Prix 2 : “densent 

Cette quatriime édition. se distingue. ei cae 
de In troisitme par Ja refonte complite de Ja tro 


martic qui traite di nis f 
fia zlalltee des différentes administrations entre cles. 
; daqurence des changements apportés dang 


Crest une conse 4 ee real 
teime telegraphiqne depuis Ja publication de 1¢ 
ate LiL nférence de:Saint 


i ( 4 rt, par. la co) 
tion préeédente, d'une part, ¢ 
Tene de Vautre, par la fusion, cn: ae 
du service: des postes et de celui des télégraphes. Quant | 
prés jes, mnames: qu'auparavant, Nous y rena 

pendant quelques additions; yar exemple, ta description 


i q ts continus et entre 
tions: stir lignes, & courauts © } 
ie it de. nes. & ‘courant cour 


ourant,det ‘ , 4 
anal semaring, unt 
nelature de: sou 3 a 
Se amine ¢ les villes | 


-appréclé de: 
ter en bloc’: 
miplet ¢ 


pour, 1¢s <ul" Fegan ( : 

Pédition :précevent & : 
see A Maan 9 telegraph construction. he . 
mechanical elements, of electric telegraph enyencering . 
(Manuel dle Jn, construction des ,telégraphies, Eléments 
snécaniques de Part des, ingénieurs téégraphiques), par, 


iu service administratif, des tarifs et ~ 


J, elles sont restées A pou 


M. Joln ‘Christie Douglas: Londres, Griffin wt Comps 4 


75, ABT pages in-S°; prix 20 frye 
oC Sania Wune conception -entidrement. orien ft 
offre cette particularité de aisser’ ie peu pres cbt 
tout ce que Von est habitus de: trouyer dans: ce ak 
yrages qui traitent de In construction des lignes 


graphiques et dapprofondir, au’ contraire, «les questions 


< : - 
que ceur-ed se bornent i efflenrer, Comme Yauteur. le 


fait observer dans sit préface, toute construction a 
ligne télégraphique doit gatisfaire &des conditions . : 
partenant & deux ordres d'idées différents, & des co 


ditions mécaniques et a des. conditions’ dlectriques. Ces: 


dernitres ont cté étuidides dang de vombrets Guvrages; 
quant aux premidres, le 
premier: qui leur soit consacré, Lauter a raison. : 
manuel complite heurcusemelit Ia seric des connass : 


livre de M. ‘Douglas est lo: 
Son, 


Ff 


sances qui résulte de Pétude des autres: traitds -sut ~ 


mati¢re, et, & covtitre, il mérite etre recommandé 4 
tous ceux qui stoccupent de la construction, des Vigm : 
tlégraphiques. JI est divisé en. trois” parties; la me; 
imiére traite de la résistance mécanique des matériaur 


’ 





ine no rare and wonderful a.giftshould: 
t, 0, thougand atliare na lnm 


et des principes généraux’ de la” ‘stabilité; In seconde | phénoméncs Staicnt réglés par tes mémes lols quo attraction | 


* «des. propriétés et, des: applications. et de la- manipulation 


de ‘ces matériaux, et la-troisidme “des ‘régles A. suivre 
pour leur emploi dans la construction proprement dite. 
Le volume est cnrichi d'in grand nombre ‘de figures. 
Les quelques formules mathématiques intercalées dans 
dans Je texte sont généralement simples et faciles & 
comprendre, : 
6. Trailé Mélectricité statique; par M. E. Mascart, 
professeur de physique au Collége de France. Paris, G. 
Masson, 1876. 2 vol. grand in-8°; 510 et 588 pages, 


avec 140 et 158 dessins intercalés dans le texte. Prix: 
30 fr. 


Si Ia littérature consacrée & In télégraphic ct en 
générat & Vélectricité ost déji riche ‘en productions de 
diverse nature et s'augmente presque tous les jours 
d'une publication nquyelle, en revanche, les grands. ou- 
vrages sur Ia matidre sont relativement raves, ct. leur 
apparition, dans le domaine. de In science, doit Gtre, dis- 
tingude de celle des nombrenses : publications qui s°¢- 
event plus ou moins au-dessus” du;niveau commun. Le 

. traité d'éleetricité statique de: M, Mnscatt constitue une 
le cos @uvres de premier ordre, digne-de.se placer & 
cbté ct an rang des. grands. travaux de: Riess,. Wiede- 
mann, Clerk Maxwell, du Moticel,; ete. © ; 


Pour faire comprendre to but et: importance de ce 
livre, nous ne saurions mieux faire que de citer’ un 


extrait de la préface of Tauteur explique-la pensée 
qui Ia guidé: 


¢Si Von s'en tenait Ala signification rigoureuse des termes, 
“un Traité délectricité statique no devrait comprendro que Jes 
conditions d’tquilibre des corps Glectrisés, ou, plus générale: 
ment, l'étude des phénomenes dans lesquels Iagent Glectrique 
ne donne lieu & aucun travail ni & auctin effet calorifique équi- 
volont, et se réduirait, aux conséquences mathématiques de Ia 
Jot de Coulomb, Le cadro quo jo me suis proposé do remplir 
eat beaucoup moins restrcint ct, pour micux préciser lo carac- 
tére des questions qu'il renferme, it est nécessaire d'examiner 


_ tapldement ta manitre dont s'eat développée In science deo I'é- 


Iectricité, 


«Cotto scienca eat toute moderna; mnigré quelques faits 
conniis des anciens, son origine est réellement marquéo au com: 
mencement du dix-septitme sitcle par tes travaux de Gilbert. 
A partir de co moment, les découvertes s¢ suecédent trés-ra- 
pidement, mais restent longtemps sans aucun lien méthotique. 
Wordro atétablit pou & pou pendant Je dix-huititme sidcle: les 
fea générales apparaiasent, permettant do mieux interpréter 
tes anciennes expériences ot en provoquant de nouvelles, C'est 
ainsi qu’on décotivre successivement In conduetibilité electrique, 
lea deux manidres d’électriser Ics corps, la production simul- 
tanéo-dea deux électricités, In condensation ot Minfluence. Uno 
théorle généralo rattachant Vensomble des faits connus dun 
potit nombre d'hypothdses commence & dovenir possible et, apréa 
les admirables travaux de Coulomb, on pouvait méme croire 
quo cotte science était conatituée dune manidro définitive. Les 


‘Thre: y Bean taught to speak. 


universella ct. les problaines A-résoudra no devaient: présenter | 
dana In pratiquc que.des difficultés analyse: les mémoires de} 


Poisson relatifs A ln distribution do Iélectricité sur deux sphtreaj . 


voisines furent to plus bel exemple do co genre de caleuts. 
¢ Toutefois, il restait A faira un pas important pour ‘en 
sager Hélectricité sous son véritable aspect, et ici encore l’exp 
rience, entre tea mains d'un homme dw génie, devanga de long- 
temps la théorie. En méme temps que Coulomb déterminalt les | 
lois élémentaires des actions électriques, Volta mettait en dvi- 
dence une propriété importante qu'il appela Ia tension électrique, 
propriété qu'il ne put rattacher par te caleul & aucune lol 
simple, mais qui lui permit de déterminer les capacités élec- 
triques.des corps, la. force condensante ct Métat électrique de 
Yair, sans que, dans ces différentes applications, on. puisse alt 
ghater aucune erreur d'interprétation, i meek 
Ces travaux do Volta suraient suffi & immortaliser 801 
nom, ai Ia découverte de la pile, qui n’était que te développe: 
ment ct In généralisation de ses premidres idéca, n’avait: troy 
fait onblicr le point do départ. La notion nouvelle do tension 
Glectrique, que Volta ne pouvait définir autrement qu’una ‘ten: 
Hance de Pélectricité & marcher dans une certaine direction, dat, 
restée confuse et souvent mal interprétée, jusqu’d co que lox’ 
mathématiciens en enssent donné uno détinition précise, déduite, 
des-lois mémes de Coulomb, ct en'cussent montré les principales’ - 
propriétes. Mais, 4 co moment, Iattention des physiciens était: 
ailleurs: leg travaux d'Gérstedt ct d'Ampére sur lélectro-ma- ; 
gnétisme et Iélectro-dynamique, In découverto inattenduo & 
Vinduction par Faraday, avaient fait connaitre des phénoméne 
que l'on no pouvait plis expliquer par le ‘principe de Volta; ! 
lea oxpérimentateurs furent entratnés dans une autre ‘yoio' plus + 
féconde ct le mémoire de Georges Green resta entiérement mé- | 
connu, méme en Angleterre. Il failut.enfin que Ia théoric ‘mé- 
canique de ta chaleur, établissant une corrélation entre Tea phé 
noménes physiquea par le principe général do la conservation | 
du travail sous toutes ses formes, amenit Ia révision complite 
ct Ia coordination des phénoménes électriques, pour qu'ils ap: 
parussent sous un jour tout nouveau, epg a 
«Si Von youlait défnir par un mot Vesprit de cet ouvrage,, 
on pourrait dire que c'est étude de to tension de Volta, ou: 
du potentiel, comme lont appelée les mathématiciens, des pro-.*; 
priétés do cette fonction et de toutes les circonstances qui font~ 
naltre entro deux corps uno difference de tension ou de poten- 
tiel, Un titre rappelant ce caractéro aurait pu manquer. de 
simplicité ct do clarté; j'ai préféré celui délectricité statique, .. 
pour indiquer que c'est une premitro étude des phénoménes 
Electriques, ct mo réserver plus de latitude dans lo choix des 
matidres >. 


fel est le programme que Pauteur s'est tracé. Ajou- 
tons qwil le remplit complétement et que s'il remonte. 
dans le passé aux origines des iombreuses applications 
de Pélectricité, il en poursuit tes résultats et les dé- 
couvertes jusqu’aux dernidres investigations de la science 
moderne, en sorte que Pensemble de son couvre repro- 
duit Ic tableau fiddle du développement successif et di 
Pétat actuel de Vélectrivité statique: in 

Pour atteindre co résultat, pas n'est besoin, de dire.” 
quiil fallait, de la part de M. Mascart, une profonde - 
érudition ct des recherches considérables. Cette érudi-' 
tion: ct ces recherches s'affirment, en effet, A presque 



























x 








































































fi et son respect pour 1 
> tainement oxercé sur 
ial 


M Gtait nommé a la S 
Mz décembre de la mo 








Ja nature, ne so sont jamais démentis pendant 
sa longue carriare. Par ses découyvertes, par sa ma- 
niéro d’expérimenter ot @observer, par son, amour 
a vérité sofentifique, fl a cer- 
ja science de son re une 
réclles ct des plus heureuses In! ences, =|, 
a ene tration qui, de bonne heure, s'est ees 
chéed son nom, ct les témoignages éclatants de 
Nestime de secs conlemporaing, qui n¢ lut ont ja~ 
mals manqué {!). » 
Beequerel.a été 
sclenees cn 1820, il 





élu membre de VAcadémie des 
avait alors 44 ans. En 1837, il 
ociété royale de Londres, et le 
mo année, i} recevail de ee 
a médaille do Copley, pour scs savantes 
a ant sur la reproduction des substances 
minérales au moyen de ses procédés Sectro-chimi- 
ques. 
En.1838, il étaft nommé 
professeur au Muséum d'hts- 
toire naturelle oit, pendant 
quarante ans, il a fait ses 
remarquables cours dans lo 
salle quia été illustrée par 
les séances ‘le I'cole nor- 
malo de la premiére Ré- 
ipublique. I était comman- 
ideur do la Légion d'hon- 
<neur, grand-crolx do In is 
Rose du Brésil et membre 
i do presque toutes les‘ aca- 
démies de l'Europe. 

A toutes ces distinctions 
si hautement méritées et 
bien placées vints'enajouter 
une autre illustre entre 
toutes : lo 43 avell 1874, 
VAcadémio des sciences lui 
décernait solennellement 
une médaille commémora- 
tive semblable a celle 
qu'elle réserve Ala cinquan- 
taine académique. 

Reproduisons lallocution 
que lui adressa, dans cette 
circonstance, M. Bertrand, 
Yhonorabile président de 
VAcadémie-: 





« Mowsicun Decquenst, 


« Pusteura fois déjh YAcadémie des sclences, en’ {émoil- 
guage de -son affection et de son respect pour Jes plus an- 
ciens de ees membres, a fail frapper’ des médailles commé- 
moratives de leur cinquantaine académique ¢ ceat une 
médailte semblable que je vous offro au nom de vos confrd- 
rea. 

« Vous avez été élu en 1820 : iy aquarante-cing ans scu- 
lement; mais NAcndémle, to jour oi elle a pu vous appeler 
Acie, vous considérait depuls longlemps déjd comme un 
des siens; ees a¢ances plus d'une fois avaient été remplics 
par vos mémoires, dont I'éclat rejalllisenit sur elle, Loraque, 
dans un Bitcle ow denx, Mhistorien de a science voudra re- 
fracor "histoire de VAcadémie, i aura un beau et grand 
chapitre & consacrer au nom de Becquerel ; ii en aura daux 
méme : un pour le pare, Vautre pour le fils; mais In pensée 
ne Jul viendra pas, je crofs, do subdiviser davantage ct de 
séparcr sous dea litres distincts les mémoires antérieurs 4 
4829 de ceux qui ont eulvi votre nomination. Ils sont tous de 





(1) Discours de M. Fizeau a VAcadémic des sciences, ta 
at janvier (878, 2 ¢ 

































ANTOINE-CESAR DECQUENEL 


Membre de Académie des eclences 
Né & Chatilon-sur-Loing (Loiret), le 7 mars 1788 
Mort & Pariale 44 janvier 1878, 








nae pate tone ACADENT.] 
PROFESSOR POGGENDORFF. 


2 By Warren Fran, ) 


the death’ of. Professor Poggendorff, of Berlin, the 
< orld has Jost a man’ whose namo is deservedly famous in|. 
Gory land where scienco is pursued. 






thme that the firat part of the newly projected Beiblitee be 
den Annaien, to which we reforr pbc pers 
through the press. edt romio werk aun 7 sue 










but afew more volumes,:and :must. live ‘died about ‘a : 






a, 
My 
Hi 





: hee 

at rnin, le mame esprit les annime. Avant dentrer.&. 0. 
ies vous aviex acquis Pexpéricnce Wan physicien +. Wd 
consommd at Nautorité d'un mattre; apres cingnante ane de 


aticeda else heaux travaux, yous ‘avez conservé Vaclivité, 


‘arde : tun jeune homme, “ ¢ f 
ae FE ich cok exprimer les sentiments [0 hann Christinn Poggendorf, a native of Hamburg, waa! 


: orn on December 20,1706, and lived to the advanced age/ 
Waffection sincera ct lerespect ut vous entourent Iek somine 3f elghty-ono years. IIo was naon of asuccessful morclinnt 
partant of Ia eelence est eit honours ; of that city, Waving in his carlicst years no Inclination to! 
adopt hia father's calling, and feellng a desire to pursue: 
ctence, he devoted himself to the: study. of pharmacy 
fter some tine, however, he relinquished this line of action, 
















| Pas iit Gata Bo 
| % Obltuary. 
H 


v 
Wehaveto recon! the death of Sir William Foth. 


ergill Cooke, Knt., th 

the first telegraph li eat 

1806, nradhistes ph line in England. - He washor in 
1826, served 
then 






La médaille décernée & Beequerel par l'Institut 
son portrait d'une ressemblance ) 














porte, au recto, h - and in $820 entered tho Univeralty of Berlin ns_n student. 
frappante, pur Alphée Dubois; au verso ces mots : Bin the sneceeding year his firat scientific contribution ay ments of Prot. M. by some experi 
Epeared, it being x paper published in Oken’s journal Jas in the study chante to the subject of electricity, 


J Ys 
with preat ardor, 


an experi. 





‘and entitled: ‘‘Physisch-chomische Untersuchugen zu 

nfheren Kenntoiss des Magnetismus der Volta’schen Siule," 

hts was followed in 1896 by “Ein Vorschlag zum Messen 

Pder magnetischen Abweichung,” when he devised the instru- 
ment to which Gauss, ata later date, gave the name of the: 
imugnetometer (sea C. I, Gauss, Jutenaitaa vis magneticac, 
ferreatris ad menanram absolitain rerocuta, 1882), In the’ 

year 1834 he wasculled to the Chair of Physics inthe Unt- 
versity of Berlin, 1 
Pogyendori!’s researches led him into varicd fields of work, 
Hout in none with so much sticcess agin that of physics, and in 
Nis tater years his attention was almost entirely devoted to the 





dre doyen 
FCN, PA NCH 





Offerte, Ie 13 avril 974, ir ra 
des phystelcns, par sen contre 
aimia cf pur Ken fcatcurs, 

























6A Inscience, le 18 janvier 1878, 4 VAge 

Becquorel laisse une mémoire 
qui vivra toujours dans 
le panthéon des grands 
physiciens, & coté des noms 
do Volta et de Galvani, de 
Morse, de Wheatstone, at 
d'CErsted, de Welglaton, de 
Gay-Lussac,de Davy, d'Am- 
pare et d'Arago. 


Si une pensée consolante 
puadgucir, dans les der- 


niers moments de ce grand 
homme, lo regret de quitter 
une vie si remplie, toute 
consacrée A l'étude et A la 
scicnce, si féconde en bien- 
faitsct en productions qui 
immortalisent sa mémoire, 

c'est certainement le bon- . 

heur de Iaiaser 4 un fils i 
digne de porter son nom : 
le soin de grandir encore 

son illustration. 


Collaborateur do son 
yénéré pdro, son colld- 
guo A institut, M. Kd- 
mond Beequerel a acquis le 
droit d'’dtro considéré 
comme Jo continuatour de 
ges muvres, ct histoire de 
Ia science les confondra un jour tous deux dans les 
témoignages de reconnaissance ct do gloira qui 
s‘attachent au nom do Becquerel. 





Enley 
do pris de 90 ans, 








Mee mee s 




























D 
In currents, 


‘she f 
‘ofsth 

























aften, a forerunner and sketch of the great work! cm 
‘ata ten aan later, the invaluable Biographise 7 
ea Handwirterbuch tur Geschichte der exacten Wis 
en in two volumes. Now that fourteen years have 
since ta publication, a supplementary volumo fs 
rgontly required, although the want may to sume extent be 
i upp lect when the Royal Society Isso the ndditlonal volumes 
of * Cataloguo of Scientlic papers (1800-1863)." 
{tho peeing of 1824, soon nfier the death of Prof, 
sO Leipzig, who had edited the Annalen der 
eating his nine since 1700, Barth, the publisher of 
ous sertal, learned (hat Poggendortt had matured & ia a 
planSfor producing a journal devoted to physics and} 
chemistry, ‘To increnso the already numerous chnunels for’; 
a le publication by the foundation of a new serial. 
etapp injurious allke to sclenco and. to private tterests, 
q\and nogotintions between editor nnd publisher. resulted in. i 
gx (tho: merging of Gilbert's anaaien in the new venture, of © . Y 
ogeendorit held the management with such signal 
; Hor more than halfa century, Mitscherlich and 
ebnri Rose, among chemists, Erman and Scebeck, among 
f ysl ta Well ag Ir, Hofmann, You Buch, and A. von’ 
dt, gave it their warmest support; Berzclius, Arfved-, 















HALLEZ D'ARROS 



















~BEDCRO 


dyer | 
onsdori, promised to send the results of thelr ‘ HE a : 
the Aanalen; and through Humbolde’s ald and co-. : i 
f tho sarane of Paris, through Gustave Roso’s: Hl ? 
0 best sctentific workers {n London and Edinburgh, ; 
d. Tho dnnalen der Physik tnd Chemie, as the ; 
A rial was named, while malnly dovoted to the publicn- 4 : 
"ofiresearches In the branckiea of sclence referred to in s | 
( 





Le Gérant : Ueacuran, 


ftltlo “was, according to an announcement.in the firat 
dcal also with such atited subjects.as meteorology 

int is now’ called physlography, ‘and while pure 
natles was not conaldered to como within the aren of 
ditor’s labors, that branch of atudy would yet find a 
tn the Annaten, in so far og it ‘tonded to Illustrate 
i latry and physics, Somo notion of the completeness 
with'which during the flva decades tha works of the leaders 
pe sclonco have been recorded in tho Annaton may be gained 
by an Inspection of the following short list of the number 
I ‘papers of some of tho moro distinguished contributors: 


4 Ramolaberg,....... 17 
Vom Tinto. ane 1 
Riess. .....,. 
Gustav Rose... 
Helurich Ro: 
Scheerer, 
. Ry Behne! 
8chinbein. 
: Wohler,, 


‘ho translation of Regnault’s momoira writt ‘ 
ges, nd the notices of tho researches of Pane ae 
scl pages, After Poggendorf lind Miled the cdltorial 
a alr for half acentury, and 160 volumes of the Annaien, ag ]* 
Pryell.ag RONG supplementary volumes, had apponred, moro : 
aan -alxty of his friends ‘determined that tho: thno had aed 
ame to do honor to such vast :Jabor and such unflaggin < . - : 
ns Neale ya Ney, thomscl ves contributing to. and editing a special ccameenstiniteseteie : : ties 
i. ‘ leo voluine of the journal, which appeared In Fobruary, : es i es , 
: 4; it beara on tho tltlo hago tho worda: “ Jubolband dent eae : oa 
Srausgobor J./0, Pogyonc orf zur Felor fiinfzlgjahrigon “ 
: Fons gowldinet, and contains an excellent Tiktonesa of |: 
ur revored chict. Ho lved. to dlrect tho publication of 


Paria, — Samp. F. Dapons ot Cle, $0, rue du Crolssant, 




















eons 


0G 

















Suapplémone an numéro au 1S Janvier 1876 


EXPOSITION INTE ERNATIONALE DE 


AU PALAIS DE L'INDUSTRIE 


DOCUMENTS OFFICIELS 


J 
LETTRES MINISTERIELLES 


Les lettres suivantes ont été adressées & M. le 
comte Hallez d'Arros, initiateur da ee WExposition 
internationale de l'Electricité, par LL. Exe. MM. les 
mintstres des travaux publies, de la guerre, de la 
marine, des finances et de Vinstruction publique. 


Paris, lo 26 aodt (875, 


Monsieur Je Comte, 


Mai rocu ta demande que vous m'avez culressée a Pottet 


a obtenir, ar noned une sucitte de savants ct d'industriels, 
Pautorisation Wouvrit, an mois de juillet (877, aw Paks 
de UIndustrie, ine Exposition fiternationale des seule 
tions de" Pelectrivite, 

Cette Exposition, pour laquelle vous avez recu de nome 
beeux témoignages. d'ndhésion, ime parait devoir dtre 
trés-intéressante et de nature & avoir une grande influence 
dons les diverses industries oft Mélectricité est employee 
comme force motrice, Jai décidé que le palais de UIndus- 
trie serait nis & votre disposition, du Lee juitlet au 3b oc- 
tohre 1877. 

Vous vondvez bien vous entendre, en temps utile, pour 

patallntion de cette Exposition, avee M. le Directory des 
bAtiments civils et M. Datron, avchitecte da palais, 

Recevez, Monsieur le Comte, Passurance de. mia consi- 
dération trés-distinguée. 


Le ministre des ravaux publics, 
KE, Camnaux, 


. Par une nouvelle depeche en date du 9 octobre [875, 
S, Exe, M. le ministre des travaux publics a accordé une 


prolongation de durée jusqu'au 30 novembre 1877, 


Parks, 20 septembre 1875. 
Monsicur le Comte, 


Vous m'avez informe, par une tettre en date du fe? sep> 


2 tembre, de votre intention dorganiser, pour 1877, une 
on 


Exposition ddlectricité, et en me enmmuniquant fa lettre 


si votve entreprise, Toutefois, pour répondre au dé 


da ministre des travaux publics qui met pour quatre 
mois le palais de UIndustric & votre disposition, vous 
in'avez demande Yautorisation de faire appel aux officiers ; poty 
qui pourraicnt vous aider 4 constituer un groupe spicial | sjha= 
pour les applications de Pélectricité aux besoins:de fn! Bes, 
guerre. Sata’; 
Wautoviserai volonticrs les officiers de larmée a vous ston, : 
preter lear concours; mais il vous appartient de reche 
cher vous-méme ceux qui seraicnt disposts a s'assacier 
que. ! 
yous’ manifestez, je cvois pouvoir vous désigner déja, 
comme étant probablement disposés & vous seconder, |) 
MM. lecolonel du génie Laussedat, les chefs de bataillon \ 
du génie Mangin et Delambre, les’ chefs descadron Aétate ite 
major Dimas et Vix, 
Recevez, Monsieur le Comte, Vassurance de ma consi-. 
deération trés-distinguée, 


Le ministre de la guerre, 
* General pe Cissey. 


Paris, 25 septembre 875, 
Monsicur le Comte, : 


Jai regu votre tettre du 2 septembre courant, me. fai- 
sant connaitre votre intention d’organiser, pour 1877, une 
Exposition internationale des applications de lélectricité, 

wlais de l’Industric, et me demandant lautorisation 
de faire appel & ceux des officiers sous mes ordres qui 
pourraicnt vous aider & constituer un groupe des applica+ peccrs 
tions de lélectricité aux hesoins de In guerre et de la. ™! 
inarine. i 

Jautoriserai volonticrs des officiers de Ia marine & vous * 
preter leur concours, et, pour répondee au désir que vous 
manifestez, Je vous indiquerai comme potvant vous se- 
conder : . 


MM. les contre-amiraux de Jonquiéres et Maudet; 
les capitaines de vaisseau Courbet et Trdve;, 
le capitaine de frégate Vavin; 
te directeur des constructions navales Marielle ; 
te colonel d'artillerie ct de In marine Virgite. 


It vous appartient d'aillours derechercher vous-méme, -¢, 
soit parnii ces officiers, soit dans tes différents cory ps de 3s 
ta ouarine, les personnes quiseraient disposées it assacier ‘ 














Hat, prdetdent. qik nos: 
ure, paralléleinent ity: 
sition internationale ‘de 
-destinge & provorter, 
Canquel doit donner 


Position de ses lecteurs 
Atl savantes que des ine 
ier aux vonditions sur 
le alliunee de ienees 


June tribune ouverte a 
Jer aka vulsarisation des 
co's relatifs 4 Velectrivite; 
wfllorts et leurs travauy, 
(tte science et it ses ape 
sls, aux usages domesti- 
eet dela guerre, | 
a disposition de ses lee- 
Anseignements quit pours 
4 etles amis du progris, 
Ylique de tout ce qui se 
selte she de 
iv aye branche de la 
#8 les études tes plus im- 
i Ir meérite, el déerira tous 
i Aouveltes applications au 
A divulguces, 
\Wavons d'autre ambition 
Hgnages de sympathiques 
2 que Hous espérons faire 


ales aueriers, 
i §5 olfrirons Minlérdt que 
du des progrés de notre 
faction & ta curiosité lési~ 
eux les motifs et les 
{S qui servent tous les 


iphiques ct techitiques, 
espoir de devenir utile 
Nie leurs recherches. 
sins la jeunesse studieuse. 
Equi, peut-dire an jour, 
£518 & leur disposition des 
‘Mi compléteront, ‘en les 
Udes spéciales dont Vari- 
see intra 
Ale nous ois adressons : 
: ty eux dont les bras sunt 


Neeux «ui ailment & s'ex- 
As es forces dont ils dis~ 
Hs ct des instruments qui 
ge atuh ont wurde cum- 
Us peivent contribuer it 
onale, 


te 


-* Eat, pourmitger Varidité que pourrait eomporter 


atre Programme, conen sous ces inspirations, hous 
solticiterons ‘la collaboration (auteurs Uiltéraires, ‘qui 
PoUrront semer, au inition de ees sérieuses pages, te 
charma de leurs récits, : 

Ainsi, nous waurons rien nigligé Pour étre fiddle 
observatear du précepte du philosophe puéte + « One 
talit paunctim guts miscuit utile duled! 


NPOSETION INTERNATIONALE MEL ELECTRICHTS 


EN Unt? 


Les ONXpositions, autrefuis cotsierdes exclusivement 
aN beauy-arts, se sont Glendues dgrandies, jusqu'h 
Comprendre tous les produits eréés Par Vactivité Ine 
maine, Elles ont stimute r génie industriel, ouvert 
des débouchés, founi les dléments de conparaison 
et de perfectionnement, et rendu les plus utiles ser- 
Viees & tous, aux producteurs et aux eonsommatentrs, 
wax ingénieurs, artistes, nésoviants et fabrivants, 

Mais, dans ane rpoque que histoire nommera peut. 
étre velle de da vulgavisation scientifique, ane place 
relalivement trés-Clreite avait dd Jusqici, dans ces 
expesttions, réservée aux sciences qui y méritent Ia 
Ietntire et fa plus large place, et qui, par leurs aps 
plivations, président aux arts et A Vindustrie. 

En raison de ce fait, M. le comte Itallez WArros 
songea & consaerer une Exposition internationale ila 
svicnee seule, en Ini donnant four objet tes applica- 
tions de CE lectrivité, celle force si multiple et si éton- 
nante dans ses effets, si prodigicuse et si mysléricase 
eneore, qui perniet ila pensée de franchir tes espiices, 

Convaineu de Sutilité que présenterait ane exposi- 
tion de ce genre, tant pour les progres de fa seienee 
elle-méme que pope tes progres des procddés appli- 
ques & Vindustrie et aux arts, M. tales d’Arcoz fore 
mula son idée et en indiqua Ja réalisalion pratique 
dans le rapport suivant, desting & sonmettre vette idée 
i Vappréciation des savanis et des industricts dont. 
Vadhésion pouvait en assurer ta réatisalion. 

\ 


EXPOSE DU Phourr 


At nombre des forces qae be natuee met a ke dis 
tion da genie de Thomne, et quiil peut anjour 
dompter et conduire pour los besains de son induste 
vest ane qui se distingte entre toutes par sa peadigi 


Poissance ot par Fimmense varieté de ses ellets : 


VElcetrivite, ’ 
Quelle que soit Tantiquité a laquette remonteat 
preniéres: observations Inumines sur le phenome 
Slectriques, it n'y a pas encore tn doni-siécle quit nt 
sortis du dontine de ta science paremnent spéculitive 
pour preter lever concours a Vac vile industrictle, fa 
Depuis, un grand sombre Wanplications ont été Te an 
rettsenient taalées, et ont ouvert a Pesprit de prog ba one 
nouvelle et karge voie dans laquelle chaque pas flea ia 
soulagenent au teavail de Mhomme, te SE ms 
moyens de production, Péconamiv des a eatin Pame 


horation di bien-étre social, 


ay 
sda PG. 
enture, — 
as dent. 


“NUP Groupe. = Blectrieits médicale, — Applleations 
de Ve bt phystolagie, ln inédecine et la chi- 
Mirgic, — Appareils statiques, galvaniques, faradiques, 
Galvanocaustiquys: 

XIV Gnou 
tricité atmosphd 
Javiques, — By 

XV* Groupts 


H— Electrivite intteoralogique, — Ties 
— Paratonnerves, — Couranta tele 
oles, — Apparvils @ohservatoires, 
' 7 


XV Grourg. — Marine, — Signany de commande+ 
ment et de ¢ st, —= Difunses ot attaques sougs-marines, 
— Torpilles. — Compas de marine, — Kovegistreurs nau- 
tiques, 


























os, de mani. 


visent, pour 


US LOUVERNOS 


fans Te pros 
A reconnaitre 
ste pour ly 


accueillies 


“serait” consacré"’’ une - xp 
applications de PHlectriette en 1877, Satta 
Ce qui n'était cneore Jusque-tit qu ‘une idée, idée 
heurcuse et féconde, devenail un fait. L'Exposition in- 
lernationale d'Mevtricilé w'étail plus seulement - 
projet; elle étail possible, elle était déeidée, il ne res- 
tail plus qu'a en achever Ja realisation. : 
Le Palais de l'industrie élait done mis et reste dé- 
sormais & la disposilion des arganisatcurs de — 
Exposition & partir da l" juillet jusqu’au. dO nevem- 





sovialeg 
par Ia t 
vastes 
aspiratit 


les rdyj 
qui pra 
Thommi 
fant auy 
Mais} 
concent 
donnes'i 
anjourd) 
ou que 
Ces qt 
des savt 
civilisceg 
peuvent! 
ct import 
sclenca, 


Rad 


a 
et de tous 
de lélectr} 
claux, et d 
oblenas, j 

Que do: 
fltendee 


ment des hh 
‘Tel est ie 
Popportunit 
lennel et tr 
Monde qui 
et de leurs; 
verselle { 


REVUE SCIENTIFIQUE ILLUSTREE 


Araneae nat nt nnnantannnnnas Rannatnnnnnannnrtinn manag, 


Peaux-arts — JNoustRIE — Marine — ART MILITAIRE 


PREMIERE ANNEE — Ho 9 — 'S FEVAIER 1876 


AAA AAAARAN ATRIA RAN ARARNAAN AR is Ahi 


Depuis quetques mois, la publication d'un nouveau Jour. 
nal lait annonce sous te titre de La Lumitre dleetrique, 
Ses fondateurs, NM. I. Miovr ot Lioronn Luqursxr, 
estimant que le but de cette publication dtuit atteint 
par Vappurition du journal MHteetricité, viennent de nous 
informer quits renoncent ¢ leur projet. — ils prient ar 


consequence leurs premiers cotlaborateurs de vouloir bien 


adresser les articles, informations ct renseignements quits” 


tour destinaient, aun bureaux de Journal Vitectricite, 36, 
re de la Vicloire, d Paris, 


a te 


Les doux promiors numéros du journal L'ELEC. 
TRICITE ayant été adressés & titre do spdéoimons, 
on dohors du service des abonnds, "administration 
de cotte Rovue pric Jos personnes qui déstroraiont 
Continuor & la recevoir do vouloir bien lul adresser 
lo montant do lour abonnomont on un mandat sur 
Ta poste, 


reread 
SOMMAIRE 


S Exposition internationale de 1877 : ouverture des re; 
demanites Wainission, 
La avience electrique des anciens Romains, par M,. Wilfrid 
Bo obe Foxviston, 
B itat actual du ta tdligraphiv sous-marine, aves carte de toutes 
les communications tdldgraphiques iu globe. 
L'Electricité médicale, par M. ly Dt Monanp, 
BL 'Blectricité au nouvel Opéra, avee planches, par M. Gaston 
 Tissaxpun, 
Sir Charles Wheatstone, par M. J. Aven, 
Histo des brevets invention relatits a Mlectrivies, 
Ba ltovug bibliographique, 
WElectricits dans la Presse, 


EXPOSITION INTERNATIONALE DE 16% ECTRICITE 
AU PALAIS DR WNDUSTIRIG BN 1877.” 


Paris, to 15 foveter 1820; 
C'est le t** mars prochatn que doit commencer Ja 
Dériode des travaux eflectits d'organisation de lExpo- 


sition internationale de '877, par Vouverture des: 


rogisires d'inseription des demandes des exposants. 
La Direction vient d'adresser, & cet effet, A tous les 
intéressés, des fornules linprimées, deslinges & rece= 
Voir toutes les indications que les exposants devront 
produire a l'appui de leurs demandes admission pour 
les objets, machines, appareils, produits, cartes et 
plans, ouvrages et travaux qtils se proposent d’exposer. 
Ces formutes conticnnent certaines indications rela- 
lives aux disposilions générales, qui devront dire 


arrétées pour Vagencement d'ensemble de VExpo- 


sitton, et pour Ja distribution des emplacements dans 
les galeries du palais de Industrie, 

Les granites galeries couvertes du rez~e~chausséa 
dt palais, devront dire réservées aux machines et 
Glablissements néeessitant tne consolidation spéciale, 


ou exigeant Nemploi d'une force motrice, tels que les” 


machines magnélo-dleelriques, locomobites, électro- 
molrices, et leurs applications aux besoins de Yindus~ 
(rie, ainsi que tous les objets de grandes dimensions 
rentrant dans tes calégorles du matériel de guerre, de 
Ja marine, des chemins de fer, des usines et de la 
télégraphic lervestre ct sotis-marine, Dans ees gale- 
rics, ou, si cela est possible, dans des constructions 
provisoires extérleures a palais, devront dire instal- 


lées les machines & vapeur prodtetrices de la foree ; 


néeessaire aux exposants, ainsi que dans les Jabora- 
loires dans lesqutels seront disposes tes piles et bate 
leries génératrives du courant électrique qui devea 
tlre mis & leur disposition. 


TRS Tae Fx 








SSE FT 


ee 


Ofllclellor Austellung'’s-Dericht 
> herausgegeben durch iic ge- 
~-neral-direction © der’. Welt 
austellung | 1873.) — q 
» De teleyraphen = apparate. 
(Groupe XIV, sect, 2, Rap- 
port par le Dr Ditschelner.) 


Pap. = Die Anwending der 


optischen telegraphieim felde, 
- (Vienne, 1872.)° 


i Porrs, = Antike telegraphic. 


(1860.) 
L, Rorner, — Der Telegra- 
Nad, (Berlin, 1875.) 


G, Sauens— The telegraph in 
Eirope. (London, 1869,) 

Scatewen, — Der etekhona- 
quelische telegraph in den 
Hauplstadion. seiner Entit= 
cheliing und in teiner Aushi 
ding, ele, (Braunschweig, 
1873,) 


Der telegraph, (Munster, 1873.) 


graphio: System 

rechen mit Morse 

chen Apparaten, 

Re Veranderiing in 

fepsland dev Leity. 
Botterdtam, 1872,) 


a 
Compto rendu: ollielel 
»-ponttion. de Vienne en’ 1873. 

‘IN. Les appareils tdld. 


© graphiques (O planches litho.’ 
- graphides. Vienne, imprime- | 


riv hupdrinto), 

Pav. — Lemplot de. la télé 
phie oplque en campagne 
(3 fauilles de lithographies, 
41 pages). 

— Téldyvaphie antique. 


L. Rornen. — Directeur des 
téldgraphes de Vempire dAl- 
magne, — La Construction 
des tétdgraphes, Manuel pra- 
ligne a Uusage des construce 
fenrs et employds de téldgra- 
phe (A560 plauches sur bois, 
806 page 


Scawut om he tdlégraphe 
dlectramagndtique dans les 
phases principales de son dd- 
teloppement, dant sex per= 
feelionnements et ses applica- 
(ions, avec un appemtice sur 
Yemploi des horloges dlece 
triques (573 gravuves sur 
hois, 866 pies), 

he léldgvaphe é Cusage du pu- 
ble, Guide pour tous, par 
un etmployds’ daprds los do. 
cunrents ofticiels (175 pagen), 

Aurzscut, — Abrdgd de Chise 
loive de la tdldgraphia elec. 
friqne (51 gravures sur bola, 
72 pages). 

Vans, — ‘Veéligraphie + Sys. 
téme pour corresponitre an 
moyen des appuress Morse et 
Nughes, sans quit se yvoe 
duise aucun changement tans 
da rdsistance des appaverts de 
transmission (8 pages et 
planches lithogr.), 


J. Moutncann, 


—_—_—— 


REVUE BIBLIOGRAPIIQUE 


TECHNOLOGIE ELeorniqur 


“COMPTES NENDUS HERDOMADAINES DES SEANCES 
DE VACADEMLE DES SCLENCES, 1. DXXXIL 


. Ne 8, Stance du 21 fevrive 1876, 

M, Jamin communique & PAcadémic une note de 
M. R, Bronpror, relative 4 Indétermination de certaing 
points remarquables des aiimants, qu'il désigne sous Ie 
nom te polis orthogonaue (page 454). 


Ne 0, Stance du 6 mars 1876, 


Mémoive de M. R. Chausius sur une simplification 
nouvelle de Ja toi fondamentale’ de Péleetrodynamique, 
fuisant suite A de précédents travaux qu'il a presentes a 


PAcatémile (page 546). 


Etudes de M. Ab, Reyanp sur Vaction de Poxygtne 
électrolytique sur ta glycérine, 


No 12. Séante du 20 mars 1876, 
‘ Poursulvant Ios coinptes rendus de ses précddentes 


expérienices; M. GAuGAIN analyse ‘en détall les pheno- 





diminue, mals reste néunmoing sapdricure & ce qtielle © 


lait au début. 
Ne 13; Sdunce,du 27 mars 1876. 


M. le scerétaire perpétucl communique A PAcadémio te 
memoire déposé sous pli cacheté par M. Bounnouze 


en 1870, rendant compte de ses exprirlences str Jes com 


munications A distance pay les cours Weau, 

Nous avons coensacre ci-dessus un article spéciat A eet 

iniportant sujet. . 
~ N45; Sdance du 27 avril 1876, 

M. Tu. Du Moncre présente sa XVITe note’ sur ta 
conductibilite rique des corps médiocrement condue- 
teurs. Les nouvelles observations du savant académicien, 
portant partiowlitrement’ sur ta conductibilité due corps 
lumain, offrent an geand intérét au point da vue de 
Vapptication de Métectriché comme agent thérapeutique 
{page 793). vores 
+ Suite des études savantes de Mod, SaAatn sur ta loi de 
distribution du magnétisme dans un faiscean de tines 
superpostes, Aprés avoir disenté et dtabli mathtanatique- 
incnt la solution analytique da probleme de Ja distribution 
magnétique dans un aimant, M. Jamin présente une note 
de M, Boury sur sa théoria du contact d'épreuve 
(pages 783 ct 836). , . 

Mémoire de M, Santiaux sur lemploi des machines 
Magndto-Mectriques do M, Gramme, pour Méelairage des 
grandes salles de chemins de for, présente par M. Tresea 
{page 842). : 7 i: : 

N17, Sdunee du Qe avril 187. 

Mémoire de M. Maney sur lea, variations dlectriques 
des musoles et du cwuren particulivr, indices au moyen 
do Pélectrombtve de M, Lippmann, présents, a Acaddanie 
par M. Bb, Becquenn. Cet instrument, dont ln remar- 
quable sensibilité permet de faire les observations tes. 
plus exactes, a été décrit dans le Journud de physique Udu- 
riyuc cf appliquee, t. II, p. Al (page 073). 


M. Du Moncks présento .dgalemont uno, note de 
MP. 118 sur les amorces dluctriques employtes pour 
Vinflammation des inglinges détonants et ayant pour 


objet de rendre les amorées Windtiction conductrices en- 


incorporant de Péponge de plating pulvérisde dang Je. mid- 
lange détonant A base do chlorate de potasse (page 077). 


"LE BULLETIN DE LA SOCIBTE SCIENTIFIQUE IN- 
DUSTAIELLE DE MARSKILLE, vient de publier une ine 
tévessante conférence de M, 'Ternant, sur In pose du cAble 
de Barcelone, et sur les épreuves Glectriques qui, pens 
dant toute la durde du cette delicate opdvation, ont ote 
faites dans Pusine ct bord du batiment porteur, 


JOURNAL TELEGHAPHIQUE, publié par te buventi in 
lornational des administrations {elégraphiques, A Berne.— 
Sommaire du n° 16 (25 aveit 1876) : 1. La iégistation: lele- 
staphique dang la République Argentine (2° article, suite 
ct fin). — IL Le siphon enregistreur (siphon recorder) de 
sir William Thomson (1¢ article). — IIL, Note sur ies eon- 
ditong da maxiniin de sensibilité des galvanométres, 
par M. Th, du Moncel, IV, Revue bibliographique de 

* article, suite et-fin), — V. Nouvelles, wt 








eee nae teeta 


“ROYAL SOCIETY; z ot 
_ Pom the Telegraphic Journal { 
Ata recent meeting: of tho, Royal , Society, Dr. 
Rurdon ‘Sanderson read a paper on the mechanicat’ 
effects and tho olectrical disturbance conkequent on: 
excitation of the leat Dionne Muxcipulas "The tivat 
sot of oxporiments were to determine the time that 
elapsed between touching ono of the sensitive hairs: 
and tho fiat perceptible motion. ‘The touches were 
given at intervals: of two minutes, - The first hatte 
dozen produced no mechanical efvet. Then twenty. 
fivo xuccessive tonchen produced effects which vari- 
ounly took 7,6, and 3 Keconds Defore they enused 
actual motion: The twonty-sixth touch produced 
motion in 82 seconds, and at the twonty-soventh 
the leaf closed. It was fount by attaching a one 


{yerunme weight that with each toueh after closing 
*| the leaf clenched tighter. With reyarit to the cle 
| trical comlition of the lent, it ix found that the ex. 


ternal surface ix positive to the internal, The elec. 


1] trical isturbanee ix strictly Innited to the surface of 


tho Tent, and does not extend to the petiole, which 
simply serves as aw ordinary moist conductor, x-} 
periments were also mate to ascertain the centro of! 


‘| greatest electrical intensity in the teaf, and tables: 
‘alving tho resulta of many experiments had been | 
‘fdrawn up. Ti animals only the nervous and msn. 


lar tissues nro olectro-motive ; in plints, only the! 
leaves, Tt wan found, hy shining the needle-points 


1] to different parts of the leaf, that when one part wan 
f/exhanstod nt would produce no effects, other porta | 


+) plant is a property possessed indeperdently by the 
7 protoplusuy of avery call in the excitable area. Ex. 


would, thot indicating that the excitability: of _ 


periments have alse been made ny to the time that 


:{ lapses between touching a hair and the manifesta. 


tion of the eleetric, disturbance, and it is found to be 


\| from one-sixth to one-oighth of a second. Similar 


experiments on other plants are promincd, 
+ 


% 


ELECTRIGAL. 
Electrienl Buporstition, 

[13096.]—An bearing on the query of Tole’ 
(No, 20000), and tho replies already given, I uiny 
stato that about fivo weeks ayo nn cllerly person, 
who had been suffering from rheumatiam in hie toys 
for fifteen months proviously, stood, at my retest, 
on the insulating stool, aud received a fow alight 
shocks from a Leyden jar in the parts affected. 
‘Tho reault, rent or fmaginary, was magical. I had! 
almoat said npostolical, for tho poor fellow, who n 
few moments beforo hal entered the room with n 
{painfal timp, ran ont of it leaping and rejotcing. 
Since then he bas woreral times thanked ‘ma for 
having effected Ite curas and on several other 
‘Foceasions I tavo heen assured hy rhoumatia patients 
{] that this treatment has afforded them permanent 


relief, 

j| My experiencois altogether too Thylted to cnnblo | 

ijmo to form an onan the enral yirtuea of 
electricity ; and an thera in but littl} to choose ' 
betiveon tho '' superatition” of tho orcr‘eredulous, 
‘ond tho superstition of those who are unable to 
elievo poy thing which militates/ngninat thelr 

‘Timperfect knowledge of what e stitutes natural 
Jaw, the queation is ono concorni id which it would 

| bo wine on our part to reserrofudginent.” Mean. 
whilo as tho causes of ridumatism nro partly 

:| meteorological, I am Incling! to think thero may 
bo ‘something sald in fxvour of Mr, Mattleu 
Williams's view of tho ensé, but In consideration of 
the closo connection Known to exist Letwcon meteo- - 
colony and clectricity, Tani nlio inclined to belivva, +, 
on fair -. 
instrumental in“ laatening thodeparting foo 


testimony, that electricity may ho sometimes. ; 


NOB: No, 668, 


| SCIENTIFIC NEWS, 


MIE degth of M. Hoftrich D. Ruhmkorf, ‘ 
which took placo on the 20th ult., com. * 
pletes thoobituary lat of scientific worthies for 
1877, ‘The name will be familiar to most of {.. 
our’ readera, and, though many will surmise 
that he was a Gertnan—ho was born in Hanover 
in 180t—tho majority will Icarn for the first 
time that ho was firat employed at the factory 
of Mr, Bramahs, in Pimlico, Ruhmkorff, in fact, it 
served his time ‘in this country, and then © 
migrated to Paris, where he found employment 
with M. Chovnlier, and became imbued with a 
tanto for that branch of research with which 
his name is indissolubly connected. Profiting 
by the experience thus gained he started in 
buainess for himself, and, retaining the friend. 
ship of his old master, he had speedily an over: 
witleningg cirel tustomers. In the year 1831 
Faraday discovered tho phenomenon of elec. 
trical induction, and ita investigation was i 
meilintely tiken WY by the leading physicists in 
Paris, who probably resorted to Ruhmkorff for 
‘ the necessary apparatus, and thua attmeted his 
Imost aurions attention to: the subject, the 
(result being the production of the firat Rulin- 
kori induction coi) in 1850," A fow years after- 
words Mr. Gassiot gave Ruhmkorff carte 
blanche to construct the most Fowortal coil ha 
could make, ‘ho series of preliminary experi. 
iments then undertaken laid the foundations of 
a considerable industry, no small share of which 
fell to M. Rutlnnkorff, who nlso obtained the 
decoration of the Legion of Honour and the 
iprize of £2,000 for applications of clectricity, 
hesides the 'I'rémont prizo of 1,000 francs in 
five stiecessive years, He was a frequent con. 
tributorto the transactionsof scientific societies, 
and was often consulted by the leading 
electricians of Europe. M. Jamin pronounced 
{the funeral oration. Seo sure 


. 


a Sunghhee aeemeememet 
, fe Ara Denl-Muto Totegrapher, / 4 
i Con8id@ring the fact that in telegriphy, as now preticed, 


ttl] messayes are read from sound, and that on the quickness 
| and good training of the ear depends, toa great extent, an 
‘ operator's skill, one of the most renarkable cases (in fact, 
the only one) on record In this or nny other country was that 
of the late Samuel J. Hoffman, Having lost his hearlng en. 
Airely a short tine after learning telegraphy, he nevertheless 
conthiued tho practice and sttccesstvely occupied prominent 
positions aa long us he lived. He made use of a sounder of 
his own construction, and received by placing hig hand over 


it in such a manner that he could feel distinetly every vibra- |; 


lion of the armature, Te would thus continue to recetvo bye, 


the hour without “breaking,” and experienced uo diticulty 
except when tho wire worked hurd or the clreutt changed 
frequently; he obviated this by placing his fingers on the 
‘Dinding screws of the relay, distingutyhing the characters hy 
‘the variations of the current, He dled in Florida, having 
pained the reputation of belay n most thorough operatorand 
felectrichin, 

* nt te ee ee ¥ 





es 


i 





sontioe nk Tene Dts, TELE 








g Hy 
y 
t 


i 
i 
i 
i 


ELECTRIC TELEGRAPHY. aa 
Britis. Ann’ Evrorean TELEGRAPHS. 


a gard to tele. 
‘diseenee ¢ somewhat late in 
to pay PP ing that the profits of 
ies and t 


ions are i‘ dit rater ; 
are tought under our notice, there are { 
‘ere insufficient to cover the working ¢ ies 
ie eee ¢ working expenses, 
i rua Holland, Roum: 
Ieiency ts less than 15 per cent.; for 
Spe hically speaking) ‘oie prospe f t 
cent, 5 1 
25 per cent, cach, Erase SUS Fe 


the remainder 
rous States, Sweden 
reurt; Russia of 19 


princeps. The number of paid i 
{pn round numbers) 184 millions; vy Gcme 
te Tenet til ae by Italy, 4} millions ; hy 
‘ha it aan menage, 3 by Holland, 14 million, 
sages with the populations of 1) iv i 
7 pil Abeta - we transmitted in Switzerland, 7 menage in en ne a, 
e te 3 i ind orway, 273 in Denmark, 22; In Mrance and Gennan M4 
d bisnantcn arn at yt and in Russia, 3-7, It is scarcely necessary to 5 uk 
Messages are forwarded by people who are not inhabi 


cy we find that 

; Ic Circumstances 
danke and only used 
TY §640 inhabitants, 

ce to be as follows :—In 


onsiderably 
being e or hi 
ars re qual, the worki; 


i ! 7 i 
f a . Of 

ast favourably, whit 

¢: 

» 53d, cach eltwe, Ber m 


a8 is 

Sccondly, it Appears fr i 

Ssages transinitted in th a atom, sa 

$s Which have Deen inch cea 

s8—which alone co; alter thie 

graph Depart. 

found that the 

tnes, i 


a 


J 


Prov, Joseru Hrxny.—We re sre to notice ie de 
Professor ‘Joseph Henry, at Washington, USA. a iene ; 
year, He was well known ng Seeretary to the Smnithsonian |. 
Institution, and President of the National Academy of Science, |! 

s was & man of Original genius, who at an early age and in 
spite of educational disadvantages becamo known by his dis 

® coverics in clectrieity and magnetism. So carly ng 1831 ie 
exhibited a contrivance’ for giving signals at a distance by 

dea of & bell arrangement, Little more than the idea of A 
telegraphic alphabet was wanting to give him a claim on the 

eee honours of -Morae, Tn 1832 he beeame Professor of Nathiral 
: N Tistory at Princeton, and in 1871 he was mado. head of th 
: Tighthouse board, His papers in the lending Atnorivan 
seientific publications have been collected und fo of 


.. Gontributions to Bleetrivity an 


ur the title of 
and Magnetism’, a 


criencess-“MT AU UAL N~auatyoe-cu cures 





4 
j 
| 
i 


: Te death 

; eequer 
s Jardin dee Pa 

aur-Loing, 

’ Polytechnic, 

: and went thi 


sor of Physi 
lors—a chair he 
Prof. Be o| 
inomber of the Rosal se aly 
i% Copley medal, 
: feasor o} 
Assistant t h 
w 
work ee man in the 
M. Hecquerel died 
Jear of hiange, — * 


BRITISH ‘ASSOCIATION. FOR Tike ADVANGE: 
ay (ENT OF SOIENOE. 1%  ~ 


+ Tho’ British’ Assoctation for the Advancement ‘of| °~ 


BSolence is holding. its, annual ‘seasion thin year 
Glaagow.:* ‘Tho inaugural addresa ‘of tho President, 
Dr, Thomns Andrews, contains the.following rofer- 
‘enco to electrical subjects, eet 
Passing to tho snbject of electricity, it is with pleas. 
iro that I have to announce the failure of a recont 
‘attompt to deprive Ocrstedt of his great discovory. 


tt ia gratifying thus to find high reputations vindicn-| f 
‘ted, and names which all men ‘ive to honor tmna-| ¢ 


‘mitted with unditninished lustre to posterity, At‘n 
former meeting of this Association, remarkable for an 
unusual attendance of distinguislicd foreigners, th 
contral figure was Oentedt, On that ocensian Si 
John Herschel, in glowing langungo, compared Ocr- 
stedt's discovery to tho blessed dew of heaven which 
only the maaster-mind could dmw down, but which 
jit was for others to turn to account and use for tho 
[fertilization of the carth, To Franklin, Volta, 
:Coutomb, Oerstedt, Ampere, Famday, Seebeck, anit 
:Ohin, are due the fundamental discoveries of modern 
‘electricity —a sclenco whose applications in Davy'a, 
}hands .led oto7grander reenter thiiti-nfetléiaial” over 
jdreamed of, arid in thé handy of others (aindng whom 
; Whentstone, More, shad ‘Thomson occupy the fore- 
y most, plnce) to tho marvels of the electric telegmph, 
! When we proceed from tho actual phenomenn of elec- 
i tricity to the molecular conditions upon which those 
licnomenn depend, wo are confronted with questions 
i ag recondite as any with which the physicist has nd 
to deal, but towards the solution of which, tho ro- 
searches of Famdnay. hove contributed the: moat 
precious materials, Tho theory of electrical aud 
magnetic nection occupied formerly the powerful 
minds of Poisson, Green, and Gauss; and aiong the 
living it will surely, not bo invidious to cito the names 
of Weber, Helmholtz, Thomson, and Clork Maxwell 
The work of the Intter on electricity is ary original cs. 
say worthy in ovory Way of the great repttation and 
of tho clear and far scoing intellect of its author. 
Anong recent investigations I must refer to Prof. 
Tait’s discovery of consecutive noutr! points in cor- 
tain thermo-vlectric junctions, for which ho was late 
ly awarded the Keith prize. ‘This discovery has been 
i tho result of an elaborate investigation of the proper- 
tien of thormo-cleetric currents, aud ia rpecinlly in- 
tercating in reference to the theory of dynamical elec- 
| tricity. Nor can I omit to mention tho very interest. 
ing and original oxperiments of Dr. Kerr on the 
i dielectric slate, from which it oppears that when 
olectricity of high tonsion is passed through diclec- 


} some cases lines of comprcasion, in other cases lincs 
of extension, ‘ : 

+ Of to many discoveries in physical gcionco duo to] 
| Sir Willinin Grove, tho earliest and not tho Teast im-|, 
j portant is the battery which bears his nate, and is} 


{ to this day tho most powerful of all voltaic armnge- |; 





| monta ; but with a Grovo's battery of 60 or oven. 100}: - 


gorotis action, - the-spark will not pass: 

ithroug! appreciable distance of cold air.” By! 

ing. ory large numberof colls, cnrofully inaulated . 
dichargod with water, Mr. Ganuiot anceveded in 
obtaining a short spark through air; and lately Do la 
‘Tue and Miller havo constructed a largo chloride of 
dilver battery giving frooly sparks through cold air, 
which, whon n column-of puf walor is interposed in 
tho circuit, acourntely résomble those of the common 
olectrical machine, . ‘Thesdength of the spark increna- 
ing nearly as tho ‘square ‘of the number of cella, it 
Udabocn calculated that with 100,000 oloments of 
‘fihis battory the dinclinrge should take placo through 

a distanco of no loss thar 8 foctingin ait |; 





tried, n change of snolecular armugement occu, i : 
slowly in the case of solids, quickly in te case of} | 
Nquids, and that the lines of electria force ‘aro in 





TLECTRIGIAN 
*~~ ELECTRICITY, &e. ¢ 

(13037.]—"" Stasta" (lot. 12993) bas mado bimsetf 

such an nuthority on electrical matters that it is 
somowhat doubtful if bo will thank me for taking 
a part in the controversy with “No Sirrah.' How: 
over, "Sigma" is quite arwnro that his theories are 
notaltogether necepted by othor snthorities, and it 
ia just this fact that conatitutes tho difficulty, Of 
course “ Sigma "' is right, and“ No Sirrah” wrong, 
#0 far as regarda tho earth being a reservoir, The 
earth is no mora n reservoir of electricity than Tam. 
Lot “No Sirrah” read snel books ns‘ Electrical 


; 
' 
| refuted and unrefutable arguments brought against 
1] such statements ns the carth §4 a reserroie for elec- 


ments were enflrcly successfuy, 

Aa to tho explanation of Ywhy the theory of one 
electricity" has been given ip, none fs needed, be 
cause It ia po moro given y ho theory of two 

Prof, Guthriv ‘foes i for the two. 

Unt what ofAhat? I should prefer to 

Spragno’s stutoment rather thon that of 

thrice, Prof. ‘Yyndall’s little book, again, 

‘Vis excellent as regardq history and pretty expori- 

ments, but aq regarda knowledgo of clectricity it is 
simply worthless—nay, worse, it is misleading. " 

My differences from theso and other authors will 

1 ba easily understood if I give one—viz., that I be- 
Viero no such thing as “* olectrical repulsion’ exists. 
} Like electrified bodies do not repel exch other ; thoy 


CG H.W. B. 


\ 


‘ 


‘ By the donth of Toroph Henry the United 
States loses one of its most famous men. Born 
ut Albany (N.Y,) in 1707, he received thoyaual 


* achool education, and commenced lifé ha 2 


watchmaker in hia native city. Atthe ngo/of 
twenty-nine ho became Profesedt pt G- 
ninttes at Albany Academy, find inf! 1827 
menced a series of experiments in /elect cit! 
jand was) one of the first, jf not ho frat, t 
| demogat it the priuelp les npon which modern 
“telegéaphy fa baseq. 1 32 he'becamo Pro- 
(fessor of. Ndtiral, Philosophy at Princeton, and 
a fol ydara after Is visited England, whero 
ho tiads thé agquitintance6£ Prof. Wheatstone, 
and dopbtJess, by recour {ing his own experi- 
monte find discoveries, halped the latter in the . 
prosecution of tho rdxearehes which then 
engaged his attention,! ‘In 1816 Trof, von 
‘waa elected the first Steretary (i.c., Director, 
‘of tho Sinithsoninn Institutiou—n post he occu. 
pied till his death, which took place on the 13th 
natant. Prof, Henry published a volume of 
“ Contributions to Electrivity and Magnetism,’ 
and was a frequent contributor to scientific 
periodicata; but he will be hoat remombered for 
is life-long uncensing tnbours in furtherance 
of tho apread of a knowledge of nature. 














Review" of Patents Innued for Electrical Invene. 
tons, During October, 1877, : 
, Donia tha month of Octobor thirteen patents} 
wero granted for inventions relating to oleotricity: 
and {ts applications, five of which wore for telograpl-| 
io apparatus and systems, This is somowhnt less | 
than tho avorngo monthly numbor, ie 
Quadraplox telegraphs havo ‘bean patontod by! 
Benjamin Thompson, of Toledo, Ohid (196,057), and 
H. Q. Nicholeon, of Kenton, Ky. (190,248), In 


ted onrrenta corresponiling with tho position of tho 
two sending koys fans follows: Both koys closed, no 
current; No. 1 open and No. 2 olonod, — 1; No, i 
closed and No, 2 open, +- 1; both open, +3. Two 
polarized and ono noutral recoiving instrumonta aro 
cmployed at the receiving station, It will be seen 
that tho combination of transmitted onrrents is auch 
that although Voth positive and negative currents 
aro mado uso of, yot tho Polarity is novor ravorged’ 
during tho tranamission of orignal, in which reapect 
tho invention fs similar to that of Gorrit Smith (pate 
ent No, 185,688 of 1876) doscribod in Prescott's Elec. 
fricily, page 816, In Thompson's arrangoment, half of 
the main Vattory is placed on short clronit whenever 
both keyx aro Gopresaed, which woukl bo probably 
fonnd in practica to canse tronble with the contact 
Points of tho (ransmitters, Smith's arrangement 
avoids this objoction, and also dispenses with the 
third or noutral reoelving relay by attaching ayielding 
contact-lover to one of tho polarized relays, Thomp- 
son's patent covers bis partioutar combination o; q 
cirouits and currents at the sending station, aia of 
Folays and local connections at tho receiving station! 
Nicholson's patent relates to tranamitting Appamtugs 
only, and forns only a portion of hig complete quad. 
Taplox systom. Hig combination of curronta {6 ag 
follows: Both koys open, no current; No. 1 closed’ 
and No. 2 open, -+- 1; No. 1 Open and No, 2 closed,| ; 
+, ji both koys closed, ++ 2. "This isthe namo an thar 
described and shown in the English patent of A. Bern-: 
. stein, of Berlin, of 1856, but tho mechantsin by whieh’ 
tho reault is reached ia altogethor different, It will; 
bo observed that this arrangement is subject tp alll 
ae 


plex system actually inoperativo, : 
Tho davicea which havo been added to the atand-} 
.ard quadrupler of tho Weatern Union Tologmph 


jin quadry 
(Working margin botweon the different olectrical con. 
‘ditions of tho lino, In the quadruplox now-in gen. 
oral uso on the Woatern Union lina, wo find, for ox- 
that tho proportion betwoon the two divisions’ 
of the battery in uanally 3:1, which {a found to give 
tho boat reaulta in pmatioe. Tho tranamttted our.’ 
Tenta are thoreforo +1o~1+4 and —4, which: 
gives betweon +1 ond —1 4 margia of 2, which: 
is the minimum margin of the combination, and fn, 


—_ eutvanne waton‘ai oin priatice from the a o 
sal of tho main line onrrent during the trnsmteaion 


oF aalgnal, which diffonttiog, if riot countornetea by! 
apecial dovices, are so sorlons ag to rondor a qaadru.! 


i 


Company, by Edleon, Smith” and othors, for this 
; PUrpoae, would of cours bo equally applicable to 
} the aystom undor considemtion. Tho Great dmw- 


nek, however, to the auccorsful protical 1 
Thompson's apparatus tho armngemont of transmit. : Nicholson ee jaieditet 


‘sand all similar combinations of ourronta 
nplox tolography, artes from tho Inok of 


a 


used to work the armature of the ‘No, 1 polar relay, : 
with no retracting spring, while the margin of tho 
armature of No, 2 relay, which works, agninat an an. 
tagonistia spring, {4 novor loan than + 3 or — 3, as 
tho caro may be. In Nicholson's arrangement, with, 
tho samo numbor of colls, the current would bo +. 2 
2, + 4 and 0, the greatoat Poasiblo margin as 
well as tho lonat being 2, and the ormature having 
in all casos to work against on antagoniatic spring. 
Thus with an oqual number of cells, the w rking, 
‘margin in the formor apparatus is 60 pert cont, 
‘Brentor than fn the latter, which in Practico is a very! 
‘material differones,. ‘The claims of Nicholson's pate! 
ent refor to tho Particular Arrangomont of keya and 


‘connectiona by which tho Tequirod combination of 
currente is transmitted. 


|,%C “werwnton panien nummexonry, iat 
Tn announcing the death of this noted man, who haa been 


-/80 closely Identitled for years with the progress of electrical 
scence, and whose name fa so widely known In connection* 
With ono of the most remarkable pteces of apparatua belong: ; 
ing to n philosophical cabinet, ft would bo out of Place Ina 
|sefentific Journal to make no more than a mere passing allu- 
‘gion to his life and labors, Ruhmkorff was, as his name in- 
dicates, u German, and was born nt Hanover in the year 
1801. Beginning the busincas of life in England, where he 
| remalned for some years, he afterward went over to Frnce: 
148A Journeyman and became an assistant In the atelier of 
/M. Chevalier, Here he acems to have becothe imbued with 
a love for that branch of physical science, which was de- 
{stined to make his name fumous, Having gained suitlelent: 
jexpericace under the friendly guidance of Chevaller, he. 
jS0on afterward ventured Into business on his own account : 
;8 a maker of philosophical Instruments, and bringing to! 





jbeon Incking Sn his competitors, the merit of his Instrumenta 


;800n attracted the attention of sclentista, who became thence: | 


forth his friends and partners, 


bear on all of his work a reagoning Intelligence that had | 


Tt was in 1881 that Faraday made t great discovery of 
clectrical induction, and in 1883 our own Dr, Tenry, ex- 


perlmenting with coils of insulated wire, discovered tho fact | 
. | hat n bright spark is produced in long voltale cirenita when | 
contact fs suddenly broken, an occurrence that does not hap. # 
pen when the etreuit is short, Faraday investigated this, ' 
And the next year demonstrated the fact that the spark waa 


an effect of what ho termed the “ oxtra current" induced 


in the convolutions of the coil by the current traversing the © 


other coils in thelr close vicinity, and that the induced extra 


peurrent was In one direction upon contact being made and | 


jin the reverse direction upon tho clreuit being broken; so 


| that when tho clreuit was alternately made and interrupted, © 
tho effect of the extra current was to alternately diminish ; 
the principal one by inductive retardation, and to produce s 


secondary current in the opposite direction, The inductive 


+ effects were also found to be Breatly Increased hy the inser. 


tlon of core of fron within the coil; or, better still, by a 
bundle of tron wires, by menns of which a stronger Induced 
current could he obtained, 

The subject was also Investigated hy Masson, Brequet, 
and Fizeau, tn France, Having collected the yarioua results 
obtained by these different investigators and combined them 
Hinto a practical form, M, Rebmkorf, after a Jong series of 
interesting experiments, produced the frat induction cait, . 
now known by his name, ‘This was exhibited in 1851; and, 


; although it produced sparks not much more than an eighth 


of an inch in length, tt caused profound sensation among 
setontista and at once gave Its inventor a world-wide reputa 

ton, : 

A serlous obstacte to the success of the first induetion coil 

| Was the retardation of the main current hy the extra current : 
| when the elreult of the coil was closed, This defect was 

‘Jereatly diminished hy M, Fizcau, who invented x condenser, 

by means of which the extm current Was stored up, at 

the moment of breaking the circuit, to he again tmmedi- 

‘Jately utilized for Increnaing the matn circuit: when agatn 





j closed. By the application of this and the inventions and 
{Suggestions of othera, a4 well us Uy his own experiments, 


M. Rubmkorf gradualty hrought bis coils upto thelr present 
state of improvement. While allowing Rutimkorf all the 
Credit which fs justly his due in connection with (he devel. 
opment of this apparatus, we should not forget to point out 
what has been done by our own countrymen, For instance, 
Professor C, G. Page, of Salem, Manss., published, in 1830, 
the flrat account of an induction apparatus consisting of 
primary coil with a secondary coll wound upon it of many 
times its own Iength, Asan acknowledgment of merit, Con- 
grees granted him, some yenra afterward, 0 patent on his In- 
Ivention. Professor Pago was also the originator of the nuto- 
imatie efreuit: breaker, Ritehle, of Boston, tn 1857, by an 
jimproved method of winding the flue wire, vastly improved 
the fnduetion coll, and made It Possible to use with success 
awire of soveral hundred thousand feet in length, while the 
mit fn the instrument as constructed by Rulunkorff was 
inbout ten thousand feet only, Ritchie's improvements were 
‘quickly adopted by Rulmkorff, and, it is suid, afterward 


¢inimed by him as his own invention, 





Fatier (Yarn. illustrious spectoscoplst’and i 
astroiomer dicd at-Rome on February 26th, after.a 
bricf but painful illness, Angelo Secchi was-born sat i 


| Reggio ‘in ‘Italy ‘on July 29,. 1818, and ‘received: his’. 


‘education from the Jesuits, After a course of physics 5 
and mathematics he emigrated to America in 1848, and 
taught these subjects in, Georgetown College, where h 
made the acquaintance of Professor Henry, the leading. : 
physicist of America. Elis friendship with Henry, proe 
bably directed him to the rising science of Spectroscopy,’ : 
which he has Since laboured at so successfully, * He ree, 
turned to Europe in 1850, and was made director of the : 
Observatory of the Collegio Remand, where he was 
happlly -left free to prosecute the solar researches to 
which he was now devoted, The sun, its nature, origin 
and growth and its influence on the planetary system 
which depends upon it, was the sphera of his Ife work, 
and he has summed up all that we knew concerning it: 
all the researches and the theories of himself and others; 
throwing light upon it, in his great book, “The Sun." | 
Seechi maintains that the solar heat is due, not to the ; 
influx of meteoric masses upon the sun's body, but ta. ; 
gravitation of the gaseous mass towards its centre. Ho : 
shews that by the principle of the dissocintion’of gases | 
the foss of temperature by the sun does not exceed wm, 
C. in 4000 years, and frons this concludes that the time ; 
when the carth will be too cold to support life is ag yet : 
_very remote, He admits that the earth's mass is being : 
slowly increased by falling meteorites and cosmical 
dust, and finds-in this fact the cause of the observed | 
secular increase of the moon's velocity. Between the 
years 1858 and 1870, Father Secchi carried on a series 
of magnetic observations, at the expense of the Papal. 
Treasury, for the purpose of elucidating the supposed | 
connection between magnetic phenomena and solar ; 
spots, His results shewed that years rich in solar spots 
were also rich in magnetic storms, He also studied 
earth currents for several years on n line 31 miles tong, 
and found that they always exist in greater or less 
degree, that they have a prevalent direction, and that 

they are of abnormal intensity during magnetic dis- 
turbances, From the total eclipse of 1865, Seccht 
obtained a classical series of photographs of the solar 
disc, showing the red flames in great number and - 
variety, It was now seen that these flames were a true 
solar phenomena, In 1870 he observed. the eclipse , 
from Agosta, and succeeded in proving that different, 

j parts of the corona gave different Spectra, Scechi was 
‘ appointed by Pope Pius IX, to continue the trigono. 

| metrical survey of the Papal States; and obtained the 

| great prize of a hundred thousand francs at the Paris. 
Exhibition of 1867, for his “ meteorograph," He was 
a member of many learned bodies, and founded the 

Italian Spectroscopic Society. 



















v8 copper to carth and zine force, which by half a turn of the 
andlo Ay I correspond to tho ‘dotted lince, zine to carth and 
r iree, Laps 

ass, carthenware, ebonite, and gutta percha aré at present 

uso for battery cella. -'The trough Tord of battery couaiat of 

boxes of teak or other wood divided into compartments by sheota 

f porcelain, glngs, alnte, &ce. Glass has many qualities in its 

favour, especially when the battery: is stationary, its firat coat 
being little over that of earthenware, whilst its insulatin 

5; Property js considernbly higher; it allows the contents ofa cell 


ing visible when in action, a qualit i i 
cing viele is equality which places it above any 


f+ Blectriciuns as a rule 













and consequently they 
neo in the composition 
hat one of the Breat 
in tho ‘quadrant: elee. | { 
luc to.the want of good 
din their construction. I 
1 Investigating: the ecffceta of small quantities of accidental 
read Ue in sins pnd 80 ie m8 Tan able to see at present, it 

f in’ glass itself, which we are generall disposed to | contact e one with the hel 
regan] as being ao permanent in constitution, is liable to si . of wound T he 
changes under the action of time, sf Fai tae emnen gation of sound 1 


Here was mystery: and mnyatery, that heing follow: ; 
me far from the telephone, Ih fact’'l had now wo mie roo 


tens upon my hands instead of one, ‘fo what could thin latter 



















































the insula. 
dg ‘ ae, It could 
of any conducting materi 

would act the same. And, moreover, apa placing ts diner! 
one ench side n third—that the rea nective effects might be neu. 
tralised, it turned out that the round was nearly doubled in loud. 
ness rather than diminished (Fig.1.) It appeared evident that 

iNcUSTION 









TO KEY OF InsTRUMEKT 





INDECTOPHONE. 


Py 










es THANSIITTCR 


the sound effect was due eee di 
t y B duc to clectrostutic induction, and to th 
& i arrangenient waa, consequently, applied the term Luitnetoyions 
8, if two sheets of tin foil ‘were respectively connected to the 
oH 8 of the secondary coilpand a tune played upon a telephonic 
ransniitter in the primary cirenit, that tune would he reproduced 
Whither a glass cell he | 220" foila loud anc dintinetly, ‘The foile, however, rev uire to be 
, speck, or clots, does nes atte” from one another by a sheet of paper or other i-vleetric 
in go'utilitarinn an age that we und pressed gently together. Sheets of damp paper insulated by 
4 gutta-percha have the game effect, provided the dainp paper docs 
im Fi Puts them out of eon. not actually adhere to the insulating material; and, with great 
eration for coding ry a tee battery cell Ing fate one reo, sound muy be—it hus been—obtained from 
tensively cinployed, nn ‘ and, chonite haw been | onths were 5 ent in cogitation expert i i 
‘ el lass ia ad ited for funy Purpose to | it further transpired “thats i any ad cectrited oe, ale . 
emp oyment, brought Newr one another, with a film of nir between them sound 
a ow in use sould ulways be re rodneed; but that, directly the air war exe 
‘ ane sound whatever could be obtained, “Here was a hint, 
phone bite poe 4 non, sauelisivel J proved that theae inducto. 
onic ere the result o! tlectrifieuti y 
loca not cond Y | vibration of the air film. Thus, itt a leuven of alte 
glues iteat te by percha, were placed unde 
rt a repellent action a Spe narh the 
air, , too, i 
{to ur CONTINUED.) pasted tin foils res 


= the cell contains ade 

















c 





















































: Pa filled with wate 
es DIA-ELECTRIG, Secured at their. ede 
: LEXANDER J, @, ADAMS, A.g,n., sides a film of nir, 
the earl ‘ 






again heard, but fai 


a tel 
ih ad ie 1 Because I 





























a 







or microphone has been placed uv 


TALC. 






' vate wit 
Ain Fist 








eS 


ever, the churged body-be carefully excluded from the 


transmitted by the microphone, 


but an taiixe kind is uncertain, 


0 ; pon a metallic-body.in, connec. 
tion with this particular end of the kecondary coil, and tho sound 
again reproduced upon a telephone, In this casa the vibrations |! 
given to the microphone. by the charged body ure firat developed 


In that body hy the air undulations beating against it. If, how- 
being covered with some inenlating material, no sound will be |: 


Now, what may we deduce from these experiments? T think 
this—that we have here another addition to the alvendy long 
Hint of electrical phenomena—atioapheric dia-electricism, Pers 
hapa, too, many substances are subject toa similar peculiarity, 
whether the dia-eleetrieal effect: produced consists of u like or of 















iT’ 
mite 


he 
ri 









nir by |! 


mit 


boratorios, and 


Morze, Pago, Thomson, &e.,, bull 


fore 


Menlo Park, 


























lof battery, 


Gray, i principle of varying the 


ia, 
mean an cany one, 
length made the Wisco 
|tho remarkablo prope 
the ration of thera chr 
sure.” The device 


the riso «nnd fall of | 
varying the rcristanco 


Anes, matcover, 
to show this consis 
and a gilvanometor, 


Aided by the experience gained with my Inductophone, the old Viplaten which are joined to tho 


phonic sounda are based upon Faradiy’s din-magnetian, 


paper, 









awe 
t e% ry 

i _LITERATURE, 
ig ne] 


Uthe Epeaking Telephone, Tatkiny Phonograph, and other Novelties. 
4 By George B, Preecott, Now York: D, Applcton and Co. 








4. ‘Thero {1 no ono branch of neleuco. oF art iu which wo can do moro than 


shold oir own against our American cousina, ‘Tho statement may acein 1 


Arash one, but wo believe facta will fally boar it out. ‘Tho looks recontly. 


inaucd by the American press aro adinitted to he equal if not superior to : 
,Aintlar works fn England, both as regarda quality of matter aud the mere 


itypographical Proluction. We cannot print to u better astronomical work 


in Mewcomb's 5 wo caunot alow a better mathematicat woriodical than 
that just iesucd under tho auspicen of the Johua Hopkins University ; wo 
fare coining to our own particular ephere, where can wo point to a better 
{book than “ Prescott's Tolegraphy ? 
not to poll 
be aaid to be orixiunt, na it contains reverad long extracts and even peners 
that have boos publintied claawhere; still, it will bofound extromely valaable, 
inaxinuch as it gathers into ono work « mstind of almost all that hax been 
id or written on the subject on which it-profersca to treat, ‘Sho book is 
handy In size, althongh it contains over 400 pngos, is well printed, and illur. 
trated with morethan 20 excallentcute, 1t contains a good deal of information 
lepropos of Exlison’s discoveries in tho direction of the microphono, which is 
exceedingly instructive, Wo do not intend to criticise fn the ordinary way 
sunt now, fut to give our readers n fair idea of what the book containe, 
|Whethor the stntenienta are nlwnya correct romain for future considern> 
ition. In tho historical introduction Mr. Prencott spenkn of Leenzona being 





‘telephonic experiments were re-examined and new ones tried, and. 
furnishing evidence to my own mind that just as Inductophonic } 
sound undulationa are due to the dia-electric, so the true tele. 


the latter theory, however, there are experimenta still under tte 
tention, and their results for or against it I hope to give in another 








havo no paper superior to tho anceul te American as regards ilaatrtion 5° 
iT 
” Intho States every workinan reads; : 


fin England, asin rule, no workinan reads, We rofor to teelinien! journals, : 
teal papors, The book whoea title is given above can acercely ‘ 


tho first to establish a telegraph, ueing frictional electricity. Coxcof Phila-. 


Vreenure, and 


‘through which tho battery ourre: 

Hs placed upon the upper plate the earbon In a 
‘i the current in» 

1, On increasing or decrensing 


Upon tion oro observed, and Mr, Edison 








ECTRICIAN, JULY. 20, 1878. 




















jinn iece of ru 
dinke 


a eeetieg 


In tho. Inte 
roduccd, the vibrating diay 
been found that much bette 


eee 


aha 


oe 


ws 


eee ear CN 
















































cae 


Death of Professor Joseph Henry... subject of the transmission of sound through the 
Awovr the year 1812, and for some years sub- || [atmosphere in different states of the air with re- 


quent might have been seen plodding up the {gant to vapor suspended therein iit being charg- 

Me nsceah knawe: to Albanians as“ State.Street fed that, in. the writings alluded to, Hotessey € 4 of 
Hill,” a lad of singularly open, thoughtful and | “Tyndall failed to give due credit to experiments i ; arely ustd; atid very seldom’ 
intelligent face, wending his way, morning after! ‘performed under the direction of the Light}. 10 ul 
morning to the Albany Academy, at that time! °}fouse Hoard of which Prof, Henry was a prom. 
justly considered one of the finest institutions off “jnent member. Very careful reading of the : 
earning in the State, ‘This schoo! is still in €x- somewhat rancorous controversy to which this}! : } hows how far wo ara in advance fn this rospect, where 

istence, but its prosperity has been seriously af-! “charge ave rise (the rancour however being only |; F ; 


+ e-ong! 7 ole, 
fected hy the establishment under the direction imanifested on the American side) has, however, |! not only. pollce stations, fire-ongina hotsos, hotels, ote, 
of the Albany Board of Education, of a free failed 


: i i 
ip 7 ce eda to convince us that Professor Tyndall? Y ero bankers and privato Individuals 
Academy for meritorious pupils of the public’ :cither meant or did any.injustice ta the Amerie 


: at-tholr offices or houses, and at any tima” 
hools. experiments, or to Professor Henry, wh tai. : 
the old Albany Acadety was at one thne the, iwe belleve was undut influenced in the’ matter : ‘| receive. the news about the monoy rar a wae 
center of the learning and Mterary talent of the) “by some not over judicious ron pos {important ttems; and. thousands of private ind 
city, In its ample structure were the rooms and lowever such a misund erstanding will not |; : ap a A eS 
library of the Albany Institute, a literary and! | affect th well earned faine of Profit Hn | 


i y a mon at any Hmo a ines 
scientific association that has recorded among its | which entitles him to rank’ among the brightest ]i ” dences, by which Uney’ can aura Y 
inembers many eminent men including DeWittt of the numerous lights of 


4 ‘ science extinguished |; _aanger, the police; fram, oe. fby on ae 
inton who was one of its warmest supporters. |i during the last twelve montl : 2 eugene ERS rapes - 


hs. He was a genial 

hat youth was Joseph Henry, who, on the ele-b and courteous gentleman, his Jater fycins ' 

t of knowledge obtained first in the Albany somewhat conservative in his view but always /, 
public schools and subsequently in. the Albany honoring and al way’ 


- ‘san honor to the q ‘ 
Academy built up a world wide reputation as 9 | scientific Progress, to the cause af! oe ; 
scientific discoverer, | WE are indebted to Harper's Weekly for the 41H MONALD’S Catatoaur—The librarian of tho Socicty of: 
Professor Henry was born on théazth Decem: ji fine engraving of Prof, Henry which appears on Telegraph Engincera has issued a specimen slicet of a cata- 
ber, 1797. «At the age of 29 heWWas appointed llour first page. } ty Electricity LE, BE 
Professor of Mathematics in’ the Albany Ac : = logue of books and papers on lectricity an agnetism, ; 
demy where he had acquired the rudiments. o! a 


Lh Tor sclentifi its ee : : * compiled by Sir tia Ronalds, which will be published by. 
his education and the taste for scientific pursuits has Paris , é une it society. ‘The’ rie will contain wore tha 9; 
that Hlaracterited his career, hat we believe, no aR ea Qpreytsn- COUT, “UatA” pyanvenny we me ie tluit society. Uh ey atalogue will contair that 1,200 
very special mathamatic: 1 . i: which will not ex- * . 


“entries, including overy Amysrtant—work, “and almost every 
lowing he began the remarkable experiments ? 


came ee Cte te eee iene 98 ead 





| veri : gee ‘ { paper on Elvetrility a gnetism/up Xo the compiler's 
ich fet Eeoogte ie game tutor aoe nee . PS death in 1878.7 fts “yon pilation was tho| hour of ‘a prent 
scientific men, ; ic pease MGs part of the life of SirPraneis Ronulds, and tho library which 

In the month of March, 1829, he exhibited to F , fs ae * 
the Albany Institute magnets of greater lifting ; ; he Required during theso Jeary is now i a a of et 
power in proportion to their size than any pree z . socicty, For the use of librarians a special edition, printe 
viously known, _ In the previous year however, Z ‘ : H on ono side of the paper only, is proposed, : 
he had published some tmportant papers upon ~ 7 
various modifications of electro-magnetic appa- 
ratus, fis labors gave an immense impulse to 
the science of electro dynamics and it is claimed 
for him (probably with justice) that he was 
the first to construct a machine moved ly the 
agency of electro magnetism, One of the mag- 
nets constructed by him‘ds still in use among the 
apparatus at the College of New Jersey in Prince. 
ton, and is capable of sustaining with a medium 
battery, a weight of 3600 pounds, He was une 
doubtedly among the first to transmit signals 
through wire hy the application of electro-mag- 
netic apparatus, 

In 1832 he was appointed professor of natural 
philosophy in the College of New Jersey. 
at Princeton, and during “his professorship in 
this Institution he continued his investigations 
and contributions to science. ive years later 
he went to Europe and visited eminent scientific 
jhen, among whom was Professor Wheatstone of 
King’s College, Landon, to whom it is said the 
acquaintence of Professor Ilenry was very ace 
ceptable and advantageous. i 

In 1846 he was appointed secretary of the|: 

Smithsonian Institute, which office he filled ace H 
ceptahly UL his death, which occurred 13th May, 
1878, { 

‘The cessation of any very active exertion as 
an original investigator in “Professor Henry's 
career wl ems to date from his- connection 
with the Smithsonian Institute Appears hardly 
Consistant ah aie eattlee zeal, — But it must be}! nia aor “ 
remembered that the duties of his office, though |' . 4 Q | oer Sahat oe 
hot very arduous, were of a character to intere < : | : ‘ aca paar Rabe 
fupt, pn obstruct consecutive : SSS z eile i 
pecial 


direction, 





a ac Ln a DER ECE SORT ET syeacreeerern 


FL 


PROF, JOSEPH HENRY.—See Pa; 


not confine his conf mt tee emntier at thes 


solution of some of th 
problems, 

It is to be regretted that, 
should have felt some hard 
fessor Tyndall, generated 
on the part of the latter in 


reat powers to the 
ie most interesting of those 

















as ol 


jMent.. a 














oe 


~Sivevic 





AN HOUR WITH EDISON, 
Professor Edison's laboratory, in size and oxternal appear- 


+ ance, resembles a country church, Tho interior, however, is 
* not so church-like. The first apartment is a reception room, 
; on the right of which fs the private oftice, containing a large 
: library of sclentifle works, Beyond these there ia a large 


room containing materials and a number of glass cases filled 


; With expensive phystcal and chemical apparatus. The ma- 
| chine shop at the rear is furnished with the best of machine- 


ry and tools, and fs kept constantly in operation in carrying 
out the plans of Mr, Edison. On tho second floor there Is 


; a singto spacious room, which is the laboratory proper. 


Here, upon the walls, are shelves which aro thickly studded 
with bottles, jars, and boxes, containing all known sub- 
stances, bath common and rare, It isa chronic habit of Mr, 
Faison to purchase every nowly discovered substance, so 
that it will beat hand should it be required, The Professor 
states that no substance can be named that is not included 
In his collection, 

In the middle of the floor there ts a stand containing a 


: great number of batteries, from which wires run In al) di- 


rections, Beyond is a table upon which, Atnong otter 
Meces of apparatus, there is a large Inductlon coll, capable 
of yielding a spark 12 or 14 fnehes In length. Here also Is 
the carbon relay, the progenitor of all existing carbon tele- 
phones, “inferophones,” and other Instruments dependent 
on the changeable conductivity of carbon under a virying 
presgure, 

No one can pass by the phonograph, and the Professor 
himself does not tire in experimenting with tls wonderful 
machine, 

One phonogrphicatly cultivated ean no longer bo satis 
Nei with “Mary had a little lamb" and selections from 
Mother Goose, for now the phonograph can, sing, and not 
ouly a simple melody, but 2 duet, and even furnish you 
with an accompaniment and Applause at the same the 

The phonograph which Mr, Edison uses fu hits Inborutory 


Y Nas a double motth-piece, aud the machine will falthfully 
. Teproduce a duct sung in it; but the most 
¢ Anteresting performance fs to hear’ the 


Professor sing a duct alone, Singing first 
the air of “John Brown's body,” ete, and 


: afterward the bass over the same inatrix 
: White Ustening to the ale as reproduced by 
) Uhe instrument, be produces a matrix which 


will sing both treble and bass, Not sntla- 
fled with tits, he whistles Yankeo Doodle, 
and flually, over (he game matrix, talks in 


+ aloud valce, so that when the whole fs re- 


roduced we HAVo ao first-class street cor. 
1 Her bawl, which fs like this: Two fellowa 
! singing Join. Brown, another whistling 
Yankee Doodle, and a Dertttrbed citizen 
ferying from an Upper window, “O shut 
iUpl Go away! If You can't sing better 
( than that the polteo will arrest youl Po. 
: licel policet™ 
{In the extreme rear end of the Inbora. 
: tory, among a host of funnels, jars, ncous. 
‘Ue and pneumatic Apparatus, there are 
! telephone wires, with which are connected 
"8 carbon (ranamitting teloplione and aro. 
celving Instrument, Standing some 8 or 19 feet from the 
. transmitter, Mer. Edison sald, Iran ordinary tone of voice, 
; “Do you take the Screntinie AMENIOAN?"  Answor from 
; Me other end of the line, “TF do,” Q “What do you pay 
ifority” Al Three dollara and twenty cents a yen.” 
What is your opinion of It” A. It ts tho best of its kind," 
Qa (while cramping a Paper) * Whatam T doing how?" A, 
1“ Crumptiug a paper.” Then followed Ruusle from a muale 
‘box of the sinallest sizo, and other teats, ahowlng the won. 
: erful perfection and power of the instru. 


the length of the strip. A telegraph key fa placed in the 
electric clreult, and when the current-passes through the 


if 


paper tho kalt contained by it fs instantly decomposed, a0) 
that Ht acta aaa lubricant, permitting the spring to slide!. 


easily on the paper while. the current passes, but Immo. 
intely tho current {s broken the friction is auftctent. to 
stop the spring, 


THERMO-TELEPHONE, 


The best solution for saturating tho paper is tunde by dis- 
solving 1 Ib. of sulph, soda fn 1 gallonof water, Any of 
the sodiam salts will answer, 

Electricity aaa motive power, until now, has been a com: 
parative failure, ns 90 per cont of the battery. haa been 


wasted. Professor Edison haa devised a novel clectricul!: 


machine which he calls the Hurmonte Engine, in which .00: 
ber cent of the power is realized. With two small electro-; 


magnets and three or four small battery cells, suflictent 


power fs generated to drive 9 sewing machiie or pump wa-' 


ter for houselold purposes, 


ELECTRO-MOTOGRAPH, 


This engine, which ta represented In Fig. 4, conststaof a 
fork 214 fect long, made of 2 Inch square steel, : The curved 


part of the fork Is firmly keyed Ina soltd casting which Is} 


bolted to'n suitable foundation, and to cach arm of the fork 


Q. | ia necured 9 85 1b, Weight, Outstde of and nene thoend of 


cach arm fa placod n very stnoll clectro-magnet. ‘These 
Magnota are connected with cach other, and with a commu- 
{ator that is operated hy one of the arma, 


Tho arma make 36 Vibrations poy second, tho amplitude of | 1 





u 
. 


i 
i 
| 


| 
| 
i 


Sse pe + ene 5 


SP eget rae 7 
‘ho thermo-telophone, explatned by the 
Professor, - although at present: without 
peeial practical value, ts certainly a noy. 
elty, “It conalsts of a thermopite having 
placed in its collecting funnel a hard rub. 
ber disk, aa shown fn the fest engraving, 
A son! mado in front of this disk is heart 
in a recelving telephone connected with 
tha thermopite, 
The rationale of this ts at onee appar. 


{ent when a strip of hard rubber fa placed 


Vaguinat the Ups tind bent, a3 shown in the 
Psecond engraving, so that the strip will he 
‘alternately concavoannd convex, The dif. 
foronce In temperature fs very perceptible, 
the convex surface betng cold and the 
concave Kurfico warm, nud, however rapit 
the vibrations which render the surfaces 
alternately convex and concave, the result 
is the same, 

We witnessed an experiment illustra. 
tive of the principle of Mr. Edtson’s lea. 
troznotograph, a telegraphic instrument 


in which the sounder {¢ Operated whhout magnet. In} which ts 34 4nch. Smatt arms oxtend from the fork arms! 


EDISON'S HARMONIC ENGINE, : 


this experiment, which fa Mustrated tn Fig. 3, a strip of finton box contalning a miniature pump having two pistons, 


chemleally prepared paper -is latd upon a metaltic surface, 
which is connected with one of the battery wires, anda pla- 
tinum faced spring which is altached to the, other battery 
wire is taken in the hand and pressed firmly on the paper 
strip; at the same time force ts applicd tn the direction of 


one piston being attached to each arm. Each stroke of the 
pump ralses a very small quantity of water, but thia is com: 
pensated for by the rapidity of the strokes. Mr, Edison 
Proposes to compress air with the harmonic engine, and use 
it asa motive sxent_for provelling a 





} other ght machinery, The power muat be taken from the: 
fork arma so 18 not to affect the synchronism of their yi- i 


i brations, otherwise the engine will not operate. 
mare 


ih 





eros 








) Barren Assocratiox.—The' following aro tho titles of 
- {papers ‘on electrical subjects read at the Into mecting ‘of tho 
‘ British Association :—R, Anderson, on ‘Lightning Conduc-” | 
tors; Professora Ayrton and Perry, 2 New Determination of | 
thé Nuniber of Electrostatic Units in tho Blectro-Mngnetic 
Unit; V. Ball, Mf.A., on a Now Gcological Map of India; | 
‘Professor Barrett, ‘a New Form of Trap-door Blectrometer; | 
J. Brown, on the” Theory of Voltaic Action; Professor C. 
» Forbes, Report of tha Committes on Atmospheric Electricity ; j : a 
J.E.H, Gordon, an Account of somo Experiments on Specific | ‘ “ bie eed : eee, leg in ’ 7) : So 
Anductive Capacity, also on tho Effect of Variations of Pron. H ; ss Be ES Biles EW fOKK, oO OLOBER 1, 1878, 
isure on the Length of Disruptive ‘Discharge in Air; W. Ladd, a = — 7 7 — 
on Edmunds's Phonoscope, also on Byrne's Compound Plato | i . : : (yp ON MRCENT ADVANGEAIN-TRUEGIAD: Ye" Jenn bo. simultaneously transmitted.’ Henco'wo have} Bain'a chamical recordor’ (ro d 
Battery ; Denny Lane, on a New Form of Electro-Registering | . “sD pares alee old tate INST. Gv Bho, &e. | wunTipuEs telegraphy. so > | yenra interment) for expediting “th 
‘Apparatus ; Professors Perry and Ayrton, on the Electrical s eae ve i ’ e British octution at Dublin, suy.| Taking the improvements that have been mado in 
‘Properties “of Beeswax and Iead Chloride 3 W. IL Preece, -7° e3. ie a 
‘Recent Improvements in TelographicApparatug; Isane Roberts, 
‘KGS, Experiments on Filtration of Sea Water through 
Triassic Sandstone; J..N, Shoolbred, on Electric Lighting ; 
Professor 8, P. Thompson and Oliver J, Lodge, on Uni- 
‘lateral Conductivity in Tourmaline Crystals; Sir William 
i Thomson, on Gausa’s Warning Regarding tho Sluggishness | 
of Ships’ Magnetism ; J. R, Wigham, tho'Combineid Gas and | 
Electric Light for Lighthouses; W. Williams, on the Cervus | 
Megnecros, ty 7g : 


1 


eS LITERATUR 
: s\n - E, 
Serr. 20, 1878. ENGLISH Mi: 
arr » A Practiont Introduetion to Medi LR gageeee Ae 

; geoagaet t | Electrical Treatment. Trance ae Electricity, with a compendium of, ile 

SCIENTIFIC NEWS. me : By Acido Wattovilios a1, net foun tho Fronch of Dr, Onimua,! : % the’ opposite direction, and have} Roman letters; (4) the A BO or alphabetical instru. Tn sources dopendont npon motion. in 2 
7 a | lee ais little work, profusely illustrate { i { usa ‘ er TAndecd; improvement in tele-| ment of Wheatstone; and (5, the bell-instrumont of] field, such aa Wild's, Stomens', rad Gram "i 
wind Shei ‘ho tc ote fethen , rfl at éver moro fi Live in Englond thon it bay] Bright, which indicates the signals by tho combina-| chines so Inrgely uscd for light and olectralyt 
cm vee eae ro " nod : ion of the sounds of two different-toncd boll, | -| poses, though “experiments have been “made, 


- having occurred at} r 7 ; 3 1 tho buni- | ti 
pata id thet Sth iat. “The decase professo sn it . oe ie In America, though the type-printer has been very | have not yet shown themselves equal in 


{ ‘was Lorn at Brussels in 1825, nnd was educate ity. i i : lnrgely used, the principal instrunient for many years | batteries for telegmphic purposes. ° 4 
Statlyaftor olution the fe enginget mee) e = i i . ‘unt os been the sounder, which convoys dots and " It ae ah Me rsa cogil 

: etiam | : forn of energy ad th " 
: teeth ta Norte Genes be : i i] he verified 21 re |° . turbine dhould bo utilized as an’ electric mac 
\ which was followed in 1859 by one on tho mag. ‘fe 1 ly designates ng the : form 
- netic aectinatian at Uniseele tho subject st tone she oa fle ; pap ouliatioudevigtald eicreae : 

So ee are ane that afterwards, engage ve ndit fi thee ; jeany combina iz ei . It [batteries the waste of energy is enormous 
‘much of his tine,” ‘The astronomical obser: 18 HL medical of is due to the author, (a) By words; the Slonia.reenriter Up. tie moro simple, Rounders: It an joused depenitenterr tha conversion of hea 


with cables to theContinent, It has commenced to | cleetricity, Clamond’s thermo-electrio -pile,’ bot! 
ctrrent o} 


‘ M 7 : pees, whie 1 eyo by a} its originnt form und as modified by, Leonard ‘Wra 
Cet 4 given strength, be it current. of w; : vonvoying an idea,—is n message. : supplant the needles, which appeal to the oes ‘ Ha aa extensively experimented tipan, but wi 
Ett of wae Work, nosnon ate ‘ig performs q covtiin eB ies of ae “IL Electric’ Yelegraphy ta tho art of cotivoying such | method pa eas lobes Bae Abaca ont ay dechded renall, It ts however wariby et 
; D ¥ ol - the + : 
' tiogenphtcal note of is father TRS Quate to revolve ao mi ines inn ‘nial : ot Horas Ob a hee iced : SEO actA is hub gaa aaa froth sede tel its zener tendency is to reduce all{cord that for many woeks forty-three circuit 
. . deflects n nev GF the current of electricity |. eyo by. menns of olectricity. troctuced a Acoustic ap-| maintained in working ontor by ono’ pil 


;: let, the founder, in the “ Annuniro” of the Bet. y ‘ . ‘ iformity. ‘ : 
y x gin Academy for 1875, ‘The atrugglea ngainet decomposes so may iL: TEL Ourrents of olectricity. can be produced by | apparatus to ono rea a sibbe elt lo, more av | the energy of gas jota wor converted into ec 


nefilcient pecuniary: aupport had to bo con! of i FE chemical notion, by motion. in a magnetic Held, by | paratus has prover i \ iota. tod gl 
"tinued by‘ Erneat: Quetelet. “His energetio[ | Such 1 1 ) : tent, anil by. tho ouvarslin of other forina of onorgy | crate, and more expeditions thon visual apparatus, bicvitied haps in. iimprovamonte in. conductOtd th 
: efforta In connection with international metco.| | Ms i ry change in the i! { . 7 sale] but its capacity is limited to the rte at which tho} [tis perhap r ied bos 
rological service ara well known, and tho ropu. Nb, itl dj chemical : J into the electrical fori, ‘They can produco signals | but its capacity Again, tho speed is] England hasahone most. She has supplied th 
y- tation of: the Bruiscla: Otservatory i it it ne i ba in thet by weang of magnetic, thermic, or chemical effects. [ear can ethan er iia bab maine ad write, | with eables. : Ly 
iu i 2 Hy oH 7 ‘ \- by that at which the ti » : ' 
a tern ene i tokiemett ty bs if . 3 ‘ 1 nes WV. Electric signals ean appeal to tho bageiri sr i operations of soning at ono end and writing| Her iron-elad ropes rest on the bottom of ov 
LEIP Pike necere ne it ‘ 2 ness through any ono of the’ sonses, but in prmetico | a : whilo recorded | and her cable fleet is soen nearly everywhere. 


vt Blnttm: ba bated oe 9 oe : A ori tthe othor must be simultaneous, w a : 
the aaine, the same 5 (hoy iitilizo only thosoof.siyMand of hesring.. .MHenco | al : f tig | Post Ofllco nlony posscascs sixty-two cables, em 
v superiority of this or f to attempt: to ; f wohave tania totegrn phy. and aeoustic telegraphy. ~ | miessnges cnn wait, or they can bo disteibuted “ . fag 1,000 milea, ee 
” Jone, ood of conveniened or ¢o} nat een / TO EY, hoy’ ean’ be conveyed, to distant places by }rovoral writers, Heneo all ay eee eu at hile "The broad Alantie is spanned with six 
: 9 tnd, the resi os in eyes Hotive Loree. ii = me Laney , X ily remain viswal wi fi . 
rent ig ang, Ah tiiieaney in civet a tmaltered, the one . .f [ ; meana of conductors aud insulators, which can be wpeee Suey ua on probably bo acous-| of which neo howovor dead. atid frre 
The author endorses ns f the a Bil He ‘ 2 : influenced by machinery or by humnanagoncy. Hand PN hor ord y is duo to defective iteten aaa not 
. iq shel iy Eby : . , . Ye et 
Practiontt is the nse of the millivebebse ands by Me, os “Tho priveiput tmprovements that have been re: aoe in bare sa nye cies ia 
comparative) rel y nee oan honing to the unit at musth ia contly introduced in receiving appamtus an a a single blesses Jot naon, of Mauchicstd 
‘inedic: H + , 4 tnost 5 . : : ot 5) siti’s induced needles, to] pre-e o used * 
medical applications, the currents used nee ane ong which are nt 35 | As Yenisy Mies ic due veadneaiiors lea led tho way with their continuous “rolling” me 
k, eri eeuce She ralet Our moist climate, smoky ntmosphere, winti 
ousandth of a y ia a working oe to the oye of the embossed paper of Merso; 
through Y hat given by about f arid Varley" condenser, both | faculty has beon directed to surmount: t ; 


Proposition hig lately bee : 
t ¢ cu Made which, ii i pee an medy Ke here, \ 
eh Piet the th n ora ou onght to be Siomens' direct ink-writer, to remedy the ir ani salt-spmyod Iand huve: proved $ sa v 
urpores, f + As it happen, it exactly suits gti: inl instrument; Sir W. Thom-| trouble in insulating our’ wires. ;° ‘Tho 
human bod 4 . Q to of | tes of our climate more than to, ovore 
+5, 10, 20 mil 7 ; WO: " sourco. of trouble, : Mears. Clark.” 


‘mero to ‘largo extént made by him’ indivi. 

a dually nnd a work to nahh abyoted a Jorg ’ 
rt ‘of his attention was the revision of the 7 

i Ratot vatiable stars, Tho hietory of the observa. cleetricity, or of ay other flu 


, vations given in the Annales de a ed fact that'the o i statement of the ' (b) By tho clomonts of written langungo; or, has romoved the type-printor excopting in connection 


18 in theiy I xcepting density) .(¢) By preconcerted symbols 


f 
¢] 


t 





yeas Cabbie Ske TELA 


mtion of its practical rell- 
> this country 
ealendn 


cal skill. and inven o APparntis employed to op. | 
fly and energetically crate them have been Very important,’ Tho succesn + 
most ‘gratifying which is understood to have recontly uttended the | 
‘application of the duplex ayntom to Jong cable telo- | 
amphi ctrouita ig likely to hava niuch beneficial effect ! 

een promptly met, and Upon the future of auch enterprises, 


ee 


von anticipated by 


American olectricians and inven. 
tora, 


+ When Commercial to! 


legraphy had Leeome familinr 
{to the public, it was ge 


‘on that great posnibilition yet 
ped into prnetical Use, 


pecially ; 
ne telegmph Tiness the Din. 
protection of huita ing 


rymen ix go 
¥ for any in. 

th Ee thos briotly 
}tifle dtscoveri , ines 
} ries pn fovemonts for 
RO meany ins 


vB, MAYALL: 


3 


= inére child, David 
: : ‘cians, While a mero. ¢ anner, and 
ia: plished tunes ina remarkable the notice at 
: a. ) ' HUGHES. : could iniproy te this talent anit in America, 
ROFESSOR D. E. [when ho grew a cnt fo profestorship of music it 
Picea ee nae London in | 1 Erdstown, Kontucky. Mf, Hughes 
walt ato | he ee Se of 
I from Balla, 8, when i 
His parents cane nd in, 1838, vith rae 
Bar dom, fa, North ra oly his father taking with in 1850, 
; in. yy and 
: AN David was ‘ily, eutgrated to the Un elder Mr. 
ned : him his family, cm in "Virginia. to havo inherited 
; my Sree anid. his. children seem ‘were: all accom= 
a Ue f thee Welsh. musical gift, for they wer 
lowed moro carnently Z cdl | | 
HfOf their tliscoverioy, , oa 
rather thin the Invent; 


* Davip! Epwix, Huanes 


ae | i as His RFT RS WhO 
;  ZadIPKUIULONE FippTechite the honor Tig es eaaiirae NE ¥ 
- areann putt ciate tho Kenai 

; Sy tetra uetounaayaiep ers ‘ prcslalass — 

eRe RET GEE Hy PERUSE . ee eee Cie ae ie 


ah es 














foun" gonsitiveness, of tho al- 

this rJault is in the very'higheat de, 

atiafuctory, and ‘yo congratulate Mr. Stearns on 
success ho has attalhod.—The Telegraphic Journal. 


.. A Telegr: tog rica, 
eFénnia to the communteation of Mr. Thomns 
Watson, Preaident ot the Cape Town Chamber of 
Commnierve,to the Londan Times, advocating the con- 
‘Signction and maintenance of n lino of telograph 
(WByough the center of tho African Continent, Mr. W+ 
‘Miyea, Engineer {n Chargoof tha East African Expo- 
‘Glion, hos addressed a lottor to Mr. Biovwright, Di- 
iiior of. the Cape .Totegrapha, domonstrating the 
tmipmeticability of tho conatruction or maintenance 
ofpuch a line, Bate 
‘he greatest enemy to contend with, he rays, for 
Overland tolegraphais tho rapid growth of vegotation, 
vegotation is very rank, much moro so: in: fact 
in Indin, whoro great diMioulty is experienced in 
ing the lines in oporation from this cause, From 
en-conat of Eastern Africa for 100 or 600 miles 
, in ovory direction, there ia nothing but tmeks 
tand thick jungles: to encounter throughont, 
To construct a telegraph lino it would bo necessary 
Be and cloarn ronal of sufficient width to insure 
\galaat tho treen coming in contact with tho wire. 
Co'ahow the diflcnities which would be encountered 
‘e ’ 
9 relates his exporience with a rund that he had at« 
Smpted to build, Within: a few. months on going 
pty he portion first-cleared, no signs of clearance 
‘ofthe rond could bo.rcon for miles at n stretch, 
many places rank weeds had grown ton height of 
; hyenty feet, and when the road passed through thick 
FAngle the underwood had Ko spread: that it would 
‘hd¥o been impoxsible to have taken. an OX-wagon or 
out along without rocutting, although the road was 
Wtructod twenty fect wide, It had taken him two 
ubnths with upwards of forty mon to clear awny thin 
K growth. Such a road. would havo.to be cut for 
the whole distance proposed to bo traversed by the 


Bo it would bo {impossible to transport the 


af 
' heh 


af £¢ 


Be Wry material, and tho expenso would be greator 
than that for a submarine cable. ‘Tho climate alno 
isbxcenulvoly untioalthy and affects aorlously all who 
ud expored toit, + : & 
In Str, Moyes' opinion the only way that ¢ho colony 
have tolegmplic communication with the mother 
country is by enble to Adon, touching ot Zanzibor. 
Foreign Telegraphic Noten, . 
E Etcetricile of Paris, states that it tearna from fro. 
ble wource thatthe work of laying a second tole- 
ph cable betwoon Marseilles nod Alylers ix.to be 
muilintely commenced, “ 
thn tntorim dividend of 54, per share, Leing at the 
atevor fivo percent , ta thoaharcholders of tho Direct 
ited States Cablo Company, for tho quarter onded 
<“iep& 30th, has boon announced, i 
Ste number of messages sont during October by 


‘Cuba Submarine Telegraph Company was 2,07 

wagainst 2,008 for the corresponding month in 1877. 

‘2The Pekin. Qffctut Gazelle publishes 2 communtea- 

‘from a learned Chinese, who domonstmtes—at 

fast to his own antinfaction—that the + far-apenking 

- weg’ was already known about A, D. 962, and was 
-#e'fpvention of an inhabitant of Pekin, . 

«The traftlo recoipts of the Went Const of Amurica, 

Wegraph Company for the month of October wore 

6) es ee x 

Messages are, 

jena io Chinas 


haa beon finally settled, 
England will bo chayyged 
tte of 30 pfonniga per wor, 
be 3a for the ‘ten words, 

: Mr. Patey, assistant Beeretary to the English Vos! 
oflice, is at p 
German telegraph authorities for a reduction in the ci 
telegraph tariff between England and Germany con- 
currently with the introduction of the word-mto 
syatem, ie Fa & : 

Tho trafic receipts of tho: Submari 
Company for the month of October 
£10,690 against £1 
last year, 

A nevero snow ‘storm on the 4th of November 
played great -havoo among tho Austrian telegraph 
lines for nearly a hundred mites round Vienna, and 
mesanges had to be forwarded by mail. Tho snow 
lny over threo fect deep and all trafic wan suspended. 


ne Telegraph 
r mounted to 
0,822 for the vorrcaponding month 


_ 


AMisqellaning. 


COMPLIMENTARY BANQUET TO DR, 

. GRAY. ; 

An Inventor Nonared by Win Nelghbors and 
. Friends, 

Eussita Gray, to whose namo bas been added the 

titles of Doctor of Scienco and Chovalier of the Lo- 


gion of Honor of France, for his great sefentifie dis. things provided, 


coverics and the invention of the musical and artien- 
Inting telephone, has beon honored by 
and neighbors at Highland Park, a suburb of Chicago, | t 
whore he resides, by apiblic recoption and banquet. | m 
An account of this brilliantly successful nflair ocen- 
pies five columns of The Chicago Tribune, ‘Tho very 
limited apaco at our command compels ws to fo mA- 


terinily condense it for our columns, that much is] nounced the first regular tonst, 
omitted which it would give us nnd our readers great | Evening,’ which was reccived 


dal, 


Telegrams from ‘Borlin’ to} Honor surmounted 
from January. noxt nt the the procession halted in front of Prof, 
which is°ns near na can |upen Mise Feagan most feliciton 
eee flowers to tho honored ‘gentlanian i 
t-{rchoolmates, closing lier beautiful 
reaent in Berlin negotinting with: the hopo that he mi 


rown, 


by n crown. “Entoria 


‘Gray, 
rowenta! 
in behalf of 


y 


ight over bear the cross at 


About 9 o'clock tho company ‘ant down 


After due attention 


gant banquet. Tho hall. wan:.tastefully: deco 
in every part with beautifal flowers, -. ; 

_ At tho head of the roo 
flanked by his friends of 
while at the foot of the apal 
pymndd bearing all tho woudorful inventic; 
electrical apparatus which have ¢! F cror 
Nifo of this gentleman, 
manner that they could bo seen from*all parts of 
room, and were the centro of m 
"|The instruments, in tho orde 

were an automatic re 
printing 


im Prof. Gray waa’ 
the: electrical fratern’ 
riment was placed a 


They were placed “in 


automatic 


and, surmounting the w! 
©. An earlior invention. 


any hore named, but not omongst the articles’ dis’ 
played, was on induction-rolay. Those inventions 
during the evening, were ox 
M. Barton, of Chicago. 


plained in detail b: 


hind been paid.to th 


hus far crowned ths 


uch curious interest. 
r'of thoir invention’ 
peater, 0 patont cut-off, electri 
instruments, 
printer, hotel, burglar, and fire-alarm annuncinto: 
tho musical telophone, 
EVISHA | tho speaking tolephon 


stoo 


tho master of coremonies approp) 
ately introduced the post-prandial ‘excre’ 
his friends | appreciative address. of welcome of the 

he,evening, and eloquently roferred to tho a 


ises with'anlf 


ents ana scientific discovoror and inventor of q 


Gray, nnd the high honor conferred 
land Park from its boing bis home, 


Upon concluding his remarks, Prof. Weston 


pleasure to seo reproduced in the Jounnat, or rie | lence and standing, ace 
Tho second tonat, “ ‘The Telophono in its 


‘Tepeonarn, . 
Although Dr. Gry has boen honored elsewhere, 
boyond allkloubtinone have had more genuine esteem 


for hia nbilities as nn inventive genins, or greator | the record the fact of 
reapect for him porsonally, than those with whom ho | honored gueat, 

Tho noxt sentiment, “The Tolophone Aly 
of lifo—tho reaidenta of Highland Park. And so it] wag reaponited to by 0, H. , 
was Unt they had for ‘n ‘Iing timo meditated somo | intondent of the Northwestom Tolegra, 
Tasting’ ronarks were amongst ¢ 
f tho avening, and called for repentod and lien: r 
0 troubles axporiencéd if 
in Europe, but ovory'ol 
atnete was at Inat overcome, and to-day the 

an clectricion in that country but will receive 

hich Gray a8 6 brothor, 


bos for years buen associated in tho overy~lay walk 


alight demonatration that’ should speak for them 
their continents, and {impress upon the mind of tho | gy 


subject of tholr honors that his home held him in applauso av ho dexeribed th 
great eateom, which should sutfer no detoriomting introducing the totephone 


comparison with that of any other section, 

The recoption was held Friday evening, Novem. 
der 16,in the building known ne Highland Holt, 
ia used as a.femalo sominary. [t wason this ovens 
sion moat brilliantly lighted, and decornted with nt 
rare and beautiful lowers, and an ochestra stationed 
on the main floor. tlooded the building with har. 
mony. , From half-past 8 untillongafter 9 the guests 
thronged the broad and winding staircase leading to 


numarous that it was fairly impossible to present vi 
them in the order of their coming. Prof. and Mr. 
Gray occupied a position immediately before the 
dovrway lending to the main hall, and were asaisted 


. ki 
in tho pleasing and arduous duty of receiving by 


rout deat: 
Prof. and Mri Weaton, the former officiating as maa fon't, however, 


Mr. 
18 0! 


waa responded to by 8, R. Bingham, Esq., ] 
a brief history of tho invontion, demonstrati: 
priority of Invention 


“The Guest of 
by, the guésta :in 


hi 


ho most fc 


Sevoral other toasts were propoded and app 
oly responded to, a ; 
When the Monster of Ceremonies proposed tho toi 


Les 


My friottds, you give ano n diffleult subject) 


now ao 


rent deal about Elisha Gm, "tis trng 
niore in fact than Fam: will! K 
kuow much nbout tha other. follg 


ing to tell. 


ad,i9 
Hoskins, Genoral Supeaid 
ph Compans ty 


sentiment, thers was much applause,as it’ rofort 
particularly to tho man in whose honor the ba: 
had been given—“ 
the parlor floor, untit at last the arrivals became so anid Chevalicr of tho 


bo 
Elisha Gry, Doetor of Scteny 
Legion of Honor.’? 'fo this t 
CGmy rose, nud, with much feelin, 

reaponded : 


ter of ceremonies during the ontie evening, und atwo | tamed in the toust-the Chevalior. But, yo fat 


by Mra Y. M, Goodridge nnd Mra N. BE. Swartwout, 


v 
During the presentations of guests, a pleasing and une 


ory 


my observation goes. -hoe acta, feety and 
much as plain Elisha Gray did. 
Croitor send in: their bills just the ‘Kame; 


gota trea 
: , 


expecteil opisoilo occurred . ‘Tho ferale pupils of the | don’t kuow as there bas beet any change inthe 


Seminary appenrod in tho min hall, headed by Miss 
Maggio Fengan, of Clinton, 


te th 


ly govertunent, and, if it’ were not for tho:fact Bi 
an occasional outaide romark reminds. me, I shé 


a Ta, and Sting Bell Ewing, ioe atten think of iny tille—not that I do, not 
d-| of Decatur, It, the lattor bearing Jgmaanltcon npr 2a Acetone 

























urs quelques exemples leur montrant combien { 
nt tort d'imiter indifference des saval 
Nou: do’ suivre'son noble exemple. 


~ Saussure n’attendit pas longtem: 
de faits surprenants. 

Méme avant de commencer sa grande exploration 
' . do 1779, H avait observé des phénoménes: qui méri- 
t* tont encore d'étre signalés de nos jours, -malgré le 
grand uombre d'observations qui se sont sticed- 
dé depuis lors, Pour on mieux faire jugor, nous 
avons conscrvé les termes mémes dont, s'est ‘sérvi 
Villustre observataur. 


ps pour dtre témoin 





«J'ai éprouyé, sur la cime do cette montagno, 
une sonsation bien rare, celle d’dtro Glectrisé immé- 
.diatement et sans aucun appareil, pr une nuée ora- 

eusa. Cidlait en $767, et jo m'y trouvais avec 

» Jallabert, fils du célébre auteur d'un traité 
sur I'électricité, et actuellement conseiller d'Etat de 
notre République de Gendve, 

« Dés que uous fimes arrivés sur co Brévent, 
M. Jallabert se mit A dessiner Ja vue des glaciers, 
Pendant ce temps, M, Pivtet levait, avec un grapho- 
mitre, le plan do toutes ces montagnes, ect moi, je 
dressais un appareil pour faire des expéricnces sur 
Velectricité tant naturelle quwartificielle. 

a M, Pictet, & mesure qu'il marquait sur son plan 
la position de quelque montagne, en demandait le 
nom & nos guides, ct pour la tour désiguer, il la 
montralt du doigt en élevant la main, 

a Tl s'apergut que, chaque fols qu'tl faisait co 

este, Hl sentait au bout de son doigt une espico de 
rémissement ou doe picotement semblable a celui 
qu’on éprouve lursqu'on s'approche d'un globe, de 
verre forlement électrisé, Ii n'eut pas de poind a 
devneria cause de cette sensation. Lavue d'un nuage 
orageux qui ontourait la moyenne région du Mont- 

4 Blane, vis-d-vis duquel nous nous tronvions, Ini fit 
penser, sur-le-champ, qu'elle était Pellet: de. ’élec- 
trichté de ce nitage. IL nous iuvita A essayer si nous 
I'éprouverions aussi, cl noussentimescomine lui une 
espice de frissonnement tel que celui que produirait 
un nombre do petites étincelles dectriques. 

a Mais, craignant encore d'dtre induits en erreur 
par notre imagination, nous fimes répéter cette 












con 
























Le Centenaire de Bénédict de Saussure | q 
{ 
i 













































































On h : i méme éprenive a tos guides et i nos domestiques. 
Pea teers que le Club-alpin d'Angleterro i ! : : Mis cprouyéront la andine jeeneatlod avec une sure 
de Geet eae celle année, daus lo canton | } Pr Mals blentOl li forco de Télectricité s'acerut. au 
exploration enueme anniversaire de la premidro. | i point de no laisser aucun doute sur sa réalité. 

Dloration faite par M. Horace Bénédict do Saug- | fi ¢ La sensation devenait & chaque iustant plus 
sure, dans le but d'étudier les montagnés dont la). vive, elle était ndme accompagnée d'une espoce de 
constitution était encore un inystére et qui a : BI siffllment. M. Jatlabert, qui avait un galon d'or & 
4 sa noble patience, ost deve le b qui, grice i? son chapeau, entendait autour do sa této un bour- 
de travaux d Gvonue le but dune suite donnement effrayant que noug entendions auasi 

Né & dendy: tout genre, ! dunn nous mettions co meme chapeau sur nos 

4 Genbye, en 1740, d’ é hi : Ec totes. 
ce Christophe Colne as vite riche et généreux, i «On Cirait des dtincelles du bouton d'or de co 
46 nommé, on 1749 glaciers de Ja Suisse avait fi ‘chapeau de méme que do la virole d’uo grand baton 
nave. ) oh 1702, professeur & lacadémie de Ge- i : que nous avions avec nots. 

Méritier a? 5 | « Goneauent, Vorage qui grondait avec beaucoup 

ier d'une grande fortune et élévo de I'fllustre W de violence dans lo tuage qui était auedessus de 





nos Lites, et les éclairs qui on partaient & chaquo 
instant nous avertissaient de songer 4 notre sdreld, 





Bonnet, le jeune de 8 
aussure apporta dés lors a 1’é- 
tude des phénoménes naturels une ar pee 











































_ deur quia pu | a « Nous quittdmes done In sommet de 1a montagne 
tre éyalée, mais qui n'a pas cortainement ate ai ee et nous descendiines’ dix ot douze toises plus bas, 
Passée, : Fi oit nous ne sentimes plus d'dlectricité, ; 

Les phénomdn « Pour nos guides, {ls prenajent un tel plaisir a 


ces singulléres expériences et ils comprenaient si 
peu lo rapport qu’elles pouvaient avoir avec le ton- 

- -Nerre, que nous etmes toutes les peines du monde 
*d les falre descendrel —* 

«Jeno doute pas que s'il edt fait nuit, ou mémo 
si le jour edt été plus obscur, on not vu sorifr des 
famines, ou du moins des aigrettes lumineuses d s 
‘extréinités de nos doigts et du bord du chapeau de- 

* MM. Jatlabort. » 


4 
M. do Saussure imagina dans, cetic occasion, un 


qui 










ministres. & 


\ t servations des monta; 
; Ot pas toujours trouyés dignes, eee 


Nous aimons a nous flatter do Vidéo que la place 


| aecordée par no 
‘ ; ustre dai 
, Panthéon n'a point étg étrangére aux houteate doa | 


8a mémoire ya’ dtre Vobjot ‘dang quelques mols. 
a 2 aba 
















‘qui eat on usage do nos jours. oe 














i 
f 


ants de cabinat. 


a ‘matiore dlectrique est si’ riche quo le joule de’ 


dlectrombtre . fort simple & peu prés analoguo & celui : 


‘ 


Fig. 4. Fig. 2. 
Fig. 4. — Blectroscope de Saussure avec une masee de 
+ mibtal servant de fronde. 


Fig. 2, — Etectroscope de Saussure pour tes ascensions 
en ballon, 


Tl décrivit méme! une manitre assez’ bizarre de 
faire les observations. : a 
Liopérateur devait commencer par so coucher tout, 
de son long 4 terre de mantéro a ce que Je fond de! 
son instrument touchat Je sol. Puls, il devalt se re-: 
_ lever brusquement et présenter verticalement aux; 
nuagos la pointe qui terminatt l'étectrométre, || | 
Cette pantomime génante a été remplacée plus: 
efficacement par un fil do culvre qui touche 4 terre, 
ot sert i donner au fond inétallique de ‘l'instru- ; 
ment }électricité du sol. es 
Il fit éprouver 4 Vélectrométre une modi fleatior 
plus heureuse en lui adjoignant, comme on Je volt: 
dans Ja figure ci-contre, une masse métallique réunio | 
par un fil flexible de cuivro, ct qu’'ll langatt dans | 
Pair & tour de bras comme I’on y envole une fronde, : 
Il avait mémo fait coustruire une espice d'arbaléte 
& Vaide do laquelle il fmprimait & la masso métal~ . 
lquo une vitesse beaucoup plus grande. Il faisait 
ainsi parvenir son mobile dans des couches assez 
Goiguées du sol pour recuelllir des traces d'électri- ; 
cité sensibles, méme lorsqu’elles n’étafont point: 
visibles & ln surface de lo terre, ‘ 
D'autres physiciens J'ont imité on employant des 
fléches analogues & calles que certains peuples an- 
elens langalent contre les nuages dans un but qui 












































n'avait rien do scientifique puisqu'ils croyalent dé- — 


sarmer ainsi le courroux des divinités, 


Les physictens de cabinet, chevaliers du Poten- : 


tel, ont déclaré, d’autorité, que ces expériences 


étalent Insigaifiantes, et que les signes d'dlectriclté 


étaient produits par le frottemont sur lair. 

Aussi, depuis quo les ballons ont été inventés, 50 
sont-ils bien. donné de,garde do reprendre ces ren: 
cherches sf curicuses. * ee : 




























1 


Vereutterer repartee" 
bd paouay 
histo furn ee 


Beaux~arrs — Inpustrie — Marine — Art ‘MILITAIRE — MEDECINE * 


2¢ SERIE — Ne 2 


LA DETERMINATION DES UNITES ELECTRIQUES 


Chacun sait que les différentes forces dont I’élec- 
tricité s‘occupe sont susceptibles de se transformer 
mutuellement avec une facilité des plus grandes, 
qu'elles donnent lieu & des mouvements plus ou 
motns énergiques d'une certaine quantité de ma- 
titre ponddérable et que, réciproquement, les mou- 
vements de la matiére pondérable leur donnent 
naissance dang des conditions déterminées. 

Mart deflectuer ces transforinations de la fagon tn 
plus avantageuse constitue la majeure partie de la 
sclence électrique, On peut dire, par conséquent, 
sous certain point de vue, que Pelectricité opive la 
transmutation, non des métaux que cherehaient 


a enema 


Nous n'avens pas ern devuir examivuer Ja portée philoao- 
plique de ces déterminations absolues sans donner le pore 
trait des deux hommes qui ont congu Vidée de ces grandes 
mesures, 

Nous renverrons pour In vie de Gauss aux quelques lignes 
que nous Int avons consaerdes dans te Panthéon de Chlec+ 
tricit€, nous révervant de revenie sur différentes circone- 
tanees corieuses de sa earcitre, Nous noua bornerons done 
pour le moment & donner ici quelques notices biogra- 
phiques aur son deve, M. Wilhelm Weber. 

M. Weber eat te second de trois frdres nea d Willemberg, 
tous trois et qui sont parvenus 4 In edtébrité par leurs tra 
yaux dans la médecine et dans ta physique. 

Mest né en 1804 et entra en 1815 A Stustitut des Orphe- 
tins de. Halle, of i commenga, dds sa premitre jeunesse, A 
s'oceuper de travaux de physique expérimentale. tl naval 
encore que vingtel un ans lorsqu'ill publia son premier 
ouvrage sur la Théorie dee ondes, Dans ees Iravaux, il fut. 
aldé par son frire atné, le docteur Erneat-Henri, qui était 
dj professenr danatomle i Nuniversité de Leipzig. Celte 
publication décida de ea fortune acientilique et it fat appeld 
comme professcur de physhyue & Yuniversite de Garltingney 
ov son plus jeune frére viut lo rejoindre, et Ini servit 
de collaborateur, 

C'est dans son sdjour dans cette ville qui} devint i gon 
tour 'dldve de Gauss ef qu'il jeta Jes bases de ses immenses 








eon “sur tea mesures absolues des unites magud- 


ges, , ‘ 
Cette. période do aon existence eat céltbre par Vetablis- 





20 JANVIER 1879 


Jes alchimistes, mais des forces mimes de la 
nature, 


I] ne faut donc point s'étonner si quelques esprits 
passionnés pour des résultats extraordinaires se 
demandent si Ia vie elleeméme échappe entirement 
Accs mutations, ct si les animaux ou les végétaux 
ne posstdent point des facultés primordiales qui 
dépendent de I'électricité, & tel point que I'électri- 
cité puisse acedlérer leur développement. ou leur 
intissance. “ 

Un magaifique probléme, bien fait pour passion- 
ner lintelligence des véritables philosophos, serait 
done de déterminer les lois qui réglent ces trans- 
formations merveilleuses. 

Indépendamment de toutes les hypothtses plus 
ou moins précaires que l'on peut faire sur la nature 
de Pélectricité, ce genre de recherches s'impose & 
tout esprit philosophique. 


— re 


sement de premter ttlégraphe électrique qut ait pu porter 
distanee la pensée humaine, ’ 

Mais, au tnois de décembre [837, le gottvernement hano- 
vriew ayant violé la constitution du pays, Weber se joignit 
it ses colldgues ct protesta contre ce coup d'Etat. 

I resta cependant & Geetlingue et Tl exposa dans les jour 
haux selentifiques Jes travaux qu'll navalt plus de chaire 
pour exposer au public. 

En 1848, le gouvernement prussien le ome professcur 
i Nuniversité de Leipzig, of il professa la physique Jusqu’t 
eg yite les événements politiques ayant amend un revirement 
dang tv gouvernement de Hanovre, il fut réintégré dans sa 
chaire avee Ja plupart de ses anciens collégtes. Par we 
heureuse cotncidence digne d'etre signalée, cette année 
était celle of son tmaltre vérrd céldbrait le 60° anniver- 

vsaire de son entrée dans le professorat 4 Garttingue. 

Comme nous avons eu Voccasion de te faire remarquer, co 
grand pliysicien partage les opinions de M, Zolner sur les 
experiences dw apirite Slade, Ses travaux doivent tre con- 
sidérés comme une extension de ceux d'Ampére, qu'il dé- 
fend contre des théories beaucoup moins précises et beau- 
coup moins fécondes, 

On lat a fall Mhonneur de donner son vom a’ une des 
vérités dlectro-dynamiques, Nous avons protests contre cet 
bus des noms propres, et fait remarquer que, si on avait & 
cholsir le nom d'un slectricien, sans diminuer le mérite des 
travaux dy M, Weber, on devait avoir recours au nom 
d'Ampére, 4 











oe ry - 
Original Articles, 

LITERATURE, 

The Feleyroph in America, and Sorte Memorial, and in Memorte 
an Willfam Orton. By Jamee D, Rett, Derby Brothers, 
Now York, Pablishers, 

Tr {x frequently tho lot of benefactors cf their mee 
fo pass awny before the bonoflta they have conferrod 

; Aro recognized or apprecinted. Prof. 8, F. B. Morse 

| was more fortunate, and enjoyed in lis life time not 
jonly the pecuninry rowards for hin ardtous ani per- 

‘atatent Inbors, but also the honor which thoy receiy- 

ed, not only from his own countrymen, but the whole 

civilized world. . Near tho close of hls long life at 
was doemad to be appropriate thut the prmetical tele. 
graphist: of the country should manifest their es. 
teem, regard and appreciation for him, Ho hud ree 
ovivod most distinguished honors from foreign peo- 
plea nad governments, nad from his fellow citizens, 
It wasn Acting complement to theao that the thous. 
ands of porsouhin thiscountry, who derived from the 
telegraph omploymont.and livelihood, should mani« 
feat in on enduring form thelr recognition of his sere 
vives. Acvordingly Mr, Robert B. Moover, then 
innnager of the Western Union telegraph office at Ale 
leghovy, Pa., initinted a movement to present to Prof. 

Mormon testimonial which shoutd adequately ropre- 

sent tho esteem and appreeinticn of the Aterican 

telographiceraft, Frou his position in New York as 
tho then editor of the Jounan ov tue Trtzanare, his 

_ extensive acquaintance and relations with telegraph. 

{fate throughout the country, and bis intimate ne- 
quaintauco with, nad warm pononal friendehip 
for Prof. Morse, Mr. James D, Held wns fudiented 
a3 the proper nnd most eflcient penion to man- 
ayo the affair, Ho readily accepted tho leader 
ship in the matter, which necessarily involved great 

“nod protracted care; responsibility and labor, and 
entered with chameteristio enthnafasn upon tho 
work, This’ resulted on tho 10th of June, 1871, in 
tho unvalling in Central Park, in this city, in the pres- 
ence of a larger assomblage of pmetical telegraph 
{ats than had ever before or has since been witness. 
ed, and of a numerous attendance of non-professton. 
al citizens, of a bronze statue of the invontor, who also 

. added to tho intcrost of the occasion by hin personal 
‘Presence. This was followed by a public reception 
in tho ovoning at tho Academy of Music, which was 
-crowded upon the occasion, 

_. Tt was in commanomtion of these events that, by 
general desire of the participants therein, Mr. Rett 
undertook to propare a suitable record of the ogca- 

“ston, and. the handsome and interesting work now 

» before us fa tho resuit of tho pledge then given. Its 

;fallllment has been unavoidably  delnyed soveral 

‘years tonger than was at the time anticipatel. Tho 

vope of tho work was in the meantime enlarged. In 

preparing the mattor to be comprised in the momo. 
H'yolume, tho ‘fact that “(hero was no coutinuowa 
Mutory of tho introduction and progress of the telo- 


By Artin EE 


NEW YORK, JANUARY 16, 1879, 


gmph in this country sugested to the author the 
{dea that his volume would nyo more permanent 
interest nod grenter valao ff suek an historical sketch 
wore combined with it, It therfore became practi- 
cally a history of the telegraph in America. It waa 
prepared during such time as could be spared from 
other pressing daily duties, and, as is stated in the 
preface, during hours abstracted from needed reat at 
night. ‘This mach it is deemed proper to state in 
explanation of the delay in tho publication of the 
work, and tho circumstances under which it was 
prepared. In finhirtorical character it is given, as 
its author modestly atntes in his preface, “simply as 
matorinl for some future work, mero complete and 
orndite,” which may be hereafter written by some 
other hand, 

As the author’s Inbors were drawing ton clove tho 
antiden denth of Mr. Orton, the President for tho pre- 
ceding twelve years of the Weatern Union ‘lelegmph 
Company, etartled nnd shocked the community and 
thecountry, Ho had been for eo many years the lead. 
ing apirit in this country in telegraphic enterprises ; 
had born so prominent o part in tho devico and exe- 
ention of plans for consolidating and nationalizing 
the company which ho so ubly and eftteiently man. 
aged, that it, was considcred but just and proper that 
it should alao be mado a memorinm of his life and 
telegraphic services au well, 

‘Tho timt threo ebapters are devoted to a bricf his. 
tory of tho early kignal telegraphs and tho progress 
of electrical discovery, Before tho electrio-telegraph 
waa discovered information was communicated by 
signaly of a very simple character, ‘The “sign of 
tiro” i# spoken of by Jeremiah in the Old Testament, 
Tho various methods by which moro or leas mpid 
communication was effected aro brietly described, 
‘These, howover, could not meet tho requirements of 
an advancing civilization. Electricity was early rece 
ogadved av poxsibly capable of being adapted to com- 
munications at a distance, But little progress in 
this direction was however possible until the inven- 
tion of tho electro-magnet hy Prof. Joseph Henry, in 
1829-830. Tho discovery of Prof. Honry, and tho in- 
vention of the constant battery by Daniell, supplied 
tho eluments which were essential to the electric tel- 
egroph, ond its successful development was thertaf- 
ter but a question of time, 

Seven chapters of tho first part of the work nro dc. 
voted to tho biography of Prof. More, and to the hits. 
tory of his invention anid tho atrugyled to scoure its 
revognition, until tho first stage was wicecesfully ae. 
complished, when Congress rluctantly and doubt. 
ingly, on the 23rd of February, 1°49, appropriated 
$80,000 to test it. ‘Ihe graphic story of the poverty, 
doubt anit discoumgement under which the gront in- 
vention, which waa destined to prove so potent an 
nyency, and to revolutionize modern, social anil bus- 
iness methods and lfo, wad urged upon legislators 
and the public, {4 not calculated to encoumyo the 
inventor. It is, however, such indomitablo enorgy 
and persistence that in the end is succesful, and 


wine daltina D125, 


gnyed in tho enterprise, and the electric-tolegraft 
became n practical reality. : 4 
In viow of the strenuous and protracted offo 
which have within the last fow yeara been made { 
obtain a trausfer of the telegrapha to the controlf 
the Government nt any, coat, it seems ludicrous; 
rend that nfter its practicability had. been: full 
monatrated, an offer to soll the invention and sy: 
to the Government for $100,000 was rojected;. for, 
renvon that it was not belleved that ita income co} 
be mado to equal its expenditures! “The official 
thorities-in this instance builded wiser. thon. 
know, Tho rapid developmeat and improveme 


of tho telegraph in this country—and it fs conc 
that Amorica feads tho world in this respect! 
doubtedly due to the fnet that it remained ope: 
and an object of private onterprise. A ; 
Tho second part of the work is devoted :to kd 


tory of the telegraphic companica organized 
operated in this country and Canada is given as 
ag tho limits of the work will permit. Prof, 
had during his struggles preceding the final de! 
stration of the practicability of the invention ai 
ated with himself as partners Mr, IF. O, J. Saul 
Portland, Maine, Dr. I. D. Gate, and’ Mr. 4 
Vail. Ho had selected Hon, Amos Kendall | 
agent, and tho letter was intimately conneated’ 
tho subsequent introduction of the system. Inj} 
tho first telegraph company was organized.” . 1 
called tho Magnetis Tolegmph Company. ony 
tanny years it occupied a prominent: placo ‘at. 
tho telegraphic organizations of:tho’ country, 
first line built was between Now York and Phil 
phia. Anact of incorpormtion was granted by 
Legislature of Maryland, and this was tho drat 
gmphio charter granted in the United States. 
corporators wore 8. I’, B, Morse, 1. B, French, 
Penniman, Henry J. Rogers, John &. Mek, 
J.1t Trimble, W. M. Swain, John 0. Sterne, Sid 
Toane, nnd thoir associates. Great difiealty] 
experlenced in obtaining tho necessary capital; 
carlyin November the line was opened bel 
Philadelphin and Norristown, Pa,, 14 miles di 
to gratify public curiosity, while the line boyond le 
being constructed, Mr, Reid began his at 
years of telegraphic service upon this lino oth 
time, nnd inay therefore be considered a verill 
colt timer.? “Ho was the aesistont of Mr. sro 
Ynil, who bad charge of the line until its complaio’ ny 
Tho lino was completed to Fort Lee, N. J, di 
20th, 1846, It was finally built to Jersey City : 
commubication was established with Now York: byp 
messengers who crossed on tho ferry. Tho in 
of the North River by tho telegraph lines was 
problem to solve, and great difficulty wou (xp 


pe a 
SPA 


EORTC STN EOS OEE THT CIE 





Ee 





Un musée télégraphique . 
s Allemands, qui no perdent : 


lo suppléer. par d’uliles ct pratiquis tentalives 


: sclontifques & Vinsuffisance et & la stérilité do tour, 


génie national, viennent do. faire uno froniquo ré- - 


ponso au fastueux développoment des vaines et 
puédrilos splendeurs qui garnissent notre palais du 
Trocadéro. Le jour mdme oit devait avoir lieu la clo- 
ture officletle de 1’ Exposition de Paris, ilsont ouvert 
“4 Berlin un muséa tétégraphique dont les galeries. 
occupent deux des plus vastes salles du palais de Ja 
Direction généralo des Postes do l'ompire allemand. 
-Co musée ne comprend pas sculement tes objets 
‘> qui sont employés dans cette grande industrie pu- 
' blique, On y voit lo télégraphe électro-chimique de 
. Sommerlng, celui de Steimbeil, lo téléphone do 
> Reiss, le magnotomdtre de Gauss, ctc., (ous les ap- 
, pareils enfin qui peuvent Iégitimer les prétentions 
", exagérées des Allemands, : 
- Clest une galerie rétrospective beaucoup plus intel- 
igemmeit disposée que celle du Trocadéro, et tui 
ipso facilement les collecttons réunies grico & 


ed * Vorgueil des grands financiers et & l'esprit do sp¢eu- 


;lalfon des marchands de,curlosités, 





SEAMEN 


TT 2 NORTE GRANTEE 


restation, ot l'on niout, pas, malhoureusement, . de 
poine A acquérir.des. prouves matériclies de fa cul 
pabilité do la fille. 0) 2 ee 


€ Tradulte devant une cour Mmartialo, M! Dodu fut. 
* condamnée & la poine de mort, comme Vinfortunée . 


Delorgo lavalt été A Bougival. “ist : 

~ Le prince Frédéric-Charles, qui commandait lo 

corps d'arméo, dovait, on cotte qualité, confirmor la 

sentence, . ae : 
Avant do lo fair, il youlut faire comporalire de~ 


oom eed da LA 


{vant lui la coupable, avec Inquelio it ‘avait’ evi plu- 
4sieurs fols l'occasion d'échanger quelques paroles et’. . 


; (aul n’étaft encore ‘Agéo quo'dé dixshult ans, 


Lo prince l'interroged sur les motifs qui: J'avaiont *. 
‘conduite’ & commettre uno‘al grave infraciion'A ce 
‘quo l’onnomme les lois de la guerre : « Jesuis Fran 
igalse »,‘répondit simplement- M!"* Dodu. °° 
‘ Liarmistice qui, survint sauva la vie & MMe: Dodu, 

‘| :dont l’exécution serait ators devenuo un crime com- 
<mun, un assassinat vulgaire, e 





cere eng 








GOVERNMENT MONOPOLY AND INVENTORS. 
: TO THE EDITOR OF. THE ELECTRICIAN, |. 
‘Si: In-your article. of the 2let’ December, . animadvertin 


un ig. 
upon the conduct of the-Postal Telegraph. authorities, who are 


virtually ‘accused’ of smothering, invention. generally, .mid. of 
wronging Mr. Herring. in particular, it ia atated: that your only 
desire is to see justice done, Permit me, therefore, to help your 
readers todo justice to all tho parties: concerned. It should be 
remembered—tivatly, that the. persons. assailed cannot defend 
themselves, ‘The: instance yon cite.to the contrary appears to 


me to be no exception to the rule, An American: paper, of high: 
standing, draws certain hasty conelusions, which rellect, upon 


this country’s telegraphic: reputation ; and. a, gentleman who 
thoroughly well knows our true ‘position, and who happens to 
‘) he a postal official, points out the fallacy upon which those con. 
{| clusions were. based. ‘Thig much, any publie | official: may 
but. a public Department, ag such, cannot speak for 
Complaints. frum disappointed inventors, and nelf- 
ed criticisms from foreign soureea ahould bo aceepted with 
extreme ¢antion. LT would remind your renders also that the 
telegraph administrations of this country, whether commercial, 
‘| railway, or Governmental, are all open to inspection, Any ad- 
y airisons which emanate from quarters either too inde. 
lent, too timid, or too far away to inspect what they presume to 
undervaltte cannot be worth very much, The gentleman just 
referred to anys, in effect, that the Postal Telegraph system, for 
example, can hold its own againat. any system in the world, 
Now, if thia is not tyae, it can be easily confuted, | If it is true, 
itnecounts for much disappointment among would-be inventors ; 
iJ and unless we expect the country to purchasa every novelty, 
Jmerely beeanse it is novel, much of the fuult-finding would 

}] appear to be groundless. “ g 
{| Giving these circumstances their due weight, 1 think wo muy 
arrive nt conclnsions different, in some respects, from thoay aug- 
gested in your leader, und the very reverse of those urged upon 
na by Mv. Herring. We enn form a tolerably correct: opinion 
i] upon his ease from his pamphlet, entitled “ Via Inertiw at the 
Post Office” (Longmans), and from what has recently appeared 
in this journal, But, taking his invention at hia own extimate, 
it deacrves to be numbered nmong the outcomes: of Britiah in 
genui and, if he were in America, the fuet that it, and a hin 
ure night be tiseleas, Would nat prevent-it-Bwelling the roll 

for that country. In England, however,’ the custom dias been 

and was so before the Post Oflice took over tho telegrapha— 
to damun failure and say no more about it, The exceptional 
feature nbout the Herring instrument is that the condemnation, 
\although prompt and emphatia enough for ordinnry mortals, 
waa not sulliciontly so for My. Herri Ve tells his own story, 
and the conclusion to be drawn fron it hy everybody but himself 
}is that he lina had a grent deal mare thin justive, “Having some 
‘considerable expericnee of inventions and among inventors, | 
imake bold to way that the line he‘ has pursued through. 

cout has done more harm to outsiders generally than an 
amount of vis inerticc in public departindnts could have inflicted, 
The example he hus get is enough to frighten all reagonable men 
 toutside, and disgust every official inside departmental boundaries, 
‘Availing himself of circtmstances, in which we can well imagine 
ithe Post Oflice was pluced at that time, he’ forced upon their 
‘notice an invention which the beat judges declined to recommend ; 
jhe put them to enormous expense ;-and he knew all the while that 
:his ingtramont could not beat. the applinnees in use, and that in 
{ueveral respects it was inferior to them, How he minaged to 
fobtain 89, muny concessions, the use of clerks, the appropriation 
‘of Sues, the construction of instruments, the paying of referees, 
swe cun only guces at. But it is certain that no'man ever liad so 
vtauch indulgence at the hands of a Government oflice, and cer. 
j tainly not from nny private company. Inventors would be glad to 
ibe“ smothered "in that way n little oftener, But Mv. 1 erring 
was insatinble, If the Herring instrument was not adapted to 
Britiah lines, then the British Ines muat he udapted to the inatru. 
ment, . If it would not acenrately record the unequal signalling of 
fast speed. operators, “the Operators were to be moulded to 
Herring's convenience, If it was aa good in any reapects na 
exiating aplinnces, then they must be displaced.to minke room for 
iit, Not content with disputing their decision, he roundly 
Accuses the referees (Sir Win, homeon and Mr. Fleming Jenkin) 
of going through n preconcerted fares of a trink and de ivering a 
‘partial verdict, He sneera at Mr, Culley, and insinuates that he 
made a dead ect ngainet the invention from sheer erversity. Ho 
likens Mr. Sendumoro to an * impationt boy ’—the boy in ques. 
tion, if we may judge from the correspondence, being about the 
beat-tempored and most open-hunded gentleman that ever inventor 
had to deal With... More than. this, Mr. Herring asaya he gota 
tight of the Private: official documents ;.and the uso he makes of 
ihem, Q parently, in to take ipproprinte extracta to back up his 
-and oublial a them in & pump het! Ho‘ lays hold of overy. 

SIA AR LEO Yer crit ang is muneuemammene, were pa ae 





EDISONTANA, 


Asan infant, it i now distinctly remembered hy 
and by “his sisters, and his cousins, and. ype 


his old nurse, 
” Hint lights, 


whether in tho nursery or tho parlour, the ship's glootny eabin or 
et 


the lonely beacon far away on a 
had an irresistible attraction for tho 


0 of rock in the solitary ocean, 
outhfnl Eprsox; and it is 


related by his biographera that onee whon his ‘Mother undertook a 


long railway oxpedition in the dopth of winter, and took hor bal 
boy with her, he hover onco removed his gazo from tho lamp in ¢! 
earriago, and was * good” from the beginning of tho journey to tho 


end. ‘Tho germ of some groat discovery in the futuro may have been 


latent in that prolonged stare, 


As ho grow older, his favonrite toys wero miniaturo Jnmps and 
candlesticka, and little spenting-trumpots, and tiny telescopes, and 


he was never tiret of p! 
sisters and their young companions. 


laying at telegraphs with his brothers and 


“Tho chit is ‘father of the man’—so heforo he was eight, tho 
future inventor of the phonograph, the micro-tasiineter, the mega 


triyance to enable persons of an obese habit to pick up things, from 


| the floor without undergoing tho inconvenience of stooping. His 


instantaneous hat-pog was also widely adopted, and uniy 


appreciated throughont. the Western States hetore ho loft all ine 


he Great Wall of China will prohahly be the seenn of 


£ON'H firet public dlisplay of tho Electric Light'on any extensive xeale, . 
lumination of the Great Desert has alo been | 


A plan for the i 
under consideration, but some dittioulty having urisen 


E 


ith th 


about tho lam ste, project 1s for tho present 


wee ose TELE 


cuitious cable’ deapatel: of Inordinute length, | ; 


purporting to emanate from a staf correspondent 
| Mie hae been sent across the seas to tind Mr, 
Sdison, Is an amusing jee deasprit in Saunder's Trish 
Neca... When the correspondent landed in New 
York, Prealdent Hayes went tearing down Broad: 
way fo the Battery in an open carcuge drawn by 
alx cream-colored Nursen, and preceded by 0 mute 
of outriders fn scarlet and gold, and a squadron o! 
slege-artillery In full gallop, As they appronched. 
the President descended from his carriage, salute 
the correspondent on both checks, and dnmed ints 
raised a cheer, which was at once taken up by iis 
pr and reqeatod from the Battery to the Centra 
ark, The s 
Viite House, where they had bird’s-nest SUD, 
Naatsh, brend-frutt, pall, and oysters in every style, 
‘After finch the President drove the correspondent 


‘resident carried his gut off totthe |: 


out (withont the artifiery) to see the sights in the}. 


immediate nekghborhood—the alls of Niagara, th 


pratries, the Yosemite Valley, and glant trees in |. 


: sed the sens to talk whit Mr. Edison, 
the President urged hin to do nothing of the sort, 
Tle remarked tht the inventor was’ hardly ever ut 

*) home, being generally in the vate eine Tusiatar: 
new discovery, and bes 

: Wie iyeharged with eleciriclty that it was dangerous 

YY toapproach'hin. ‘The President remorked that the 


fariposs County. , When he Tearued that the Trish- | ; 


inventor was frequently seen with a regular nivibus |, 


head, 0° sort of domesticated . aurora 
‘| borealis, tun one Mat who shook bands with him 
ina casual way went home, tok to his buds aud was 

j prostrated hy the violene! the ele Waleed 6 


j) around, 


ae (a 


} 
i 
i 


he 


A Submarind Tunnel. between Liverpool and New York, us light 
as day ond ag warm ns summer, is now regarded ns an unquestioned | 
certainty, only awaiting Mr. Hnrsoy's leisnro to attend to tho details, 

Nis ordinary dinner hour is six, but aa it is his infloxiblo rulo 
nover to sit down to table until lio has produced somo new invention 
7 in ovement, howover muall, for tho benelltof hia contemporaries 

nel tho advantage of posterity, it frequently happens that it ig mid- 
night before hie can partake of tho family meal. pens t 

ino of tho greatest: men have act a different estimate on their 
roduotions from that, entertained by tho outside world,—MILToy, 
lov oxample, itis said, thought more highly of his Paradise Iegained 
than his Juradise Lost—and in Mr. Ep1868's caso it is woll under- 
uloodl, that din mort shoriabed invention, and ie ono on which he 
rests his surest claim to famo and fortune and the futtre Presideno 
of the United States, is his Electric Pen-wiper. y 

Tnomas Anva Episox is a young man, but little over thirty, 
and a great futuro ties bofore him, in which ho may ho expected to 
electrify both the Old and New World with his inventions. 


“| phone, and the atrophone, had dovised considerable improvements, 
2]1n the ordinary pea-shooter, whereby ils range was greatly oxtendedt 
H 2] and its momentum increased, and had added more than one noto to; 
‘| the compass of the Jow's harp. ye 
| | At the nge of fourteen ho took ont a patent for an ingenious con- | 


4 
1 


| 


able, 
th 


| hotel, ‘the, singin; 
heard, in -all parts’ 
| crowning. featuro ‘of i 
Phonograpli.« <1 
loud enought b 
singing, whistlin 
cornet, playing, 
used 8 one-of.the. dds. Ahe 
ited in ihe 
diew a largo’ 4 
‘fully and... 








ERT TS i dene A caer eee 


as 
Sir snime mes: 


Salinas 


: The impulse 


“| HEINRICH. GEISSLER 

A YEAR since we were called upon to chronicle the} 
‘ death of Rulmkorff, whose name is so closely iden4 
] tified with the history‘ of electricity. “In recording thi 

death of Dr, Heinrich Geissler at. Bonn, January 24, wi 
} Tegret the loss to the world of ‘science of an equally im- 
: portant and esteemed worker, He was born in the village 
| of Egelshich, in’ Central Germany, in the year 1814. Ag 
‘ an carly age he mastered’ the art of glass-blowing—an 

industry which has long flourished in his native duchy of, 

Sachsen-Meiningen—and for a nuinber of years he led 
1 the life of a German Handwerksbursch, ran) ing from one 
i place to another, accepting employment wherever it was 
' offered, The German University towns offered to him 
; the chief attracti 

site for scientific research having for him a pecu 

fascination; and his wandering life finally ended 
, Permanent settlement at Bonn. Here he devel 
: rapidly, In the treatment ‘of glass before the bi 
» heattained a degree of perfection hitherto unkno: 

in his day unsurpassed, Despite the disacty: 

early fife, and the demands of hi 

ceeded in making 

ments of the natura 

tion with numerous 

chemistry, he soon a 

and intimate fa 


far 


Hy Aconstant 
and ingeni furtherance 
ery, issuin, Not only 
Isation of the 
tude of cases, 
him, 


Mastery of 
had devoted 


the march of original 


N to this ny 

tandard Works o| - 
ane, good brary, and Bley 
ate now, at ay rey penn 


‘any for letter. 
at tit 
a 


on, the preparation of the articles reduie: 





investigation’ is not casy to measure, for his name is rarely 
Associated with the numerous discoveries where his fruit. 
ful ideas have Contributed in a greater or legs degree to 
the successful result... One of his carliest direct investi- 
gations was in Companionship with the distinguished 
physicist, Plucker, in 1852... By means of a delicate 
Apparatus, in which the expansion of the glass’ was 
exactly compensated by the introduction of mercury, they 
made a scries of accurate observations on the expansion 
of water, and established ‘the maximum. of density at 


38° With an equat degree of Accuracy the coefficient of | 


expansion - for ‘1° of ice betwe ? and — 7° was 
established at o'0001 585, 

for water: when freeai 

9°09195. . In 1869, 


zs was shown by the cl 
» in producing 


on ot 


the famous “des arranged 


Study of the phenomena accom. : 
ischarge in: various gases and | 
Vapours, Their ingenious disposition. has contributed 


much to the progress of research on the nature of the 


electric light and" the condition of matter In the gascous ° 


State. Scarcely tess important are his inventions of the 


vaporimeter, the mercury air-pump, as well as. the : 


ances, normal thermometer, and normal arcometer,’ 


and other instruments of Precision devised by him, which’ | 


have rendered such incalculable service to those engaged 


in exact research, . A few. years since the University of, | 


Bonn rendered a fitting tr bute to the varied merits of, 


Geissler by bestowing on ffm the honorary title of Doctor, 


of Philosophy, 


vor : 
ie science to which they were 50. 
. ofl, . : 





ne ‘is most 


LE.NUMERO 75 CENTIMES 


~_ 


- REVUE SCIENTIFIQUE ILLUSTRER 


Paratssant lo s ot lo 20 do ohagquo mots 
ee LAN TN Sr, 
TELEGRAPHIE, — LUMIERE ELECTRIQUE 
GALVANOPLASTIE, — METEOROLOGIE 
— Lhe mee eee ¢ 
APPLICATIONS DE L'ELECTRICITE 
A-LINDUSTRIE, AUX ‘BEAUX-ARTS, A LA MEDECINE., 
A-LIART MILITAIRE, A LA MARINE 

AUX USAGES PUBLICS ET DOMESTIQUES, ETC, 


DEY Terr 
DEVXIEME SERIR 
1879 


ADMINISTRATION ET REDACTION 


46, RUE DU GROISSANT, 16 


Ny Wy RAYE 


i 


pee teet ets 


Ping ates 








Soe babe de. TREE: 





recelver correapondingly 1 
recolve:n tona correspondin 
rojocting ‘all others ; while at the samo time 'a nat 
bor of othor tones differing in plich might be simg : ee ‘ ‘Yan Soa Sie 
taneously : transmitted Aand. recelyed ‘through: it Baa Sear TREE anata 

aamo wire, | Thia © ho Successfully. accompliahay fa : : ooMr. Prescott fulfils ihe third object of | his hook i 
Anolber concep sek mete imalaaenl ans | | Sa tng amr heen 
tna wan that of applying the invention ton print: i SL A ty ah en Eies Pres¢orr. | strays of Mr, Ed ison’s. catbon telephone researches ” 
tolegriph, ao that each typo would bo actuated by; mo : 
i 






















































































































of halled by. him in, an imposing array, and + 
F.N. Spon, mare . ip Yr 2 
tone of n particular pitch, Being woll convorsa! CEN Spo 1 


, f ‘ke dignified by the ‘name . of. microphone, st 
with the facts, uo faréon thing wete’ Len kuewe his book, ‘the. author method of trying to establish a claim to an inven- 


© Lond 


In: writin a had three 























: tho weionce of electriclty and mngnotions he we objects be ors i Deal to wets boa) faery : tion is more worthy. of-itinerant jugelery than of ° 
wa : y Agnetisin, hi to advertise Mr. Gray’s .claim to recognised as: Science, i ac cot Pen he te ats : 
VOL. XI. fully prepared to avail himgelf of what had alrend!! the first and trite inventor of the speaking'telephone, : at page 534 2 sketch of Mr. : Edison’ carbon’ a! 
: Boon done in that line, He wan not, howover, of! 1 the ‘claim of Mr, Edison to 







and thirdly. to ‘suppor 





buttons is termed a « microphone,” and w ‘are told 






























Piet iD iscavar me, For.a.servantof | that vj is ny 
{From Seriner’s Monthly.) ar gee sonverwant to the name extont with th, ing pcerin ra s of the United States, i. Hid ag aire, eat ts reas 
: SKETCH OP ELISHA GRAY, I facts In the selonco of acoustics, but theoretic e R the Western "Union Company, these are worthy | faint sounds were ever! au d ‘throughout their 
; 7 AM tho aubject was a familiar one to him, Mo devote? cnough objects when. they can-be eilected without i agency ly ‘recognised at'a 
: EEAEORGR De PRESCOTT: invo consiterblo time to famitinrizing bimsolf exper ' sacrificing truth or honesty of thought...” . (. i distance bout to inform 
E1isita Gnay, tho invontor of the tolophone, was] for’ mentally with that relonce, capecintly that brné. f ‘Mr. Prescott has already made a deservedly. wide ¢° Mfr; 
boro at Bamesvillo, Belmont County, Ohio, August [Oot which related to the qualities of composite ton : reputation’as a writer of electrical works, His style: 


2d, 1835, Daring hia boyhood he way profoundly 
interested in all the phenomens of naturo, and had 
nn intenwe desire, whonevor ho saw any manifenta- 
tion of physical force, to become acquainted with 
the secret of its operation. Among all the phono- 
mona throughout the domain of physics, nothing 
took such hold upoy his mind as that oxhibited in 
tho various effects produced by the action of olec- 
tricity, and ho read whatever ho could find relating 
to this subject with the samo eagorness and interest 
that moat boys would read “Robinson Crusoe" or 
the “ Armbian Nights,” 
* While yet.a bay ho constructed a Morse regiater, 
: all the parts of Which were mnilo of wood, with the 
: oxception ‘Of tho*miapiots armature and: emboaatog 
point in the end of the lover (which Inttor he made 
by filing a nail down ton point). Ho had the mag 
net bont inton U-form by a binckamith, and then 
wound it with Urass bell-wire, which was insulated 
with strips of-cotton cloth wrapped sronnd it by 
i hond. For a battory ho made uso of a candy-jnr, 
: ' in which he’ placed coils of ahect copper and zine, 
; swith’ solution of bluo vitriol. With theao mate. 











is indced not af the highest, nor is his grammar of 
the best, but it is sufficiently lucid for practical pur- 
poses, and he takes a vast deal of pains, and spares 
No expense, ‘to’ turnout a comprehensive and well 
iustrated conipendium of the matter he deals with 
He thus renders a Sreat service to arialty neotauea: 
i ience, n service which wo cordially a i 
trie Science contains much valuable infor- 
(clephone, phonograph, and micro- 
hione, as. well nthe electtic,light. Much space 
1s occupied eniting Gray's claims to the 
invention of the }speaking telephone. His. 1874 
Sulphuric acid “and -water telephone containing the 
idea of a speaking telephone, is illustrated first ; then 
Bell's 1875 electro-inagnetic telephone is illustrated, 
and the two are contrasted... Now, at page 71, in a ‘ 
foot note, it is implicd that Bell only succecded wit 7 
‘his telephone ‘when: he applied ‘the a paratis, of . 
Gray, invented two years before, and.as the wording : 8M, Du, Moncel, 
of the footnote is‘stich that persons ignorant of the “|: dembnstration of Pro 
subject might attach greater importance to the Bini: +. {.to the‘discovery of 
ment than. was.) perhaps - intended, it should , is 
pointed ut that Gray's iquid telephone is not, and 
never was, a practical success,-and-that the cl ecto: 
magnetic apparatus he employed was used on y as 3 
receiver, Whercas the great merit of Bell’s conals 7 d in 
the uscofan electro-tagnetic (runemitter,and making 


cons so that he wank able to give the composition of ty 
of w varions vowel sounds, and determine in general t) 
pent rolation between the character of a sound ox ! 
cowl seemed to the hearer and tho physical fact as it 
tho fated in the form of motion, oither in the airora 
eigo medium through which ft waa propagated. 

" Tho carly part of 1874 ho devoted principally 
pho tho construction of various dovicea for tolegraph 
cout ally tranamitting rousical toner, Among the reco! 
PH em which ho.nsed was an clectro-magnet with ac 
tect cular diaphragm mado of a thin ahect of tinned iro 
nn } It will be obsorved that this instrament embmces 
tho: tho substantial features in the mechanienl constru 
wag tion of the spenking telophone of to«lay, Whe 
WH nsod in conneetion with hiv articulating tranamilte: 
Mar which wos developed nt u later date,articulate word 
aot havo been recelyed upon it; and when n dnplicai 
af of tho instrament is insorted in a closed efreui 







































































































































Bai 
m 


Ad mitter and awn receiver, Mr. Gray did not know 






































































| 
peda ere Gre: h 38 not con } | 
rinla ho succeeded in making » very good olectro- the speaking tele Ha ete Theneenenle { diate th i 1 parts’ of . ' | 
mngnet, which would guatain neatly a pound weight, : ieee i ot ing.telephone ; but to Bell betongs the ! Buta book which i : 

and which, when mounted as a part of the instru. 4) mission of articulate words wan a mechaninm whiel | heugue we achieving one, More than this, Bell did of Rapicff’'and Werd i ' 
ment, performed the work of vetunting tho armature {of woult omploy auch tones as were needed, and wout || not simply succeed, where Gray failed, by adding justice to the subject: i A j : | 
with perfect auccesa, {€ enable one to manipulate them in whatover manne | some happy -improvement to 'Gray's plan, “Bell's Mr, Edison's | ght. os ; 


At quite an’ early ago ho was apprenticed to a 
blacksmith, and worked with him at that business 
about ono year. He found, howovor, that thin busi. 
neve was too taborions for him, and relinquiehed it 


1 was requisite to produce the desired effect. Tn othe 
words, he supposed ‘it would bo necersary to con 
struct a mechanism similar to tho vocal organs o; 
tho throat, whieh would mold clectrical waves ing, 





i 4 lly different line 
: telephone was arrived at by a total if ° 
: of Teasgning, and further, Hy isa totaly erent in 
: 's is entirely electro-magnetic, Gra 

Sinloye & betes elt whe an accident that Bell's : 
nsmitter ‘happened to .be like A iJ 








































oinrich{Wilhelm Dove, tho eclebrated ‘meteorologist, al d 
April.6. Professor Dove was born at Liegultz, Peuséian 









eniploys'a battery 























































to becomo at apprentice ton carpentor, joiner and tho samo form that the air is molded when Aspoker? Gray's. f receiver, not a pla; jarism. gees M _[Bilésia, October 6, 1803. Ilo studied at Liegnttzs Bréstai, i 
boat-bullder, with whom ho served a full Appren- word In"'ttered, This seemed too complicated f latter ‘never’ existed ’at all, Mr. re i He mae ithe : land Borlln. In 1826 he weeamo a teacher, i flerward : 
ticoship, during which timo ho was employed in] { machine to be cantly constructed ; hence be deter? arrived naturally’ at that fer aisal iouguc npearatis {professor extraordinary in the ‘University of Konigsherg, 
almost avery department of woodwork. ‘The prime|| mined to experiment particularly in tho direction bs next refinément.on. the prior ig 


* isti © Ng {ln 1820 ho was Invited to a similar chairtnsBerlin, ‘Tn'1887 
Once forcall;, Bell's telephone. is. quite a distinct foe Sqn md. in 185 | 






motive which actunted him through all these years 
that ho had worked at tho bench was lta thirst for 
knowledge. Io felt suro that, with hir trdo an his 
capital, he could work his way through’ a course of 
study. In purinance of this idea, after the timo had 
expired for which ho lind apprenticed himsolf, he be- 
gan a regular corso of study, and by working n por. 
tion of ench day during vacation at his trate, was on- 
abled to pay hin necessary expenses anit keop up with? 
his class, Hero, as overywhiore olxo, the capacity and 
ability to master overything relating to phynical sel. 
ence was porhapa tho most prominent characterintic 
oxhibited during his colleginto course. Whilo study! 
ing unturl philosophy, {t was lila custom’ to make 

ud carry with him into the claas such Apparatus 

could Lo readily constructed and wonkd serve ¢ 

illuntrate the lesson, Hix habit of actually con! 

atructing everything which’ he .saw or rend of, a0 fa 

fa his facilities would allow, wae tho bent posath) 


the more perfect transmission of composite tone 
Ho that each individual tono would have its individ? 
uatity and place Properly preserved in the clang 
which it wana part; and to the analywin of the won 
nt tho recolving ond, #0 that any particular ton, 
would respond upon one fnstrument, and one only 
This gonernt reantt onco attained, it was his Purpos 
to mnke an application of it to wultiple, printing’, 
and autographia tolegraphy, While engaged in ther 
experimonts ho way continually on the alert for de. 
velopmenta that might asuint him to solve tho inter 
osting problem already before his tind, that o} 
transinitting spoken words, Shortly after he con. 
structed a transniittor, conaiating of n rovolving 
shaft, upon which were mounted two eceentriccamy, 
having ono or more Projections. ‘These actuated {3 
two amall lovers, causing thom to vibrate upon ther Bt 
roapectlyo Vreak-pointa, through which points a bate 





system. from Gray’ 


's, and what is more, it succeeded <>." Iho. was ndmttted to the Academy of Sclencer, 
*} where Gray's failed. . . a apn 


ond 
becntne a full Professor of Physics, Io distinguished him- 
: set by hits réscarches tn clectricity and meteorology, and 
ie published various works upon theso subjects, Ita reports 
re i ‘and isothermal maps afforded the first representation of the 
tsothermal Ines of the whole globe for every. month of the 
year, Ho Was tho first to annonuce the presence of a secon. : 
dary clectric current Ino metallic wire at the moment that ; 
the efrouft of, the principal current 4 completed. Ife wits i 
: vp [Direetor of thid Prussian Observatories, und made miatny uses | 
: {ul reports, He began in 1837:tho publication of “ A\Com- q 
!|pleto Repertory of the Phygical Sciences,” fim which he wag 
“Tto bo assisted by the most eminent meno scienco; but the 
* progress of the work was Interrupted. His book on the dis. 
tribution of heat on tho surfaco of. tho'globe hus been trans. 

+ Hated into English. 






































































Y eemnacsiperieadatioa ata 


: . : 











! 


LITERATURE.. rd 
THE TELEGRAPH IN AMEMCA, sacs 
The Telegraph in America: its Founders, Promoters, ‘and Noted Men, 
By Jamea D, Reid. {Derby Brothors, New York.] 
: Finst Notick, 

It is imposail h nite hay notice tarde 
justi ry book, whether that book be 
ain for ite eS aatanne Flow nich more impossible, then, 


js itto do this when both _ van caniteuts - exceptionnis Tho 
y must be placed in the entegory ino 

ae antes contions A Bo lavas possi we bp ent eee 
i vd and forty-six closely-printed page . 
Se eirist we abil by such a conrae give our readers a true 


juet i 7 enuthorand thevalue of |; 
and just iden of the labour and tal sot the nutiora aul revue | 


he hag given to the world, s 
heist ie the prefuce:—" On the 10th of June, 1871, the 


‘telegraphic etait of the American Continent inaugurated the 


erection of a statue in Central Park, New York, in honour of 


: Professor Samuel Finley Breese Morae, the inventor of the elec- 


tromagnetic telegraph, On the evening of the same day, in 


ble within the Hmits of an ordinary notice to do 


howe with size |: 


" + Gebhard in it) the |. 
sity, a public reception was given to hit in 
‘ fae of Musto. seta "On the completion of the cere. |’ 
' monies comected with these demonstrations, a pledge was 
exacted of m6 as having been un active labourer therein, that |: 


they should he appropriately commemorated by a suitable record.” |: 


4 -The volume before us is the record, ‘Phe’ firat three chapters 


(5 
NEataRoH 15, 1879, 197. | 


ketch that portion of the subject prior to the appearance of |. 
Morso, and Th a brief Hamner depict the state of telegraphic i 
science when the Profeseor entered on his labours, Signal tele- 


raphe are shortly described, fivat by fires, then, coming to, the 
work of the brothers Chappt, which caused such a revolution in 


the art of signalling ut the end of Inst and the beginning of this |/ 
century, ‘The improvements from, 118 quart ra ave cursorily |j 


dismissed, and it 13 somewhat startling to think that telegraphic 


communication has been degraded by civilisation, at least, so we |! 


must think when we read that “ The carliest system of telegraphy 
for signalling over long distances is said to have originated 
among the African negrocs.. ‘he means used were telephonic, 


case of the semaphore, or other early sigualling devices.” This 


“+ Tom not quite certain of tho accuracy of this result, 


and the signala were read by sound, and not by the eye, aa in the |. 


VS——eeeeeEeee_Gllleq@@vtflq@[[anmaese 


seems, however, to have consisted af the use of a variation of 
sound upon a musical or unmusical instrument, 


Pasuing onwards our author notices the work of Dr, Gilbert, i 


Boyle, Otto Guericke, Newton, and others in the 17th Centur 
Stephen Gray is termed aman of “clear head and of indomitable 
perseverance.” He makes various discoveries, and extends Ue 
and its fluids ara conductors, he shows that electricity is not 
Hroportional tothe mass ofa body ut to the extent of surface, he 
iscovers the insulating propertiva of silk, resin, hair, &e, and 


; | laatly observes the fact of induction, Gray was followed by Du 


1Fay ‘with’ a mind of greater analytic power. amt ga; sacity.” 


“Then Muschenbreek discovers the properties of the Leyden Jur, 


the honour of which, however, must be divided with Vou Kleist 
jjand Cuncus, Othes .experimenters follow, and Dr, Watson 
iin 147, suecceded in conveying ‘the electric charge neross 


ithe river Thames.” “Tn-Amerien the name of Frouklin standa 


* . prominent, he eviticised Du Fay, and put forth a theory of hia 


own. He showed the similarity between electricity nnd lig! Mining, fo 


‘he made the first lightning rod, and tranamitted in TTS “the 
electric spark neross' the Schuylkill river, near Philadelphin,’* 
In 1810 Dr, J, Redman Coxe, of Philadelphia, “ proposed a 


‘ei nal telegriph, waing the current of the recently-diseovered 
ipile to produ trical decompositions at the end‘uf wire con. 


* ductors, evolving visible gas ng signal of letters, and for which 
a. 


the employed thirty-six n Europe the discoveries of 
‘Volta in 1800, of Beluvelyger in 1828 ary. noticed, a8 uve thoae of 
TL, Gray Dyer, and Professor Henryin America, ‘Uhis brings 
‘ug to the portion of the book dealing specially with the life and 


‘Inbour of Professor Morse, which we shull notice in a future ¢ 


number, 
MRaGA Re Til aan esas debe Mastin 


nowlel ¢ of electrical matters, he proves that the lmman hody ; 


[P 


' ‘fu annual meeting of tho Socicty of. Telegraph 


Janunry,22, Dr. 0. W. Siemens, who was tho firat ws 
President of tho Society, and who has also occupied 


tho position during tho Inst year, reaigned the chain 
“to Major Bateman-Champnain, It. ES the President 
“eet, who thon detivered his inaugural address, fe 


Aftor alluding tothe prosperity of the Society, and 
roviowing the progress of electrical sclenco during 
the yenr, bis aldreaa way ininly devoted to an ac- 
count of the International Congresses’ which havo 


‘|beon herotofore held, : Tho first of these was. held ut 


Paria twenty-six years ago, and was attended by Tep- 


‘| reuentatives of the following governments only: Bel- 


gium, Franco, Prussia, Austria, ‘Bavatin, Saxony, 
Hanover, Wurtemburg and.Holland, ‘These confer- 
ences have heen hold periodically with considernble 
regularity, State after Stato began by degrees to 
Join, until nt tho lust meeting at St. Petersburg all! 
tho nations of Earope, besides threo or four oxtra 
European countries, were parties to the International 
‘Felegraph Convention, From 1852 to 1868 these 
conferences wero, comparatively speaking, rathor: 
numerous; partly because different arrangemonta | 
were entered into betweon different groupu of Admin. , 
intrationa, and partly because ant those carly Klages of |, 
telegraph administration, want of expericnco neces- 
nitated frequent revision and remodetling. ‘I'ho dates : 
of tho cloven chief conforences which have been held ; 
are ns follows: : 
Patis.eseeseee 
Borlin...... e008 
Poris.. seve 
Brussels, : 
‘Borne... . Soptombor, 1858, :; 
Friedrichshafen... ...+.+++626th Octobor, 1858. ° 
Paria........ +eee18th May, 1805," 
VION... ee seeseeee senses Qlat duly, 1608, : 
Berne, (Supplementary). ....2nt October, 1871.: 
Rome.,......06 +IA4th January, — 1872. . 
St. Potornburg.. + T19th July, 1876. 
The rulo at present is to mect once in nbout three: 
Years; a conference, therofore, would in due course; 
shave assembled Inst yent, but from the disturbed , 
jcondition of Europe and other canses, it waa port-! 
poned until the summor of 1879. : 
Moajor Bateman-Champain participated in three of 
the conferences, and in viow of the fact that the com-: 
ing conferenco is to bo held in London, his nelection | 
n# Preaident of the Bocioty, upon whom will dovolvo; 
ithe duty of welcoming and entertaining the forvign' 
| delegates, is happy ond appropriate, 
Tho Soctoty of 'lelegmph Engineers now numbers 
in its ranks moro than a thousand member, nasoci- 
Ates and students, nud by means of tho loan gonor- 
‘ously offered by a fow members, it in now atated by 
its now President to be well catablished on a fri 
‘footing. 


seth October, 1852. 
-29th June, 


Engincers was held: in London, on tho evening of ..- : 








164 


THE SOIREE OF THE ROYAL socinry, 


THE. 50 eof the Royals 
Principal. scientific festival 
recently held at Burlington House, 


’ of the President, Mr. Spottiswoode, 


‘was as brilliant:as those: of forma 
men, foreign’ ministers, includin 
the Celestial -Em ire; - generals,- 
travellers, and distinguished men a 
the reception rooms, and ins ec 
‘pparatus there displayed, 
simportant novelt exhibited 
instruments bad be 
interest centred most. in Edison's ‘loud-speaki 
telephone (see TELEGRAPING JOURNAL, ip i 
1879), which was Operated:in a'small hall down. | 


stairs by Colonel Gouraud and Mr. C. P. Edison. ‘|* 


Tn another room the exhausted tubo and electric : 
Apparatus with which Mr. Crookes has produced so 
many startling and beautiful effects of molecular | 


ight (see TRELEGRAPITIC Jourxat, Jan. 1, and ‘|. 


ar. 1), also attracted much attention ; the rotation 
of a small glass ‘turbine in. vacuo by a stream‘of ; 
‘molecules, ‘andthe splendid "glows ‘produced? in: 
phosphorescent substances when exposed “to the} 
‘Negative discharge in: a. highly exhausted tubed 
Pieces of Becquerel’s luminous ‘sulphide of calcium 
shone with 2‘ bright -blue-violet ight when: the: 
discharge played upon them’; and it is said that'a: 
surface of several Square inches of this material is 
sufficient to faintly. light a room when thus treated, 
Grains of diamond blazed with a ycllowish-green: 
glow-worm lustre; and the ruby Kindted with a: 
rich red eflulgence, Whatever degree of colour the: 
ruby possesses naturally, the tint emitted under: the 
negative discharge appears always ‘of the “samo: . 
fulness, It is curious also to note that South 
African diamonds though straw-coloured in ordinary 
light, give out a blue phosphorescence under‘ the: 
discharge; while diamonds from other localitics 
shine with different hucs, such as bri he<blug,. ., 
apricot, pale blue, red, pale green, and ora A 

nc large fluorescent diamond gives almoit tas, 
much light asa candle,when phosphorescing ina good 
vacuum. Perhaps Mr. Edison will eta hint here, 
and astonish the world with a ru N° lamp, more - 
magical than Aladdin's... z i 


JouMNAL or THR Socurty or TrLeonarit ENaineEns, Vol, 
Vib, No. 26, Published under tho aupervialon of the Malt 
ing Commltico, and edited by W, E, Ayrton, the Chairman, 
Loudon, 

Tne current numbor of tho Journal of the Society of 

Telegraph’ Engineers is dovoled mainly to papers read 


t before the Society by Mr. Witloughby Sinith, “On 
' the Working of Long Submarine Cables,” nnd by 
: Mr. James Graves “On Curbed Signals for Long 
/ Cables," and thebr dixcuesion, Mr. Sinith has been 


connected with submarine telegraphy personally aud 
pmetically over uitice the Inying of tho frst successful 


| Atlantic cable, and should, therefore, bo woll quali- 
{ flod to treut lis subject intelligently ond in an inter- 
f eating mantor, Tho cable interest is so large in 


England, where the management of most of the sub- 
marino telegraphs of the workt is centrod, that it 
uaturally ocoupica tho attefition of electricians to o 
mutch grenter oxtont than it docs in thi country, 
where tho cablo iAtercst is small, and where tho 
Innd lines aro rotatively of much greater importance. 

Mr, Smith appears to have but a small opinion of 
many of the improvements or what purport: to be 
improvomonta which hayo from timo to time been 
introduced in eablo tolegrmph operation. ‘Cho paper, 


i howover, contains a large amount of interesting ond 


yalunbte information in regard to tho practical opar- 
ation of tong submarino cables, and tho author ovi- 
‘dontly hna tho cournge of his convictions and doer 
not hesitate to maintain thom, however they may b¢ 





:  STHECPRLEGRA 


i opposed to tho the 
{J those who do not 


{| conclusions, 


Tho paper is wott illustrated with dingrama, with- 


out which, in fact, itis diften! 
3} idea of the important subject diccussed, and wo will 
| therefore content ourxolves with thia brief Teferenco 
toit. Mr. Cromwell F, Varloy discussed the paper 
nt length, sharply controverting the statements 
and conelusions of the author 


‘ories and practical experiments of 
agreo with him in regard to his 


station of the Anglo-Amorican Com 
munteated somo observations on Mr, 
in which ho detaila hig practical 
operation which do not confirm 
atatemonty and opinions, 
The paper “On Curbed Signals for Long Cables,” 
discusses the advantages of auch a 4ystem of signal. 
tf 30g upon such cables, and Mttempta to demonstrate 
that they are not practically of much value, anid con. 
siders tho ordinary cable key na preferable. In this 
*feonnection the author says: ‘Thero is little doubt 


pany, also com. 
+ Smith’s paper, 
experience In cablo 
n that gentloman's 


' that the aystem of signaling now adopted on Jong 
:| enbles—that of inseating condensers at both ends, 
(/and the use ofa variable zero, have to a very great 
i} extent renilered tho eurbing system unnecessary, an 
| the signals are mado not by direct currronts sent into 
i] tho cable but by inductive fnpulses which can bo rey 
J ulated at will, and thus the maximum working speed 
of tho cable is at once obtained by meana of tho or- 
inary cablo keys and manunt kending, 

A paper by Measn, W. EL Ayrton and John Porry 
on “A Now Determination of the Ratio of tho Elec. 
tro-Magnetic to the Electro-Statie Unit of Electric 
Quantity,’ is of too purely a seicntific charactor to 
bo of mich interest to the general reader, but will 
bo read with profit by the scientific electrician. 

‘This is followed by a very intefligibto account of 
© Tho Writing Volegmph” by Mr B.A, Cowper, tho |, 

inventor, whieh is valunbloand interesting. ‘To Mr, 
: Cowper undoubtedly belongs the erciit of presenting 


- {tho first complete practicable invention of a writing 


{telegmph, and Lo describes it so clearly that even] 
ithe unprofessional render will have no diftcnity in|: 
{understanding the principles upon which it warks 
land the apparatus by which tho result is necom-{i 
iplished. Although we have already published a do. 
tniled technical description of Mr. Cowper's inven. 
tion wo shall try soon to find rvom for his paper, the 
finterest in which has not been lessened by provious |: 
scontributions relative to tho invention which ho is|{: 
iptill engaged in perfecting, and whieh anay be found [' 
.fo serve a usefl purpose, 

An original communication from Mr, E. Chernoff 
‘On Maguetizing [ron while Costing,” and a note 
from Mr, Jno, 2. Hooper correcting a statement 
{made by Mr. Andrew Jamieson in his paper “On 
(Cable Grappling and Cablo Lifting,” whieh appeared 
jin No. 24 of the Society's Journal, in regard to Inter- 
leuptions arlaing from the eect of Hoopor's material 
lupon tho copper coro in the Hooper cables, complete 


the number. Ja *s 
i ee ae jal | vf 


Rema De Mea 


It to given very clear]! 


; very’ generally, |: 
Mr. Ciraves, the superintendent’ of tho Valente, : 


abe 





Pearse 31 


‘regret :to sa 
Indian ;Telegraph Service 





of the Patent! 
invented an Appatntaa} wef O60 Mr, Adams who has’ be: 






























































































’} e 7 st, died on’Sunday, May'4th, at’ Pai 
. races ese consisted of ine! an’ Englishman Tout cralgeated to 
7 a és et legraphy ae saberyently | i nd beca’ operated ith Mt di; 
eek ee “piel eneswesnea' Sie Y y Tn 1851 ho J ! is ever ready to prefer ability in his employs 
eee need irri iano NATURE (Alay 1, 1879 but was refused, from mae | ever it shows itself - 
10 au j Ferar inene chiens ‘ t Government oxaminer. of t |. y: Paorassor {Vonricect, the I 
1g is di Against this Heer states that a number of tre ; . ‘ at,Rome'on-April rgth. 
: he amount of force exerted is differen’ : tel, as the firs } : | : 
Pig ad ertaet eorertts molecules, Hence chemical | from the borders of Italy to the 7oth parallel, ql 68, and subree | i dive, the founded of Wo 


d 
57 
7 i ositive force. The mutual action and reacy 
' ra meee the molécular systems involves the loss (or 
gain) of energy, but ats less of energy docs not furnis| 
of the action. 7 
: on ee eaeureraents enable us to determine he 
i quantity. of energy entering or leaving a given chemien 
‘system during its passage from one state to anes her. 
‘These measurements, therefore, give us most valuable 
information conceming the phenomena exhibited by those 
ical systems, 

Ores obtained by these measurements show How 
1, great is our ignorance with regard to the progress o 
| Chemical reactions in general; and they suggest many 
ts exceedingly interesting problems which will doubtless ere 
') long meet with satisfactory solution. The great problem 
of chemistry is to determine the connection between the 


birches, aspens, bird-cherry, and mountain-ash, This 
fact has iitle bearing on the subject, since the trees are 
Alpine, or, at least, not in any way characteristic of the 
lowland flora of North Italy or of that latitude in Europe. 
Secondly, he says that of the fifty-ninc phanero; ams 
found by Feilden in Grinnell Land between 81° 44° and 
83°, forty-five are European, and six of these are not only 
found in Swiss valleys, but also in Italy. This should 
not have been advanced, being quite ncerateys ques: 
tion, unless he wishes to make believe that the pri a : H ae wes. aliases tes atciond 
floras of Grinnell Land and Italy resemble each other. eceretl Company for infrin Tie ce Wee o ne es 
They are, in fact, all Alpine herbaceous plants, and have WT recently tho sitit wag decided by dudge {American Union Telegmph ¢ i} ene 
nothing to do with the fossil forest floras in question; Blatchford of tha United Staten Court in their | y merican elegmph Company and the 
y 
¥ 







of the inventor's | : Bureati in Germany; is de: : 
t to the Western! : 


Ono of the elaine"! 
i i it contained the 4 . 
Covicos absohitely necessary | | mtu, and the clementary parts which were ex- |’ 
oe Present syatom of telegraphy. fy So 7 sentinl to the snecess of the combination, Af. | 
‘ ‘omber, 1874, the Western Union Company YP davits wero’ submitted from George Gifford | =) 
and Georges d'Infreville, Judge Blatchford | 





, Tue ph: sical “laboratory 
: pamed alter Wheatstone, 
































and Mra. Pago sued tho Holmes 


i Burglar Alarm 
ging the patent, : 







ides which, the level of the Swiss valleys in which favor, Sinco t] et Avago Union Paeiflc and Kansas Pacific Railway Com- 
besides grow, is not stated, and there is nothing curious ursph Compan fue fener Unli ‘Tele. | pantos. ‘Che hearing of the argamonta was set 
in Alpines ranging into Italy, Thirdly, of 559 species of Coniiany aint At K ‘ y acifio Railway {} down for Friday, April 224, 
phanerogams of the Isle o Saghalien, 188 are found in iy No Kansax Pacific Railway Come | | - i 












i it les, To take a 0 . bed Pesta : 
i structure and the propertice of Sane “ihe hydrogen of | Switzerland. Such occasional examples of wide lateral ; | Dany havo petitioned tho Court to havo the caxo 
i’ special case, it may be asked, y is pe cba Pads 1 tl known, and might ¢ J Teopenad, and for thy muting of { 
+. acids replaceable by metals under definite conditions? | distribution among plants are wel yf I hit Bmuting of vn decree that | 
i Man facts ‘are known which enable us to give partial | often be adduced, without affecting the question in the- uy [wi hot disturb their interests, Recently, | 
4 answers to this question ; doubtless, thermal investiga | remotest degree. The present distribution of the sate oP Me. BN. Dickerson, connsel for the West Sent 
bo ti i junction wi thods of research, | types of’plants, trees, &c., as those which are found fossil, y [Union Telegraph Company ' i 
£, tion, taken in conjunction with other me | typ i) y 5, > Bray pany, appeared in court | 
: will some day furnish the complete answer. have alone any bearing on the subject, Heer, io sustain 1) [to oppore the petition, Ho banded dudvo! 
i Thermal measurements have already shown us that | his theory, must prove that forest floras extend in some  f Bltehford w anand ; dd Tudge | 
e ic j > f the world witha much less degree of change mber of afttavity, amony then 
+! allotropic changes in elementary molecules are accom- | other parts of the wor! h s c ree i! one by ‘Thomas Italh, ot | ra 

panied with changes in the energy of these molecules and | than we have experience of in ou rcontinent, over not les: { Nein ntl, of Boston, 

that the same generalisation holds good with regard to | than 30° of latitude, and in about the same longitude. , is ; Ar i U saya that in the fall of 1820 he went 

isomeric changes among compound molecules, But the} 2, ‘The extreme improbability that the plant fomalns 7 , ‘0 work for Daniel Davia at IE Cornhill Street; . 
+, whole question of allotropy is yet in its infancy, ‘ the eocene, x site mare importang formation haa sine 2 aetna that sineo thon he hus continued 
es { i light upon those | miocene, sho! ave been alone ov a the busines ; fev " 

‘The thermal method promises to throw light up: or depodits abounding in. plants of iinmense extent and i ress of making and gelling olecteical ; 











. phenomena which are classed together under the name of 
‘1 valency, and perhaps to furnish an answer to the query, 


( int se cal elt 
\ thickness, and continuous, it is supposed, from the middle jy Mstraments, His earliest recollection of elec. 
! why does the valency of elementary atoms vary?) ‘The 


1 . trical apparatus construct . 
cretaccous to the upper miocenc. ‘The absence of any : structed at hix workshop: 
intelligent explanat te of the complete break in the 7 was of an npparitus built ander the direction ; 


















ow fi thod is full of hopeful anticipations. > bre: * 
rT. pee ees p M. mM. Pattison Muir | sequence, which Heer's nomenclature implies, and of :{ Of and for Charles G, Page, and eatled the Pago: a 
Y witch there:is not the least sia praphlenbevidencs, he vibratory etectrotome, In the eruploy of Davin! a 
"1 se extent of the fo 2 Wa a journey: ae ee teute 
ARE THERE NO EQCENE FLORAS IN THE are ascribed to miecene. The universally admitted fact Journeyman was Eline Howe, afterward i 






ae known ns the inventor of the sewing machine, | 
+ Hlowo made n part of the apparatus, expecially 4 
ho bras mtehet, and Mr, Hatlinude the wpritys | _ 
ibrator and the adjusting serew ant holding , : ~ 
tm, ond hina carefully preserved the instru. i: 
ent over since. In Davis's Manual of 1842! 
ore isn drawing of the Morse telegraphic ap. 
ratis, portions af whieh were made for Prof. , 
forse in Davis's workshop, It contained no 
nos OF timing or. adjusting tho motion of the : 
nature, or of adjusting the retractile foreo : 
tho spring, Adjusting aprings and serews, ‘ 
pied after those in the Page . Were 
-fded to the Morse instrament afterward, 
Norvin Green, President of the Western 
pion ‘elegraphic Company, made an aQidavit 
tting forth tho details of the purchase of the 
<7 [igo patent by his company, } 
ct [G@corge 1, Prescott, the electrician for the | 
estorn Union Telegraph Company, says that ' 
f, Morid oxamined tho elaiiis of the Page: 
ttent, and told him that he dit not know any | 
other than Prof, Pago who lind invented — 
Po ;things claimed in that. patent; that he, | 
‘Lorne, did not invent them hiinself, and never { 
fmed to have invented thom, Prof, Mone 
thot tia claiin was for the combination ofthe 
lous devices which ontered futo his appa. 






ARCTIC REGIONS ? 





that continuous land existed in the north between Europe 
and America from carly cocene times, as proved by the 
alizontological records of Loth continents, anc supported 
y other considerations, and which must have left records 
at least in proportion to those of the miocene, since vol- 
canic, the preserving agency, was active throughout the 
whole time, . . 

Heer characteristically meets these important objec: 
tions by stating that at Lisfiord, in Spitsbergen, there are 
1,000 fect of strata between the cretaceous and miocenc, 
which he thinks doubtless represent the cocene. It is 
strange to find any one with the least knowledge of strati- 
graphical geology simple cnough to advance such evidence 
as the presence of 1,000 feet of beds at 1 single spot, in 
dealing with so colossal an interval as that between the 
cretaccous and miocene, especiaily when the latter alone, 
over the area, is several thousands of feet in thickness. 
Besides Nordenskjild,! from whom Heer derives his in- 
formation, says that the miocene (of Heer) habitually rests 
upon the cretaccous, : oa 

Heer further says that there is a deposit with lower. 
miocene mollusca under a miocene deposit, This is 
exactly what I should expect ; for the same reasons that 
make it improbable that the flora is miocenc apply equally 
to these mollusca. see 

3. The much higher temperatures which prevailed in the 
cocene than in the miocene, and which could only have 
permitted the growth of such temperate floras in such. 
high latitudes in the cocene period, according to existing, 
Jaws of plant distribution. et 

Although I showed seréatint that a mean temperature: 
higher by 20°F, in the northern hemisphere would in- 
cvitably have produced approximately just the series of, 
* Excurtton to Greenland, Geol, Atag , vol Ix. 





i 





1 

G 

t 

t JN Nature(vol, xix. p. 124) I expressed doubt whether 

} the beds containing fossil plants in or near the Arctic 
‘ f circle, said by Heer to be miocene, are really of that age. 

f 

¢ 

a 

¢ 















































= 


t seemed to me then very probable, but now I may say 
certain, that at least all those said to be /ower miocenc 
are tnily cocene, The article was translated in Das 
Ausland, No, 2, 1879, and seplicd to by Heer in No. 8 

(February 24) of the same journal, In this reply he, as 

expected, combats my views, and, although affecting to 
believe that I had written without thought or previous 
{ h study, he devotes cight columns. to contradicting me, yet 
, s Without bringing forward any fresh evidence whatever, or 
1 tt indicating any sources of information which I had not 
already consulted, : 

, Heer contends that all the known fossil floras contain- 
ing dicotyledons, from all lands within at least 2,000 geo- 
graphical miles of the Pole, are cither cretaccous or 
miocene, 1 think, on the contrary, many of them are 
cocenc. ‘ 

‘The leading facts for and against the hypothesis of a 
miocenc age for so large a proportion of theni may be 
ricfly summarised, 

t 1. The great similarity of the floras (miocene of Heer) 
{h of latitude 7o* to those of 47° and 46°, 98 species out of 
bh 363, or more than 25 per cent. being common to both, 
iA even in the present state of our ‘knowledge, ‘This, 
In according to existing plant-distribution, precludes their 
iw being of the same age, unless the more southern ones: 
i ‘T Brew in Alpine or even hilly regions; but no one has 
+a ever contended that they did do so. No floras so 
is much alike, and assimilating so closely to those of the 
fh Present day, could have grown simu! taneously at the 
i | Same level in such widely different latitudes, 































































































OF TELEGRAP 
esday evening tho Soe 
si ld in ‘th 


ug, anid oth 
trical ‘gcion 


‘oroxt, 
among whom 3X Il, Mr, 


Tatiner Clark, M i Sir Willian - 
nittee of tho 
Maintenances 
Jaimpany, an ant Telegraph 
Vorks Company, 
ho tniost pro, 
Latinor, Muirh 
trating tho difficn 


Yas shown, I! is proposed x . 
N rs Wi ph wag bitet, 5 
eye telus ¢ 
telephone, 
diometor wore exhibited 
Dhiotnstrume 


the 

ina into electro. 
of tolographig « 

logether from 


ighting, the 
the ordinary gaa: 
foyal Artillery 
tion of music, and a together the 


ry, pleasant and intorestin, character, and 
he conversasione wag in overy reapoct thoroughly aueceasful, 

















tener, 


“WHEN ARE LAWS geenale f re oe ReSiows, 
ENTIFIG AMERICAN, of April Sth,. ; z fee 
-In Is letter to the atebiah rear “Jearned Do ut The Student's Text. Pook g 
Mr. Gary intimates tha "for n knowledga of the : M. Noap, Ph. D. ERS 
“Jaboratorics " for a knowledg : h I 
professors" and to r netistn, and of electricity, aud he i : sarctally rovised, with 
1 tation, of magnetism, . 7 } ' . ditional’ cha 
es Sele anecire ka names of Newton, of ee ‘ Londons 
i of Faruday. asif they would exemplify lis ets hea fd 
deal thinks that ignorant plow boys have hol indies ers : 
broken into ‘these flelds that are supposed to be it dig nice : 
ebirge of learned professors,” and have taught ¢ Vthnt 
farikey did not know much about their subjects, and 
se ‘ HH] é 
called Inwa wero not laws at all. ; 
ie Gary's knowledge of history is as ee ns his 
owledgeof magnetism und of electricity, eg me an 
earn how much a 
rhaps some others, to learn ; 
ee sai on the above subjects came from 
“toarnedt nenfessors” and thelr “ laboratories, so seaatong 
ist, “Nowton with his apple.” Its. a mistake to imaging | § eee 
Y of gravitation was discovered. in the garden | Lieelairage Eleetrique, Vy the Count du Moxcen, 
. that the law of gravitation wy 7 gue. - By the fa ploxca, 
Y when the apple was observeil to fall; that happened in 1600, Member of the Institute of France. Hachettean 
i ay Covered in 1683, at the time when the calen- Co., Paris and Londo! Oc, ma 
mene aw was Alscovered fi hae that Newton became un Count pu Moncet. h » his little work 
© tations began to Assume stich shape that Newton be *, : honograph, a 
alle to finish them and handed them over to an assistant, aa ee P grap 
The discovery unnerved Newton, but it was not In the gare! by C. Kegan, Pa 
+ den, but seventeen years after the observation, If Newton’ the Electric L 
really thought that his Ulscovery was made In the garden, tribution to 1 
) SN emotion was certaluly very hate tn showtng itself, : therefore, inte rofessional 
OM.“ Praklin with his kite.” Now what Franktin dis. clectri ; MM. du Moncat por 
covered wag notin law, but the identity of electricity and un. eminent ¢ nclt talent for 
: lightutng, an interesting fact that had Many applications, au lating a theme, work renders 
* Inaccordance with what was known about electricity, But his brilliant but occ ctly clear to all, 
 Fmoklin was a skilful experimenter, and alse knew well 


What others had done, and so far was quite untike Mr, Gary, Fleer he piling amt ie ‘4 mae “ppeniation sit 

; who brags that ho I ignorant of what others have done, DRED, ee MLC gy London : Hardwicke ain 
Ud, Preelsely the same may be said concerning “ Faraday Bogue. Price Ss S 

j 4nd his magnets and fron filings.” Hehad then been twenty 


To electricians wishing in a short time to make 
Years In the laboratory of the Royal Institution, and he was themselves acquainted with he history and Present 
: Professor of chemistry then, and a very learned Professor he development of electric lighting, we would recom- 


was,’too, In both electricity and Magnetism, ee ins te ceeatiss of _ Pret Ae ‘hin 
. s al ana a ; 

4th, “The power of stem,” Now the nnmes of those who anyone knowing the rudiments of electricity can 

t ive attention to that subject and developed the Power are; f clearly follow ft Uroughout, The chapters on 

: A), Mero, of Alexandria, a mathematician and) natural | Motive Powerand Luminous Intensity are especially 

? Dhillosopher, valuable and novel; the various photometers em. 

4 ployed being fully explained and illustrated in the 
H a : : coe 


@) Papin, a professor of twathematies in Marburg, 
j Q) Watt,an Instrument maker to the Universttyot Glasgow, | 
' 1g 10 countenance the idea that con. 
Ided to the w stock of knowledge 
done tho work and 
etisin: 
elins, London, 


ter, 


Fellow 
Galvant, Profes, 


j ralty of Bologna, 
i Volta, Profess 


phy, University of 
+ Pavia, 
: Octsted, Professor of Natural Philosophy, 
; Copenhagen, 
{  Anptre, Inspector General of the University of Paris, 
: Olin, Professor of Mathematics, College of Cologne, 
W eer, Professor of Natural Philosophy, Gottingen, 
Foraiay, Professor of Chemistry, Royat Institution, Lon. 


University of 


‘lon, 
Thomson, P, 

: Glasgow, 

i Maxwell, 

H Cumbridge,: 


| Henry, Profeasor of Naturnt Philosophy, Princeton College, 
1 Theso wre the men 


who have discovered about all we know 
: font ue ‘ts: 80 Itsevident that « learned professory" 
ve done the in laboratories," 
; When Mr, 
« fessor Hen 


rofessor of Naturnt Philosophy, University of 


Professor of Natural Philosophy, University of 


+ Magnetism befo 
: to thiy advice y 
before he writ 
; Palus of study; 














AER EE 


PR rr ere Tere 7 


TY me 2 OTANI ETD, asi PT 





EDISON, IN HIS WORKSHOP, .’; 
black midnight, ‘and! the stillness 
hat lonely hour! have ge 
hills ‘and’ pretty homes 
Be., Only, ono or two. witi-| 
hh through Zdusty | 
ng his stumbling 
oor, passes! to! n: 





| dows * glean: faintly, 
} panes, and the travel 
/ 8 |by ‘thelr light, cntera’ a 
‘ay gutatded by.the shad’ 
) | dects, and gropes his wa 

Av aingle flaring past 


kers nt ono:end 
b of! long room, disclosing’an in 


finite naintjerof)) 


nowiecor various sizes carved and tiened’plogesy) 
of wood, curious’ sliapes fof brasayand a wildere)) 
ness ofjwircs, (somo) straight; others) coiled and } 
spiral and kinked, the ends pinched under thumb: 
scrows, Or, hiddensin dirty:Jara,(or hanging, free 
from‘invisiblo supports—an indiscriminate, shad: 
wy, tincanny foreground. Picking his: way, cir- 
cumspectly around a blush, half-translucent bul: 
| wark Of jars filled with/azuro liquidfand chained | j 
togethor:by wires, n'now picture: mecta: his be-) « 
wildered eyes,) "At an’ open ‘red brick ‘chimneys | 
fitfullyoutlined from) the darkness) bythe light) 
of} fiercely! smoking lamps, stands va, roughly) 
clothed! gray-hinired: man, his tall form Btooping | 
under! the) wooden! hood |which/secms;to confine | 
Noxious 'fases and compel them to the flue, e110} 
is) Intent’ upon! a! complex/arrangement of brass) 
and Iron! and !copper) wire, assisted by magneta | 
and vitriol jars,-vials labelled’ in chemical -fore 
mulie,.and retorts’ in which to, form’ new liquid 4 
combinations, * His (eager countenance ig lighted} 
| up by the yellow glare of the unsteady Jamps, as 
he glances into niheavy old book ying there, 
while shi, broad shoulders keep out the! gloom | 
thatslurks invall the cornerajand hides among } 
the masses of machinery, Ilevis a fit occupant 
for this weird scene; a midnight workman with 
supernal forecs whose! inysterious plicnomena 
hayeitaught men their largest idéa of clemental 
power; a modern) alchemist, who) finds| the phi-)) 
losopher's stone to be made of carbon) and with | 
his magnetic wand [changes every-day knowledge | 
into the pure gold of new applications and origi-|) 
nal uses Heis Tuomas AYE! 


. Enison; at work in his 
Jaboratory, deep in histonjuring of Nature while!) 
the world sleeps, | 

The author of tho quadruplex telegraph, the } 
telephone, and the phonograph was) born at: Mi. 
‘any: Ohio, in) February, 1847, of parents whose 
ancestors came) from) Holland,” Going to /th® 
|public'echools until) the age of fourteen, he then 
began to sell| newspapers upon the trains’of! the 
[Grand Trunk Railway, and Peresly ite the fadvan=} 
tage to be derived, conceived the idea of establiahis 
ing bulletin-boards at the principal stations on hts 
route, and telegrap hing alicad the feattires'of tie! 
inorning’s news, which in those war days: were | 
likely to |e! startling ‘enough. Interest! was ox. | 
cited, and) his)sales correspondingly Increased, 
/Theso | bulletin-boards are/a common institutton 
ony Western! railways now, but) his was the firsts} 
Next he wanted to'do|his own telographitig, and} 
80 got an operator to teach him}how:: | Then, to 
perfect his knowledge, lie and a‘companton erect} 
eda line) between their houses ‘at thelr own! ox-) 
pense, which was small, since young Entsox made i 
every: thing himself.” To jet tlie wire charged 

| was'the great difficulty; and not knowing that 
thie sparks thus/evolved were not theskitit they} 
needed, the tivo youthful electricians captured in? 
wretched cat, ticd tlie two poles of their cireutt 
to! opposite ends ofthe antinal, and diligently! , 
rubbed | the fur, right way and wrong. 
Course, was a failure, but the amateur line prdyed | 
A success after all.) Then young Enisox got Boma} 
typovand in) press, set itup in’ the bagenge-car,} 

} and printed tho Grand Trunk Herald every day} 
on the express) train.” When’ thiscame:to an} 
end, hie putinp a chemteal laboratory in the bags) 
Gage-car, and experinicnted until an explostoroc.} 
curred which set tle /car afire, when he and hits} 

slaboratory were Sgnominiously bundled outer LATE 

per that) he was employed agin railway telegraph} 
operator, and ‘then went to Cinciinathin thelem-) 
| ployment of tho} Western) Unton Company, It} 
Was here thatilils penchant for éxperimenting bee! 
gan’ to} bo go! strongly manifested, Sleeping al: 
| most where night ‘overtook! him, and living upon 
| tho’ cheapest’ possible fare, lie spent every penny! 
Of lis /salary sin’ buying Apparatus and) material 

/ for his invoatiations:: ‘Tho results wero that lie! 

| patented the duplex’ machine, by which’ two diss! 
patches) could he) tranamitted’ on tho fame wire 
Atithoe} same time) nnd: that lich was discharged! 

Hicom his) place’ for Contintially! taking’ thevcom: 
pany's) instruments’ tos pléces to try) to'improve 
thems: ‘From! Cincinnatl/Entsow went! to} Louts:] 

Hyille to Freceivo thot press! reports sat midnight? 

}Theseicomo'nt the'rato of forty words aimiinute, 





a 


This)of |) 


| bottles, more tlian'2000 


| | ‘Wojnarrow)hollaw/cones 
, 

| ordinary, tone, and you, hear ft plain! 
he 


fuotsproncientcnougnyroraoymis, and Ttererorey a 
{contrived an arrangement by:which'the ateron ep 
{which | the) messago was printed in Monse'd char. 
‘acters, should pass) through) atsécond machiiio, 7 
where an’ cinboasing, point travelling over the ins! 
dented paper should make|and break the olrcult | 
fol ag:to} report /inveound (what ithesoriginal mas 
chine liad printed, but‘only.at' half the) speed/'so, 
{that’ ho} could ‘easily! record It; 'This\went’on a} 
fewlwooks, untilstho: printers’ complained ’of the! 
flatencss of their ‘copy, and! the ingenfous{opera:| 
jtor was again discharged ;ibut\his inventlon\was: 
far moro/important'than iho suspected, for it was 
the parent of the phonograph, ; 
| int1872 the ual riives system of telegraphy | 
Lwas got into stiape by him; by which four messages 
{can ho/sent! simultancously on/one wire, two ono } 
way and two the otherand whichis in daily s180 | 
Jnow. ‘This was quickly) followed: by other very) 
Important! inventions, but! thel two which carried | 
| Enison's fame the farthest, and aroused such widest 
fapread popular interest In hls work, are'tho telo:} ¢ 
} Phono ‘and ‘the’ phonograph, bothiof which! have 
bea fally described inthe journals of the day, 
Theso\with/ other patents now bring him’ in 
largo’ revenue, and (thos Western) Union Tels). - 
(graph Company; pay hima good “yearly bonis | 
| for’ tho ‘simple’ refusal! of the first right to buy | 
pany and all of his discoveries which relato to tol} 
[legraphy,(so) that is\ present annualsincome’ ta | 
rerhapss$50,000, Though only. thirty-one, Mi 
Eison's tall: form fa/somewhat bent: with mu 
stooping’ over) his) work, and) his brown) hate! is 
streaked with gray, He wears no Jieard/oF muset 
tacho; and In’ rest would hardly be called /n hand: . 
Some man; but when he speaks, the faco Instant. | 
Iylapeaks too, and) the keen blue eyes, far/apart;)! 
jlight Up swith) quick and: happy Intelligetice. 
| Carglesa!in' matters of personal Appearance, rid. 
} Ing! roughshod over the factitious requirements 
| of jsocicty, happy only in’ his laboratory/and hia!) 
khomejnear by; reckless of money whicn applicd to 
Phis scientific needs, karding timo ass thelono 
} Precious) thing, Enisoxils a maniof. Buchi/strong 
characteristics as make'an indelible impress Upon’ 
tho|world | wherever ho goos Ho wor! 8, and ale) 
| ways ling worked, incessantly, and with all forts } 
fof) Irrégularity,e. Never! fond vot, fany ‘athletio! 
| games, ho had jhis/amtsement in experimenting, | 
| took!his exercise in occasional fishing excursions, 
And finds recuperation fi long deep sleep, | 
His laboratory: fsa wonderful place. < Down! 
Atairs are’ his olfico and unpacking room, where} 
Aro hosts of books, and. hts Steam-cngities and 
machinery, where tho best workmen turn for him} 
tlie delicate parts of: fron and brass which'aro to 
be) put) together ini his cunning constrictions, | 
Up stairs is the work:room; Menty of windows | 
} five Nght and/air anda’ pleasant view: Geatin; 
‘from the engine can'be attached any whero neer 
ed. Telegraph wires. run) tor New Yo 
Washington; and a circuit! of/ 8000 milescanibo | 
secured #if/ necessary to!ascertaln whether/sonie | 
yucsigned) improvement which works well hough | 
fin\tho laboratory swill Copo! with conditions of | 
long ’out-doorlitca,: Everywhere /aro tho Implo- 
j ments ‘and evidences of his craft: a Dattery/of | 
} 250 cella $/a wilderness of instilated wires, 80 that | 
| anywhere! ‘and everywhere! clectrical attach: 
jinents’ can’ be) mado} pas\jeta’ Innumerable)the 
| Bas) being madoyon the jRrfmlées telegraphia | 
| machines, almplo, duplex; plex, and Quadruplex; | 
acoil which \will throw: a: Spark nino inchess tel. 
| &scopes, mlcroscopes, sectroscopes, The tables | 
Sro crowded ‘with) parts Of new tnodcla/and frag: 
| ments of/old/ machines. "In ‘one\corner taa\fine i 
} organ ;fn'atiother’a Photographic kit}iin’a third | 
‘Q)glags ‘caso of delicate material ;*all/around (the | 
walla shelves) full! of chemical ‘mixtures fn\little} 
Of which have beet made | 
Wy Epison, In tho middle 
of the/room are several machines whose names | 
crid in phone, tho) biggest or which, naturally, ia | 
the niegaplionc, consisting of a tripod supporting 
Of! paper, ending at'the 
You put! tho) tubes in} 
somacone speaks iin an 


ev'thicro is an Jnstriment so detent; a us| 
lide thie: nt Bo delicate as to dos! 
‘tho heat derived ifs 


and retained, Inbelled, 


apoxdin ‘rubber tubes, 
Jourjear, go) off! a‘mile, 





ron tho? } 
Rien th jand must be taken off as they go by,” Enison was] fistart lolrayalofia elnglo } g - 
Ang Les | Pete adit Ne tia Ls on Scranecuneco ed fy | sof UP pe 5 iw) 
qian —Daawn nt Ky MimIUN—[Sz0 | Paoe| 80711 
Watt igen rs 


Saas 











WILLIAM “FOTHERGIL 


Ow the 25th of June, Sir William: Fothergill-Cooke 

, died at Farnham; inthe seventy-tliird ycar of his age. » 
‘Born at Ealing in 1806, as edixcated at Durham 
‘University, where his father gave lectures on 
ology, besides practising-as a physician in the town 
‘From Durham young Cooke was sent'té Edinburgh 
University, and’ subsequently, in his twentieth year, 
he went to-India, in'the service of the East Indian 
‘Amy, where he held scyeral staf appointments,’ ” 
:. Five years later, in-1831, ho returned to Europe, : 
and devoted himself to the study’ of anatomy ‘and : 
iphysiology at Paris and Heidelberg; but being’ one 
‘day, in March, 1836, in'the lecture-room of Professor | 
Moncke, he witnessed the operation ‘of. an. experi- | 
‘mental telegraph which the professor was exhibiting | 
‘to his class, and from that hour the whole course of ‘ 
his life was altered, The'young Indian officer and 
medical student had at that early day not accupicd 
his mind with: the new electrical researches which , 
Were: engaging‘ the mind ‘of ‘natural iphito: 
ybut Moncke’s ‘experiment brougt 
‘Notice, ‘and henceforth ‘he forsook 
studies in order. to develope the electric’ t 

_ ‘and ‘make 


had . 
‘applied ‘in their experimental ‘lino. between the 
Unig rsity and the Observatory of .Gottinge 


;musical-box, mov 
{letters and figures‘ untit ore, 
contact, and broke the’ circuit, 


| Operate the clectro-magnetic detent, and, after con- 


-| sulting Faraday and Dr, Roget, he referred himself | 


: to Professor Wheatstone, who was then engaged in 


, electrical researches at. King’s. College. ‘Their 


i meeting took place on February. 27th, 1837, and 
,Wheatstone. showed him an experimental "lino 


‘ | 

' ad also fitted up on the Oersted principle. | 

i induced Wheatstone to join forces with ’ | 
'¢.-production of a’ practical public tele... 
‘they entered into'a ‘partnership with Mr. | 


M.D. Their first patent was Mated June 


jeaused its final aband 


+ seater bass tary 


| the Great Western iyauway, vetween tne Vaddington *) 


{ terminus and th 


| 


t 


bo called the futher of Engli 
| In 1842. this line-was: ex 
} became notable for tha'e 
? named Tavwell; by means‘of .the five needlo instru.‘ 
ment now, in the. possession ‘of. tho Post Office. { 
Meanwhile other’ short Hnes-had “been erected, | 
{ including one on the Blickwall Railway in 18413", 
| and in 1844 the new telegraph was tried on aerucial 
; Scale upon a Government line ‘from London to 
: Portsmouth, ups; , 
Mr, Cooke was honoured for His eminent public | 
services with the Royal Albert medal of the Society : 
of Arts in 1463. .Threo years. lator-Her Majesty : 
i created him a knight in recognition of his great and ; 
i special achicvements in connection with.the practical { 
_.| introduction ‘of the electri and, in 1871, | 
“Lhe was granted a Civ , “ 
of His latter years were 


ty with that of; 
oe Fragments of Scien 
ildrevsene : 
6th Editio 


ht, 
is. ad: 


by): 

Ore: * 

japeculations. on jvitality, 4) r 

Polficacy of prayer, aranrey te nature of man, the ; 

jut i if an eso logie"and tesco but with | - 

“ 4Prof.:; Tyndall brings: to” bear i 
iediee. has still a comfortable feck eee tat ‘thera is he! 
patti ting it, prayer?and switalit Which cludes tho}. 

[Modern Materialism conid. 

ax PRloe Mai sm ‘could’ hardl 

aR Spprent exponent: than Dr.- ‘Tyndall “but, after: 
i A yate Soul is'a thing which ‘defies the ar ying ofa | 
era and the tests of 2 laboratory: Ne Tecent ! 

clues ta bool, ecture ‘on’ the electric light con< 


trenchant. phrase which |." | 


ly find a more %** 


C8 mechanical analogy.and't he vivisector’s knife.‘ 


q 
if 


TEN CoE AEE ARES 


}iron with a’ durabl 
thas been patented by 
>! panye.” The artict 
i bath.of, paraffin, 


! are then coated wit 


deoxidise 
} alloy of copper ‘nnd ti 
of a smooth finish, © - 
Care sane 


' Me a ee ; Ll 
p ExgetamtpERATORE, Que, , 7 
The Electric Light tn ite Practical A pplication” Wy Paar! 
| Haas, LL.D, 18 1 aad BN, Spon, | 
! - Anrnounat there may for tho moment seem to boa 
{cessation of interest in questions relating tu tho clectric 
jlight, it is only su with tho multitude whoso intorest is: 
ns unstablo as the wind, whilst among scientific men, the 
nterest, though not londly expressed, grows in keonness, 
jTwelvo months ago the thoughts and investigations of 
jeleetricians had not been concentrated in. one direction; 
jas thoy have becn since; the work previously done in 
this direction was practically unknown, as but fow uf the: 
inventions are mentioned in the text books. Ina year,’ 
however, the electric light has produced a literature of 
its own; tho theoretic and scientific portion not so 
advanced perhaps as the popular, but increasing in 
valuo as tho months pass om M. Fontaine was 
tho first of tho recent authors to. take the fiold, 
nud we, as it happened, wore the first to give. 
the important parts of his toxt to English readors,) 
Dr, Higgs nfterwards translated tho volume, and 
lit was pubtished by Messrs. Spon, As tho intorost! 
in tho question in’ England and America. increased,’ 
{it becamo necessary to proparo a now edition of this! 
:work, or to write a naw work altogether. ‘Tho latter was! 


. preferred, inasmuch.as the results of recont investigations! 


teould bo embodied in the text. A mora competent han 
{than that of Dr. Higgs could hardly be found for sueli 1! 
‘work, Ho has hada largo and ‘varied experionce in’ 


«ithe personal investigation of not only English but conti-; 


inental and American electrical inventions, His labours: 
‘in producing a work at once correct in scientific troat-| 
jment, and yut simple enongh to be popular, must bo: 
| pronounced a snecess, : 
; In his introductory chapter ho points out that acti 
feally there aro but two methods of obtaining the electric 


light. (1) By means of the voltaic are, (2) by incan- 
0 


dexcenco ; cach giving riso to a distinet class of lamps, 
sand questions relating to the arc, such as its length, 
{luminosity, heat, aro discussed. ‘Iho conditions of light- 
Hog aro stated as being “determined by a study of tho 
‘generat illumination of objects during the day. When 
(the sky is clouded the sunlight pierces the clouds as 
(through a ground glass, and the whole sky is like an. 
Hmanense ilftiminated ceiling, radiating light from every 
ihoint and in alt directions, ‘Tho objects illuminated 
diffuse in thoir turn the light thoy reecive, so tliat thore is 
jan intercrossing of rays, producing tho effect of a mean 
Jalnounet of light everywhere, ‘This is general ilumine- | 
ition, Such isthe model that must be fullowed, Mor this: 
{purpose tho coilings, walls, and floors must bo well! 
llutminated, that tho diffused light may be radiated into: 
jtho empty spaces, nnd that tho quantity may bo the samo; 
foverywtere it will bo necessury to multiply tho sources of: 
light. ‘That the direct rays may not painfully affect the | 
rotinn, it wilt also be necessary to diminish their brillianey : 
iby the interposition of ground gliss and some fluorescent 


"javibstance, such ag quinine sulphate, in order to trans: 


form the vivlot and ultra-violet rays into white light, 
jJastly, and capeelall , it will bo necessary to cover all, 
openings by which the light may escape,’ 

The author then describes the most important lamps. 
employing tho are from the tino of Wright in 1845 to 
ithe presont time, Most of theso lamps have at various 
jtimes been described in our columns, but that of the: 
author himself is quite now to us, Dr. Higgs com | 
menced by tabulating the promincnt faults of all other! 
Jumps, and then attempting: improvemonts. To coin: 
manced with a knowledge of his anbject, and has obtained 





fa fair amount of success. His lamp ‘utilises the pri 


ciples C8 And of the 


i 


iin 


finally adopting 
them as correct, ‘Tho next chapter deals with regulators 
‘and is followed by ono on the. commercial aspect of 
electric lighting, ‘tho division of tho Hight, its various 
“applications and the manufacture of carbons, conclude 
ithe work, Tho information given, is compendious and 
jreadable, but of course is not new: to'thoso whebave 
tread the technical _papera with any caro, The wOM is 
{fully itustrated. Ina word, this book fairly succceda in 
igiving a correct view of the present ‘position ‘of . the 
‘electric light, and ‘thus deserves our commendation, “ 
‘Journal of the Society of Telegraph’ Engineers, No. 97. Fi 
{ . and BON, Spon. |: So 
+ ‘Tig number contains one of tho. most. useful: papers 
over contributed tothosovicty. Itiaby Col, Bolton, and |, 
jis entitled “Some Historical Notes. on: tho. Electric 
Light.” | Here for tho first time in a compendiaus form is 
| thored together tho backbone of a history of tho olectric 
ight. ‘Tho Patent-oflice records have beemransacked, and |. 
the titles, e,, of all patents bearing on the subject givon. 
‘The value of Col, Bolton's work is vory Brea and the 
result should bo in the hands of avery individual: who 
ttak i in_tho” progress’ of ‘tho’ clectrio light, 
{{ ‘Thoso startling announcements, made -by our daily’ con 
'] temporarios, are hero shown to relate to inventions nearly; 
1 ag old as the papers themselves, : rae 


‘Many reateP St Brn OR i 
“been puzzled over the ancedote of "Mr, Edie , 
| Operating daya, in which {t {s related of him thit,) 
: being unable to take the press as rapidly as tt was’ * 
{ senthim, he tnvented a contrivance by which tha sig-: 
:nals could be reduced to n slow rate, by attaching n. 
Hsecond sounder to tho tne fn his ofllce, thereby | 
Belting the preas report at hits ease. The follows 
‘og explanation ia given by Professor Edison him-! | 
/Aelf: Tho apparatus for accomplishing this object: 
{ Conslsts of two Morso registersand nsounder, The: 
i first Morse register indented the chnracters in‘ the' 
{paper, This paper passed through . the. second; 
: regfater; tho Jever of which was arranged with aj 
jplataa point to open’ and closo the circuit of a; 
t sounder, and ‘this lever was so adjusted that the, 
| thickness of tho-<paper {ntervening between the: 
‘stylus and roller ‘prayonted the'lever from closlng{ 
| the sounder circuit; but when’ an’ indented charg 
Acter passed the thickness of paper ceased to luter-, 

} Yeno and the sounder closed. Thus everything re-! 
- + corded on tho first register by tho press operator at: 

{ any speed was repented on tho sounder a few min-} 
utes after at a higher or Jeaser speed. ' } 


Reese Oe 











Sere Rees 


i] 


toch t ‘ a 
jvolle -Anerkennung seiner Verdienste. Dieselbe 
| bestand in Uebersendung einer Medaille mit fol; 
‘gender Inschri(t (in's Deutsche tibersetzt): “Dem, 

|} Wirdigen, von der Kaiserlich Russischen ‘Techni: 

'schen Gesellschaft,” — Auf der Generalversamm, 

‘tung der Mitglieder ‘dieser Gesellschaft am 14.1 

V April d. J. wurde “diese Auszeichnung Herr; 

VJablochkoff datiir zugesprochen, “dass er durch: 
seine-Arbeiten und vieljahrigen beharrlichen’ For-: 
schungen‘der. Erste war, welcher mit der Praxis ; 
‘eine befriedigende Lésung der Frage itber dic? 
\elektrische Beleuchtung erzielte."” — 

(Der nichste 2! —: Edison? 





* SIR WILLIAM FOTHERGILU COOKE, | 
Autiovaw Iate, we would put on record an estimation of 

| the genius of the Inte William Fothetgill Cooke, ‘honamea of 
cortain men in each contury are handled down hy history to suc~ 
cocding generations as those who have marked a decided atep in 

»| tho progress of civilisation, Aglongas the steamengine endures, 
‘| so long will thenamesof Wattand Stephenuon enduro; likewise, 
in the history of tho electric Lolograuh, tho nanie of Fothergill 
Cooko must stand out clear an distinct ng tho first to carry, 
into practice inventions that have changed the system of the, 
world's communications, Born at Ealing in 1800, ho dicd Inst: 
month, at the ripo ago of acventy-three. His father, Dr} 
Cooke, gave him.a liberal education, which commenced at! 
Durham, aud was continued at Edinburgh. It can. hardly bo; 


said to havo been comploted, for after a trial of the Kast India! | 


Company's service he returned to his atudics in Enrope. | 
During tho lectures of Professur Mincke, at Heidelborg, in: 
; March, 1896, it was shown by oxperimert that tho electric} 
;enrrent could be conveyed toa distance and cause the deilec- 
:tion of magnetic needles, thereby giving signals, Mr.! 
Fothergill Cooke was so strongly impressed with the power| 
of electricity that from that very day he abandoned his former! 
purauits and gavo himself up “to'the practical realisation of 
ithe olectric telegraph,” Within threo weeks from the 6th 
«March, 1836, he mado his first’ electric telegraph of 
sithe galvanomoter form, using six wires for threo circuits; 
influencing threo needles. Ho invented a dotector 
jAud an alarm, Six weeks: after the lecture ‘he was; 
ton his. way ‘to London with drawings of a. moro! 
‘perfect. instrument, Working assiduously, meeting and! 
‘overcoming many. dificultics, his experiments Jed him in! 
‘various directions ‘for which hia apparatus was not always} 
‘adapted, - Having spoken to Professor Varaday and Dr. Itoger! 
on the subject of somo experinents, tho Intter introduced hin! 
to Professor Wheatstono at King's College, Ultimately a 
Yartnership was mado Letweon these two men, but as Professor | 
‘Wheatatono graduatly claimed tha whole merit of the mvens; 
tion, disputes arose which were acttled by arbitration, ‘Tho! 
clost paragraph in. the award of the ar itrators, Sir M. I. | 
[Aawell and Professor Daniell, is as follows :—" Whilst, 





Mr, Cooke is entitled to stand alone, as the yontleman to} 


‘Whom this country is indobted for having practical intro-| 
duced and carried out the electric tclegraph uM a useful under. 
staking, promising to bea work of national importance, and 
Professor Wheatstono is acknowledged ay the scicntilic man, 
:whosa rofourl and successfnl researches have already pre: 
“pared tho public to receive it as a project capable of practical 
ispplication, itis to tho united labours of two gentlemen so 
well qualified for mutual nasiatance that we must attribute 
{ the rapid progress which this important invention haa mado 
during the five Years sinco they have leon asyocinted,” —° } 
A careful consideration of the matter in dispute could Teac | 
tono other conclusion, nnd it-ia painful to flu a man like 
Miteatatong, hav ns his Stari ean reverteit claims to recog. 
jon, steadily and persiatently attempting to obtain renow: 
from tho labotirs of Cooke and Bain. ig aaa 
Cooke's fiat patont was taken out in 1897, when about 
thirty-one years of ago, and he had the priviloge of living to 
seo Toyland, and in fact every civiliaed country, covered with 
a network of telegraph lines, the gorm of which ho thon con- 
ceived, We shal not dwell upon the business tact and the 
cnergy ho showed in encountering obstacles sud overcoming 
prejudices ; suffico it to. say he was cininuntly successful, In 
867 tho Socioty of Arts’ awarded him tho Albert Gold Medal, | 
anton the ith Novembor, 1809, ho received the honour of 
te pttiacd | 
ts genial manners aud kindly disposition ondeared him to 
all with whom ho camo into contacts! Tho result of ie work, 
wilt be his monument. f 


Penn tree Ceupenen, _Ketin 2575 Hf 














Wo Mr W. GL. Carpent 
yiait, and-hos tien phe 
light ‘on’ tho 
special correspondents, Tho gow 


ix.to-bo'a tminuto pylindor yfec 
zircon heated to whiten 
ing coil ot platiog:iralltan wine. Tho no 
. | thing in the shop,’’ says Mr,: Carpenter, * was 
a dpnamometer, tho ‘Inst and best of soveral 
! Hinvented by Mr.-Edison, with tho rosult of which | 
he was perfectly satisfied, and ho. stated that: 
with this inatruinent ho lind been able to show | 
tlint after deducting tho neceseary amount for: 
friction in the maghinery, mndfo than 06 per ecnt. 1 
of the incchauical force employed. was obtained | 
in the form of light... Timu did not permit us to 
go through all the stops of tho demonstration, | 
ich ho ended by saying, ‘and, therefore, this 
he most 


Pal ani Galery (049 


“Mr, W, LANT Canrentar describes in the Bristol Mercury H 
ia visit he recently paid to Mr. Edison’s Jaboratory at Menlo i 
: Park, The laboratory, workshops, &c., he states, as well as : 
+ some isolated buildings for deticate clectricat measurements, are | 

spread over an acre of ground, railed In, admission to which is ‘ 

only given to privileged visitors, While waiting for Mr. ; 
* Edison, Mr. Carpenter was conducted by a messenger through 
‘all the physical, chemical, and private experimenting labora 

tories, and then through the workshops, the machinery of which ¢ 

is driven by a beautiful, high-pgessure, cighty-horse engine, also i 
» used to drive the clectricelight machinery, most of which fs in t 

the same shop, About a dozen workmen were engaged, some | 

in‘clectrical test measufements, &c., but chiefly in manufacturing { 

Mr, Edison’s latest form of telephone, constructed for the electric : 
‘and hygrometric conditions of our English atmosphere. Mr. j 
. Edison admitted that he was not doing very much at present 3 


J at the problem of domestic electric lighting, Ile appeared to * 
| consider the question of its economical subdivision a solver ; 
: problem (he had sixteen lamps in the workshop, each with its ” 
small coll of platinum wire, ina glass globe, three to four inches 
‘ diameter), and was now giving attention to the details of lamp 
‘construction, This new form of lanipts to be a minute cylinder 
:of compressed pure zircon, a rare carth allied to magnesia, : 
i which is to be heated to whiteness by the surrounding coil of : 
‘ platinoiridium wire, A chemist was engaged in purifying zircon | 
ifor this purpose, The newest thing in the shop was a dynamo- 
tmeter, the last and best of Several invented by Mr, Edison, with 
| the result of which he was perfectly satisfied, and ke stated that 
‘with this instrament he had been able to show that, after de- : 
| ducting the necessary amount for friction in the machinery, more 
; than 9§ per cent. of the mechanical force cimployed was obtaincd § 
iin the form of light. Mr.-Carpenter informs us that {n conse } 
‘quence of a ctreular addressed by Mr. Edison to miners in ¢ 
; Colorado (whence Mr. Carpenter has just returned) and clse~ 
; Where, ‘platinum is being widely discovered in these districts, 
{ Now. attention Is directed to it, 


: 
{ 
i 
} 
i 


H 
} 
H 
i 


' The Telegraph in Aineri¢ 


Tite Americans have not yet proved themselyes a | ~ 
| great literary nation like’ the English, or-even:a : 


{ mediocre literary nation like the Russians, Perhaps | 
they havo scarcely had time, or perhaps the rich ‘° 
| stores of England overshadow their own productive. : 
ness: for it cannot be said that literature is not 
: encouraged by Americans. . They are inveterate and 
‘intelligent readers, with a strong tinge of romance 
‘in their composition, a keen hankering after dramatic 
effect; but if the literary ability which is necessary | - 
to make books be sadly lacking to our cousins, the ° 
material requirements are present amongst them in 
the highest degree. If they fail egregiously in pro- 
‘ducing the necessary spirit and genius, they are 
eminently successful in manufacturing the requisite 
paper and binding. 

The Telegraph in America isa large and handsome | 
volume, about onc foot long by six inches wide by; 
two and a half inches thick, and weighing, we should : 
say, about fourteen pounds (one.‘stone), If it 
were the custom to estimate books by their weight, 

‘this were a mighty work indeed,” Similarly, if 
+ reviewers were in.the habit of testing them by the 
quality of their paper, and the beauty of their gilding, 
“we should have to admit it’ to bo/2 ‘consummate . 
‘masterpiece. But books ara to be judged neither. by * 
_ their: material mass nor the excellence of their 
: Stationery; and we must Jook into the words which 
‘are so exquisitely printed on these fine toned pages, 
vand try. to gauge their value, In England it is. 
nothing less than an expensive family Bible, or a 
; Standard Shakespeare which dares: to present an. : 
- | Appearance so magnificent as this volume; but we , 
must not forget that, in America, where the literary j 
~ matter is generally wanting, they do their best to | 
4 make up for it by the mechanical form, : 
' ‘The origin of the book happened in this wise: : 
On the roth of June, 1871, the telegraphic stat of | 
ithe American continent inaugurated the erection ° 
! of a statue’in Central Park, New York, in‘ honour : 
| of Morse, the inventor of the electro-magnetic tele- | : 
“graph, and a promise was then exacted from Mr. |: 
* Reid to commemorate the oceasion by’ a suitable | 
*record, This record, which included a history of « 
“the Telegraph in America, has taken the shape of 





the volume in question, Mr: Retd tellg us that its: 


preparation has cost him a Rreat deal of tabi 
we believe it, for it is a large volum: sree 
has evidently striven ton one 


A make-it as original 
possible, Ie'deals first with 'the origin of sgnaig 
; Semaphores, and telegraphs in the world; the life! 
i and struggles of Morse: ‘the foundation of the! 
American Magnetic Telegraph - Company the: 
Washington and New Orleans’ Pelegraph Company i 
i and the Score of other companies which have had I 
thelr period of rise and extinction in the United! 
States and Canada, terminating with the Great: 
, Western Union Company, the Atlantic and Pacific, 
jand the smaller fry of telephone and exchangoi 
{companics. Ve y fincly-executed engravings of, 
‘Morse, ‘Orton, E! isha-Gray, and other telegrs phic! 
icelebritics, profusely ittustrate the work, Besides! 
ymany more portraits of less famous: electricia Sy 
including ‘Edison, Mr. Pope, and Faraday, who is! 
honoured swith a vignette woodcut.’ ‘The’ book is’ 
' American, both in style and treatment, ‘and, though / 
it is a history of the electric telegraph, begins drama- ; 
} tically witha rumble of stage Poetry and a gleam of | 
‘enthusiastic sentiment. For -example,. the first 
: chapter is:headed mysteriously, “ Before the Dawn." 
: Signal. Telegraphs” ; and, after the inevitable stanza 
: from the post (descriptive of the fiery-cross bearer | 
‘in the Lady of the fate), the author commences his 
lofty epic—“"The first thought of a don vivant as hig’ 








i 
_ ing over his favourite wine; but, had not MreReld ! 
‘ told us so, wo confess we should have believed them ; 


‘to be.very different... We did not imagine that!n! ° 


‘ bon vivant troubled: himself very: much .about ‘the ; 
soil his wines grew upon, but we are ashamed to sa 

jour knowledge’ of bon vivants is extremely limite 

; Accepting Mr, Reid’s word ‘for it, however, .we' wi 
do him the justice to appreciate the figure which 


; has chosen to illustrate the enquiring spirit of the; 


i age,'a spirit which it would’ seem has permeate 
| even to dou vivants, Pens: “ 
; Begun with tho sentiments of a don vivant, the 
; end of the book is occupied with a lengthy account’ 
of all the public honours paid to the memory of 
Morse, including the flashy eloquence and glitterin; 
blasphemy of several pulpit orators, For does it; 
, Not sound very blasphemy to say “We send: 
| our words to Heaven as we send our messages to: 
Valencia, without knowing in cither case how they-; 
are transmitted; and, if the Master now walked) 
with us as he walked the plains of Shinar long ago;! 
perhaps we would hear Him say, ‘ Behold, the ings 
| dom .of Heaven is like the lightning’s: message.” 
‘ Fulminated by a clerical “ Jefferson Brick,” the | 
spurious glare of a sentiment like this may have! 
» been sufferable at the time, but it were better that}: 
| it should have met the fate of any other squib, I: 
{ — Why. 2. complete fist of the ‘subscribers to the; 
Morse Memorial should be appended to the, work, | 
we cannot say, unless it is expected that every! 
erson whose name is there will buy a copy, or. un-! 
less these individuals Some. faint hone. that), 


4 they will in this way enter into immortality en guene’ 
at the coat-tails of Morse. : 
We have unsparingly pointed out what scem to 
us to be the demerits of. this. book; but we cannot | 
conclude without: our meed of praise too. Mr. 


Reid has taken, evidently, great pains to do full | - 


i 
| justice to his onerous task, and he has done so with | 


‘a certain bright ériginality, which, if it leads him to ; 


that jerky brilliance so tempting to inexperienced 

writers, is, at least, refreshing and eminently read- 

able. The vast amount of historical and ‘other 

information which he gives about the telegraph in 

America will, wo are sure, be highly interesting to 
: English and European readers. 


saat 








Morte ke 








D’ Works 


OR’ 
Bristal Mercury a visit he cet pald to Mr, Ediso 
as some jgolated buildings for del 
are spread over an‘acre of ground, railed in, admission to which is or iven to privileged visitors; : 
Te waiting for’ M. ison, Mr. Carpenter.was conducted by 2 messenger throuph-all the! 


iy 
workshops, &c., lie states, as wel 


Whi 


Mro We Laut’ Carpenter describes in the} ; 
laboratory at Menlo Park. ‘The tabaratory; 
ctrical measurements, | | 


phystcal, chemfeal and ate experimenting Jaboratories, and then through the workshops, the: 
machinery of which is driven bya beautiful, high-pressure, 80 horse-power engine, also ‘used to; 
drive the electric-light machinery, most of which is in the same shop, Aboit a dozen workmen 
were engaged, some in clectrical test measurements, &c., but chiclly in manufacturing Mr. Edison's | 
Jatest form of telephone, constructed for the electric and hygrometric conditions of-our-English | 
atmosphere, Mr. Edison admitted that he was not doing very much at present at the problem of 
domestic electric lighting, “Ieappeared to consider the question of its economical subdivision n° 
solved problem (he had sixteen lamps is the workshop, cach with its small coil of platinum wire, in 
a glass globe, 3 to 4 inches diameter), and was now giving attention to the de of Imp con- 
stuction, ‘This new form of lamp is to be a minute cylinder of compressed pure zircon, a rare 


carth allied to magnesia, which is to be h toy 


iteness by the surrounding coll of ptatino- 


iridium wire. A chemist was engaged in purifying zircon for this purpose. ‘he newest thing in the , 


shop was a dynamometer, the last aud best of several 


nvented hy Mr. Edison, with the resutt of F 


which he was perfectly satisfied, and he stated that with this instrument lte-had heen able to' show 

that, after deducting the necessary amount far friction inthe machinery, more than 9s per cent, of ° 
the mechanical force employed was obtained in the form of light, Mr. Carpenter informs us that! 
in consequence of a circular addressed by Mr, Edison to miners in Colorado (whence Afr. Carpenter’ 


hag jute returned) and cls 
_ fittention is directed to it, 


: THE EARLY HISTORY oF T: ~, 
TELEGRAP. tgs 
v } 
|. create! fiber History of tho sat 
graph" containedin this week's Exozisn Mveuanto! 
», tho name of W. H. Matcher in very properly’ nen. 
attended his funeral :a fow weeke Ago, 
: xt day proceeited toiSatisbury, his native 
{place. «I Had no sooner araivedt:than anapptication 
‘as mado tome for'n sketch:of ‘Mr. if cher's 
jcarecr, It wns waiited for tat week's Saliehnes | 
Journal, e that Thad'only a few hours foritscomel 
position; but knowing all the tireumstancen of the: 
cnso, there was no difficull: Tiincloso a slip from! 
tho Journal, thinking’ that WP: readers: muy {Ind 
fomo inatruction in tl ishasty sketch of a tookmes : 
v ftennY Warden, . 
Ono of tho best and most talented men of whom 
’ “Salisbury has reason to bo proud has just passed! 
atway at the comparatively oarly ago of fifty-eight,! 
* ‘Phere are probal ut vory few persons loft, 
probably b fe loft, 
*, ‘among ta who remember Mr, Hatchor’a father and! 
lds achool in Endless-atreat; and still fower whu! 
remember him as tho secrotary and amanuenals af! 
‘Canon Coxe, whose historical writings were held in 
reat repute during tho reign of George. IM.’ Mr. 
Hintcher was aleo himself ny nuthor of local history, | 
as wellason secompliched fcholar, : 
; His only son, tho su ect of this'ekotch, thus had} 
unusual advantages in his ear]; fraintng j ‘but hin’ 
intellectual bent was so decidedly in favour of | 
selenco that his father yfelded to it; and in order 
to. givo him tho best ‘education then possible, ho 
Placed him in tho school of King's College, London, 


from which ho matriculated into the Collego in tho 
department of applied sciences, and becamo the 
[favourite pupil of such distinguished professors 
as Daniell fh chemistry, Moscley in phystes, Cowper, 
inconstruction, ‘Wheatstono in experimentalscience, : 


te, 
Tlatéher assisted in somo of the carly experiments 
on tho cloctric telegraph which wero carried on at | 
King’s Collego; and when, by a singular accident, 
the electric tele raph suddenty ‘Decuno popular, 
Hatcher was its first engineer, “It will bo rememe | 
dered that an oxporimental line had been aid down , 
on tha, Great Western Railway from London to ; 
Slough ;“hut it was scarcoly used, anti the Govern- l 
ment would not adopt its principle, preferring tho; 
old system of semaphores then inuso, Tho Rallway i 
Company had actually ordered tho tolegraph to Lo 
removed a4 anencumbrance, when it happened that 
ono Tawell committed a murder car Slough, aud | 
whilo travelling up toLondon, amessago waa flashed 
along the wiro to take noto of a man in Quaker's | 
Greas, Tho man wasnccordiugly watched until o i 
warrant could bo obtaincd; ho was then arrosted, 
and afterwards ‘tried and hung, ‘This practi 
illustration of the valuo of tho electric telegraph 
mado its fortune, and it spread rapidly. Hatcher 
bad tho honour of explaining the mechanism and | 
modo of action to Hor Majesty, tho Prince Consort, 
andsomo of the Royal children, It is, howaver, to be 
lamented that in tho disputes that aroso dotween 
Cooka and Whealstone, Hatcher sided with tho 
\former, which gavo great‘ offenco to the ‘scientific 
jparty, and Hatcher tendered his reaiguation, which 
, Was accepted..; pea o 
j, About this time ‘Price’s Candie Company .was 
{founded, and ono of tho directors being an old 
: King's Collego man, Ilatcher waa appoiuted chemist 
{to ono of tho works in’ tho Old Kent-road ; aftere 
wards to tho moro oxtensivo works at Bromborough 
Pool, near Birkenhead, and lastly to tho compan va 
4 





most extensive worka at Battersea, whoro ho'd| 


qWwhere, plitinuin ‘is: being widely discovered in these districts, now 


| on Saturday ovening, the 2ni tnat., 
during some months fro} 
disorder, 


| 


} 
iY 

perfect 

{ruo and undofited 
in various departm: 
artiat (0 pupi 

a ‘ood musicl 

ol 


iva of nature, 
for grand and 


iiday’ visite. a Ne Scilly 
Isles, which afi 3: 
ote dalighit terwa: t of one ; 


hia habit,° by tard : 


hydrogen | 
es nen een oon admirable micro- | 


* What moro We 


| 
cor | 


mf 


oy dan in 
lo life, auc deairedt t} 
bo placed over hia gravo,. ". : 
G0 Tomlinson, F.B:S; 


Tumen ‘Cleric Maxwell. 
Tho well known Professor of Experimental Phystcs nt 
Ip R.8., died November 6 Professor Maxwell was at ne 
complished mathematician and -euccessful- investigator. In 


physica, Tis “Treatise ‘on. Electrictty and Magnetiam,” ‘ 


sand Theory of HH i engi x vorKg. 
sand Mas lea dite call FNP 2 


Cambridge, England, James Clerk Maxwell, M.D,, LL.D,, | 


le pole clarbon sont 


nee que Ia pile Jour- 
2 novembre dernior, 
Précaution que de 


Dix-neuf éléments’ Jourdan auraiont ‘remplacé 
38 éléments Callaud sur une ligne ott le trafic’ élec- 
trique est des plus actifs, ' 

La diversité. des substances qui entrent dans le 
flct de verre ou le sel de verre tant fort grande, il nous 
est impossible do donner une théorie pour expliquer 
cette action qui nous paralt fort curieuse, en ad- 
mettant exactitude des faits signalés, 

Nous ferons, de plus, remarquer quo lo verre mis 
on poudre et en présence de eau, donne naissance 
4 des réactions fort intéressantes, indiquées dans 
Yexcellente Chimie do MM. P, Pelouze et Fremy, On 
salt que notamment to cristal donne naissanco A des 
actions réductrices que l’on congoit utilisables pour 
ja dépolarisation. we 

On n‘ignore pas non plus qu'il y aun grand nom- 
‘bre de réactions qui donnent nalssanco A des sili- 
cates solubles, et qu’on a réussi de fa sorts 4 rendre 
incombustibles des étoffes, méme aussi ldgéres que 
les jupons des danseuses d'Opéra, 

Quand nous aurons recueilli des détails plus. 
amples ou oxécuté par nous-mémes des recherches 
plus précises, nous ferons connaltra & nos lecteurs 
In nature des perspectives qui peuvent s‘ouvrir par 
Yemploi deg silicates. Nous engageons nos abonnés 
4 nous communiquer les faits de ce genre qu'ils se- 
ralent & méme de recueillir. 


2 ae aa ed feed ls 


Listat-major du {9° corps d'arméea fait & Vincen- 
nes, la semaine dernlére, une série d'expériences 
avec lo téléphone Gower, expéricnces qui ont vive- 
ment intéressé lo corps d'officiers, Les deux sta- 
tions étalent séparés par une distance de deux kjlo- 
mitres et les conversations avalent Heu d'une facon 
parfaitement intelligible cans aucune ditficults, 


Nous lisous dans I'Blectrician que sur seize appli- 
cations de'brevet demandées par M, Edison au sujet 
de la lumiéro Mectrique, quatorze ont été refusées 


" parle Washington Patent-Office. 


Toujours d'aprés le méme journal, M. Edison au- 
rait I'Intention de renoncer 4 ses travaux. ot & ses 
recherches dans cet ordre d'idécs. 


. On nous envoie d'Angloterre appréciation sui- 
vante sur le (dléphone récepteur de M. Edison, 
émanant d'une autorité sclentifique considérable en 


_ Angleterre ¢ 


a Pour moi,.i] est certain que la pile, la bobine 
d'induction, le cylindrede chanx préparé chimique. 
ment et qui doit toujours dtre eu mouvement, sont 
des inconvénients graves qui lemporteront tou- 
jours sur Jes qualilés de cet apparel. » 

f pm 


Nous. recovong“do. M. Desmond Fitz-Gerald uno 


:ntrdsintéressanpé lettre sur Vnstitutfon télégra- 
2 phique de'Logfdres dont nous avons annoncé !'exis- 


tence ot & laquelle il ost attaché on 


Feasour. 2005 3, Deg 

Notre savant ‘collaburateur nous annonce q 
Notre sollicitation le directeur de cet établissoment © 
va prendre dés mesures pour que’ des “éléves - fran- 
gais puissent compléter lour éducation télégraphique 
de Vautre cété de la Manche, © a ee 

Nous serons biontét A méme do dire dang quelles 
conditions l'on pourra combler une lacuno si regret 
table de notre dducation publique, , red 

Nous, nous rendrons du resto prochainement: 4°: 
Londres pour faire une enquéte sur le mode der 
crulemont des services télégraphiques et sur ‘Jes: 


moyens employés pour que ladmission soit ouverte. 


au mérite et que l'avancement ne soit point consacré 
4 la faveur. 


Le professeur Farmer, do la station des torpilles 
américaines 4 Newport, donne des détails sur des. 
expériences d'¢clairago électrique domestique; faits’ 
4Salem, au mois de juillot 1899, : wo 

La maison qui a servi de théAtre A ces débuts de. 
Véclairage électrique était sltuée A Pearl Street et. 
portait, comme maintenant, le n° 77. “ 

La pile se composait do tronte-six éléments, -de: 
vingt-cing litres chacun, placés dans la cave. Deux 
lampes électriques avaicat été placées dans lo salon’. 
chacuno s'allumant a l'aide d'un commutateur. 

Le prix de revient, A cette époquo déja’ éloignée,- 
n'a été trouvé que quatre fois plus élové que celui 
du gaz. : 

Nous apprehuns que le grand ballon captif &. va- 
peur de M. Giffard va’ recommencer, A partir du’ 
{°F mai, ses ascensions dans la cour des Tullories. 

Nous félicitons le gouvernement @avoir donné | 
une si utile destination.4 cet emplacoment’ histo-. 
rique. ; i : oe 

Nous espérons que, grace & l'admirable appareil 
du célébre ingénieur, les grandes expérionces élec- . 
teiques, dont il a. été question l'an dernier, seront 
réalis¢es cotte aunce, Nous reviendrons sur cet {n- 
téressant sujet. 1 

a G % 


a 1, Hr 
Sle NECROLOGIE 


JB, Fuller 


On nous annonce Ja mort récente A Brooklyn, 
faubourg de New-York, de M. Fuller, ancien, colla- 
borateur d'Edison ct inventeur d’une machine. d'in- 
duction dont il a été souvent question de lautre 
cbté do l'Atlantique. 5 ; 

La flu prématurée de co cherchour a ou lieu le 48 
févrior dernier dans des circonstances dignes d'étre’ 
mentionnécs. Malgré l'avis do ses amis, M. Fuller 
travaillaft jour ct nuit dans son laboratoire, Les. ;In- 
somnies le gagnérent et la fatigue s'ensuivit. En 
resgerrant la derniére vis de son dernicr perfection- 
nement, {I s‘évanouit et tomba sur Jo’ plancher, 

En revonant & lui, Fuller avaitcongu une maniére. 
toute nouvelle d'employor Vinduction, Il fit venir 
son contre-mattre, lut-expliqua -son fdée avec .un 
nombre Infini de détails ot uno -remarquable luct-, 
dité. A poino avait-il cessé do parler qu'il se renversa 





vy nettiee Eo btm Dd TEE! 











77 








































































much principles aS theories or hypotheses. A- fulfilled!” 
rediction ‘of any) complicated’ phenomenon raises. the; 
Iynotiests on which it has been explained to the dignity’ 
ofa probable truth. Leta bullet be started in'an oblique i 
direction ‘at a certain speed —we'can predict, by applying 
these.two principles, the way in which) it will move and 
thecourse it will'follow. Let us'take one which is ent | 
off, at a rate of speed compounded of 32 fect: per second 
vertical and 20 fect'per'second horizontal, At every point | 
of its path, it will keep bout these rates except so far as 
gravity changes them, and ‘gravity, will do by it as a 
moving body just what it would do by a) body starting 
from'rest. ‘To the latter it wouldigive a'downward speed 
of 32 feet per second in a second, Ina second it wall 
give just cnough downward speed, therefore, to annihilate 
the upward speed of/the bullet: After 2 second, it will 
have ceased to) have any upward speed, but it will go on 
with the horizontal speed! of 20) fect’ per. second. In its 
first second the bullet has moved away from its starting 
joint 20 fect in a horizontal direction and 16 fect upward, | 
because a fall of 16 fect from rest is necded to fenerate | 
that velocity of 32 fect per second downward, which is 
wanted to destroy the upward velocity of the amount with 
which it started. At the end of the first second it’ has 
reached its new position by a certain path, ‘Till’ the bullet 
comes to the ground again another second will’ sufice, 
during which it will’ fall through 16 feet vertically, and 
acquire a speed of 32 fect per second downward’ as it 
started with 32 fect per second upward, and it will move 
horizontally 20 fect further from the starting-point. When 
the second second closes, the particle has again reached 
the ground bya path which is the leftehanded facsimile of | 
that by which it rose, 
There are thus three measurable things, all conse- | 
quences of our fundamental laws, Does the bullet rise | | 
16 fect? docs it strike the ground 4o feet away) from | | 
Where it started?) docs it take 2) seconds to do it in? 
Nature answers that all these things are’so. If we take 
some means of making the bullet record or picture its 
path ona board or paper we shall have a still completer || 
answer to the question, | Galileo's mathematics were |} 
Cnough to show him that if these two laws Were true the i] 
curve described must be a parabola—except so far as it is 
slightly modified by the resistance of the air—and the 
parabola’ calculated is the parabola described) Suchia 
proof is all) but conclusive. Every point in the path 



























really found has this been predictedias. the: mathematical 
Consequence of these two laws, and when’ this prediction 
is’ repeated! and confirmed in cyery experiment, doubt 
vanishes, the laws are securely, established 

of nature has been found, 


4 BY fo, be continued.) 


, andthe Sceret 







Jane CLERK MA} 
on Wednesday last week, 

born in 1831, being the only son of 

Esq. of Middlebie, 

Clerk of Penicuik, whose two sons were 





, 
‘aS a younger 
John Clerk of, Penicuik, and on the death 
r George Clerk succeeded {othe estate of 
ohn’ succeeded! to thevestate of Nether 
ie estate, which had come 
ge ina previous generation 
Along with’ this estate John’ Clerk 
assumed Yhe family name of Maxivell, When James 
Clerk Maxwell was cight years old, his mother died; and’ | 
his father, sho had! been‘ called ‘to the Scotsh/ Bar, but | 
Never practised as an advocate, lived a. retired life, | 
nself'to the care! of his estates, and’of his, | 






























We regret (to hear that) Mr.T, Edison, nephew of 
the famous’ electrician; whose, figure became. familiar 
{0 us during last winter, has just died from consimption | 
in Paris) where a went to look after his uncle’s patents, 


ry reg ne, Up ary nag 


VT Is PP 
















jglats estnort le } novembre 1879. I 
Middlehie, bou Kcosse, A 

sia mere: son pére selvons 
soins de Védueation de Venfint, son fils Unique, et 
gestion de'ses hiens, Sous la direction pialernelle 
Clerk Maxwell fil ses premitres Gludes Al Ncadéinie 
dinbourg, ob ilVobtint en 18th Ia médaill 
dans la‘classe de géometrie, clon 1847 14 Ni 
gent, dans lav classe speciale de mathematiques 


Uneen 1851 a 
ge de huit/ans, il perdit 
ty dans une vie retire 


















vara ee, 
‘Wapreés lo Dexsechement dit lac Fucitorpy cit historique 
ef technique pay NM.A, Brisse ot 1, ade 


hnig eM) ! | Notrou, tomes 
* Wapres te Dictionnnive des Comtemporaina ct Ultstras 
tion, 


i “vj _ -—- = 





son oncl 
sitchez W 
lumiére 
avoir donn 





‘; WEdimbourg, le condui- 
m Nicol, qui lui fit voir les 
Miposte par un prisme, Cotte Visite semble 
Ses ites lour premiore inpalsion vers les 
recherches en optique. Dans la suite 
des couleurs Sspectrales alli 
Méquilibre de Corps. solide 

ila fait des travauy tr 
) démie limbour: 







‘ouleurs de Ta 
























leo il ne tarda pas A conqué 
Professeurs  Keland , 
+, Sous lesquels il/6 En octo- 
4 Cambridge'ety sur 
Iii yalurent des suc alants : 
mporta le premier prix « 
ofesseur de philosop! 
ischal, En 1858, il/se mar 
Howard) fille di pri 
a professeur Good 
Philosophie 1 
4 Lon 














hire 1850, i 

love, ses progré 

Vi84, notanin 

En 18d 
i 














rt dans les deux 
urelle et Wastronomie du « Kine 
sus on 1856, ; 

















le p 


chaire de physique experimentale de Camby de, qui 
Yenait etre 


l ail ouvrait son'cours le 95 oclobre de 
Ta mine année, 


Moumipen laa 


sollicitations Mer Ja 











avant physicien an= 











































































ec 
aie 





(fs 
Sf 


will 


MEY, 


rene aoe 


















MR. EDISON AT WORK. 


7 in the change, 
Na en Keone but CHD 

Aeithe resources of her. skill, Site 
foie mihobintetwe excellence. : M. 1% Tur r Efi 


Tt is an admirable lore 

To atuaty the chomistry of Nats 

To search out all/her wonders, 

To note her kind compensations, 

= ranean scemamaamenmnee S ; 2 : 

IIe reeves yitnd PETTUS ETL GS SEE PSE ie es 


. 








y 


it 


o 


*: feian, MrT. A.: Edison, : which, if wo mistake not, 
q Iwas the first authentic narrative of hisoxtraordinary 


Ws jcareer published on this side of tho ‘Atlantic. Wo 


Jara now nblo to give a portrait of 'tho famous 
{American at work: in hia well-known Inboratory. 
© |» In 1876 Ar. Edison bought @ sito for an ‘expori. 
Hmeut-ahop at Mento-park, én the Ponuaylvantan Ratt 
= road, twenty-four miles from Now: York, a mero, 
illago station, with nbontadozen houses, mostly his 
own and his workmen’aysr see 
On tho crown of a knoll, and looking for all the 


Ae , 
im, world tike n country ctnecting-house, ininus the 


7 steeple, and with tho addition of a porch, iss long, 
two-story, white framd building, in the middle of a 
Little lot, surrounded by a white picket fenee. 


rg Thin fa Me, Halison’s shop, On tho ground-tloor, as 


~! you enter isn little front ofliee, from which a amall 
Nibrary ia partitioned off, Noxt is a tnngo square 
i room with giana cases filled with snodole of hin ine 
cventions, Jn the renr of this is tho machine-shop 

completely equipped, nud run with a ton horses 


pW power engine, Tho upper story occupies tho longth 
bt and breadth of tho building, 100 by 25. feot, is 


M lighted by windows on avery sido, and ix occupied as 


slnboratory, ‘Tho walla nro covered with sholves 
© fall of bottles containing nll sorta of chomicala. 


Ie: Senttered through tho room are tables covcrod with 


a 


olectricn! instrmnents, telephones, phonographa, mi- 


| croscopes,, spectroschpes, ke. In tho contre of tho 
i 


9 room ian rack full of galvanio batteries, On ono of 
if tho tables is a phonograph, run by steam power, with 
i! A Dolt through tho flour to the machinio-shop.,” Inthe 


rear of the room isnfino pipo organ, with an open 
: Moody. sind Sankoy book on it, ‘Tho Associated 
+ Press wires ran throngh hia laboratory, aud anon ho 
picks up his tolephono and chata with Philadolphin, 
or with Prof, Barker, at tho University of Yonnsyl- 
vanin, 
‘When visitors enll to seo him, thoy aro most 
x likely to inquire for Mr. Edison from tho man him- 
: bolf—n boyish face, an unostentations tnannor, 0 
‘careless arena, and, in fnet, tho unchanged wholo 


D that formerly put in an oppearance na tho now man 


i. 


attho Boston Telegraph office. ‘The crowd of farine 
boys that como over ta seo the wonderful talking 
achino find him ns ready to gratify their curiosity 

48 tho moro protentious ‘professor.’ 
1" Tho tolophono and Phonograph nro porhops his 
_ Most moryollous inventions, althongh his researches 
q : in lectricity have given him tho grentest publicity, 
‘ Hin oxperimenta with the light nro gtill in progress. 


tag: Wo learn from a Timea correspondent, tint at tho 
No) ‘ beginning of the year Mr. Edison hind about sixty 


‘tamps in auccessful operation, 


: » tnd bia carbon loop 
» ‘or horaestioo was glowing 


fo them, and furnishing a 


St y Nght that effectively roplaced both yas nnd petro. 


‘toum, Ho waa ran down with vinitory and ine 
Vestigntors, ant thts seriously interfored with tho 
manufacturo of more lamps, 

‘up In the shops, 


Tn tho 


ft Inrgo pro. i 
Clampsiwore | 


imanefactnred, But Mr, 
thir, nnd ho desires to 


ne a ap nye 


f 


i 
f 


phonograph wna not, after all, vontriloquiam, + Yet, 


incredible oa it:mny acom, a little pleco of papor ; 
which yor might blow away with a breath gives! 
out tho olectric Nght. It becomes no more affected, | 


fo far as doatructibility, is concerned, than platinum 
—ono of, tho most infusible: of rietal lor tho 
Rent of’n tallow ennila. And ‘froni thia pieco of 
Paper is obtained n puro and aiadultorated light, a 
globo of sunshine, without deleterious gnsce, without 
nuxfous vapours, hdifforent to wind or weather, re-; 
quiring no matches to ignite, giving out no smoke or} 


“the stock: which 88 


HALUIIEOLENE 


Mer 


nililons “Ot “iollars $s. pro 
wim than Edison ‘could 


flame, posscasing tha uniformity nd steadiness of | ° d 


tho aun iteelf in clear wonthor, and withnl 0 light {° ‘op 


chonpor in production than the cheapest oil. 


* Not (ho Jenst curivug in the contemplation of this | 


wontorfal achiuvemont of delonco is its nimplici 
Tho construction involves no incomprehensible ine 
triencies. tia nature in nature's garb. A atnall 
pleco of paper, a piccoof cardboarl, n cotton thrend | 
for all have been used with almost equally good : 
reaults-is subjected 0 nan intense farnnco heat, and: 
tho churred remains placed ina vacuum, Anoloctric’ 
carront is then sent through the same,and tho alectrio’ 
light ts givon.' 3 
Tho current iasuo of Seribner’a Monthly contains 
from tho pon of Mr. Francia R. Upton, who has been’ 
mathomntical condjutor to Mr. Edison for somo timo, 
what may be necepted na an authoritative accotnt, 
of the invontiow, In tho course of this able paper 
wo havo a dooply interesting summary of the history 


-eaplial invented ia. ‘tho it 
: tribution of gas fn this and other countriog, 
WIL became Wworthilers for that purpose, 3,! 
Ot ts alsa, doubtless, true that many hun: 
i dred thousand Persons wh hold ‘gas stock, 


which up to this. 


timo: has patd’ ‘handsome 


dividends, will find tt. worth no more thas 


the paper upon yw! 


itch: it: Is. prlated,’.- 


of tho oloctrio light a tho days of Sir Humphry * Complete success | of tho celeéteia Night wilt 


Davy, who giscover’ 
luminnting by clectrict 
ments {1 Paris in °1834 wore so brilliant, thnt, 
although the cost was six dollara n minuto, ho boldly 
predicted its final succoss, In 1862 Farndny intro: 
duced tho olectrio light into British light-hou 
Franco and Brazil triod the sumo oxperiment, 
ovon this foiled to arouso publlo intorest, 

1o rofer bricily to nnocond method of producing 
the olectrio light, nanioly, Hint of iNutninating by ar 
incandescent solidy—in 1846, an Ainerican’ named 
Starr received assistance from Mr. ‘George Penbody, 
ani took out a patont for’ i 

Tio yonralntor Dr. Dap, 
number of oxporimonts to test _ tho qualities 
highly-honted platinum, | Io usod & levor sua: 
pended by a atraight wire, vory much’ reembling’t 
doorlateh held by na atring, So markod \was thi 
stecoss that ho wroto An ingontous urtint would 
havo vory little difftcutty, by taking advantago of thi 
movement of. the lover, in making. 

Appuratin: in. which the platinum ww! 


Yoltaic ago method of il- 


-tmaintainod at uniform tomperatare, notw! ding 
‘ 


any change taking place in ‘tho volato curren 
‘ i euggeation, though so clear and practtea}, la; for 
twenty years unhooded, anil would probably‘ 


#0u.mado use of 4 similar device, and, ag hia as 
ant romarks, proved himself to be ‘the ingen 
artist,’ in hiy first olectric light invention, 

eas -” Faene, Sipntoc 
Cg STAT acne + 


Professor Damas’ oxpori: 


J 


‘cause a loss of 8 


iuiadred ‘milttons’ 


doltirs to the holders of, gus atocks, 


Our readers will readily 


extent, the ‘rerlous 


‘Tosses wl 


to follow the permanent success of Kulson’s 


great invention “o! 


t applylug. electricity to 


the ttle paper horsa-shioe, for enunatiog| 
“purposes, All will tee) sorry that any must 
be losers by it;. but overyhody. will be glad 


Af the discovery is successtul 
Notwithstonding all tha Joss w ! 
the Introduction ‘of ‘the “Invenlién, 


not even thore who ‘ary.{the. losers will at: 
tempt to rebel against I.” They will ‘sub- 


Cover .cleewhere tl 


ie lor 8 caused ‘ly t 


inyontton, .” Tig, old camuat die 
must live. and become old, aid incite 
dono ao for p much longer period, hnd not Me. Hale! pils away for something sill 1 


One of tho stro’ 





We think that“in! this’ subject ‘Is found | 


Mustrattons (hat: by 


But when we effer a° proposition whieh 
Ne to bring Hight and Uicssing to initiions; 
that fs to abolish the greatest curse suffered 
{yp the hithan race to day ; that dethrones 
‘fhion aid testenys fouls ;: th } 
F alldren and degrades’ 


nn wait entall loss pan men who 
heir capltal and labor Invest ; 
Vo offer in reply, 


manufacturo, ot gas: is, not a curse, 
blessing, to. soclety.’ The manufacture of] 
Nquor fs a curse and 1 destroyer of toclety.' 
: ‘goes’ out before tho clectric 
f loss to those Interested ; 


5 ro, 
. faveated Jin It, 


“Shall Ita darks snutter- 
} or shall rohtuitlo 
pon mankind ? : 























; lhes deine ia ban tb waa bre shit felatlve to infringement 
ily ft aver given in! |its declslon tn cage sult was brought relative to in ent | - 

: Bs ks a ai rie 1 iy jin. nn- apparatus used. for, telegraphing barter alr. 
Pri || Aad“questions of infrinjgement. ; culta, but, while painting. out uu ile: ve ee eles re tha 
i Wi helng fn equity, and the procecdings nevgr tiktened, the jcoutt from corporations not par ot “o-dafenidChorasales 
s 4 livyers -genertly have. the “most ample’ opportunity’ for have pein at i Lid erm aa atari 
orough preparation, anit the nicety with which they makq jwhen dlrectly sued, wher D ° 
fciearttitigllatinetions often gives thelr arguments a most { might be legitimately introduced, ele ie following slant 
< faubtle flavor, provided thelr reasontng be equally elose, aud)| ficant declaration: “It fa quilo sufticlen oy sir 

iho reader or listener-po not Interested therein.in the matter}| over the defendant shall use what fs sugges! Owe 







a 
r=) 
2 
= 
Ot 





TH 
f') 












fof dollars aud cents, | Speciousness and sophistry ‘are; 
nowhere else more cunningly introduced, and the courts 
fneed to exercige the utmost discrimination to hold the scutes; 
with’ so cven a balance that exact justice will le done, 
S Among. the closely. reasoned decisions in patent cas 














Had which tho records of our courts have shown In Jato years,’ 
qn several which have been rendered by dudgo Samuel Bluth, 
ford, of the United States Gireult Court for the Southern Dis- 
ict of Now York, are particulasly conspicuous for thelr keen| t 
alyals of the points in controversy, thelr close application 
of the Jaw and tho evidence, and the subtle reasoning by. 

Hy ‘which conclusions hiaye been reached that wero oftentimes: 
m. jdisappotnting to all the parties concerned. The deelston! « 
recently made by him relutlye toa petition fora rehearing, 
it In the Pago patent case isa paper of this character, Wo 
F [havo heretofore presented a pretty thorough exposition of 
ny the points originally at-issue in the sult of the Western 

















; {Alarm Company, as well ag the grounds on which were based 
he petition of the American Unton Telegraph Company, 
and several railroad corporattons, for n Tehearing, after tho 
decision in tho original sult had Deen'rendered, hut beforo 
x tf tho filing of the Interlocutory decree... Tho case In fuvor of 
of tho petitioners was presented by an imposing array of able 
ti jeounsel, bat thelr pryer.was dented by the court, ina de: 

Iston filed on the 7th of May, 



























Union’ Telegraph Company against the Holmes Burglar |fsa 


rmialan ‘i hall bo 
with along or mala ‘clrenit for telegraphing, and 8 
proceeded arileat for doting so, an Jasue will bo ralecd which 
ft will be proper then to consider, but that no auch iaeud has 





arisen.’ The court. takes no cognizance of the proposed 
now eviderice, and points out that {big In no way substan 
Unted by oath whether there Is any now ovidence or not, 0 
‘“whiat knowledge or information is had or. not tind,” tha 









y in. possession of tho’ court; the offer is only 
blessed Meat, knowled go and bellef,” and “thy | 
best knowledge, information, and helluf of the sollcitor may ! 
‘ho-none at all.” ‘The matters of fact and of law sought to | 
be raised by the petitioners are declared to be not in fssuc 
Ja tho sult, and it would be a wrong to the plaintiff to con-": 


DL eee 


Sobee sree 













{reult, so that hy th 







jjrlich alarms contat 












Hendant did not uso 
clreuits, and thelr ay 





ral telographing, yet 


f *In the origional deeree the validity of the Pago patent w. 
sustained ag respects its 11th, 12th, and 18th claims, for th 
4 ‘Telractile spring, armature, nnd*set sprlug, found in electro. 
a : felographic machines, and the defendant. was declared to 
s ay Snfringe by “inaking and selling telegraphic burglar. alarms 
Jnowhich a clreult breaker ncty automatically. to break the’ 


lectro-magnet a bell is rapldly struck by a hammer, aud 


jelains,s) Without golng over all the points made by the! 
Petitioners, It will be suffletent to aay that, 


what different from the way. in wi 


i movement of an armature to and from! 
i tho Inventions covered by anid threo 


although the do. | 
the inventions named on long or main} 
pplication hy the defendant was some: ; 
hich they are used in gene. 
tho petitioners feared a decrea would 

















be 'fasued which: would ‘enable the plaintiff, the Western 
Union Telegraph Company, to enjoin'them from the use of 
somewhat shintlar devices ina quite different way, and for 
Other purposes, It igno unusual result of a long-conteated 
}} Patent stilt to flnd a suecesafitl pluintt applying for injane- 
tons agalnst n mutch wider fletd of Mleged tnfringera than 
ho had first contemplated as coming wi 
patent, and making It appear that thed 
far moré general tn Ite ay 
struction of the tan 
L 




































the matter of; these 
ut hag, except to a ‘small.| 
Specified, 7 









which the defen 
edl to make tu the way 




































































Pins 











es rare 

FES Hlectrie Lig 
J TART, 
* Londo! 


ho work which d 
electric 


Int trutha, | tt 
which wo]; lo and .of. dota’ 
hoped better | out’ Gramma: 


Uranntar << it able || | candlo 
at, R/C, a his Ye os Editor, 


aac 
frst sentence of tho work jotl ier Tamme 
! tho. volvala aro. produced  betwe Fs Hight of 185 


| by: tho: continuous * flow of el prelininary’ w: 


word candle has 
a, Why: the Carcel lamp 
a ‘eandis,” Wo cannot underatan i 
author in any place atate tho: val H 
Carcel” in tho uaunt English photo: 
| want’ p 1 tips” standard 


! management of thin, 
in: the extremes 
arbitrary a selecti 


“} described, And we r supplying | 


ow done " by auch perfect! 
ight. is not only perfectly : 
0 for aeverat hours to-! 


sy, of science, and the 
Togulations, ig eve: 
purposely omita, f 

i theories ‘and acti 


} ideration and fudgmente (sic) 
| upon an extensive experienca with all kinds of 
Generators, itis but too obvious that clom 
truction of this kind is of 
faving a-practical 
jot wanted,” " Ni 


Urquhart’ boo! 
Jablochkof would 
ing the object ‘de- 
"in Fig. 87. Mr, 
is twice paraded ag Mr, 
he nane of M, Jamin is per- 
utly misapolled eight times 
‘over, 
' Woe do not wish to Appear captions in pointing 
. ‘out these intters, but science ja Worse than: uscleas 
u iwhero ft i3 -not accurate,’ For tho'sake of tho use- 
ful suggestions as to tho practical management of 
uogon's batte Wires, insulation, soldering, &e., which are acattered 
de between the} up and down the work, we wish that we might have 
tho purpose of | commended the book, 
revonting tho formation of; local currents ‘in’: the = 
Zine 3"“indeed, wo had alwa: 8 thought that this was 
simply n gap left between tho two ends of the picco 
lor ai en-it- was rolled up, We werd, 
' eustomed until now to think’ th : 
‘the mercury applied on tha faco of the zinc was to 
iconnect “hard and soft parts" together, but had 
‘always supposed that it was for the P 
jobtaining n bright and pure surfa 
tbo acted on by the acid when thi 
‘Wo should bo sorry to pay for ou 
price of 3d. per poun at whid : T how 3 : 
ut wo. ali j i HOWever sincerely or nai yyhave | 
‘ ij Come ubout, should hay . eae futo ' 
| Mowing saued ne lita! .. 
‘] luvention, lsdireetions, ' 
He has p Itable work 
yin sefentt 


ahr 


Sa: 
Ses 


. "Oem On Can : 
It tea mat tT. ee 


~gqse% 


4 ent: way, : 
place of acparation, us 
osite side, and ran 1 
the cut. : ‘Chis w: Bonk. nearly,.thron 
milnutce,-and the plate nay “be divide 
1 Over the edgo of a table," USS Gaaciia eth 
‘Tho modification of Byrne's battery recommended 
+ by. tho author for Providing a strong current for | oe : a : ; 
fow, ninutes, “ppears to us to have some valuable! ‘ peg ef 
poi fa 


intently atidyi 


Ios nS em D OAT 


tho’ 
Mi 


~ "fall, 


“onl 
died: 


‘This being thi oir of Professor 

We re also ladebted edie canoe 
In passhig ey 
discussions, 


[ now 
Science whicl 


xwwell written, we'are tnd 
Ais Hftaneraiten waar tn bf ‘Tat, Jour, 


cents, though he 


lescription ; 
excellence, 


cs, he stands without 


f his ch 


em tt) 


tracter which 


ch.com Iete 
* axhibite 
3? unde 


tis home-lite 
three weeks 
¥ system of 
r quite inde. ea 
of the wants ! 
ebottom to | 
lehad been / 
ttle of trath 
(to “know 
Heit faith 
odily pain 
free torte 
of general 
te had been 
cavours to 
Act v. scene 
dle, says to 


i 


% i 
{dst 
: ! 


= 


a 
shoiv the 
I 


2 the Jast, 

in he was 
could say 
closed for { 
Rye i 
ad cometh ! 
no vari- H 
mow that {+ - 
> 
? 


! 
} 
vas very { 
illness iy i 
jong the { 
l others, 

5 contri. 
rould bo | 
Cetricity | 
‘win the ; 
5. More | 

of Heat, | 

Motion” ; 

earliest | 

" ‘ y ‘Ss com. | 
th the perm ars é jo teh by ‘fi 

: i kg 3 i, 1849, i 
see Ratt MAXWOlt Minburgh” student barely H 
cightcen sears of age, His paper on the “ Rg uilibrium of | 
Elastic Solids," above alle led to, was reni before the | 
Same society on Februar 18, 1850, His Paper on the { 

“Transformation of Surfaces by Bending” “was Tead 
before the Cambridge Philosophical Society on March ¥¢ 
13, 1854, about two mouths aher taking his degree, This”! 











tPof tho tinited” Kingdom, “tothe” Tavistock “snd 


+| Prineetown Company, which possessed ono wiro | | 


TEN YEARS OF ENGLISH 
Dose oa “TELEGRAPHY, |. cate A 
- Ir is now ten years since the inland telegraphs 
‘orc transferred from the private companics work- 
jug them at that time into the hands of the Govern. 
ment, and it may bo both intoreating and inatructive 
“to examine the progress which has been mado in the 
interim, Impressed with this-idea; and doubtlees 
conscious that: tho results would not appear un- 
favourable to the official management, Mr, Edward 
Graves, of the Postal Telegraph Servico, has made 
a study of the subject, and communicated his con- 
:; Clusions to the Society of ‘Telegraph Engincers, 

It is tolerably, well known that tho uso’ of tho 
telegraph in this country was at first commenced in 
connoxion with railway work, In 1837 Messra, 
Cooke and Wheatatone’s fiva-necdle telograph was 


tried successfully on a emall scale by tho London | 


ant Birmingham Railway Company, near London, 
| Bubsequently it was tried by tho Great ‘Western 
, Railway Company between Slough and Paddington, 
aud ita uso was gradually but rapidly extended to 
tho moat important trunk lines, ‘The primary object 
of. theau telegraphs was the exchange of messages 
| neceasary for expoditing tho railway gervico ; but it 


was soon found that. the public. would employ tho 
telegraph if it wero thrown, open to them, and the 
railway companies, therefore, allowed their clerks to 
forward public mesenges; asa favour, upon payment 
of high rates, In this way, then, commercial tele- 
graphy ‘was grafted upon railway telegraphy, and 
both grew. together, : : 
-In 1846, nine years after tho first line had been 
jputup, the first telegraph company—namely, tho 
“| *Electrio"—waa incorporated, ta object was prin- 
~ Jeipally to erect lines for tho railway companies, and 
|| 80 little was tho public support reckoned on at that! 
timo—to transmit public micseages in the sparo time’ 
available, ‘Thus aroso the oxpensive claims on tho, 
’ part of the railway companies which had to bo acttled 
when the Governmont took over tho linea, . 
’ |. As time went on, howover, and tho public service 
increased, it was found that th 
were better and better able to disponse with the 
railway. work, aud thero was a. Browlug differentia- 
tion of intereata before the transfer of the lines to 
Government. Sore of the railway companies had 
soparated from the telegraph companies, teaving the 
latter to confine themselves to public messages, | 
whilo othera had started a public businces of their, 
own, ‘Tho lead of tho Electric ‘Lolegraph Company’ 
‘| was followed in 1850-61 by the formation of tho} 
: | British Telegraph Company, the European. ‘I'ele. 
“ {graph Company, and tho Magnetio Telegraph Com. 
» | pany ; and after various vicissitudes, alt theso com! 
; (panies, or what remained of them, -amalgamated! 
under tho titlo.of the British. and Irish Mopnatio; 
i; [Telegraph Company in 1857.. Somo threo. years 
| flater, in 1860-61, the United Kingdom Telegraph | 
. | Company, which had been projected many. years, 
before, assumed a practical existence, and it was tho 
firat English company which was quite independent 
of railway messages, About the samo time varioua| 
local companies were established, such as the Loniton | 
District Company, afterwards known as tho London’ 
Provincial Company ; the Bonelli Telegraph Com- 
pany, rorking between Manchester and Liverpool : 
tho Economic jclegraph Company, and several 
ethers: Fam ritwek Private ‘Telegraph Com- 
Y, having for ita object tho erect! i 
nea, ros alta stasted in 1861, . ao pivale 
of, "Io ," saya Mr. Grayea, * there 
*/ing In tho United Kingdom no less iat tyantee 
pine separate undertakings, specially dovoted to tho 
ransmiasion of telegraph messages, wholly indo-. 
pendent of ratlwa: companies, who em 
tie secondarily forthe same purpose, 
wee varied in mognitudo, from tho Electric 


Pelegraph Company, working throu, ighout the whole | 


ho telegraph companics |‘ 


loyed their 
These under.’ 


yery fow miles in length, but all had to, ho acquired | 
whon tho Stato was granted. tho monopoly of tho; 


tranemission of messages, for money ; and, besides; 


tho Jand :linca,. it’ was necessary ‘that tho :cables! 
reaching .to tho Isto; of .Man.‘and .the Channel | 


‘Islands abould alao be purchased... : ; 


“There were certain railways which. wero carry. 
ing on telegraph business on.a comparatively large: 
acalo, ‘Tho districta occupted, for example, by tho! 
South-Eastern Railway, the London, Chatham, and | 
Dover Railway, the London, Brighton, and South | 
Const Railway, and tho North British Railway Com. 
pany had cither nover been wholly handed over to 
the telegraph companies, or had been taken out of 
their handa, so far os i¢ wasin the powor of the rnil- 
way companics to do so prior to tho dato referred 
to, ie, 1809. 6 ee f 

‘Tn somo instances a telegraph company'and a: 
railway company treated with each other as inde-’ 
pendent: powera,. but worked amicably, For ex- 
ample, the North British Railway Company and tho: 
Electric ‘I'clegraph Company were allicd, but neither; 
was annexed, so to speak, by the other, ‘The North 
British Company possessed certain polea on its lino, 
and, say, from Berwick to Edinburgh, the Electric 
‘Telegraph Company wore entitfed to have certain: 
wires on those poles, and to work them from any: 
point not on tho railway, for thoir own benefit and; 
at their own'ratea,’ On tho‘othor hand, the railway! 
company picked up all tho messages they could .at! 
thoir railway. stations, and, if they were enabled to: 
deliver them nt another station, did so, rotaining; 
tho receipts themprelvea, If they were not nblo to 
carry a mosaage to its destination they handed it 
over, say at Edinburgh, to tho telegraph company, 
charging their own rate to that plnco and tho tcle- 

raph company’s rate from it to the distant station, 
hua it will bo seen that in this caso there were 


‘two distinct intercsts upon tho game ground,” 
eS ee ee 


‘This unsatisfactory state of things at length pro- 
duced a public agitation in favour of the Govern. 
ment taking the wholo of tho lines uuder ita own 


‘{eontrol, and in 1868 the Tolegraph Act was intro- 


uced, - At this, time © monopoly tas not contem. 
lated in the Act, and Mr, Saudamore did not ask 
lor it; but before tho Money Bill to provido funds 
for tho:purchaso of the lines was authorised in 1800 
tho authoritica had scen fit to nequiro a monopoly, 
The year 1860 being a tranation period, little 
prearese waosimade by the private companies; and 
fr, Grayes has chosen to compara tho state of telo- 
graphy then with that existing in 1879, after ten 


eata of Governmental management, Wo shall give . 


his resulta aa briefly ag possible in orde 
comparizon 1 may bo mord Gtective, - eee 
‘iret a8 ¢ lines: In 1869 thoy extended acri 

the longth and breadth of tho whole country from 
Penzance to Wick, and from Lowestoft to Galway, 
and tho Inat ten. yeara have only extended them to 
Scilly on tho south and Shetland on the north, 
But the number of local linea bas been greatly in. 
creased since 1860, anda perfect: network now 
covers tho entire country, In 1860 tho lines rau 
only to tho towns and ‘citica where they could bo | 
mado to pay, now they run to overy villago. irre. 
spective of commercial considerations, In 1869 tho 
total number of offices was 2488; in 1879 it waa 
5331, a number quite inndequate to express the ine 
creased convenience to the public, In 1869 tho 
total number of messages tranamitted waa between 
six and soven millions; in 1879 the number sont 
was 26,547,137, representing an Increase of morothan 
fourfold, 10-1860 tho total length of wires em loyed 
for commercial trafic waa under 60,000 miles ; in 
1870 that used by tho Post Offico waa 102,056, ine 
cluding 64,007 miles on railways, 46,784 on ronda - 
and canals, aud 1805 of local submarino cablo, Tn 
1860 the number of instruments in uso was about 
2200; in 1879. it was 8151, And hore it is in. 
toresting to noto that while the number.of messnges 
has increased four times, the number. of instru. 
iment has been multiplied inthe samo. ratio, a fact 
which does not: oxpress tho greater eflicienoy of the 
ne ver. tha old inatrumenta,..- Only two Wheat. 





also 
For 
which 


kingdoms an 
was 121 kno 
there were only about t 
in operation, and belon| 
Company ; 
including 
miles in other provincial towns, 
number of towns supplied with preaa telegrams was 
rising 173 newspapers and 133 other 
in 1879, 313 towns, comprising 518 
3" institutions, were supplicd. 
words transmitted shows tho 
In 1860 tho daily averngo of 
nn the non-Parliamentary 
JJouses wero sitting; in 
numbers were 24,000 and 
rary torrent is launched by 
and. a8 the same 


owspapcrs 
u private" wires teased by ne’ 

uso, In 1860 tho private wi 

miles, worked by 1466 instrumonts 

0560 miles, worked by 382+ instruments, are 
ing railway servico ‘and canal service wires, 

inte 


ii . And hero it is 
a worked by £607 instrament, ane AD 


ca for busincs Pee Detea 
foreo of 9514 clerks, including 479 females, — 
ae ‘employed. to ‘rork the lines, and 1471. meas 


to be remembered that 
monopoly of: private wir 


i ne VouTa Prizing 2 getir 
Ady g 

| The Eisgeleer art, tare dative a. Fe. 
‘port recently addreascd iy the Fredch Minister of 
Thatruetion to the Chamber of Deputies in reference 
to a special credit required for 2500/, to be distri- 
buted in prizes for the most useful application of 
tho yoltatc battery, By a decree dated February +, 
{852, a prize of 2000/. was instituted by tho French 
Government for tho Lest application of the voltaic 
battery. ‘Ehis prize was given for the first time in 
{i864 to Mr, Rubmkorff, ‘I'wo new decrees, one of 
‘April, 1866, another of November, 1877, included 
* in the competition new applications of electricity, and 
‘a commission was appointed in-1876 to inquire into 
the progress effected in this important, Uranch of 
‘physics, ‘The commission consisted’ of Measieurs 
4J. B. Dunas, Preaident ; Regnault, General Morin, 
Frémy, Vulpin, Bertelot, Hervé Mangon, Jamin, 
Roland, St. Claire de Ville, and Beequerel, This 
commission has reported to the Minister of Public In- 
traction, aud lag recommended 1 prizo of 2000/, to 
Mr, Graham Bell for tho invention of tho articulat- 


e, aA specint vote for the 
ts will bo asked for by tho 


TVOLN as 


Gdhen’s 


Accouny fof Til Heulth; ey 


con { tho tolophonea in uae in this city, 
has’ realgnod’on account of Ill health, and 
Mejor 0. A: Rowe, of tho. Wostorn , Union 
“Telegraph Company, has been appointed to 11 
fll tho vacancy, ‘To Mr. David: bolongs 
tho-credit of. introducing tho .. Con- 
tral, District’: asytem in’. this. city, 
‘aod ” the «growth of tho company 
‘under lie) managomont has: been astonlah- 
“Ing. Six years sgo whou tho systom was 
first Inangurated, ho and ono boy woro able 
to attond.to all tho businoss of the company. 
‘bit oven bofora tho introduction of tho tole” 
‘paono,” neatly all tho loading: manu |} 
facturing ‘establebmonts wore conuectod by [4 
talegraph Inos controlled and operated’ by 
the company. Tho business has fnorcascd 
tosuch an oxtont that tho company now 
emptoys 60 mon and boya, Afr, David 
has had years of oxporionco in tolegraphic 
business, having for along timo becn Mana 
gor and Suporintondext of this Division of 
Sha Westorn Union Company, Somo yoars 
ago his ‘health was utterly broken down, 
but whon. ho recovered ho assumed the 
Prestdoucy, (of tho Contral» District 
sod Prlutiog§ Company,’ and brought. 
t’ forward to its preunt stato of ‘eMoclancy, 
The businces, however, has. reached eauh 
proportione, that ho fouls it incumbont to 
rosire before he is. agata prostiated, ‘The 
many {rienda of Mr. David Jolu in tho hope 
t ia health my bo fully rostored, *- 


aap Ae feratene aa 


4p ‘Thomas. Atal ison. ‘ 
fetisyo 


‘Lie man most talked about at the 
nt time appears to be My, ‘Thomas: Alvah 
Rdison. An account of his latest invention 


Jappears in this issue, togother with facls 


gained from porsonal observation at the 


| Mento Park Laboratory. ‘Opinion is widely 


divided regarding Mr. Edison. In some 
(quarters he is stigmatized as a fraud, a wil- 
ful devoiver of the publig, a pseudo seien- 


“| tist, ete, ete, On the other hand, he is 7o- 


garded by many as a. seientist of high ne- 
vamplishments, an inventor of such in il. 
‘Hant achievements as to render appropri- 
‘ate to him the figurative application of the 
term Wizard, ete, ete. Exaggeration seems 
the rule of both sides, in estimating This 
man’s eharicter. We shall depart ‘from ~ 
this rule, and necord to Mr, Edison the pos- 





{session of a truly original inventive talent, - 
‘aud much heterogeneous knowledge of sci- 


_Lentitie facta, We do not estimate him asa 


iaeientist in the full sense of that term 5 
i neither is he so far beyond all other inven- 
' tors in originality of conception as to merit 
‘the name of Wizard. We regard the dis- 
' goverics of, say, the Inte Professor Henry, 
| vonsidering the state of electrical science at 
| their date, ns far execeding in merit anything 
Mr. Edison has ever aceomplished, Mr. 
Edison is a rather more than ordinarily 
brilliant nitor, with a fragmentary know- 
ledge of ntifte facts; and we think that 
iehis is 9 just, catimate—neither according 
|too mmuele-nor too little, Fortunately for the’ 
foxereixe of his inventive talents, Mr. Edison 
{hing enjoyed the eontidence and support of 
seapitalista, who lave supplied overything 
‘requisite forexperiments and enabled him to 
concentrate upon, and’ apply to, invention 
‘and study, oll the talent. ha possesses, we 


| 











fp ASRS Ace imiaaaeh oder 
tho/head Iaat evening.’ 
1 iad atroet anit 
iy srtoun ‘one, 
wad: caused by Qusrrols botwoar the 
families of saoh Jn: thoir boarding: house, ao, 


Biss Aorta i : : Tempera 
Metres rh uxpte : lov error. Mp, tase 
: | orbit to be 190,000,000 
: i : 800,000 miles, the diam : 
of Edis ofa ‘ “r gun's diameter. He th G Burface of the 
: s! | imaginary hollow miles diameter at 
! j 237-5 times thatofl the 


Sun, instead o using the cube of 287-5 
' us the multiplier, Correcting this Crror, Mi, Sawyers | figiires 
I would make the temperature of the sun 1,389,648,4379, which 
| will hardly corroborate his first estimate, in which all the 


¢ assumed,” Nr, 
ine 26, 1880, there 
fisscd and is an attempt to a 


By a comparison 
pax ; with that of the y er finds th . 
fumed over his cleetric y4 7 until bear aor ia e en ie 
* fume . failure that ot! . t : A 
- Mrself every stariety ot Wall* Sureet (ans, another’ way,’ 
! made botore: hi n the market, sold it atia high nosaid | similar. regult 
; have put stoc! out away, the difference: betwen ins seas 
| and are ig the ‘present whieh is somewhere’ ong in Look: at. it ‘a 
> figure can ‘ cely, motor: quotations, " : 
eval hin of any comply tn all tie sot come 
; acquit him wbably hasn’t.a very, delicate til tent nor. 
eet Tetiquetie,- bath de either incomp is being 
i dish nest. power ad honest pacples itis Bi 
i Edi oe nae to protect t bls froma we feat 1S nob uwaro that the 
| ade them under, cover of mi Foote ‘an dan explosion calculated from cont, 
eet esehe Ate? Baison feel particularly fepened by 
eal bmp Ar ee such miscry fs not, deepened by 
el ce 


se before he was born suing on whieh } @ bases | is cui 
ged stools werc,in commor : : ‘ : al 
eg 


ork sto invent somethin 'L Robinson pe 
i Te eee etcic ye ek alng dong. an rmmischiet, y 
sc, hones! 


' That is just his position to-day. , He 


ntained in 
Mathematics ; 


: vee: of their - 
homologous lines : ollow sphere 
‘Will be to that of ©. squara of 28755 ig to the 
Square of 1, ag 56 Now tho heat from J square , 
ifoot of the sun's surface will be Spread over §6,406-25 square 
fect of our asstined sphere, and its intensity on 1 square foot 
‘must be less than 1.56406 of what it is at the sun. If, then, 
‘we take the Assumed mean of 100° at the earth, the tempe. 
jrature of the sun must be §,640,625° 


» Which corresponds! 
jMoro with the figures of « those who havo estimeted into the. 


jmillions* than with what W. B, Sawyer hus obscrved in elec. 
itric temparaturos,” 


Vin Wiwebrwivn San ve 18690 : 

, « = soe es . 2 n 

Gas Cannon ror Execrrong Tt 18 .ngt,, geiteially 
known that tho first to find sath ce gicdptiohal atm tages 
of catbon cht ‘from Ado witha deers in p yal 
ithe stil 3 Golding Bird, letterige’ | 


A A\keeeal 
fl “Magazine 1 wy To y Aeseribine hig: 
ber in eoil, he hoe tf that he gots the ritost | 


’ ‘brilliant ‘parks from electr des of thie matorin), : d | 


‘ ra died pital 
See ee Uy Ute wor a 
ated ye 5 











eS re 






















ot : . ant ee 
Revue FP eopoMADAIRE “Sw TeRNATIONALE “Giusrrte pes JEXposrrIoNs 
REDACTION ET ADMINISTRATION 50 CENTINES LE NUMBRO | - 


51, rue Richer, 64, ADMINISTRATEUR : G, GEORGES: ; 
NE REPOND PAS DEB MANUSCRITS ENVOYS 6° Année,— No 279, — 8 Aodt 1880. —> Paria Tour: 
Prix de Abonnemont; Panis aT LES Daranrauanta, un an 26 fra ; 















































































































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: : : : 5 — v 
SOMMAIRE » f terre a terre sur la question pratique, trouveraiont ‘on no saurait trop louer ni trop adinirer, [ 
grape, Caurerie, Jaformations, Hailes ut eninsesin- bien lourd A manier: aux inventeurs, aux savants, L : ae 
sprite aaa at our Tt ane _eltite. Gaeeuas, dove aux grands industricls, aux grands negociantsameé- reste, dans toute celte belle histofredu iirag 
Ain do Banyuls, gan Metication déelvative.— fbliographle, — ‘Tieains, il faut an Journal pour leur usage special, ire jusie pour tout le monde. ; 
i np nee ie mit Ja Presse de Bsa aid jour- hs professours de M. Gower, 4 l'univer- d 
j . v , nal quotidien, dont 1é tirage s'élova rapidement: '& entidrement gagnés par la beauté do" : 
M. PREDERIC ALLEN GOWER 80,000 exemplaires ‘Le journal ‘fut pot’ My Gower'| Iidéo "gogplerscenl, ceux tind au nates final, en’ 
PROPAGATEUR OU TELEPHONE bien aniens qu'une fortune, il tut valait la connais-'| mettant a ‘Bervice dol'invention les conseils de leur 
a sance ct Vamitic de M. Bell, tinntiortet inventeur. | seienco et do ler expdrience, lo libre usage de leurs 
du _yrat téléphotie, du tééphone sans pile. ' ~ Tinstrumonis et de leurs laboratoires, toutes les res- , 
EUG) ANS tonto, invention, : ee A i ‘ sources dont ‘ils disposaient .et 
ily a généralement : ae d quills furent houreux de prodiguer 
deux actions succes- SN ait pour le progres de la science, 
sives:celledu savant . Le sucets fut foudroyant, comme il 
qui congoitla théoria - ; Vest presque toujours en Amérique. 
et celle de lingé- En peu de temps, lo téléphone Bell, 
+ peur qui réalise la pratique. _ enfin rendu pratique, muni de l'em- 
Co fait s'est produit pour l'admira- . bouchtro maniable 4 cavité cylin- 
¢ al toute récente invention du té- dro-conique créde par M. le professeur 
phone, comme pour. les autres, John Pierce. otc.,-entrait résohiment 
Transticttre le son A.distance au dans 1a période des applications; une 
loyen’ do Mélectricité, comme on Société puissanto était créée; dix 
Rnsmet le mouvement, telle était la mille appareils étafent misau service 1 cattenncee 







corie cherchée et pressentic deja 
Ar plusicurs savants. 
Page avail constaté que l'almanta~ 
on ct la désaimantation du ferdoux 
. joduit un certain son, Un savant 
lemand, Reiss, avait construit, sur 
| principe, un apparel! qui fit en- 
ndre toute une association scien- 
que rassemblée des chants exéeu- 
A cent métres de distance. Gray 
Avail construitun autre qui trans- 
ait, comme une espice’ d’har- 
nitim, les sons musicaux. 
Mais c'est Graham Bell que re- 
ent -lhonneur.d'avoir’ réussi & 
psmetire. A. distance, non-seule- 
HIG soni matatnvolx;<l5 nara, 
s teat ‘ VAY " 


du public... 
© Pour les hommes douds d'une ac- 
Uvils fidvreuse comme M. Gower, un 
, Succks agsuré est un sucets dpuisé, 

Le (téléphonc, parfaitement en 
mesure de faire son chemin toutseul 
‘en Amérique, wayant plus besoin de 
‘lui, M. Gower partit pour la viellle 
‘Europe et se rendit dabord en An- 
gleterre oft Vappelaiont des affinites 
, de race, , 

Tei de nouvelles difficultés s'of~ 
fraient, notamment Vhumidité du 
















































; l'ldée principale étaitstrouvée, ot 
nous/ayons: rappold: allleurd:: quo 














Lint to 


ny 


Pp a i . 
tla: fondation’ do In Socléts-des” 
ttro‘A'sa disposition ‘ses ‘droits; 
ot dé M. Bell, droits acquis 

* 


ui, avec it 
eas 





Yate de $5 OG eromkws Ge 
Guan, hou Agi Greeny 
“Despues el invorito del teléfono sencillo, por Boll, on 
1876, y dol teléfono oleptro-quimico, por Edison, en 1877, 
{Jas iiltimas reformas nplicadas al tolégrafo eléctrico son 
“4 Jag aigniontes: on-1879, ol profesor Cowpor.,ha invontado 
* el tolégrafo Hamado eserifor, porque lvaguja tolegrafica do 
Ya estacion do término roproduco.en facs{mite ol despacho | 
quo-z0 escribé en. In estncion do origen, y.csto sistema ‘g0° 
“ omplea ya en ‘algunas yioblaciones de los Estados-Unidos, 
entre los establecimientos de comercio; on 1880, pocos me- 
‘ges ha, el profesor Mr. Field hapublicado Ia sustitucion do 
‘ In clectricidad—dindmica por baterins galvdnicas en uso en 
‘ ¢l.tolégrafo cléctrico, : era . 
! JG aqui en resiimen los descubrimientos heehos en-el 
presente siglo: ; . 

1816: Francisco Bonald, dc Inglaterra, conatruyé wna 
peqnefia Hinea telegrificn do alambro para experimontar el 
sistema de lineaa- y puntos que mits adelante perfecciond 

: My. Wheatstone... wae F 

1828: Mr, Harrison. Cray Dyar, de Norte América, cons- 

! trnyé una linca en Long-Island (nego otra entre Nuoya 
' York y Filadelfia), on ta onal Jas seftales quedaban ya im- 
. presas sobro el papol. Ma ee is . 

| 1839: Progreso citado do Mr. .Wheatstone. : 
+ 1846: TLelégrafo galvano-quimico do Mr. Alexander 
' Bain, escocés, . wa POLO we atces io 

1846: Primer.tolégrafo impresor do My, Ioutse. 

1 1837.4 60: Maravillosos descubrimientos y_ aplicaciones 
, del profesor Samuel F.B. Morse, de Nuova-York: telé- 
| grafo clectro-magnético, sistoma Morse, : 

1855: Tolégrafo impresorperfeccionado por M, Mughes. ; 

_ 1872: Sistema doble, inventado por Mr. Stearns, para 
. trasmitir simultdneamento dos comunicaciones por wn mis: 
| mo alambre,"’"” : 

1874: Sistema enddruplo do Mr. Edison. 

: 1874 f 76: Método Gray,.para las trasmisiones eléc- 
rica, ‘ ; : 


i 
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TUDES RETROSPECTIVES — 
| LES DERNIERS TRAVAUX DE M, GAUGAIN 


i 

Suite, - (Voir le ne du 15 septembre et du tw octobre 1880,) | 

i —!: 3! Reka G! 

Penson ot UWA W Neal 

C i 


Il. — Procéfés daimantation ct do désaimantation, 
* ‘ ‘ 


ce) 
3 Dans les mémoires qui suivent ceux donut i a été yusquiicl question, 
+ MoGangain étudie les effets magnétiquesdansVacier tremps, et pour ale! 
~7? matter ses acters, il emptote fa méthode d’iiias de Harlem, 1) mont 
tre dubord que Vintensité magndtique produite dans un barrean donne, , 
- par un courant dintensité ditermiuce, au mayen de bobines donntes, | 
| peut varier entre des limites trés-ctendues suivant qu'on manauvre | 
“ees bolsines de telle on telle fagons ainst i fait vole a qu'une pane! 
donbte (aller ct venir) de ta bobine magnétisante, des poles vers 1a; 
= ‘ligne neutre, est plas efficace que deux passes stmples, mime! 
lorsque celles-cl sont elfectudes dans le méme eens; a% qu'une pasee, 
3 sUnique, falte de la figne neutre aux poles, est plus cilicace qu'une: 
' passcen sens contratre; 3¢ que te magnétisme dévcloppe augmente avec 
¢ lenombre des passes ctd’autaut plus;que Vintensité du courant induc: 
\ ; Seu cst plus faible {voir comptes rendus tome 79 p. 1300), mais! 
a> ‘que dans tous les cas, il est nécessaire d'armer les poles dune! 
RP armature, Dans ces conditions, ct en appliquant 4 Paimant vingt ou . 
j frente passes doubles, on peut oblenir ane pulssatice magnétique | 
“=> quadruple de celle qui serait fournie avec une passe uniqne, en! 
) Supposant Valmant dépourve darmature. Comme dans le cours de | 
ses expéricnces, M.'Gangain avait souvent besoin de désaimanter | 
yaon almant, ia df rechercher une méthode de désaimantation qui | 
| permit de rendre celuleci complitement neutre, ce qui n'dtalt pas! © 
wu pour cela recours au procédé dont nous avous | 


ttsantes tthe série de courants alternathfe(t4), ayant des Intensitds 
successivement -décroissantes. Quand ‘on cniploic’ pour obtenir cc 
résultat Je procédé de certains constructeurs, cest-d-dire 1a friction 
d'un. fer doux, que Von fait glisser des pales A la ligne neutre, on; 
wobtiont qu'une désaimantation incompléte, pour laquelle 1a courbe j 
des intensités rémancntes varle selon que le glissement du fer se fait | 
dans un sens on dans Iautce, et qui est beauconp plus sasreninte 
i 
| 
f 


{ adja parlé, qui consiste & Talre passer 4 traver: | 


dans un cas que dans Vautre, cesteAdire quand ta friction est ecffece 
tude de la ligne neutre aux pales, Ick M. Gaugain cst obligé de 
reconnaitre encore que sa méthode d'étudicr Ja distribution du 
magnétisme ue conduit pas aux mimes conclusions que celle quli 
consiste A étudier Maprés tea forces altcactives, Aisi, en opérant; 
Jee frictions dont il vient d'dtre question, on reconvall, par cette: 
dernlére methode, que quand elles sc font de Ja ligne neutre aux! 
pates on diminue le magnétisme dans fe volsinage de ta ligne neutre, 


ot on Yaugmente vers les poles, tandis que le frottement Inverse: 
+ produit Velfet contraire. 


M. Gaugain profite de cette circonstance pour prover que $3; 
Bai pour p i 


© méthode dinvestigation est meitleure que celtes qui sont le plus; 
‘ souvent cmployces; mais, en cela, nous ne pouvons Gtre de son avin! 


car dex deus mdthodes merurent des effete différents gut peucent avoir quel> | 


1 quefote dea relations communce, nate que sont te phir mucent indépondante, | 


Suivant M, Gaugain, quand un abmant est tromenergique, les frice 


+ tions eltectuéss avec une barre de fer dou, de Ja ligne neutre aus 
: opdles, peut atuiblir son magnétisme dans unc proportion gal peut! 


atteindse 27 p. too, géndratement ct 6S p. 10 quand la friction | 
s'etfectue cn sens inverse, Quand un alinant a cts ainsi soumis +. 
A ces Hictions, la falble almantation qui persiste est beaucoup plas 

stable qu'une almantation dgale qu'on aurait développéie direstes | 
ment dass un afmant pris a Métat neutee, an moyen d'un courant | 
Inductens d'intensité convenable. (Voir comptes rendua, tome 73 | 
Pe LOSy,) 

Dans le menolre presents AM Acaddmie le 7 septembre 1874, 
M. Gaugain revient sur les reactions dchangtes entre les aimants et, 
leurs armatures, UH montre, confurmement & ce que j'ai toujours | 
dit (1), que Naciion echangée entre fe fer et Valmant a pour etfet: 
@imprimer aus moldcules de Varmature placdes pres de la surface ; 
de contact, un mouvement de rotatlan qui tes rapprocte plus ou } 
moins de Vorientation magnétique. Celles-ci, aghssant de ta mime | 
nianidre sur les motécules de la tranche voisine, le mouvement se! 
transmet Je proche en proche sons intense des deux poles dont | 
fes actions sont coucordantes, Ltarmature devenue un aimant, réagit * 
& son tour sur le fer A cheval, ct imprine aux molicules de celutcd i 
un mouvement de rotation qui les amene dans des positions plus | 
volsincs de Vorlcutation magnétique maxima que cetles quielies | 
occupatent auparavant, eH seralt provablement {mpossible, ditt, | 
dans état actuel de ta science, dttablir Ma lof mathématique qui: 
régit ces actlons mutuelles de Saimant et de armature, mais 
on congoit trés-tien qu'elles doivent avoir pour clfet d'augmenter 
Valmantation duo fer 4 cheval dans toute sou dtendue, Ces 
considégrations thloriques conduisent 4 cette conclusion que, dans 
un barreau aimanté quelconque, Cétat mergndstque que apyourtiont tune 
trunche ddtermtnde ae trouve matatena nonaseutement par be force coerettice 
ile cette tranche, mats aural par tea actions quterereent dur etle tee tranches 
tofelues, » Cest ce que j'ai toujours soutentt (2). 


As Intinxationsn Coxuneass or Enncriuciask | 
ia annonneed to meet in Doris, on September 
15th, 1881, to be preceded by an exhibition of 
electrical nnd telegmphio apparatus from the 
Ist to the 10th of Augnat. We agree with our 
contemporary, The Blelrichin, that the proposed 
exhibition should he held at the same time 

, With the sessions of the Congress, and in tho 
hope that the dute, if not crronvouly reported, 
will be changed aveordingly. 


| 
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i 


Moder, Dar \e \y ed 


Psyc 


i) 


MalixiCds-€ og OF Fo 


Academy of Sciences |. 


Tite subscription o 7 
: 1 pened by the Paris 
6 i 
ster poses a Statue to M, Hecquerel, the eclebrated electrician, i 
Ala clos: , having produced 15,000 francs ; only $500 ft on 
re are required, Those wishing to subscribe should fend thefr 


contributions to M, Mai 
Se ale Indron, at the Academy of Sctences, as 


1 


Eb becar,  soseeu uaxry, Ooh Oave 


Atthe recent meeting of the American Association for the 
Advancement of Science Professor A. M. Mayer delivered an 


' eulogy on the late Joseph Henry whieh he had prepared, Pros 


fersor Mayer suid :-— 
Honry began his clectrival rencarches nt tho age of twenty-eight in the 
yur 1827, while ho waa Profexaor of Mathematica and Nitnrat Philosophy 
in tha Albany Academy, At thesy he coutinnonaly worked till 1832, when, 
at the age of thirty-threo, he maved to Princeton College. After n year's 
Dreak in hin work, eased hy the proparation of his course of lectures, for 
the college, hota again at original research, and continues hia contribntiona 
to clectrical disrovorion ti! 1842. Thus, during fourteen yeara, between 
tho ages of twenty-clpht and forty-three, he was a constant’ and fortile 


: worker, 


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t 


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As with many other mon of originality, Heury’s firat casays wero in tho 
direction of fmproving tha meana of ilnstrating well-cstablished sci tile 
facta and principles. Mix first paper of October, 1827, is intoreating 
Docauac it was lis firat, In ithe improves on the usual appamtus which 
had boon used by Ainpéro and others to show clectro.dynamic actions, by 


1 omploying soveral turns of insulated wiro, instead of one, a8 had yroviquely 


boon the practice. ‘Chus, for example, to show tho directive action of the 
earth's magnotism on n frecly-moving closed cireuit, Henry covered copper 
wiro with ailk, and then mado out of it a ring about twenty Jnchos in 
ameter, formed of soveral turns of the wire, ‘Tho oxtremitica of this 


: wiro wore soldered to zinc and copper plates. ‘Tho coil was thon ausponled 


by silk filanonts, On plunging the metal plates into a tags of dilute acid 
tho ring rotated around ita point of suspension till ita plane took a permn- 
nont position at’ right angles to the magnetic meridian, By a ainilar 
arrangement of twoconcentrio coilx, ono suspended within the other, ho 
neatly showed tho mutual actions of voltaic currenta Nowing in the Aamo 
or opporite dircetions, which facts nro the foundations of Amptro’s 
colobrated Jaw, Wo now reach a period when Henry appeara a5 
n discoverer, nnd truly ono of no mean order, Ax I remember hig narration 
to imo in the year 1850, it waa na follows :—Ho raid that one ovening he _ 
nitting in his study in’ Albany with a friend, when, after a fow moments ol 
revere tio arone and exclaimed, “ To-morrow I shall mako a capital experi+ 
mentl"? For aavoral montha he hnd beon brooding ovor Amptro’a electro- 
dynamo theory of mugnotism, and he was then deoply-interested in the 


| phenomena of the development of magnotism in soft fron, ns shown in, tho 


oxperimonts of Arago and Sturgeon, At tho moment ho had arisen from 
his chair it had occurred to him that the requirementa of the theory - 
Ampiro wore not fulfilled in tha: clectro-magnets of Arago and of 
Sturgeon, but that ho could get those conditions which tho theory 
required by: covering, tho develo) ping wiro with « non-condttctor, 
Miko nllk, and. thon wrapping it Closoly aronnd tho poft fron 
bar in roveral Inyora; for tho successive layers of wiro coiling first 
fn ono direction and then in tho other would tend to produce a reatl> 
tantaction of thocurrent at right angles tothonzis of tho har; and further. 
more, the great number of conyolutions thus obtained would act onapreater 
number of molcculen of tho bar, and thorcforo oxalt ita magnotism, : hen 
this conception,” raid Henry, “came into iny brain, Twas 80 please wi i 
it that [could tot help rising to my feot and giving it my hearty Aa st a 
tion.” Honry did go to work nex! -day, and to fils great delig! 3 
and encourngement reoverien of the highcat interest and Importance re: 
vealed thomeclven to hin week after week. When ho had fintshed hi 
nowly concolved mngnet ho found that tt supported sovernl times wore 
woight than did Sturgeon’s magnet of equal size and welght. ‘This was li 
dincuvery, . 
Aree original elroy as Tae an posriblo, Honr, "8 own, words hs narrating, {he 
subsequent faventigations of theso very Interesting. phenomena ane 
maximum effect, howaver, with this arran enient nnd o single battery Hf 
|. After a cortain lon tive wiro Jind bean soled a coe 
i vr inerenso of the \ 
ee ee st tana which the targer wire offered to 
mothods of improvement, there: 
first conaisted, not, in create 
separate coila on 
Ing a number of sep eet eon 
quantity mado to 
second method of 
ber of elements 





of the battery, or, thér words, the projectile force of the eet 
{ whieh enabled it to pen throngh an inerenged number of turns of wire, ant 
thus, by increasing the longth of the wire, todevelop tho maximum powe 
oftheiron, To test thesa principles on a larger sealo an experimental : 
magnet was constructed. In this o number ‘of compound helices wera 
yiaced on tho same bar, thelr enda felt projecting, aud ao numbored that: 
hoy could bo alt united Into one long helix, or variously combined in 
acta of lesser longth. From a soriea of oxperimonts with this and 
other inagnets it was proved that, in order to produce tho greatest 
amonnt of magnuotian from a battery of a single oup, a number,{””” 
(of helices ta required; but when « compound battery ts uacd, then 
jone fong wiro must) be employed, making: many turns around - th 
fron, the length of wire and consequently the number of turna being com- 
menatrata with tho projectile. power af the battery.. In desvribing the . 
results of my experiments tho tering iutensity and quantity niagnuts wore 
introduced to avold cireumlocution, aud wero intended tobe used merely 
Hina tecliical xenao, By tho intensity magnet I designated a picce of: 
jaoft iron wo aurrounded with wire that its magnetic power could bo 
exiled into operation by nn Jntonaity battery ; and bya quantity magnot ! 
r LO .opt 9 x ry & ay ry mungn 
in pleco of ‘iron co surrounded by a number of separate coila that A 
{ tnauenctlam could bo fully developed by a quantity battery. “T was, 
Jaatd Henry, ‘! thi, first to point out, this connection of the two kinda ; 
jet the battery with tho two forma of the magnet, In my paper in i 
Sillinan'a Journal, January, 1831, and. clearly to state that whon mage | 
notlam waa to bo oveloped by incana of a compound battery ono large ¢ 
coil was to be employed, and when the maximum effect was to be pro: 
duced by a alngle battery a number of strands wero to be ured.” 
Wo-will Ti return to Henry's atu y of oe properties of a intensity : 
nagiet. ‘This magnet was formed of a pleco of iron one-fourth of an 
fuch in er, bent in the U form, and wound with cight feet of insu. 
wore two—ono formed of n single clement with a 
wvan, surrounlod by copper ant immorsed in di- 
plates, Tho plates of TA aero ed serie malar ind 
exactly the samo surface of zinc an that in: the singlo-cell battery. ‘Tha, 
magnet was now connected directly to tho ainglo coll, The magnet held up | 
soventy-tivo ounces, ‘Thon five hundred and thiety fact of munber 18 copper | 
wire led tho on frown the oll: te the ingnet it now aupported only j 
Y . Five hundred and thirty feet more of the wiro wore introduced {© 
fro tlw cireult, ind then the tnagnet hell but ono ounce. Jn these facts j 
Henry faced tho rame reaults 04 confronted Barlow five years before, andy: 
caurcd Barlow then to ray: In a very carly stago of electro 
magnetic exporiments it _ eon Rugaested bby Tatnco, Ampere: 
o that. inatantancous telegraph might — bi i 
ty cote conduetit » wited and compasses, tut I found such a, 
honeible diminution with only two lundred fect of wire, aa nt onco |. 
to convince mo of the impractienbility of tho achemo;" and such 
at that day, seemed to bo the common opinion of men of science. Dut th | 
opinion is presently to be shown, by Henry to be ill-founded, by reason of | 
the ignorance of the relations which havo of necessity to oxiat batween the 
Kind of battery and tho kind of magnet in order to produce electro. euruatio \ 
action at a distanee—relations which Henry was tho first todiscover. ‘This - 
lishment justly cutitles him to. bo regarded ng aman of genins and a 
discoverer of no mean order, ‘This discovery: lll always Ae Hho one } 
hat waa to bo known, to be understood, and to bo applied, , 
in ati pours to bate conbtructod any fora of eloctro-magnetiy 4 
i? co how Henry mado this disc ; é 
telegraph Tet te experiments ith the ono-coll battery and reaching res 
sults which seemed to,ponfiem tie opinion ot ea rat he impractt: 

i of an eloctro-m: p 4 
ar Ay te eo eesond battery formed of trventy-flve cells, arranged in | 
serica, ‘Tho current front this pattery at fant te oe Inagnet throw ch 
1,060 fect of tho samo wiro ns had been sod n tho experiment vi held | 
firat battery of ono cell. ‘Tho magnet now ifted eight ounces. hee 

longth of interposed wiro tho bat 
up only one ounce, when with the samo eh Der p oe not dizectly {0 
1 Iwas used. Ho now attached his electroomngno! ao 
iy ofc the 25.coll battery, when, to his astonishmen' vit only felt 
are Pie tg a cE ampttad coven ame. 
n0-ce! matters, up) ° 7 
sua thets “ot tho highest if irullieaness tangs at! 
not slow ia? jroleo hem San tien atope in tho advanco of | 
leetrosas ratism, though amall, pers anal ha to Intron ei attontalt 
tho scientific word. eee ftof ore, and thoy stbsequently fur. ! 
much importance ina scientific point o ule att they ronomonn. oF dae: 
nished the means by which magneto-clectricity, iY I ‘n 
A frevts in polarised light wero discovers 
nagnotisne and tho magnetic 7 tre ‘otic uinchines whicl 
hey ove Fed ‘9 we nuity of es avery past of tho «world, and; * 
nyo excrelaci the Inger yy hointroduction of the magnet to tole.‘ 
f cilinto applicability in the 7 
prapht iaeporee Natther the electro-magnet of Sturgeon nor any olectro: i 
vianet pat mado pravions to my invostigntiona was applicable to trans. t 
anitting power ton distance, 7 hte dlacovory was " directly’ | 
Notatned ih th tro alone 
op H ng the year 
graphy ho actually countructed ong, rome time ton OF wna are thant 
around ono of tho uppor r A r ‘This waa tho fleat | 
iy ding a boll, 
a mile in longth, eet aly rent a longth : 
motic to 
it was tho first 
by eury 












I a ie 
cerou qui seet afi 
Houteille n'est pas 


—_— 





Pr sea support (dans ba fig. 1, ha 
ee pour fiire contact 
sur le elit cube DB). Le parleur est surmonté din 
porte-voix qui concentre Jes vibrations sar 
que A el permet de part 
de son embouchure, Las figur 
eerste: di mont, 
He cirenit primaire est tormé par ta ile 
Watusmetteur T ct le fil inductear dine pelite’ 
ans condensalenr ni temblear, Le eivenit 
seun telephone Bell ordinaire, 
feeplenr, le dil induit de da 
rey Ou at fil de retour si fa 





TELEPHONE DE AL HOPKINS 


Le transmettenr microphonique de M. Uopkins 

F iniplicité vt sat 
» Une plaque de 
pe de Jaiton B, 















le surtout par 
le construction et de veg 
!) porte une petite con 





A une eerlaine distance 
“2 cmontre le dia 






















fe Git fin’, formant 











Fig. 1, Tratistueltenr atu Widphone Hopkins (tf grandeur). 







dans laquelle se trouve un petit enhe de charbon de 
cornuede8 millimétres de edt. Un petit « 
charhon 4 lumitre Ff, vient Sappuyer ¢ 






















Hig. 5. Ensembte d'un poste téléphonique Hopkins, 












ligne est doubles Maude 
trique. On pent eniploye § 
nent, tnais sien se pltcant tr 
echure, on dmet (une voiy 

Je son est rendu autre poste ave 
pour étre entendw dans toute ime salle ati les 
sont pris Lrop ge 
epleur est placd su 
comme le moutre ta figure 5, quire 

semble complet d'un poste téléphonique 


poste est absoluns 









sez forte lesan 0-0-0-0, 














cela le tééphone 








Figs 2. Miagramme d'un Loste tele, 





iphonique Mopkins, 






flotle sur du mereure phae 
tcille en verre D, trave 
platine Ky qui anne af 
pile de deux élément 
Pression lu contacl m 
élevant plus on moins | 





é duns tne petite bau- 
ey un petit: fil de 
ppareil le courant dune 
Mer ow Leelanehé, ta 
Tuphionique est réghée en 
a bouteille pA 





7 None avons explique a propos din edly 
Nature du 8 aot I880) tes avanta; 
rants iniuits et la ndcessi 
iiploie un sysléme tél 






qui résullent de 






















bt dans ves contitinny 



















. Poi ge Eee ee 





; Dr. Charles William Siemens. 





Tir namo of Charles William Siemens ts & 
intimately associated with modern electricgl 
progress ns to bo perfectly familinr to Anvericadg] 
; telegraphers, Wo shall confine onrelyes Dy 
{little moro than a Urief enumeration of the} 
‘ achtovementa in relntion to electricity and telf 
“gmphy of this remarkable. man, whose reco! 
; as nacientist and ns nn engineer furnishes elo 
@uent testimony to his genius, hin indust rv 
sand hin conrnge, ‘ i 
| Charles William Slomens wax barn at Lentham 

in Hanover, on April dth, 1823, and is therefowis 

in the fifty-saventh year of his age. When ty ‘ 
was twenty years old lie went to England, ) 
was not at that time identified with clectricityag 

Th wos in 1868 that, in company with hig 
; brother and Mr. Hntsko, of Berlin, he estag 
| Hahed telegmph works in London,  Singgyl 
j then Mesars, Siomens Brothers lave been pigan 

neora in tolegraph engineering, At their worlga 

somo of the largest enables in the world have 
been made, ax well as somo of the grentest ims 
provements in telographic appartas, ‘The In 
do-European telegraph line was constructed by 
them, and in 1876 they mate and laid the di- 
rect United States Cable, which ix about 
3,000 iniles in length, In connection with the 
iHattor work Dr. Slemens, with the aid of the Inte 
Mr. Froude, designed the celebrated steamship 
‘Faraday for Inying oceanic enbles, It wan this 
conveniont vestel which laid the Direet enble, . 
Since then thoxnme fem have laid another trans 
atlantic enble for the Compagnie Frangniso du 
‘Telegrapho do Paria and New York, with entire 
auceess, inn wurprisingly short space of time. | 
Tho order for tho enble was given by the: 
French company in Mareh, 1870, und it was: 
‘handed over to them in perfect working order ! 
in Soptember of the same year, The exblo® 
transmits messages over a distance exceeding 
3,000 smiles, : 

“Dr. Siemena also made original researches 
jon tho application of mngneto-clectric armuge- 
:nenta, by which currents of electricity are ine 
creased in rtrongth without the use of suvernt 





i. 
1 
{ 
i 
| 
} 






































magnets for this purpose was tirst coucoived by 
jr. Wilde, and Dr. Siemens and Prof. Wheat- 
stone simultancourly invented a further exten. + 
Slon of tho idea by using the currents induced by ; 
tho permnnent mugnet to convert that magnet! 
finto on electro-mngnet. In 1854, Dr, Siemeng: 
introduced his armuture, which proved an fim-, 
portant step forward, Ho and his brothers; 
have developed tho dynnmo-clectrie machine 
bearing their nome, and have Intterly taken n! 
| prominent part in the introduction and per-! 
{fection of tho electric light. Among tho more } 
recent scientific experiments nade by Dr. dies’ \ 
mens ure those relating to tho production of; H 
high temperntures hy electricity, and the effect. ‘ 
of tho latter upon the growth of plants, ‘ 

Dr. Sictnons has been the recipient of many; 
honors in the gift of learned und technical as-- 
socintions and bodics, He ix still Inthe prima’. 
of life, and in netively engaged in contributing | 
to the advancement of thoso bmuches of scence | 
und industry in which he now ocenpics so prom: | 
inont a p —The Operator, Hy 


fndopendont batteries, ‘The use of clectro-: | 6 
\ 
\ 





Waleed duanlihs 




















La Lumiére Electriqué 


Journal universel &’ Electricité 















51, RUE VIVIENNE, PARIS 





EDITION BI-MENSUELLE 


Paris ct DSpartements : Un aniese ve. + 465 francs. 





Unton postale : Un an... 





srsccsorevenecenens 20 francs, 


Le numéro : Un franc, 





Admlniatrateur : A. QLENARD, 


No 21 1st Novembro.1880 . 








LE CONGRES ET L’EXPOSITION 
pkLectriciri en r88r 


‘Le Journal officid du 36 octobre apporte une nouvelle de la 


premitre importance pour tous ceux qui travaillent la science 
électrique ou seulement s'intéressent A son avenir. A Ia suite 
d'un rapport de M, fe ministre des postes et télgraphes 
(que nous instrons ci-dessous, déeret y annexe, M, le 
Président de Ja Republique a rendu un décret décidant pour 

* année prochaine la réunion A Paris d'un congrés inter 
national des Clectriciens ct l'ouverture d'une exposition d'tlec- 
tricité, 


C'est pour Vavenir de ta science une mesure de fa plus 


haute importance et dont nous devons avoir au gouvernement 
une grande reconnaissance, Depuis quarante années envi- 
ron que Ja science électrique a pris ladmirable essor que 
Ion sait, des travaux innombrables se sont amiassds. ‘Tant 
qu'ils se sont maintenus dans le domaine purement théorique, 


il n'y avait qu'un médiocre inconvenient A les laisser se 
ne MY ; 





Tome II 


produire isolément; la notoritté publique, la discussion 
“des socidtes savantes, l’enregistrement dans les diverses publi~ 
cations suffisaient & former un corps de doctrines de ces 
éléments dpars, Mais, depuis vingt années, dela science est née 
uneindistrie, et certes de premicr ordre; elle va tous tes jours 
savangant. A pas de géant dans la voie des applications 
utiles, Dis lors de nouvelles nécessites s'imposent, It faut un 
langage universellement entendu; il faut un systéme de 
mesures précis ct reconnu comme faisant loi pour tous, 
Sur ces points, il y a.des travaux de la plus haute 
valeur; mais leurs autcurs, hommes ou sociétés ne pouvaient 
avoir Pautorité ndcessaire pour amener sur leurs propositions 
Vaccord universel indispensable. Il fallait la discussion ct le 
conséntement de tous tes hommes compétents, ddment 
appelts ct autorists; il fallait un congrés, 


La n&cessité on ctait: trésevivement ressentic. Dans ce 


journal, beaucoup de nos abonneds ont 1a coutume, dont nous 
ne saurions trop les remercier, de nous communiquer leurs 
“doutes et de nous donner avis du sens oft ils dirigent leurs 
travaux. Maintes fois, et de tous tes pays du monde, nous 
avons regu des plaintes sur la confusion qui régne dans 
certalnes régions de Ja science, Cette unanimité garantit Ie 
succts du congrés A Metranger sil avait dtd possible d'en 
douter. 


Nos lecteurs savent que, dans ce journal, ces points délicats 


dans I'électricité ont été souvent indiqués; ses rédacteurs 
ont et des premiers Aréclamer fa solution qui intervient 
aujourd'hui, et se sont de toutes leurs forces cmployds A la 
faire aboutir; ils ont bien fe droit de n'étre pas les derniers 
& remercier Ie gouvernement et Me féliciter de son heureuse 
initiative, ; 


Hous parait avoir pris une détermination également 


utile, cn joignant au congrés scientifique une exposition 
d'électricité, Plusicurs entreprises de ce genre ont dtd deja 
préseniées au public, Elles n'ont jamais ett que des exhi- 
bitions industrielles assez restreintes, En prenant un caractére 
d'universalité absolue, lexposition, dans Je cas actuel, devient, 
comme fe dit exactement le rapport du ministre, « Ie 
laboratoire du congrés, » 


Il semble que de ectte fagon on aura constitue le plus puis- 


sant levier de progrés qui pat ttre mis en action au point 


















. 


La Lumiére’ Electrique 
Journal universe] a’ Electricité roe 
51, RUE VIVIENNE, PARIS, 


EDITION BI-MENSUELLE 


Parls et Dépactementa s Un an.ecsseosesersee « 15 france, 


Le numéro : Un franc, 


Union postate : Un an. RO francs. 


Administeateur! A, GQLENARD, — Secrétalre du Comité de rédaction : E, HOSPITALIER 


itt Septembre 1880 


SOMMAIRE 


1» Electrictens, Th. du Moncel, — Hes unités électriques; C. Frd- 
hich et 12. Hospitalicr, — Les machines d'induction amdricaines ; 
E. Hospitalier, — La tétégraphte appliquée aux picherics on 
INorvege; Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift. — Apparcils pour enres 
glstcer automatiquement la tol di mouvement d'un projectile, 
solt dans Vdme dine bouche a feu, solt dans un miticu resistant, 
Ic. Sébert. = Revue des travaux récents on dlectricité, : Lssais 
block-system Ceradini; [Le nouveau moteur de M. ‘Trouve; 
Nouvelles pites de M. d’Arsonval; Réactions ‘réciproques des 
machines dynamo-électriques et magnito-dlectriques ; Recherches 
sur Veffluve dlectrlque; Développement, par pression, de lélectri- 
clté polaire dans tes cristans lidmitdres A faces inclines; th's 
phonographe de M, Lagritfe; Relations entre les phtnoménes 
Humineux et sectriques; Machine électrique A composer. — Gore 
respondance. — Note rectificative, — Malts divers, : 


_ LES ELECTRICIENS 


_— 


Les Mectrictens | voild un nouveau miot, un mot que l'on 
burrait taxer d'opportuniste, cat il est résulté du developpe- 
nt considégrab'e qu’ont pris depuis une quarantaine d'an- 
es les applications dlectriques, Autrefois e'étalent fes phy- 
fens qui ctalent des dlectriciens, et Velectricits dtait un des 
scurieux ranteaux de leur spécialité scientifique ; mais en 
vulgarisant, en venant en aide 4 nos besoins matdriels, tx 
ence lectrique a dit se spécialiser, et avoir un personnel 
rticulier qui fit parfaitement au courant de tout ce qui la 
Incerne, et ce n'dtait pas chose aiste, car aucun dhément 


ysique est plus capricieux ¢t nécessite plus de connaissances 


oriques et techniques, Aussi, quand les premiéres lignes 
égeaphiques furent installées, que Ia fabrication des cAbles 
ctriques sous-marins devint une branche considtrable de 
rdustrie, que des compagnies se formérent pour exploiter 
B applications dectriques, il fallut designer par un nom 

iculicr les spécialistes qui ctaicnt appelds A s’cn occuper, 
fe nom dl’ Electriciens leur fut naturellement donné. C'est, 
ame on le comprend facilement, ct Angleterre que les 


| 
{ . 
i . 
i 


Tome If 


ingénicurs Clectriciens firent leurs premiers pas dans 1a nou- 
velle carritre qui venait d’ttre ouverte, et nous yoyons figue 
rer dés Vorigine, parmi eux, les noms les plus illustres, 
Whieatstone, Morse, Stemens, Sir Willian: Tomson, C. Varley, 


Fleeming-Jenkin, LatimerClark, Preece, Brett, Schwendler, - 


detache, etc , etc, Depuis, les autres pays ont cherche 4 imi- 
ter ect exemple, et chaque compagnie exploitant une inven- 
tion elcetrique, a eu son ingénieur dlectricien, De ‘18604 1873, 
Vadministration des lignes telégraphiques frangaiscs eut 
deux ingénicurs dlectriciens: c'traient MM. Mercadier ct moi; 
mais comme les inspecteurs de cette administration doivent, 
par tat, etre lectriciens, on supprima cette fonction qui est 
du reste remplie sous un autre nom, Aujourd’hui le nom 
dkciricien n'est pris en France que par tes spécialistes qui 
stoccupent d'électricitt cn dehors des administrations de 
Mirat. 

Pour ceux qui n'ont pas une idte bien nette dela science 
Slectrique, le rdle de MSlectricien est bien réduit, et beaucoup 
croient qu'il suffit, pour le devenir, de quelques connaissances 
préalables unpeu plus complétes que celles qui sont enscignées 
dans les cours de physique. D'autres pensent qu'il suffit pour 
cela d'etre amateur d'électricité ou d’écrire sur Pélectricité!., 
Combien grandeest leur erreur! 1... un veritable dlectricien ne 
peut s'improviser de toutes pitces; it faut qu'il ait suivi pen- 
dant de longucs années Ia marche des phénomines dleetri- 
ques, quill ait ‘experiments lui-méme et travaillé de ses pro- 
pres ‘mains, pour avoir Fexpdrience nécessaire A une bonne 


direetion des travaux cleetriques, Il faut quil soit a ta fois. 


theoricien et praticien, ce qui ne se fait pas cn un jour. 
Licleetricite cant par sa nature essenticilement relite 3 la 
matitre pondérable, subit le contre-coup de toutes les réactions 
physiques, chimiques ct mécaniques qui l'impressionnent, 
et les effets quielle produit, outre qu'ils peuvent tre multi- 
ples suivant les conditions de fexperience, sont presque tou~ 
jours capricicus; il faut done assez les connaltre pour les 
prévoir ct y apporter reméde quand besoin en est. Les appli- 
cations basdes sur. tes effets lumineux ne sont pas daus ce 
cas, car les lois sont alors nettes et précises, ct les effets que 
Yon cherche peuvent érre caleulits Mane manitre rigourcuse, 

On a si bien compris la nécessité de spécialiser 1a science 
dlectrique, quion a créé des dcoles de télégraphic spéciales 


‘ante, la 
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Pe Y See 


Vecivurtes lag ress 





ETUDES RETROSPECTIVES 
LES DERNIERS TRAVAUX DE M, GAUGAIN 


Suite. = (Voir les net du as septembre, i? octobre et J 
1 tS novembre 4 ( 
Abyraveante ble le gees 
Aprés avoie dtudié la distelbuti : é 
farresiiale cecceutans oe u ona du magnétisme dans un 
tee vee lee poles contraires de deus aimants 
M. Gangatn examine tes etfets qui doivent résulter des frictions de 
ces aimamts, On salt qu'avec ce Procedé on fait en sarte que tous 
tes Points du barreau viennent successivement toucher tes deux 
poles, Le raisonnement avait indiqué aM. Gaugain qu’d la suite d 
ces frictions Vaimantation correspondante 3 une partie déterminee 
du harreau devait étre plus forte dans te cas ad ta friction se 
race sur cette partic que dans te cas of elle se termine sur 
‘autres points; mals Vexperience n'a pas justifié complétement 
cette manitre de voir: alnst, Hl a trouvé qu'aprés une série de 
Passes diehgtes des extrémités du barreau vers son nsitheu, Vaiman- 
tation de la partic moyenue était notablement plus forte qu'aprés 
une site de passes dirlgécs en sens inverse; mais it n'a pas trouvé 
que ta direction des passes eft une Influence appréciable sur Val- 
mantavion dea parties vulsines des cxtremitts du barreau, et 
come Mintensité magnétique des poles dépend exclusivement de 
peptide de ces parties, il paratt Indiférent determiner tes 
rictions sur un point ou sur un autre. (Quant A Ja distance qui 
doit exister entre tes aimants, elle ne doit pas etre la meme quand 
on exdeute ‘ne séele de frictions que quand on applique siinple- 
ment tes aimants sur te barrean; il fuut alors qu'elle aolt assez 
pee le 4 15 millimetres), et ce n'est pas, comme on a coutume 
i ire, Farce que les aimants agissent alusi plus efficacement 
F les molécutes comprises entre enx, mals parce que action 


les 


















8 





psn ig eee te 





eae nen TETRA 


JOURNAL UNIVERSEL D'ELECTRICITE 489 


ce fe ee eee 


désaimantante qu'ils exercent, en dehors des points de contact, 
se trouve d'autant plus affaiblle qu'ils sont ptas velsins Sun de 
Vautee (voir Comptes rendus, t 1. bp. too). 

Thane les mémoires préseutés & MAcadémic en 1874, M, Gaugain 
étdle de nouveau Viniluence de la trempe et de la chaleur sur 
Valmantation, ct it arrive A conclure que, tant que fe canrant 
inducteur est faible, Vaimantation d'un barreau rweuit Vemparte 
sur celle d'un barreau fempé tee de memes dimensions, ct lle 
Vemporte Mautant plus que Ie courant est plus faible; mais il 
constale anssi que, pour une certaine intensité du cosrant induce 
tenr, les deux almantations sont ggates, et gue, quand le courant 
inducteur devient trésednergique, Je barreau trempe sec lemporte 
aucoup sur te barreau rs ‘outela ntensité clectrique oit 
les deus almantations desicnnent gales, dépen! de 4 longueur des 
barreauy, et Von peut conclure que, plus les barreaux sont courts, 
plas est faible 1a valeur de Vintensit icend nulle Vintluence de 
ta trempe, Cette intlucnce varic, dt reste, nen-senlement: avec 
Vintensité da courant inducteurmais encore avec le mode d’ac 
de ce caucant, Ainsi, quand Vaimantation est produite par une bobine 
magnetisante prame sur te barrean, tes cifets se produisent 
comme il a ete dit précédemment; mais si on trisse la bobine dans 
une position invariable au miliea du barreau, if wen est plus de 
méme; le barreau recuit prend plus de magnétisme que le barrean 
trempé sec, alors que pour Ja meme intensitd de courant ct la 
mime bobine mobilisde, le cqntraire se produisait dans une grande 
proportion, « Ow peut done dire, conclut M. Gaugain, que tes 
barreauk qui ont regu la trempe ta plus dure sont ceux qui 
prennent almantation la plus forte, et qu'an contraire nt les 
barreaux recuits qui saimantent te plus fortement quand on se 
sert de proceédes daimantation moins cnergiques, » 

Comme on Ma vu, les effets de 1a chateur sur fe magnctisme 
avaient dad préoccupt M. Gaugain dis Vannée 1874, mais les 
recherches qu'il fit a cette époque etaient loin d'étre complétes, 
et I soulut approfondis davantage cet ordre de phénoméne Dans 
un premicr travail présenté 4 Académie le zu mars 1576, il 
démontea dientdt les faits suivants + 

t¢ Lorsque, au Siew de chautler moddérément te barteau Macier 
mis en contact avec Vaimant, comme cela avait te fait dans les 
premigres expéricnces de M. Gaugaln, on live graduellement sa 
température jusqu'd ce qu'il prenne Ja teinte bleu, on constate que 
Valmantation grandit d'abord, attcint an maximum, puis subit une 
rétrogradation; 

2° Lorsque Je barreau, apris avuir ote fortement chaulfé, reste en 
contact avec Vaimant, toute fa durée du refroidissement, Vaimantae 
Hon totale augmente 2 mesure que Te bares te refroidit, et 
lorsqu’il est revenu a ta temperature ambiante, elle conserve une 
valeur tres-supericure a celle qu'elle avait avant le chanthage di 
barreaus 

3° Maimantation totale du barteau ramend 4 Ja temperature ordie 
haire, est dautaut plus grande que fe barreau a cté plus furtement 
chaulté, autant da moins que lon teste ausdessous de fa temperas 
ture qui doune 4 Macier la teinte bleues 

4° Lorsque le barreau est revert a sa temperature ordinalse, # 
suffit ge supprimer pendant quelques instants fe contact de Fuimant 
et du barreau, pour faire perdre 4 celuiecd une parle de laccrvisses 
tuent Malmantution qui egsulte du chautfage, mals on te lub en fait 
perdre qu'une partic. Meme aprés une interruption du contact, 
Faimantatton totale reste plus forte qu’avant te chautlage. 

M. Gaugain voit dans ces fails la preave que Ja for 
est une force patsiow qui mainticnt Corientation des moldécules tele 
que les forces inductrices Vout Atablie, ct qui ne possede pas detfet 
de reirugradation, A Vaide de cette propritté de la force cverciti 
et de cetle hypothése que, quand les cuuches superficielles dun 
barreau dacler sont assez chaullies pour qu’elles ne puissent plus 
s'aimanter convenablesment elles permetlent aux couches plus pro- 
fondes (qui ne saimantent pas du tout a la lempérature ordinaire) 
de recevolr une certalne aimantation, il explique les ditterents 
effets que nous vcnans de signaler (voir Cones venus, te LXNXI, 
pP. 635}. 

La nature des aciers fntluc aussi sur fes etfets qui ont dt exposts 

préccdemment et qui se rapportent a Vavier de Shefield, Ainsi, 









































































cocrcitive 














avec de Macker U'Mlevard Ja rétrogradativa coustatée plus haut 
texiste pas. 

Wan autre cité, on a constaté depuls longtemps que, sion 
nunttiplle les chautfages ct tes refruldissements de Vacier, les clfets 
se modifient egstement, nals devientent stables aprés des chauf> 
fages et des refroldissements suffisamment répétés. I cn eésulte 
qwun barreau subit par fe chautfage deus sortes de modifications ¢ 
Fane permeate, guia pour résultat d'augmenter Vaimantation 
carrespondante 3 une température donnée quelconque, Vautre 
petetageve, quia pour etfet daugmenter on de diminuer Vaiman- 
tation suivant que ta température sabaiste on s'éléve. Or, d'aprés 
les experiences de M. Gaugalu, ta modification permanente cst 4 
peu pris ta mime pour Pacicr d'Allevard et Vacier de Sheflicld; mais 
la moditication passagére est beaucoup plus grande paur ce 
dernier que pour Vautre (voir Comptes rendas, to 1. 1, pe £422). 

La cavintion pereng et fa rodetion prmanente sont ensuite 
Vobjet de Vetute de M. Gaugain, dans sa note 4 VAcadémic da 
2 octubre 876, Il montre qu'entre des températures peu dlevdes de 
1° 4 ings, telles que celles qu'a exptrimentées M. Wiedmano, elle 
est si petite qu'on peut difficilement la mesurer, mais que, vers 
3oo', elle devicut tmpartante et présente des caractéres intéressants, 
Iabord, le rapport on coefficient qui représente cette variation 
eat diferent aux divers poitts du barreau; il va en augoientant 4 
mesure quon s‘éloizue du contact étatli entre Vaimant et le 
barreau, et i] augments égatement avec [a longucur du barreau. 

ben est de méme du rapport représentant la variation perninte 
nente, mals i] augmente beaucoup plus rapidement que Vautre, En 
second leu, on a reconna que si le rapport du coefficient de ta 
variation passapire est indépendant de Viutenshie de la force aiman- 
tante, celui de la variation permanente va en augmentant lorsque 
cette force diminue (voir Comyter nendaa GLXXNIL, pe 6 
troistime licu, on a pu s‘assurer que, st le coeffickent de Ia variation 
passagére varie snivant la provenance des acters, 1 varie ¢galement 
dan barreau & un aiire, quoique ayant une meme provenance. 

Suivant M. Gaugain, te fer, comme Macler, est susceptible d'une 
variation passagére et permanente, mats Jes coefilclents sont plus 
petits dans te cas du fer. ; 

1 stagissait de savoir st la chatcur, en augmentant le pouvoir 
magnddque Pun barcetu lorsqu'll est sonmis pendant Méchautfee 
ment & Paction almantante, produit: le méme effet lorsque, ctant 
prdatatlement chantf, on vient tte soumettre & Vacthon macnc- 
Ligue, D'aprés Tes iddes tegues sur Yalfalblissement de la force 
cucrcilive avec La chaleur, faimantation devrait etre bearicoup plus 
faible, vt cest, en cifet, ce que M. Gaugaln a reconnu quand le 
barreau dtalt susceptible a'¢prouver une variation passapire consle 
dérable: mals te contraire avait lew avec des bartvaus ne présen> 
tant qu'une trésepetite variation Passagere, et M. Gaugain en 
conclat que ces effets dilérents Hennent précisément a ce que les 
etfets daimantation que Non olgient alors sont voilés par ceux qui 
res} que sl on cortige les chilfres 













































résultent des variations passa; 
qui les représentent en falsant intervenie ceux des variations 
passagires, on trouve tanjours qne Valmantation ereft avec 1a 


température. M. Gangain fait remarqaer que dans toutes tes 
précddentes Hl ne s'est uccups que de Vaimantation 
sdire de cetle que fe barreau reguit sons Mintluence de 
ta force aimantante; ele représente dunce Li somme des almanta- 
tions dasignées ordinairement sous te nom Walmantation femparaive 
et permanente (voit Comptes rendits te LANXU, p. Sot}, Je feral 


toutefais 2 fa déduction préeddente une observation ¢ cest qu'elle 
Hmants AX de hautes 


ne peut se rapporter aus eilets attractifs di a . 

que fab faite en 1352, qual 
metralemest oppor 
de 2 millimitres de dlamctee 
touts, repli¢s & angle droit, 





recherche: 
tutales 





st 















températures, car voich une expiriencs 
indique, ave point de des eifet a 

Siavais constitué avec un fil de cui 
une hidlive 4 spires dcartées dont tes 
talent piqués sur tne planche de manitre malntenir soll axe 
dans a verticale, Auedessus de cette fidites favaiy fixe un support 

métallique perce d'un trou a [ravers Lequel je pouvals faire glisser 
| un petit eylndre de fer terming par une broche qui te malntenait 


















exactement tu miica de Th de cuivtes Ves deus balls de 
Vhalce ctaient mis en cammanicatlon avec tea poles dun element 
| Kuncen, el apres avoir fait congir mon eytitdre de ter, je Ie plon 





er nt ee sme 



















































seein ba kT waka PEM, 


La Lumiére Electrique | 
48 Journal universel @ Electricité = P 


51, RUE VIVIENNE, PARIS 


EDITION BI-MENSUELLE 





Bc Steere 


Riaisp 





on Ss tater ne 


Paris ct Départements : Un ates. sscsseevee «£5 francs, 


Union postale : Un an., se eceseseeene 20 rance, 


Le numéro t Un franc, 


Adminiatrateur : A, GLENARD, 


15 Décembre 1880 


Tomo Ir 


———————S—SS 


SOMMAIRE 


Un pew de justice si) vous plait; Th. da Moncel, — Hinde sur Jes 
Glectro-aimanis considérds comme organes de transformation 
dénergic (8 article); Marcadier, — Procédés d'unitication de 
MM. G. Tresca et Rédicr; G. ‘Tresca et Redier, — Liglectricité 
st la locomotion; E, Hospitalier. — Sur l'utilisation économique 
de sources tumineuses Intenses (2¢ article}; 

Mbliogruphic. — Les principales applications de |" lectricité par 
E, Hospitatiers F, Géraldy, — Revue des travaux récents on 
dlectricité, — Examen de 1a théarle de M, Exner relativement au 
développement de ta force électrosmotrice de contact, par 
MM, Ayrton et Perry, Transformation de Tovygine en ozone 
par V'eflluve ectrique. Lascenseur de M. Siemens. Microphone 
A contacts multiples de M. Boudet de Paris. Etudes Tétrospece 
lives, Les dernicrs travaux de M, Gaugain (fin), Renseignements 
ct correspondance & Propos de la meilleure forme 4 donner aux 
conducteurs des Paratonnerres, — Lettre de M, W. Preece, 


Réponse M. Th. du Moncel, Lettre de M, Marcel Neprez, — 
Valts divers, 


SS 
UN PEU DE JUSTICE 


SL Vous PLAT 


— 


On Ia dit souvent avee raison : notre malhicur, cn France, 
cst de ne pas dre assez Patriotes. Grice a cette pente 


esprit ct A certaines rivalités Wamour-propre ct d’intérdt 
qui font croire A certains Esprits envicux que les succes des 
autres sont des actes de Spoliation commis 4 leur prejudice, 
ON accepte souvent avec Cmpressement ce qui vient de 
Netranger sans s'inquidter si Porigine n’en est Pas toute fran. 
gaise, ct on va méme jusqu’d accepter avee complaisance 
certains brevets Wincapacité qui nous arrivent quelquefois 
de letranger, parce Que souvent on croit y voir une atteinte 
Portée contre ceux qui ont ost réussir, 

nialheurcusement plus 

tainement on ne te 


seulement Ie progres accompli dans cette lampe quia pre- 
voque cet engouement, mais surtout Vesprit de Nationalité, et 
hous ne les en blimons pas, C'est Parce que, en France, novs 
avons une tendance contraire, que nous nous trouvons sou- 
vent depouillés d'une foule de découvertes et dinventions 

Sertantes, qui ne regoivent chez nous leur brevet de vis« 
dhute qu'aprés avoir ert débaptisées et reimportées en France 
apres en avoir ett exportées, Nous pourrions éoumerer un 
grand nombre d'exeniples qui sont 4 fa connaissance de 
tout le monde, mais Pour nous renfermer dans ce qui touche 
Notre spécialité, nous croyons devoir rappeler briévement ce 
qui a etd fait on France, en fait applications électriques, et 
ON pourra voir, que malgré fe dire des Allomands, la France 
@ contribue tout aussi bien que VAngleterre, Allemagne et 
VAmérique, au grand mouvement qui se produit en ce 
moment dans les applications Clectriques, du moins en ce 
qui concerne les inventions, Je fais cette rdserve, car mat- 
Neureusement les electriciens ant ete peu encourages en 
France, ct beaucoup ont payé de leur ruine leur amour 
Pour Ia science appliqué. Si done nous avons beaucoup 
produit, peu d’extension a cté donnée a nos découvertes, et 
Nos inventeurs ont souvent rencontre de grandes résistances 
méme pour les meilleures choses; mais it n'est pas a dire 
Pour cela que Ia France, ou du moins les Cleetriciens Fran- 
sais, n’aient pas beaucoup contribué aus Progrés des appli- 
cations dlectriques, comme on semblerait vouloir le dire, 

De ce que je viens de dire, je ne voudrais pas qu’on pit 


conclure que nous devrions nous croire supéricurs 4 tous les” 


peuples; il est bien certain que si la pente d'esprit que nous 
venons de déplorer est ficheuse pour un pays, ta pente con- 
traire lest tout autant, car elle empéche de voir la vérité et 
de se mettre au courant du Mouvement scientifique géndral, 
Les chauvinistes outrés sont autant A blimer que ceux qui 
ne jurent que par les Ctrangers, La sagesse est de ne pas se 
faire d'itlusion, et Mapprécier le Progrés, t'importe d'ott il 
vient. Au point de vue Scientifique, un savant doit dre en 
Achors de tous tes interets politiques, financiers ct nationaux 
qui s‘agitent dans les différents pays; it doit se mettre en 
dchors des prejugts de pays, ecole, de caste et de coterie qui 
Ont le plus souvent pour devise : Nu! wa Mesprit que nous et 
nos amis,ct il doit chercher 3 rendre César ce qui appartient 


8 ~-++dLes premiers livres sur le magnétisme w.. 


BIBLIOGRAPHIE 


et Vélectricité 


E ¥ bibliothéque a été ouverte dernitrement & Lon- 
dres, au sidge de la Société des ingénieurs des télé- 
af praphies, ct ila été fait une exposition de quelques 
livres rares et curieux concernant Mélectricité et le mae 
gndtisme, wer 

Nous emopruntons au journal The Academy 1a nomencla- 
ture des plus intéressants de ees Ouvrages; 

Petrus Peregrinus : De Magnele (de l’Aimant), 1358, Le 
Pheus aneten livre connu sur le inagnétisme : 

Hxperimenta nora (uouvelles expéricnees), d'Ot!> de 
Cuericke, 1072; Nauteur était un physicien & qui l'on doit, 
dit-on, la premiére idée de la machine Pneumatiquo; 

Désagutiers : Dissertation concerning clectricily (disser- 
tation concern «nl lélectrieité}, 1742, le plus ancien livre 
anglats sur Iélectricité, dit Je journal 7he Academy, Le 
recuell anglais omet de dire que co Désaguliers, physi- 
elensmathématicien, tait un Frangaig, que son pere avait 
emmené enfant en Angleterre, apres la révoration de 
MEdit de Nantes, -Jean-Théoy bile Désaguliers étudia les 
selences, et cut Mhonueur. de seconder Newton, devenu 
Vieux, dans ses expériences et ses démonstrations, 1 
mourat en (74h; 

De ri attracticd (de la foree atteactive), In premiére pu- 
bilvation de Volta 1769; 

Lia Corvespondanee de sir Fy. Ronald (on anglais), relative 
au (élepraphe electrique, 1816; ou y trouve une lettre de 
sir J. Barow, seerétaire de J'Amirauts, disaut « quo les té- 
Iézraphes de toute .espéce sont maintenant compldtemert 
inutites »; 

Vincent de Beauvats : Speculum naturale wnfroir natu- 
rel), 4473, qui coullent peut-dtre Lallusion ta plus an- 
cienne d’an livre fmprimé a Ja polarité de Vaiguille ma- 
gnelique et & son emploi par les navigateurs ; 

J.-B. Porta: Magia aaturalis (magie vaturelle), 1888, 
contenant la premiére allusion au soi-disant télégraphe 
formé de deux boussoles parfaitement semblabics, avec 
des tettres autour du -cadran magnétique sy mpathique; 

Rob. Norman, Zhe Newe Attractive (fa nouvelle attrac- 
tion), 1581, le livre anglais Je plus ancien qui tratte-du 
magndétisme; 

Strada : Prolusiones (Préludes), 1617,contenantun potme 
sur le ot-disant téléyraphe des Amants, potnic traduil et 
publié dans le Speedateureu désombre 1711 qi 

Récrdations mathénatiques, 1033 (en avglais), van Etten, 


scontenant la plus anclenne deseription et figurodu tle 


graphe sympathique en Angieterre; . 

Galilee : He systemate mundi, 103% (du systeme du 
mend-), oft If est talt, dit on, allusion — ce qui n'est 
guére probable — au télégraph- synipathique ; oe 

Vrederiei: Cryplographia (Véeriture en caracléres se. 
erets), contesant te plus aucien spécimen du code de 
Morse,’ — De ect onvrage on-peut rapprocher un autre 


oeres _B 


| 








_ qui figurait également & YExposition : J. Wilkins 2 Me 


Cire ou le Secret, et Bupide messager (en aiglais), 1604, ‘ren: 
fermant de nombreux détails sur l'écriture secréte 
le télégraphe Imaginaire; , ee a 
Le Magasin dcossais pour février 1783, ot l'on -tro 
une lettre dans laquelle Vinveation d'un télégraphe 1 
trique réel est pour ta premiére fois décrite ; 7 
Enfin les Recherches physiques sur Vélectricité, do Marat 


, compiiation sans aucune valeur, 


nous est réservée pour VExposition internationate d'él 
tricité de 1881, 4 Paris, qui a été décidée depuis peu‘ds 
lemps, et que nous avons annoncée & nos lecteurs, 


Nous espérons bien qu'une exhibition du méme genre 














Ne oa el ie \ A fi ' 


TUDES RETROSPECTIVES $f 


HISTOIRE py MAGNE 


‘ SME 
article (voir leg NUNErOs des 5 fy 


rier, §, 4 
. 9 et 26 mars), 


; u 
EXPOSE DES ‘ryt 

: SE DES ‘Tutoring NOUVELLES 
zine des plus bell ne 
actuel dans ta Science 


8 découye, 
rtes du sie 
ment celle que fit en : 


Slectrique . léele 
est bien . 
: 1820 Otrs certuine- 
ae par les cournity dene des réaction 
amantée, Outre i Ctriques sur laigyj 
H que cette dé sur laiguille 
Science et ae, © découverte 5 
AUX investipari Te Ouvrait 4 I 
Nouvelle yoj . SUgations des s ala 
le ‘i saya 
elle établissitontea np enomen “s remarquable 
un rapport si inti Glectricité et Je manytree” 
si i re le magndtion ae 
nume, qu'il pouvait faire prelims 
er 


JOURNAL UNIVERSEL D'ELECTRICITE 251 


a 


que ces deux Gléments physiques avaient la mdme 
origine, et qu'en en saisissant les liens on pourrait 
un jour déterminer les conditions relatives de leur 
existence. Ces conditions n’ont pas encore été 
complétement trouvées, mais Amptre ne tarda pas 
idémontrer que parsuite dela découverted’Qérstedt, 
la théorie du magnétisme. pourtant si ingénicusement 
combinée par Coulomb et Poisson, devait dre 
considérablement modifiée. 

Frappé de analogie complite qui existe entre 
les réactions extérieures des courants voltaiques ct 
celles des aimants, Ampere chercha & Jes assimiler 
Mune 4 Vautre, en admettant dans les aimants, au 
lieu de fluides inertes et séparés moléculairement, 
comme Tayait admis Coulomb, T'existence de 
courants placés dans des conditions particuliéres. 
Quelles étaient ces conditions? C'est ce que les 
expériences nombreuses qu'il avait eu occasion de 
faire pour démontrer les réactions réciproques 
exercées entre les courants et les aimants lui per- 
mirent d’établir facilement. En effet, ilavait remarqué 
qu'un conducteur métallique, roulé en spirale sur 
lui-méme autour d'un axe rectiligne, jouissait de Ja 
propriété, non seulement de se diriger dans le sens 
du méridien magnétique quand il était librement 
suspendu, mais encore de réagir par ses deux extré- 
mites sur une aiguille aimantée a Ja maniére des 
barreaux aimantés. Or, entre un conducteur ainsi 
enroulé en helice et un barreau aimanté, Nanalogie 
était complete, et if Ini ctait bien permis d’admettre 
que le barreat aimanté devait se trouver sillonné 
par une multitude de courants dirigés dans le méme 
sens perpendiculairement 4 son axe, et constituant 
sinon une seule hélice magnétique, du moins une 
espéce de chaine de circuits cireulaires superposts, 
dont chacun pouvait représenter 4 Ini seul, un 
aimant individuel. Par cette hypothése, les phéno- 
ménes d’attraction ct de répulsion des aimants 
entre eux se trouvaient naturellement  expliques 
comme étant les conséquences des réactions échan- 
gées entre courants mare t dans le méme sens ou 
en sens contraire; Ja polarité des aimants s'expliquait 
également par fa manifestation dans un sens diflé- 
rent dit courant magnétique aux deux extrémités du 
barreau, sculs points ot les réactions extéricures 
de ce courant ne fussent pas neutralisces. Entin 
toutes les réactions des courants sur les aimunts, 
Ja division indéfinie des aimants en nouvedux 
aimants, ét les phénoménes du magnetisme terrestre 
devinrent les cons¢quences forcées de cette nouvelle 
théoric, que toutes les expériences ultéricures jus- 
qu’A la découverte du dia-magnétisme ne firent que 
justifier de plus en plus. he 

Lihypothése qu'un aimant est compose d'une 
suite de courants circulaires paralléles se mouvant 
perpendiculairement 4 son axe étant admise, il 
fallait voir comment cette disposition magnetique 
pouvait étre engendrée par laimantation, ct pour- 


quoi tous les corps n'étaient pas aptes a devenir des 
aimants, Or, en calculant les actions exercées par 
un élément de courant sur une suite de courants 
circulaires dont les plans sont perpendiculaires 4 
une ligne droite ou courbe, Ampére a été conduit & 
ce résultat, que toutes ces actions se réduisent & 
deux forces dirigées suivant des perpendiculaires 
aux plans passant par les extrémités de cette suite 
de courants circulaires et par I’élément de courant. 
De plus, il pdt reconnaitre que ces forces devaient 
étre en raison inverse du carré des distances qui 
stparent I'élément de courant de ces extrémités. 

Daprés cela, Ampére au lieu de supposer le 
magnétisme dit a laction de deux fuides particu- 
liers, attribua les phénoménes auxquels il donne 
naissance 4 des courants électriques se mouvant 
autour des molécules des corps ('), et qui existe- 
raient dans toutes les substances sensibles 4 l'action 
du magnétisme, I admit seulement que, dans leur 
état naturel, ces substances devaient jouir de la pro- 
priété de contenir 4 Métat de neutralisation ces cou- 
rants moléculaires, alors dirigés dans tous les sens; 
mais que ces courants, pour constituer un courant 
détinitif, ne demandaient qu’a etre sépards -ct régu- 
larisés. Or, le rdle de Maimantation serait, en vertu 
de la propriété qu’ont les courants de tendre 4 se 
diriger dans le méme sens, de redresser tous ces 
éléments de courants ct d’en faire une série de cou- 
rants moléculaires paralléles, qui suivraient Ja méme 
direction que celle du courant, soit magnétique, soit 
électrique, qui aurait, provoqué aimantation; 1a 
force coercitive servirait d'isoloir, et, suivant que 
cette force serait plus ou moins développée, letlet 
de Ja réaction serait maintenu d'une manicre durable 
ou momentanée. 

Bien que kt théorie d'Ampére rende compte de la 
plupart des phénoménes du magnétisme et de Iélec- 
tro-magnétisme, if est cependant une classe de phé- 
noménes & légard desquels on a jusqu’A présent 
maintenu les raisonnements théoriques en rapport 
avec I'hypothése de Poisson et de Coulomb. Ainsi, 
on dira qu'un électro-aimant attire le fer, parce que 
ses poles décomposent par induelion les fluides 
magnétiques du fer en attirant vers cux les fluides de 
noms contraires. Or, d’aprés 'hypothtse d’Ampere, 
on devrait dire qu'un électro-aimant attire le fer parce 
qu'il erée par induction, dans ce fer, un courant 
magnétique de méme sens que celui qui se trouve 
eréé en Ini, Dott vient ce mélange des deux théories? 
Crest ce que nous allons ticher @examiner. 

__ 


(’) = Parmi tes différentes mantéres dont on peut se repré- 
senter la disposition des courants dlectriques circulaires au 
tour des particules des métaux susceptibles d'alimantation, 
soit avant de Macquerir, soit aprés avoir été aimantés, une des 
plus simples, dit Ampére, consiste A considérer chaque 
particule comme une petite pile de Volta, dont les courants, 
entrant par une ext mite et sortant par Vextrémits opposte, 
reviennent A travers espace environnant. + 





7 bal wade, 












- | THE CONSERVATION OF ELECTRICITY, 
rm -Arosis OF pasta TO THE EDITOR OF THE ELECTRICIAN, 


affirms that the! Sm: By the kind permission of Mesara. Macmillan and Co. I 
m allowed to quote the following paragraph from the preface to 
‘ny “ Elementary Lessone in Electricity and Magnetisw,” eiortly : ‘ Bh 
lo be published by them in their School Class Books Series, and ‘ 2 a. 7 
ow in the press. The preface is dated * March 1881.” 2 : 
| “The theory of electricity adopted throughout is that elec. 
ricity, whatever its nature, is one, not fix. That this elec 
jicity, whatever it may prove to be, is not matter, and is not 
‘ergy; that it resembles both matter and energy in one respect, 
iowever, in that it can neither be crented nor deatroyed. Tho 
loctrine of the Conservation of Matter, established a century aga 
»y Lavoisier, teaches us that wo can neither destroy nor create 
‘gaut natter, though we can alter ite distribution and its forma and 
Waite’ undor the inflacnce of a mi; gombinations in innumerable ways. ‘The ductrine of the Con- 
attraction with another unit ohiarged negatively, jervation of Energy which hus been built up by Helmholtz, Thom. 
‘ought to. produce’ compounds. in -which son, Joule, and Mayer during the lust half century teaches us 
overy unit of affinity of oyery atom is connected, that we ean neither ereate nor destroy energy, though wo 
with ono—and only with ono—other unit of an-! may change it from one form to another, causing it to appear ne 
- Jother atom. Thi indeed, the Biodetn stra: the energy of moving bodica, as the energy of heat, or as the 
ical theory of quantivatonce, comprising all the static energy of a bedy whieh haa been Jifted net gravity or 
saturated compounds, _ : : some other attracting force into'n position nee it can run 




























'Siemens, of Lenthe, near 
tbered eight, of whom fiv 


















































































































































































growing into shape,* but here first enunciated under thia name, q a fo 
teaches us tht we can, neither erente nor destroy electricity, ee ! 
though we may alter its distribulion—may make more to ae 
uppear at one place and less ut another—muy change it es 
from the condition of rest to that of motion, or mn > 
cnuse it to sping round in whirlpools or vortices . whic! , “ 
themselves can attract or repel other vortices. According Me: i 
to thia view allen ical muchines und batteries ure merely ] ' 
ingtrumenta for altering the distribution of electricity by moving 
- Jsome of itfrom one plnee to unother, or for causing electricity 1 ae Free eae * * oO. 
when heaped up in one place to do work in returning to ite former Ho jcation. Tn 1846 he brought out—also in conjunction with his brother iw} ' 
level distribution, ‘Thronghont these leesone the attempt hae. im F i—the well-known process of’ anastatio printing, which also’ met with bo Mo ; 
been made to state the fucts of the science in language consonant : Leary a . * oe 7 5 
with this view; but rather to lend the young student to this us { ;similnr euccess. On the introduction of electric. telegraphs, Werner | p> : 
the renal of hia study than to insist tipon it dogmatically at the | ‘Siemens’s name took 2 prominent place. ‘Che'condueting wires, being | by 
x i i ’ A ° 3 a ee 
[ | “The above paragraph ia published at the present time beenuse, ae jat that time Inid under ground, required an. insulated covering, «For | 3 
sinee _ date when my manuscript was sent to the publishers, a H . this purpose Werner Siemens employed gutta-percha ; and the machine | gy" ic 
the title" Sur fe Sicie ae He steadéule dea ie proes eartag iz ‘constructed by him for covering is even now used in'the manufucture } i 
feeoeel pi leipade ta {storia es pRdpanitnes neta ” Of this | ia ‘of cables, In 1848 his military duties called him to Kiel, where Danish | wW : 
memoir, which is by Mons. G. Lippmann, on ef extract j - ; 5 ie. = 
las na yet been published in the Countee Romlve ut te silting ‘men-of-war threitened the German flect and, the defenceless const. i) | 
of Muy 2nd, when it waa r Tn that short extract the ' i Werner, along with his brother-in-law, Professor Himly, Inid the first | 4 
{ renerul doctrine of the con tion of electricity is laid di { i het ‘ ‘ if i 
u i onservation of electri y : aril ine: H ike |] 
with considerable clearness, und an elegant anulytieal expression | ‘wubmiat no ee dit: teainior of te present doepes. pothis vant os ic} 
of it is given in i briefest form, the author promising some | undertaking there followed a more congenial work of peace,—the laying 4 
vxamples of its applivation to the prediction of al . 4 . 2 * = 
tant phenomena Phe publication of the complete Tahal oe i jof underground cables from Berlin to Frankfort and Cologne, In 1860 : 
BE Tappan will, no doubt, be awaited with interest. im jhe left the army, and with the valunble aid‘of Mr. Mulske, a practical 
Aa my manuscript wae pliced in the hands of Messrs, - 5 cement? ast RTIGa 7” iemens & E . 
iniltan dad Cy. on the very day. when Tee OF Atcharss Mie: i mechanical engineer, founded the far-fimed firm of Siemens & Halske 
written, the phrascology used by M. Lippmann must have been ‘This establishment soon grew to large dimensions, and became one of 
rs Leelee 4 nee befor i independence ot me, Sings some ‘ the chief centres for the application of clectricity and magnetism to the ; 
vee elapse before’ my ‘ Elementary Le vi i : ; ° . . , A ‘ 
{the hands of the public, I wich to pte et Sear cage tier in ‘industrial. arts, while at the same time affording a means of prnotical 1) 
finieundevataniding by tales fie fuiliest opportunity, firstly, of training for many young engineers, In‘1866. Werner established the ‘ 
making this ackuowledgme: v Bai . ne . * ah . * 
‘and, secondly, of catablishing’ ae “ht Pigeon langage of 'pnetmatio dispatch system, which his brother William in 1871 intro- 
Cn, prefieo ns Lo the explicit entiation of the duetrine of the duced into England. A. very important discovery of Werner Siemens 
Conser vation a etritar=Xineas bs, as 8 Wauveey ‘ig the block-signal system on railways, the melodious bell-like tones of 
; University College, Bristol, May 11th, 1881, : ree) which may be heard in inany countries, tunud which gives not only more 
os sn meen race saa security to life and Timb, but lends a certain poetry to the tumult of a 
‘railway journey. A. most ingenions invention is Siemens’s aleohol-meter, 
‘an apparatus which registers with perfect accurney the degree of strength 
‘of the spirit which, flows through it. ‘Lhe apparatus has found such 
‘ ‘wide application that the firm had to erect works at Charlottenburg, 
ae i . “near Berlin, for its manufacture.” Tho principal purchaser of’ the 
a ; : ialeohol-meter is the Russian Government.” Since 1854 Sicmens 
{Brothers have had in St. Petersburg a large maitfactory for telegraph 
{ apparatns, and this business was, till 1869, conducted by Carl Siemens, i 
Very soon: the whole, Russian Empire was, co ered ‘by a network of | 4 
telegraph lines. ‘Chey. alsojestablishedpottery;works, for the pu ie 





4 
t 
4 
i 


x | ' F pees 
SH Bion - rene 4 &s : a | a f ete 
N eG ~~ 
i - 
Li 
é Ke 








‘are the common! 

‘From these three ¢ h'mai lishment 
in ‘the far Caucasus .thebrothiers . possess copper works .and oil s t ‘ 
|-F'rom. this’ may be’ gathered .the: magnitud ‘and: importance ‘of their | 


q is the electric railway; a ‘model of which, | 
exhibited “at'the Inte. Berlin Industrial ‘Exhibition, gave ‘as much } 
pleasure as it called forth apprecintion Many honors ‘have been con-! 
ferred: on this. most fertile inventor: he University of Berlin con- 
ferred on hima Doctorate (honoris causa), and“ in 1873 ho.was elected ; 
a member of the Royal Academy of Science in Berlin, He was: for} 
some time a member of the Prussian Parliament, and is honorary‘ 
member of many scientific and technical societies in Germany, England, 
Austria, Russia, America, and even in Asia. Not only by his brother. 
scientists is his name held in esteem, but he is deservedly popular 
among the German people, who daily in their workshops are brought? 
into contact with the results of his inventive genius. ; 

Here we may, now saya few: words: with regard to Carl Siemens,! 
‘born ‘in 1829... As*an inventor-he does: not come much into the fore-{ 
ground, but the brothers owe:much to him: for the energy with which} 
he has helped to further the-extension-of their inventions, more es-| 
pecially in Russia, As formerly in St. Petersburg, so lately in London, ; 
he conducted the telegraph ‘business with eminently practical resulta, 
He has now returned to St. Petersburg, to be at the head of the estab-: 
lishment: there.’; - He: has’ also’ received many acknowledgments of ‘his! 
merits in- orders from’ various countries, : ° i 

The London brother, William Siemens, was horn at Lenthe, in 1828, ; 

‘and he also received ‘his preparatory education nt. the Gymnasium of 

: Liibeek, - Fromi‘thenee, he went to the, Polytechnic School at Magde-' 

: burg, and attended the University:of Gottingen, where the lectures of 

‘W6hler ‘and. Himly ‘particularly ‘attracted ‘him, His practical, work; 

‘began at the engine-works of Count Stolberg. | In 1843 it was arranged | 

‘with his brother Werner. that he should visit England, in order to: 
introduce the method of gilding and silvering by galvanic deposit. A! 
year later he returned to England to patent the brothers’ joint inven- 
tion of the differential governor for steam-cngines, In the sume year 
was brought ont the process of’ nnastatic printing, also an invention of. 
the two brothers.’ The reiowned ‘Professor Faraday delivered a leeturo, 

on this subject in'the Royal Institution. ! 

Between the years 1844 and.1847, William ‘Siemens was engaged in! 

: railway works, in improving. Hoyle’s calico-printing, and inthe inven=: 

| tion of his chronometric. governor,. Several of these governors are in; 

; use at the Royal Observatory ‘at Greenwich, ‘for controlling -the motion’ 

of transit and recording instreimenta, -In 1846 he introduced his double-; 
cylinder air-pump, which even to the present day is exclusively used, ; 

‘In 1861 he introduced -his celebrated water-meters (beantiful through: 

; their simplicity), which are extensively used -both in this country nnd! 

‘on the Continent. As: regards practical importance and economy in} 

fuel; the invention of the regencrative gas furnace, which -he worked | 

Pout in conjunction with his brother Frederick Siemens, inay be looked | 

| Upon as his greatest discovery, and one which should alone secure for! 

the brothers a, worldwide reputation. The’ properties of these furnaces | 

are so well known that we ‘need not dwell upon them 3..cconomy in fuel : 

is combined -with the-highest degree of temperature, while, at the same 
:time, the absence of .gmoke is.n to 


country and abrotd; ia 
on h 


the i he “ Grand: Prix? ati? 

the 1867 Paris: Exhibition, the Royal Albert: Medal in'1874, and tho’ 

‘Bessemer: Medal of the Iron and Steet Institute in 1875,. For the’, 

Jaying of’ submarine cables, Willian: Siemens ‘planned and had built by: 

Messra, “Mitchell, of Neweastle, the well-known’ steanicr- Faraday, ' 

which: las proved itself’ perfectly adnpted forthe work, The Indo=i 

European lines, as well as several Atlantic cables; were mainifietured: 

‘lat the telegraph works of Siemens Brothers at Woolwich.’ The: imost. 
dimportant of these submarine telegraph enterprises’ waa the’ Direct: 
nite States Cable, for which the Faraday was constructed, and with! 


“the Iaying of which Carl Siemens was intrusted. 


} William Sicmens’s great services have nlso been recognized and ‘ae- | 
knowledged. He was elected 2 Fellow of the Royal Society in 1862, ; 
and has served twice on the Council ; he isn Member of Council of the 
Anstitution of Civil Engineers, and of the British Association, of which 
che is President-elect forthe meeting of 1882. : He has been President 
‘of the Mechunical Engincers, was first President of ‘the ‘Telegraph ! 
Engineers, and was re-elected: to that’ post: in.1878 ; was President of : 
jjthe Iron and Steel Institute in 1877 ; made D.C.L, of Oxford (honoris: 
‘eaus@) in 1870, LL.D. of Glusgow University in 1879. He is also n 
jmember of the Royal Academy of Science in Stockholm, It would’ be 
{difficult even for himself to enumerate the various scientific: sogicties 


{which have elected him honorary member. - ‘The Emperor of Brazil ‘ 
JJmade him first a; Commander and then a Dignitario of the Order of the | 


{Rose. In the midst of so much practical: activity, William’ Siemens 


“has still found time to write a nutuber of articles on scientific and tech- 


{nical matters which would require 2 catalogue for themselves, : In 
{theoretical science he is an authority of the first importance. *- 
+-The fourth of these highly-gifted brothers, Frederick,—the Dresden | 
Siemens, 2s he isqcalled,—was born in 1827 at Menzendorf, near 
Litbeck, n large property rented by their father, Frederick, like his 
‘brothers, was intended to pues through the classes of the Gymnasium 
“at, Liibeck, but having reached the third class, the ‘desire of liberty 
‘urged him to abandon his place on the school-bench and go forth into 
ithe world. He went on board a-merchant ship when scarcely sixteen 
iyears of uge, nnd there this youth, whose mehtal capacities afterwards 
5 {proved so. great, had to work ag a common sailor. After two years of 
his. seafuring life, his brother Werner tried nt Berlin to get him into: 
ithe Prussian marine service. In the meantime, Frederick was allowed ‘ 
‘{to, assist in the manifold experiments of tho:brothers. ‘This chnined 


shim with a very different power. from -that.which bound him to the 


ship, and out of the young suilor there was soon formed a clever, indus- | 
jtrious assistant, who was also an originator, ; ee! 
In 1848 Frederick went to England, and continued his practical | 
studies with. his brother William. The principal interest was the: 

wwly-discovered regenerative system, and he was so fortunnta as to’ 

ake tliis system practical by its application to the hiding 
where‘in'very high temperature is required. ‘In 1868 Frederick built, : 








wt 
ay eee GAT de TERE 














































ica scer i 
Mcieialdthhiiie WO Sat --Ueted Larner 














for a time, to como forward again 





' Tpogardy: Hie quantity exp fed may be 
Germany..., He las established three other factories in 
Saxony; which ;give. employment: at. present..to 2000 work 
De ile gus.furnaces to glassmaling was a marked epocl 
re i of industry. Important, ulso, is his invention of the contin 
usly-working glass. furnace, in which the materials are inserted, and 
low out thoroughly melted and: ready for working, A: further d 
‘cov +f colt . ae ; 
ie pee hid . pi ee of cooling gluss quickly, and thus. producing t “RHE CONU: 
i rls,’ i i 3, 
| Sega g rhis materil will soon compete, for many. pur- i , SEWED oleae CAMERA—A COM jan put tho plates iuto tho rear well. Place the| THE 
tposes, with wood and iron. Its power of resistance is extraordinary, RA, CHANGING-BOX, | Petes a tho well isso tonwart (intr, however SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES 
land even surpasses that of east iron “ Bredericl hns also t a AND FLATE DON Hoe ae a Trey anfoue pidtesyy ted INVOLVED IN ELECTRIC LIGHT- 
i See tats : . urned: hi END a description of cloto th plates); then] .ING,—I.* 
‘attention’ to the pos if this; ption of a now camera I havo 0 alide and lock with tho button, ae 
tsa Gif elantly hoe of producing a “motor” to perform cheaply : Aenitvented, pomessing tho following improvo- pao toes et ce band through ‘the slecvoond| By Paovesson W. Gnyris Apaxs, F.2.8. 
‘which till ‘a gue ahaa in workshops and households a dak aides ‘or Jooto carriers of any kind Hoes and fe wih aapag by tog reas The Production and Regulation of Hlectrio 
wie have to be done by manual Inbor- ‘ . { ted | ng cloth, No hinges or jeove it is very caay to focus, Tho focussing. | Onrrente—Thi 
tee i or—such as turning the! complicated fittings for lifting tho plates to get jaas is thou put back on tho slid seing. e Laws of the Mutual In- 
igrindstone, churning butter, driving sewi ' ig we of order. A miatako cannot Ix 0 get out | then unlocked 0 slide B; tho slidoA| duction of Currenta and Ma; 
pata ) sewing-mach : o mado in expostn; cked and slippod under B, anda pl gnets, 
‘his iden has not yet been realized ‘his io alee Pt aa Although Pa rag ety tho focutiage bontag aslo Houreen {ho carsioe Grell and, Pu "in ite Fes 7 dasorery, re tl a a ohn of 
a siaw aotenite yerine; pile, I 5) , motor, devised on ates can bo carriod, changed, and right-hand block with the Tne ae ling, for tho to furnish the results ‘which ay ae once a 
ie ty ple, hus come near the fulfilment of it, and ob- ain Lael in tho most slmplo raaunor | feo, Yo put in its placo vory casily, Arbo lato is} Couseauence from it, Nearly all important die 
ained for him at the Vienna Exhibition of 1873 the medal for Prog- Sart (anit cine the ihene een of hue ltr revo cog th seul. Ta ar tee able attentions slroady 
esse In paper-mills there has hitherto been a great waste of i Recher tartan thostide D over A,and pat | Pog To ee ered for them time 
fused in the pre ‘aration of peer. g uste of the sodx tho Hlato inte tho ompty well; then closo the slide Fyhen the pu nis, st not prepared for them, and 
laste thievéte ps n of paper, which is allowed to flow away * thirteen inches. way oc ea tho Uae i tie close, the ide ) they are disregarded, and inay even dieapnens ith 
i ‘cams, on account of the noxious odors which the recovery : 5 eae camera consists of two boxes—one sliding ought to havo said that beforo opening the with froth force in after years, when tho world a ue 
lof the same would create 4 2 very; tho other, ‘The inuer ono has two wells o1 slide Annd taking out o plate it is necessary t more in tuno to receive them. Sometimes the: 
Bea a ge create in the neighborhood. In the large yapere | chambors covored over by aliding doors AD put an clastic band over tho sleeve round the ss through a ataga of quiot development in the 
smills of’ Hainsberg, near Dresden, howev bape; (Fig. 1) running in grooves; the front ono, B, has wrist. In vory hot woathor I havo found that the laboratory; laws aro cstablished, apparatus is de- 
‘erected n Si ly -aoresuen, however, there has Intely been | 5 at heat of the hasid in tho camera occasionally causes bie to prove thom, attontion {s drawn to them, 
erected n Siemens furnace, in which these poi ; i : a slight moistura to form on tho lens. When this public spirit is awakened, and from thohigher level. 
socained. 1p Wi be hicned i poisonous guses are-entirely , occurs it ean bo ween Fret eee coche FAME ae nov facia And) now 
: * cd Th , ’ oe oy : 1 od wi off, aston! 
Hin laege: tow the ped many will follow their example; indeed, : : T would ho ploasod to give further information to channels the Wn cat energy afte Uscorerr 
pabis eae jere are many dangerous guses in the air, which the 3 ang, of the renders of the mata ths co 7 | basafor ate ay ot ee aontag to tae 
fi AWS + < sg s ‘N apy good carponter co! tf - v ncy, ACCo! o 
zh i v8 0 a Siemens furnnee might easily absorb, elt a 1 can get them arpenter could make {hs correc | mtanding state of the medium ough which that 
‘he new est invention of Frederick Siemens is known. as the re ; : S The only fault that has beon pointed out tome Tha progres of electrical aclonco in its sovoral 
- erative gas-burner, one of the most important improvements i a about the camera is its aze ((or quater lates | eae eilistes abundant Instances of thesa ; 
5 7 REA, H . S ¥ wna i 
system of illumination, ‘Che effect produced by this eb aa the | Yo & Frogretea lca tau hat Gerard tho ines 
. seconde eae uced ner ap: : ; in show at eloctricit Nd be a 
proaches very nearly that of electric light. ‘The Dresd siting } 14 | only uae genre a ges ve aR 
Rink. a very | y . git. e Dresden Skating | : = tances: yot so little notico is taken of his dis- eT : 
Rink, a very large inclosure withont.a roof, is at present brilliantly’ ares ;- coveries by tho public and by the Government, 
lighted by four of th mo, ’ present brilliantly ‘ 3 : who wero no longer in noed (ga th sald) of tole- 
y 1 of these regenerative gas-burners, which only co i : . 9 graphs after the battle of Waterloo, whet ho is 
as ‘equal to sixt ai pabicte y ly consume . ‘ - Simpat driven to despair, aud speaks of “taking {free : 
xteen ordinary fantail gas-burners, and: these would: ! leayo of a ecienca which onco afforded him o thee i” 
searcely produce any effect in go lange a apace ae . 3 : favourite sguren 9 okamusoment” and of" Bidding y i- 
In the midst of i ‘ z yr op Lat, us 
colossal undertakings an ibiliti : 2 . cars OO tine 
of genius seems to bear these inv gs and responsibilities, the ight two little blocks of rood at the ond to rest the i : x utenti | 
‘atone. cessareh tind an inventors ever higher and higher in the Rate a ainst during exposure, tee similar Blocks d yet the se 
ch, and w " | “ top of the box. On the sl as : 
solve new scientifi : ss ging energy they set themselves: to ; Watehand itoek, there is a little motat iuttou m4 
equal th icant ic problems.. If their success in the future shall: | ce eB PLAN OF WELLS On TEATS CUAMDENS: , ith 
qual that in the past, the w ; HW 
, orld has much yet to learn fi : 
would be well-nigh impossible to reel a ce tems SI 5 wolght and | might havo 
nial sateen P reckon up all. their services to tech- By Eby 2, |and after Dr. 
science, and to the welfare and progress of the worki <3 ; i aL (@aq) threo double backs jan improved tolegraph 
to whom their in i working classes, be a ee a 
inventions open up new sourecs of industry. As Mi paslaon botween the con} a geal 
caused springs of’ refresh se Se ms, It only ono | with tho special 
t ais cance or uM hment to flow from’ the rock, go auch minds timo tho camera. discoveries aro neglected 
g eed of tse 5 ‘ as wo say, tho discove 
+ Magazine ulness and prosperity for all nations.—Cassell’s . , : bo only requi ndvanceot their time, and in some casos thi ae 
: iy . Lo which has a for | discoveries are again, made, and become known 
Seo ce nee Ck ee ee ‘ : oither foregroun undor aucther name, In 1816, Sir Francis Ronalds: 
- z ; fae eee would be required. constructed an clectric engino, which was sot in! ', 
: fixed to it, ‘This fron! blo fc motion by moana of Singer's olectria columns, and! AN a a 
7 purposo of allowing ess | as Inte a8 1851, this engine was still in working’ ‘ 
order, when it ‘was, I belleve, at the Kow Obsor-" 
1s was experimenting 
by 


Sir Hum) . 
Dotween two carbona, which wero joined to ‘ 
oles of a powerful battery. Tho following isa: } a % 
eacription of Sir Humphro Davy's oxperimonts y 
3 electric light: “Mr, Popys havin; 
tho goodness to chargo the great batte: 


London Institution, consisting of 2, 
with a mixture of 1,168 


plates of zinc and copper, 
arta of water, 108 aris of nitrous acid, an 2 
parts of sulphurio acid, so 98 to mako on aro or 
column of electric Tight, Yaryingin longth from one 
to four inches, according to ‘tho state of rarefaction, 
of the atmosphere in which it was roduced, and a; © 
powerful magnet elng presented to this aro or 
¢ column, having its polo at a very acuto angio toit, 
= > . : the oro or colunn was attracted or ropolll with o inv 
— SS s ‘ anado to revolve, by placing tho Hi 
: - ig nu being ropoll tho} - "i 
é ; onough to put tho plates ight hand, Yy the mort 
and attrac 9 soul 
'3 show tho back viow and cells of fore 0 the more 
ins Grove's, or Dunsen’s, pasaiiane: 
% ay realy scare 
ir Hum- 


fs not in ute 
diffe: 


always accom: 
battery. Davy feast 
sodium, darlum, 
joorat Mo nesium’ by the’ ¢ o relation 
tho a “Cantor Lectures”? elivered this year 
y aa erode iSedtis of Ate : 


required. 
: 4 



















a ere ee ae 


‘ cay. 
JOURNAL OF THE THLEGRAPH, 


7 "i facturing Company, of Chicago; Vol- | will servo for braziers and chafing dishes. Tho din- 
n & O0.; of Providence, R. I.; A. Em-|ing room will bo fitted out with all the wondrous 


of; Bomorvlllo, Mass,, Thoodore | new apparatus which already threatens our pescefal | “a very strong taste, sometimes accompanied. by n- 
legheny City, Pa,; United States | firesides with ita novel blending of sofencoand com-| slight shook, aud this action. has some perma. 
whington; Connolly Brothera and | fort. Tho third room—the parlor—will be furnished | « nonce, since we can obtain theae resulta several - 

on, D, 0. with electric chandolfors, mantel clocks going by| “times.” 
of tha Palais do l'Induatrie, | Sloctricity and adorned with electrical groups and| The oxporimenta of. Gautherot wero follow 
Etats-Unis will bo fillod with all | Sguros, telophonto apenking tubes and oloctrio firo- | thoso of Ermann, a woll-known German physlolat, : 
of electric scionca, It will be| Placos. In the billiard room adjoining, an clectrical | who atated that an Imporfect conductor, such 
smatlelactrio railway, on the Siomons/ billlard tabto will onablo the player, if not to mako| morsel of moistened homp, placed between the w 
“Boe from Marly and ontering tho palace | bis carroms, at least to mark them by on olectrienl | poles of n battery, acquires at. each end tho olee- . 
Blonde V'Horloge. Tho road will bo of | indicator, Tho bodroom, bosides all sorta of olectrio| trical state of the pole with which it haa beon { 
Modan it muat necesanrily ran cleat of | calls, will havo on the toilette table a set of olectrio| contact, His oxperimonts were made with a m 
ocaupted by carriages and foot paa-| brushes, You turn a commutator, offer your hoad | toned hemp atring, But Gauthorot boing dead, no | 
dlevated track, on light columns, will| to te gentle caresses of the brashes, and your hair] ono followed up his researches in Paris, ni hoy, f 
16 Avent and drop its passon-|{s brushed—if you have any. Tho soriea of rooma| wore takon up in Jona by Rittor, wnat, ane 
SUES re rr rors eerectrs oon : : tra of tho building. The trains will | closes with a family thonter, stage, auditorium, flata| phystotsta have too hastily accredited with the honor 
‘The Future of, Kec Yeon {s,  forces of nature to our wanta, ‘The rescarches of ncien- | (but with nome exceptionally gnod method. of inns taloon carriages of tho usnal dimen-| ond all, lighted by the Wordormain electric lamp, | of tho invention of secondary battorles. eas 
tints, and the resulta they have obtained therefrom, | lation), tranamitling energy from as great a distance’ all electric motor, which will take] which allows the footlights to bo instantly raised or| Ritter was born at Sanutz, in Seales poceent ber 
Tax groatest expectations which have, during tho] seems to Indtcate the similarity, {€ not the converti- asthe Falla of Niagara... Other experiments have: the'duta supplied by generators at | lowered, filling the room with a blaze of iIlumina-| 16th, 1776, and died ie Mantel, amd aE Fi 
been entertained na to| bility, not only of beat, but of light and «lectrioity. | shown that there can be no doulit that @. In tho navo will be a small} tion or leaving it in total darkness at will, In this|loaving numorous worka, He was nominate 
of humanity, seem day | The known sources from which olectricity may bo 8 ik bi hos with the ald of the 
Rearly to realization, “It | obtained aro already Aumerous, but our’ present ig- : f ‘will Inya miniaturo submarine] invited to give concerts, to moro completely olco- oon "Ho lived a very irregular life y 
theme ad Te fa ea nnet Prevent the: utilization of : : i atom. In tho Lasement of tho| trify the and{onco, - a th : 7 jae ae 8 phystotogtent effect, 
them all,’ It’is: probable, however, that. thoae al: 5 ee Rasteiad all varioties of such{ Finally, a room will be devoted to electric viows, beans on bh Pune terns 
ready Indicated will prove to be more prolific,” .:- auctor, and a ‘mannfactaro, adjoining, but not] projectiona and toys; mininturo telegraphic appara- Falls ‘i eLaLe rte : Ho stated that an antmal’ 
‘When we come to consider the Poasible results of| plication of the: abova principles ‘to: handreds tho official part of tho exhibition, | tue, trick boxes, magio lanterns, railways, dolls and Hi a A try bas during o certain timo formod part’ 
the spooulatty r the development of our infant alave, the mind con:| miles of rail Instead. of-a thoneand yard; hese Srieo alt forms of governmental cleo-| automata, for the amusomont of Parisian youth and : ys dials aeccpasous to quitteg le cere 
f) being partially fnldilled to-day, what : will ‘they be | Jares up pleasant fancies, :: Wo infact, that the larger the exp:riment:the’ i manipulators, recelvers, piles, | thir elders aa well, rip rol am ae seats lars eee aes 
fifty years hence? Already cloutricity has been called factories disestabliahed, wat ho ite suorees,. He looked forwart : to: tha’ } lator awitches and a thousand SS white in clrauit becomes positive when withdrawn, 
on not only to “drag the slow barge and drive the tries dispersed, the operative splaning and weaving | sence of & vitiated atmosphere in andJergronad fit Heoosaary dotail in the complicated ‘The Secondary Battery. 4.0 . oe itinin deduced the tas ten 
rapid oar," but other dutleshaye been {mposed upon | at home, his machinery being driven by electricity, | ways and tunnels, He saw that ‘the wetght ‘of ‘ralls eotal or ts Hlitary telegraphy. Tow-| ‘To settle the question of tho invention of acoumn-| and ui a: Ais cosa ede tee 
it, and {t has Teaponded to the demand with auch | Wo may be quickly conveyed by the same agency | (for there would be ni “heavy Incomotive in th: whole navo will bo an immense] Iatora or secondary batteries, wo cannot do bettor eorgenls: ba fi 
beat rap a ae Seay the hopes from place to: place without the He’ of collisions, | ture, each carriage er focted result of tho Sorrin sya-| than to reproduce somo oxtracts from the Afanuel du | samo mi . 
rtained by lends, : 


= as they. are “effoo an ther senaéa a 28 Volta himself took part in tho disonssions aroused |’ 
ta ; BAD TL +. «| We may seo; and, perhaps, even bo abla to exerclso} braki f ptod by the State at La Hove, and] Galvanisme, published in 1806, at Paris, by I: ran a “ i pinr li dtssevery. nm ohall crake face - 
Tta us08 aro as raanifold they. a effootive; and | the other aenséa ato distance as we:now do that‘ of} and req in tho conntractions planned by M.| very distinguished physicist and professor of the W 
oonaldoring that wo know nothing of it save through | hearing. ‘Theso and many almillar fancies. m: ry 


Galvante Socicty, and at tho Lycée Bonaparte. Tho] thor extracts from tho records of theao discussions, 

ita renults, that wo eannet absolutely yot determine | wild, tat the catinot be called banelens.. io fi will bo ndorned | book is dedicated to Senator Avrial, then Pres{dent - aial Motigil Mahia, 

i! itenature, the subjection into whioh: ft baw been | 16 tg police aedeed Chit elbotthad ‘ener, a . : Bee we atta and hang-|of the Galvanic Society, ‘Tho first exporiments iat ae Ciaatnaataeiaite “Popular 
{ brought is little tesa than marvelous, ‘A-complete can be trgnamitted to ‘ , my : cd by firo alarms, olectric dials, | which led to the invontion of accumulators wero Belentio Leet: ea" {a Interosting :— 

t: knowlodgo, if’evor that may be achfeved by man, as/ thousands of milos, but the’ question: In fs 4 \AEPAlico calla, Lc, A prominont rival made by Gauthorot, member of the GalvanfoSocioty, “A specntative Amorican set, some timo ago, the 

} : {8 quite probable, will almoat certainly onablo us to| transformad at a distant’ place into’ mes Leet he tt 

HF rovolutionizo"many of onr existing Industries, ‘ : : of 


will, be the five great rall-/who waa at the sume tate @ manicten and aloo.) eid of Eorope in excitement, ‘Tho 
f E any other ‘re rm 
well aa the methods of our daily life:- Even’ inthalens na quired form of cnorgy near] 


r a Little] magneto-olectrio machines ofton mado uae of in tho 
am 0 5: 
p absence of thin koowledge, great probabilitien Eee Eee 


ant with thoir systoms for stoppage] trician. ! i 
iug conditions of labor will be’ conatderably me att Afby cloctric brakes, train registers,) Gantherot was born in 1763 at In-sur-Tille, was| case of rheumatio disordora aro woll known to tho 
; nf [amin to wh rE public, By imparting a swift rotation to tho magnot 
tend it. Already it has been Propoued to‘ 
ih the mochanical forca of our stroame, ‘and of 


P ‘ = d'or, 15 miles from Dijon, and 
Now industries will aries ‘ hboaides a singntar carringo, a!-| town of the Céte d'or, 
tua Rat, fortnnatel or ba modified past ein a on! ihe ond P on tho Enstorn line, and inven: one of the chorister boya in tho cathedral at the Or stich « taachine we obtain poweral Sar of 
ae : r 3 N now forme’ » If theao be condus! 0 . 

Itself, into electric energy, which may be inerpensive- pais ethan Ht : aahagel be cersians af slectsiaiey 

\ ly translated from ita sonrce to our factories, farme, ths bnik of tha traffie on man: 


becoming ono of the most 
rez & Napoli, for observing the} tatter place, afterwards ; 
Pipa aieng ee tae ree ee yori the latter will bo resolved into rhe aan ria 
This, indeed, haa b © shall very shortly | und England, wil! by greatly rete SSraumption of stoam, to, The| sichord. ‘Tho discovery of vol ; I retiryyat oto eon re 

. ed, had boen ao. 


If this combustion 
60 oar to .| gen, water is again genorated. i 
RY. 7 riments, which appear to ave ox tal in atmosphorio alr, of which oxygon | 
ry to ‘ville ‘Hot taller a Dewe ‘to the aah hie atrengtb, for ho died in Uh tans . cals ourilal ‘a fifth part, but in pure beh nes 
3 6 B, £10! hn Si 
havo wires Inid along ave Y treet, lapped into avery | orn at apie atvinloo, transportation and dis-| that year. Wo do not know whethor he left any Se Aik We qlega ik aa fae 


“with tho battery is interrupted, If the two wires 
“aro then placed on the tongue, one can diatingutah 


BY PRor, MAURIOR Keit, u. as ‘. 


a distance, and even to many 


1803 a grea’ 

H surprising and] hie attention, ho mado during tho year 

A: gland on asmall but practical ucalo ‘ bly aitaated at the| cheaper to aree , Il offer also tho surprising 

by Armbtrong, Siemens, and others. The coming 
ual Intorarte fe heer amrenten tho greatest individ se 
ual interest, is that {n which Slootricity will be ax . * Froneli rchoo! | descendants. aS Ps calgnd: to tou WELLS, Mead, ag . 

commonly “Iaid on" to our houses an gasand water neni anion a, maar ele eer Tho following is tho language used by him in| o n-like Drummond's light. At tho samo timo 

|] now are, when the wicked GaH companios will cease c y in cach house registarad | alen, 


tho eu : 
de by accident. iderable quantity of heat, 
. 0 “ by tho Chief} describing the discovory that ho mai the flame develops a cons 
oll} from troubling us with their sulphur aud smoko, Me pe at Prenent; and it sei be pasar through ry has been dovoted by tho e ig 


rie mi ret ing taste folt if ono roposod to utilize in this way tho 
1 d fanciful “T perceived that the burning tas' ican propot 

¥ and the weary consumer will be at reat, eae be tno a jecientifio curiosities and fanc! » ne obtatned from clectrolytio d position, and 

Hl p tained from olec lecom 


Our Amor! 
f jo] ee 8 two wires in the mouth, whilothe two other 
at ae ns ani : sie sa eagroneaeion scialyt Pine sical that by the combustion o sufilolent aan 
ek. BERMRs connec, one wi hi and| ‘will porsist when they aro taken away from tho of hoat was generated to keep a small steam engine 
thelr wolght. It follows. sleo, that TSB Bio connect, one with t a ag ee ee eas eaten me iat we geen ko nl oto gi ! 
f fron in bridgos will he reduced, for‘ §; he Theatro Francais, ric 4 | <ticed when the wires aro of platinum or silver. machino, decomposed the water, and thus continu. / 
= ! u ior cay mate thi om ‘Tho tasto has tho samo permanence it the conta all; ropared ita own fuel. This would cortainly 
In one large factories it is frund more advisable to MA Aitor, calmly sented oe rey she renewed several times without prolongation. pee a Sir oot aplondld of al ae : 
slently | employ compannd condensing engines of great pay ‘the sonorous a eo ten ee ee a onl ta te Ga rh mn et re : 
thing | power, aie todriva the wholn of the machinery from * yo fr aint ae sa sistas may talk | vante Sooloty nn apparatus compose bf . peg ace Pa aiggonorated ight Uke the a, sd warned 
iT wat | ona cen 8 are more eoonem. Bwjoining ro ag alice ae eosin hh ho 
“Under tho now order of things ki 16 Hak tolophouo with ea cities like of bong i! rele Talk wii aii aod rae *P a ee i Tho male wan by 29 rey 
Y More advantageous to employ fe jon ora dozon others. mas, literal | to 1} inchos of the neck, the stopper won on hi Pa ae tobe possible; but thous Do ocat ss tine 
Or group of machines, and then In & fa sories of oight rooms, SEN a sinnitay tie onl rape rere santos bat a ho Kat 
sn tenstnaat igs Sree Mee ce sry} ; eae ak ia by alee: beneath the surfaco of tho saline solution, keop! 
7 : . be, 10 % 


hin, 
will bo lighted:by eloctrio| them parallel, and proventing thom from touching 


8 | 01 
by cloctric ourrents passing | each other. Enoh of the othor onda of tho wires w bo numbersd among 


erage erry battory. : A 
dly d #7 ozon oloctric cooks, by janceted with tho polo of s n cris of the wiros be-| fable-rich American; an 
edly do ah 


i mmunication | mained.” 
employment of electricity, and vd; ma Se ot 
workshop ‘ rve that ite snocess is Aswtred be. ~ 
ohinery forehand. Evry exiuting phase of lateat develop. 


mont will be there on view, and every exhibit will 


howover, be as nothing in co: 
to humanity, 





eraeded, but 











¢ 
met 


Legh 





| fs mere Fea NORE DSR RET TRS LO TTP a AIOE MODEMS VER IEA E aT One eRe ee ee Ee 

















Menlo Park Scrapbook 
No. 9. 
ean, I & ese Sea 7 This book is missing. According to the index, it contained materia! 7 Shs. 
about the electric pen. =U, eat Cane pve heey 
{ ‘ 
\ 
‘ { : 
\ 
: ! . oat ee 
cents ee LeN pei * ‘ i tks : 











Menlo Park Scrapbook, Cat. 1010 


No. 10. "Electrometallurgy" 





This scrapbook covers the years 1873-1881 and contains clippings 


about electrometallurgy. There are 60 numbered pages. 


Blank pages not filmed: 1-6, 51-60. 








! 
i 

















a Se ae 
ae ARK BOOK BINDERY & BLANK BOOK MANUFACTORY, 
“JOB & MBROANTILE PRINTERS. 


a — 


E WILLIAMS & PLUM, 


ay 








777 Broad St, Nowark, N. Jy er 
STATLONERS. and BOOKSELLERS, 
MERCANTILE PRINTERS, 


ay BOOK BINDERS, 
FIRST CLASS BLANK BOOK MANUFACTURERS, 
















LITHOGRATIE CHECKS, DONDS, NOTES, Ac. 





























saline 
ne es 
. 
= ‘as 
mo 
eee 
, 
. 
‘ ‘ 
\ 





ee ee Bee 






























or 


71 





83L 


APPLICATION OF ELECTRICITY TO THE 
REDUCTION AND REFINING: OF METALS, 


Axoxost the specifications recently published by tho 
Patent Ofice authoritics aro two, relating toinventions 
by Mr. Richard Werdermaun, 0.E., of groat impor- 
tance, as opening out a fresh opplication to electricity. 
Tho present purpose to which clectricity londs its nid, 
ia to the reduction of motals from thelr ores, and the 
refining and purifying of tho reduced motals, without 
the ordinary Moment action of carbonnccoua matter, 
tho purifying and refining tnking placo at tho samo 
Uimo and by tho samo proccss during tho reduction 
from tho orc. ‘The ores, that is to gay, oxiites, 
aylphides, carbonates, or other combinations in which 
the motals exist in naturo, nro firat crushed, and then 
heated in a suitable furnaco or retort. Aftor tho 
wholo chargo is raised to n red heat two piccos of 
enrbon or platinum, or somo other suitablo material 
which conducts electricity, aro plunged in tho crushed 
ore, Theso two pleees are connected by platinum or 
other suitable wires or ribbons with tho two polos of a 
galvanic battery or magneto-clectric machine. Tho 
electrical action and chomical decomposition whioh 
then tako placo may be son from tho. following 
equations, which are givon for the purpose of lus. 
tration, nnd are arranged in tho order of their 
elhnination, 





Negativo Pole. Positlro Pole. 


Oxido of Zino... .. ZnO an 
Red oxide of copper Cu,0 2Cu QO 


Plumbic oxilo .... PbO Yh (7) 


| Seequioxito of aman. Mn,0; 2Mn  0+0+0 


BINEHE ogee 





Lontsionc., .. .. FeOte,0,; 3lv Anbs 
Meematito.. 2... FeO; alo Phas 
Brown hematite... 2¥0,0,311,0 Ve sio; 
Spathiciron ., .. FeCO; Yo CO, 
Sulphide of zine Zn8 zn 8 
lend) oer) : 
Subsulphide of cop- Cus {eu} Cus 
NOs. se ek se] e {cu - 
Sulphide of nickol.. Ni2S aNi {803 
Bieulphido of iron FoS2 Vo 2803 


pyrites) oe te i 
rites) enrbonate MnCO; Mn CO.+0 
Carbonnto of vive} znco. Zn (0,40 

(catnmino) ..  .. 3. 

Tho reduction of iron ores may bo effected cithor in 
{ho usual manner in tho molting furnaco with car- 
bonnceots matter, or in n reverberatory furnace with 
some suitable flux only, Tho best ore for this parposo 
ia the hwmatite, because it is n good conductor of 


‘Jelectricity. As s00n ns tho oxide begins to flow tho 


reduction tnkes placo, and all noxious cloments aro 
eliminated in the following order, viz. :—eulphur, 


‘| arsenicum, phosphorus, titanium, silicon, carbon, 
Bs regulating in n suitable imannor tho cloctro- 
: mole 


0 forco nui tho intensity of tho cloctrio current, 
aud stopping it at the proper moment, cast iron, 
wrought iron, or steel can be produced dircotly from 
tho furnaco without any intermediate oporations. 
This puddling by moans of an olcctrio onrrent will 
occupy from ro to 15 minutes only, instead of soveral 
hours as in tho ordinnsy pudding by hand Inbour or 
machinery, nnd consequently a great saying of thno 
will bo effected, 

Y ihe entire liberation of tho electro-negativo cloments 
is in somo cases not effected immed! tals, but an 
intermedinto transformation of tho oro takes place. 
For instanco, in treating the sub-sulphide of copper 


‘this oro docs not conduct olectrioity nt the ordinary 









fran oe ec OM Ries, 
., Coating Iron wittt Pratt af 
the faventor of platinum ‘mirror has patented a pro- 


be coated is first brushed over with a compound, formed 

| by mixing 22 parts of borate of lead and 4} parts of 
cupric oxide, in oil of turpentine. Over this is laid the 
platinum compound, formed by converting 10 parts of 


parts of ether, which is then permitted to evaporate in 
; the air, the residuum being mixed with a viscid combi. 
- nation of 20 parts of borate of lead; 11 parts of red 
lead ; and some oil of lavender; and so parts of amyl. 
: Alcohol is added to the whole, This compound is 
applied by dipping the object into it and allowing it to 
dry in the open air, then héating it to a moderate 
temperature, ‘ ‘ 








| artleles of varivua forms by chemical menue, and the 
electro-depositiqn of metals, which surfaces ov artleles 
i are produced elther highly polished, dead, or matted, 
i engraved, or otherwise ornamented, “Dated December 3], 
* 1872, This invention relates flrat to the production of |: 
: Very highly polished or reflective sttrfavcs and articles 
either flat or varied in ‘form, such surfaces consisting 
elther of gold, silver, platinum, nickel, or other 
motals, and this part of thesa improvements is carricd 
out by employing glass moulds or surfaces represent. 





















ing tho object or articles to bo reproduced by first 
depositing upon stich moulds or surfaces a thin cont of 
the desired metal required for tho outer.or polished 
{ surface of tho object or article it is intended to 


produce, This thin coating of gold, silvor, or other]. ... 


: ductal, is deposited upon the surface of the glues by 
} Meus of a chemical solution of tho particular metal 
: to be deposited, consixting of a mineral salt or oxite [: 

of such metal in combination with ono. or soveral 
; alkaline vegetable salte doy pending upon the particular 
{ metal to be deposited, which ix afterwards thickened 
: by continuing to deposit a furthor coating thereon of |: 
; tho same, or un infertor or clieaper. metal by electro. 
| deposition, In order to produce objects or articles in |} 
fauetal with a dend or matted surfavo in accordance 

with these improvements, glass moulds aro omployed, 

tho surfaces of which are ground with ‘sand or by 

other menne. Those portions of aneh glass moulis 

which are left unground will produce highly-polighed 

surfaces as previously deseribed, and any devive or 

ornamental design engraved or in reltet upon or 
{ applied to the mould will bo reproduced upon the 
: Inctal surfuce deposited thereon, In some cases 
S anonkls are cinployad in accordance with this inven. 
) tion Sanpete partly of glass and partly or wholly of |: 
j other suitable substances, such as stearine or -atearie |. 
, Acid, parattine, scaling-was, or other like substances 
+ Or munteriuls whieh aro eapablo of receiving thin, fine, 
: deliente, and compet deposits of metals from eliemical 
‘solutions of such auctals ht the manner provionsly 
+ dexeribed, ¥ ghBi ovate 


platinum into chloride and mixing this chloride with 5) 


OMoen eh HL 188 
. hl Te Gap 11875 


M. Dodé of Paris, 


cess for this purpose in England: ‘The iron article to. ! 


t Potitjean, of ‘Widifienex, ohemist, E In| , ws 
| provements in the production of metallic’ surfaces and |. 


5) 


> 




























ble Kwa Jig aj 
coo “ToT Alonileur Industriel Belge, 


Hee 2 - : 

= .of a new -pi 

\. eT Mera ceca of Batvanopiastic to ne 
it especial 7 

ceramic products, to Pain this objed, 


following methods as 





of artistic Forcelain and Cart 
ial we stamped - i I s 
Piaeend ‘efeaclous 3—The Seramie Piece having seccived 
ilts. appointed decoration, and having ce hie ace 
i baking. ary to fix its colours, the o z 
incigaa decid te Be reproduced by galvanoplastie are 
‘traced with a copper, gold, or silver solution, : piece 
‘fs: subjected anew to the oven, but Be 2 the: wietallie 
‘ all not evaporate, 9 n 
-folution on the furnace and cooled, is plunged into a 
lele@ro-plating. bath, and by the ordinary processes of 
“ {@leétro-plating: the metallic. outlines are. soon .covere 
4 or silver, according to the 












—==—————— 


jet of copper, gold, 


















i tion to the length of time the object ix exposed 
in the bath, ‘As may be easily understootl, these clearo- 
plated’ designs ‘add considerably tothe beauty of the 
decoration, whether by their relief or by the brilliant 
shade of the metals which the operator is able to fay on 
y either of simultaneously. 












ELEctA0-PLATING: OVER. SonDEN: 

0. from” grense with. caustic. potash. Dip. 
in red nitrous acid, in order -to' remove oxi dey 
‘and then wash: awny, with ‘wator: all traces of nc 1 

Muke n tolution of: mercury,in cyanide of potassiuin § 
tho joint for abort time; then oats 
efore... Tho. silyer: may bo. then. casily 
deposited upon .the amalgamated surface. 


tH Sn by 1.76 


“Neckew. Phavin—M. Kayser in. the Chem. Centir, 
No,.127,.1878, gives tlie following sclect conditions for. 
nickel plating. The articles to be plated.to-be care-. - 
fully cleaned, and put ina bath .composed of. one part 
‘of the double, sulphate of nickel and ammonium to 
twenty parts of water; the nickel salt to be pure, and : 
+ ‘also the nickel anode, which should not besmaller than 
‘the article to be plated : the current em; 0 
strong., “When the bath gets acid it should be Tete; 
‘tralised by the addition of dilute ammonia, In plating 
i copper “anticles, the bath should contain, ammonium » 
: ne hundred parts of nickel salt, | 


‘ 
¢ 


MVE 





 ghloride, one part'to one 





We tru bef 198 












Lh 4. Oy 1 yt 


Ss tet Par : “<w? 
Ar the Parisian electroplating establishment ‘of the 
* Société da Val d'Osne, a process for coppering east iron is: 
cared on. The power: is detived from steam and trans~! 
mitted 400 feet by means .of electricity in the following. 
manner, The motive shaft drives a Gramme machine, and 
the current generated is led by wires 10 a second Gramme 
machine which is rotated by it, ‘The second Gramme tums. 
athird Gramme which generates the electro-plating current. y 
‘The velocity is regulated by inserting resistance in circuit. | 


a ~ 


Ag Lier Cel 1S 79 


: ‘PaorEssor A. W.Waranz, ‘of Yale College, Cons 















necticut, has ‘discovered a ‘means of electra.piating, or! 
coating glass'and other vessels with’ metal films by the 
t- action.of a succession of powerful electrical discharges,’ 
‘Taking advantage of ‘the fact that the metals. may.be® 
{ Volatilised by the discharges, he encloses the tivo poles’ 
| Of.a powerful induction collin a glass. vessel, from & 
which the air has been partially exhausted, and suspends 
the ‘article to be plated between’ the poles. To. tha’. 
; Negative pole he attaches a small plece'of the ictal” 
Which ist yield the plating, Under the influence of as 
} spark three inches tong the piece of metal is gradually * 
: vapourised and projected against the cooler surface of * 
j the vessel; where it condenses in a fine film of singular? 
' brilliancy,* Uniform’ films’ of any degree of thickness” 









/, 9 e 
ve Yom Ho iS. 97F 


i 
NickeL-PLatixc.— We have teceived a small 
pamphlet on “Nickel-plating: its History and Useful 
1 Applications,” from Mr, W. Elmore 4t, Queen Vics 
H tora Street. ‘The - process of nickel-plating , dates 
} as far back as 1843, it Appears, ‘when it was. ins 
| troduced by Professor Boettger.  Boettger. employed 
‘ the double sulphates of -nickel. and ammonia, and 
the’ double chlorides: of nickel; ammonium,, salis A 
which ‘are still found the best for :the purpose, .. The 
Americans have recently improved greatly ‘on: the 
Manufacture. of these salts, and: the refining of ‘nickel, | f 
They have.also applied: the dynamo:electric machines !}- 
instead of the voltaic battery to the electro deposlting | i 
rocess; and we are told that there now over two :}: 
fundred nickel-platers in. New York alone, There "| 
‘are also many in France, Belgium, and other European 3} 
‘countries, The advantages of dynamo-electricity for.. 
-eleciro.typing will be seen when it fs considered that 'a | 
fine clear deposit or.“ shell" of copper Boo Square feet 
in area, can be obtained from a lynamo-machine in 
less than threo hours, without pin-hole; or other defects ‘ 
Common to battery deposits... Mr. AV, Elmore has- 
introduced these American improvements into England, 
and is now carrying on the Process of nickel-p i 








among us, ;He smploys the Weston dynamo- 
machine, described 
April tg, 1878, and is 








| 


Ht. 











Wenze’s Nickrn Anovr.—Th 
| tho operation of making plates o 
anodes has’ rendered it im; 
which would render 
“Y grain nickel for such a 
consisting of a flat box made of ordinary battery 
Perforated sides, between which the graing 

so that the bath solution may come 
ith the entire surface of each grain. The holder 
is provided with a hook by which it is su 
battery wire. The perfo 
Ny that separate them are 
which are provided with 
{be readily taken apart f 
holder is open, 
readily removed for washing, 












-More' than. fifty: 
near. Middletown, Con. 2. > 

t of America, | ft was / 
but has- now been fou 
and also in the Amazon stone of 
ccomes abundant enou, 
Y soon have a valuabl 
and also to their. co 


rative that something should be]. 
possible the uso of ordinary | 


yeara ago in the United. 


and named _in-honou 
thus far veryscarce, 


carbon, and having 
' {Of nickel are held loosely, 
| into contact wi 


igh to be used in 
le addition to the 
mpounds or salts, 
called columbic acid, 
acid, art the com. i 
¢ -Stanhatah — yory j 
——. Sen 33 hence ee 
useful in the arts; the compounds of co'umbic. aci 
with bases must be columbates, 

been investigated, but will be fou 
for some purposes, 


The metal form 
Tin forms what js rated carbon plates and the strips 
| pounds of this aéid clamped together. by rubber bolts, 
5 milled nuts, go that the holder iny 

or cleaning, and, as the top of the 


the grains of nickel may at any time be 





They have not yet j 
ind extremely useful 
—Manitfacturer and Builder, 








M.A. Tursarp, when employing the current of 4 CAT Ae we 
magneto-clectric machine to. deposit copper, found th 
the total quantities of copper deposited increased wi 
the number of baths through which the current pass: 
Each bath’contained plates of copper 
was charged with solution of 's, 
which’ some sulphuric acid wa: 
Were arranged in series like the cells of i 
nothing new in this record, but it was | 
posit was better the! 
employed, although. the | 
ch anode decreased } 
The. quantities, of |. 


LICENOH ror ELECTROPLATH, \ \ : 
as electrodes, and } ‘ : 
alphate of copper, to ¢ TO THE Eprron ov * yy 
5it,—In answer to «Tp, 
troplate, unless ho k 
ver of tho weigh 


by tho Excise o 
for some years; 
MONGER) some t! 
late goods wera 
‘0 tho amount atated al 

and wrote to Somorse 
in return, recatved n letter at 
| 98 stated the Excise aut! 
intorfora further with 


1 1lONMONGER," 


P. B," there is in? Hisanee - 
‘cops from which | 
tof 6 diwis. can bo out off, 
im quality clectroplate goods, 
Aicers [ must 
but, seeing a totter (LE bolfeve 
‘wo or throo years ago, stating 
not excisnble unless containing 
bove, I refused to pay ft any - 
t House stating the case, and, ' 


There is, perhaps, 
j found that the gz 
larger the number of baths 
quantity of copper deposited 
with. the decrease of their ‘number, 
lepends: entirely. upon the 
| but’ the“quality’ of ‘the deposit 
other and not $0 well-known circumstances, 


Get Mur, Abe 9S 
‘Eledroplati a The tht 


ality of the de; 


horities would bo instructe not to ! 


moo. If T, P, By” will writ to 
T will forward him this fotte hat ho ma, 


find thus save 


. Yours falthtutly 
‘ _ Clevedon, June 6, 





ew patent by. MM, 
alvanopltastie tothe: 
especially to that 
© attain this objedt;* 
lowing methods as: 
lece having received 






are soon covered 
silver, according to the 
be more or tess thick 
the objet in exposed 
erstood, these eledtro- 


, * [at will—cither singly 












—1y jb 


6 difficulty that attends 
£ pure nickel for battery 


A nickel holder hag been 


spended from the 


| wine ty 


pay duty on it, 


tor that ho may 
hin any farther 






WoW, Tunsun. 














NIOKEL PLATING, 
Withina few years nickel plating has: 
come Into such general use {hat we receive; 
frequent queries In reference totho detalls i 
of the operation. In answer to these we} 
may say In the firat place that tho whole 
process fs one of the moat difficult that Is 
used in tho arte, juat in proportion as the 
results are tho most valuable. 
caster to gild, plato or copper an article 
thun to nickel it, and nmatcurs who have 
succeeded so [well with silver and copper |. 
are Hkely to be discouraged by the difii- 
culties obo overcome In depositing nickel. 
Those who bave succeeded, aftcr spending 
‘I much time and moncy, in making some 
important improvement, generally keep 
‘V thetr method a secret, or cover it with 























The following description of the nsual | 
process fe given by Prof, Sharples, in n 
‘{recent number of the Boston Journal of 






“Tho double sulphate of nicko! and 
ammonium, which Is tho enlt that Is gen- 
{erally used, may now be had in commerce 
t Is manufactured on alc 









tol large scale by Joseph Wharton, of Cam- 
Widen, N. J., who controls tho nickel mar- 
“'y(ketin thts country, Cast nickel plates 
‘a | for anodes may be obtained from the saino 
r}source, ‘The anodes should considerably 
exceed Inizo tho articles to be covered 
with nickel. Any common form of bat 
tery may bo nsed, 


Pace 


‘Three Dantell’s or | 
Smeo's celle, or two Bunsen’s connected! | 
for intensity, will be found to besufficient. | 
wer must not be too strong,! 
ited nickel will be binck, : 
, | strong solution of the sulphate is made 
and placed in any auitable yosacls a: 
glazed stone ware pot anawers very well 
ifthe articles to be covered are small. 
Across tho top of this are placed two 
+ || heavy copper wires, to ono of which the 
‘Jarticles to be covered ate suspended, to 
the other the anode. 'Th8 wire leading 
from the zinc of the battery must then be! 
connected with the wire from which the! 
articles are suspended, the other wire 
being connected with tho anode. . 
In order to prepare tho articles for conte, 
ing, they must be well cleaned by firs 
scrubbing them with caustic soda or pots 
ash, to remove any grease, and then di 
them for an instant in aqua rex! 
fterward washing thoroughly with: 
er, taking cure that tho hand does not 
{]come In contact with any part of them. © 
‘This i accomplished by fastening a flext- 
}) ble copper wire around them, and hand; 
iP ing them by means offt, ‘Tho whee serves 
afterward to suspend them in the bath. 
1] TE the articles are mado of tron or alect 
must be first covered with a thin 
‘This ts best done by the 
which $s prepared by dis- 


maT 


Y 





solution to the articles. | ny h 
:{the plates of metal forming the positive pole with 


Pere rr ates 





















TL AOR Kaas | 





| With rods upon which the articles a 









{| “Persons iitinccustomed to the use of a 
{| bailery will not succeel, nt first, in get 
i} nga constant current of the required 
|] strength, Especial caro should be given 
‘Jto tho ainalgamation of the zinc plates, 
which on being placed in dilute sulphucie 
fackd should not slug," or give off hy- 
{| drogen Ras, If tho mercury refuses to 
Jadhere to tho zinc, the latter may be 
placed Inactd fora few intnutes, and the 
mercury agaln applied. 


_—— 
Cia} 





fone Ry stsermininn 








. November 3, 1873, 












ition of an extensive of | contai: 

M ‘aing the amalgam zi 
ating in aetu brond, gover inches seed 
aud where] but touching 
ished, ant} from tho cell 
hold suspended ti 


or other waro to b 


ino pole three inches 
and seven inches long, 
If of an inch all around ° 
er wire is connected, to 


on for saddlery 


Co Ibs, material are 


daily i 
ronght to market :— Mily plated, fin 


n hox, which is 
inches deep, and 
nm vurnish so ag 











contnin ten gallons o 


PRACTICAL BLECTRO-VLATING. 


Costisa with Nicket. 


of oil of vitriol are to bi 
are now put between 
up the evolution of 
connection; it wil ri 


salts of nickel, 
ence of potash, 


n cuch zine plute, id, or cither of 


Napier, in his * Manual of Eleetro-Metallurgy,” 
spenks of nickel coating; that it is very ensily 
deposited and may bo prepared for this purpose 
by dissolving it in’ nitric acid, then adding eyanido 
of potassium to precipitate the metal, atter whicl: 
the precipitate is washed and dissolved by the 


addition of more cyanide of potassium. 


i 


ine reaction, or 
therefure, that thoy are all 
ie character of the solutions lo 
nickel, which, 


two weeks, while the zin 
gamation fur four months, 
§- Copper or brass wire ig 
decomposing or plating vat, 
Various articles to be plated, 
power of tho battery, take 

8, but the avernge 
fully understood that t) 
clean, freo from 


atvelched nerass the 
for suspending 

hich, recordin 
’ 4 from six to te 
wilt be cight hours, It 


ecu very elenrly 
tho application of the touble salty are 
" Dictionary" for 1832 
ing of cither the 
wmmonia being 
of pure metallic 


| published by 
sof a nickel battery 
phate of nickel and 
‘The preparation 


yanide of potash lins proved unsuitable for nickel 
plating ; he says that he conted articles with nickel 





in 1847, and up to 1853 they still retained their 


brillianey ond continued untarnished. 
tives also tho following practical 


aga or dust before introducing 


taken out from | gente 
washed off with Nu, or 


them into (6) the 


liquid, the articles are 
and polished on a cloth t 


cor by re-casting of such 


instruction. ed from the En, 


or plating, in the following words :—It is iniis- 
pensnble that the battery should bo so arranged 
that the quantity of clectricity generated should 
correspond withthe surface of the articles to be 
couted, and thnt the intensity shontd bear reference 
to the stato of the solution, that is to say, that the 


Hatantity should be stficient to give the required 


Us. | German mnnufactories, i 
be nv known motallie; 
,,_ | Bickel metal contains 
is quite/ns nnode, 


couted | tho operat 


» is yenernlly cons 
sical process. Whether the 
some carbon d: 
for it does not affect at all 


rouge, Vienna lime, or other Polishing 

‘The expense attending 
inconsidernble: spoons 
completely with nicke 
turrets or cheek holde 
and other saddle: 


the nickel-plating 
nd forks may bo 
1 fur 25 cents 
rs, Wheel hubs, 


matters little, 
fon of plating, 
M. Beequerel states the 
process: which My, Ada 





nt Any one may apply the 
us has patented without 


coating of metal in a given time, and the intensity 


stich: as to cause tho clectricit 


for 30 cents per 


ngs potash i y 
© pounds can be pluted for] in Gn or atehen a 


Hepovition of nickel 
Dotnssa ng well as the double 


ly to yniss through the a sadiron, weighing fiv 


uriously: the ¢ 
It a8 wlso essential that 


sulphate of nieke 
a8 soon as {sulphate of nickel 





‘The operation is constantly going on; 
one set is sufliciently coated it is ren 


the solution should be of corresponding surfuce to 


‘|the articles to be conted, aud face them on both 


woved aud }applied; while tha spevin 


lilo. th of Mr. Adams's 
patent consists in the © 


replaced by another, clusion of the smallest 


muin condition of -niekel-plating lies in these 


sides, A rough idea may be given here of 0 plating 
vessel which is nbout 64 feet in length by 33 inches 
in breadth and 33 inches in depth, and’ contains 
from 200 to 250 gullons of solution ; the silver or 


nickel plates serving ag electrodes. 
troughs are 
latteries of threo puir intensity. 

immersed in the acid from whi 
disen, 
reeviving the deposit, being in proportion, 





quantity of potash, suda, 
from tho bath 
ung tion, pure double chloride 
or the perfeetly 
therefore safely 
Yagel’s prose fo 
cobalt is likewise based 
suits of sulphate of nickel 
salts of sulphate of cobal 
the | platinum positive 


or other alkaline earth 
tho nickclising prepara. 
of nickel and wmmonium 
Land ammoniy 


points: 1, tohave tho solution alwa 
it is necessary to test frequently the 
i and if the same indicate: 
valence of acid, to add suilicient caustic ¢ 
‘tu make the liquor perfectly neutral: also ¢ 
occasionally the consumed sults; 
tuaterinls to bo plated always porte 
if the goods are of iron, 
ut ina mixture of murintic acid and wa 
prevent n complete coating, 


ys Kept nertral, 


of litmus paper, pure sulphate of iicke 
‘Two battery 


arranged so.a8 to consist of six. 
‘The zine plates, 
cht electricity is 
gaged, and the electrode exposeit to the articles 


etro-plating with nickel or 
upon applying the double 
T aud ainmonia or double 
€ and ammouia with the 
pole. It consists in taking yoo 


2, to have the 
etly clean, whieh, 
can be done by 


least scratches will 


The vat showkt contain the solution with tho 


battery having the zine pole iny 


with wires, and 2 coppe 
the electrode. 


j {connected with the negutive pole of the ba 


pltated oxide of copper in|! 


‘Veyantilo of potassium. A copper plate is } i jimmersed in the solution, 


moved from the co 
“| washed quickly wi 
A} tho nicket bath ; 
{| become tamished the nickel will 
care must be uscd through |! 
es to. keep all grearo, dust 
rom tho articles to bo cav- 
6 the reault will bo unsatis- 


pper bath they must be || 
th water and placed in 















) jor other dirt f 














‘{the electrode connected with the 


completed. 


parts of the sulp 

and! ammonia, 
tre sed | the ammo; 
E; and if cobalt, b 
doublo galt are empl 
Mr. Beardslee, wl 
in nickel plating 
author that ove; 


Into of nickel and’ 200 pi 
dissolved in Gooo parts af hot water 
gravity, heated to 100° 
uit 138 paris of the sulphate of 


Number 30 brass wire for emall articles, 
muuber 16 wire for larger copper urtieles, 
for suspending the ware, 

Lhe chtovide of nickel and ammonia is much used 
for plating, requiring but four ounces of the salt 
tu une gallon of water, 

at siuple nickel. 
operation, muy also be descril 
results are daily realised 


erted, connecting: 
re to be stspendect 
r polo is then connected with 
So svon us tho articles which aru 
ttery anit 
Positive pole are 
the galvanic circuit is 


nin of ogo9 spec. 


questionably the veteran 
in tho United States, informs the 
t sinco 1858, ho lias coated metals 
rents; that le found the chloride of 


meratia, likewise in full 
hed, ua very satisfuctory | with olectric cu: 
: 1,0 bath or vat 


‘Yo ascerlain the amount of metal deposited, it is 


well to woigh such articles careful 
after the operation is completed. 














u ith a certain quantity of ammonin to be of 
the usual nickel solution of : 


quarters of a pound to the gallon of hot water; 
five gailons is applied to the 


ttoublo salt, three. 
ly before and 


Ho attributes an 


ositing nickel to 
porous cell which the following is 


3 any fuilures in do, 
requirements :— 


i 
i 











MARA 

















——y 


“] is the invention of a Mr, Denton, 


Vira  ¥Reckdor Comg 75 


Annealed Nickel-Plating, 


Iv is well known that nickel-plating is very apt fo 
yerack and peel off when Qepostted on objets which are 
in danger of being Lent, such a8 spoons and forks, hy 
reason of the hardness and brittlences of nickel, Deitye 
Hn this respect very unlike eflver, which will adhere’ 
when silver-plated objects ure bent, by reason of ital 


ductility, 


“Me. MH, T. Irownell, of Hartford, Conn,, has con. ; 
ceived the luminous iden, which he has patented here; 
and in England, of annealing such nickel-pluted objects, 
by first thoroughly drying them off, and then placing 
then in an ofl bath and heating to abuut 500° or 700? 
Fahr, It Is clatwed that nickol-plated objects thus 
treated can be bent and stretched without eracklag or 


splitting off the nickel counting, os 
Pr NAB Abe Oug. 75 


Nioxeuzatioy.—In. Plazanet’s process. a bath 
is used of 87:6 graminca of sulphate of nickel, 20.of 
sulphate of ammonia, 17.5 of citric acid, ant.2 litres 

_ jof.water. |“ A-bath much used in. Franco is formed 
jof-n solution ‘of 4 parts. of nitrate of: nickel .in 
It of Hiquld ammonia, and 150 of water in which 60| 
(parts of sulphate of soda have beon dissolved, Using 
‘a moderately weak current. the operation is at an 
‘end ina fow minutes, Tlicre fs, no need to inter 
Tupt it by taking the objects out and brushing them. 
‘When the film of nickel is of sufficient thickness 
tho objects are withdrawn from the bath and dried 

. With sawdust, wd : 


Stuventsa Natenat Leaves asp Browsers very in- 
3] gontous npplication of electro-metallurgy hun recently 
')been brought before the notice of the Suciety of Arle 
a]in London, It consists in the application of a coat al 
ailver, by means of cleetroaloposition, on natural leaves 
+Jand flowers, By this means very delicate ornaments 
| [are produced, sineo the preelse form and texture of the 
sJontaral leaf ls preserved under tho thin silver fil, 
+| ‘The special process by which these results are attained - 





7 Crs anes. pear tent 
Revue. Universelle” des Mines, de ta Atelatlun 


Industrie, May and June, 1875. 


On an Elcdrolytic Method applied to the Deter. 
Certain Metals, ‘and on the: Thermo-. 
“| Ele@ric Battery of Clamond.—Oscar Loiseau.—This 

valuable paper would be unintelligible without the’accom- 


mination of 


{Panying Hlustrations.: 














¢ je, de’ 
Travaux Publics, des Sciences ct des Arts ‘Appliques a 


: . Anglican nomenclature, so far behind the nge, may 
: sproll La obliterated. Let us bare hytlroxe 
¢ 


acid ;" but our hydrochloric neil isan utter bars 
by but hydro-ncids re intensely absunl! I quite agreg, 
t ‘ ofinition of a metal is impossible, It is a wise, 


H 
\ 
H 












F20F-AL BOW, 1, How aro electro- 
gilding andallyeringdone? A.Forgildiny, ace No. 
280n this page. Silver solution ts prepare’ with 4 
ylenat troublo by diseotving oyunide of potasstum 
-i}in water (3{ 02, to the pint), and adding the allyor 
j] by tho battery process. This {a dono by placing a 
shevt of ailyer and a porous cup in the eyanide 
solution; tho sllyer is thon connected to the poai- 
1] Uve pale of a battery, and an tron or copper rod, 
{) placed in the porous cup, is connected with the, 
Negative - pole. The porots cup also contains 
!} some of the cyanide solution. When adepositba- | 
ging to form on the metal In tho cup, the solution 
4s of tho right strength, One ortwo Daniell cells 
forin suMiclent battery power; If gas a given of, 
reduce the strength sufficiently to provent ita cro~ 
ludion, Work ata temperature of about 6° orto" 
Fab. 2. How is allvoring on glass dono, to make 
mirrors? A. Hottger gives the following mothod 
for siivering on ginss: Nitrate of allver ts dis- 
solved in distilled water, and ammonia added to 
| the solution tilt the precipitate Orst thrown down 
(salmost entirely redisso.ved. Tho eolution ts tile: 
tored nnd diluted so that about yg Of a quart con- | 
talns 16:43 yrains nitrate of ailyer, Noxt, 084 - 
graing nitento of sliver [a dissotyed In a little wae ; 
ter and poured into about a Quart of bolling wator i 
246 grulns Rochelle salt ts added, and the mixturo 
bolted a short timo, til] the precipitate contained | 
in {t becomes gray, ane It fe then fitercd hot. Tho © 
glass plates, thoroughly cleaned with nitric acti, 
cauaticsoda, or ntcabo), are placed inn ehallow 
verscland covered a quarter or half an tnoh deep 
with equal volumes of the two solutions. TInan 
hour tho reduction will be complete, Tho plates 
gre thon washed and tho operation repeated untit 
A suflicient coating of.allyer is obtained, When 
the slivered surfaces ‘are dry, they may be cau. 
tlously polished with the palm of tho hand. Ifthe 
eilver is only required asa coating of ths buck 
Surface, this polishing ie, of course, supertiuous, 
Tn this onse, nina, the Operation. may be shortencd 
by heating tho solutions to nbout 68° Fah. before 
mixing. Tho allverinay then be varnished over 
480 protection., When prepared, the sojutton wil, 
keep about a month in a dark plage. 163 5 


















































































%, 


’ 
HYDROGEN A METAL, : 
[9188.]}—Lienia wns great ara chomist, and 
urenter as a dignified thinking man; aud A. H. 
Allen reminds me, in sight of the pedantry and 
scholasticiam of our high-priced papora, that the 
iV) realtors of tho ENuttan Mzcitanic may well 

, proud of their representative lenulora in nstronomy; . 

- chemistry, and clcetricit » ke, Ke. _ After auch a 
clear, discriminative, and comprehensive elucidation 

of the truo relations of ‘* H'’in thd elemontary rerics 
mmothinks tho nonsense about hydracids, ces aontd 
norer moro be heart of, aud I. would: that. the 


nv 
Noride, or as tho French have it, ‘ chloro-hydrie 


Larism. Wo may bnvo oxy-chloro, or sulpho-neids; 
with A. H. Allen that pedantic precision int! 


neecsenry, Hunan dorvico that we should elnssify 
things, but it is very linportont to bear in mind that; 
» daturo‘haa tio lines of demarcation, Wo divide 
vertebrates into four clnstes—fishes, reptiles, binds,’ 
y-and mammals. A superficial estimate may regarel y 
this as natural, but » profounder knowlelgo will 
i regard it as a wiro Auman dorico, although no such ; 
\ lines of separation actually subsist... A. HT. Allen 
‘ might hare added a good illustration in the corre- 
\ sponding alumlnates of H and Na, 
i i : 
} 
; 








; 3NaCl+Al? cp 
. OH Ci+AP CP t 
and perhaps ho will oxcuso ine for thinking that thet 
whole reprosentation would linve been slmplor with, 
i tho “ old notation.” : + Helocticus, * 


















| “296. . | 
|_296 ae IR( 
oo weBLRMINGHAM 
CTURE OF SILVER PLATE, E 
but, thanks to’ the perseverance and skill’ 
cen so rapid that it is at the Present time 


Its. carly history is curious, and is as in- 
‘o-plating was first promulgated, and the 


XVIII. ELECTRO-PLATING, MANU. 


LECTRO-PLATING is a mo 

of the Messrs. 

: One of the most impo 
, teresting asa romance. When 


nodern industry ; 
its progress has bi 
mingham trades, 
the idea of electr 


arly efforts made to convert the idea 
nd not a little derision. 


Chemists of high 
nounced success impossibl 


es butits inventor and intro 


_ and the carly failures, we might’. 





reputation which they havelegiti- 
The excellence of application of 


and the consta: 


mately obtained has reached all civilised lands, 


‘art in its highest form to their manufactures, nt introduction of ni 





INDUSTRIES, 


INAMELLING, &e. 


‘and the rediscovery 
itheir name among 
iTege to be enabled 


C conduct our react 
plain, as well as words 


can explain, the vari 








into a fact, they met with much opposition, 
authority, and of di 


ecidedly high reputation, pro- 


ducer, Mr. George Richards Elkington, 


like the first Napoleon, had 
banished the word “impossi- 
ble" from his vocabulary, With 
the instinct of true genius, he 
knew it could be done, and that 
he could do it: he determined 
to succeed, and success was the 
Consequence of his unconquer- 
abledetermination, perseverance 
and skill, This success, how- 
ever, was not secured until more 
than one fortune had been spent 
in its pursuit ; but failure only 
stimulated to new and ever new 
efforts, and these at Jast were 
crowned with the success which 
they so richly deserved, and 
which they, in fact, compelled, 
Aided by the co-operation of 
Mr. (now Sir) Josiah Mason, 
the work was carried on in spite 
of every discouragement, and 
we now witness the result in the 
establishment of a new industry, 
and in the production of the 
finest works of art by a process 
which places these works within 
the reach of thousands who 
otherwise could never hope to 
Possess them. Had it not been ‘ 
that sufficient capital was supe’ 
plied for the carly experiments i 


have had to repeat the story of ; 
Palissy the Potter over again, 

Happily such is not our task, } 
The effort has been eminently 
Successful. ‘Ihe establishment ; 
of Messrs, Elkington and Co, in: 
Newhall Street, Birmingham, is ' 
one of the finest and the best- | * 
conducted in the world, and the 








¢ of their work, the application of | 
cw methods. 


Mar, 6, 1875, ‘ 





—THE WORKS OF MESSRS, ELKINGTON & CO. 


have won for thé a distinctive renown which has placed 
he annals of art-industry. It is our privi- 

‘3 over their establishment, and to ex. 
Processes of electro-plating, 














i 
‘ 











and in the various kinds of, art-work, in silver and other metal, now produced at this 
i art-industry. R : 
Dea ss igihe designing and modelling, This departments waiter (ha 
able direction of Mr. Willms, assisted by competent artists. When any artic ‘i is sea 
} the designer first produces 2 rough draft, which is elaborated until! it is pie ly appt He 
‘The design is then passed to the modeller, by whom it is roughed ar iB Cc ay q US ry 
fine work, in wax. This is donc to secure the proper proportions, anc the genera a ADE is 
ment of parts. When this model is considered perfect, a cast is taken in plaster, ia 
worked up with small tools as finely as possible, and when approved a bronze ae i Hy ip 
which, after being carefully chased and finally prepared for use, is the pattern for thie worl: 


Enaumtuing Merrie. 


to be produced. -This pattern is never destroyed, and the number of them, all works of art, 
at the) Messrs. Elkington’s, is enormous, and they are of great valuc. 

‘A'process which may be properly noticed here is the revival of damascening. ‘This is 
done by inlaying in gold or silver. There are two kinds of damascening. In one, the ground- 
work of the pattern is minutely cut away, the gold or silver simply laid on, when it adheres 
to the surface of the metal; the incisions being cut’ in such a: way that they form a serics 


of microscopical claws by which the inlaid material is firmly gripped and held. In the other 
method the wire is pressed in, and then closed by fire. Damascening is a most interesting 
operation. Whatever the pattern, it has to be made by separate pieces of wire. We sawa 


Ree POUT TS Dee es 


Mopettixs Roostt 








mason ote 


i 
spoqiiasap Mow Davy as YOJyA sassov0.d snowita 
0} diapered inj SuOIMUIAIA "SASSOJY 31} 03 syued 
spuyyueut jo ssoyeonpa ayy HuowL passc]2 oq asm 522 
9q jouurs surour yons Aq posiaiaxd aun Uv ou 
WOPeaUpY yas UIIS WIG OATIT suononpord s1oyy ‘sat 
£. qsay ayy jo avad ayy ‘1g s9uIs Poy waoq DARI yotyat 
! pur ‘adoing jo ooejed Arpad UY OU SYIOA TOY, “8S 
Ur auc 0} -puooas UoHrindas v paanboe Davt Sud} 
Uy ]Itys ysaq Oy jo jwawAojdwa dy) pur ‘ooud!0s puL x 
oars : ‘ S}yd JO d5QIANA yULISUOD 91 Aq ‘diysueuyoan pus 
DY) PULIS JOU [ILM TIA Toos-Moys OY UE panquuxs 
rite sppae ou pur ‘pasojdiwa ory woWyI0M 3S9q aut ‘pur 
payteiap v aasasap saponae ayy jo Auvur pu “wood pipe 
Ajazaur BwNjoA v oumbar Pynow If *SaLOa 9Y) Uy PII 
Yate pay auv saseo ssvjs jo Joquinu allay v pur ‘pas 
| aayya Uo purjsugq Jo sAury oy Jo sanieys ozu01q ita 
sxapio YSIty v jo WLI Isp UE S| WOos-moYs WOIYIU 


SARE OCuVIN 





ERE Atha Use ds Los aean em ee, 
muffle, by which an equal heat is obtained all round. In stam} 
powertul stamper, made on the principle of the Nasmyth hany 

C argest stamping machine in the world, and its pressure is from 

4 7. stamping a dish-cover of 30 inches only four blows from this £ 

The dies for these large articles are cut by a special machine. | 
eccentric motion, By a Proper adjustment of chucks and whee 
shaped dies are cut by this lathe, The dies are made partly of } 
are chilled. The steel part is really the die, and is of the shape’ 
and is welded on to the bottom part, which is of wrancht fen» *; 

Pots, coffce-pots, and saan. aren=-+ - 





“UO! 


‘ ' ur Kopde> 343) WN 
i hecnites he, ana tee 
1 ‘| 31am fay voystazadns asoym 33 = a 
‘ : _-asay jo Aauazatya ous 1591 09 Ope! a 
Hy} oe me asoy} uodn saouvApe Ayeilt OF SOHNE foe 
c ‘gonpax aut wtp 
| : daowas Afpanjonge rot jt ‘sonnet faut VE Mate Ay 
: se ae nao ei thoy vaphte etn aazasaxtl Apuo 10U Pl 


‘ompsp 40} pakoyiwua oq Bry fduund 8 yyy Supeoluna 


drapes ‘w” yaya PSUs) ad\d y ‘ania 20 ‘pat 








wickerwor 


© 
i st sat 
Wwe nothet most intere: 


of which a blast of air pass 
which nite pre 
: mets 
inert This ‘s called oe oe 
joincd together ey # ps a eri tay am the 
‘ r eo: j 
avork appears onstantly shaking oi photos in 


' AuyUTA) 2 aq ura | } 
Len epey Aan set} joss & 
uy quayaduiod jo 
xa apiiuy — ‘spood 
a SPUTNDUTUS sent geet g 
ua Ayu 
aayeaad oy WS] ‘summwoad 34941 3280] OF a ee renee 


“oy of this arth 
t branch of f 
rian oldiers! buttons e 


n Nove 
oHasket filled th ole wor 
electricity: ai Highne 
isfaction to Her ae tion is ¢ 


other vitreau 
lass ic enamels are, pm “ae dads, Br 
Hied by three a With the lattery 


i irted. 
: and 4 ractised at Li 


{nting a8 SPP 

do, aa t 
champleve, 

par solder slen 


ung Ww 
id then 

r by the use ofa 
and intersiet wy 


polis! ed in WaairO 0 


ed by means o! 
pg cS rom i 
uce an intense heat. : 
steel and if any article 
hard soldering. : 
3 or binding wire. 


Soldering is ¢ 


Bright engra' 


s arc 

inter? ink into the ect 
Fine-art chasing isan im 
using an immense number ol 
cut. ‘This is a beaut ful 0} 

delicate cross rippling 

eat'skill, and : 
‘Some of the finest beeen 
their splendit 


ghalh preset 
with ilustes 


the’ Birmt 
pane ‘by stich 


1-Workmen, 


flece, and often cori jae figures 


§ Wis produced by. a 
‘ ae itis coated with | 





" of eluctroty! 
: ede An impreasion of the objects which yout 





_ 
(14) L, asks; 1.1Tow. can-I. nickel}. 
‘Plato bara of fron 3x1}g Inchea? ‘A. Varlous solu. 
‘tons for nickel plating have been suggested, but 
Porhaps ono of tho best. at least.ono highly, re 
Suminended, Is that contalning the double ;sait of 
Bickel nndammontum, ‘This is prepared by hss 
golving 1 part by woleht of sulphate of ammont 
"13 parts sulplinte of nickel, in sufictont wv: 
:4 terto mako a saturated solution, 0 little moro was 
ter boing nidded afterwards to provont any .ton- 
donoy to crystatlize. Considerable trouble 1s usunl- 


ly. experienced by tho amatour tn bis offorts toob-| | 


tain a good deposit. The principal dimeutty, haw- 
vor, consists In the minngement of the aperntio 
And tho necessity of employing a proper anod 5 
hich {s rather hand to obtain. ‘Cho anode shout 
resent u surface in oxcess, If noything, of that 
7] Of. Unoobject to bo conted, and the battery power 
must bo curefully reguluted to the work required, 
Tnicas this ia done the deposit Isapt to contain gns, 
which Isutways evolved In greater o¢ lesa quanti- 
ties with the deposition of nlekel, anit ts ts Iablo | 
tomake the doposit porous or inky. A good plan 
is to use two or three Grove or Bunsen in eorles, 
until a sight coating fs obtained, after which u 
.|| single Smeo cett, of proportions depondiog on the fi 
sizo of the object to bu outed, abould bo tsed to 
complote thooperition, It Is welt, also, to keep 
the golution alkutino by adding a Httlonmuonlas 
from ume to Hime, 2, What battery ts the beet 
for such hunpoecs? A, Tho Since, fuew_ Or. 
ae, o - 


u asks will: von please explain; 
healer mie piney, ant tho kind of metal 


. rodiico is trattaken In gutts percha or ; 
aestte nich fs then covercd with plumbago heal 
brushing with acamel Muir brush, Tho finpress on 
fs then attached by a wire to the zine polo : 4 
weakly charge Paniclt cell, and a copper plate is 


 Vattached by a wire to tho copper polo of a battery 


Ths {impression and copper plato uro then dipped : 


itor 1 batcofcopper,when tho ¢ | 
{siton strong rolution of sulp’ ate ppery’ i 


leaded surface. | 
iton:tho impression, frat at the black: penis nto 7 


dially creep over the whole conducting surface.’ | 


| 


,. Alloys, such as brass, bronze, and German’ silver, have been deposited to some extent. I-ha 
: recently heard of an alloy of nickel and tin thus formed into a protective coating which is sail to’ ° 
be harder than nickel alone, and to be insoluble in cither’ of the mineral acids, even though at a! 


jpper of the zolutfon will begin to deposit Iteclf * 
‘led tho vicinity of the connecting wire; 


Hition” 

tial to keop the impression in the so) ‘ 

Avout 26 hours, when the copper deposited ui 

1 have formed a tolerably iron Mate, whe W 

gauibe easily removed from the wax. 

aagor tho wate noxt the matrix, will bo found 
Bforfeet copy of the orginal object, 175 

: tL . Ow + ie 

‘ 





$ ° 
rut 1. Jom aridotro-plating. 


‘| aiffientty fo lint hanite bath with silver, 1 
: do eae first Tinie it with gold lent 
yary-cn 


fully. Bul would it not bo better to havo}: 
Masel mada of thin sheet silver.to slip into the 
8 deposited nietnd would bo rongh, and 10°, 


f ba 
|] what porous ?—Stasta._ >... - 


a 


f 


i 


* eee Va onE tee ae 
ELECTRO-METALLURGY.* 77°54 Wc Y 
E oy oy 7 og 
J FOR By Mr. N, 8: Kern, Ur 76 ' 
ge cheapness and ease with which ‘clectric force can be developed by: the applleation. of 
mechanical force to the armatures of mapnetovelectrie machines, open greatly increased 
opportunities for the exercise of the art of the el 
ducing cunents of electricity precluded their ¢conomicaleapplication to many useful branches of 
-industrial art, For instance, to electrically deposit a pound of copper, the expenditure of at least 
, a pound of zine, and a pound and a-half of sulphuric acid, is requisite, as well as the unavoidable 
waste of half as much more of zinc and acid. The-cost, then, for depositing a. pound of copper 
y electricity developed by a galvanic battery is at least thirteen pence per pound, It must be 





hat copper! 
‘as: 


It was a ponderous. * 


and expensive affair, and its use was abandoned in a short time. .Electro-plated 
reat measure, faken the place of similar forms made in soli 
silver by soldering or fusing. oo i 
thin the past cight years clectro-plating with nickel has grown to a prominent Industry, one} 
possessing much intrinsic value, but like all new things much overrated. . The efforts made by|- 
interested pears to monopolies plating with nickel are likely to be.defeated. ‘The art of plating 
with nickel is almost as old as silver-plating. ‘Che introduction of machinery in’ the polishing of 
nicke} opened the way for its commercial introduction. ‘The success of nickel-plating depends as! 
much upon the revolving “buil” used in polishing, as the success of silver-plating depends upon; 
the “ burnisher ” used in polishing silver. : te 4 
Tin antl iron are electrically deposited, but to a far less extent than the metals just mentioned 


ares have; in 
Iver, or in metals covered with 


boiling temperature. 


piste made 
engraved copper-plate. 
‘aste tineplate. ” 


vat. 
each 


there, through the solution to the sides of the v: 
connected with the negative pole of Ute machin 
is perceptible, but with a proper current established tin is dissolved from the auode (the scraps of; . 
tin place) and tin is ¢ posted on the cathode (the sides of the vat) in a crystalline powder, 
As it accumulates it falls to the bottom, is withdrawn and utilised by melting and casting 
into bar and pig tin, manufactured into oxide, salts of tin, Xe, ‘Fhe speed of the chains is: 
regulated to agree with the time necessary for the comiete solution of the tin of the. scrap,; 
so that when the rods reach the surface of the solution on the opposite side to where, 
they were placed they. can be removed, The iron is unaffected by the operation, ; 
and the time of immersion is about fifteen minutes,’ The magacto-electrfe machine used, i ° 
takes about 5 horse:power to drive it, and furnishes a current of electricity capable of heat. 
ing, red-hot, a bar of tron 4-Inch in diameter, or of fusing a stmilar bar 3-inch in diameter, About 
1500 Ib, of waste tin plate can be made valuable in ten hours by the labour of three or four boys. 
The products are about 8olb,-of tin and r920lb. of scrap iron, per ton of waste, If, in order to 
produce the electric current, it were absolutely necessary to use zine and acid, the operation would ; 
fre-too costly for pra use. - ! 

Another application of the art of clectrotyping in the manufacture of argand bumers. Into a 
mould made of the size, and, like the inner st es of the burner, is cast a fusible alloy. AA large 
number of these forms are mate and hung in an electrolytic. bath, consisting of a solution o! 
stilphate of copper, and are electrically connectet with the ‘negative pole of a magneto. + 
electric machine; the positive pole of the machine is connected with plates of copper, also ! 
placedl in the bath, ‘The current causes the solution of the plates and the deposition 
of copper upon the forms, . When the copper deposit becomes thick cnough, the forms 
are removed, washed and heated, until the alloy runs out, leaving a shell of copper, which 
needs but lithe work to fit it for market, They can be made cheaper than hom sheet 
metal, or-otherwise manufactured. If this had to te done by the use of a galvanic battery, 
the expense would be too great, There area preat number of articles which be made more 
cheaply in this way than in any other: known, If pig-copper, costing, say tod. per Ib., be used for 
the anode, the deposit, by a machine, will cost no more than tid. per Wb, while shect copper is 
worth 15d. to 174d. per. fb,, and more for very thin. A waste of trom 10 to 2§ per cent. in cute 
ting the sheet metal to the desired shape, and the labour thereon must also be considered, 

It is possible to thus produce or copy large pieces of statuary with greater accuracy, and 
cheaper, than by casting in bronze, or beating from sheet copper. 

(To be continued.) 





: i 


a 





ectro-metallurgist, Heretofore, the cost of pros & H 




















2s TERR, 










yor 


Oren 





| piexel aD Uf [ sie o Depoalition. \ 

| Some time ago Herr Stolba published a bles of plating pak, In aa ee aes rel 

} fron’and steel with nickel by the simple immersion proccss, At ajrechnt if of oe ee ree Bele ee 
‘and the following plan has been recently put forward by him M. Jamin /presented, in pene tee i ee ay aa ar ealeaais | 
as an improvement: To a dilute solution (5 to 10 per,cent) of |~ taining many new facts re ae ow eee sane | 
ag pure chloride of zipc'as possible, there 1s added enough deposits which may be obtained Be un Pare a ar 
sulphate of nickel to color it strongly green. This is heated by using the magneto-clectric mach oe o ne oo 

| to cbullition in a porcelain vessel. The objects, being com- 48 the inventor, | Four serics of experi men 8 ae He te 
pletely cleaned of grease, are then suspended in the liquid so In the first the baths, in variable number, r ' 


that they touch cach other as Jittle as may bo; and the boil-| 
ing is kept up for from half'an hour to an hour, water being} 
from time to time added in place of that evaporated. The 
nickel is precipitated in a brilllant white layer wherever the 
surface of the object is not greasy or rusty. The operation 
can be continued for several hours if desired; but the plating 
will not thus be rendered muclrthicker.. After removing the 
objects, they are washed with water holding chalk in sus- 
pension, and carefully dried. They may afterwards be 
cleaned with chalk, and they take a fine yellowish-toned pol- 
ish. The chloride of zinc‘used should contain no metal pre- 


| cipitable by iron, When it cannot be obtained of sufiicient 


for quantity. The results showed that the deposit per foot- 
pound of energy, expended docs not vary with the augmen- 


tation of the surfaces of the anodes. In the second serics 


the baths were connected ns for tension, Their number 
yaricd from one to forty-eight, but all had electrodes of 
like extent. The results obtained prove that the deposit of 
copper per foot-pound augments with the number of baths, 
Inthe third serics the intensity of the cement was main- 
tnined constant, while the surface of the anoles and, at the 
game time, the number of the baths were augmented. These 


éxperiments demonstrated that the expenditure of work in 
‘Gletrolysis may be considered ns null when soluble anodes 















(yank 


I int y 





























purity, it may, be made by dissolving zinc scraps in hydro- 
thloric acid, and allowing the solution, containing an excess 
of metallic zinc, to rest, in order that the metals precipitable | 
by the zinc may separate, Filter at the end of 24 hours, and || M. Gramme’s note throws some new light on the question 
the solution is ready for uso; each portion of zinc | dissolved || of galvanic deposits, and his experiments will be of much 
corresponds to about 9'1 parts of chloride of zinc, ‘The sul il gervice to the industries in. which magncto-clectro-machincs 
: oe are rapidly supplanting galvanic battcrics, The first appa: 
ratus densed by the inventor gave n deposit of 123 grains of 
lsilyer per hour and per kilogrammeter (7/04 foot-pounds). 
At present Mr. Wohlwill of Mamburg reports that he has 
‘a Gramme machine that deposits 91 6 pounds of silver with 
16 horse power, which corresponds to 616 grams of silver, 
per hour and per kilogrammeter. M. Gramme considers 
that by the aid of his recent investigations he will be able 
to obtain a deposit above 3,080 grains per same units. 


jJare employed. In the fourth scrics, insoluble anodes were } 
ised) ©A smaller deposit per foot-pound and considerable + 


|| polarization resulted. 








1 } 
phate of nickel should also be as pure as posable, and the 
cold solution should not: precipitate when a plate of iron Ia 
plunged in it, as would happen, for. example, if it contained | 
copper. When during the/operntion the liquor becomes a) 
pale green, owing to the precipitation of nickel, more sul- 
phate must be ndded until the intense green is regained. 
When the used liquid is exposed to the action of the air, it} 
deposits hydrated oxide of iron, coming from the dissolved | 
metal. It should be filtered, and more chloride of zinc and \ 
sulphate added, when it maybe again used. In the samo} 
way, polished iron and steel objects may be covered with a 


£ ) Rowe 


brilliant plating of cobalt, by using a sulphate of cobalt solu- 
tion. The appearance of this plating differs little from that | 
jof polished steel. The distinguishing characteristic is the | 
light rose-colored tint, The author states that tho plating 


ELECTRICAL NOTES, 

TsENv you a fewelectrical notes gathered 
reign journals, somo of which may be of 
interest... Tho first is'a note on a paper rend ab the 
Acalemy of Sciences, Paris, by M. Jamin, on 





\| swears well. | bebnif of M, Gramme, ‘Tho aubject was tho im- 
= shies ses : wer preceaecte and /discoveries recently mado by the 


latter in tho 


ido 
Blectro-doposie of Motals, 
by using the magneto-electric machines of which 
M. Gramme is the inventor. Four scries of experi- 
ments aro given, In the firat tho batteries, in vari- 
able number, wero coupled as for/quantity, ‘Tho! 
reaults showed that) tho deposit per foot-pound of! 
energy ertenaed does'not vary with tho augmen- 
1] tation of tho surfaces of the anodes. In the second 
}| series the batteries wero connected as for tension. 
‘ ‘Their number varied from ono to forty-eight, but all 
+] had clectrodos of liko extent. ‘Tho results obtained 
provo that tho deposit of copper per. foot-pound 
augments with tho number of batteries) In’ the 
}} third scries the satensily of tho current\ was’ main- 
tnined constant, while tho surface of the aiodes and, 
| at the same time, the number of the batteries | wore 
augmented. These experiments demonstratod that 
the expenditure of work in eletrolysis may be con- 
sidered as nil when soluble anodes are employod. In 
tho fourth series, insoluble anodes wero used, A 
emaller deposit per foot-pound) and considerable 
polarisation resulted. | M. Gramme has! dono much 
to help on the question of galvanic deposits) and his 
experimonts) will be of/valuo to’ tho industries in 
which  magnoto-clectro-machines aro rapidly sup: 
planting ‘galvanic batteries,” 'Tho’ firat Apparatus 
devised by the inventor gavo a deposit of 123 grains 
of silver per hour and per kilogrammetro;(7/04  foot- 
pounds), At present Mr. Wohlwill, of Hamburg, 
reports that hehns 4 Gramme machine that deposits 
946 pounds of silver with/15) horso Power, which 
corresponds to 616 grammes of silver per hour and 
Pee ermmetre, > M. (eanie considera that by 
Nn nrestigations h 
obtain considerably larger deposits, pimetie te 


~ ere Be 

































4 





ike fue te es tabeiilaan : pears 





pe 
er armen op tas TDP IY SEAREOET ga Laan 





eee ie meee ten A TTR 


Weston Dynamo-clectric Machine" 
Company, of Newark, N.-J., is the 
inventor, , and Condit, Hanson Bee 
‘Van Winkle, “also of Newark,’ are: . -- 
the agents, * 2 . ae 
















oh, 



















Continued from first page). 
mutator ‘allps ‘over the shaft and rests upon th 
and: is p b 
half‘of the commutator slips upoo the shaft, but there Is 





1) 






YW 









fom the armatures are connected to the shaft, and through 
sho shaft to that half of the commutator which bears upon 
agit, A nut is used to keep tho two parta of the commutator 
'togethor and upon the shaft, Two springs, F F, mado of 
yy ‘thin, hard rolled sheet copper—silver plated to prevent ox- 
+ fdatlon—are useil to secure good contact with the commu- 






















ported ori brasa pillara, 












neem 














yw 
j:00) 




















y t tator,.’ These springs aro fixed tn adjustable clamps, O, sup-} 


‘he operation of. the machine fs as follows: When the ap- 
aratus Je first made, the olectro-magnota are for 1 moment 
-connected to a battery, or other source of electricity which 
renders them. permanently magnetic, Now if n.belt.fsom 
‘any. source of power be put on tho pulloy,-E, and. -ma- 
ie set.in motion, weak currente will -bo induced In the 





across thie various tanks containing the metal:aolution to. be| machin 

:tanks aro . rods. supporting the anodes | outstdd ; 

: ‘doposited, and also the work 'té be: plated. :' | From tho interlor of this: 
Tt ig, usual'to place the tank containing ‘the nickel solu jecting magneta aro 

Carest the- machine, as this"solution offers the greatest | te 

: ‘A-solittion of: cyantde | faateried: 









wires surrounding the armatures, which are picked: up by |: 
ha springs, FT, and carried to tho two pillare, mi the two 


a tee te aan 


: Thies 


rea, A. ti! i 
: IIs of the clectro-magnets be | 
ressed agatost this brass washer; the other} raced in contact with thes , 
.. pillars, the weak currents will; 
pass around the electro-mug: — 
netsand will strengthenthem; 
} this will again increase the 
strength of tho currents In- 
{duced in the armatures, and 
so on until 2 maximum ts 
“reached, ./To utilize the cur- 
|,ronta from such a machine, 
lt would be elmply necessary 
“to place the work to be done 
{iin ctroult. with the. electro- 
“mognets and armatures, #0 i 
‘thatthe. currents, induced 
‘jo tho armatures. may pass <j 
ithrough that clrcult, and |: 
‘through the colla of tho elec: ; 
itro-magnets. 
The machine. as. de 
Fs culate the ould have Hmited applica. ; 
insulate them from each other, ‘Tho ends of the wires ‘Yons, ns thocurrents resulting ; R 
i from the polarization of the 
+ electrodes in tho vat would, w 
* fall below. # certain point, rovorse the polarity of the electro! 
magnets and the direction of the current, thus undoing what! 
it had proviously done, and spoiling the work, 
“Tn order.to prevent this an automatic device called a gov-| 
 ernor is employed, which accomplishes the purpose admit. 
: ‘A metal pillar is fixed to the base of the machine, on) 
‘the “top of ‘which is a : ae 
cup containing 
-Fy; which cup 
to rotate by a belt run- 
ning from tho shaft of 


ably. 


tle distance from: thi 
Pillar ts placed anothor_ ; 


‘described i 





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SS} 
IEEE 






XXVIL, No.0, (New BSentes,] Thirty 
re 





one, with its top part ie 
‘ ata cright angle and: 
: projecting overthecup : 
‘of mercury. An amal- 
gamnted wire {a 80 ad- 
+ fuated in the end of; ‘ 
the bent portion that it 
just touches the mer.’ 
cury In the cup. If 
the cup bo stationary, 
the mercury will -ro- 
) main in the bottom of * 
: the cups and there fsa: 
+ motaliieconnectlon. If! 
| tho cup be rotated -the 
: mercury will ‘rise on; 
\ the sides of the cup 
\ by centrifugal action, ; 
and the connection Is 
broken. Fig, 4 shows; 
+ ‘ithe process of covering 
sthoe wire for the ‘inag- 
nets, and fu Fig, & the 


hen the speed of tho machttio, 





































3 vinding® them. “One ‘of - the f x 
ah re pinta r work, together with tank, 
black-leading. machine, and other’ paraphernalia used 
electrotypera—electrotyping being one of -the uses: In 
ch ‘the: machine ta largely employed. A shell can’ be} : 
ned’ by the machine in from 2 to. 2} hours, ‘belng equal 
t from the uaual batteries employed in’ 10 to -12 hours. 
ong the advantages of the machine, as used for clectro- 
lating, is the’ automatic adjustment of current to the sur.) 
ite of tha work-to be plated, preventing.the burning of ; 
i quantities of work; economy by dispensing with Dat-]: 
;n saving of time and cost of material, as tho machine 
lies the current the moment; the pone one Boles 
: sit, nan given speed always gives th 
: ie ip yrisse ‘cad & ‘ands in about onc half. the timo 
nae batteries, > 
f aes are made with 6, 8, 12, and 16 inch cylin. 
ford ‘Tho 12 inch inachtue is consider] as a standard with 





















BI rot ers'and.in large olectro-plati 
u ly in some of tho largest silverware plating ¢stablish-. 
in tho country; and aro also being rapidly adopted a 


g establishments. | 








facturing jewelers, ete. 
aa fon regarding tho machines may be ob- ; 


a { tho‘agents, Messrs, Condit,.Finison & Van Winkle, 
saaiutarkst Bt. Nowark, N. J., who are also manufacturers k 
ckel and electro-plating material chemicals, ete, i ¢ 

























wr 





with Nickel |! . ! 
and Cobalt by Immerston, ; : 


Mn. F. Storna—in a German perfouleal 
which we should be glad to give credit to, 
if thero were not alx words and fifty-seven ; 
letters (including forty-two consonints) i 
iis hambe proposes the following simple 
process for nickel-plating polished iron 
and steel articles. To a dilute sotutton (6 
to 10 per cent.) of as puro chloride of zine 
as possible, there Is added enough sulphate 
of nickel to color ft strongly green. ‘This 
ia heated to ebullition in a poreclain vessel, 
The objects, being completely cleanec ‘of 
grease, are then suspended inthe liquid bo 
that they touch exch other as little as muy, 
be; and the boiling is kept up for froin 
half an hour to an hour, water. belng from’ 
‘time to time added in place of that evup- 
orated, The nickel is precipitated In a 
brilliant white layer wherever the surface 
of the object fs not grensy or rusty. The 
operation cant be continued for’ severul 
hours if desired ; but the plating will not 

- | thus he rendered much thicker, H 

_| After. removing the objects, they are 

washed with! water holding chalk in sus-| 

pension, and carefully dried. They may |: 
afterward be cleanod with chalk, fad the 
take“a fine yellowisl-toned polish, The 

-|ehloride of zinc used should contuin no 

a jmotal preelpitable by‘iron, When it can- 

* ynot be obtained oféufiicient purity, it may |. 
‘be made by dissolving zinc scraps in hy- 
(drochloric acid, and allowing the solution, 
scontaining an excces of metallic zinc, to 
‘reat, in order that the metals precipitable 
;by the zinc may separate. Filter at the 

send of 24 hours, and the solution Is ready 

jfor use; each portion of zinc dissolved 
jeorresponcds to about 2°1 parts of chloride 

‘\of zine, : 

The sulphate of nickel should also be as 
pure’ns possible, and the coll solution j 
should not precipitate when a plate of iron 
is plunged tn it; as. would happen, for exe |! 
jample, if it contaiied copper. When du-|} 
iting the operation the liquor becomes a pale |, 

Atgreen, owing to the precipitation of nickel, |) 

“ tmore sulphate must be ndded until the in- 
tense green 1s regained. When the used}. 
‘Mquid is exposed to the action of the air, it 

deposits hydrated oxide of fron, aoa 














































































:from the dissolved metal. It should be fi 
jered, and more chloride of zine and. sul 
;Phate added, when it may be again used. 
} In the same way, polished fron and steel: 
jobjects nay be covered with a» brilliant 
{plating of cobalt, by using n° sulphate of 
jeobalt solution. ‘The appearance of this 
plating differs little front*that of polished |. 
stecl. ~ The distinguishing characterlatle is 

tho light rose-colored tint. The author 

















states thatthe plating wears welt.—Serentific 
almerican, ¥ 























a 
i 
if 
j 


“} the surrounding factorics, which are fed from tho neighbor. ; 


’ ee. 
Dangers of Galvanizers? Wiante, 
Pollution of streams by manufacturers® 
haa refuse hasbeen assigned as the cuuse of 
more evils than can be fairly brought home 
toit. A now charge has been drought 
against it, not only of serlous peeuntary 
waste, but also of great and inereasing 
danger to lifo and properly. It appears 
| that the galvanizera of the Wolverhump- 
ton district, England, are in the habit of discharging their 
wasto acid into the sewers, The damage caused hy this : 
Practice Is almost tneredible; but it is clearly proved that 
the sewers themselves are belng rapldly destroyed; the irri. | 
gation farms which dispose of the sawage are being ren- 
dered unproductive; and, most serious of all, the boilers of « 

































ing canals, nro rapidly corroded.—Jronmonger, Z7 : 





eat) 


WARS 


i « 
+ you! that expense is ‘no object.” It should 
: be money thin, pe cou 


ting,—Wood is 
“Ee abould bo well |, 

not want 

in, by 2iin. for gi .} the gilding 
ation requires to fo of the best |: 


filers I afer oe 4 1pAn fadpmore than a}, 


drome income—ué else than n large 
tan basin which Gifed on ‘fommon iron 
snucepan., ‘Phis aprangem' 
stove, For gilding tho int 
the article should be Billed wi 
with a clean strip of zine,—Os. 


{81634,) — Bloctro-Motallurgy.— Tho battory 
used was far too strong ; ono, orat mast, two cells is 
sufficient fer copper depositing, ‘The plumbago 
could not havo been fnlly copnected t wire, The 
deporit formed may have, i 
if this waa not renlox@ tho! 


Nickel Plating without ph i 
«The Manu fecturer and ih ler recom: 
i mends the following: To a solution of 
. from 5 to 0 per cent. of chloride of zinc, 
as pure as possible, add cnough sulphate of 
nickel to produce a atrong green color, and 


» , bring to bolling in a porcelain vessel. The 


z pisee to be plated, which must be perfectly 
right and free from greaso>. fa ‘Introduced 

> so that it touches the vessel ‘ns little as pos- 
stbie. Ebullltion is contInued from 80 to 
+ GO minutes, water being added. from thine 
to tine to replace that evaporated. During 

{ ebullition nickel is precipitated in the form 
; of a white and brillant coating, “The boil- 
{ing can be continued for hours without 
sensibly inerensing the thickness of this 

i coating, Ag soon ns the object appeura to 
be plated it is washed In water contuining 





Nectroplating,—Tho best" thing tor 


| sti pistinam bath, ns Tahonld judgofrom -+: 


1d hove a wood or robber 
casing. It ‘should bo soldered with pure gold, with- 
‘ont any admiztara or alloy. an that is tho oaly 
‘alder which effectually unites platinam. I shoult 
“not recommend silver, as the solder would contain 
ibly zine, which would do your hath 
y free acid might act on the bat! 
‘would adrian platinum bath and dipper. : 
‘outd consider it monay well spent, astho : 
platinum would always havenn intrinsic value.—Of. 
{92011 J—Eleotro-Plnting.—You had hotter uso 
‘aglass bath. Tho ehonite ones, oven plated, will 
not work so wellns glass, I dovised n almple form 
of glasa bath some & or 6 sgare ay which, would bo 
are two strips of din. 
‘want tho hath, s: ate 


should _bo jin ‘ ‘ 
‘tho f) 
bi by/glacing 
e-béttom between the tw) long 
in. 


héve ay oblong Sjin. abd Hjin, ; this 

pink! elass. Now bailklos tothe 

congnline two full-plate patent 

and allow the cement to run down 

botwveen ends of small glass aud sides of long oues, 

to make it water-tight. I bnve used baths made in 

this manner with great encccsn; but tho mothod 

recommend to you is much maro simple, and is the 
‘ono 1 referred to at first. Having obtained the . 

requisite glasses na abor: than on to the amooth 

vsurfaces of thick plate strips cement thin layers of 

smooth black indiarabber, covering both sides, nod 

fill up the epace between thick atrips with rubber 

varnish, Now make « woodon enso, into which the 

i whole fits Lightly, ‘and by means of ordinary wood 

ing through tho two sider may be brought 

ne may be requisite to make the bath 

Bhould a break it would bo only 


{ 
q 


| 


| 


on ee ge 
_~ BleAro-metallurgy : off ob - Ai: Gaiffe, he 
author bas been struck with/thé/b Kay of-cobalt, galva- 
nically deposited as well-a6 b its"hardness. It is. not 
oxidised like iron, and much less care is required-to keep j- 
its surface in-good condition, Its beautiful white colour 
will make it suitable for the decoration of other metals. 
The bath used was.a neutral solution ‘of the double s 
phate ofammonta and cobalt, which does nat require nearly 
so much care as the nickel baths. ‘The anode may be a 
faheet of platinum; or better a plate of ‘cobalt, either cast 
‘or forged." To‘ obtain a white and adhesive deposit the 
current ought to be regulated at-the outset, at 6 units of |. 


belediro-motor force of the standard of the British Asi 


lation, and .be brought to 3. units only when, the entire): . 
surface of the article to be coated has become white. — [ --(: rege 
: ia 198 by Lockwood and Co, 1877+ 
Pe 19g. London: roshy Lockwand and Co, 77 
{ ell known that little more need be stated than 
rkers in electro-metallurpy. Tt has been 
fof its publicat{on i recent advances made in the art o 
_ corrected #9 peeepe 16 4 protection and ormament to 
3 als in“ Wealc's Series,” to which it belongs, 


inn, wire : 


Tron,—M 
and add to it 


be hind in 
Joun Mecha: 





ry 


fully dried. This coating may b 
with chalk, and is sory aisha ts 


chloride of zinc and also tho sulphat ded f 

1 ie 0 uurso, bo added from 
nickel used must bo free from metals bree a iiss oaiseet aichel mt Oar articles can emily 
; cipltable by fron. If during the precipl-|. *. “N bo plated in this manner Silkont previous prepara- 
{ tation thellquor becomes colorless, sulphate | tion ; those of iron must firat, ba copper-piated, | Hy 
of nickel showld be added. ‘The Nquor adding some carbonate of nickel to the abore ate 
| Spent may be used again by oxposing it to RQ ortoncommon white bath, and beillog, a com ng 
tho alr until the contained tron is preetpi richer in nickel is obtained, nd asker, forging tr 

{ tated, filtering and adding the zine and colonr from that of platin |. 


| a little chalk in suspension, and then care- 
i 


come beautifully plated 


i f nickel salt added, 
nickel salts ag above, 7 according to tho amonnt of oh 
deposited in the same chal ale : may be 


akg eer wi sesame 40S 


Bloctroplating with Bismuth.4 4 bad . a 
1 Coren or brass may be plated Sue tse: Pctdahipe or EuectonyTicaLLy-DErcSITED Merats.— 
{mth In u bath compose ot 28 or 30 oan deposited by voltaic action M. Schutzenberger 
‘grammes of ummonineal chloride of bis-; - , recognise ies diffe: inary 
jim perJitre of water slightly neidulated haan fe Vee an nora Her awe ¥ copper, and he 
‘with Lydvochlorie acid, operated cold. ee ow ound that other metals behave in the same way, 
heated to 100°, the bismuth will not deposit. |, Lead especially yields very well-marked phenomena, Elee- 
’ A alogle Seer cell only ts necessary; | \: trolytic copper always gives, though in a feeb] 
wtnfameiail! Waser ene || eactons of acaie ne, “An a. coteestioun analyet M 
q . ag h ‘ 7 y: 
the bath, the articles are coverett wilh \ J Schutzenberger remarks that the de; oxited ae ae 
: i is ep bani ish is the Bhanullt ‘free from the resénes’'oE foreign ene . metals pbs oa 
‘ priliianey, and udhering |. : zit stances, in too smn 
strongly. By substituting the double ctilo- | || ~ Quantities, indecd inrities whi 
ied nba and aan ettaany || nted, yet ie ho cannot deca the nealsesprinened 
d eposited. : 1s experi 
ese ei a na i upon perfectly pure, M. Henri Sainte-Claire Deville cae 
with him in pronouncing that these forcign. substances can- 
'. an play any sensible part, and that we havo 
; of actual allotropic modifications 7 




































































La ake see peewee ba 


Exrerronytic Derosrri6n 


phate of nickel and ammonium to twenty parts of water, 
The nickel salt must be pure, and also the nickel anode, 
which should not be smaller than tho article to be plated, 
and a strong current should be used. If the bath gets-acid 
it must be neutralised by the addition of dilute aumionin, 
Tn plating copper articles, the bath should contain one part 
- of Aminonium chloride to 100 of the nickel salt, 


New Mernop ov Execrno-Phatixa.—A now method of! 


» electzo-plating has heen discovered by Profeseor A. W. Wrights | 
. of Yalo College, New Haven, Ct., which promises to be of 








nictals; by exposing auch 
Bired to |! 
Wright has already made a number |} 
8 of his discovery. — American | 


great utility. Taking advantage of the fact that the varions 
metals may be volatilised by the clectrieal current, he pro- 
vides a tollow vessel, from which the air is partially 
exhausted ; within this vessel he-arranies /opposite to each 
other the two poles Xan induction dpilf the article to be 
electro-plated, a i it. g{ass, for ex fs is suspended 
between the poteal Ao! he 1 pigativo, pole Nhtinched a small 
piece of the metal that is too deposited on the glass. From 
three to six pint Grove cells dre employed, yielding, by means 
of the induction coil, an electrical spark from @in. to 3in, in 
longth. Under the influence of this spark n portion of the 
metal of the clectrode is converted into gag, or volatilised, 
and condenses upon the cooler surface of the suspended glass, 
forming # most brilliant and uniform deposit, The thickness 
of tho plating thus produced may be regulated at will, by 
simply continuing the action of the electricity for a longer or 
Shorter period. ‘Chat the metal is actually volatilised is | 
Proven by the examination with the Speetroscope during the 
Progress of {he operation, the characteristic lines of whatever 
metal is used for the electrode being fully revealed. ‘This 
may be classed as the discovery of a new art, and is certainly 
very interesting and remarkable. Tn brief, it consists in 
plating the surfaco substances with 
surfaces to the hot vapours of whatever metal it is de 
plate with. Professor 

of valuable practical pplication 

1 Journal of the Telegraph. : 


i 






1 @OB, Wika: 4 
(Mere cconoratea) batt 


C 
aoe Copper on plaster 
Nu 
Sanaa roo ehe » The Bmee cell a | : 
teres fn I pee LOAM Of copper mips | 
von fee inet dd. 8 How Many cells f 
Will exten ¢ Ma ine oat i 
slierpeaee ¢ the surface of zine expined in ire ae 
the weet or nightly Ia excesa of the urtae mes 
vtolationt © ie fed, ‘OW atrong shoniy be tet 
about bee dy Pas forta Iq Used, 1 of welt fn : 
‘AN UCOus ao), f cr “it “ 








Coe 


i es 


\, 10 oF Nicxez.—Tho objects on 
which the nickel is to be deposited must. be carefully cleaned 
Nona placed ina bath containing one part of the double snl. 





large statues, 


‘with copper, 


nie Vienna. 


‘Electro-Silvar: 
neckleta which you mention 
nitric acid: before bei 
should be suspended 
acid for au instant, or 


hi 
the 


pan | 
ly to the platin, 
i not quick nbout ‘it they vii ne 
i ti ‘Tho causo of the efferyea- |; 
: Puce ant black dep is doubtless owing to the |: 
fact that your battery pawer ia toostrong; for small 
ticles which are plated ono or twoata tine, one 
: mt cell y ‘L suflicient,—Oa, G 
P (HNS WG Electro-allvaring. — The frosted 
‘appearance is to be produced after polishing, I 
} believe, by means of strong nitric acid; the somo. 
j what similar surface produced in tho depositing vat 
can be left alone if desired, but is likely to turn 
yellow ; it is of course destroyed by tha scratch. 
brush, If an effervescence occur in tho vat and. 


the artict tho battery 
{too stron, no Lattery power is much 


Pee 


























Ayah Unevaldee ot (wake | 


A wy. 1D. 1 OP, 


Electro-Metallurgy. 

The cheapness and case with which electric: 
force can he developed by the application of me- 
chanical force to the armatures of magneto-elee 
trie machines, open greatly inerensed opportuni- - 
ties for tho exereixe of the art of the elvetro-metal- 
lurgist. Heretofore, the cost of producing enr- | 
rents of electricity preeluded their ceonomieal 
application to many useful branches of industrial 
art. Forinstance, to electrically deposit a pound | 
of copper, the expenditure of at least a pound of 
zine, and a pound and achalf of sulphuric neta, is | 
requisite, as well as the unavoidable waste of half 
a4 much more of zine und acid. The cost, then, ; 
for depositing a pound of copper hy electricity ; 
developed by a gulvanie battery is at least thire - 
teen pence per pound, Tt must be obaerved that 
ordinary commereiul zine is not suitable, as the 
wastage is too great, Specially prepared zine, 
costing at the cheapest seven pence per pond, - 
must be used, By the magneto-otectrie muchine, 
a pound of copper can he depusited for lexs than ° 
apenny. Ifallof the mechanical fore applied 
to such machines be utilized ns elvetric force, the 
cost would bo nearer a farthing per ponnd, Here : 
isn chanee for invention, as the 
probabilities are great 

The art of electro 








: t ttallurgy undoubtedly or- 
iginated in the dis, y by Daniell, that copy 
deposited on the negutive plate of the battery 
which he invented, and which bears his nnn 
was cohesive enough to bear removal therefrom, 
and that the plate or shovt thus obtained Dore in 
reverse the faintest lines and marks, ns well as { 
the larger depressions and projections of the neg- | 
ative plate of the batter The investigations j 
} 















and discoverica of Dinielh Spacer, Incobi, De 
ln Rive and others, from 1836 to 1810, established 
the art of eleetrotyping. ‘The muking, copying, 
and” multiplying ‘of metals, small bronzes and } 
statues, ongrived plates, ‘and various works of | 
art, as wellas the facing of types, und the im- + 
proved - reproduction of stereotypes and type 
forms, are familiar examples of this branch of the 
art of clectro-metallurgy, ‘Iho reprodiiction of * 
the covering of lnrgennd intricately: 
formed - masses of iron, lead and other metals ; 
and the making of new forms in | 
copper aud other metals. is now practically, eeo- ; 
nonically, and commereinily possible. A great | 
varioty of these things aro inanufactured in Paris 











possibilities and | * 






diffe: 









But 


latent 
. Dedui 
j of Zn 



















‘ 
| {reneti 


hy 





















| Various 






mee 
oN 



































not 


from’the copper, and they 








more: 






























“age: 
the sake 
 sayithat the union of a gr ‘ 
within grain-equivalent of SO, seta free 10,500 ‘oo! } 
fordo.F ‘Ihe time is the time of the action, so that it muy bo { 
10,500 fout-pounds per second, minute, hour, or other time. i 
tho actling free of hydrogen ubsorbs foree, renders it j 
; thisis also spccific,and may be stated at6 | 
¢ then, from the 10,500 foot-pounds set free by union | 
ith SO,, the foot-pounds of force absorbed by freeing H, } 
andave have 3,700 foot-pounds of active force, which, divi | 
1772) gives the number of heat-units of this chemical action and 
01 


8o;:then, we have in acti 
many;fovt-pounds per grii 


a cifouit or path for it; and 


the other. 


a 


AD. 


KEITH, NEW york 


nearly fill it with 


(H,0):10 parts, 


1c, 


dently tl 
have call 


As cach 
either 


nt a speci fie umount, we 
and algo in heat-units, 


Ne 
ny 


i: inlesy Accompani 
Las ian 


¢ foot-po: 
ub investi 
pon the fi 





ts, thougt 
of illustration, Iv 





Lie 





val motion, &e. 


C 


perfected form, hows 





ork, 


enso,a8 it hasa gr 






3,700 foot-pounds per ¢ 
Our arrangement has become inacti ctl for 
SOjeSdmbined with If The aflinities are satislied, But i its 
put some sodium in this solution of ZnSOQ,, Zn will be displaced 
Na, a8 Nua is electro-positive to Zn, and that, also, by a certain 


teequivilent, 


number of foot-pounds per cquivalent, 



































is no’ 











to potassium ; cach clement is clectr 
to others in the proportion of i or Ae 
pound equivalents, Though this yr y as 
Tents is pretty well defined, the exact numerical values are not 
ctermined for unqualified neceptance, : 
. Now, we will tale another jar, amalgamated zine plate, co pper 
of H,O and JL,S0,, and plice elon, fous of 
ire comect the two coppers, and with other 
nes through the gulvanomeler G. There 1 
galvanometer, Why ? There 


plate, and mixtur 
the first, and bya wi 

wires connect the tw 
4 deflection of the necdle of the 






inphetd cirenit | 





positive or 


ton Mn 


Ac) 


Ins its “5 


» in other words, 
on the other band 


do upon tho international 
+ there would be, 
f moro than 20 we 
dont that for thia 
f the publ 


, tho tari 
ed by 


und values have not been absolutely determined, 
ors arriving at different fi 








ity in this arrangement of mutter 80 
equivalent of chemical action which 
can, hy further connected turangement of matter, tse for 
ous purposes, such ns heat, muguetism, chemical action, : 


his netion is local. To make it useful, we must provido 
upon the chiricter of that circuit 
depend the various munifestations which .we call electricity, 
magnetism, electrolysis, Ke. Z . i 
‘Tako now a plate of copper, and put it in the jar; and having 
amalgamated with mercury the zine plate, put that in the jur 
also; the" eopper leaning against one side and the zine against 

onnect them, extorially ae liquid, Wy a copper 
wire, we have a complete galvanic battery of the Smee type, 
birt bpd eer inter Now tho iipdrogen bubbles vis 
ilt sonttiute mati, if our sine plate is 
heavy enough, the 11:50, has lost all of ita H, and Zn hus taken 
the ‘lace of the JI, leaving us a solution of -Zn SO,. Now no 
bubbles arise, no force ia set free from Zn, and none | 
absorbed by If. ‘Ihe chemical attinity is satisfied, and the 3,700 i 
foot:pounds per grain-cquivalent is the measure of the greater 
affinity which Zn has for 80, than H'has; it is the dy: mis 
equivalent of that arrangement of matter, and is the wiensure o 
the active force available fo 
Wecan also say that zi 


nctive because there is no more 


Thus it is 


ONS 


R nixtire of sulphuric; 


Upon 100 
ordy, 
clus 
genes el 
HCO 4 ; Ulu at the present moren ener me 
to Engineering and Mining Journal, 
Th 


cures; but they 
t not exnetly on the figures, For 
use approximate round figures, and 
neequivalent (8175 pra 


»800 foot-pounds, 


lectro-negative 


rious arnuge. 





Inixturo! 
f hydro. | 
¢ thit the: 






pre 4 tem: 
o 






















dlenpatches 
00 teleyrans 
Phe general ! 
of mexrages, 
MT per word would 
ring of 























8) of zing: 
pounds of) 








+ 
+ 


ded by 





| + 
i 

















Z 
1 Paki 


from oxygen 





or lcas foot. | 











wd, 
y 





immediately t 
No.1, 


perature in equivale 


‘the same amount 


* Wo think thi 
‘| bo classed a 
high electroly 


” ’ 


” 


” 


a” 


Now, for the appl 


and 


No. 1, and the same 
while an equivalent of hydrog 
0,2, 
‘This may seem very elementary, 
it enables ua to graphically express 
of some substances us ty, 
the first arrangement o 
balanced thus :— 
Let. the sig 
neyutive or litent, 


n 


” 


” 


w” 


Bow 


++ me: 


” 


” 


pometer, we 


nunount is de; 






statement incorree: 
get tho electrolytes, 
jo realstanco,.—Ep, 5. 


ity 


The —, or Intent force, being 

As the copper plate of No. 

! posit of Zn, it becomes, in effect, 
were immersed, So we have :— i 

+ Force due to union of Zn withSO, in No.2. 


‘ey w pleco Of” Wire Reross 
here is n deflection, 


with the copper 








’ 


in excess, there is no current 
is immediately covered with a de- 
,exactly ns though tivo zine plates |. 


” 0,500 ” n” 
21,000, 

3 dy Beas 8,900 n 

tt Mel,500 yy 
10,100 », 45, 


ication of these princi : 
of mctala, more cspecitlly, at this time, to the refining and de- |. 
silvering of lead base billion by the process devised by me, and 
described July 18th, 1878. . ‘ 
As lead is, by far, the largest part of base bullion, holdin, 
alloyed tho other metals, such as are here named,’ with their 
various foot-pounds of force of union, with chlorine, inn solu: 
i tion of lead cliloride, approximately 

{ must of necessity be the metal to be 
Antimony 


from c 


i but no electric current through 
v - Tho force is exerted when nective in tho direction from 
zine through liquid to copper, and completes the circuit through 
the external connections 

tion, and are 
lis dissolved, 
-each is connected 
nometer needle is deflected, atid 
mena: Zine of No. 2 is dissol 
copper, zinc of No, 2 is dissolve 
zine. No IE from No, 1 as there is no If, 80, to decomposa 
} I£,0 not being an electrolyte. 





uck to zine, N 
equal, 80 no force is active, no copper of eel 
ut let us change the wires so thnt the zine of 


of tho 


we observe the following 
vel, hydrogen bubbles from ita 
d and its cop 


but it 
theele 


pes ot all others, ‘There is no action in 
two cells, because their affinities are 


’in positive or netive; and the sign — mean 


t, and that water mnet undoubtedly 
althongh (when puro) it offers a very 


——_,_—_-___—————— 


+ Force duce to union of Znwith SO, in No 


7 n 


++ Forco duc tonffinity of a sO, in No.1.10,500 i 


F 
Leaving an active force of 1,600 foot-pounds. a 
+ —forees are equal in No. 1, no force ia absorbed by tha. chemical 
anulysis and aynthesia taking place ther 


stated 


dissolve 
1,500 foot-lbs, per 1: 
2,001 


forSO,, which are specilic a zine iad copper, fay 
700 foot-pounds per'32°6 grains of zinc dissolv ; 
pielieg senate ‘in it, or, in other words, 4700 foot-pounis, 
which is expressed electrically as 1°08 volta; a volt being 1673 
foot-pounds,t 


le 
iples to the separation 





opper to zine of No. 12) yi 























Vow these are in op o8i- 


Ne 









other, and the galva. 
phen 





r is covered with 







The wholo cireuit is raised in 
nt to the amonnt of zine dissolved in No, 
of zine dissolved in No, 2 is dissolved in 
posited on the copper of No, 1,1 
en i pet free at as 



















© copper of” 






is useful in go far that 
etrio chemical relations 





10,500ft.-pounds, 











soe Uy! ” n” 
16,500 5, 45 
n” 

we Oy ” ” 
10,400 on 




















0,500ft.-pounda, 





+ 
As the + and 











in round numbers, it 

d, and deposited, 
29:00 graing, 
10300 










ed, or 31°75 of | 




































2 E 
Making wp one cirenit no Uy putting pure tead for the “+ and 
— plates in tho jars, the active force (electric current) in the cir- x a ; 
cuit having its source in the battery canscs tle solution of _Thave only given the force due to the metals under considera, 
Jead at ++ and deposition of lead at — throughout the whole {tion their approximate values. The correct yalucs are yet to bi 
number of jars, and in equivalent, proportion in each to the fldetermined. hey are certainly needed for eo: 


| 

* y) xact eal; H a 

amount of zine dissolved in the battery, Our galvanometer fland operations in elcctro-metallurgy. Who will aioe. H 

i needle is deflected N, pole to the right. surements P? { 


+ . Now we will make the +.-plates of base bullion, and still lead [* Wo betiova theso measurements have already been made. _. 
: is dissolved and deposited in the same proportion; Unt we ob- |ithe author will publiah his rexulis shortly.—iip. Eurermenc ye hope 
+ serve instead of a clean crystalline surface, aa in the pure lead é steel Sy 
a Plates, an accumulation on the base bullion + plates of a : 
: dian metallic powder, consisting of the various impurities of the e : Bead aS 
_Dullion except zine, ; e LE 5 i 
A few experiments will show the reason for this accumulation, wot i CPRO-OILDING. 7 o | 
\ ” (14733.5-{ A ainnino solution should always bo! 
Take first some tin plates, and one after another put them each worked hot’ In common with other correspon: 
: inthe place of n lead +- plate. After each substitution we notice denta I have given this advice time after time, and; 
: the detlection of the galvanometer is lesa, until, when we have when I dabbled in gilding a few years since 1 ob. 
; changed four + plates, the dellection is nothing; “;herved the same routine, following tho example of 
{professional Rildors. I stated a week or two since: 
[that L thought a good deposit could be obtained with 
F:acold solution (that is, at the ordinary tempera- 
5, ture}, I-havea to-day tried what a cold solution 
| would do, with « very satisfactory result, and with 
far less trouble and annoyance then T experienced 
with what I must term the old method. When 
using s hot solution I always bad a little troublein 
getting the bath into working order, One great 
fault i: in tho use of too large and {o> strong a 
battery. The general run of emall articlos requirea, 
very small and wenk battery. I ured to-day o 
; | Dantel battery, and the articles wilt included brass, 






























MAN our roade F f ; 
Manco of:the new busluess of nickel-plating, aL 
i process. any metal may.bo coverad with, ating of 
yan alinost white, hard, bright, and non-oxtdizabla me-] 

















jects riow in the trado, such as motallic belts for Indie: 

combs, tatch-boxes, knobs, various metallic tools, etc,,: 
otc, All our readers, however, not aware of the 
snormous capital invested in this now branch of indus. 
try In varlous parts of the country, which amounts to 
thousands upon thousands of ‘dollars, while tho pro- 
















































: a tax upon all tho nickel’ plators in tho United States, 
eH f it would produce an enormous Income for them. Now 
2Ve auch a thinghas actually become yiossiblo, aud this ; 
from the loose way in which United States patents have 

sometimes beon granted, 
The nickel-piating patont law-suits now for somo 
timo in progress, Is a caso in pulnt. An association, 
M calling itself tho United Nickel-Plating Company, has 
: tng then Bon oplesdcl esto, minutes vuficed to AG sued all tho nickel-plators in tho United States fur roy- 
piece of IG-carat gold, kept under tha blowpipe Foltics on their nlckel-plated productions, under the pro- 
tn host . sutguter (rithont boras) ia canis A text of infringement of two patonts fasued in 1869 and 
silver, of course: remalning. | his ee rolted to: 1870 to n certain Mr, Adams of Boston, 
‘| Ma, tn tength, and about din, broad, and one of the : In these patents Adams clainua to have discovered that 
ert elee fan ee geet als lines tile sine, The ‘atl rat t tho presence of potash, toda, or any alkall other than 


s} dissolved In three-quartora of a pint of ordinary ; ann Coes 
BR Manufacturer and Build 











plates, ia 
+ force 
7,000 x 3 
foot-pounds 

force. ‘Ihe 

+ forceof two + silver 
ry; ono current passes, and 







































i HT fapiagantica fon will bo zien ina futuro number, 
ty ho Volt, bein it of i 
“pois. se ae EAS Pott aunt owl be mony j= ot 
















. ter, and about jos. of cyanideof potarsinm thrown 
sifin, The zine for the battery measured Shin. x Zin. 

:} this T placed in a flat porous cell, which wes then 
filled with a strong solution of common salt, The 
copper (an old card plate) waa a little larger, and | 
was placed by the side of a porous cell In a solution 

of sulphate of copper (no neid), Thick copper (bell) : 
wires wero soldered to both zine and copper. ‘Tho ; 
articles should be scratch-bruabed with common por. | * 
Jd ter. T Gnd nothiog to equal this. A rotary acratch- ‘: 
brush will turn out the beat work. Tho brush should ; 4 } 
J irevolve in a zine-lined box, with « reservoir on the fel 
<) Shtop for the porter, which rans on to the brush from f 
>smscuail indiarubber tube. It eecapes from aholein © 
Tat oe ithe bottom of the Lox, and is then poured back again 
oS for ate, 
“1 bave given every detail, as I hava been lately 
+:}aseased of only telling half my story. I wish to 
mention another matter. Some pla I know buy 
{the Exaniett Mrcuante to read. ‘There are others 
*, who don’t uso it for that purpose, or they would not 
; ‘send querics which have Leen answered within w 
month ortwo; but perhaps ‘ Economical’ (query 






Rnnionta Jn the nickel solution used for elcctro-plating, 

not only injurtous, but makes tho process Smpracti- 
al, if not Smpossible, Ho atates that he found that 
te success entirely depends on the careful nvoldance 
f having auy other alkall except ammonia present in 
ho solution ;"and on thts he bases his claim for a pat- 
nt for a sulution of nickel free of potash or soda, For 
ch a solution he obtalned hla patents, and having ob- 
nod them, the United Nickel-Plating Company clatms, 
nder his patents, inuch tore; they claim all nickel- 
ating processes, and ‘have even Intely obtained a 
dicta! dectalon In thelr favor, which decison can only 
ave proceeded from want of complete information on 



























uurpose placed in 
at depsited on 





i 

























nly lentl 


































ne is de- > 3j the part of the Judgo of tho true facta of the caso, and 
: Paee ie wick hace by hed fod duly bu pathe : from which the combined nickel-platers of the United 
Lass On, States appeal, 


‘Thoy havo, indecd, ss etrong a caso.as tho case of! 
the claimants of a nickel-plating monopoly fs weak. 
Thoy can easily prove that the prescription of the bath 
Of-6 anit of nickol and ammonia for the purpose of. 
‘Dickel-plating, was published in print several years be-, 
fore Adams applied for. his patent, Thus it may bo’ 
found in Dlngler’s Journal, CLL, pago 264, and in slx 
‘other eclentific papers fur'1859, that Liobig proposed a 
double salt of nickel and ‘an’ alkali, “He prescribes 1: 
part sulphate of nickol and 16 parts of water, made 
Ikallno by a small excess of ammonia, for nickel- 
| plating the back of tho sllyering of glass mirrors, 
ext wo find that Becquerel published, in. 1862, in: 
imptes Rondus, LV., p. 18, a solution for nickel-plat-: 
ig in general, consisting of n concentrated aolution of ; 
sulphate of nickel made alkaline, and he adds Uiat the 
best substance to make St alkaline is ammonia, or, he 
‘says, a solutton of tho double’ sulphate of:nickel and 
‘aramonta fs equivalent, Ho recommenda aiipplying the 
bath (which during stho: plating. ‘become: 

Feith nickel oxi and-ammontia, - We find this also pub- 
fied in Wagner's Jahrosborigh for 1850. and 1862. 
te will thus,be seen, that-theso. publicatia: @ that]: 









x 







of zine is 
g at low heat, and 
Y nit little of 
eBBAN ad ing i 
1 csr! nt et it. ie a ae ee 
periment, Current passing th » 
ona ns Inst arranged, the deflecti ¥ plano ee woke 
, rt , election of the gal e 
40° to the right, We aubstitute one zine wate tore 


‘plate, and the deff peas , i 
- the dal ection ise ee, SP to the right, With two such plates 


yee dell the right, With three, 1 to the rj vi 
ane i pe tow g fiat the four negative fie Bie 4 
fore tre E Tale ue ++ base bullion plates added to the +1 


' UB 
4 times 10,000 foot-pounds — force zine 


4 8,800 
a eae 

































































SOR eRe Spe eet Sate oe Dine ede Ae Rte en Fe pees : ee 
















$tal; and ayory onchas seen the various nickel-plated ob-: 


ducts of this industry may eafely bo estimated by mile 
S Hone, ; Henco wore it possible for some partios to levy 





'Becquerol’s ‘commmont. at, -tranelated 
from Comptes Retidus, + PP. 124, 187, * Becquerol 
saya that tho Presenco of any alkali in the aolutlon is}: 
| hartnlosa, ff only sume ammonia fs added from time to 
timy, su ns to neutralize’ tho. sulphurlo acid which is}. 
set free, and that this is only neceasary whon the post. |, 
live polo fs metallic nickel. “THe further: reminds the |: 
public that elght years before the granting of tho Amo. 
|} rtean patent, ho published tho use: of tho sulphate of 
{| nlckel aud ammonia for clectro-plating, 
Tho nickel-platera contesting Adams’ claim can'show 
what the causes woro that induced Mr, Adamis‘to fall 
Into tho error of thinking that potash was Injirtous, 
!] and how by hts Ignoranca of these causes ho was guilty 
of making a falso claim; they can show what the 
| circumstances nro under which the presenca of potash 
:] may sometimes be injurlous; and they can prove that 
various nickel-platers uso exactly the substances which 
Adams condemns, and upon whose condemnation his 
wholo claim 1s based, Somo of the proofs are other 
existing patents, Thus we find that Keith took out an 
English and an American patent for putting into the 
nickel-pinting bath potash, soda, ammonia, magnesia, 
or slumina, and uses them combined with an organic 
acid—acotle, citric, but preferable tartarle—claiming ; 
that in this way a flexible deposit of nickel is obtalned. 
Tho Chem, Centralblatt for 1872, pago 255, reports 
that Unwin, in Sheffield, uses for nickel-plating  s0- 
lution of a nickel antt, in which ho nsstste the precipl- 
tation of the nickel by means of oxalate of potash; 
while Boden, in Neuremberg, declares (Polyte Central. 
Blatt for 1875, page 862) that tho best nickel-plating [{ 
solution for practical purposes on a large scale, consiata |! ’ 
of 60 parts blsulphate of soda dissolved in 150 parts of 
i water, to which 4 parts of nitrate of nickel and 4 parts }' 
jof Hquid ammonia are added, : 
| It-nppears from all this, and from analyals of the 
nickel solutions used by varlous nickel-platers, that 
- |at present the various establishments in Europo as well 
ras those In tho Uniléd States, use the very salts of 


er. Hee. 1F 271- ial 
inickol and potash which Mr. Adams condemns, and 
‘produce vory superior nickel-plated articles, n fact 
[which upsots nll Mr, Adams’ theories, and tho clating 
| founded on thom, , w 

' ‘Wo adviso tho nickol-plators of the United States to 

(stand firm; thoy must ultimately gain their polnt by : 
not submitting to such an imposition attempted under — aot 
ithe garb of legality, and crush this attompt'to mondpo. ji : : 
iIlzo ono of tho most berutiful procosses which tho Ia: { 


‘bora of tho aclontists of’ Europa lave given to tho Ine 
dustrial world, : 

















































































































Evecrrotyring tie Nervous Cextres,—The process 
by which M, Ord prepares his beautiful copies of brain” 
and other nervous Banglions which attracted so., much 
attention at the Paris/ Exhibition last year, has. been . 
described by him to:the,French Academy of Sciences, It 
consists in: melting. gutta-percha in a deep, box, and - 
plunging .therein the. brain or other, organ . to be. 
modelled, “ ‘The gutta-percha . completely surrounds the 
object, and, on hardening in the air, It is cut into sections 
from each of which the brain matter fs taken away, 
leaving a clean mould of gutta-percha representing the 
external form of.the organ, .The interior of this mould is 
then coated with plumbago, and an electrotyp: of, copper 
or nicke) made of it. Taig electroxype fs thigk snougl alter = oi 
three or four days electro-deposition. He. T ve 











Ey aes 


A Novat Mapat has been awarded by the Royal Society’. 
to Mr., John Allen- Broun. for his investigations during 
4, thinty-five years in magnetism and meteorolo; : 












‘New Klectrotype: Procenn, 
LA now and ingenious process 
: has lately beens Introduced In | 
+ France for electrotyping on non- 
+ conducting materials, sich as | 
; china, porcelain, ‘ete, Sulphur ji 
j Isdissolved; In coll of lavender - 
: anke to’ a’ sirupy” consistence; : 
; then’ chlorida-of gold or chite- | 
_ Pride of platinum Is dissolved tn; 
? attlphurie ether, and ihe two so- | 
iAntions mixed. under a gentle j Bh 25, See 
(heat, The compound is next evaporated until of the thick! 
“>. ness of ordinary patnt,.(n which condition it ts applied with} 
i a brush to such portionsof the china, glass, or other fabric} 
; Ae it fs desired 10 cover, according to the design or pattern, ; 
» wills the clectro-metallic deposit. ‘The objectsare by 4 Hh 
* the usual way before they are Immersed In the bath, 4" hy 
* @30) Tnox-Peatixa ay tun Hatreny.—I you were a pro- |! 
* feralonal electro-plater, of {f you had tric ellvering anil gild- i 
e Ang by tho battery, you would know that every metal requires 
+ Sa own peeallar way uf making the rolntion, For copper the 
+ elmple solniton of the autphate fa euMclents for nickel it will 
vj ob do at all, hence tho complicated law-anfte at present fn re 
7), Bandtoa patent for what Isclalmed to be the beat preparation for |! 
} tho eolation, (but which, by the way, Ie by no means tho best); 
& tor fron It la necessary to tee a double sulphate and tartrate of {! 
V[ron and potash or roda. ‘The way to preparo It {9 thia: Firat |; 
} eolutlon—t ounecs of yellow prutsate of potaeh and B ounces |: 
F of tartrate of soda aro dissolved in 51 pints of waters eccond 
*y wolntlon—12¢ ozs, of sulphate of Iron are diseolved fn 1% pints H 


4 


Eucerro-rnatixa wirt Zixc.—The so-called galvanized | 
iroi is covered with zine, not hy galvanic action, but mechani. ; 

_- cally, the object being to protect it by gatvanie action at the 
expense of the zinc, If it is desired to eposit a uniform layer 
of zine upon iron or other metal by means of a Dattery, the | 


following bath is entployed :—10 parts of alum and | part of | 


freshly precipitated hydrated oxide of zine (still moist) are! 
dissolved in 100 parts of water, This bath can only he used 
cold. The article to be plated is cleaned in an acid bath 
attached to the negative pole of a battery, and immersed ii 
the above bath, A large plate of cast zine ig connected with 
tho positive pole. The current need not be very strong, and 
the vine is deposited equally well apon all metals, If copper 
whieh has been zing Plated in this way is heated, a beautiful 
tnd thin layer of brass is produced on the surface, When 
Jron 1s coxted in this way, the strength of the conting in. 
creases Upon warming the article, and the iron ig completely 
protected from rust. , The thickness of the coating, of course, 
is Proportional to the time it is left in the bath, Tt must, ig 
borne in mind, however, that the zine ig Poisonous, and Bu th 
vessels should never be used cither for culinary pur WUC: ei 
to hold drinking water, whieh objection does not hold in 
regard to the more expensive, but likewise More du Ue, 
nickel plating. Yor ornamental and arehi Wie 
some parts of Machinery glug wil prove us che; 


-aubatit. ‘apand useful) 


AN Etectro.Maanatic Ticky i 
iT. Counter: for rail. | - 
, wy is Jetn adopted at a railwaystation in Vienna ‘|: 
fe inber t Passengers of each class travelling by |.‘ 
* y par Hcular train, -‘This is 0 useful contrivance; and -| 
‘enables the station-master to apportion. the pro r 
Munber of carriages to the traffic, 


“Mn ty 


tectural work, and { ; 


slihiprond 
-mois;2400, 
. dujquatridmes 
oad > 
oni-. p 
spioup ||” mice! jours: 
poids; et di 


LASTIE E 
ihe aoe 


, MOG..em 
relief, soit, 


- 
| 
I 
I 


sar 


oats PAlry 
- peu 'prononcés, 
nak ae 


ty 
gin 


lu iro,les soulicrs sont, préféraly 
) In,surince, de 


se a fiire rer 


oh 
a: 


ta 


at un corps, hon, conducteu! 


me 


oli 
uel 


¥ 
s-fag 


piv ara’ 


rah. id 


' 
“Métailisation au nitr: 


a:Sansrdobtoy la métallibation : 
iposéesidaplombagino:et d’argant: ost! 


Fst 
sethdune nara ol 


ropiiccontuds; 
uxquets lon ddli- j 


aters in the United § 
 firet decision against ( 


emleal expert in thie 

nd 40 assert how riany 

Yet bo discovered, al ‘of 

a coherent, constatent and tenacious 


| coating of nickel,” We peraonally know of more than 
, | two solationy that will do it with the proper battery 


current, which fs. most Smportant agency In this ree 
spect, and theso solutions aro not only unclalmod by 
the Adams patent, but oven mado contrary to-his pro. 
- scriptions, in such a way as to contain tho vary sui. 
; stances which Adams claima will provent the formation 
' of “a coherent, consistent and tenactoua conting” 
' On pago 90 of this Issue we give a sulution which 
now offered for solo in England, guaranteed to giv 


: coherent, consfatent and tenacious coating,” and ‘in 


i prepared according to tho Adams procoss, ns it fa’n’ 
| double salt of the cyanid of nickel and potasslum, con." 
H talntug therefore the very aubstanco condemned by the: 
j Adams patent, Tho solution fs superior to any other: 
| thus far made, and much superlor to any of Mr. Adams’: 
}, altempts at nickel-plating, Wo would like to kuow! 
I. ‘what Judge Blatchford, and: tho oxports who ‘advised 
tha wrong dectslon, havo to say about this, Probably. 
thoy do not know that aulutions have been foiind that® 
will uven aickel-ulate Without any batturv.atenths. an 
wo havo already déseribed ‘on’ pago 83 of our Aprith 
‘number for 1877, on : 
i Tho essenco of this whole matter Is that Mr. Adams! 
lin proved that he docs not understand overything! 
about nickehplating, thatthe judge, knows less about} 
it, and that tho experts engaged by tho owners of tho{ ' ” 
Adams patent, and upon whose expressed opinion the 
Judge's decision appears to have been based, acted 
jagainat their sctuntitic convictions, Wo aro sorry to 
Ihe obliged to use stich severe expressions, but as we 
j cannot suspect these experts of Lelng ignorant, or at 
lenst illy informed upon so Important a subject, there 
Is no other conclusion loft than the ono expressed, 


ae : os 


A fow $500 checks may cover a multitude of sins, © 


Another Nickle-Plating Solution not Patented : : 
aX byAdams, ep. 


To o dilute solution of chlorid of zinc, to 10 per 
i] cont, nickel sulphate {s to bo added to lnpart a deckt. 
edly greon color to It, nnd tMo solution fs then heated .° 
to boiling inn poredtain vessel, Tho clonding of the ° 
liquid from a scparation of a baste zinc salt need not; 
bo heeded, ns It will not interfere with tho effectty as - 
| ness of the bath, 7 
Tho articles to be nlckal-conted—first carofully 
{ cleaned of oxi or greaso—aro only suspended In iis 2 
, [J olution from thirty to alaty minutos, while no battery 


tho Lath must bo kept at a.; 
aoa a mo ytan Use articles aro uniformly 


rl in water In while o 
eee pollatiod withehalk : 


bolling temperature, 
ted, thoy aro remov 
iltle chatk ts suspended, dried and 


or other suitablo unterial. 














3 ey pti 
‘| dently recommend for the fullowlig rensons: Ist, It is 


A solution of. the double salt of -oynuld of snickel andj - 

potassium, and. consequently’ not a solution which fs |“ 

used and prepared by the alleged Adams. process, 

2d.. It will plate on all metals directly, including zinc, i 

lead, and solder, and penetrates deoply into the pores | 

of the cathode, thereby proventing oxidation, Sd, It eed 

will positively plato threo times faster than any know: 

process; sometimes in about eight minutes, 4th, 1 

hover. requires a special regulation by clectrlclly, 

thereby preventing the burning of the amaltest articles 

by the strongest currents, Sth, Articles to’ bo plated 

nover become injured from oxidation in the solution, 

Gth, Tt produces a coherent, tenacious, anil flexible dle. ! 

postt, superior to any known to sclonce, 7th, No nchd 

ps aro required for any kind of work, while Dr, Ade 

ans clatma that actd dips are very essential for goad | 

reaulte, 8th, The expense of keeping tho solution in 

perfect working order does not exceed $b per hundred 

gallons per month, if ordinary care is used, as in all | 

other solutions, ( i 
They are propared to sell this solution dn favorable 


jterme, theroby, dispensing with tho license or royalty 
hietnase altacathan, yn 
uPnessep Gan As A GENERAL Inusixaror,—Com- 


H 


t pressed gas, the use of which for Muminnted buoye]- . ‘ 


ad explalied on page 83 of our Into February number, 
“may of eourso also bo used for general WMumlnation, 
}and for this purpose its use Js now being advocated by 
sMr, E, Schoenrock, He proposes to use tt for railway 
“cara, ferrybonts, ocean ateainers, and street Inmps. 
i‘The gas is mado of fat, petrolenm refuse, paraflin, or |i 
: almost any olly substanco, by simple distillution, The i 
, Bascous product of the distilfation fe conveyed into|: 
‘purifiers and thenca Into a large gasometer, where a |; 


. freezing apparatus takes out all tho® particles of inots- || 


ture, #0 that the gas fa Loft perfectly puro and dey, It 
{a next condensed under a pressure of 90 pounds in 
large cylinters, alter which ft can be transferred to 
pay amall reservoir, It ean be carried fn an iron cyl. 
er about 6 feet long and 18 Invhes In dinmeter, 
hich can bo placed under the body of a car. ‘This 
ould contain compressed gas for 72 hours for ono 
Berner.” Tho gaa passes from the cylinder to the 
mrucr through a regulator, which serves tu accrue a 
fomtAy avon pressuro at tho )urner under all cir 
rans haan un... 


—vy 


Galvanoplastie par appareil simple. 
: ee aay aia 
Voir Jo. métallisation- su 


soit une repra- 
un fil de cuivre plus 


is de cet objet ct de ce 


ils sont ‘prats ‘pour ‘tes 
it dites.: 5 Piece 


en ‘verre; en: 
dans ‘lequel : 


/ 


2 ES que Vobjet ou lo: moulo. sont préparés & reco. | 


“Fig. 79 isposition du moule prota étre suspendy dans le bain, 


Al de cuiivre aveo (ringles s‘appuyant sur dos bords comme 
le montre Ja figuro 80. : al 


: < ‘ Lee ae ae 2 
~~ Dans Je vase'de verre V, on vorse une solution: de -sul- 


fate de cuivre-ou vitriol bleu concentrée; ‘dans ‘le ‘vase 
poreux P, est une lame de zine A qui plonge dans de l'eau 
addilionnée d’un dixidmo d’acide sulfurique. Le zinc com- 
munique avec le croisillon de cuivre par Vintermédiaire 


“du fil'de cuivre ou dlectrode Z, ot c'est toul autour do celte 


courdnné que I’on accrocho ‘les’ objots ‘ou ’les_moules ‘pré- 
parés comme nous }'avons indiqué plus:-hauts:< e080 48 


~* ‘La disposition quo‘nous venons d’indiquer'se modifio de 


diverses mani&res selon les résullats'que l'on veut oblenir. 


Si;. par oxemplo, :’objet est_un ‘pe ‘olumineux ou’ pré- 


Fig. 80. — Appareil simple ordinaire, . > | 
sente une cerlaino surface, on emploie la cuve’ carrée 


(fig. 81). 0 : ee 
O'est une ‘cuve contenant ‘Ia dissolution: de: sulfate ‘di 
cuivre dans‘ laquelle plongent:deux ou un ‘nombre’ plus 
grand de ‘vases ‘poreux P,P. Ces" vases‘ contionnent: des 
Inmes de zine Z immergécs dans de l'eau additionnéo d'un 
dixitme en ‘poids d’acide sulfurique. Ces Iames do zinc se 
rallachent, au moyen do petils fils de cuivre, A un barreau 
de Initon A B, auquel sont suspendus’.les moules. & 
cuivrer, . wee Ben se} eet naan 
Dans lo cas ot l'objet  cuivrer serait voluminoux ot de 
rondo bosse, comme par oxemple: iun-buste, la cuvo pour: 
raitaffecter la forme‘circulaire, commo dans la figure 82; V 
estune cuve en{forme de’ baquot,' Les Vases poreux:P, P,P 
sont rangés aulour‘de Ia circonférence,’ Une ‘couronne cn 
fil de laiton réunit tous Ios zincs entr’eux et ‘sur cette cou- 
ronne reposent ‘deux triangles‘ A: B ot(O-D so’ croisant au 
miliou de la cuve ‘et’ supportant, suspondu au'moydn d’un 


Ol do laiton, Vobjot a'cuivrer. °: 
“elles es" ot Ios: ‘dispositions. 
‘Yon appolle 1a galvanoplastio par pio- 


ries eee ep ee 


+, éyiter les caillots, 


a) ; 
“> La’ cuve, quand n’est pas ¢n verre, en grés ou en 
parcelaine, pout’ dtre® con ait’ bois’ do ‘eapin ou do 


iavé& déeomposition.: 2.) ~ 


“chéno suivant :ses‘ dimensions.’ Mais; comme :lc bois est 


poroux, que'd’ailleurs les solutions chimiques et les acides 


le détruisent assez rapidement, ‘on: recouvre Ia.faco: inté- 


rigure des parois‘des‘cuves: en bois do substances inalla- 
quables auix acide’ ct en méme temps imperméables, 
Dans Je commerce, on trouve des cuves en bois garnics 
inlérieuremeont d’une couche épnisse et hien lisse do gutta- 
percha. Cette matiéro présente lavantage d’étre inaliérable 
aux acides ; seulement quand Jes: cuves ainsi garnies: sont 
de 'dimonsions‘un peu grandes, leur prix est nécessaire- 


“mont 6lav6s 2.08 ess Poe et a 
| On peut construire soi:mame des cuves pour opéralions 


ee S| hed ; Fig. br am Appareil, imple, cuve carréc. ; 
Glectro-galvaniques’‘on-igarnigsant les parois inléricures 
d’une botte de bois au:moyen do tn composition suivante : 

Cire jaune: Une’ partie en poids, 

Késine Cing id . 

Octe rouge Vac ld. 


Pidtre tres Ande moateur Ua quart de partie oa deux cent cinquante 
Pghe thoes ; *. grammes du mélange pricédent, 


» Les trois premidres matiéres.sont fondues ensemble a . 


fou‘doux dans un vase dolerry ou de mélal, puis, Ia fusion 
complate,’ on ‘ajoute pou.d peu le platre, en tournant, pour 


Le mélange; bien homogéne et encore liquide, est versé 


pigs aati 
* dans les coins ef les rainures dela cuve, que l'on incline & 


drojlo ‘ou & gauche afin. de'faire couler Je jot de cire et, 


* quand ces parties sont recouvertes, on achive de couler Ja 


cire toujours chaude ct fuide sur es parcis internes, de 


~ tele sorte que Von obticnt bientét uno cuve de bois reve- 


tus intérieurement d’uno ‘couche de‘ciro plus ¢paisse duns 


_ Jo fond ct aux angles.” 


“Cette paiasour de la couche de cire doit nécessairement 
‘varier suivant Jes dimensions données 4 la cuve. Pour un 
appareil mesurant par exemple trente centimitres de hau- 
leur sur quarante'de'longueur et autant de largeur, cette 
couche sera’suffisante si son. épaissour cst de trois milli- 


imbtres' dur les: parties® pluries ‘Iatérales, de ‘cing pour Je 


‘fond ot de dix aux angles horizontaux et verticaux.” ” 


‘Pour‘les cuves circulaires on peut se servir d'un simple 





“moyenne. Du resté,'le commerce Jes’ produit av 
- trea” facilement, do quali jerit 


cise baht na ko, TEE Fs 


’ 7 _ Le zine. Z 
Le zinc contenu dans le vaso porcux est généralement! 
unc Jame de zinc laminé d’une épaissetir variable, Plug 





zino,.des plaques trop minces. ou trop écourtées p 
vir de nouveau, on pout les faire fondro dans..un :creus 
do lerre ou uno pelle de fer semblabte 4 celle des élameu 
Pendant la fonte, le creuset ou la pelle doivent élre 
verls pour éviter la perle du mdétal qui s’oxyde 
ment, bhatt 
a zino fondu est coulé dans un moule constitué simp! 
ment par un bloc de platre & a surface duquel on a creusé 
une esptce d’auge dont Jes dimensions en longueur et 
geur sont dgales A celles que l'on veut donner au 
L’épaisscur varie nécessairement Suivant, In. quantil 
mélal fondu; elle peut-dlre do un millimdtro:’ un cen! 
et plus, a fe Sy ‘ 
eens le zinc est plongd dans Je .yase ‘poreus eae 
denu acidulée, Vacide l’attaque, lo corrode et le Cara i 
l'appareil est monlé, calte altaque s’opéro au profit i. ] on 
pération ; mais, dans lo cas contrairo, le zine se per a 
aucun profit, On remédio & cet. inconvénient en. amalga 
mant les zines, e'eal-d-dire en les recouvrant dl une ming 
couche de mercure. 
“Cotte. couche poss 
T’acide sur Ie mélal tant que. 
fermé, autrement dit tant que to 
un conductour & "élément opposé : 
les_moutes ‘dans Vapparell 





anal 

















Pho’ pressure ex by’ galvanio. deposits - 
3 3 Gan beproved by first coating a cylindrical thermo: 
meter bulb with gold lenf or a thin layer of 
;[ailver, then using it us negative elcetrude fn de“ 
composition of some metallic sult,. ‘he mercury, 
rises, proving that the metal ‘doposited inceta- 
considerable preasure. Tt ean be shown thut the ' 
rise fa not due either to loeal rise of temperature : 
nor to an clectrical action proper, It was stated ; 
to tho oyal Soclety by Mr. Milla, that copp 
silver, fron, and nickel, contracted tho therm 
meter bulbs, whereas cadmium and zine dilated: 
them, Mr. Bonty now finda, on the contrary, 
that all metals act only ant always by pressure,’ 
But this pressure, he ‘proves, is hot necessarily: 
normal, nor tho samo at nll points, and ennnat! 
servo directly for measure of the phe nT 
inthe result of a change of yolus 
metal undergoes in being deposited, 








































ELectroryrina ox Porcetatn.—This is now done 
in'Frarice with beautiful ‘effect. ‘The conducting basis. 
is formed: b; distétving Sulphur in oil of lavender to a; 
syrupy consistence, and mixing it under a gentle heat 
with ‘chloride’ of ‘ ‘gold: or‘ chloride’ of. platinum dis- 
solved in'sulphuyic ether. “This mixture {8 evaporated 
to ® cream, and painted on the article asa basis for thie: 
electro-deposit, 2, 4 . 

Pineahoe ts ae 


t 


(36715.)—Elactro-Gilding. -- Uso a Danfel}! 
‘element for small work, suchas bracelets, neck- 
lots, &c., of pint size; for larger, such ns caudle- 
| sticks, awers, &e., of quart size, or two or mm pt 

F pint ‘size, folucd in tnultiple are, Use’opiuiou 

ec Salt ns excitaut for zinc, and avoid alwhysfamalga- 

E\. ‘mated zine in gilding batteries, the qyicksilver 
t ~ being inductyp of much mischic§. It is ugt casy to 










givo advice inf thy other Id gold folutibns 
aro, as alrile,|sofmpuro, t fs not woth while t / 
mW to work in ng ones. \'Tho catihg away |/ 

hy of the anode byditatés rather largo aurplus of free i 









potassic dyanide, I would evajlorate to dryness |! 
with somb sodic carbonate, fine, abd disposa of the |: 
regulus. Relino it, or sell it fo n retlnor, and got |t 
b now stuff forthe moucy, I think that will be the } 

A _ shortest cut.—ANOLO-aNn, oi 


VW 


. Professor Slatha has devised and made public a pro- 
cess of nickelplating in the wet way, without the use 

of tho battery, which is sald to. give good results, 
and fa.not patented, The process Ia described os 
follows; “To a dilute solution of chlorid of zinc (5 to 

10 per cent ) cnough nickel sulphate ia to be added to 
Smpart n dectdedly green color to it, and tho solution is 
then to bo heated to boiling in a porcelain vessel. Tho 
clouding-of tho Hquid from the separation of a baste 
zinc aalt need not be heeded, as it will not interfere 
with the effectiveness of the bath, Tho articles to be 

“| nlekel-conted—firat, carefully cleaned of oxld or grease 
cate to suspended in the solution from 30 to 60 min. 
jules, the bath being kept at.a boiling temperature. 

:| When the articles aro observed to be unlformly coated, ; 
(hoy may be removed, washed in water In which a lit. : 
[tle chalk ts suspended; dried, and finally poltahed with , 
chalk, or other suitable material, By tho substi. | 
Hon of n cobalt anit in place of tho nickel objects may 
bo similarly coated with cobalt” aaaag 


. 


Another Nickel-Plating Process, 









Twa, 


















ya 












oe ay acttovee, cally. 
fe 
‘ eee Moule lune, couche de 

7 plate mbchd..[Cetta.couche ass 
“-eben-préy f 








LA-GALVANOPL 


ASTIE-ET | a way Pub [79 


FE 







histe én platre, parexemple.' Co: hiiste, passé ila stéarine. 
suivant le procédé que nous avonéindiqué en partant du 
motloge; est métallisé a'In plombagine pare: ou-dorde; 
mis' aw bain’ dans lappareil simple*ou compost,” Lorsque: 
In “couche “de ‘citivre' parall snffisnmment:: épaisse , on’ 
aredte’ Popsration ; puis? en sneriflant: une partie peu im- 
portante; soit le-dessous dit env de co buste original ninsi 
cnivré.'on brise-avee préeantion le plitre de Vintéricur et 
on Yentéve: par fragments, ‘de monibre at posséder apres 





sbest-un autre procédé qui pent dtre recommandé =, 
pour produirg a 
‘rela 





™ 






Portable engltic, wlicre tha elldea are attached to the as . ~ 
2] front cylinder head, how would you line it up—llne Bloctroplate, &0.~I spo 
tes or the other parts first? A, Lino overything Appearancs of a demand 
center IIno of the cylinder In one direction, and 
ntcr of ehaftin theather, 3, Would It be neces- 
ry:to have front coverupon the cylinder and then 
atrgteh line? A, No, 













wey 





jets en,ronde_ hosse quand 
sment simple, n’oflre pas, des 
accentugs 














irewtes seh pe ¥ ¥ ?08) J. G, writes: F proposes toputa wind. - 
ay Rose :dans’ son -grand * mill wheel on an ordinary hand car and gear {t from safd 











ie, consisie & meélalliser Vobjet, un Ti]f Wheel, and contends It will prope) the car agalnet the 
F “tH wlad, sizeof wheel optional, Opposition say ne, Please 
decide, A. F Is tight, 1f he uses properly proportioned 
gearing, but the speed will bo low, 


(19) G. A. D, asks for the process of mak- 
ing Mme water, A, Agitato an onnco of paro canetic 
Imo {i a pint bottle nearly Aled with water, and after 
tho3ime laa eubslded decant the clear anpernatant 
Nquia Tt must bo kept in well atoppered botttes, 
20) TL, asks: What is the best way 
2]| toget water upa WIt28 feet rise and GO feet distant? 
I suction pump, what size? We want water to supply 
steam engine ontop of hill A. a caus a pump 
















aN 














Vopération un monte ereux en cuivre présentant inte. > meaeagT font bene seule AR hae a suliclens vncool the tne 
rieurement fa reprodaction en creux parfailement exacte mill, . Slee of pump dey Pdi the quantity of water ° ro at ~ delicate 
if : ot wh. . er is not the 


du buste en platre, a : 
- Dang ce‘ moule,tan ‘verse une Slution -concentrée ide 
© silfate de cuivre; ‘pil on plice’tin vase en-terre poreuse Pe 
p ‘caw acithulde 














you wish to rals 

4] (21) J. D. M. asks how to: tost water to ns- 
iP certain if there fs lead In ft, A, Evaporate a eainple of 
et fs <j the water nearly touryuces, and mix the remainder with ; 
tne ‘tamasde zinc, en pales Aamall quantity of sulphureted hydrogen water (hydro frames of ofd Faglish 





















nant le tout par des tringles qui, en mda: temps 'qu’elles: q stiphuric acid). ‘The formation of a preelpltate or of a: | charactor have just been added, and n few good specimens 


+ S‘apptiient’sur les rebords dué 
ication ‘Aveo | 













5 i dark precipitate or cloud (ndicates ead, 2 Te find ont Engllsh pillar candlesticks a: 2, 
outs de-cui ‘re, les mellent z whether there {a any decaying substance Inmy well? A. iol whoah hate now becomo ationnat itigacboanue ise 
ing: ‘On-avaingi un appareil ‘Treat ono rample of the water with a cold saturated xo * | dngos of n aulte of plate, aro extensively shown, with suite! 
f A a + Vatlon of tannte acll, another with cnough dilute solu . lable’ ‘servers. to cach, . Doulton waro ‘and rich cut glass, 
: : : tlon of potassium permanganate to produce a faint color; | appropriately moulded in electro silver and gilt, are the. 
Ae ts {JAC aaligtet gelattnous preeipliaty forms tn the fretseven | matorinls! mostly favoured by Messrs. ‘Watkoe & Halt for: 
: these articles, and the latter aro highly'stiggeative of straw. 
» | berrics and: cream, or a centre compote at tho: dessert table, ! 
‘{ Turning to Britannia metal, for which tho firm aro No less | 
‘known, their improvements in dish covers aro worthy ‘of 
mark, and thelr newest designs in terpyte, tnolucing’s new; 

handle that is alagtadle t2 miny of the patteras, are Ikely: 

to meet with genaral aparoval. Sig is ara apparent that the: at 
Karly Eagllsh and Qacen Anne styles of ornament. are on! 
0, the wane, bat the “Adam " will probably romain a favourite 
t for some time to como. A short timo since it was whispered 
that the Louls Seizo would divide the honours with tho 
“ Adam " ornament, and 83me fow oxamples of tha’ period ‘ 
have already been male; and the dictum will probably go 
forth fora timo that a straight line must nover ba used 
whero a curve can bo employed; tn other words, the highly 
ornate is tu take the plase of the plain character of orna: 
f mont that has been prevalent fn the last few years. Wo 
sual ac and 8 pate, of} | aro already promisod this style of decoration in apan-work, 
ce, and “lees an vaniee peed Measrs, F. Walton & Co, of Wolverhampton and Londsn— 
2 arse your plaster cast isd astroyedt whose workshops have in thele time almos’ beon the nursery 
fy this process, hut when you havomado your matal of the high-class japan trade—hbave recontly sent their best: 
4; jehiold and finished it, if you know hoi to make artists here to stady the coming s*ylo, and, uador tho: 



































































te cot ork Eo safes ts tho enact Asing in the guldance of M E. Yutea, the energetic Lenton Partner 
Silat (= |shiold, and cast any numb of fast hw copper of the fiem, South Kensington has been visited, and oon. 
Scinilor: ‘ eerie : ‘Anavo-Daxe. Fitad CP prac tear) PI Ss sultations held with the beat authoritica on the question, [- 
et précipiler: clome.put: atome;Jeimétal:revivillé-dt: le sutt- . “Mu ohanue “7 .22.|° | am informed the reanlts of this visit will shortly bo sean in 2s 


face. intéricure du: moule -descuivre, Alt 
: bain -doscuivre;, on suspandsa: Hint 
_ Petits snes <de: tulle; remplis:de cristeux du:sullalesdas ce 
- Mélal-on-bieny imitant ca: queatous-ayona.décrit-en nous 
* occupant de: du-pile.Duniell-Virité,; oni lisposn: au-dessus 
_ du.moule un-ballon de: yerreyrempli de: cristauxide sulince, 
‘Ie col de ce ballon plongeant dans Ja solution cuivriqua. sh 
_ one: procédé, -assez; 

Otro recomamndd que: pout: reproduica:des bustes;que Jan 
: Peul:snerifiun apres, formation‘'de Venveloppe.da;‘cuivegsen 

outeg, jLeal-boni pours ivilar: Vadiérenga,'cantza:le: moule 


du métal,déposé 
rieure, du.creux; 
sante, dejcuive 


{uaet ey 












nus ce! eraus. 
; Moyen de pinces,;pn 
quilormait .o.mgnlese 
ment, idenlique,,i, Vg 
AUSSI; g) est: prudent,’ uugsildt Ja pramii ‘8, opsration 
la.formation du moule creus en’ cut 
u destruction. du; bustle original, de recony 















We ules yh iegs 










Ventroliinir- tho now patterns shout £2 bo Introduced, and, amongst other 

a nati : things, pin new onal-boxes, likely to prove a decided suc: 
ip aaa ceria . cess, aro promised. Improved maghtnury fa belny laid dova 
: for traveliing-tranks, which, It is std, in priee and quility 
will take high rank tn the trade, Tho newstyle of oraament 
will appow mst extensively in tea-trays, walters, co, and 
prices all round are undergoing a revision, Mr. F. Walton, 
jun, and SMe. 8, KE. Yatos have lately been admitted partners 
in the firm, » William Evans, who reoantly seceded from 
Mesars, Orme, Evans & Co., returns to Messrs, Walton & Co,, 
with whom he was connected for many yeora, 












simples; conmeon‘ilp: Voll neopHUL 




















o Surface! inlds 
eur-gultl- 
Danse: Vopdralionzet, . 
Wohires Lonveloppesextérique calle. 
Lan voit Spnuraltro un busigy)golue 








iginal:ipr 4; pltre.,.d joulons 





% 
a 


nano kee era ase ere CA DICT Eom 







inal, de rir ce 
a pélric A Ia mnin ov de 
In’ solidité du moule 


2 


gullu-nerch 












see 















































ie rs ere rea 











180 grammes ;chacune.; Dans:;!a, premidre portion, on fy 
© dissoudro, 60; grammes; de: phosphate, do,soude dang.ta 
: seconde, 12 grammes el demi :da.chlorure, d'or. et dang la 
“troisitmo, 40 grammes do bi-sulfate dosoude et. 4 gramme 
“do cyanure de polassium : 
On mélange peu a peu les de 
on ajoute,ja troisiéma “ 


ae + 
Ce bain est contenu soit dans une 


‘La:dorure galvanique & chaud.e 
ot'plus solide quo la dorure’&:froid: 
~-7* Qual que soit te: ee préférd,: 

™méme: que ‘celle’ indiquée/:pour 1 
pieigen 46: tsnpars imposd :': dans utie ‘cuvo> en uae . 
verro; porcelaino; gutta‘percha;. do dimensions ipaies 
suffisantes: pour contenir: objet 4 dorar} on':verse Ie-bain . 
Wor,’ Dans ce bain plonge :d’une® parl;i objet: dorer 
























grunines, C 
forrni par tes deux. ma 
el demic qu'a duré Vespérionce, : 

employs pa tens se compose din 
graphite placé dans un tile terre réfrac. 

ain pile Positif des tenx machin 
M est recouvert dita disque en terre nfractaire 


ies est A tres peu prés 
ties pendant tes quatre 


















































Bo oesk espe aden 
le de -porcelning 













psu! 





























































































































































































































































































































































drasilldetra cA ‘ igh se an aers chuquet yi Gn torent det 4 
ba : See fonte émailléesou-dang Mont de 20 inillimétees de dinnéte, formant te niles f 
rs Dani ae ten eas ‘de allant au-feu, soit dans un vase de [ dans ; : ' 4 
uspendu: ala ‘tringle ‘a. laquelle so:ratle réophore zinc : : :porcelaine, ,pouvant.dtra.mainte..“ uegalif, 
th milo, landis: qu’a ‘Ja. seconde tringle, pelocqal abuts one pap eseueit eh aips ie oe with d wee : sc phil dans 7 sented en graphite ane cectaine 
snais¢ reece ivant’ que on ; AMONG. ssp tou cuahs abo wroti f ; + quantile de moreeany de times cassée ten 
le réophore' du: pole culvre’ou aot sal neces “| j-sLes.,auges en: porcelaine, a lant. au feu ou. les vases da | le courant Glectrique, it se formera dans 
‘emploie uno pile do Bunsen: on ee RNERT: in ner fonte Smaillée sont; chauffés.directement :par.un fourneay } grande quantité de petits ares voltalques: quid 
tne lama d’o hablede: : MH w Pape «2 ved SE ou une Jampoa esprit de vin, ot la: Lempérature du liquide ; rent eb fin vat Fondeont les patits pistes al . aaa 
Eran re ued bela er taal a oe Gol-valerer Oslo VOodeeeniic nee = i a pe | 
i lication Winger’ 2 lL re “Les objets & dorer sont suspendus & Ia traverse do cuivre 7 LP e charhon est I 
- Pour le bain & froid, on mowange 7 000 prammes, * so roliant par‘le réophore:au pdle zinc dela pile, mais fe ‘ H 
"Eau distillée, . . . 2 Bee oe , BraMine®- Vautre traverse soutient non plus unc tame d’or, maisun |: autre extediilé porte vale for 
“Dissolution concentrée d’am- fil de: platine.. Une remarque curieuse & fairo, c'est que solénots pile meals nm oe cir 
-, MOMIAQUE . 2 6 se eee yy plati longo. dans lo bain, plus-l’or dé: v Inlerietre die eylindre de est an pen 
Write es seats ct. plus. anode de :platine plong: J " te en forme de chanipie et plong ‘ 
lum. . “ih. UMP & Ponge 1S Un te a 
Cyanure ‘do patass poss par Je courant prend.une couleur intense ol forcéa;t. empl d'an liquide plus ow moins dense esting i 
«Celta ‘remurqua*fournil: dono un moyen facile de modi; dre Fappareil moins sensible aus pe i 
*la-nuanee de-la:doraro,: qui-gera trds:pale si anode sité du courant ot A donner plus 
fer *la::nuan qui: . ; I 
panel ‘el . SUS mils, : 
plonge A bar ae i ie Te “Par cule Uisposition Ia resists so main 
or rouge, si: on'l’immerge 8. “CAS, Las Para RRA I ice nasline oe 
node ‘de plating resto:intacte, mais: son immersion: plus o0 | Meats slaus Hi uf iaba ican 
hn peed iad Bae MM ee . : ins er é : ibilité plus ow moins : . : yrande partioda courant le 
Ry ployer uno pile & faible’ courant, comme ‘celle da ‘Callaud moms Brande datervalie am Sednculnit a hatte giiy Gastoy ‘Trssasmen, altfre its rane united aah yo fs 
4 J ou‘de Daniell; il faut’ 'Suspendre‘!’anode ou’ feuille d’or'du parfaite du courant A travers: du liquida.t: {jets +4in ; ; ! altire ta liga de fer, la soutive, et fe cbiachon yi 
iJ 2o0ll de Danie : cll as tr a ie latine que n’attaque * Lat dorure: Achaud s’exécute trds rapidement ;. elle. _ oo ba nite proehaineme > (KEO. 4 Vault extedmité duc the pour raccoureir f 
% pole charbon’ou cuivre ‘avec un fil de Platine quo n’at aq oxiga: suiivanil: les’ dimensions des’ objets, qu’un-Inps de H L Ler andi phéuombny se teproduil en sens inverse 
ny nullement le mélange ‘formant ‘Je bain ; ‘quand lopération nexiga; suivant ies sImension : 1° qu:un-Inps i ‘ dintinne dhins le ereuset, Gest gree 2 cette 
# auth rare on enlave anode qui:: sans temps de quelques minutes pour cctix dont:tes dimensions. are Se 
i est terminée, immédiatement' on enlave ‘V’ano le qui, sa ha ahi J . ak esi ; fois TA ee “ ning ye obleniy tes al 
: catic précaution; continuerait' de 8e dissoudre‘ dans To bain sont trés restrointes a‘urid domi-heure, d'une heuro pour ‘ : LA META LLUR GIE KLECT RIQUE tésullats que nous Joetin sine i, H 
en pure perla Sei e Naeats EE AEN oe les aistras. Test nécessaire, afin: d'assurer une sepaniilice i Les aelualile: Hleetriques de Londees sont aajoned hai Voici Hes principa que,preseute ce prucdéite ; | 
Ha coulour de la dorure estle'signe cértain'de‘la minrche | bien égalo do Vor &In'surface de Vobjel,-d’agitor fsquen: {i auéallrgie ot Chrticulture yor Vlectriité de réserve | oy pa earsty te lempiature est thcoriqngteit ilinitéy | 
ty lage if os signe certain de'ta mar t i on.te peut; ‘san ‘cose, colobjet pendant quil pte pale ee qui permetiva de fondre tes corps Les We fractaires : 
do l’opération;” Si" cetto“dorure: est Jaune, ‘lamarctic'est ment ou, st on.to pe it} ‘BANS : pen F q - le sveout sujet pour un article ullévieur, vou nt senile 2° ba fusion sopere dans une almospl Gry pirkiitement : 
+; Dormale; si elle ‘paratt rouge oir’ noirdlre; ‘Ié'courant'est est plongé dans le bain de derura, J apes ment dire quelques anots de Vintéressante expérivnce siina® SaaS \ Saas ae 
trop “inlense ‘et doit dtre ‘affaibli; ‘si,’ niin; retournant “Lor déposé par void:galvanique & chad ou A Froid doit taquelle j réevammdnt dans tes anagtitiques |e, Liopéition seffectue dans un lnbun 
'Vobjet'pour que toutes ses faces se ‘présentent successivo’ Présenter une belle couleur brillante dont Je ton varie di ee ue 







ment devant Vanode ou feuille d’or, ‘on’ voit ‘la ‘face ‘alors 
Oppiosée’d cette ‘anode so dédorer, c'est que le courant est 
trop faible et doit dtre renforcé ou’ que le bain est appauvri 
}, dor, Dans ce dernier cas, on ajoute soit du. chlorure'd’or, 
jj soit du eyanure de Polassiuin, vee ed te ued 

2: “Remarquonis, dvant ‘de poursuivre! que ‘Ie ‘cyanure ‘ds 
P| potassium est un Poison, extrémemenit ‘énergiquu’ et qui 


jaune-pile: au’ rouge; mais. dans ‘le: cas oi catte nuanee . 
manquerait, do -ton, présenterait une ‘couleur . fauise ou f 
désagréable, on ramdnerait-Yor a sa couleur normialo par * 
diverses opérations.: 6.082 to sc Suybatiey eel 
~ L’objet’ plongé: dans une solution de: bi-sulfale: de mer. °! 
cure: y:'restera ‘jusqu’au: moment ot {ga: aurfiice paraltra 
blanche, Retiré alors, on Je fera chauffer sur’ une Jumped 
alcool 'ow'un fourndau a‘gaz oud charbon do bois; afin que 
le mercure ge volatilise, et‘on: lu‘ geatte-bossera ‘au moyen *’ 
du gratte-bosse ou pinceau: do:fils-de ‘cuivre fin 'fortomeat 
serrés, es Pa ee ee 
On pout également; ‘apres avoir étendu a la surface dela { 
piéce dorés de Vacide sulfurique~concentré, la faire chauf- 
fer jusqu’d production de vapsurs blanches, puis Ia Inver 
1 avec une: nouvelle quantité' Wacide ‘sulfarique étendu de 
+. ga. Chlorurg d’o * cing A dix fois son poids d’enu, La pidce séchéo sera, dans 
+1 Le’ prassinta “jaune” de: polasse: toca * les deux cas de* traitement: ct mome quiind elle n’en aura 
, et Ie sel ammoniac sont dissou s le subj aucun, frottds et brosséu A In brosse demi-douce: 2 
* lante, on’ Glire el,’ ayant uit’ dis ; : : : "PAUL Ladanvew, 
, dans ‘une petite quantité d'eau, én V's Me eae 
en cuve aprés refroidissement, 







peration ef sous Nail de Vopéritenr 
§* La matiived fondre est & une 
que te creuset, 8 inverse de ee 
ment, ce qui est une condition 
rendement. me y 
be fatraean électrique in 
dit M. Siemens, de 
tallurgiqnes pour los 
thea néanmoins de 








Aprés une experience préalable de douse ininutes, jai 

vu fordre en quatre minutes cf demie, mmutre en 
{20 grammes d'acier provenant de time 
thins te crensel cleetriqn sountises & | 

+ vant fourni pardeay machines dynamo électriques mayen 
+ modéle groupies en quantité. Want dédéerive suveincles 
meat Vayparvil, voyous comment cela est possible, On a 
contime de dire que Pare veltaique ne elit rel 
‘serves. A Tun 













castes 
‘netion di con~ 















































ea pas. da prétention, Gomme te 
8 atppstreils ind: 
tints ordinaires, inais il ¢ 

















omand? d Otre minié'dvee les plus, ‘grandes précaitions, 
Voici une autre formule’de bain d'or qui fournit égale: 
ent de bons résultats,’ #8 8 we etn Sn 
j «, Quantités, par litre d’cau distillée oul: Comme ci-dessus, 
‘, , Weau'de pluie Mtrée ct bouiltig : °° °° ee ene 
Prusstate jaune de potasse. . 20 grammes,”* 
: Carbonate de polasse . . . 
“Sel ammonia 





















tes tin mover : : 
ales tet 
ssible de 






Adeus cent cinquante fois plas grande que tare 
ne, suivant la condition de fonctionnerent. 

de Mesperionce de Woolwich, tes deus ma 
mens groupees en quantite di 
nt entre quatre et 
[ties pou 






























AB 





En adme! 
noitié de ce fiesig 3 
janet Ile ‘ nent les derniers obstacles qui 
ments, eh se convertisse en cha- satiot. ; 
leur dans Tare valtaYque, an trouve que le courant élee= 
trique prodoit par tes deux inachines développe dans fe 
i cretset 55 calories par minute. MH faut 4% 
i fondre f kilagramme dseier, soil 29 eaturie 





HL notivede pre 


tint 
Ie condition de te 


sitions 













































































Prenant ‘un’ litre deat, distiltée: 
: en trois portions: une do; 700 


a 






; ; 







aed : | : RISC 1 hl oc aC ee aon 





Pcocuta 3 ude e 








coe 













































=* 






151 








of coal is required tomelta Kilogram of mild:atecl, when the re- 


TRICIAN, AUGUST 14, 1880. 
10 enerati inciple is applied. Now, o kilogram (ubout 2°21b.) 
: ess ood in t he beat ateam Ma gines known, can ovilnce one horse- 
Th electrical furnace or erucibludescribed by Dr, Siemenson the 270,000 kilogrammétres), hour. 18 Corre. ce 
3rd ‘1 before the Socicty of Tele raph Engineers ia an invention work, transformed into : : ete: 
of sucht scientific importance, und so great ly augments ineortan oul conatructio! 4 ee 
directions our power of acting upon refractory munteriale, t nH into heat hy 
any niisconception as to ita proper aphere of application wou! produce one. 
be peculiarly ‘unfortunate. ‘The results to be obtained by mean 
* of this device for obtaining temperatures exceeding that at w Hie 5 
the dissociation of the ordinary combustion-products occurs, an so: tak. abba th Chenristve (umnslormatious ot the enemy 
Ae hentia tg ee commequenty Fea oo oie af atored i yin a kilogram of coal we are able to utiliae only gle 
i i ‘ p . > a ‘} Py 
«with atmospheric oye, treyislar eenerating Ehl—supposin [out of the 7,000, calories rien the aire a ne 
thei ‘ Hi su estion, that it ahonld be used for the fusion of | of the coal. Or in o her vor te SE St the: aloes 
dled to be alone carried into effect—conaider that the invention Fe Ee eerarn of atecl, we require to obtain a 
in queation was nt firat scarcely appreciated as well as singularly temperatura ot, Hi mle a wy mmice with ‘ike 
me atects ‘ i roti ible, and to au calorics to th s 
a eletrical furnace, in fact, appenrs to, us (0 be eae nt fusion of «n kilogram of steel Tyithin this apparatus (already 


licable, excepting under certain very special circumatances, for : ; 
Purposes fuel us the above, which, as it a) nears to us, it can ac- | eated) will therefore necessitate the combuntion of 


complieh only at a disadvantage in regare oth te economy aud 
efficiency. Moreover, certain data appear to have been very much 


ELECTRICAL METALLURGY. 




















































kilograms of coal. And the fusion by means of electricity would 
strained in order to show au ecouomical advantage which in therefure cost, in coal, 212 times aa much as the fusion by direct 
cali i combustion. hey 
ibe ft Acres is indicated in an article by BM. E. Hospi- “The figures given by M. Siemens,” says M. Hospitalier, “are 
talier, printed in La Lumitre Electrique, for the 14th ult. j somewhat different from oura, and for the following reasons :— 
Before referring to the observations uf thia writer, it will be} “ML. sassunicethata good ateam engine, working expan. 
useful to follow his example by reproducing the description | sively and h condensation, converts 20 per cent, of the total 
given by Dr. Siemens of the upparatus by meana of which he | energy of the coal into mechanical energy, For thie figure to 
effects the electro-fusion of auch muterial ag iron or platinum, be accurate, tho machine must consume only 450 grams of 
Tho apparatus in question consiats of un ordinary crucible of | coal per effective horse-power per hour, We do not think that 
plumbago or other highly refractory material, pluced in a| such a reault bas ever been obtained; and the figure of one kilo. 
metallic jacket or outer casing; the intervening space ‘being | gram, which we have adopted, appears to.us to be rather under 









































i LOb Gs 

idee al por 
al eee, Wad Spat re 
prvuiel an cexe’ 4 










ott smd, hargels n 
wemmpan, fie Oat,» 




















































































aon ttn 
etn titeatie 
ees: 












Ahole is pierced through the bottom of the crucible for the| In this we quite agreo with M. Hospitalier, One datum which 
ference | prada calories (IIb, of water raised throngh 1° Centigrade). 
in which that distinguished physicist stated that the power of 
One horae-power exerted for one hour being equivalent to 
work by nan engine constructed upon economic principles. 
magneto-eluctric machine, the a effect in thie appuratua 
Siemens,” aye M. Hospitalier, “is in the coal, The quanti of heat requisite to fuse 1b. of 
current was supplied by two medium-size Siemens dyna. through 1° Cent.) it followa that the quantity of coal 
between 70 and 80 webers per sec. After a first operation, Inst. ht of coal necessary to effect the fusion of Mb. of mild ateel 
and a half, figures arrived at by M. Hospitalier appear therefore, aa he enya, 
the voltaic are is now an accompliahed fact, What has now tobe | furnace. 
future, 
paratus for fusion, the limit of temperature is that nt which | ‘Tho alternating currents produced by dynamo.-electric machines 
Moreover, by means of the voltaic are fusion may be effected in| difficulty of applying ordinary methods and instruments to 
of oxidising or reducing Dag withdrawn from the action cither | hundred times a second, 
narily the exterior of the wet a e fused, wherens ordi. employing s Thomson electrometer in a novel manuer, M, Joubert 
raise 1 gra 


admission of u rod of irun, plutinum or dense carbon, such as is] we adopt is that the iatrinsic energy of one pound avoirdupoia 
‘ge dimen. | Another dutum may be taken from the Presidential address of 
100 horses can be produced with an expenditure of 2501b. of cual 
1,980,000 foot-Ib. of work, it followa that only 7'2 per cent. of 
Assuming, with Dr. Siemens, that one-third of this mechanical 
=, Of the heat energy residing 
regulator, working by menue’ of steel, in a crucible alrwady heated to the point of fusion of 
electric machines, coupled for quantity.” Measured by the requisite for the purpose is that weight which will produce 
ing 12 minutes, by which the crucible became heated, an’ ingot | inthe electrical furnace will be 18900 = ost, roughly. ‘Tho 
“Nover before has ao important a reault been obtained in this | © be understated rather than the contrary, and those arrived at 
done is to examine the advantages of this metallurgical process, 
"One of the greatest advantages of this mode of fusion is that ALTERNATING OURRENTS AND THE ELECTRIC ARO, 
a 
the dissociation of carbonic acid and water vapour takes place, | of the Alliance type, and also by the more recent types of Grummeo 
a perfectly neutral atmosphere, since the cruc 
. Further, 
can Pinctrate to tho mass to be oie heated before the heat 
eae coe 2° te | onset errno emontie 






filled up with pounded charcoal or other bad conductor of heat, } than over the mark.” 

“used in electric illumination, The cover of the crucible is aleo | of good coal ia 11,000,000 foot-lb., or about 7,070 British Centi- 
Dr. Siemens to the Society of Telegraph Engineers, in Jan., 1878, 
per hour if the engine is constructed upon economic principles.” 
the intrinsic energy of coal is actually converted into mechanical 
work is converted into heat within the electric crucible by a good 

4e 
Tn the experiment we’ witnessed, che electrical the metal ine 450 British calories (represented by Mb, of 
electro-dynamomoter, the current traversing the apparatus varied eee 00, OF tho same unite of heat. And thue tho 
of ateel weighing 500 grams was fused in exactly four minutes che 

direction, The fusion of considerable masses of metalby the heatof | by Dr. Siemens to be altogether too favourable to the electrical 

ite ceonothical value, and the applications it may obtain in the 

the temperature obtainable is theoretically illimitable, In other oo 

viz. 0 tem erature varying between 2,000° and #,500° Centigrade. | aud Siemens, hnve been little studied, owing, perhaps, to the ‘ff 

and the substance to bo feeed at rible may be closed, | currents of great intensity changing their direction oue or two 

within the gubstanco itlf which Eee the heat is developed | ‘The diftieulty has, however, been got over by Mf. J. Joubert in 
eae iis point of viow of calories consumed and ulilised, Alle ae original calorie, or unit of heat, of Dulong, viz.; the 
ty is merely apparent, : engineer's culorie (French) is 1,000 times greater, und correa- 





Om Eds Em 


as i mfallurgicn) procdsagy about ono Ki gait te 42955 kilogenmmetres, or to 1 kilogrant of 


~~ 





P seaneee merece ieeaeeteteneabet eter ee a eee 


be 


| 
J 
| 
y 





1 
i 
































5 
i 












vith Maryland Gol 
tere Process with Maryland G 7 
are Robertiou, of. the Robertaon’ 
2 Blootric Ore Reanction Company, arrived {0 





‘v. stho Bt 
“Mr So! 


“ it Ieht'from New York, en’ route; 
the city last n Dine Montgomery Miningi ‘ooking up. 

















nes: 0 
‘ + aneoy, Mostgomer} County, where tort 
\ +: of hig process’ for: reducing refractory oe 
; 1. } yepaltlous ‘ores is to bé mado, ~ Me. Robert- 
"gon was entertained at tho’ Bonnert Houso 
“a by. General Felix Agnes and Mr, I. O, Van- 
tino, of tlio company, and will leave for tho . 





; keep down 




















Y tres “that ren-|; 
deposits from base intermiztir . 
: rdored it unprofitable to workthom by the 
‘ ordinary processes, and it {6 yot to bo found 
that he baa in any ease boon unsuccessful 
‘With the Eastern ores his testa havo so far 
| ‘bean only oxperimenta! and on ao small 
in) * gcalo; and while they have also beon auc- 
1 
| 
| 
















,-ccssfal, it 18, designed that ho shall now try 


{ 5 specimens of the quaitz, be expressed great 
confidence, that. it way not only vory rich, ; 
| “putalso,thit,be could work it eo .ns.to get 
a «every dollar's yrorth of gold out ofttt, The; 
“eompany has ‘recently erected all. the ma: 
ery neccsfary, and Mr, Robertson's) 
perationsare attracting tho deep interest o| 
qninera, capitaliais-ond scientista, a number, 
of, whiom wil bo present’ to-morrow to wit 


























jfinds its chi 







have -originated , something off 
kc:nd he was compelled: to acknowl. 





















gen in the presence of platinum the chloride of gold fa re- 
‘duced tothe metallic state. To what is thts reduction die? 
‘| Let us examine the ficts: An aqueous solution of chloride 
“of gold has nie action ona strip of platinun, neither has the 
A hydrogen any netfon on the chloride of gold; but the plati- 
“mum putin the presence of hydrogen lins the property of ab- 
+ sorblug a certaln quantily of this gas, : 
H The starting point of the reduction of the ctioride of 
gold is in the condensation ‘of the hydrogen on the plats 
ge Hum, The plationm in absorbing dhe hydrogen disengages 
B hient, and it fy pre this heat whfleh ‘etermines the 
reaction between the hydrogen and the ehlaride of gold, 
‘This reaction once co: need can continue of Sts own nc 
cord, and give placo like all chemical reactions, to an elec 
tle current, 
The electric current observed by Dr, Phipson Isnot there. 
ore, the initial, but the Apal action; the disengagement of | 


























silver goods, 

































Wand the hydrogen, but. It ts, on the coutrury, this 
mahcricnl ion which starts the electric current, ” What 

























Bk place; aud i 


: of platinam, pal 


‘uch more hydrogen than platinuns absorbs, 














noise bis ‘work.'’ Me. Robertson ia an old ixtonia ores, b; 


“Btectroplate, Gorman Sllvor, 
+ Ware.—If the experience of 
j of the raw matorial of tho white 
j crlticiam of business, 
i sather favourable re 
j nlekel of late, bo 


> manufacturers of finlst 
‘ tobo presontly noted, 
: comparative activi 
; chiefly to specutat 

tioned, firstly, 
t uponithe failure o 
: whowg competition 


ty H 


the curl 


mines this afternoon. His fnvention be ! frofm Paris that tho F 


an : fornia, Golordo tho carly issue of a nickal-b 
*-Jpéen largely opplicd in Cal! nin, Colos ne ently 1 

7 +  gold-bearin; _ prove to be weil founded, 
“id Novnda for tho ‘freoing of’ gol 8 sport Eng effect upon the walle’ o 


+ thrice its present pri 
facturers are prudent], 
ing for future supplic: 
present obtain: 


havo just prepared 
guarantecd. artictes, with th 
a no reduetion wilt - deposited on cach dozev. 


: ver Plate and other South A 
markets, Messrs. Doykiss & Son, eee 


fr 


uarantcedl 


Armenia furs Qame, WY 


i. * now abnormally depreclated, and In viow o 
i” raw peti jumping up suddenly to twico or; 
ice, platera and Germanu-silver mantt ; 
ly augmenting their stocks, or contract. 
son the more fayourablo contlitionsnt 
Hence the more cheerful tone of ths = 
reports from the well-known refinerles of Messrs, Vivian, ° 
Messrs, Evans & Asking, Sir Josiah Mason, ant Mr, Barker. : 
Co f This cheerfulness, unfortunately, {3 not rellentod oe : 
on {ho Montgomery Companys reports from the leading local consumers, most of whom . 
the nna “ral extent, On boing shown - Hegeribe business as very dull and unsatisfactory for the 
+, oFes 10.018, . | time of year, more particularly In the homo markets, It fs 
‘ admitted, howover, that business has improved since E1ster, 
and that for certain foreign and Colonial markets tho 
‘demand, more especially for German ailver and plated 
: Britannia-motal, is fairly good. Rolled metal, principally | 
Gorman silvor of high quality, $s golng out In large ; 
quantities to Japan, India, and other Eastern markets, and , 
am} of the Continental States, nud especially France, ara ° 
\ good customers for certain qualities of metal and wire, This 
‘business ts principally in the hands of Messrs, Evans & 
j Askin and Messrs, Vivian. Nickel, reflued from Now Cale- | 
tho dry process pecullar to Sir Josiah Mason, | 
ff market at home, where tt is in especial 
request for bits, spurs, stirrups, carriage-haudles, harness- 
: buckles, and generally all articles of sim 
; Strength and toughness rather than duct 
; Since it was first introduced to tho trade, considerable Im- 
;Provements havo been made in the manufacture, and as 
; consminers have mastered the mothod of working it, thoy 
j dave beon cnablod to oxtend its application to naw purposes, 
{At the same time, there can ba no question that for tho |! 
jiveneral roouiremonts of the clectro- 
g nothing to beat {he nickel Producsd bi _ 
{ By Du. D. Toststast. 74 Aa Bn OFCs, ough platers of catablishe 
y uy 
Wues a solution of chloride of gold is acted on by hydro- ; aasitee Se anes er ta 
plated wares, tho ganoral testiaon 
tho gradual substitution of Germ: 
for electro-plate, more especially 
velasi, Firms which devote specl: 
this description are gon 
for instance, aro do! 








nickol-rofinors, 
-motal trades, ware 1 soun: 
should be warranted in making a 
rt of this braach, as the demand for | 
for home and export, has heen decidedly + 
‘a matter of fact, howevor, tho platera and | 
hel goods are, with a few oxcoptions | 
very indifferently ompltoyed, ant. tho | 
in the nickel trade appoars to. bo. dus | 
vo casos, Among theso may. bo men- ; 
tallmont of production consequent ; 
La local rofining-house (Messrs. Wobb) i 
of late has contributed a gor deal to; 
and, secondly, and ohicfly, the Toport 
‘rench Government {s contemplating } 
ronzo coinage. Should tho latter ; 
it cannot fall to havo avery ; 
{-nickol, which is just ; 
{ the contingency : 


the purv 


yy the old 


producers, 
aro Mesara, William 
ro extensive makers for oxport 
Vor spoons ani forks, as wollas 
Io plated goods the domant runs 
qualities, which afford the 
for tho suflicioncy of the 
who wero among the 
spoons and forks, are 
Ilands & Son, 
colour metal, 
Doykto, and 
prico-list of 
ee tr dwts, 
only spoons, { 
keives, flalvontvora’ : 
Mossrs, Hands & : 


Messrs, 
ravian silver and gold 


Ivor 





yore | 


lo form, in which 
ity are demanded, 


plate branch, there Is_| 
rocess from 
reputation 
thomselves to high-class 
ing-off In the demand for 
y of the trado polats to 
an allvor or nickel alloys 
in goods of tho cheaper 
at attention to goods of 
erally busy, Mosse, Daniel & Artor, 


a” large trate with’ the ©. 
Australian Colonics, a8 well i. with Canada and a ela 


cipal markets of South ‘nnd Central America in * 


ho prin } 


and especially spoo i fork: tial 
ns and fo; 
i they aro now the Targest local Seer clone 
thelr principal competitors In this line 
| Mago & Co., of Nechelt’s, who 
of electroplated and nickel-af) 
platers for tho trade. 
more and more upon gi: 
“ purchasers xome sort of- scourity 
lectrieity does not start the reaction between thd chloride allvering, and Mossr, Doykin & Son, 
Af veal first to adopt this system with their 
especially well employed in this lino, 
| Whose specialties are ie 
; ate now adopting the same system ay Mussra, 
for {issue an clabvorate 
reg eht of sil 
NC lis 

ladles, &e., but extends to pare iene 
aa eon amt tas : peertBus: tongs, ond teas miscollantes, 
renuge pulladiom ean ab: , Son havo boon esprclally busy of lato 5 : 

ae ; tnd forks, &c., for Mexico, and Peruri coy for the : 
aod Oontinental ; 
Imay montion hore, cola. j 


brate on Saturday tho hundredth soniveraary of the ustab. 


a ‘Mshmont of thoir firm. Messrs, 2} " i 
\ re \Ss \85 ‘ V busy for some Umo past on stoame ant ee nnd 


Among 


tand hotel contracts and: 















Preséntation orders, 
ona large order for a now clty hotel. 
and Messrs. Spurrier. are fairly 
ant tho former is doing an i 
mounted tmopleces in the Queon Anne style and pareol-gilt 


At present thoy 


employed -at presont, 
mproved trate int tiohiy? : 





oo aa 


aged clitatly: 
Messrs. Woodward: 


Spergnes, There has boon a rathor brisk demand of lato for | 

cap clarot-jugs, ‘mostly for oxport, and.Spaln and the. 
Spanish West Indio are taking largo quantities of suporior, 
kind of German gilvor.spocn3s and forks. Somo of tho; 




















































re 


Aa, 



















by electricity, 

















[aulfe 





railway companics haye lately placed goad-ordora hora for 
olectroplated lavatory baslas and fittings for Pallman cars,: - 
&e., in which thore is apparently a good trade to bo dono, : 


Or. Goby ASR. 


METALLURGY OF NICKEL. 
- 2.At the recent exhibition of the German patents nnd: 


ignta the metallurgy of nickel and cobalt was illustrated. manner, é. ¢, by the addition of n tittle magnesium, 
*]in an Interesting manner by Fleltmann & Witte, of Iscrlotin, ; 
Dr. Kollmann describes It as follows: 


This small percent- 


Magnesium is well 


ume with tolernble certainty that ff Fleltmann'’s method 
fal been known ten years ago we Germans would not have 
been pestered with ourunhandy litte 20 pfennigellyercolns, 
for tatich more convenient ones could have been stamped 
from . pure malleable nickel. Pure nickel, in addition to 
its muallenbility, posseases the great advantage that it docs 
not lose its luster in moist airand is uoaffected by organic. 
cils, while its alloys, we know too well, graduully lose. 
cir luster wnd'turn reddlab, . ‘. 
#Fieitmann, in his very Interesting investigation, also made 
‘the discovery that pure nickel treated: with «a very little 
magnesium became weldable just like. fron, and upon this 
he founded a method of welding nickel to irou. ‘This dis- 

very line guiued very considerable importance, since we 
are now able to weld plates of nickel on both sides of the 
tron or steel instead of merely depositing on it a thin coating 


* ‘he question of welding, which ts not yet settled in the 
metallurgy of fron for Bessemer metal, for example, may 
perhaps bo solved in a manner similar to that In which 
Fleitimann solved it for nickel. Its Importance technically 
‘J and economically hardly can be overestimated, Nickel made 
by the new process with magnesfum has a resemblance to 
carbureted mallcable iron, 
A Kollmann made a series of tests of strength with Fiett- 
Mann's nickel, and arrived at a surprising result, unwely, 
hat the elasticity as woll as the absolute strength corresponds 
etly with those of medium hard Bessemer steel, 




















of copper and nickel, which can be rolled at a very high 
temperature, In this operation the metuls to be welded are 
surrounded with thin sheet iron, which fs afterward dissolved 
off, or is heated in an alr-tight apparatus, In this way, too, 
sheet iron cay be combined with alloys of copper and nicket 


by welding, 


To prevent articles made of nickeled stcel o1 
rusting on the cttt surfaces the iron beneath ts dissolved 
away at the edges with dilute acids, and. the. projecting 
nickel then hammered down and welled over it, In Blrming- 
ham I. Wiggin makes nickel malleable by adding 2 to 5 per 


cunt manganese, 


eovered with nickel, 
be drawn ont just like ordinary wire, 
Is that the welding as well ns tho melting temperature of 
steel aul nickel fs close together, so that the nickelized 
istecl can be welded ng before, ! 
Cubalt can be rendered malleable and weldable in the same 


3 an : 
‘The oxpansiow by rotling aud forging of the two | 
the same, so that thoy tan be rolled together, 
‘Kollmann then gives some of the numerical results of hia. ~ 
testa, which wa omit, but they go to show that the physical: 
properties of nickel‘and iron are very analogous, so that the : 
thought arises that perhaps wickel ia, after all, only au allo: ; 
tropte state of iron} ; 
Slnco nickel and steel expand equally, blocks of nickel : 
can be welded on both sides of an ingot of stecl, and the 
whole rolled out Into sheets of any destred thickness alrendy 
Tron wire covered with nickel could 
Another advantage 


Fleitwann bas also discovered that not only can nickel and 
D cobalt be welded on steel and iron so ns to form nickel plated 
“It is only within a fow years since the discovery of pure; wire and sheets, but that It can be welded on to the alloys 
malleable and weldable nickel by Dr. Th. Fieiumann, that 


nickel has entered the rank of those metals which are tech. 

ically employed on’ a large scale. Previously only the 

alloys of nickel with copper and other metals could be easily : 
wrought, whilo pure nickel could neither be hammered nor 

rolled, The reason of this was that puro nickel absorbs 

{occludes) gases while melted (Fleitmann thinks ft is car- 

bonie oxido), and the nickel cannot be worked until these 

garca nre removed, 

“2 Fleltmann’s process for making nickel malleable consists 

‘Jin adding a very small trace, only one-twentleth of a per cent {| 
of maguestum, which is introduced in the form ofa bar Into; 

the liquid nickel while In the crucible, 
age of metallic magnesium renders this brittle thetal perfectly 
-}malleable, and it can even be welded. 
known to oxidize very ensily (at bigh temperatures) and 
hence serves to remove theso Injurtous gases, (Would not 
Phosphorus accomplish the same end?) 
3-The extrnordinary technical importance of the new dis-. 
co’ ry (which is already patented in all countries) is evident! 
at‘once, Formerly alloys with comparatively only a litte 

Bickel could be used, say, forcoln, The German 10 pfennig 
pieces (like the American 5 cent piece) contain “only 25 per, 
cent of nickel to 75 of copper. Now, on tho other hand, we 

lean have pure nickel cast in any desired shape, and also 

forge It and roll-it Itke iron or steel, We may, indeed, 


Ae 



























































“  ELECTHO-METALLUBGY. es 
ELECTROTYPY,. ; 

In taking impressions or moulds of under-eul or highty- 
wrought work it is neecssary lo use a flexible substance to 
‘admit of separating the mould and model without injury to 
‘either, For these purposes gelatine—or gelatine and glue 
jor sirup—nnd gutta percha are employed. Glue (of the finest 
iquality) or gelatin Is softened by soaking over night in cold 
water, then removed fram the water and dissolved by aid of 
heat Ina quantity of pure glycerine equal to thedry gluc 
taken, This mixture is kept over the water bata for severnl: 
hours, and is then ready to pour over the warm, well-oiled! 
model. After standing for several hours, or uniil tho-: 
roughly cooled, tt may. be removed from the mode] hy care- Hs 
ful manipulation, When removed itis dipped repeatedly int 
in solution of one ounce chromic ach in a quart of water,: 
ench timo being exposed to strong sunlight (every part), 
which renders the surface waterproof aud nonabsorbent. 
When dry the surface nay be metallized, and a strong current 

with a darge anode used at first in the bath, With such: 
work much care is necessary to exclude alr bubbles from 
‘the deep-wrought portions, ’ 

In naling gutta percha the moulding operation Is conducted: 
“elther by press, by hand, or Ina stove, 

By hand.—After purification in: bolting water, plates of: 
various thicknesses or Stumps are formed, i 

A quantity suMlctent for the intended moukt fs cut and 
‘put into cold water, which is graduaily heated until the? 
‘gutta percha is soft enough to he kneaded like dough, ! 

After having pulled the gutta percha in every direction tho! 
edges nre turned in so as to form a kind of half ball, the 
Bmooth convex side fs applied to the middle of the model, ; 
then it Is spread aver and forced to penctrate the details of 
the object, The kneading is continued as tong as the mate. 
rialrematns sufficiently soft, when it Is allowed to coo) some- 
‘what, While at n temperature of about 80° Fah, it is sepn.! 
: rated from the mode) and dipped into cold water to harden, i 
and may then be Landled without danger of impatring its; 
accuracy, - ¢ 

With rome models it ts preferable to heat the gutta percha’ 

In a copper dish with constant Stirring unlit it becomes a 
‘seml-fluid paste.” This'ts poured over the pattern previously‘ 
placed in an Iron ring. After s few minutes it nay bo! 
“kneaded in with wet or oiled fingers until it scarcely yields; 
fo pressure. In removing the mould from the pattern all 
useless parts, especially those which have passed under the: 
pattern and bind it, must be first removed. ‘Then the Proper! 
‘Position and shape of the covered Pattern must be nscer-! 

“ sinned 80 a8 not to break the model or tear the gutta percha, 
For mouliing by sinking or kneading the following com- 
: position is preferable to pure gutta percha: Guta percha, 2, 
sparta; Unseed ol, 1 part, Heat the ofl in a copper vessel | 
toabout 212° Fah, then gradually stir tn the gutta perclin 
, out fine, When the whole Is ina Dasty form gnd begins toi 
‘swell up with the production of thick fumes, throw the con. 
Sie os kettle into n large volume of cold Water, where, 
loss of time, the paste must be kneaded, nud, while 


sti hot, rolled upon a slay of marble and passed between i 
jmnediumly warm rollers, 


Gutta perchn may be used an indetl Ite } 
i Tn moulding by pre: afisk wane 


Q 88.—~Afler the object ins been coated 
With p}umbago or tallow tt Is Put square and frm upon the’ 


table ofStrecrew preas, and surrounded with a fro H 
Of fron alittle Aigher than the most ralset periow ait: 
model, A plece of gutta percha at lenst the thickness of the: 
E paltern {s cut 60 as to Mt the tlag or frame of iron, and th 
heated on one of Its faces only before n bright fire Wi a 
about two-thirds of its thickness tins been softened it: 
Placed, soft portlon downward, in the tron ting or frat 7% 
und the whole covered with a block of.metal exactly flue, ' 
Itis put under light pressure at first, the force Lelng incre: al 
__1tathe gutta percha becomes | 0 resisting, oT 








—plaster of Parls, alabaster, murble, ete, . The: object Is} 
placed upon'n plate of iron or- earthenware, a ball of. gutta) 
percha Is placed on the nilddle of the object, and the whole: 
js set in anoven where the temperature is just sufltclent. to! 
inclt tho guita percha, which, as it softens, penctrates all the | 
details; when it has sunk completely It is removed from tho‘ 
oven and allowed to cool off until ft retains just enough clas. § 
ticity to be separated from the pattern, id 

Gutta porcha is entirely insoluble In water, weak acida, or; 
acid galt, When moulded it is prepared for the depositton : 
of metal by being goated with a film of graptilte or Wronze | 


powder, i 


tik 
tash— 
Hen’ 


re 
_of silvory-luator, :but : 
fs ilvor. and not’ liable to: 
ish, nay. readily bo obtained -on iron: or 
tool, copper or brass, i 


tance of natural ailvor-plating \d 
d rCalt as° occurring faitke Lord 
American Fiat, Gilgin “coun 
ptto the vein amd the hang. 


ing of na- 
on itself 


easily min ind: dis. 
od Giipbur; a, but ‘does 
C01 


bly TH f silver 
Pps condégfadjand do- 
under tromenddus presaifre, ‘for jt 


a smooth and burnished appearanco, 


¥ THE Siareata~— gepl-itio 
g  BLECTRO-DEPOSITION OF NICKEL. 
: —_— 10 
e Mr. Josoph H. Potts, of Philadelphia, has 
nvented 2 new and useful improvement in : 
e electro-deposition of nickel.” This im- 
ovement consists in the use of 0 new solu- 
tion from which to deposit nickel by the 


R ‘ ' hel ta Ge 
.:| electric current; and its novelty is in cing 


formed by and from ingredionts heretofore 
cheld to bo insoluble and detrimental to a 
depositin bath, : ‘ 
x This solution can be formed by the nddi- 
:tion to an acid aqueous solution of the sul- 
“phate of nickel of 1.481 specific gravity, 3.75 
to 7.5 parts of hydrate of lime to 100 parts 
f the solution of nickel sulphate, the exact 
proportion dependent. upon the acidity of 
the nickel sulphate solution; but as great ; 
re must ‘be used that the hydrate of lime : 
not added in excess of the acid present, 
“he uses the carbonate of lime in place of the 
hydrate. The carbonate ‘is. added’ to the’ 
cid solution of the ncid sulphate until the 
cid reaction censes, 27 i 
The excess of sulphate of lime formed 
nd not dissolved and combined-with the 
ickel: sulphate is not detrimental in the ‘ 
bath, and the excess of carbonate of lime 
emnining in the solution will neutralize 
iny excess of acid in the solution that would 
prove detrimental and corrode tho cathode. ; 
‘It is claimed that this solution produces 
a brighter metallic deposit than the solution 


general use, and without tho addition of 
ammonia in any form. 


grande qui 


cetlo:du fer.’ Le Mygeig tas RE VE 
Ces propriétés du: nickel devaient le faire rechereher par 
Windustries s6 he te be ee gO 
* Malheureusement le:métal perd Ja plupart do ses quali- 
lds dds qu'on le fond pour ‘le couler cn plaques destinées 
‘aw laminage ;'il devient poreux, ‘aigro, cassant; il nese 
forge pas, il'se déchire en passant au laminoir ct ne peut, 
sans so rompre, élre éliré & Ja filidre cn fils de pelit dia- 
inttre, © 

Cet inconvénient, dont on n'avait pu triompher jusqu'lel, 
avait restreint l’emplot du nickel métallique, On employait 
le nickel déposé par la pile pour protéger to fer, lecuivre 
et le matllectiort contre action des agents atmosphériques, 
‘ainsi que contre']'action des acides ou de’ alealis dtendus, 
ands itn'était pas possible d'obtenir des plaques ou des 
harres: masstves de'nicke! métallique susceptibles d’dtro 
laminées ou tréfilées. aes ‘ ” 

Cotto difficlté a été ‘houreusement vaincue par lo Dt 
Floitmann, dans sa grande fabrique de nickel et de maille- 
ichort d'Iserlohn, ct ses. brevets sont exploités en France 
par MM. Gaspard et Belle. tt ; 

Pour obtenir industriellement Ie nickel malldable, on: 
‘améne d'abord co métal' a état de fusion: complate, on" 
‘débarrasse sa surface de. toutes les scories, puis on y intro-" 
jdult rapidement une petite quanlité de zinc ou de magné~ 
sium métallique, on brasse te tout ct on coule: Le’ métal’ 
ajouté semble avoir pour effet de s'cmparer des tracesde 
matidres étrangéres empruntées par le nickel aux parois du 
creuset ou & Patmospheére réduetrice qu'il contient. 

On retrouve toujours, du reste, ‘dans Je nickel ainsi pré- 
paré des traces de zinc ou des traces do magnésium. 

Ce nickel est ductile ct malléable & toutes les températu- 
res inférieures & son point de fusion. : 2 ; 
Il peut se souder soit avec lui-méme, soit avec le fer ou 
Vacier. : f 
On mot .& profit cette propricté pour fabriquer des 
feuilles ot des‘ fils de fer ou d’acicr dont Ja surface est | 
‘couverls d’une couche de nickel. eet 

On applique, par exemple, des feuilles do nickel de 2a 
$s millimetres d’épatsseur sur des plaques de fer ot d'acier 
de3 4% contimatres d’épaisscur, ct on les soude enscmble' 


" au rouge blane sous un marteau-pilon ou sous un puissant 


laminoir. On arrive de cette fagon 4 obtenir des feuilles de. 


‘ 1/10 de mUlimdtre d'épaisseur, recouvertes sur chaque face 


duns couche do nickel de 1/100 de millimatre. Les feuilles- 
ot les fils d’acter.ou de fer plaqués de nickel peuvent étro 
employés & froid ou & chaud sans qu'il 'y ait séparation des 
deux inélaux.- °° fo EA Foe, Hee, cutts Roa 
Dans une des dernidres stances de Ia Socidld pour Uen-> 
couragement de Industrie nationale, présidéo par M. Dumas, 
MM. Gaspard ct Bello ont présenté de. nombreux éehan- 
 UMlons‘de lames do. fils do potil dlamétre, ‘des objets-d'or- 
, favrerie,.ct diverses pitees d'un travail: trés-compliqué, 
‘Des ereusets do nickel sont employés dans divers: labora-.- 
toires,-deputs. plusisurs mols, pour:fondre la potasse caus~' 
Uique, et ils: sont. susceptibles de remplacer les creusels 
argent, pour, beaucoup’ Wapplications.: ~: ie 





weg 








































Be a ey et neo 
—— Gulf: ; 7 na as : ss 
rere Eto : ists ‘ . ! h eee Be Ree Ss : 
N- "NICKEL chemically puro prc Mires eet tee anf om : iaeSe ¥\, , Dissolve as in tho last, boil for half"an hour, replace tha” 4 
G. with. “In. proparing tho sulphate, citrate, | : 2 evaporated wuléf; and the bath fa ready for use, Y 44. te 
acetate, or chloride of nickel, itis proferred to : 851 Distilted wate! : fave 1 patton. : 


take the common commoreial acids to dissolve : 

the nickel bano because of their chenpnoas, the ae 

otherwiso injurious affects caused by imapurition # H wire netting, although not-yet to’ the extent which tho 

alwnys-contained in said commerclal.entta;or | : trade’s own: intorcst.and the interests of the public. im- 

fackts being entirely overcome by the addition,of ards}] peratively domand, False gauges ns woll ns falso weights 

Bensole eld as sited pte, batoates is than voré-4//domoratise and injure all concerned, and though not yot | Bathy of. an 
produce nickol-plating solutions at a foal punishable by Jaw, as they should be, aro, noverthotess, ns, ard io ten ire’ ‘They ara simple in preparation, but 








84 ounces, } 
14° 














tnuch Joss cost than: Las: herotafore leen attain- ias Leen proved fshable b: ; 
‘able. It is obvious that theso improved olution * : firid ff columns, " henuilly ‘congratulate. yous fel geek ibe ro, unfortunately y Hot very uniform in thelr working, un- 
Jaro equally applicable to tho deposition of niekel Sil} your influence to do so much good. dlding dae part while another is gliding, and producing a 


Thoro has-been another groat benefit which I have ob- ‘arlety of coats, 












tn the elcotratypo Bracers, by w ae the etal in 4 

: 0 deposit over surfaces made conducting op ai|iscrved asa result from thia controversy, ni: 

by aneane of a thin film of plumbago, bronan ae Hipighter and¢flmsler gauges are bone tes os pe te miprO¥S by use, I . 

ad ar As applied in tho usuat manner well ni g03|{atronger and moro substantial gauges, which aro cheapor in 2 COLD RUEOTIO CLDING NTH, 

bi ma - ectruly pers and others «killed in the thig: ithe‘long run and more economical, fave nover been so much Water, distilled... Pe. t gallon 

art, the depes 0 mnilo belug removable from ooky; {jin demand as at present—say 18, 17, and 16, ‘This is botter _  Potasslum cyanldo, pur 3} ounces, 
face, mould, ur matrix after the requisite - «the! [ffor the trade as well as the public, as users of wiro notting, | ~ Gold chloride . Siu: 


degree of thickness has been obtained. In auch totd:|fwhen thoy fi 
4 . Cathie de j 3 nel it 5 
lating solutions ay contain’ ammonia or ! ftenif{more encoumged sae goer pega tat woot iu Dlssolyo the eyanide In a partof the'ater, then gmdually 


vapeclally when freshly .prepared; They! 
tdwev : 1 


















with the viving: a " ! ‘ 
hosphate ofc wivings tho be ae restltey ie pyro. han‘} quick in perception and thoroughly logical, acarcely over buy hnlf an hour before using. (Use coli.) 

i Late it Nas legs dieoteech we ah of tod, sour: yng but strong netting, and, accordingly, the moro the ‘The cold bath Iskeptin x gutta perch lined, wooden, or 
of Esse salts Dravents the destructive decomponi+ heir on intereste.. his the moro thoy will act, greatly to (if small) porcelain tank arranged us for brass plating, ‘The . 
citer mn peta nh sulntione tury inte, 1 nally, Again congratulating you, and thanking heartily man; anates ara thin plates of Jaminated gold, wholly suspended 
eid may be added fan ee aso pyro R ind friends who have from timo to time ‘encouraged pik In the liquid (while in use) by means of platinum wires, from 
ablo proportions for the benzole ned bs upported me in continuing it, * clean braga rods Joined to the copper or carbon pole of the 
aon ; [ renal, sir, : battery, thie'rods supporting the work being in connection 

onre:c) eatentty yy, Witt tho zine,” When in proper working order the color of 
ss ot ** + the deposit is yellow. If the deposit becomes black ordark- 
7 tel, add ‘moryeyanide (dissolved in water) to the bath, or 




















June 15, 

















ENIFE-CLEANING MACHINES, 


TO THE EDITOR OF “THE IONMONGER." 


SJ Sit,—In looking through your notice of th 
ty est of England Show, hold at Tunbridge Wells Frere 
¢ |;I sec you make mention of a knifo-cleaning machine, that 


led “self-regulating.” 







rile ait excess tho plattn; 
ot at all; or, us cometimes happens, articles 
will loso thelr gol. In such cnses add a lltte |’ 
rio Orincrense the intensity of the current, |! 
gilding must be done slowly, and requires a]: 
(tention to securo good work, The articles 
































givo a 


a it of a beaus R 
has discovered also, 
| more établo in ita ch 


anodos’ keep’ 


of 
Tee; : i of justice, . 
tho medium o! MANAGEMENT OF THE UOT ATIC 
Tho articles shotild be kept in ayltation while in the bath, 
Thoy should be placed bh connection with the battery before 
or iniiticdintely upon entering thy bath, A foil or wire of). 
plattaum ts in many cases preferable toa soluble gold anode 
when electroygitding hy ald of heat. It auffers noaiteration 
in tho quid, and by Itsmnaniputation the color of the deposit 
may bomaterially altered, When it fs remove sons to expose 
only a sinall surface In the bath a pale yellowish deposit may 


































Yours truly, 


Ea 
ig High Holborn, aw uno 15, G, Kent, 
ie 
















uablo- as - nn 
r motaly, oa, 
manganese, &c. 
ee tor. ; TO TUE EDITOR ov “THE moNMONGER," 
zrolution ; but i FgStn,—Bfy attention has been drawn to a notlee in bo obtained; when the immersion is greater, n clear yellow; 
followin To ‘Journal of tho {th instant hoaded « url with a stil) greater exposure, ared gold color, ‘Thestrength 
add 4 r : /Diatricts,” in whi Wolverhampton and its | Wit a te iii gtateed i 
ounces of sul. . } sin which a statement occurs that shoul not, in | of the hot baths may be matntatned by successive additlons 


of citra fehe 

or tho following wfokel, ithe lnterest of ee bl ene ean ereasing trade, bo left | of goldchluride with a proper proportion of the other salts 
ori do of eayen of pure water add ‘natural anzioty to furnish tho fullest thformat eaten in tie and water; but it Is preferable to wear out the bath entirely 
ounces of acetate of Mieke Of citrate . fe'going on in the art of nickel-plating, has to somo extent tand prepare a now one, ng it soon becomes contaminated 
sn of nickel, Vounce of bentole nel: , “|e article Tetorea te dnformant not wholly disintorested, | with copper or silver if much of these metals have been gilt 
‘] 3 ounces of clteato gt eee Of sulphate of nickel, P : a » Since the Pint in It. | Ina nearly exhausted bath containing dissulved cop- 
of nickel, } onnco ‘of “ee teh ounce of benzoato -platt por the electro teposlt will be whut fs called “red gold; if it 
following: —3 ounces of ncutatoct chee ne ily ng wotteting eels contains nn excess of silver a “yrcen gold” deposit will re- 
nickel"? ye niokel, 1 ounoa of phoxphute “ot : is th a viow to all atlt.”'Tho gotd and copper or gold and silver aro deposited 
ounce of wlnulphitontt Prrophosphato of soda, 1 Te tho plating company = |together ns on alloy, the color of which depends upon tho 

10 per cont, The founses af a ua am oe Ie viv by tho follow | relative proportion of the metals, battery strength, cte, -, 
the ore? cota dvi pany’. action preci yi Dead Juster gilding is produced by the slow deposition of 
: {sement, relating to thofr ‘:}a considerable quanilty of gold, by giving tho metallic sur- 
, whieh will fn at . : : vs -Fertpeyanite o potas anu, faco a dead luster before gilding (vy means of aclds), by 
el salta in MS Bteal {Carbonate of potash, purv, x firet preparing 9 coating of frosted ellver or by depositing the 
: * : Sal ‘Ammontao : gold upon a heavy copper deposit produced with'a weak cur- 


{rout In a bath of copper 


NICKEL-PLATING, ; \ 


—_—_— 

































































“ALITY “ree 












yew 





Hine salt, it is preferred (0 combine | any, | {which Is just what is wanted. ‘The French people, who are adi the gold chloride dissolved in the remainder, Boll for: Se 








c 


necessary 


Tiv order 


to {Pol gold it la absolutely 
that the work should be perfectly freed from any 


_[ trace of oxlde, grease, oil, or othor tmpurity, Articles of 


copper an 


it brass may be cleansed by first immersing them 


in a strong boiling solution of caustic potash or soda, aud, 
after’ rinsing, dipping momentarily -in nitric nefd and im- 


mediately 


rlusttig, or scouring with pumice stone moistened 


with a strong solution of cyanide of potassium In water, 
Other. metals require a somewhnt different treatment, 


{which wo 
‘jarticle, *: 


will have occusion to refer to ina subsequent 


The bichromate battery is commonly used In connection 


with hot electro-gilding baths, See article on uickel-plating, |! 


‘Tp, 158, No, 10, vol. xiii. 


{ As gold 
:] be depentt 
{ purcliase, 


‘ehtoride Procured iu the market cannot niways 
lest on for purity and strength, it Is preferuble to 
the gold and make the eltoride, A pure gold 


chloride may be prepared as follows: 


Put coit 


sold, in small pleces, Inton glass tlask with about 


* davo times its welght of aqua regta {nitric acid 1, hydro- 


chlorio acid 8), aud hea t gently, with small additions of aqua |! 
Jregia if necessary, until the gold Is dissofved and the silver |! 


remains bi 


clear solution, wash the residua several tines with water, { 


whind ay white chloride, Let jt settle, decant the 


adding tho washings to the gol solution, Evaporate off 


hexcess of 


(nearly to dryness), 


geudually. 
of fron, 


the actds in a porcelain dish over a water bath 


gently decaut the liquid, wash the gold with hot water, and 


redissolve 
ovaporate 


a porecluin dish over the water bath, 


gold equi 


it in a small quanilty of warm aqua regia and 
the solution, with constant alirring, to dryness in 
One ounce of pure 
fs ounce of this chloride, 





Dilute with ten parts of water, and |: 
udd a stroug aqueous solution (iltered) of suiphate 
Let stand until the dark powder (gold) settles: |! 


Vritton for the Panag by G. Kusrnt,} 
eye te Dem Dg 65 

Teninge Blivey Anodes for. Piating. 

: Tho quicker or slower transfor of gold or ail- 

ver from tho anode to the object to be plated, 
depends greatly on the denity-of the metals 
nacd as anodes. It may not always bo con- 
‘sidered an advantage if a thick deposit is ob- 
itained in’ a short time, employing a strong elco- 
‘trio. current and if the articles have to be 
burnished, but fancy articles of all kinds and; 
such as do not require burnishing will admit of 
“a speedy plating ad¥antaycously, and if an. 
anole of. thaner tounit ia employed. and the 
plating alould go too fast, one battery may bo 
used in place of two or more, 

in order to illustrate the very different results 
obtained from differently proparel anodes, I 

- will atato tho following experiment; I took two. 
copper plates, of oxactly thy same arca, both 
carefully weighed, and two silver anodos, both 

tof them having also samo area. The ono con- 
sisted of rolled silver plato, tho other waa pro- 
pared porous, Over two els containing the 
ath, two, copper rods were ed parallel, all 
conilitions alk - In tho first vessel opposite 
the copper plato was auspended the rolled silver, 
in tho other the porous. The connection with 
the battery and the rods has been fixed in the 
middle between the two veasels,. Alter three 
hours tho battery was discounco 
copper plates, after washin; 
The plate from opposite the pc 
live times as much doposited silver as the other 

‘plate, tirmly adhering in both cases, This shown 

lainly that the density of the anode has a yrcat 
influence on tho solving property of the galvanic 
action. 

Tho porous anodes of gold and ailver aro 
easily prepared ; moreover, with reference to 
tilver, it has tho advantage that base ailver bul. 
lion can bo used for this purpoac, Tho silver 
(granulated) ie dissolved in nitric acid. Anti- 

preaent, romains undissolved, A drop 

phuric acid added to the aolution will in- 
dicato lead by producing a white precipitate, 
and in thia case the acid must be added in amall 
portions till al! load js precipitated. ‘Tho cop. 
per remains in aolution with the silver, The 
iquid is. then dilated. with distilled, or rain 
wator and filtered. Into the clear filterod solu. 
tion ia now futroduced muriatic acid or a solu. 
tion of common salt, and by this tho silver is 
precipitated as a white, mass, which ia filtered 
again aud washed with water till all acid and 
copper is carried out, The precipitated silver 
(chloride ‘of silver) ia placed, while wot, in a 
porcelain or enameled iron vessel, diluted with 
water toa pulp, added o little sulphuric acid 
and motallic zino (pieces of zine ehect) and 
stirred from time 40 timo, Tho white precipitate 
commences iinmediately to turn gray where it is 
in contact with zino, and b degrees the whole 
mass sppears load gray, being now in metallic 
condition, The operation is finished when no 
white particle of chloride of silver ia recived, 
Tho finely divided motallic silver is thaced into 
a filter and washed so Jong till all dissolved zine 
in carried out, anil in order to be eure that there 
is no chloride of ailver among tho nictallic, 
the washing may bo finished with ammonia, 
Tho ailver is now puro cnough for use, Upon a 
planed board a aid, ant 
on this the t 
one-half incl 


Omen ‘Uneven, 

olving gold in 

fil) and pre- 
aulphato of 

gold, which, after bein Fraahedd 
is spread on tho cloth and 
vor above described, 


ipresscd like ¢! 
=e * ene 














Jou will see that the battery ctreuit is br 

and that the terminal wites are footed 
with these binding screws (2.0), and theso 
Agtin connected with tio platinum electrodes 
(pp ), this bein Faraday's term.for the ter- 
nunals in the liquid, ‘The inverted tubes 
and the vessel are’ filled with acidulated water, 


bubbles of gas ‘rising i 
over the lesbrote ces 


sti 


of 


libe 
the 


my 





they are osygen aud hydrogen. The volume 


in which these two 
bination to form wi 


distinct effect whe: 
the circuit ; it is ¢ 
pliece—clectrolysis—which we 
| gmp the principles of clectro-nctallurgy, 
here is an clementary clectrical Inw in 


virtue of which oppositely electrifi ic 
attract one another and those simile ae 
trified repel one another. 





Jaxvany, 1881.] 


THE HOROLOGICAL JOURNAL. 63 
SS ee 








energy is capable of producing, is the splitting 
up and separation of compound bodies when 
in a liquid state, and forming part of an 
electric circuit, Now theso cllects Faraday 
called electrolysis, and when the effects aro 
‘produced with only ono class of clements—tho 
metals—wo have clectro-metallurgy, although 
the laws are alike for tho electrolysis of both 


metallic and non-metallic elements, 
As my timo is limited, I will bring you 
. faeo to face at once with electrolytic action, 
by asking your attention to the experiment 
I havo here for the clectrolysis, or decompo- 
sition of water into its constituent clements, 
You will bear in mind that for electricity to 
flow thero must exist a complete conducting 
cirenit. ‘hia circuit may be entirely me- 
tallic outside the battery, or partly liquid, 
By reference to this pieco of apparatus (fig. 1), 


oH 





Figud, 


ow tho battery circuit is completed, you sce 
of tho tubes, 


The gases are the con- 
tuent elements of the compound body, water; 


tho gases collected tell us the proportion 
coe ae into com. 
‘ater; the volu 
rated hydrogen ig exactly double that cr 
liberated oxygen, Now wo have here a 
n this liquid forms part of 
his action which here takes 
have to study to* 


arly elec. 
It can be shown 



































necordance with the electrical law of attraction 
and repulsion, : 


the chargod electrodes polarize the m 
BOC oleeul 
of the liquid and cause electrolysis, one atom 


atom in the opposite direction, Wo may 

Upon the free charges of the atoms fe dra 
as mutually satisfying each other when in 
combination to form water ; but when sgoli- 
cited by n stronger attraction they dissolve 
partnership and move alone. Let us refer to 
the dingram ; ono atom of oxygen and two 
atoms of hydrogen form ona molecule of 
water ; these molecules are represented by the 


oN 

top tine OH, O If, &e. When ele 
commences these imolecules aro s 
oxygen parts company with hydro; 
ier its ake. at the positive e! 

pUrogen is then fre i 

h ne ene hi butit cannot be 
place by seizing on the oxy 
next molecule of water, 
hydrogen already there, 


action and decomposition in tho plating bath 


Cel ln] 
+) Oi, Oi, dif, On, Oi, OM,|— 


om : 
Olt OH Ol oll OH 
Pl ns -+ + tag JN 


an foonl on + 

+} 0 HO HO HO 334 

wr Mode 
placo in tho bath during tho decomposition. 
In viewing the action I shall employ tho 
theories now generally received, and if we 
cannot think them absolutely true, they at all 
events fairly embrace the facts. We must 
view tho atoms as each carrying a small freo 
charge of electricity ; and the platinum elec- 
trodes boing charged bodies, will exercise and 
influence upon tho atoms close to them. ‘Lo 
fix our attention, Iet us consider this positivo 
electrode (x). Which atom will it attract 2 
The oxygen atom or tho h ydrogen atom ? It 
will attract that atom which is most oppositely 
charged to itself. Oxygen is that clement, 
and will be attracted; it is the clectro-negative 
element, and will be found at the positivo 
electrode, and hydrogen being electro-positive 
will be found at the negative electrode, in 


Wo havo, in these effects, typical results; 


cing attracted in one direction, and the other 


ctrolysis 
plit “up, 
gen, and 
ectrode ; 
u detected 
ere, it finds a new resting 
‘gen atoin of the 
ond turns out the 
and reforms water, 








that the insulated terminals of a battery hold 
a small free charge of statical clectricity : one 
terminal will hold positive electricity, and the 
other terminal will hold negative electricity. 
It is due to these charges that the polarizing 


takes place, Let us by means of tho sub- 
joined diagram try and realizo what takes 






















PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRO- 
METALLURGY... 


{A Lecture, lustrated by lantern experi- 
menta, delivered at tho Inatitute, by 
Mr. B. Warwick, on Wednesday, October 
20th, 1880; Mr. Grascow, V.P., in the 
Chair.] 

I wave this evening to place before you the 

scientific principles of a large and important 

: industry. 

{It is not possible to enter an Enplish 

+ home without finding something there which 

: embodies some of the usefulocss and comfort 
which the development of the principles of 
clectro-metallurgy, in practical arts, have ren- 
dered accessiblo to us. I shall, with the aid 
7 of tho apparatus before us, endeavour to lead 
you to realize the chemical and physical laws, 
4 in accordance to which these useful results are 
produced, and which are associated in your 
ininds with the art of clectro-deposition of 
metals, It is important that these laws 
should bo clearly realized by all who wish to 
understand the proceascs which go on in the 
depositing bath, when articles are immersed 
in it to receive a coating of some metal. 

= he forces which rule the material universa 

{ may bo all summed up in the term energy. 

, This energy makes its appearance in a great 

‘ many forms, and many of these forms may, 

; by the aid of suitable apparatus, be made to 

i change into other forms of energy. ‘The 

form of energy wo have to deal with this 

. evening is dynamical electricity, and the class 

‘ of effects, among the many which that form of 








Sy, 

















































-. $omo Practical I 


1; 
£ BY FH. WANTMANN, / f tin ey 
j Nickel plates and’sheet nickel ase now PAs ce ne 
the manufacturers: of nickel ware, These may be used in 
the’ production of a solution which is particularly well 








on Nickel Platt 


af 
se adapted for nickel plating. To thisend the nickel 1s pinced 
ona perforated board ins saturated solution of ammonium 


chloride (sal-ammoniac), and the metal brought In connec. 
tion with the positive pole of atrong battery, By ihe 
influence of tho electric current the metal gradually, 
becomes dissolved, und n double salt is formed {nickel 
Ammonium chloride), which settles on the bottem of the 
vessel, while, at the same thine, the metal Is kept continu. 


He ally fn contact with the ammonium chloride, 


the inetal which hus become dissolved can a! 


yet uncombined nickel. Iu order to nickeliza 


the metallic body which is to be coated, nnd 
which nist, of course, be well cleaned, is 
counceled, after it has been immersed, with 
the negative pole, The nickel [5 precipitated 
from the solution as a bright coat, whose 
thickness depends upon the lengih of the 
during which the current is acting upon It, 
und also upon the strength of the Tater, 


sulphate, ft fs necessary to have a salt en- 
rely acld free, whieh may readily be pre- 
pared by adding a small quantity of sodium 
hydrate (caustle sodu) to the solution of the 
commercial salt, after having first removed 
the copper in the manner which will pre: 
cently be deseribed, When the acid fs nea. 
trilized, an apple-green precipitate of nickel liydrate is 
formed, which Is boiled for some time and then ditered, 
The solution ia now perfectly neutral, 

To remove the copper from the nickel salt, tho latter is 

first disvolved in water and neldalated by a few drops of 
sulphuric achd (commercial nickel sulphate is venerally 
ackd), then a current of hydrogen sulphide gas, which fs 
prepared by pouring sulphuric acid over iron sulphide In a 
flask, 14 passed through the solution, 
- ‘Phe copper and ather metats which aro likely to be pro- 
sent are thrown down In the form of a black precipliate, 
When the odor of the gus Is distinctly recognized [ts passage 
is stopped, and the solution heated ‘to expel the Inst traces 
of the hydrgen sulphide. It is then heated to boiling in is 
porcelain vessel with the addition of some metallic nickel 
By thls means the free acid is nentrilized, and on evapornt- 
Ing to crystallization there remains a salt sutliclently pure 
for uleket plating, 





The articles which are to be plated are suspended in the, 


solution which we have just described, and they are con- 
fected with the positive pole. A nickel plate, which also 
dips into the liqnid, ts connected with the negative pole; 
and from tine to time the liberated acid is neutralized by 



























g the addition of a slight quantity of ammontum hydrate, It 


iy better still, for practicat 
results, to spread a layer of 
nickel oxide over the bottam 
of the vessel in which the 
ulckelizing ts betng carried 
on, This will dissolve in the 
3 free neld, and the solution 
will therefore remain neutral 
and of uniform strength, 

‘The nickel oxide is pre- 
pared) by completely saturat- 
Jug a solution of nickel sul- 
plate with sodium hydrite 
{caustic soda), washing the 
precipitate, and then drylug 
it. The nickel oxide thus 
formed is a heavy powder of 
an apple green color, nut 
may be either spread over 
the bottom of the vessel, or 
elso it can be placed in a 
linen bag and suspended In 
the Haqntd. If a solution of 
nickel sulphate, acidided 
with sulphuric acid, is 
. BOSTON. 


tion of ammonium sulphate, 


cold water, dissolved In hot water, aud then the solution 4s) 
complotely nentralized with ammonlum bydmte. It Is the E 
allowed to stand for revera) days at a temperature of 20° to" 
25°, until ne more crystals separate out. It fs also of Im- 
portatice that the quid bo maintained at this temperature 
during the nickellzing, for otherwlso tho nickel will not 
adhere firmly to tho metal. 7 

~ During the operation of plating a ‘sheet of nickel, con- 

nected with the positive pole of the battery, Is suspended in 

tho‘solution. According as the nickel becomes separated 

frém ‘the solutton tho sheet dissolves, and thus tho solution 

malntains: its ‘original strength. Plates of absolutely pure 

nickel nro nt present quite expensive, in consequence of the 


any time he determined by weighing the as: 
with this solution, an plate of pure nickel Is: 


suspended fa the fluid, and it is connected. 
with the positive pole of the battery, white: 


In order to operate directly with the nickel ~ 


poured Into a saturated solu- | ~ 


crystals will sopnrato out, consisting of the double salt of: 
J nickel ammonium sulphate. The erystale are washed wit 





Deo. 38,188) 
ison |—Silvering by the Electro Pr 
‘opper conducting wires ‘and: wires used 
spending goods in the bath should be occasionally 
annealed. The silver can first be scraped from the 


“flatter antl preserved. - Zincs should always be kept 


wellamalgamated, Alter uso they should be cleaned, 
‘A stiff brush and plenty of water may be used for 
jthia purpose. The hands should be well washed 
fafter handling or amalgamating the zine plates 
{or you may find spots of mercury on’ the plated 
rarticles; therefore, keep the mercury well away 
from tho silver or silver goods, as they aro easily 
:attacked by it. In the event of any of them 
- being no apolled, the beat cure fy to put them into 
+@ tolerably hot oven (with the door open), aud; 
_ leave them there till the mercury has disappeared, 
shearing in tind that anythiug which is soft- 
‘soldered will not stand o great nmount, of heat, 
| Keep tho plating-bath where it will not he shaken | 
or stirred up, na thera ie alwaya n certain degree 
of acdiment at the bottom, and it is as well to 
leavo it there, In the avont of it not being in uw 
for any time, keep {t covered with » wooden 
cover made fur the purpose. Well wash the goods 
after tho seratch-brush, asthe porter will not do 
tho bath any good. In tho event of tho deposit 
not being a good colour fe should be white), it is 
generally advisable to add a little cyanida to the 
bath, as there is no standard quantity of cyanide: 
what will work woll at oua tino will not do se at 
another. By the bye, recollect that tho cyanide 
is very polsonous, and anyono that isin the habit 
of going near it should be warned. ‘Don't 
let tho. fingers get iuto it more than you. ‘can; 
‘help, a8, with somo people, it will produce vory. 
nasty sores, eapectally if the skin is broken, Tho 
deposit should never commends too quickly, if it; 
does it will ba apt to strip in burnishing. Before | 
the goods are placed in tha first timo ralse the; 
anodds considerably, and when they {tho goods) : 
aro well covered you can pilo it on as fast ns you : 
like, Don't havo too much battery power at first, | 
for the.eame reason. The anodes alto way be, 
annealed, aud scratch-brashed now oud then to: 
Keep them clean, Alter the position of the goots 
in ‘tho bath two or threo times during the 
process, at the deposit varies at different 
depths, and the spot whero the suspending wire 
touches will be fount uncoverod. After use, place: 
the porozacells in cold water, nudif you are not | 
going to use them for some time, change the water 
every [2 hours for somo days, till all tho coppec 
‘sulphate fs ramoved ; otherwise, the sulphate will 
jeryatullise in the substance of the cell, nud cauto 
! nloces to come off. Ihave kuown a porous cell to 
‘ fait to pieces from this cause. ‘Thowethodof making 
the bath which 1 have given, geuerally proves 
| gatiefactory’$ in fact, it is quite so gor large goods 
‘which hate to by burnished; but for {reitergs 
which must como out a puro white, will iso 
another mothod ; bat I don't recommend i ae ; 
burnished work, as it is more apt to strip. Take, 
aay, four ounces of silverold silver will io es 
well aa tho pura—cut it in pieces, and ploco itin 
one of thosethin glass finske (witha sound bottom) 
in which o!fveson is sometimes sold; pour on 
it two or threo ounces of nitric neid, an 
heat it gently over a epirit-lamp, or in boiling 
water, ‘Tho acid will commence to dissolve thy 
sliver, red fumes being given off. Take care ¢! ha 
theso fumes go wp tho 7 mney. as they are hatin 
i pleasant; ta! 
the Teast of oe Toe boll over, aiud dou't let ft touch 
d fumesaro pivert 
add alittle 


jatio acid, 
This 


{ 


Rl 
ful 


question. 03... sca 





eply to any yurticular - 











































































NAC SEET IE STE 


MAGNETISM: AND. THERMO- 
ELECTRIGIY. "0. 


VHERE sro facts on rocurd which provo thut 

‘T tho molecular structuro of iron and atevl, : 
iwhon submitted to magnetic notion, generally 

undergoes achango which is different according: 
“to thodirection of mignotiaation, and that, consos: 
quently, other roperties depouding on molecular 
‘structure, nach a8 tho conduuting power for 
jheat and olcotricity and the thermo-electric 

: behaviour of iron and steel, are likewiao altered. : 
‘With regard to the galvanic conductivity, it 
has been proved by Herr Beatz thut in longi- 

‘tudinally magnetised wires thero occurs an 
increase of tho resistance; whereas in wires 

transversely magnetised, a change of resistance 

‘Is not demonstrable, “As to thermo-clectric 

behaviour, Sir W. Thomson found that a 

longitudinally magnotisod wire Ia clectros 

(poritive, a transvoreely magnotisod wiro clectro+ 

Inegative, 

This behaviour of fron and atcol has x special 
importance for the muthod proposod by Herren 
Stroubat and Barus, of moasuring the degreo of 
hardness of iron and stecl wires, They havo 
songht to do ro, that is, by determining tho 
igalvanlo reaistanco und tho thormo-elontrio Posie : 
‘don, But if theso propertios aro. affoctod by: 
“magnetisation, thon this mothod of moasuring 
hardness will only apply to unmagnetic, not to : 

sraMagnetlo, wires.: Now, tho change of the 
eloatria conductivity _in tho caeo of transverse ! 
magnetisation being found nil, and that in tho/ 
‘case of Jongitudinal so small that u hurdly} 
reeptible difference of hardness was impli 

Terren Strouhal and Barus havo limited theit; 

tention to examising tho change of thy} 

Lermo-clectric.behavione through magnotiaa-t 

ton; especially as Sir W. Thomson's results} 

tative, and quantitative rewults! 
cro necessary for tho end in viow. : 

Tho experiinonta (described in a recent num- 

T of Wiedemaun’s lunaten), wore mado with 

nnealed fron wires, which 

lon-magnetic, and unite 
with coppor, at cqual diffe: 

cro examined ag to their 

haviour, ‘Tha obsorved clo 
copper with ma; 


ad, 


P by magn 


hermo-electria p 
ty, and, 


trically 
Frgutation, on tho 
ncrenses, but ¢); 
Positive. Thuy the thermos 
f magetis aifte, 
‘ectlo 























F ccoeiec enemies mete 


‘ 
{ 


Menlo Park Scrapbook, Cat. 1011 


No. LIA. “Electric Light" 


This is the first of nine scrapbooks containing clippings about 
electric lighting. It covers the years 1873-1881. There are 129 numbered 


pages. 
Blank pages not filmed: 89-129. 


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A gee : : : 
FAWILLIAMS & PLUM, | ; ; 
iz a 777 Broad St, Nowark, N. J ; . s : - 
; ‘STATIONERS and BOOKSELLERS, ; aa 
“ft MERCANTILE PRINTERS, i . 
: ROOK HINDERS, ; Z o is 
FIRST CLASS BLANK BOOK MANUFACTURERS, {4 i . P 
urnocnar mt CHECKS, Doxns, NOTES, Ac. : at 
j bo a 
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UPON: TITR % 
: INDUCED CURRENTS PRODUCED BY nun | 
‘ i i APPIIGATION OF ARMATURES TO HORSE... {| 
: i ' 

{ 











SHOE MAGNETS, ° 1 a 
asp 47. { 3 : Se, Mele seme Meas fae aha aes Dec ahelegy : 
J NEW FORM OF MAGNETO:ELECTRIG 1 { 





Uy W. R. MORSE. 





. ' % Repertorium fiir Experimental Physik, Band v., Hoft. |} 
THE TELEGRAPHIO JOURNAL. 148 : 4 on i 


| 


Juno 25, 1875.) 
(| Tite apparatus coneisted ot eplindrical lorse-shoo 
eleetro-magnets, tho wires of which wero wound about 


itheevening of the 5th inst. some interesting 
siments with MM. Ladygin and Kosloff's eb 


1874. 
{ Electro-Dynamie Blementaty Late=Theodor Wand. 
| —-This memoir occupies moro than hatf the journal, {¢ 
) The author sets ont with tho statement of the fact |: 







Welght Lifted with 


in ono direction. — Uy a suitable commutator tho 
Anmature on, 


Woight Lifted without 
Anmature, 















i irough thecuils onthe stationary fy i york: 
the fron cores at tho bend of the iron, xo a8 to form 60 currents circulating Ul ‘Y bt wero conducted at ‘tho ering works . that an electric current, by augmenting its intensity 
practically straight electro-magnets with ooran, lingiaee Bd vee magnet can Ue sent through those ot iis Arnintures, mars, Warner, 10, Diana Place, Euston Road. Tu . indices 6 current in the opposite direction in an adja: 
phooin form, Upon ono of the limbs of the hore. aul rice vera. ho residual snngnotinn in volt fron e mo nse y 


shoo coro a coil of fine wire was slipped so that the 
plane of its coils was at right angles to those of the 
electromagnet. In Fig. r A represents the coil of 


Fiat, 





tithe electro.magnet;.13, that of the induction coil. 
Upon exciting the clectro-magnet induction enrrents 


tho coil B, and wora compared with those obtained 
from. the samo clectro-ningnet by placing a rtraight 
armatire’ OD upon its ‘poles anid thon exciting the 
4 ficctro-magnet. The following tnblo shows tho reaults 
btnined. Only tho currents rosulting frou rank be. 
Ml ron the 


‘Farose iu the coil of fh in +360 ~359 of tho horso-shoe armature could bo regulated to salt jengtl, 2 millimetres thick; and also con. | two clectrio fluids; genoral demonstration of tho © 
4 breaking the cireuit, fie wire It both. ag. sualelug ‘and { £362 —360 tho varying conditions of speed. ‘pith ain current, Tho tirst experiment anatable equilibrium following from Weber's taw, with |. 
{ by a rellecting gulyauometer pliced in tho elrenit of ' $361 —36t Experiments are now belng made on this form of ing n carbon rod in contact with tho tho ald of tho proposition that overy motion may bd |. 
} 

\ 








In tho preceding experiments tho straight iron bars 
forming tho armatures were enrefully deprived of 
whatover residual magnetism thoy might possess, 

Exporiments wore noxt tried upon tho offect of 
horse-shoo clectro-magnets uxed ns armatures to 
electro-magnets of the same. character na those 
employed in the preceding experiments, When two 
north or two south poles wero'opposed to cack other, 
aud tho mngnetic circuit, so to apeak, of the two 
horac-shoo-shaped cores was closed, yery feoblo indi- 
cations wero shown by tho galvanometer, When, 
however, a north and a. south pole wero opposed, aud 










is wuMictent to start the indneed currents, 





Instead gn} 





vate tho difticulty of carbon being consumed when | 









contact with oxygen, -M, Ladygin placed { 
arbon ina closed glass chambor filled with | 
‘na Hot containing oxygen, but owing to the uso of 


talllo'connections the carbon was sttbject to fracture. ¢ 


o aubjcot. was then taken up by M. 8. A. Kosloff, of } 


Petersburg, and 6, at Winchester St, Buildings. 
Hothas succeeded .in overcoming the ditt. 
hing a special metal of which he forma th 


‘ 
Ch 









tho maguotic cirenit closed, tho strength of the 
currents obtained Uoth on tho application and tho 
removal of the armature were very marked, as the fol- 
lowing results show :— 


At Contact of N. and 4. Un Ttemaral of N. and §, 
Polex, Poles, 


When tho horse-shoo mayuot forming the armature 
was not used, and ono of tho Mmbs of tho stationary 
electro-magnet was yulekly slipped in nud out of the 
iuduction coil, induction currents were obtnined, the 
yalues of which nro shown below— 





engine.—Amer, Sourt. of Sed. and Arte, 


wf 
of ono stationary electromagnet, it would probably 
bo bettar to employ a number arranged about (ho axis 

X. With projecting pleees of soft iron arranged 
ho poles of the stationary magnets, tho sizo 


tel pain 


a eof them having two carbon rods, eithe 











id‘one in each Inmp was:2 milliinetres in 










8 contained each n carbon rot 70 Mm 















boroftho-rod being consumed itt a fow minutes., 
drront was then turned on {o the thicker rod in 


eS SES 2 Of tho ad Jamps, and o brilliant and steady light 


F ws produced, which improved as the curront was in- 
fii 


d:in“intonsity. ‘he reason for lighting tho! 





lorithe carbon rods, and these are placed in a! 
Pewhich wero experimented’ with were iting ! 


Ud bo: placed in- connection with the cur. 1 
tricity. ‘Iho rods were all -18 inillimotres | 


evothers being 13 willimetres-thick, ‘Tho: ‘ 


si " peebraasy 1, 267%, 








jeont conditotor. This oxperimental proposition may | 
bo ntso thus expressed :—-Electricity reacts upon {ts 
chango of locality with an electro-motive forco pro- 
portional to tho secon difforontinl coefiictont of the + 
ocality, taken in point of time. Our hypothesis ox: 4 
tends this proposition, so that electricity reacts not |, 








‘only upon its change of placo as tho sccond differen. l . 


Stinl cooMictent of the place, but nlso upon its con- $ 


donsity, In successive sections tho author gives general + 
oxplanations, tho law of Ampéro, the principal of the | 
conservation of forco and Ampéro's Jaw, with tho - 
action between two elementary currents according to } 
the same law; tho “integral law’? of F. Neumann; { 
Wober's law; tho electric current on the hypothesis of: .; 


decomposed into n rotatory (whirlpool -Itke) aml a; 
radiant; Weber'a Inw gives no determined foreo for ; 
radiant motion ; further objection to Weber's Jaw ; 
tho electric forces for currents without points of co. * 
doneation Mlovetoped according: to Weber's Jaw; tho 


Ais -afemiMirer- cannibal” thoxo ‘procedding t i y er rod first was tlint it might consumo tho oxygen! differential equations dedneed from Weber's Inw not 
breaking of fle cironit being tho samo in vate, ‘Tho || bri ee sapere ‘iu the Inmp, by which the rod was reduced a quarter of | incorrect, but Incomplete; thetr completion; C. Neu | 

endings aro@¥prossed in the divisions of the realo of {| 40 he ‘a millimetre, and was thus brought down tu tho gauge! mann’s new theory; definite form of the clementary 
tie reflecting galvanometer :— ray tye Fae ‘of the second rod. ‘Tho cnrrent was then dirceted ! Inws magnetic action of any electria process soover$ 
| ‘+40 49 " fresh confirmation of tho author's hypothesis; con- 


: cin Alter Hemoral of After Itemorat of 
Without | With “the Armature, _ thy Armature, 


| Armature. Armature, vt Defteetlon, “aid Deileetlon, 


In thoso oxporiments tho stationary olectro-magnet 
aud tho cloctro-magnetic armature were of the samo 





j 


i 


through tho second rod with equally satisfactory 
results in all tho six lamps. ‘The threo Ininpa with 


yatant ¢ § 14) may bo assumed = unity; potential 


the lo carbon rods wero then lighted and suo. function of n current and of a sphiere-golenoid ; deter: 
af {170 ato 210 170 sizo and tho samo magnetic strength, cosotulte exitited, changes being. frequently made mination of constants. 
: - | _ aoe 2 Experitnonts woro next made upon tho influenea of from tho six to the threo Inmps and back ngain. ‘Tho Simple Gatvanoplastic Apparatus for Students.—Dr, 
) 175 20) 209 470 {ho masa of iron forming the armature, ‘This was apparatus used for producing the current wasCramme's {F. Plettner.—Tho doscription of « very simple and 
#79. ate ano 175 found not to havo Ho imuch jnfluenco ns tho residual magneto-electric machine, With the machine rnnning cheap npparatits for tho galvanoplastic process, 


Theso results show that a marked inereaso (in there 


xporimnonts nearly 25 per cent) in the alrength of the , 
Hate currents renulls Crom the application of an’ - 


rmnaturo to the poles of tha electro-magnet, ‘The 


auagnetiem of tho frou. Tho results woro very con-: 
tradictory, os tho following table slows :—~- , 


‘Welght of Armatare, Deflection Produeed. 






at about 200 revolutions per minute a moderate tight 
was obtained, which was grently improved nt 300! 
revolutions, tho marimunt of intensily being obtained | 





STs saree Ome! ey. gta 


\ 
16 at 450 rovolutions, .‘'he strength of tho light depends : 
hhird and fourth columns of the table show that after 4 \ 364 280 i upon. threo things—-tho power of tho machine and tho 
io romoval of tho armature, tho first induced curront — } 34t 330 auuber of ita rovolutiona, on the length and thickness 
which results from again making tho current in tho} | “222 290 of the carbon rods, nnd on tho: quality of the carbon. 
f slectro-magnet, shows the samc increased effects but) i | 137 280 The oxperimonts showed that with tho samo strength 
Shat tho following current reaulting from breaking tho i 332 290 of current and tho samo number of revolutions, double 
AMrenit of the electromagnet falls to ils normal * 67 .310 ' the amount of light was obtained with tho threo long 
Amou: This reault is noteworthy, for it shows ns  : K 



















tertnin*Molcaular change in tho iron which results 
from tho application of tho armature, 

\ Although wo can thus increaso tho strength of the 
induction currents produced in coils slipped upon the 
limba of on olectro-nagnet, wé diminish the lifting 


+ power of thoao Individual limith by tho employment of’, 


Sn armaturo, os the following reaults show :— 


we 


; Wo nro od to boliovo that the mays of the irou dacs 
| not affect the reaulis when it oxeceds that of tho 
stationary olectro-imngnot, 
{Tho induction curronta resulting oven froin the 
| omploymont of atraight soft iron armatures which had 
been carefully deprived of residual moagnotlam, aro: 
thus seon to be moro than four times as atrong os 
those obtained by merely slipping the induction coil! 
on and off tho mits of the electro-magnet ; which i 
ia, practically, tho mothod adopted in many later forms! 
of the magnoto-olectric ongino, partioular ly in that of 
tho Grate machine, in whick different portions of a 
ring-shaped clcetro.magnat rovolyo toward and away 
from tho poles ofa horso-shoo magnet. When electro- 
magnetic armatures aro usod, tho effects far surpass 
i shoso obtained by non-magnotio soft fron astra’ ght; 
; armatures, as tho preceding results show. | 
{ Professor Trowbridge augyesis a magueto-cleotria 
: ongino of tho following construction:—Tho horae-shoo 
| armature a mado to revolve about the lino X X as an: 
aris, By tho procodiug oxporimonts it has boon found | 
i that when a north and a south Polo aro opposed, tho: 


; | induction curronte flowing through B and A’ oro in tho! 


samo direction, and those through B' and A aro also 











Hy 


carbon rods ny compared with tho six short oncs. 
Tho oxperimenis demonstrated ontisfactorily the fact! 
ihat the clectricourrent could bo subdivided, and hence, + 
if practice confirins experiment, which it is belioved it f 
will, thero is a wide eld open for the application of: 
Koslofi's system, ‘Tho form of Inwp used by tho ine 
ventor is oxperimental, and its varintion doca not 
affect tho principle, He leaves it to mechanical science 






! to dovise a lamp which shall meet the varied requiro- 






! 
i 


ane gy ees 


ments of lighthouses, mines, submarine works,’ rail. 
way#, and other purposes, to which it was tho general 
opinion of thoso present on ‘Tuesday tho principle is , 
thoroughly applicable. 





cree reece en an 


densation as tho second differential edefiicicrit of the’ | 














































THE TELEGRAPHIC JOURNAL. ° 
Vor V.—No. 104. i 


THE ELECTRIC LIGHT. 


~ Aurntouan the possibility of employing the electric 
light for illuminating purposes is by no-means a 
suggestion of recent date, yet it must strike those 
“who have Watched or investigated the progress of 
electrical science in this direction that very little 
real way has been made towards rendering electricity 
a really useful and practical agent for the produc- 
tion of light. It is not that considerable ingenuity 
has not been exercised in the various attempts made 
to clear away the difficulties which blocked the way, 
but simply that these difficulties have not been sur- 


tion of light by means of 
+ current has been attempted in several ways. Some’ 
\ years ago a company was formed for working -a 
process in which water was decomposed by the 
electric current, the gases so obtained being rendered 
in some Way non-explosive ‘and illuminating by 
being passed through a hydro-carbon compound.’ 
‘The current for decomposing the water was obtained 
by means of a magaeto-electric machine, ‘Such a 
‘process, although it was said to produce illuminating 
gas at a very small cost, could hardly be an economi- 
cal way of utilising the electric current, and the 
scheme fell to the ground, and since that time but 
few attempts have been made. in this direction, the 
| direct utilisation of the current in the form of a 
spark between two electrodes promising more like- 
lihood of success. 
~ + ‘The first difficulty which stood in the wayswas no 
doubt the absence of an efficient source of- electric 
power ; the galvanic battery did not promise to be 
at all an economical generator to employ, though’: 
for certain purposes, such as the production of light: 
for lectures or theatrical effects, it. answered well 
enough ; but now the dynamo-electric machine has. 
attained such a thoroughly practical shape, that 
difficulty may be said to have ceased to exist. The 
only points thatremained then to be thoroughly 
worked out have been the form of lamp and also the © 
«away in which several lights could be obtained from 
ing independent of 








wer, cach one bei 


Considerable ingenuity has been spent in the 
numerous endeavours to produce a. practical and 
efficient form of tamp; but although lamps have 

* been produced which have answered the purpose of, 

















allowing a steady light to be obtained, they have rot 
been such as could come into universal: use, sup- 
posing the electric current was laid on in the way 
gas is at present. In all cases they have been 
worked by mechanism, which was an objectionable 
feature, = 
It is a curious fact, which at the present time 
must be strikingly evident, that all ingenuity has 
been directed in one groove; the problem which it. 





has been“ attempted to solve has bec that of 


enabling. two carbon rods, ‘placed in the same 
straight line, with pointed ends close to one another, 
to preserve the same, or nearly the same, distance 
apart, whilst they consume under the action of the 
current. No attempt has been made until quite 
recently to produce the light between two electrodes 
except in the manner described ; why this has been 
the case it is difficult to say, but tho failure to devise 
a practical form of lamp up to the present time 
undoubtedly lies in this undeviating course which 
has been pursued. aa . 
J. To M. Jablochkoff undoubtedly belongs the credit 
AX of having boldly struck out in an entirely new 
direction, and the success awhich has attended: his 
efforts has been the reward of his so doing, and isan 
example to those who persistently follow in the 
footsteps of others instead of taking a distinct line of 
their own. 


The inventions of M, Jablochkoff have- been 
prominently brought -before the English electrical . 


world by Mr. Langdon, the acting secretary of the’ 


Society of Telegraph Engincers, ina paper read by - 


him at the last meeting of the society. ‘The paper 
was an extra one, but the importance of the subject 
amply justified Mé. Langdon in not deferring it 
till after the recess, 

‘The difficultics which M. Jablochkoff has over- 
come, viz., the invention of a simple form of lamp 
and the method of working several lamps indepen- 
dently on one circuit, so that an accident to,-or the 
| extinction of, one lamp might unaffect the others, 
“have really been the chief obstacles in the way, ahd 
‘now that they are overcome, comparatively ‘little 


electric light. - -. a 


‘stands in the way of an extended adoption of the * 


+. It has almost invariably been the practice, when a 
new invention is brought forward which possesses 
striking points of novelty, to prognosticate a splendid 
future for it, and the revolutlonising of the existent 
means of producing that which’ the new invention 
promises todo ina far better manner. Without going 
so far as this, it is not prophesying too much to say 
that, with proper. management and in proper hands, 
the" invention of M. Jablochkaff*will go very far 

_ towards . proving. the entire practicability of the 

I. electric light for general lighting purposes ; indeed 














Cs Oe ore 







































i 
| : 7 
Wee Jom Yte 2. 264 
ee ae Prope (ON) rete “Liane 
| eae Say ard AM a ha Sten oa et 1” Prov. {stuosy’s” Etternre ‘LIGHT EXPERI 
{Tne Paris Academy of Science is about to test’ prace | ome ii note-about these, in fast number 
ically the advantages of the electric light in mines, : oe os Fcorectiy dose eariean of light 
| These are considered at present to be increased security in the engine. Prof, ‘Anthony as the one used 
- { from explosions due to inflammable gas, and superior Scientific American the following briet desert ties 
i iumination, Although the electric light ignites in- of his experiments :— Bens 
© flammable gas, like an ordinary flame, it docs not re ‘To the electro-magnetic machine, which was , 
{ require fresh air to keep it alight, and can be wholly hoe by a Brayton petroleum oil-engine of fives vf 
enclosed in glass,’so as to ke quite beyond the miners’ the electricity produced apn peeves : 
. of interference. ~ ' Br distant, from which daylight could be eacluded, | | 
G for photometric experiments. In this room, the 
wires were connected with a Foucault regulator” , 
for the electric tight, the light being produced by’ 
. the passage of the clectric curve between two 
' carbon points, -The electric light being . too 
| Brilliant for rae comparison with the standard 
in P n ook from my house i 
a | at Antiverp. The city engineer has been author. I lamp, having a fiat wick one. inch wide. "The 4 
ised to introduce the Gramme method of lighting } electric light was found to be equal to what | 
into the docks and basins of the city, so that the j dita at aad Levers by 234-such lampe, 
‘< . . * i. Wo ‘A i y H 
: er of shipping and loading will go on as , 36 Ibs, oil per heute Walla: the come, arti 
riskly by night as by day. {power developed the electric current, which in. ' 
_ The electiic light is becoming common in Paris : oy ereuced i clectric. light, jpopnumed but: - 
in connection with works that have to be carried . ; Stated in the paper giving’ the ean ay | 
on during the night. A large lamp, fed by a six. experiments merely as showing, in a striking: | 


horse power, has been established in the Avenue : 
de l'Opéra, and others are employed in the ©. 
Trocadero in connection with the building of the 


‘Exhibition Palace. The Gramme machine and 7 wel Sra al | 7 * 
: : Ars a 


screw regulator are employed. 


¢ / : AsNatcs pr Cimsin rt pe Piysiqur. 
g, Cir Sef , Avaust, 1876. 
/ 7? { Memoir on the Stratified (Electric) Light’ By Mo 


manner, how very small a proportion of the e: : 
of combustion of the ofl in the mpi: 
utilized as lights” common amp 





4] Ara meeting of {he Russian Physical Soctety, held = * Neveestur. : ; 
s y yy hese 

{| recently, M, Tchicaleff gave an account of his experi- | Is this instructive paper, after describing some, | 

4} ments on the intensity of the electric tight in the open . fundamental experiments which prove that nega- 


air, Altencc's niagneto-electric machines were used, i tive ploetHcity ae eee and osihan 1) 
The eye could not detect much difference in the lights 1 his theory of aca cation y the two forees at the 
of two machines, one equivalent to ten thousand ..- two ends of a tube are capable of producing nodes 
candles, the other to four thousand, although in the {+ and ventral segments, so that the luminous effects 
first case a refractor was uscd, and in the seconda ( - | of the electricity traversing the layers, condensed 
reflector. - During these experiments the advantage of |? | or expanded, must bedifferent. The arrangement 

- carbon points, covered with galvanic copper, was again | of the air layers may be entirely destroyed by the 

i 











es oe ee 


proved ; oflinary carbons fusing for a length of o'o7 mechanical effect of the discharge when strong, 


2 but will subsist if this be weak. In Chapter II, 
metre, while the copper-covered carbons burned for a the author considers stratifications obtained with 
length of o’or metre, 


the Ruhmkorff coil, the influence of the exterior 
H go = Fe nay oe ear eT 
=< Tel pes Ney I. ¥6 





and the dark space, &, In Chapter TIL. it is Ph 
shown that in various circumstances of combus- 
tion ofdetonating mixtures, the most important cha- 

racters of stratification are obtained. Hence ! 
2s producing the two series of phenomena — 





t pole and intensity of current, the constitution of 
¢ 


. | the induecd current, the form of the stratifications, 
i] 
i 
j . Restsrance of tue Ecectric Lraut.—Professor 


























a 4 -W.-B, Ayston and John Perry, of the Japan Imperial 3 similated, 

4 * Kagincering College, find the resistance 01 the “yortaie pike eas ; aD Pierre? ‘ : 

sire" to be as follows :— > ‘ ‘ el {i 
4 a : : : teruica § iI. dene f 1) i 
Number dees RE eats QO ees 
_ 2 ae ohms capes THE ELEGTRIC LIGHTING AT THE LA '). F 
if * ay are oO 0 CHAPELLE GOODS STATION OF THE : 
: ‘ : : 






‘The Grove cells employed were of the ordinary English i ; i NORTHERN RAILWAY COMPANY, PARIS. | 


rectringulir form: the,area of the piadonn plate ine , ; : 5 
merged being 13 square inches, an of the zine plate ; -.| IN. consequence. of: experiments . mado «in: 1876 me 
35 squace inches, ‘The arc was produced by a Dubos«'s at the Paris : Passenger. Station of the Northern om 
cd damp. In these re { Railway: Company, “it was: decided that the: best. : 3 
creases more rapidly th: ‘ pla } apply the electric light was at. tho goods 4 
If then the res : : department of‘the station named, where work. was % 
carried on during the whole night long. ; 
(2 ‘general.'rule, tho: saving: cflected in, 
Stablishment of a system of lighting ater, { 
€ a 


f tho longer. the lighting is: employed-each nig te It 


' 










wes 











Rate Tere eras 








é November 1, 875.) 









r 







terruplions aro only of minuto duration, a. fa 

which hag boon ropoatedly proved by tho illumi-+ 

nating apparatuses of Siomens aud Unleko, as of: |: 

late improvod by Hifenor Altenock, Loroux hag } 
himeelf determined by oxperiments that the huni- 

| nous aro botweon the carbon points becomes in- ; 

{ stantaneously reproduced provided the interruption 
of tho curront does not oxceed one-twontivth ofa 
‘second. This Inst-montionod authority also suc- 

| ceeded in dividing tho oloctrical light, by employ= 
ing a rapid turning deflector, by moans of which 

; ho altornutoly conducted the curront of a Bunsan's: , 
| battery to two lumps, in such a manner that cach 
of those recoivod an equ] amount of enrronts in 
equal times; the humnosity given out by theso 
was also equal in both lamps. 

On tho other hand, it would appoar that this 
modus operand? is neither cheap nor practical, and 
it has therefore beon furthor attempted to divide 

| tho olectric light without having recourao to tho 
luminous are, Tho results however, have not beon 


' MILL LIGHTING BY ELECTRICITY, 
: * By A, TOLMAUBEN, : 





A): 
bet 2 gemma ae nen i JOURNALS. 


[ Jone 1, 1877.] DHE TELEGRAPHIC 






i Ix spito of tho many improvemonts which havo 
; beon brought to bour on tho various magnoto elec- 
! trical machines for tho generation of light, the ugo 
! of electricity for lighting up mills or othe: work- 

shops in placo of common oil or gas, has scarcely 
been introduced, 





BC ich is onti sen -on'the- 
to the second hall, which is entirely open; onthe, 
long sides, the light from the first hall also shines ie 
when -the doors'are open. In fine tho lighting ts: 
as. good as in the strects of Paris.—/ontaing 

bess 


, Sake 











was under. these favourable conditions that the rail- 
' way companies wished to place themselves... 
t. The lr originally resolved upon was slightly 
: modified, in consequence of the care taken to profit 
\ by any favourable circumstinces which presented 
ry themselves. In fact, the following was the Sourse . 
+ adopted :— _ : 
ie 






=e oe 
5 
| 


« Lighting by. Electricity." = 


‘There wére lighted, ; 
ist. A hall of 70 metres long’ by 25 metres wide, 
7 and 8 metres high. :f ‘ 
ee shall metres long by 15 metres wide, 
tresshigh.. §-- i 
iogrd, A. yard’20*metres: square, which separated 
the hall from the cart-shed. 
! The hall is lighted by two lamps placod over one 
' of the diagonals, and consequently in an unsymimes 











he fr hov 1,76 


Bl detects so Le Saltese sn - 
' "In a letter to Nature (October 19), Messrs. ; 


theso aro surrounded rospectively by a glass globe | 










ml) trical, but very favourable, manner. The-lights aro ‘Ayrton and Perry, of the Imperial College of ; 7 which sorves to Llond tho light intensity. ‘Lhe cost : satisfactory, inasmuch ng tho cost of auch illumi. | 
) 4} metres from the ground in largo square lanterns. : of the four lumps, excluding the maintenance of 


Engineering .in Tokie, Japan, describe, experi. ! 
ments made to ‘ascertain the resistance of thet 
ic arc, in order ‘to determine theoretically 


nations rank almost equal to thogo of gas or potro- 
tho motive power, ayorages about tenpenco per loum - lighting. ‘Cheso futile attempts induced 
hour, Grummo to construct smaller machines with an 
During tho three months which this electrical oquivalont light intonsity of fifty Careel lamps. 


‘I'he glass of these lanterns is painted whito inside, 
! and, up to such a level that at. no part of the hall 
* ean the voltaic arc be perceived. The upper part 


























ie 






















































































' * the glass of the lantern was Ieft in its natyral «aes light has beon working, no inconvenience ‘hus beer Theso small lamps work yory woll nlony; tho light ey 
a ees of the, Blass 9 the bottom: is left un tazed ; the she best arrangement of cells Nd = Lat if 3 experience, tho light given olf bot beautiful omitted 38 not perfectly steady; tho best of tho 
at + consequence being that the me of light ating on jaf the electric light. The results show nan ms and steady, aud uncomparablo to any othr moto j machines yot intraduced, prozont « light of at least 
i q the ceiling and walls of the hal lt, which have been the common Grove cells, no attempt 8 oul ry of iltuminntion, ‘Che magnote-olectrical machines Fong hundred carcel lamps, with an average cost: 
fH { 1 lime-whitened, and reflect a light soft and. yery | made to join any of the cells in parallel circuit have cuch cost 1,400 fres., or aixty pounds stoiling, Price af oO. j foserintion a ye re 
} f a iting of this hall was the principal object ‘until at least 200 have been joinéd in series; for ‘ me Whole urrangomont amounting to 8,000 fres, ne paler concersing (he Alvieability of “tho { a 
Ue, Ain view Pt is very abundant, and that is necessary, ‘since the resistance of cach cell is about o'2 ohms, W; 1 rogard to tho comparativo cost of this electrio light, it is possiblo that the modorn im-| é 
| cy ee es Oe ae roe sole ano of them would: have a:resistance’ol:jo:ohms, : ; electric light, with othor tsenna of illumination, provements mado in this direction, coupled with ’ 
L the large ones, whose labels it is Hocessary 1 4 which is certainly tess than double the clectric arc. M. Tabottlaye furnishes tho following table — 4 | tho sonal cost, may at io distant period Jeni to 
ml «fle 9, reid. and register pan tne a ae for that battery corresponding with brightest . ret a ee the lighting wp of eur mills, railway alations, &e,, 
: : hall Orns cine tte wall everywhere, ea in the ‘tight, and the authors have shown (in our Journal, « quantity of anae| Gost of Hite y med ys 
BY youmost distant corners of the space in question, as ‘March 15th, 1873) that the cells of a battery for. producing that ot 00 ate | ps oe Ts = 
: well as in the little passages between the heaps of ' should be joined in series till the battery of resist. Het = tears ine candies per 
R j 4 ae Ree diay ta the beatae cr the peardha ‘ance is double the external resistance, at which Seat ee (AR re nae Ohi utes tons PAE toh, a mi 
p i . + witich are being loaded or unloaded, : et Ln veri ae 4 Electrical light olt in poriqtion of Lalygutiane eats errs ‘a aingle \ 
yt ' ‘The following passage is extracted from a docu- ‘ each containing half the whole number of cells in ed by a magneto. ” _ plege of glowlng onrhon, hiclored n'a glass tuby to pre- | a4 
‘ £ ment which has been kindly lent with the authority series, and the two rows connetted in parallel . clectrical apparatus see Is, 2d, ‘vont its burning upya substiuted foy the two carbon || 
Oe a Oe ere cn for | coh : Bite gael le) i ant | Be ak [en Aa te ce Pg "| 
¢'lighting has been in daily ati Saaeta es Sacweat ay Sages ee at ae 63 cub. ft. 3, Bd. stinkscacrae beter aS. rer ones { 
j " : “fifteen: hots and a half, on an average, from ‘> Oil (re gotats ve | 79.92 grains, bs. Md. " 
» January 17, 1877. Tho magnificent light spread in ‘allow candle... ” 3. Od. ‘ 
ae “the halls Thows work to be fans with ths nose roi ae ae] ORT on Ate, 10d, pita 
| Me 1 facility, the saving of labour’ effected thereby being ; Sr er re C1 Ty fia. The Rlecirte Hight Gan beg mes 
; im caimaied at as per com ‘ ol. / Qa ¢ abate eee Tee Mi cihn O aat | The French’ ‘eenilasite ede nee picamor, | | 
| Fee eraman. does not require: to: carry ow ‘ Tn tho preceding tablo the following prices hav vided with ae dudeique fe now prow! = *| 
i inhi to look for.th Lanes, decipher preced ing table the fullowing price hyo F ¢ with an electric light, in o: Dro. 
i eiieien cen the Tabels;/the work, in fact; : boon assumed : gas, per cubic motor = id. ; tallow, with othor vessels, u ? tqpr hor collision i. 




















" 
Tho lantorn\ts Diece@l on 


Vid. por kilogratnmo; stearine cantles, 3s, per 





is done as casily as it could be done in the broad 






Ht. : : cae ge hight of 22 feet above tt 
Renative SITY OF one kilogrammo; wax candles, 4s, 2d, por kilograimmo, | ta 0 the for le,.oFA2 feet above th " 
daylight... es : article eee OF Lieuts.—M. Bertin in a Me distil se of oer ninind Water. “Tho current i prod ove the 
ro : MeRvo halls are found to be sufficient for carrying | tecent article“in’ the! Journal’ de “Physique, on the To distribute tho effect of tho olectrio light in Jehino, rovolving at the sake is by}n Grammo electric ma: 


various directions ant points in a uniform manner, i 
tho attempt has boon mado to pass tho curront minuto, ani affording a Nght equ 
through tho dilforont pparatugos by means of curs ‘yf An ingenious device places the cont 
ront defectors, which break the currents passing {hands of the office 

through tho lamps during so short « poriod, as to |; atish the ilunina 
inako the light uppear to all intents and purposes |* 


t on the'work where formerly three were necessary. 
Beyond all these direct results, the clectric lightin 
has given indirectly. the following advantages, which 

+ diminish ‘the indemnities paid by the companies : 

* It diminishes the mistakes of direction, and’ the 
delays consequent thereon; the damage donq in 


electro-magnetic rotation of liquids draivs u 
: lowing table of: intensities, the "solar, Hight belong 
reel coned at 1,000: Electric tight of Alliance machine, 
2 {f 250; Drummond light, regulated ‘to. noisy state, “2g } 
b rummond light,’regulated to ordinary state, 1 1 o 
tirner, with’ glass chimney, ‘forced flame, ‘4 3 ae 


to 160 carcel urnors, { cid 
rol of tho light in tho | 

io cnn extin= 
HN without stopping ! 








the machi Exne 
burner, with glass chim di . ‘ am i" : uine. Experiment has recent] roved th : 
loading. ". .-. .Jt ‘prevents various, kinds of. Inmp of Ph ney, Ordinary. flame, 1; Carcet Aa boing continous, The fact hag eon hereby |. {} effective uso of d cently proved that the most 
: Leong the senderd of the goods, and, in fact, it | imp of Pictet, or Moderator lamp, large’ model, “utilised, that the impression mado by light upon|> <> 14 to shing® for so Nght, as 9 means of warning, Is to allow © 
facilitates surveillance, it diminishes thefts.” ¥ 





our vieunl organ romnins intact during at least |: en seconda and thon oxtingyish it : 
onv-tonth of n sccond’s duration, Moreover, tho | ! Succeeding two minutes, Py S79 : et alte 
3 luminar: aro botweon the carbon . points. becomes es ca foe eos saetect cts, MS ie 
Fi “ momontarily reproduced, proyided tho current in- 


star, candle (fiva to the pound), 

‘The second ‘hall is lighted by 2. sinile lamp, and : oe ° 
this is sufficient, because large bales only are dealt 
,. Wwith’here 5 the lantern is like those in the first hall, | 
| >The lime-whitening has been experimentally proved ! 
: to be necessary here as in the other building, 




















+ Tho yard-is lighted above by the lamp belonging | . ; i . 
| 1S erates eee : 5 ss 
7 = ig 
ae on * ‘& mR, f j 
“af g , ! 
: } s 2 scons cane car : an nied ain “eo — P Z 
ay : 1 : a 
1 ‘, : aoe 
bo as 
at 262 ee 7 rae 
bd - 








1 





ah 


ne crete. 


oh 


Tue Exxctme Lrant.—It will be remembered that, 
in April Inst, an analogy was pointed ont between sun. 
Tight and the electric light, and that certain conditions 
were therein indicated ns being moat favourable to that 
particular development of light which would beat bring 
out tho separation of tho power producing tho light 
from tho place of its manifestation. Those conditions 
were tho employment’ of magneto-clectricity, and the 
use of acloscd incandescent conductor in an ntmo- 
sphere which would not oxidise or otherwiso nffect the |: 
durability of the Hght-producing material. From the 
quotation from tho Russian paper Golos which follows, 
it will be seen that the results anticipated are even now 
in tho courso of realisation, and all that practical men 
can do is, to wish the plan the success it seems to de- 
serve, and to wait the result of the further exhibitions 
of its power in Londot and other places moro accessible 
to tho Western nations than St. Potersburg:— On 
Tuesday, tho 8-20 of May, n most intercating trial was 
made, for tho firat timo in public, at the Admiralty 
House, St. Petersburg, under the auspicea of Mcasra, 
8. A. Kosloff nnd Co., the proprictors of tho patent, of 
a new system of lighting by electricity, tho invention 
of Mr, A. Tndiguin, of that town.” Owing to the 
restricted spaco jn tho hall made use of on this ocen- 
sion, tho number of spectators was necessarily limited, 
but still thoy consisted of more than a hundred spe. |; 
cinlists from different countrics, representatives of 
science, honourable visitors, aud any reporters, who 
were all deoply interested, and unanimously decided 
that tho trinl wns really successful. Up to the present 
time, as is well known, the electric light has been ned 
only for lighthouses, 18 an electric sun iHumination |; 
‘for signals, or on the stage, where n strong light may ji 
bo: required: without regard J 
lias Leen quite impossible to employ it for lighting 
streets or houses, By the old method tho clectric 
spark was pagsed between tio points of charcoal, each 
attached to a copper wire connected with an electro. 
magnetic machine. ‘I'ho disadvantages attending this 


; -ymode consisted in the fnets, that for ench light a sepa- 


yrate machine was required, and that the light so ob- 
stained, although very powerful, was impossible to bo 
‘regulated, besides being non-continuous, owing to the 
‘rapid consumption of the charconl points from ox- 
\posure to air. All these diMienltica Mr. A. Ladiguin 
‘has tried, and apparently overcome most successfully, 
‘By his nowly-invented method, only one picce of char- 
coal or other bad conductor is required, which, being 
attached to a wiro connected with an electro-magnetic 
imachine, is placed in a glass tubo, from which the alr 
{is oxhausted, and replaced by n gas which will not ata 
phigh temperatura combine chemically with the char- 
sjeoal, This tube is then hermetically scaled, and tho 
machine being set in motion by means of a small 
 {Steam-engine, the charcoal becomes gradually and 
{equally heated, and omite a soft, steady, and continuous 
light, which, by a most simple contrivance, enn be 
strengthened or weakened nt the option of thoso em. 
ploying it, its duration being dependent solely on the 
Slectric current, which of course will last as long né the 
machine is kopt in motion, Taking mto consideration 
the fnet that ono machine, worked by n small threo. 
horao power engine, is capablo of ighting many hun- 
Jareds of Inuterns, it ia ovident that an enormous 
ndvantage and profit could bo gained Ly the illumina. 
tion of strects, private houses, public buildings, and 
mincg, with the now electric light. In tho Intter it 
must prove invaluable, as no explosion uced over bo 
feared from it, and these Innterns will burn eqnally ng 
well under water as in aroom, Without mentioning 
the many advantages thia mode of illumination bing 
ovor gas, which by its unpleasant odour and evapora. 
tion is slowly poisoning thousands of human beings, 
;[ and from whick explosions aro frequent, wo can state 
4 that, by calculations mado, this electric light can bo 
produced at n fifth of the cost of cont-gas, Wo hope 
shortly to place before the public mora complete par- i 
ticulars, as well ns reports of furthor ox; criments 
puch aro proposed to take placo in Vienna, Paris, and: 
ndon.”—Golos, No. 129, and Journal of the Soctet 
jefarts, Augnat 22, 1873." 4 celely | 


it regard to coat; but thus far it } 


) 


! 





f } a 
uel fy. Oct-77 


,, fue Evecratc Ltout.—The Times. office is to be ; 
Jit by M, Rapieff’s electric light, Six lamps have ! 
been fitted up-in the printing room, and others will 
Le introduced into the compositors' room, It is likely” 
to prove very beneficial to the type setters who wor! 
by night in a ‘hot and vitiated atmospheres , 
,_ Iris rumoured that a company of leading electricians 
is about to be formed to introduce the electric ight 
into London. 


Tue clectric light continues to Progress in Paris, 
Fourteen new lamps have been added to the sixteen 
already existing in the Avenue de VOpera. These 
thirty, together with those in the Place de VOpéera at 
one end of the avenuc, and those in the Place du 
Théatre Francais at the other end, make filty-cight 
lamps iu view at once, illuminating one of the most 
splendid thoroughfares of Paris. : 
It is said that 400 ‘horse-power are employed in 
supplying the 180 clectric Tights now glowing nightly: 
in Paris, i 


ck 

Pa Sma ayy tite Ens: 
visit of tho Shah to the Re 
orchestra struck u 
Aniliem, tix electric 1 
round tho gallery wy 
the brilliant tlashies w 
splendid Broup of unifor 
Tho Shah was evidently 


 uny ono else 

i dicated to } 

i made his and her jewe 
. brillinney, Tho arrang i 
; Pisloy and Spiller, 


Tur Evectr 5 
wrile on the ie wave occasion to 
the need he ariely 
light. 


fous body is , 
‘ are; therel ‘ 
fequently applied, but too general fo 
ification, is Unsuitable, Wick,a word 


the candle, is n { 


pur, a fire, (hence pyre or 
ght an heat), The electro pyen call 
i (e ecitle wick, brand, or - torch which 
appropeiateh  e, Het. | The light Itself ecu ce 
pppror ately termed clectro-phare (from 7 
electric ign ne end and more ey onions than 
orien 1) Which, however, has already 4 great hold 


eve N ST St 


se a 


{ 


| 


a 


2 Ra Re 
ready means of publicity, all tend to foster invention. 
In England? an exclusive Government system of 
telegraphsf and very oncrous cunditions of patent 
right, tenil to damp invention in this direction. The 
importa ce of tho patent law as a factor in this 
repressing influence was first pointed out by Sir 
Wil}fam Thomson, after his return from the Cen- 
tennial Exhibition ; and that of the Government 
postal tclegraph system by Dr.C. W. Siemens in 
his opening address to tho Society of ‘Telegraph 
Engincers this session, The effect of a rigorous 

/ patent law in checking invention is well scen in the 
caso of Germany, a country which. produces very 
few inventions. ~ Professor Bell himself is an 
example of aninventive Englishman finding more 
favouring circumstances for his powers in America 
than at home.  Varley's 1870 ;telephone patent 
contained the roots, and more than the roots, of 
Gray and La Cour's recent tone telephones ; but it 
remains a patent still, ‘The conditions for its prac- 
tical development were not genial in England, and 
the invention‘was still born, °° 

Having. found what appear to be the true causes 
of the admitted evil, we riow turn to seck a remedy 
for it, ‘Ihe new patent law;before Parliament may 
be expected to do good to invention in general, 
and, therefore, also to telegraphic invention ; but it 
appears to us that a special remedy might be found 
in the Government telegraph system. If greater 
facilities were given for testing new inventions, and 
if‘ handsome . premiums jwero given for successful 
ones, and inventions openly invited and welcomed, 
wo think that telegraphic invention could not but 
be stimulated again in this country, and that some- 
thing of the old activity which cxisted in the days 
of the rival companics might be brought back. 


THE ELECTRIC LIGHT IN. PARIS, * 


TRAVELLERS arriving by night from London at the 
Gare St. Lazare cannot fail to remark the brilliant 
series of electric lights which illuminate the whole 
covered area of that railway station, and to nate the 
striking contrast between the pure white electric 
and the dull yellow gaslights surrounding them. 
But the greater incomparable superiority of the 
former over the latter is best seen at the Place de 
Opera, where the great lamps are fitted up with 
Jablochkof’s electric candle. Across the open area 
of the place, and extending towards the new 
Avenue do Opera, there is a double row of large 
lamp posts down cach side, cach surmounted by a 
large cylindrical lamp of clouded glass and con- 
taining 12 electric candles, ‘These are burning 
every night, and serve to light up the whole space 
to a clearness which permit the different tints 0 the 
ladies’ costumes to bo easily distinguished. On 
opera nights the two ornamental lamp posts front- 
ing the fagade of the Opera House have each three 


upper globes lit by the candle. These globes are 
of opal glass, and give a peculiar softness and silvery 
lustre to the light, which resembles that of the 
moon. They light up the centre facade, showing 
in relief the rich marbles, statues, and gilding. The 
ordinary globes of gaslights along the balconies of 
the building, together with theso clectric lights, have 
a rich effect, similar to a mixture of silver and gold 
in jewelry. The wide flight of steps leading up to 
the doors are Hluminated almost like noon, and it is 
curious to see the gnats dancing about the white 
globes as if they believed it to be daylight. The 
electricity is supplied by a Gramme machine espe- 
cially constructed to yield intermittent currents, and 
fed by another Gramme of the ordinary kind. It is 
led by cores under the pavement up the side of the 
lamp post to the candles, ‘The cores have had to be 
protected, it is said, from ill usage, because attempts 
were made by agents of the gus companies to inter- 
fere with them. As'‘soon as acandlo burns down 
another is moved by mechanism into its placo 
without much appreciable disturbance of the general 
effect. The light is remarkably soft and steady, and 
there is no flickering to speak of. ‘These tights are 
Jablockhoff's advanced guard, and we may. soon 
expect to hear of their being extended down tho 
whole fength of the Avenue de l'Opera and the 
boulevards themselves. ‘They have only to be seen 
to be admired, and when once the public have grown 
accustomed to their superior excellence over yas, 
they will before long require an extension of the 
system. It is stated that M. Jablockhoff has received 
orders from the Municipality of Paris to introduce 
his tight into sixteen other places in the city, 
company is formed, and money is flowing in to cup. 
port it, " The only important drawback to the light 
is its costliness, for it is at present quite as expen: 
sive as gas. 

The success of Jablockhoff is stimulating other 
inventors in this ficld. Tho lights of the Gare St. 
Lazare are produced by Lontin's distributing ma- 
chines, The wicks are the ordinary prepared carbon 
sticks, regulated by Lontin’s burner. ‘They burn in 
the open air without globes or shades of any kind, 
and they are also remarkably steady. A drawback 
to their use is the hissing noise which they make, 
Jablockhoft’s candle, being practically noiscless ; but 
for public works. this is of no consequence, and its 
comparative cheapness, renders this system very 
well suited for private establishments stich as targe 
workshops, railway stations, &c. It is said that tho 
Company ofthe West, by employing this lightat the 
Gare St. Lazare saves over £1,000 a year on lost or 
damaged goods which formes’ were cither stolen 
in the night or allowed to spoil, 

Another light worth mentioning is that of a young 
inventor, named: Emile Reynier. This system has 
been patented in England, and described in the 
Telegraphic Journal for Feb. 1st, 1878. His wicks are 
dises ct carbon posed against each other,and slowly 
rotating by clockwork so as to bring fresh carbon 
surface always forward, The larger form of appa- 
ratus answers very well, and it has the merit of 
cheapness. M. Reynier has, recently produced a 
small carbon light for domestic purposs. Wewere 
present at a public exhibition of it on Monday even 
ing, May 20, at his ateliez, but the. apparatus was 
unfortunately not quite complete, and the light 
flickered every now and again in a way which will 




































































vod 
“ual 
aa 








Decemuer 1, 1878.) 





(© THE TELEGRAPHIC JOURNAL. 
Aa Vor. VI—No. 140. 
i Bitte 8 


: 











, THE GAS COMPANIES AND THE 
ELECTRIC LIGHT. 


Normine could be said morc seriously for the injury 

of gas property than some of the remarks which 

have been made by the companies themselves. 
» We must wait to see what Mr. Edison is ready to 
. do before wo can predict the turn of affairs which 
* will happen, What Mr, Edison is said to have 
* accomplished has fairly taken those who know 

something of this matter by surprise. Inventors 

are, as.a rule, very cautious men, and it is an 
_ unusual thing ‘for an‘ inventor, who is on the 
+ threshold ofa grand discovery, to exclaim, “ Eurcka” 
_ until he is prepared to publish the whole affair. 

as Mr, Edison has not filed his complete specifi- 
cation, we may be sure he has not yet matured 
his plans. Other workers are in the field, and whilst 
some of them, by a vague statement, may, in their 
specifications, anticipate some of Mr. Edison's ideas, 
the fact that the invention was so overtly put 
forward as.a secret may seriously jeopardise his 
position legally, should any subsequent specification 
be filed closely treading on his heels. 

We would remind our readers of the celebrated 
case of Ransome rersus Howard, where one of the 
parties filed, as is usually done, a specification for 
aninvention. ‘The other, before the six months had 
expired, filed a complete spccification, and took out 
Letters Patent for what was held to be the same 
thing, The case was ultimately carried to the 
House of Lords, and although it may scem very 
hard against the party: who’ was the first in. the 
field, the ruling was against him, the. decision 
being, that the provisional protection was intended 
to safeguard an inventor as against his own work- 
people, and did not apply to the outside public. 
This should at any rate make inventors very 
_ cautious, for if an individual re-discovered Edison's 

_ Secret even now, and filed his complete specifica- 
tion, Edison would find himself bowled out entirely, 

During the past two months tho road to the English 
Patent Office has been kept warm, not by Mr. 
Edison's footfalls, but by many eager and enter- 
prising spirits, some of whom may outstrip him in 
success before his plans come on the scene at all, 

Whatever may be the issuo of what is now pro- 
Posed and being tried, wo may bo sure that the 


competitor to the gas companies, © rat 








THE TELEGRAPHIC JOURNAL. 








. We have, therefore, no fear'that the Gas Com; 


‘of lighting will:be best. carried out-in their.h 


electric light will be sooner or later a stimulating . 
ae “or that they will have any ‘business bee 
‘ a 


a 


aan antitiaoe } 

Under. tho circumstances we consider the gas 
companies are not acting very wisely, At one 
meeting it was said that gas could be so reduced 


in price to the consumer as to disbar the hope of 


the electricians, Now, are the companies best con- 
sulting their own interest in waiting for the new 
light to be pronounced upon before they take 
action? Let our corporations and municipal autho- 
rities erect the plant for the electric light, and it 
will be too late for the gas companies to raise their 
yoice on the diminished cost to the consumer, for 
the electric light, wlien the plant is brought together, 
will be so cheap compared with gas that the Com- 
panics, with their as. 6d. per 1,000 cubic fect, would 
be nowhere. 

With regard to lighting strects, it has been said 
that the diminished revenue on this score to the 
companies. would only affect that revenue by ona 
per cent. ‘This is manifestly an exaggeration 
it is probably a much more important item of, 
revenue, Railway stations could be most cconomi- 
cally fitted up with the electric light. Factories 
and large buildings are just the places where the 
new light can to the very best advantage be em- 
ployed ; so that the only field at present apparently 
secure to the companies are the “ side streets” 
and private houses," " y 

We must, however, deal: fairly with the gas com- 
panics, and if they Gdnsent to do for us what the 
electric light may fail to do, or at any rate as 
cheaply as is dune with gas, are we justified in 
withholding from them a: suitable compensation ? 
We can hardly believe the companies would adopt 
such a short-sighted, policy as ‘to take it out” of 
their private consumers. 

That the matter is an unpleasant one for the 
companies there can be no doubt, and if it is a 
fact that the investments in this country are 
£130,000,000 in gas shares and stocks, we hopo that 
the change will be transitional, even if it is to be ex- 
tensively adopted. 

For the sake of success in electric lighting we 
hope that the gas companies will not be allowed to 
tamper with their rival, for such a result would be 
to strengthen their monopoly, which, as far as gas 
itself is concerned, gives the gas companies what 
they like, and their customers what they can get. . 

Any attempt'on the part of the gas companies 
to obtain Parliamentary powers over a rival system 
of lighting must be strongly opposed. We are 
glad to see that many members of the House/o’ 
Commons have spoken freely on the electric light 


will persuade otir Legislation that the/new.imer’ | 


— 





1h. 


i current fs of 
+ means of a small electro-magnet, 





. Mr. Ruston, of Ruston, Proctor & Co., of the Sheaf 
Tron Works, Lincoln, whose engines aro just now jin 
demand. for electric lighting purposes, have reccived 
the Cross of the Legion of Honour for his exhibits at 
the Paris Exhibition. : : 


Tue new stecl despatch vessel /ris is to be fitted 
experimentally with Rapieff's electric lamps. 


Grasse and Stemens' machines are in great demand, 
just now. We give a full account of the latest form of 
Granime in this number, . Meritens’ machine is said to 
be acquiring favourand to yield three times the current 
that the Gramme does for the same expenditure of 
power, and that it can keep one Jablochkoff. canille 

oing by 4 of a horse-power, : The cost of the Méritens 
fowever is about double that of the Gramme, 


Tye Steumns'’sAttexncx Macutne.—-According to 
expariments made by M. Petrouschewsky, the Siemens’. 
Altencek when worked by from 3 to § horse-power 
produces a current capable of decomposing yoo : 
milllgrammes of water per minute, and a light varying | 
from 4,800 to 9,600 stearine ‘candles, Owing to the 
heterogeneity of the carbons, the intensity of the light 
‘varies continually, although the strength of the current 
continues very steady. ‘The minimum intensity of 
light observed was 1,000 candles and the maximum, 
14,800. 


Prorerties ov tite Voutaic Arc.-From recent 
experiments on the nature of the resistance of the 
voltaic arc, M. Jatschinoff corroborates Mr, Edlund in 
his conclusion. that. it-is an electro-motive force of 
polarisation which is produced in the arc. With a 

attery of 4o Bunsen elements giving a current of 95 
electro-magnetic units, the polarisation equalled. 12, 
Bunsen’s, ‘The introduction of a little metallic 
potassium or sodium: in the arc effected a reduction of 
§0 per cent. in the polarisation, and increased the | 
length of the are, : 


Resistance or Carsoxs.—M, Borgman has found; 
by means of the Wheatstone Bridge, that elevation of 
temperature to orange red heat diminishes the resist- 
ance of wood -charcoal, anthracite, plumbago, coke, 
and the carbon clectrodes of M.,Carré, ‘The thermal 
co-efficients fur 1° C. are, 

For wood clinrcoal 0'00370, between 26° and 260° C, 
Donnez anthracite o'00265, between 20° and 260° C, 
Alibert plumbage . o'o0082, between 25° and 350° C. 
Coke ws os 0'00026, between 26° and 275° C. 
.: Even feeble radiant heat produces a diminution in the 
resistance of a:plate of wood carbon. The resistance 
of pine, clm, and‘ ebony charcoal, also diminishes 
notably between 100? C. and 125° C, of temperature, 
renecially in the case of ebony, se eauilte: has’ 
M. Rartere’s SstaLt Lamp or electric candle has 
been exhibited at the Times office along with his larger 
moderator lamps. - It-consists of two crect pencils of car: 
bon placed side by side, but with no insulatin me pe 
between except air. One. pencil is vertical and the ot! oe 
is inclined to it at an angle sufficiently small to make 


' the resistance of the voltaic arc increase ns the candle 


bi down by about the same amount as the resistance 
of the entboas in circuit decreases. Thus the fatal 
resistance of the lamp is kept tolerably constant. wi rm is 
ever the length of the carbons consumed. WV! eens 
ci 
M tO eeeenaga Peon pencil js drawa 
away from the other, and the are is established on a : 
passage of the current, °°: 2 
F v y or THE Exectric Arc-—Mr. Henry 
Wile of "Ninchester, has observed the. following 
peculiar property of the electric arc: between two up ‘ 
right side by side carbon rods or clectro-pyres, namely, i 
that wherever the, voltaic arc is: established between 
them, it invariably. works its way. to their. points, an 
remains there, and this whether the gints be upper 
t 


2, 7 

Tite electric tight is likely to be speedly adopted into ! 
all the large mills of Sheffield, _ It is found that there is 
generally to or 12 horse-power unemployed at these 
works and this can be efficiently utilised in driving the 


dynamo.electric machines, Messrs, Cammell & Wilson, 
Dronfield, have successfully applied the light. 


Enisox’s) Evectrte | Liat. Mr,<-Edison 

announced that he “has devised a current’ meter. fe 

| the electric light, and completed his, ‘apparatus’ 

i lighting. He is now engaged in determining, the 

- of his system, and maintajps that it-will. at least’be 

| decidedly cheaper than gas. He is having a large new - 

brick workshop and offices erected close by his present” 
laboratory, He is reported by the Neiv York tVorld to’. 

| have sai T don’t know when’ I ‘am going to sto; 
making improvementsiin the electric light. I’ve just 
gotvanother one that I found out-by accident, I ‘was 
experimenting with ono, of my burners when I dropped 
a screwdriver on to it, Instantly the light was almost 
doubled and continued to burn with increased power, 
ft examined the burner and found it had been knocked 
out of shape, I restored it to its original form and the 

| light deci 1, Now I make all my burners In the 
form accidentally given to:that one by the screw- 
driver.” Mr, ison added, “that. it was almost 
impossible to calculate with ‘certainty of his light," but 
that, “he had engaged.a mathematician to work out ” 
the problem from his data.” He also.said that the 
extinction of one fight ‘so regulated: the’ current that 
only enough is supplied to keep the other lamps burn- 
ing. ‘He admitted that’ his system would-only give say 

: goo candle power when the carbon lamps would give 

' },000; but he claims: to so divide up his soo candle 

+ light as to make it more efficient than the 1,000 light, 
This ratio agrees with the experimental results of 
Tyndall, who found that an incandescent platinum wire 
only emitted 5 luminous ray to every 23 dark heat rays, * 

’ whereas the voltaicarc gave out 1 luminous ray to'g : 

: dark ones, A coal gas flame gives out 1 light ray to 24 

; dark rays, é 


. As objection to Edison's English Electric Light 

} Patent was filed at the Patent Office by Messrs, 
Herbert & Co,, agents for Mr, JH. Russel, on Dee. 3. 
The ground taken is that Edison is not the first and 
true inventor. 


Mn. Enison authorises the, statement that his light Is 
produced by the incandescence of an alloy of platinum 
and isidium. ‘The conductor is not an ordinary coil, but a 
peculiar arrangement of the metal, whereby, in acconlance 
with a new discovery of his in connection with radiant 

| energy, a much weaker current is made to generate a 
given light than if a single, spiral were used. By slight 
modifications in the shape of the conductor he. has obtained 
from one cell of a Daniell battery a light strong enough to 

'T read by, A simple adjustable apparatus attached to cach 
lamp fegulates the amount of etcctticity it shall draw from 
the main cursent, and makes it entirely independent of any 
changes in the strength of the current as welt as of all 
other famps in the circuit, ‘Fhat portion of the current 

1) which is used for the regulator is also mace to serve in the 
production of the light, A part of Mr. Edison's device 
for conipensating for loss in sutativision consists ap. 
eparently in the utilisation for Maminating purposes of the 
tesistance of the regulator, and of all other sesistance 
outside of the mai conductor, and part in the peculiar 
form of the conductor. ‘The details ace still a secret. 

Mr, Edison bas just obtained two patents here, and has 
applications for nine others, pending specifications for a 
third English patent just forwarded.—Daily News Tele~ 
gram, New York, Dec, rith. : 


Tue electric light was recently tried in Bristol 
“Cathedml, and gave great satisfaction, The 
apparatus consisted of a large voltaic battery and a 
Foucault lamp.” ‘The experiment was made by the { 
Rev. P. Slceman, F.R.A.S,, and is the first instance on 
record of a cathedral being lit by the new illuminator, 


Tuk run of new electric light patents is beginning to 
_ slacken, and specifications: for “curative magnetic 
appliances” and ‘clectric snuff" are again all too 
conspicuous, ee ae 


large, small, or me 
‘any, part_of. the place to 
‘sion of carbon points for 




















~Tne Danish Government :have décided ‘to light u 
he ports of Copenhagen and :Elsinore, together with 
he whole length of the Sound,-by electric light. This 
fe part of the. Danish Government is 
thy of an enterprising and enlightened people, and 
it will be a benefit to’ Baltic trading. ships, we hope 
see their example followed by other. nations. “We 
. " thistthe time is near at hand when the overcrowded 
‘<Thames below London Bridge will be nightly illu. 
nated by electricity, 












" "Ie is sald that. the cost of the five Lontin electric 
* fights. now illuminating the outside of the Gaict 
Theatre ‘and a large part of the Strand, is only 2s, 6d. 
“an hour, : 


| Messrs, Tasker, Soxs ann Co., of the Electric 

Works, New Station’ Road, Sheffield, have been pub- 

i licly exhibiting the electric light at their works there, 

: and have awakened much interest in it amongst the 
residents of that town, 





Tae Vestry of Ayr have resolved upon having 
« another and more decisive trial of the electric light in 
that town, 


i Six a note of our issue for Sept. rsth, we alluded to 
a. statement in the World to the effect that M, 
' 
4 
% 





pablochkott had asked £950,000 from Mr, Hollingshead 

4 for his rights to the electric candle'system of lightin, 
in England. ‘This statement is difficult to understan 
when on consulting Jablochkoff’s English patent for 
the electric candle (No. 3552, dated Sept. 11th, 1876), 

» we find the following notice on the title page, " void 
by reason of the Patentee having neglected to fic a 
Specification in pursuance of the conditions of the letlers 
batent." Will some reader kindly explain this? 





































., Mk. Hottinasnean, the introducer of. the Lontin 
light at the Gaicty Theatre, Strand, is now advertising 
for steam power (from 20 to 200 horse-power) require’ 
1 | immediately for this light in the following thorough. 
{ fares: Strand, Piccadilly (central), Oxford Strect, 
Holborn, Tottenham Court Road, Euston Road, and 

)| Aldgate, 


Frost August 8 to October 11, eleven patents for 

i electric lighting were taken out in England, including 

» Patents by Siemens, Wilde, and Lane Fox, but 

, Apparently none from Mr, Edison till then, It is 
curious to note as an index of the effect of public 
excitement on invention that six of these eleven patents 

* were taken out from October 4 to October 11, during 
the Edison " scare,” 









'. Ar the half-yearly general meeting of the London 
/Gas Light Company, held on Wednestay, Oct, and, at 
athe Freemason’s ‘Tavern, Lincoln's Inn Fields, Mr. 


gas ‘companies to take up the electric light as_an 
, auxiliary to gas lighting. It was gencrally admitted 
», the future, and was not to be fepudiated or ignored, 


+, At the half-yearly general meeting of the Pha:nix 
Gaslight. and Coke Company, held on Wednesday, 
/October and, at the Bridge House Hotel, London 
Bridge, Mr. Edward Horner, the chairman testified to 


‘ ; e 
; 7" §HE ELEOTRIG Liaut,” 
Mn, M. Y, 
ments, perifdialy 4 
ing o light, fexqual to 3000 edreel b 


magnets emp! 
material Iy burnt and d 















oro” entirely uncovered 








tense heat witho 
sinco they do no! 
hot without sib! 


2 met ene ears 


tho con 


0 {natramon’ 


John Leng, editor of the Dundee Advertiser, urged the | 


that the electric light would be one of the lights of - 


the indubitable beauty and power of the clectric light, : 
sbut gave his opinion that the gas compantes had no ° 


Sennin states that in certatn electric oxperi- 
a for oleic light machines giv. 

urnors, the wires of clectro- : 

loyed are go htonwely’ hented that the insulating 


7 “To obviato this, the helices 
with any 


i i . , byet the-convonnti : 
thoy are Ineulated by’th fin a ey a ae cues Hs 
With this Rift tho betfeos can be brought to an In- 





Stations losing thel 
touch, Indeed, they have been aaaeattana, 


{ 
i 



















_ follow the Glasgow lead. 


+ thelr charge 








iteason to be “scared” at it, since the “question must ° 
Hesolve itself-into one of cost, He then gave the ‘ 
following figures as resulting from his recent visit to ; 
‘Paris, At one of the large hotels there they were wont. ; 
t have 48 gas lights, which at the rate of the Pheonix | 
as Company's Gs. 44. Per 1000 fect) amounted to | 
4s. tod, a night, Instead of these 48 gaslights, . 
electric lights were now used at a cost af £1 133, a 
and areas at half the cost of gas, while giving 12° 
* times the amount of light, 
An electric gas-lighting apparatus, the invention of 
M. Hausmann, has recent! Yeon ba a in Germany, 
The gas cock is opened and-élosed by an clectro. 
magnetic arrangement, but-the lighting ‘is done by a 
small gas jet kept copstantly burning over’the gas’ 
burner, and at right a gles to it, : 

Asorner clectrié lamp-lighting system is being tried | 
in Pall-Mall,” eases abe 

A pneumo-electric gas lamp-lighting apparatus is 
being tried at Baltimore, us ih addition to the gas + 
pipes, another pipe, containing the conductor and the | 
compressed air, is required, ‘The air is compressed at 
a central office and being forced through the pipes , 
closes the battery circuit ff the different lamps, turn - 
ing on the gas and generating a‘spark sufficient to , 
ignite it. The cost of the apparatus, including the 
Pipe and labour of installation, is put down at 4o 
dollars cach lamp. 

TetgGraritic fire alarms, under Symington's 
patent,'are being rapidly introduced into the streets of 
Glasgow. Ina short time the system will be complete 
over the whole city.” Perhaps t he metropolis will then 


Iv is stated that the merchants of New South Wales 
are endeavouring to obtain a duplicate cable to Europe, 
One of the routes suggested is from the North West 
Cape to San Francisco, which would require two 
millions sterling to lay, over, An company which 
would take the matter up would guaranteed an 

Annual subsidy of £75,000 by the New South Wales 
Government. We algo hear that a light cable between 
Freemantle and Rotnest Island, Western Austealia, is : 
a desideratum, : oo 


Rute No, 8 of the Green Bay and Minnesota R. R. : 
Company, of which Mr. E, a Belknap -fs tial : 
tlespntcher, reais “ mente in telegraphy will not be 

ated on the lines ii ” . 
“Ohren OS. oO suet Company." — The -- 
., At a cable conference" held in Melbour | 
it was agreed that the subsidy of £32,400 tobe panied : 
annually tothe Eastern Extension ‘Telegraph Com. : 
pany for twenty years for the duplicate cable to be ’ 
aid between Singapore and» Banjoewangie, shout¢ 
only become payable after a second cable ‘ber 
Singapore and Penang was laid. The Eastern 1. 
sion Telegraph Company are also requested tor 





for Governmental messages £9 pe 





an 





























Ocréner ts, 1878.) 


THE TELEGRAPHIC JOURNAL. 
’ Voi, VIL—No. 137. 





GAs v, ELECTRIC LIGHTING, 





Tne most important practical scientific question of 
the hour, and the one of greatest public interest, is 
that of illumination by means of electricity. Every 
day the subject is developing and attracting more 
and more attention. As we predicted long ago, the 
Paris Exposition, and the fine display of the power 
and beauty of the electric are which has been this 
year made patent to all the world in that city, have 
given an incalculable impetus to the progress of 
this mode of lighting, It has been said, doubtless 


by some timid holder of gas shares with whom the ” 


wish was father to the thought, that with the Paris 
Exhibition so would the clectric light pass away 
again, and sink into the darkness from whence it 
sprung; but there is now no fear of that. It has 
made too great an impression on the public mind, 
and gained too widespread a footing for itself in 
practical usage now, to lapse into obscurity. In- 
ventors, too, are giving their ingenuity to the 
solution of the difficulties which still bar its ad- 
vancement, a great many patents relating to it are 
being taken out in all civilised countries, it is one 
of the present tides in the affairs of men which 
may lead to fortune—in short “there is money 
in it,” and its ultimate success is undoubted. 

It has hitherto been the habit of gas investors 
to dread, and of gas directors to repudiate, the 
electric light'as a promising rival of gas. It would 


seem indced as if colour blindness was unusually 


cominon amongst the directors of gas companies, 
for few of these gentlemen have been able to see 
the superior excellence of the electric light over 
gaslight. ‘To them it has appeared a weird ghastly 
glow, reminding them of corpse-lights and mortal 
decay. If it be true that gas directors are par- 
ticularly subject to jaundiced vision, a philosophic 
oculist might, with some show of reason, attribute 
the fact to the meretricious influence of the yellow 
gaslight they have been so long habituated to, 
From recent. meetings, however, we are happy 
to see that a change has taken place in the atti- 
tude of the leading London gas companies towards 
the new illuminator. It is no longer pooh-poohed 
by them, but wisely regarded as a declared rival, 
which must be fairly competed against if gas- 
lighting is to hold its ground. ‘The cost of clectric 
lighting for street purposes is at present so much 
more than gas that, although the superiority of the 





light is ‘unquestionable, there will be no hurry to . 


cmt 





THE TELEGRAPHIC JOURNAL. 


supersede gas-by,it. But grea if all tho ‘streets? ‘ 


of the: metropolis ‘were lit by electricity, Wo are’ 
told that it would only catiso 2 reduction of about 
I per cent, on the gross revenues of the compani¢s 
who. get their principal receipts from domestic 
lighting. If this bo so, thoro is no immediate 
cause for a panic among gas shares, and gas share- 
holders may use the statement as a prop to their 
tottering faith. But we would advise them not to 
trust too implicitly to.consolation of this kind. 

Itis true that at present an invention, by which 
the electric current supplying tho electric lamps 
can be subdivided so as to feed a great many light 
centres, and thus at the same time moderate while 
it distributes the light, is a desideratum necessary 
to the complete success of electric lighting even for 
general street purposes, Ict alono household uses, 
But tried inventors are at work on the problem, 
and any day may see its accomplishment. Some 
comfort may be derived from reflections that gas 
lighting will never be driven from the field, that 
gas will be more and more used for heating pur- 
poses, that it will even he used in gas engines for 
generating powerful elcctric lights, and that at least 
for many years to come it will keep its impregnablo 
position as a domestic illuminator. + But at the 
same time it should not be forgotten that an inven- 
tion may come any day which will dispel these 
dreams of sccurity, and banish gas lighting to a 
secondary place. In proof of this we have only to 
cite the report from America (published on another 
page) that the indefatigable Mr. Edison has suc: 
ceeded in solving the problem of general electric 
illumination in the most thorough and sweeping 
manner, While the gas companies were in the act 
of laying the soothing unction to their. souls, and 
congratulating themselves on their safe position 
even against electric strect lighting, the news was 
being flashed across the Atlantic that Edison had 
invented a means of subdividing the electric cur- 
rent indefinitely, so as to produce 1,000 lights if 
need be from one machine, and of bringing it into 
homes for houschold ‘purposes, such as tighting, 
heating, and driving sewing machines, at half the 
cost of gas and without disturbing the existing 
brackets and chandeliers, 

‘Ihe Napolcon of invention delights in startling 
surprises, and his fertile and daring imagination 
runs at once through the whole gamut of possibiti- 
tics as soon as the key-note of a new iden is struck. 
Fature developments are to him as if they already 
existed ; but forall that the great mechanical genius 
of Mr. Edison is so well attested, that any report of 
the kind is to be taken scriously, It is a sign of the 
“uncanny reputation of this inventor, that on the 
publication of the said announcement in London on 











et is St 








pa SE EP ta! et, ES a Ss 







































‘Tne Danish Government have “decided ‘to; light u 
¢ ports of Copenhagen ‘and 2Elsinore, together - with 
he whole length of the Sound, by electric light. . This |° 
yiresolye onthe part’of the. Danish Government is 
Kv rthy of an enterprising and enlightened people, and 

it will be a benekt to Baltic trading. ships, we hope 
see their example followed by other nations.: ‘We 
' trist,the time is near at hand when.the avercrowded 
‘Phames- below London Bridge wil! be nightly illu. 
» inated by electricity, 






















“If is said that the cost of the five Lontin electric 
* Tights now illuminating the outside of the Gaict 
Aneatee and a large part of the Strand, is only 2s, Gd. 
fan hour, . 








} :Messrs, Tasker, Sons ann Co,, of the Electric 
Works, New Station: Road, Sheffield, have been pub. 

+ 4 dicly exhibiting the electric light at their works there, 
j and have awakened. much interest in it amongst the 
i , , tesidents of that town, 









Reo. ‘DeTHe Vestry of Ayr have resolved upon having | 
( - * another and more decisive trial of the electric light in 
H that town, 


Sattar: 


% \ In a note of our issue for Sept. 15th, we alluded to 

a'statement in the JWorld to the effect that M. 
: t. pablochkott had asked £350,000 from Mr, Hollingshead 
“sp Tor his rights to the electric candle system of lightin 

, In England, This statement is difficult to understan 
when on consulting Jablochkoff’s English patent for 
. the electric candle (No. 3552, dated Sept. 11th, 1876), 
* we find the following notice on the title page, " void 
I dy reason of the Patentee having neglected to file a 
» Specification in pursuance of the conditions of the letters 

patent.” Will some reader kindly explain this? 


“ Mx. Hoturncsngap, the introducer of the Lontin 
light nt the Gaicty Theatre, Strand, is now advertising 
: for steam power (from 20 to 200 horse-power) required 
} immediately for this Tee in the following thorough. 
| fares: Strand, Piccadilly (central), Oxford Strect, : 
: Holborn, Tottenham Court Road, Euston Road, and Q 
: 2 Aldgate, 



























From August 8 to October 11, eleven patents for 
electric, lighting were taken out in England, including 
patents by Siemens, Wilde, and Lane Fox, but 
' Apparently none from Mr, Edison till then, It is 

curious to note as an index of the effect of public 
» excitement on invention that six of these cleven patents 
» were taken out from October 4 to October 11, during 

the Edison “ scare,” 


g 12 Ar the half-yearly general meeting of the London 
Gas Light Company, held on Wednesday, Oct, and, at 
the Freemason’s Tavern, Lincoln's Inn Fields, Mr. 
i John Leng, editor of the Dundee Advertiser, urged the | 
aS companies to take up ‘the electric light as an | 
, auxiliary to gas lighting, Jt was generally admitted 
ithat the electric ‘light would be one of the lights of | 
the future, and was not to be tepudiated or ignored, 


| Ar the half-yearly general meeting of the Phanix 
(Gaslight and Coke Company, held“on Wednesday, 
October and, at ‘the Bridge House Hotel, London ° 
Bridge, Mr. Edward Horner, the chairman, testified to 
the indubitable beauty and power of the electric light, | 
abut gaye his opinion. that the gas. compantes had‘no ' 


¢ F 
THE ELECYRIG Lian; * 


4 
{ Mn. M, Y, 
‘ments, neni 
ing a Weghitfeq 

ainagnoty employed are #0 


Material ls burnt and de 
of tho’ electro-magne! 















aro Insulated by/th 
‘With this arran, 





tho con ‘tions losir treet to ‘tle ins ‘ 
sinco they do not{touch, Indeed, thoy f oe hoc amulatlons, 
hot without « senelblo change fn ‘ho ine ete beoa. made red- 


on aan 


i 






































ie bah wa Btls, PE 








ar) 
metal, passes through a cavity s, fig. 2, fil 
mercury, and placed in electrical contact 
arm J. Sines ae mereury docs nat wet A 
‘The following is a description of onc of the forms | rod R, or.the sides of the opening through 
of sian lamp which we Fave devised.to be used | passes, free movement of the rod is allowed 
in connection with our system of clectric lighting. any escape of the mercury. It is believed t: 
A flexible bar n, of metal, is firmly attached atone | feature could be introduced advantageout 
of its ends to 2 pillar p, and bears at its other end | other forms of electric famps. oat 
an iron armature A, placed opposite the adjustable In order to prevent a break in the ‘ 
occurring when the clectrodes are consu; 

button u, is attached to the upper extremit:! 
rod R, at such a distance that when the carl 
consumed as much as is deemed desirable, i; 
into contact with a tripping lever 1, whic} 
allows two conducting plugs attached to thf 
bar v to fall into their respective mercur 
attached directly to the positive and 1! 
binding posts respectively. ‘This actior 
practically to cut the lamp out of the circuit 


—_— 


THE LATE WILLIAM HOOP 


In ‘this system, when desired, an independent 
battery circuit is employed to control the extinction 
and lighting of each lamp. 





























































Wiutast Hoorer died on the 25th Sci 
at: Beechwood, Clapham Common, in his 
year. During the last twenty years Mr. 
had occupied a position of some promir 
telepraplic science, and although our mat 
putting this notice together are scant, 
endeavour to lay before our readers a brie! 3 
of his professional life. : a 
To the telegraphic profession Mr. Hoop 
is well known as the inventor and manuf; 


} 
‘ 
pole piece of the clectro-magnet M.A metal collar ) an india-rubber insulated wire, and the 4 




















































i itiv ’s ‘Telegraph Works, Limited. 
, supports the negative electrode, the positive | Hooper's ‘T at 
electra le being supported by an arm 3, attached to however point out list 3 ate coat 
the pillar», ‘The pillar v is divided by insulation at | he held a very high position, 3 | 
1 into two sections, the upper one of which conveys 


small measure, to the improversent in: v 

i i vdicinal preparations plants, 2 

the current from the binding screw marked + to | turing Si it aa nel pe from ern 
the arm J, and the rod x, supporting the positive Asan india-ru E ‘ 































i 
H 

i snow scially as the inventor an 
electrode. ‘The magnet M, is placed, as shown by known, and especially ae Aap oat 


dotted lines, in the circuit which produces the | facturer of water beds, » | 

tigi, The pillar vis hollow, and has a insulated | one time were in use in over 1,000 hos} 
conducting wire enclosed which connects the | similar institutions. carcely regant him 4 
circuit closersv with the binding post. ‘The current Although we | can sca ‘ Nae is no dc! 
is conveyed to the negative electrode through markable inventive Bevery satisfactory ily 
wand the coils of the magnet M. his life presents to usa very 

When the electrodes are in contact, the current of well directed cnerey osition which 
circulating through st, renders it magnetic, and | | In order to attain O aibelios of busine’ 
attracts the armature a, thus separating the | in three such satin een required 
electrodes, when by the consequent weakening of | mental ability pst He ied fots dest 
the current the clasticity of the rod 1 again restores | way in which this . sad Teen turacd 
the contact. During the movement of the negative | our admiration as he a 
electrode, since it iscaused tooccur many times per purely scientific resul has at Dillon Bart 
second, the positive clectrode though partially free _ Mr Hooper was riticed to a ches 
to fall, cannot follow the rapid motions of the | Exeter, and was ap iis opened a Du: 
negative clectrode, and therefore docs not rest in druggist in that city. 
permanent contact with it. bh 








































































all Mall East, London, as a pha 


. we ed aL 
‘The slow fall of the. positive electrode may be | chemist, and a few yan da eratany ing 
ensured either by properly proportioning its weight | 55, Grosvenor Stree! y ae ved for this purp 
or by partly counterpoising it, ‘The positive | Yard, ‘The space cmp ‘Mlectric Telegta 
electrode thus becomes self-feeding. subsequently taken Ty ia Be the. faborat 
‘The rapidity of movement of the negative carbon {| pany for a ate or : Surrey. ; 
may be controlled by means of the rigid bar 1, removed to Mitcham “ Wie Ae, Fry in t 
which acts partially to shorten or lengthen the part P At Allichan Bee ods, trading tn der 
vibrating. facture a-rubl ae drement of 
In order to obtain an excellent but free’ contact {| of Hooper and F On thet i ‘on by Me 
of the arm J, with the rod x, bearing the positive | from the bussiness it “a Seal pusiness: 
carbon, the rod, made of iron or other suitable ! until 1860-61, when the § 

























































Sere’ 

















(el i eh 


: / ‘ 
yf 

: vel jor w era it 
rin ‘canbe quetica of We “gréAt “suicéess with Which the : 
i électric light has been used by Mr, Grothe, the resident 
* engineer at the Tay Bridge, during. the last two years, 
sae Jackson, contractor for a large portion of Stobcross 
{ Dock, 
* work iat night by the aid of two powerful electric Pylits, 
| The lights have been in use during the last two or three 
* weeks from dusk till daylight, and the workmen are 
» thereby enabled to proceed more speedily in the sinking 
; Of the cylinders for the foundation of the quay wall, 
One of the lamps is situated fully goo yards from the 
principal part of the cutting, but even at that great’ 

istance so powerful is the light that a newspaper can 
be read quite casily. i 


has followed suit, and ‘is now carrying on his 





br 
LIGHTHOUSE ILLUMINATION ny 
ELECTRICIT 









: + 
Tie ingrearing Scientific labours pf the Corporation 
of the Trinity House to reduce the dangers of our 


Seen at night from aggreater distance than formerly, 


» The latest discoveries. made jn electric sci 
iscoveries 1 science - 
have enabled the Elder Brethren to adopt a light of, 


unequalled brilliancy and intensity—we refer to the 
plese right--swhich has been: so improved as to 
nave become at the ‘present time’a thoroughly re. 
liable and steadfast beacon, ie ees 


electric lig 
ee 





such as Holmes’ and the: Alliance 








The carly machines for the Production of the’ 
Mt, 





roe i a . 
HC JOURNAL: CNovesmen 13, 1877. 
eee ean 
EEE EE 
: machines, both of which are magneto-elcctric and 
i give alternating currents, have many inherent 
' defects, but also the merit of being the irst electric 
{ apparatus used for lighthouse itluminationt and they 
i have proved by thelr uninterrupted working for 








+ upwards of two ye 

a complete success, ack 
Oneserious disadvantage of these magneto-electric 
niachines is, that they require more motive power 
than dynamo machines, besides which, the 
strength of the permanent magnets becomes weak- 
ened in the course of time, and a still larger ex- 
penditure of steam power is then required to obtain 


" the same intensity of: tight, whereby a still greater 





cost is entailed, - *: ae - 
Machines. of various types have since been.de- 
vised, some giving ‘alternate currents, others con. 
tinuous ; of the latter class, the Siemens and the 
Gramme have. been proved by the’ Trinity House 
; trials to give good: results. . "hese dynamo-electric 
| machines are not only free from the faults of mag. 
| neto machines, such as the weakening of the magnets 
favors mentioned, the destruction of the commu- 





tators by sparks andthe conversion of a Portion of 
{ the ‘current. strength into heat, which, with cun- 
} tinttous working of the machines, is sufficient to 
i destroy the insulation of the wires, but. their first 
* cost and expense of working are considerably less. 

* Tho ‘results, in fact, obtained from these two 
i systems of electric lightapparatus were so important 
; and so far exceeded anyt hing previously done, that 
: in the winter of last year the Trinity House authori- 

tics commenced their series of careful and exhaus- 
| tive experiments for the Purpose of thoroughly. 

testing the merits of various systems of electric 

light machines, 

We have already in this Journal published the 
leading parts of the Correspondence and Reports 
on the Subject of Comparative ‘Trials of Electric 
Lights at the South Foreland,” and we will merely 
remark here that the results of the trials proved 
80 conclusively the superiority of the Siemens’ 
machines that the Corporation of the ‘Trinity House 
adopted it for lighthouse ilumination, and ‘gaye 
orders for the erection of the necessary apparatus in 
the Lizard’s lighthouses. é 

- The accom panying figures show the form of the 

“machine and lamp to be employed. Fig. 1 isa per- 
“pective view of thedynamo-clectrie inachine, ‘The 
electric current is produced by ‘the rotation of a 
conductor of insulated copper wire, ‘This wire is 
coiled in several lengths, and with many convolu- 
tions, upon ‘a cylinder in. such a manner that each 
single convolution describes the perimeter of the 
longitudinal section of the cylinder, which encloses 
a stationary core of soft iron prolonged at both ends 
through the bearings of. the wire cylinder and 
extending to the: standards, Arounil the wire 
cylinder, and in close Proximity to it, are curved 
iron bars, so arranged as only to altow enotigh space 
for the cylinder to revolve freely between them, 
These curved iron bars are prolongations of the 

cores of the clectro-magnets, and the sides of these © 
40s are connected hy being screwed to the iron 

Festandards, A continuous circuit is formed by the 


coils of the clectro-magnets and the wires of the -. 


cylinder, which latter rotates in-n feeble magnetic " 
* field formed by residual magnetism. In this a ya: 


‘reurrent is excited’in the wires of the cylindrical - | 















rs that lighting hy electricity is ‘ 






























‘November 1$, 1877.) 














. | THE TELEGRAPHIC JOURNAL,’ 











2 





er 


nti 


=f 


= : Tig. 1 


HAT 


aakenanys 
























| 
| 











THE.-TELEGRAPHIC JOURNAL, [Drcenen 1, 1878. 














Tue central transept of the Crystal Palace is bein 

¢ tlectric Light Campany. A small, 
Gramme machine, driven bya 13 horse-power semi.’ 
Ruston and Proctor steam engine, is employed 
to yield ‘the current; and’ the lamps are to 
Harrison's plan. 


other expenses necessary for the formation, ot 7 
company, Among the, names associated with this 
sitet & 3. J. Reed, C.B., Mr, Latimer 
and Sir Charles Bright. The electrical engineer 
is M, Radcliffe’ Ward, and the Londun office is in 
Broadway Chambers, 


Decemner 1, 1878.) 


lighted. by the Sun 





ny we notice Mr, 





The light {ts said to. be.one- 
light, which there costs about ¢ 







Station is“*to be. 
tric ‘lights, each 





Tun’ Liverpool’ Street Railwa 

1 by “Wallace:Farmer 
in clear glass globes, and elevated 20 feet 
the platforms, When the electric light ts well 
led with a reflectar to throw 
lain; otherwise much of it is lost in the 


We have also received the prospectus of the National 
Electric Light. Corporation, Limited, ‘he primar; 
object of this Company is to supply the Rapieff Electric 
£500,000 ‘divided into 50,000 
shares of £10 cach, and the first issue ‘will cansist of 
The liability of sharcholders 
imited to the amount of theic shares, 
intend working the patents of M. John Rapieff, and an 
improvements thereon, or other inventions for a like 
purpose, and they also include other applications of 
electricity besides lighting, within their scope, Accord. 
ing to the contracts entered into, M, Rapieff has 
received from the Company 
paid-up shares for his patent. Mr, A. 
director of the Submarine Telegraph Compan: 
Chairman of the Board of Directors, and Me. E. 
in the board on his retum from 
The manager is Mr. Applegarth, C.E,, and the 
electricians are M. John Rapieff, and M, Alexander 
Lineff, assistant, 











Light. The capital is 








elevated, it should-be prov 
the radiance d 





25.000 shares. 






pany of New Port, South 
e deciited to use the electric light to | 
iKuminate part of their docks, in order. to carry 
their coal shipments with greater cage by night. 


Tu Alexandra Dack Com 


£25,000 and 5,000 fully 3 
J, Otway, M.P., al Academy on November 21, Professor 

i on the kinds of light hest suited to the - 
fcture galleries, 


ie clectric light, in whose 


. e 4 
Cases 


of studios and 
trated his lecture with t 
favour he decided, 


Reed, C,B,, will j Protectors are 


A Norante su 
in the Photograpi 
ethaps also the library, of the British 
Owing to the destructive 
on books, and the danger 
not opened after dark, 
enting students from using the library after 
king hours in winter, the reading season, It 
pears to us that Mr. Werdermann’s system is well 
purpose. Until Mr, Edison's plan is 
ly exhibited there may be a certain reluctance to 
stems, although Mr. Werdermann's is 
ritish Museum and the 


As Electric Light Company, to produce light, heat, 
een formed in New York, with a 


and_ power, has 
lollars, Mr. Edison is one of the 


Tur Sux Evecrric Licit Company have capital of 300,000 d 
several patents, one of which is for a fle: 
wick, the advantage of which is that 


be' stowed in the lam 


¢ electric light. 
effects of oil and 


a length of. it can of fire, the reading-room 


pand manipulated like an ordinary and political speeches, by electric 
. continue to come off; and many different kinds 
are being provided with it, The 


pe Bros, and Co., 


Footnan. matches 


watts of manufactorics 
A REGULAR course of te 
has been established this 


acco factory of Messrs, Co 
ol, has been Jit by Jablochkott 
Speech at the celebration of the event, Mr. ¥ 
(another theatrical manager who h 
the electric fight) rather aptly 
wanted was to yet electric candles at the same 
, and to light them up 
ar room where several hundred fem, 
employed making cigars, that the chief 
the light will be felt. 

and cooler, ant make 
leaves according to t 


legraphic engineering studies 
session at University College, 


as been attracted by 
raphic Muscum, established by M. said, that what the i 
irector of German telegraphs, has been 
opened to the public in Berlin, 


large halls of the General Post Office Dirrusina Liaur sy Ste, 


d steam for diffusin; 
emission after absorption, 
clouds and locomotives, 
has patented a means of 
The steam passes through a ¢ 


le will render the roon 
it possible to select the tobacco 
heir varieties of shade and 


Divisiotutty oF tHe Evectaic Lroit.—In a series 
to our contemporary, 


, of communications 
Thomson, of Bristol, 


\ Professor S. P. 
dynamical principles, “that any 


stem of subitividing 
the light by branching the circu 


3 disastrous from 
point of view: because, when the 
is thus diminished, 
unavoidable internal 
which more than 
having in the are 


TUE long-expected tri 
-Billingsgate has come off, 
Were disappointed with it. 
have been obtained by 
replace 700 gas jets, 


al of Jablochkoff's system at 
and some of the fis 
A greater effect would 
having more lamps than 16 to 


may prove useful, 


ance of the circuit by Messrs, Siemens’ Bros., 


, the increased relative amount of 
yoFesistance causes a waste of ener; 
; balances the 'dynami 
Sotargen-percentige of ways which can affect the eye.” 
This waste of energy takes the form of heat within the 
.or other source, Experiments on the resistance 
given by Lontin, Rapieff, 
ystems, with currents of different 
strengths from dynamo-electric machines 
with estimates of the relative intensities of 
are nt present a great desideratum. The 
Professors Ayrton and Pei 
tribution to this sub; 


{ external resist: 


Iv is said that Sir William Ar: 
Elswick Works, N 
for use in connection 
Sir William has also lit 
his estate near Newcastl 
The cursent ts 
machine and turbine, placed at the 
waterfall one and a half miles from 
rated at the fall, the current is 
an underground cable, 
cessary to emplo 

an electric motor, Sir Willi 
electric energy to sundry ¢ 


the Colston Hall there, 
a brilliant hit by lecturin 
of our electric cx, 
Tyndall, or Mr. 
us with a Royal 
address on this import 
There has been no deart! 
but it must be admitte 
most splendid of 


nistrong and Co,, at their 
‘astle, are makin, 
with the Edison 
Picture gallery at Cri 
le-on-Tyne, by a Si 
m a Siemens’ 
source of power, a‘ 
the house. Gene. 
conveyed all that 
and it has been? 


f the larger electric arcs, 
ind Werdermann’s s: 





Try arc an interestin 
ject, but they were obtained 
'y, not a dynamo-machine, and the 
ointing out that the larger researches we 
ed are required, 


ds to apply the 


. Tuk Liverpool Corporation have decid 
i Parliament next Session, for 

and other places within ¢ 
They also desire th 
the works of the existing gas coi 
the supply Of gas for gas engine: 


M. Krupp, has introduced an’ 
nat his steel works, 
'y of the current is 
in mereury, ant the 
one over'the other, 


Tue famous engincer, 
electric lamp of his own c 
Essen, in Prussia, 
maintained by a fan_ revolvi 
carbons are arranged vertical 





he right of taking over 
mpanies, and extending 
sand cooking purposes, 


t 

| 
t 
cf 












third cheaper than gas 
he same as it does here. 


One of the ingenious notidns which seem to enrich 
even the commonest talk of Mr, Edison, is: that of 
ig hand electric lights which can be moved about, 
© current being conveyed to thi 
enclosed in a flexible cord. 
there will be neither oif nor 


e wick along: wires 
In this electric cressct 
dripping, but probably 


Are somewhat surprised that the gas critics of 
ctric light have not put forward the belief that 
the wire for ‘the electric lights will be a source of 
er to the community by “attracting” lightning 
Nor does it seem to have 
Occurred to electricians themselves that some kind of 
ightning protector may be necessary to 
Current meters and lightning 
subsidiary inventions which will be 


iggestion $s made by " Photophilus” 
hie News, It is to light the reading- 


‘AM.-=The powers of con- 
ig light by reflection and 
are well seen in the case of 
and Herr Brandau, of Berlin, 
it for artificial li 
lass globe expose: 
light source and diffuses a uniform 
Asai reflector for the 


Pzor. S, P. Tiostson will lecture on the Electric 
Light, before the working men of Bristol, on December 
13. Over 2,600 people attended his former lecture in 

A fine opportunity formaking 
ig on the subject ‘awaits some + 
sitors in London, 
Hi, Preece, or Prof, Barrett, favour 
Institution or South 
‘ant subject early this winter? 
h of electric sensations of late ; 
d that the electric light is the 
allthe themes which 
put Into the hands of the scientific lectui 


ig poetical trill is from the Journal of 
Gas Lighting :— s 


" Pity the poor deluded, 
On Share-selling madly bent. 
Laugh at the dupes denuded 
Of interest 10 per cent, 
Envy the fortunate buyers, 
Freo from panic and fright ; 
Honour the bold deficrs 
Of Blinding Electric Light." 


Our versatile poct asks us in the same breath “to pity,” 


’ 





they 


length this op; 
community, ani 
. 2 compan 
light for 


f 


lectric light, this 
cloth reflector employed 
answers the same purpose, 









“te . rs 
Tie Grow-worMs AND Titz Firg-rii@s—A Fante, 
on a time there was a colony of glow-worms 
in a very dark wood; and the other small 
wg that they had such © 
were only too happy to let 
any to light up the recesses of 
ht, and to pay them for their light, 
Only the night-hunting moth and the. blind mole 
objected to such a course, so the 
themselves into a corporation an 
taxes they levied for thei 
ound it more and more tro: 
nor did they wish to, 
paid whether their lights were good or 
oor grub complained that he could hardly sce to dig, 
would straightway cut off his light altogether, At 
ression became very irksome to the 
one day a grasshopper, who managed 
of performing ants, and re 
is theatre, brought over a 
neighbouring garden and placed him in the midst of 
the lazy glow-worms,, The brilliant light of the fire-fly 
quite cast thedingy gldw-worms into the shade; but these 
bloated maggots only shru; 
said, ' That's onl 
will blind you all 


—Once w 
who live: 
denizens o} 


fat, the 
tail-lights bright; 


|. 


fete 


Y, 











LEGRAPHIC JOURNAL, 


and“ to laugh” at the deluded shareholders. Wo are 
more inclined to keep these emotions for the bard : 


himself, 


f the wood, findin 
excellent lamps in their tails, 
them form into a comp 
the grove at ni 


gossip, and post-bo: 


“f 


the news that the " 


“UN the Te santary thie Lu; 
Hallway of France was lig 
ine, from five o'clock till 
fue to exper! 
fan Il 
yaa 

wlarityy 
urine! 
which was phiced at whi 

Tho Ught was no auft that 
roughened glass globes, 

appreciable portion of thi 
iienta were conducted} 
20,160 cubis yan: 
burners. The No 
arrival platform by four electric 
height of 20 inetre: 
su.ns to leave 








sere t 




















lowewornis united 
waxed fat on the 
ic light. But as they waxed 
uble to keep their 





ed their shoulders, and 
see how bright it is, it 
then went to sleep again, Nevers 

theless, more and more fire-flies came to the wood from 
the garden, and the 
and get afraid that after all there m 
dangerous to them in these new lights, Things were 
in this state, when, one fine day, a gadfly, an arrant 
to the grove, suddenly brought 
Great American Lightning Bug" 
was coming, The effect was indeed electrical—one 
half of the frightened glow-worms scampered 
fast as their legs would carry them, and the other half 
turned over on their backs and 
passed and the Lightning Bug did 
low-worms gradually took heart ag: 
ad run away came back, while those that had turned 
ill recovered their dignity, and all of them boasted as 
before, The gad-fly was denounced asa rogue, and the 
Lightning Bug was proved to be only a large Hum Bug, 
but for all that the fire-flies continue to arrive faster 
than ever, and the gad-fly swears that the Li 
Bug is on his way.—IWill o! the Wisp, : 


one—ani 


an to quicken up 
ight be something 





gv department ot-the ‘Northern’ 
Means of tho Gramma 
taldnight, tho only inter. 
nents with the motor, 
‘na obtained equal to that 
tbie feet an hour, 
engine produces 9 
power of the lamp, 
ft.--from tho floor, ! 
t was unnecessary to havo recourse to 
the uso of which’ causes a loss of an 
@ light. Tho hall in whi 
of 20,000 cubic metres— 
phted by twenty-tive gas 
intend to fHluminate their 
which will be placed ata’ 
tin tho formufarectanglo; 





tho iliumgiatiiy 
ht af 10 motres—ik} 





ift.—-nnit arranged 













































































° 
a 
= 
2, 
2 
a 
2 
a 
= 
< 
2. 
3 
3 
z 
2 
9 
By 
3 
3 
a 
3 
5 
z 
5 
$ 
z 
z 


:tamps crossing each other's paths. The cost, as far as at 
‘present ascertainable, is estimated thus:—The carbon 
jpoles, o'250 metre each long 0'500 m. for every lamp; the 
section equalling G square mm. The upper carbon is 
consumed in three hours, the lower in five hours; hence 
‘the two may be reckoned as burnt away in four hours, or 
0125 metre per hour-per lamp, This, at 1'7§ frances a 
metre, equals o'22 franc per hour per Jamp; and to this 
must be added an estimated cost ‘of o'04 franc for driving 


Sea 3S /* 


La lumiére électrique do la rue de l'Opéra. 
‘Les journaux anglals publient Je rapport de 
M. Staylor, ingénicur civil, envoyé & Paris par le 
“ consell municipal (vestry), de Chelsea, pour étudier 
la lumidre électrique. Nous y trouvons les détails 
“suivants : ; 
«Larue delOpéra ct ta place de VOpéra possédent 
‘sur une longucur de 00 metres et une largeur de 
80 mélres un nombre de 46 lampes alludes a Faide 
do trois machines & vapeur de 16 chevaux cha- 
“cune, Chayue lampe conspmme dove 1 cheval ya- 
eur. 
n «La chandelle électrique dure une heure ct demic 
‘ et cote 0.7% centimes. 
«Lo marché de lacompagnic Jablochkoll so termine 
en novembre, 
«1a ville paie | fr. 45 parlampe ot par heure de 
luniére. 
«Dans ce cas, la villoremplace 400 bees de gaz par 
40 lumlires Glectriques, solt un peu moins de [0 bees 
par lampe. » : 





pe 





Progrés do la lumiére électrique. — 1 Bleetri- 
cian nous apprend que Pexemple de Paris est sulyla 
. Saint-Pétersbourg, & Madrid ct & Bruxelles. Ih est 
| probable que Londres ne restera point en arrlére ct 
. qwh partie de Vannée prochaine les places publiques 
» des grandes capitates auront béncticié del'initiative 
prise par Paris, pendant la grandy Exposition de 
1878, ct que de celle solenntts industrielle, datera 
Vadoption delaiumitre dans Véclairaye public, 








| 7! 
















GAZ RP 


“WUMIERE ELECTRIQUE 





Depuis que l'Ele:tricitd a fait paraltre ses premiers i 
numeéros, la lumidre électrique a fait des progriés 
sigantesques, i 
. i ya aie ans, if n'était guére question que des : 
régulateursSerrin et de la machine dlectro-dynamique | 
de MAllianee, 

Malgré tous les efforts des apotres de Véclairage 
électrique, les gens sérieux considératent la Tumniére 
électrique comme essentiellement borne a Veéelai- 
yage des phares, des navires, des trauchées, et de 
quelques travaux pressts. 

Aujourd' hui, le systéme Jablokhoff a apporté do 
nouveaux éléments. Grice a la vive jmpulsion 
donnée par M. Denayrouze, Ilectricité a conquis 
son droit de cité daus nos rues, sur nos boulevards 
et dans nos salles de spectacle. 





Actuellement les bougies Jablokhoif sont em- . 


ployées chaquo soir : ; 
4° Sur la place de Opéra, lo long de Vayenue de : 
YOpéra ect sur la place du Palais-Royal ; . 
2° Dans les grands magasins du Louvre et dans | 
fa cour du Louvre ; 


3° Dans le grand concert de lorangerie des Tuile- , - 


ries ct le long de l'ancien palats légistatif, tout’; 
étonné de In gloire Inespérés qui ul est réservée; 

4° Dans tes grands magasins du Hon Marché ; : 

5° Dans In salle du Chiatelet et dans celle de Hip. * 
podrome, du Cours-la-eine, ete., ete. be 

En méme temps, la compagnie des machines - 
Sontaln, aprés avoir fournt une belle série Wexpd- - 
riences & la gare de Lyon, s‘installe définilivement 
dans Ja gare de la rue Saint-Lazare, 

Pour nous, nous lo disons franchement, le gaz 
nous parall délinitivement subatternisé, Il est ré- - 
duit au second rang, oi nous espérons, pour ses. 
actlonnaires, qu'il pourra continuer A palper de - 
bons dividendes. : 

La question est de savoir quol systéme électrique ' 
Vemportera dans cette grande lutte, ot, pour parler 
plus exactement, quel sera te réle spécial réservé & 
chaque machine, car MM, JablokhotY et Lontain ne 
Sont pus seuls, 

La vieille maching de Alliance n'a pas dit son der- 
nier mot. Le Times nous apprend qu'un ingdénieur 
russe nexpérhmentéen grand un excellent éclalrage & : 
quatre charbons, On nous apprend qu'un nouveau - 
lutteur, M. Delaporte, entre dang ta lice avee un | 


apparejl dont on dit des merveilles, La pile Slee- | 
trique clle-méme réclame sa place, car M. Grenet j 


Ta montrée avec succes A Vitel des Derte-Mondes 





pendant tout un mnois, 

‘Tous les inventeurs ont rivaliss d'ardeur A Joc- 
casion do la grande fale nationale du 30 juin, qui 
rnemprunté une partic de ses splendeurs A I'dlee- 
tricité, 

Lianalyse des faits lectriques de cette grande 
exhibition sera faite dans notre prochain nuuinéro, | 

1 avee tout Je soin que comporte une pareille ques- 

; ton. Nous devons nous horner aujourd’hui A résu- 
mer & grands traits les péripéties de la batallle que 
se livrent cutre cux tes fnventeurs, comme silo £07! 
était deja suballernisé ct réduit au role da luinignan ; 





rc = aa 


at: Ment ‘constitu 
ntimonts'progresst 

{t évidemniont connatire,: 
phrend que Vathimago électyi- 
Tues de Londres, 
8 les solrs au P; 
, OU I! fonction 


‘ idspiré par dos so: 


Ah, av 


quarter fashional 
régularité parfaito, 

Nos lectours no: 
caston pour rapp; 
celle d'iuductio: 






permettront de saisir cotta oc- 
er que Ia substitution de Vétins 
& Ta main dun manguy, 
Mo ol un sureroit de bien- 


effet, dis qu'on peul allumer Jes Jam- 







a lumidve pent dtre 
re. On ‘n'a pas besoin 
de lallumeur quand i] 
prolonger jusqu’a nuit 


t 
mencer le four, 
fait encore jour, et do } 


Nous avons dos raiso 
pagnio. parisie; 
Mélectricité con 
faut admettra chey 
lardont pas a dey 
pulser quelquefpis 


penser quo la Com. 
(éclairage considora 
he de ces personnes qu'il ne 
sol & aucun prix, car ‘elles ne 
cs absolues, et i ox- 
logis, car nous: no 
On ponr qu'une amétiora- 
LIL pas 6té introduite 
position se solt évon- 
novation dans co genre, 
nsions du ballon 
au lever do la lumidre du 
ablement: compto 
6 pournque la grande ville 
Nous recommanderions co 
‘ayaux do Paris, sisa 
s Nous Sommes per- 
fendra convert aux principes do 
Comme,prentidre satisfaction 
tgansjtion ullle, sin 
- é 











ct quod'année do I'l 
Iéo S108 aging tentative dij 
‘agers des dernletes agce! 
captif a$sistont & leur ai 
gaz; ils pouvent s 
de tout te temps n 
soit en pleins lumiéte, 
petit voyage au dirée 
Grandeur ne Natta 
suadé qu'il rede: 
Valtumage leytric 
donnée a Vofinion ct 


© rendre admir 


rontra Mhabitu 





aie par une lettre 


utre le défant de 
la résistance pour 
ductibitité pour bé- 
IL pfopose done de remplacer 
sous lo nom de Olm par gon inverse 
pose le nom de Franklmad. 
aumeur par cette 
6 que units de ty 


MOetricits Voltaique et tnéon 
lectricité de tension 
Punité connue 
& laquelle it im 

Mis en belle } 
ton, il demand 
S0us le nom de Joulad, 

Quon nous perme 
Hous paraft de plus 


heureuse inspira- 
‘avail soit désiznée 


Ue dajouter que cette manie 
en plus une imasearado, 


Nouvelle victoire de Méolairage électrique 


Lo professeur Barrott 
& Birmingham sur los 
table panique s'est déclarée sur les 
pagnies de gaz. Le lendemaiu, 
yerial continental tomba 
nd Coke 7 1/2; ‘cal 


‘ sleurs repr! r y 
ayant donné une conférence Ure Toprlses, onda, a 


Hdison, une vérl- 
actions des com- 
8 octobre, les actions 
fent de 7, celles de 
leg du Guz ordinaire de 


conférence‘ sur ce cétéhry, Inver 
commencement dit mois, wi 
chef de cetie excell 
J6 “célbre astronote, membre ‘Ue la ; 
wdres ct correspondant: de Tine. ¢ 


M. Normair, Leckyer, 
Fockés Toyale do Lo! 
tut.: 

















octobre, sous le titre d 
TION AMERICAINE, 


Il convient done do faire rem 


pold Vattention sur un ar 
6t6.communiqué, “il, ya 
hous n'avons pas cru de 4 
Pr. numéro, car il- 
évidente, .', * 
nonce tout a fait. - 
(ues a produit” 
Figaro s'est fait: 


notre dernie: 
une exagération 
donnée & cetto an 
oxtravagante de résultats chimér 
rapidement uno réaction dont Je 
Vorgane dans un trés-spirituol article, publié te 15 
U Blagnophone, pensnine Eby | 












arquor que nous 


n'avons point confondu T'invention bien réotle de 
M. Werdeman ayee fogs promesses d'un télégrammo 


énigmatique de Monloo Park, dont u 
fessour d'outre-Manche a donna 


n célébre pto- 
lecturo 4 Birmin~ . 


gham.(1). Nos correspondances noug Opprennent © 
que les appareils Werdeman Font employés dans 


Vintérieur de deux usinos a Baz a’. 
dans plusiours tunnels deg lignes an 
Liarticlo du Suna amend du resto 
naux anglais des expiications fort in 


‘Angleterre et / 
glaises, sede? 
dans les jour- : 
téressantes sur | 


Vétat actuel de ta lumnidre Glectriquo, 11 est bon do 
tonir nos lecteurs au courant de ces curicuses polé~ 


niques, 


M. Read, Miogéniour bion connu, 
Times du 8 un résumé ‘doe Youvrago do M. Fontaino . 
sur les machines Gramme et los bougies Jablochkolf, 


a publié daus lo 


Ta lettre de M. Need a amené, dans le: Times du 8, 
uno réponse de M. Fluge, qui, confondant trds-habi- 


Joment los bougies Jablochkot! ave 
trique, établit que six machines 4 


c lalumidre dloce | 
@ Gramme ot six 


lampes Serrin, marchant pendant 600 heures, cod- 
tent, y compris lamortissement, lo charbon a lu- 
mitre et les frais Accessoires, 1. 377, 168., 6 dL, ou 


{tsch., Gd. par heure, 


Liauteur arrive au total de 1. i493 {8s., 7d, pour | 


le memo taps de temps, solt $3 4 4/t dy par 


heure, 


Sur ce chiflre de 143 1, la consommation de gaz 


est marquéo & 100 1, au prix de 3 ach. {72 les 1.000 , 
pleds cubes, qui est pays par les consommateurs, on: 


Angletorre, 


Mats lo prix en France étant de 18 schollings 2 1/$ 
les 1.000 pleds cubes, on voit que lavantage factico 
Stabli par M. Flugg on faveur du Raz dolt dtre ré- . 
duit d'environ 90 Hyres do cv edté du détroit, ot 


M. Flugy, it serait moing effrayant, 
Malsau leu d'épiloguer sur les chiffros de M. Vluge, 
nous préférons traduire les conclusions d'un. 





excellent article publié par Netwre daus son numéro ” 


Qu {0 octobre (2): 


# Il semble tout a fait probable que sous une 


forme ou sous tue autre, In tunidre Slectrique sora. 
partielloment adoptée dans toutes les grandes villes , 
ot dans toutes les grandes manufactures pour rem-: 


placer lo gaz. Co sora une des lumi 
mais pasa loxclusion du gaz. 


ves do laventr, ; 


« Daus nos propres colounes nous ayons, A plu- : 


moignaga au succds qui a, ; 


(1) M. Marrelt a annotcé-In découverte d'Edlson dans wie | 


(2) La. rédacteur 








i 
que, par consdéquent, on admettant les chiflres de: .° | 


eur au Midtand Inetiiut; an: 


MeGihdt 
lente, TOVUQ, est 


io : 

















Ja’ conséquonce * 
qui ‘dont transmis 3. 
ques. Une objection se présentail 
prit, c'est que les mouvements de dilat }e 
rétraction résultant de Maction calorifique sont tents 
Ase produire, ‘et ne comportent, pir consequent, 
pas une action matérielle assez prompte pour pro- 
dutre des vibrations; mais ii considére que les elfets 
moléculaires peuvent bien ne pas se produira dans 
les ménics conditions que ceux qui se manifestent 
sur les masses inatériclies. : : 
Suivant lui, cette hy pothése permettrait expli- 
quer Ja reproduction de ta parole dans tes micros 
phones récepteurs de M. Hughes, et elle pourralt 
mde dtreappliqueée a la theorie du telephone électro- 
magnétique, en considérant quwune hélice maygndt~ 
suute, aussi -bien qu'un noyat magndliqne autour 
duquel cireule un courant dlectrique, se Lrouxe plus 
ou moins échautfée suivant Vintensité du courant 
qui la parcourt, surtout quand le fil de cette hel) 
et le noyau sont mauvals conducteurs ge V'dlet 
cité et du maguétisine. Dans cet ordre dle é 


des fils tré se 
TL put rag wre 
que ces bopiyes py Adeja proghiird Res sons 
par elles-merfes (If(QYjiour en audyauter nten- 
site, Hl les pl: fer ou sur des 
ne paces yrds de ces disques et 
disposés pr odes surf{cyS “résonnantes, Par ce 
moyen, il put, dil-il, obtenir un,bon rerepleur tdlépho- 
nsuite a cet 
vs principales 
* sont les deux suivant 
Dans lune, le s¥stéme slectro-magnétique etait 
simplement constitué parun disque magudctique 
sur Jequel étut enroulée une lidlice de fil fin misen 
rapport avec le circuit d'un microphone et qui étalt 
collé au centre de la membrane de parchemia d'un 
téléphone & ficelle ordinare; ce disque était cons- 
ttlué lui-ndime par deux limes de fer séparées par 
une rondelle de charbon d'un plus petit diamétre, 
Jo tout étant assez serré pour former une. masse 
solide. 

Dans Vautre, Vhelice dtait enroulée sur un tube de 
fer-biane de 6 pouces de tonguenr sur 8/8 de pouce 
(de dinmétre qui’ était soudé par un potas seulement 
ala partie centrale d'un diaphragme de téléphone 
ordinaire. Suivant Pauteur, ce nibe et ce diuphragme 
wagiraient que comme des résonnutenrs, et les sons fournis 
par cet apparel] seraient & peu pres semblables A 
coux que l'on obtient avec les téléphones A ficelle 
ordinaires; on entendait les airs d'une boite &. mu- 
Sique, ef la reproduction ste la purole était purfaile, dussi 
bicn pour Pintensité que pour la netteté des sons; il puralt 
nuline que Von pouvait entendre les sous téléphoniytes avec 
fe simple tube de fer-blne entouré de Uhetice. © Ces diits- 
Tents récepteurs téléphoniques, dit M. Wiesendanger, 
jontrent elairement que le diaphragme ét Paimant d'un 
Weléphone ne sont pus les parties essentielles de Vinstru= 

ment, mais siimplement des partics accessoires. » 


Sans parler du récepteur téléphonique sans larre'o,| 


(HMM. Rossetti, Pau 
eft. conatat 


Teeter eine oa 


| Roy, Buchin, Canestrelll avaient 
fait avee des bobines ordinalres, 





* nos lecteurs. § ge 





Gy ph 





Perper ee . 

vibranto dq: Lloyd; dont : tes’ 
jburnaux et notamment, dabs TA 

“etan, du at beplambre, etla Nature anglaise, dV 

tembre, nous décrirons en quelques mots cath 

M. Millar, présenté A V'Association britannique, lors 

du Congrésde Dublin, le mols dernier, 

Le récepleur téléphonique de M. Millar est cons'i 
tud parun petit: barreau aimanié de a pouces | 
long sur Sfi6 de largenr et 3/16 d'épalsseur, -enve 
loppé dans le sens de sa longueur par une heélice ¢ 
fil de cuivre (du n* 30) de 6 métres environ de lot 
gueur, Tl était fixe dans une bolte en carton i 
ay . farnie en dessus et en dessous de deux 
plaques de zine, ce qui le rendait trés-transportatle, 
Aveo un infcrophone comme transmettear et un seul 
élément Leelanehs, oo a pu parfaltement transimet- 
tre la parole, lesairs sifflés; l-chant et le bruit de la 
respiration étalent méme pergus, Ve plus, if paral! 
que Vappareil peut fonctionner sans aimant, riet 
quwavec un simple morceau «le fer entouré de Phe 
lice ; mais,dans ce cas, les sons sont beaucoup moip 
intenses (1). 

vt ee 


LUMIERE ELECTRIQUE ° 


Découverte disputée de la divisibilite 


Hav'est bruit, depuis quelques jours, que de la 
découverte de la divisibilité absolue de la lumiére 
dont les hougies Jabiochkoff ne nous dennent encore 
qu'une image {ncomplite, : 

S'ilfauten croire les correspondances que nous 
recevons Amérique et les journaux ameérteains, 
cest Millustre inventeur du phonographe quia ob, 
tenu ce nouveau triomphe. . 

Nous avons meme été avertis qu'avaut-hler, i es 
arrive Amérique un telégramme de lermite d 
Mentloo-Park, relatif 4 cette merveilleuse trouvaill. 

Mais M. Edison n’étalt pas seul sur cette plste ft. 
portante, : 

Au mots do juillet dernier, M. Werdemann, ¢ 
Londres, a pris une patente relative A la divisior 
Des expériences ont eu leu depuis lors ut ont a 
consitiérées comme satisfaisantes par des pe 
compdtentes, f 

La patente n'ayant pas encore sé rendtie pub 
(ue, uous Ne pouvons en donner la déseript! 
sans nuire wx droits de Minventeur; mais ausal 
que les formalltés uécessaires pour lobtention’ - 
dillérents brevets Gtrangers auront G16 {écomp! 
nous sommes en mesure de satisfaire la curioatt | 
mf 

La consommation de force motrice eat ‘dint! 
au Meu d’étre augimentée; il en résulte Ytie lest 
dement est meilleur qu'avee un régulal¥ar. 

Les commandes faites par ta ville ddlLond, 
par les compagnies des chemins de fe: 
déja d'une excessive importance, Stqa's, 
démonatration publique n'ait encore et tien 

Nous {gnorons encore quel est Ie vérifable 
teurde a divisibiité; mais nous sommes: as, 
do dire que les deux inventions sou! aia: 


Elles ne different l'uneds lautre iar 
tails, een vehcs 


rsott 


+ eee scemte es te on nenrw ees 


(8) Vole The Telegraphic Journal du 18 septe 
sce experiences vienvent 4 Vappul de} 


i is par M. du Moncel. 
ee 


ys SN TAPPARATUS. 
csi =MP nttentlon has just been attracted to 

ter (11841) in your issue of Nor. 24, 1876, 
which contains drawings and n description of a 
tented form of oxshydrogen apparatus. I notico} 
hat one of the points claimed ns norel is the form? 
of n gna generator, substantially the same as one 
which I have had for somo years and have used in 
Teofures on chemistry. A is a copper tube; B, 9; 


J collar of brass turned to fit,and brazed on; C,isa 
<|raua gna-bracke’ plate of nu ordinary pattern, 


without screw holes tapped fora fin. brass pipo— 
the’chargo is introduced inn test tube or any cons 


SJyentent holder; D isa clamp of a form kept in 


stock by most instrumont-makers. ‘Threo of these 
hold tho turned faces of Band C in close contact. 
The above is a convenient form of apparatus con+ 
structed of readily necessihle materials. 

‘ J. H. Taylor, B.Sc. London. \ 


infnera, chutists, metallurgists and geologists 
seattored through the country, each coutribut- 
ing their abare to tho scfenco which produces 
the useful wotals, ‘combined and formed tho! 
Amorican-Jnstituto of Mining Engincors which’ 
niet inthis city yesterday at tho Mranklin In-} 
atitute. “Tho speosh of.wolcome was by Wayne. 
MacVeagh and was full of a aplelt of hearty; 
‘grocting, and-to it Wiliam BP. Shinn, of Pitts. 
burg, tho president of tho lnstitute, mado.s 
aultable response, closing with'n atatoment of. 
tho progross of metallurgy In this. country dur. 
Ing the last five years, Otto A. Mosos, of: Mout 
Park, ono of Mr, Ealison's assistants, read a popor 
on tho olvctrio Nght ag applled. te mining: and; 
demonstrated its oporation by thirty. lanips on. 8! 
of them whole Jamps. and others: 
“halves,” “thirds? ond quarters,” ay thoy aro’ 
callod, tho smultest..bolng the best adapted for 
mine IHuminatlon. Tho light as exhibited was 
By Edlson’s Invontion,as applicd to 
loses stated: two thousand Ttves will 
bo used harm: 


a 


olin Bogart, Jaines 
Professor ‘Thomas 
A, L. Halley, Robert W. 
rlos Macdonald, Georgo 
W. Ray- 


Henry ‘Roney, J. 

Rand, Jamos Park, Jr, A 
Metealf, Witten tare 
Lev, Professor Geurgo i 
Welk Jones, Oswald J. Heinrich, John Griltin,| 
Ss H. Harden. John Mf. Uartmay, F. A. Gently 
Je. De, Charles B, Didloy, IL. 8, Drinknor, Eck-| 
ley B, Cuxo and Charles A, Ashhurnor, of Ponn- 
syivania; G, H. Billings, ED, Itt, Jr. 

H. Righards «l Professor HR. H. Richards, of; 
Masschusstta; R. Nuilson Clarks of Colorado; 
Martin Coryol J. Slade and, AM. D, Valontino,! 
of Now Jorsoy; Louls Jauln, of Cullfornin; Jas.t 
KF, Lewis, of jose Virginla, and Edmund G! 
Peekin, of Olio, : ees, 

‘Sho rooms of tha Penn Clab last night woro 
brillinntly Hghtod ond as tho guosts entorod: 
they wore met by Professor Frazor nud jutro. 
duced to somo of tho gentlemen of Philadotphia 
who had boon {uvited to meat’ therm, of this, 
number wero: ie . . 

* Phomas A, Scolt, George W. CUlldy J. 1 Tipping 
‘cutt, Wayno aoVeugh, A. J, Drexel, Joe. BY, Wilson, 
Dr, Le Conte, A. 8, 2 thle, HH. 11, Furnces, Dr, W. I 
Panconal, Dr. Mitchell, Mnwk Tueness, Vrofeasor 
Iarker, W, Brooke Rawte, 8, W. Petit, Dr. Innaa No! 
ria, Dr. Antiburat, Frederik Fraley, Dr. It, BE. Roge! 
Whartow Barker, Belnton Coxe, A, Nalter. Gross, 


t 

Tl soning passed ploseantly and the visitors, 
swore peony ‘ ereeietl and entertained, ‘To. 
day tho first trip will bo mado over tho -olovated 
Land to-night thore Is to.bow musical recoptlo 
at the Academy of Music. ‘ 


Pr6fersor $3, J, Houston and George Du B, Koln i 


1) 
3 
ms 


=~ 
a 








_-LIECLAIRAGE_ ELECTRIQUE’ 


“Un pou blasé sur toutes les tenlatives artistiques 
et industridlles qu'on fait sous ses yeux, le public 
parisien ost difficile & sédui e, mais quand il arrive 


. qu'on réussisse. 4 le captiver, il dovient vite en- 


thouslaste; il se met‘alors A admirer avec un en- 
train imperturbable et uue conflance qui va jusqu'as 
Ia naiveté, : ; 

Jamais cette observation n’a été plus justifi’e que 
dans l'exemple que nous avons fous les yeux A 
Propos des éclairages éteblis en divers poiuts de 
Parls par la Socittd géndrale de UEbetricité. En cette 


- occasiou, lengouement naturel du public pour tout 


: Vapplication de lélec 
: lumitre est due au physicien au: 


co qui est Ala mode s'accroit eucore par un élément 


nouveau d'enthousiasme populaire: Vattrait d'un 
hom étranger... - : 

Non-seulement la foule admire do bonne fot les 
Sclairages do M. Jubluchkoff “et : les considére 
comme un tour.de force sans précédent, mats elle 
identifie son nom &.ta découverte de Ja -lumitre 
Slectriquo; elle Lut attribue exclustyement le mérite 
Wavoir pula produtre'et la rendre pratique pour 
les besolus industriels et publics, : 

Une appréciation aussi erronée ne peut ‘dtre. par-" 


;-tagée par nus lecteurs ordinaires, mais nous de- 


vous & J'opinion publique des éclaireissemonts 
destings. A la ramenee & un jugemeut plus rai- 
Sonnable, eu rétablissant les fatts dans teur simple 
vérité. 

Il nous parait done nécessaire de faire précé- 
der examen du systémy de M. Jablochkoif d'un 
exposé sommaire de la théore sur laquelle, repose 
la;production de ta lumicre électrique, ainsi que 
des dillérents systémes qui ont été successivement 


’ doventés pour ta Tecuelllir, pour Ja -réyutariser 


ct pour Ja soumettre aux besoins de Méclairaye, * 
Que ceux de nos lecteurs pour lesquets toutes ces 
questions sont parfaitement connucs, nous permel- 
tent cette revue rélrospective, qui ne présentera 
Pour cux aucun intéret nouveau, 
Nous ne l'adlressons, pour répondre d'ailleurs & 


un désir qui nous a été exprimé, qu'’ ceux de nos 


lecteurs qui, dtrangers aux Priucipes et aux mys- 
téres de lit techuologia électrique et a Vhtistoire de 
Ses applications, uous demandent de les initier 
briévement a étude d'une question de Progrés in- 


dustriel autour de laquelle les donyies de M.Jabloch- . 


Kolf et tes effurts tinanciers do ses commandilaires 


ont proy qué un si graud mouvement 4d’ 
ct d'actualité, i tai 


‘La dévouverte du phéuomeéne d'oi est résulté 


trleité & ta production de la 
glais Humphrey 


. Davy qui, des 1813, siguata lintensité Jumineuse 


{ mités de doux conduct 


produity par la dévharge Voltalque entre les extro- 


Curs tormings par des mor- 
ceaux de charbon, : seis 


La lumitre tres-vive qul se nanifeste alors est 


: due & un jet de particules détachées des Glectrodes 
i et qui, 80 trouvant Cutralnégs par le courant, itlumi- 
* Ment le. conducteur Gazoux qui lui sert do véhicule 


i et to placent dans tos conditions d’u 


{ 
-{ 


O conducteur 
{es-fin (raveraé par un courant Snergique. Dang 8a 


“4 


| 


ae 


SAusiologta rudimentaire, Ia lumiére Glectrique n'est 
donc, & proprement parler, quo le résultat de ta chaleur : 


1 


excessive développée pur une déchurge électriqu- lors. : 


“qu'elle traverso--uric substance ‘médiocrement cone i 


ductrice ot dont Jes particules 80 lronvent ehautlées : 
au rouge blanc, Néanmolns on peut obtenir jusqu’a : 
un certala point do la lumidro électrique avee de : 


Vélectricité de haute tension ‘quand on fait passer i 
‘Ad décharge A Iravers le vide comme on le voit fig. 1; 


male cette. lumfére est loin d'avoir Méelut de la 
décharge a Vair libre produite entre des charhons. 
Pour obtenir la lumiére étectrique dang les condi- 


Fig. 1. — Elfet hinninens produit par Vétincelle electrique 
dans lo vide. 


Hons do lexpérlence de Davy, #1 faut approcher lun 
de autre les deux conducteurs jusqu’a ce qu'lls se 
touchent, et. les éloignant ensuite graduelieiment, 
le milien aériforme fnterposé se trouve assez forte. 
ment chautfé pour devenir conducteur; On voit alors 
apparaltre un are lumineux extramement brillant, 
qui perstste tant que la distance entre les conduc- 
teurs n'est pas trop grande. (Fig. 2, 

Cet are a regu le nom d’are voltatyue on mémolre 


du nom de Ia pile au moyen de laquelle il a été! 


produit pour la premiére fois. 


Trois éléments concourent & I'éclat de Vare vol- 


talque: f° Vintensité du courant; 2° la nature des 
électrodes; 3° le m lieu dang lequel fl sv produit. 

En co qui concerne co deraier point, ila sts 
prouvé qu'll est peu de milionx dang lesquels lin- 
tensité lumineuse se développe d'une manidre pins 
brillante que daus fair, 


Quant a& ta source et & la nature du courant des- 


tlué & produire rare Voltalyue, il est nécessatre do. 


recourir Aun générateur assez puissant. Le courant i : 


EER Ry pnp ten Be 


Fig, 3. — Eelairage 4 ta tuwidre électrique des travaux de construction du chemin de fer daus tes montaznes 
. du Gualarramajen 1862, (Gravure extraite des Merveities de la science, de M. Figuier, 


peut dtre produit par des piles, ainst que cela s'est 
présenté lors de In premitre apparition de la lu- 
mnidre électrique, mais Vexpérience a siurabondam- 
ment prouvé depuis qu'll y a beaucoup d'avantages 
& employer les machines dleetvro-magnelizues, 


Fig. 2, — Projection du lure yoltatyue entre deux eharbous, 


Les courants pouvent dtre continus ou alternatl- 


§ vemont renvorsés: !’un et l'autre do ces systémes 


ont donné dos résultats différents suivant: lour 
emploi. i ds : 


Enfin, lo deuxiéme élément, I’éclat lumineux, 
qui dépend de ta nature des électrodes, a donné 
liou & des expériences qu'il n'est pas sans intérdt do 
signaler. Avec des métaux facilement oxydables, 
tels que Ic potassium, lo siliclum et le sodium, 1a _ 
lumidre est plus britlante qu’avec tes métaux inoxy- | 
dables, tels que le platine ot lor; — Ia couleur de 
Tare varie aussi avec la nature des rhéophores entre 
lesquels la décharge dlectrique s'effectue; elle est 
bteuatre avec lo zine, verdAtre avec Pargent, rouge 
avec le platine, etc. 

Mais de toutes les substances qui ont été expéri- 
mentées, ila été reconnu par Humphrey Davy lul- 
méine que le charbon donnait 4 are voltatyue he 
plus grande proportion d'intensité, et que cette in- 
tensité augmentait en raison do Ia diminution de la 
surface polarisée, résultat qu'il obtint on taillant les 
charbons rhéophores en pointe, 

La figure que now» donnons de l'effet grossi de 
are voltaYque représente cette particularits que 
l'une des pointes (celle qui correspond au pdle posi- | 
Uf} se creuso, tandis quo l'autre (qui correspond au 
pole négatif) tend a s’allonger. 

Ce phénoméne est dd au transport des particules ~ 
charbonneées qui sont enlevées au charbon positif 
dans des proportions de deux 4 un, relativement & 
Vautre, dont la température se maintient 4 undegré - 
beaucoup moins élevé. ‘ : 


Apres Davy, c'est Léon Foucault qui fit faire A la 
lumfére électrique le premier pis daus le. domaine 
de la réalisation récllemeut utile ct pralique par un 
double progras: (° I substitua au charbon de. bois, 





gg nisetiy. 












































ASQUESTITUTE YOR” THE” ELEOTRIO jie ij pecially 
LIGHT IN THE MAGIO LANTERN, 
“The magic Inntern, nf e means of lus. 
trating sclentitie lectures, Is 
Reneral uae in all the princi 
this country, ‘The oxyhydroger 
Beneraly ‘emptoyed, belng both che; 
and cuaily. regulated, and answers an 
cellent purpose for throwing: 
pictures on n whity screen. For some 



















. = 
an 


aitfacturer: and Bul 























‘in Paterson, by: othr artificial light, {t permnits us to omruanas & fe 
roleum, wo saw: |even tho most delicate colors, whieh will B re } 
ly, than | boon to persons engaged in the sale and agin A : 
of colored goods, Ay 
An American gentleman, who witnessed tho new 
system of ilumination in Paris, writes us: . 5, 
You would feel proud to eco the * Place de l'Opéra’ 
lighted up with the ozyhydric gas. Two of the largo} 
groups of lainps aro Iighted with the now, tho other; 
two with the old ono, Tho difference is really hn- 
menso. :'The old ones look lke tallow candles fn a 


“Wleetric night. 5 

Purposes, ft has been necessary to explo On the evening of the z 

cr tho clectele Hight.which ts hath expetalie! ments with xa Tadygin and een fatereatng ie ‘ 

yond troublesome. In fact, Inexperienced| conducted at the engineering works of M i yr. hae 

BAR Persons will aetdom gucceed in obtaining: Euston Road, London, Toobvinte the dint liver Met 

Satisfactory results with It, ing consumed when burnt In contact with. pe oie re = 

Edehnann, of Muutch, hus found that | §!2 placed atlcks of carbon fn a clored glans "aanher ‘tet 

theoryhydrozen tlamejnoduced fromeom. | Witt agag not contaluing oxy, ‘gon; but owing to tho ure ft e 

mon coal yas and oxygen at ordinary | talllo connecttona, the carbon wan Aublect; 46, Senature, ES 

Pressare produces an intense light, of any : = a eee aes 

dcalred color, if, by means of it, we burn 







hich’ we enjoyéd a forctaste viet 
5 to pe 
tho applleation of steam-power 
the machino make blocks of Ico #0 auccessfully, bri 
“for ‘the: pecuniary. advantage (filthy lucre) which 
perhaps may befall us in consequence. 


__ 























































Tho Oxyhydrogen Light. 3 
From a Lecture of Dr. Ad. OU before the Literal Club in New- 




















edroven formerly produced by ——>S>SE——E_—__ : 
Tue oxyhydrogen light was formerly pi Kosloff succeeded In overcoming. the diMcultles by using a 




























































the namo R aa 
: Urlaging cones eptindars af slrconla (hence ordinary. | thick fog, In fact, the now light spolls the appear: - jaune of ammoula with a ; [| Special metal of which he forma the holders for the carbon 
 tireonia light) Into a glow, by aie with, the | ance of all the eliopa in the, vicinity; crowds aru |: ¢ salt,  |[ rods, and thesv‘are placed in thoclosed glass chamber, . . 

gas; ‘these cylinders are Pie 4 terminating in |.gathored around it all the tline. It is strange that it ; j uTo this cad a hollow cone of hard gns Tho lamps which were exporlmented with were nine jn 

gases being: consumed in’ burners torves for the | le not yot better known In tho United States, The 7 if carbon—similar to that used In electric) || number, alx of thom having two carbon rods, olther of which 

| two concentric pipes. Tho inner = ipo 18 used | light ts simply. glorious." ; lampe—ix PMepared of the following di. [could be Placed in connection with the current of electricity, 
conduetion of oxygen, while the outer " a yon heat produced ‘by. the. flaine, when compared | * : tienaionn: Hight, one and three-quarter | |'Tho carbon rods were all #ofan inch In length; and ono in|; 
otther for strect-gas ot - hydrogen pre ” y int | welt that af ator faniea of equal paver, 1s coasldorn: i Jnches; diameter, one inch, tapering to ; |each lamp was yy of an fach in thickness, the othora being a |: 

buretted.::: A small diatance below tho allt, there ti 7 1 for the reason that It requires only one cubic, 3 three-quartens of an luch, and plerced by ,  |triffe lens in thickness, The other three Iam pa contained each 
perforated disk, vertically. placed, and acting on the f 7 “ie very five cuble feet of ordinary sas, to pro- 49 8 Gabe tapering in the same direction from | | carbon rod, throe inches in Jength, »/y of an inch thick, and |, 
principle of Davy's wire gauro, so that ihe anes may ne bie ee Murntnating effect,” We may, there. iBPbalf to one-quarter of an inch. This | ‘alao connected with the mafn curront, ‘Tho first experiment } 
bo inflaned with perfect safety, lighted up with hae. safely asaumne that the leat diffused by the new. 2 betta carbon tube fs placed, narrow end i conaints in burning acarbon rod in contact with the atmos. : 
The Amorican Institute Fair la now ligh Pp : i 7 ia lean than ono fourth of the heat produced by” ° FCowD, upon an upright uxyhydrogen jet, | Phere, the rod belng consumed In a faw minutes, The ‘ 
tlils gas, whilo since several months tho aquare in | light Is lean the compound nozzlu of which Ots Into current was then turned on the thicker rod in each of ‘ 







front of tho Fifth Avenuy Hotel, at the Intersection of | 9 sim'lar light under the old system. & . ithe narrow end of the inverted cone of the eix Inmps, and Aa brilliant and steady light was pro- |! 
Fifth avenuo, Broadway, and Twenty-fourth street, fs} Regarding. the apparatus a, ft at eng * _Perbon. The oxyhysrogen Jet ty the usual | duced, whtek improved as the current was incrensed in|’ 

Muminated in the name way with a bunch of small | 19 keop In order, « ‘The lighting Al ad ta na ode i Kind, of double tribe, the coal yas lesuing | lutensity. The reason for lighting tho thicker rod first was 

flames, changing {ts former dim appearance almost | the now gas is as almple as with ree ol ier le saina’ round the oxygen nozzle; and wlien the | that Itimight congume the oxygen In the lamp, by which the 

into bros daylight, in great contrast with the yel- singlo stopcock turns on or off both _— case eased are tgnited they Inen trough the { ‘rod was slightly reduced. The curront was then directed 4 
low, emoky-looking gas flames of the lanterns in the | the. There fa, furthermore, no difficulty ih tt fie porter of the cone, which {hen resembles | through the second rod with equally satisfactory results in 

surrounding atreeta. It, of course, presents a magaifi- | tho existing arrangements 0 as to make thom avalln; + smatl carbon furnace one and one-half i jall the six lamps, The three Iamps with the longer carbon ‘ 


































viata heads 























































cent appearance, I would remark that the light does | ble for the new ayatem: ‘ ‘aches In ilepth. rod were then lighted and succeasfully exhibited, changes be. 
; not consist of one brilliant polnt, as formerly, but ofa | Besides, this system pormits us, by regulating tho ‘The number of these cones to he made | || fogtrequontly from tho slx to the three lamps and back again, 
H flame, and the disadvantage of having occasionally to | stop-cocks, to rise the Hluminating power In the pro- porresponds with the unmber of tntensey ‘Tho apparatus used for producing the current was Gramme’s 
i. change thezlreonia crayon, indispensable In thesystem | portion from one to two and a half. : “fright colored flames required. When  ffamagneto-clectric machine. With the machino running at 
i of Hlumination mentioned, is entirely obviated. ‘The Tho pipes serving for the conduction of the two. Iho Rases burn in the ordinary Wayrearcely | |/ about 200 revolutionsa minute, a moderate Hight way obtained, 
two only objections which might have beun made | gasce—ordinary yas and. oxygen—are completely. Iny Hght vesults, but in order to produce : || wh{ch was greatly {improved at 200 revolutions, tho maximum 
nyalnat the samy are thus completely ralecd, without | suparated from exch other, and, as they only mect in | > the; dealrend effects we spread over tho i of intensity being obtained at 450 revolutions, The strength 
seated to ulther beauty, intensity, or economy. the open alr, thoy may be Ignited with perfect safety. : faner surface of acon, with a apatula, a | |) of the light doponds upon threo things—on the power of the 
The flame of ordinary gas in, na well known, over- |... It has been alleged that, In case of fire; the danger spate made by rubbing together In a machine and the numberof Its revolutions, on the length and 
sharged with carbon, which ts deposited on the gild- | wontd be greatly augmented by the escaping of the | | aortar plerate of amtnonia, the actattie ; || thickness of tho carbon rods, and on tho quality of the carbon, 
toast f 1 } . from the pipes; but, when It fs considered that alt devited, and alcohol. ‘The cones are | || The experimonta showed that, with thu same ntrength, of car |; 
ings, the furniture, the ceilings and walls, and, what | oxygen from the pipes; but, hen allowed to dl eat tail Soublo’ tue’ cuiant[! 
fs of still more consequence, at least in regard to | the quantity of pure oryyen which might thus mingle en: allowed to dry ut ordinary tempera- ; |] ont and the samo num oe tevolu: aa nt 
health, the air ta being vitinted by the presence of | with the atmospliere is of no consideration whatever, are, and placed over the double tube | | of light was obtained ae reo long car! id ae stodeal te 
carbone acid and earbonte oxide, which chlefly con. | when compared with. the vast quantity contained in een ae Is requited, To produce the | se ae 7 nar pear atin nate eta i. a 
if " id 4 F me the oxygen tube, which should be | ‘actorily the fact that the electric current cou al vided, }q 
stitute its products of cambustlon, With regard to | tho, atrosphore Stself, it must be ary ce -[eovabte ia a vertical divection, fe maiaca i {[and hewco, tf prnctioo'cafiema experiment, whtelIéle. tor 
ME, er]. ; 


the power of Mlumination, it {a far below that which objection ia entirely unfounded. 













is theoretically possible, namely, If the carbon wasmore onlinary circumstances, the oxygen should escape | is ae coe ee il foes a real bs a oeek the ae | 
completely consumed, ‘The new aystem of iliuming- | Into a room, it would only increase the resplrabllity } roving. the oxygun tube slowly downy aa a eae ae af 





~ 





tion affords a much greater intensity of light, by aim. } 
ply admitting pure oxygen to the yas; no oxygen 
from tho afr ts thus absorbed, nor does the flame aver 
become souty, even when exposed to wind or draught, 
Numerous experiinents have demonstrated the fact 
that the highest illuminating effect is produced by a 
inixture of equal volumes pure oxyyen and common 
gas, . 
Photometric measurementa have ahown that the 
Mluminating power of oxyhydrogen gas is five tlnes 
Greater than that produced by anequal quantity uf 
- coal-gas, On the other hand, the said system stands 
unrivaled for economy by any of the systems at pre. 
sent in use, The normal burner of the city of Now. 
‘York, which consumes five cuble feet per hour under 
8 water pressure of ono tenth of an inch, might be re- 


_ Placed at half the cost, thus saving the consumer fifty’ 









} 





of the alr. 


| 


<mamati 







































a eas For 
photyslephile purposea tho antimony would. 
béSfost'sultable, but ft whould bo mixed 
withthe plcrate of ammonia with cantlon, 
lan of obtaining a powerful motal. 









it Nien Sos ; 
aes 











{Professor Anthony's Electric Light Experiuents, 


Prov. Wat. A. ANtioyy, of the Physical Department, 
en Driven sends ue the following luterenting 
account of his recent experiment, which we bri ily Me i 
ticed on page 28%, current volume. In that natice the 
Inmp used for comparivon of light values was incorrecdly 


designated ag tho ono ured in the engine. Frof, Anthony; 
an, 


j 
' 
i 


my or A 
Tithe following {3 a brief description of my experi- | 
‘ments: To the electromagnetic muchive, which was | 
‘driven by a Brayton petroleum oil engine of five lore { 
power, Wires were connceted for conveying the clectricity 
produced,to a: room somo 300 feet dixfant, from which | 
daylight could be excluded, for photometric experiments. i 
In this room tho wires were conrceted with a Foucault 
regulator for Uiv electric light, the light being produced 
by the nge of tho electtic curve between two carbon 
poluts, Tho electric light being too brilliant for threet 
comparison with the standard candle, [ took from my; 
house a common coal oil lamp, laving a flat wick ono { 
inch wide. The electric light was found to be equal to | 
what would bava been produced by 234 euch Juinps. 
But 234 auch lamps ‘would have consumed nearly 16 Ibs, 
oil per tour, while the engine, whose power developed 
the electric current, which in tura produced the electric + 
Hight, consumed but Of Ibs, oil In the samo time. This 
fact was stated in the paper giving tho results of my ex- 
periments merely ag showing, in w striking manner, how 
very small w proportion of tho, energy of combustion of 
tho oil in the common tamp iy utdized as light."—Scien- 
‘fic American, 


MWe. SE7® 


THE OXYHYDRIC LIGHT, 

In our issue of the 16th of August we mentioned the 
decision whieh had been arrived at by the Manivipal 
Conneil of Paris, based upon the conelisions of the re- 
port of M. Lonvet, and that pertnission had heen re- 
fused to the Tessié dus Motuy Company. te establish 
mains for the distribution of ‘the o Shydrie light to 
public and private consumers, Permission hind pre. 
viously been nceorded to lay down mains for n distance 
of 8000 imetres, and M. Félix le Bline, ius inspector, 
had heen insteneted by Prefect of the Séine to fol. 
low, with M. Darcel, engineer-inchiet to the servi 

eats lighting, all ke trials made 
the oxyhydrie light 
expe 
: Yerinents made in thi 
M. ‘Tessié du Motay, 
: perinents in a re; 
that of M4 


fon of oxyhydrie gas hus 

nitely decided at Paris, it is 

ed elsewhere, and we think it will be 
xplain the manner in whieh 

nits were nade, and the prineipal 


j, ‘The first invention of M. ‘Tessié du M i 
> firs f Me Tessié du Motay consisted 
i in projecting seen of ordinary coal yas and oxy, 
rat an a pencil of chalk. us in the Dramme it 
i ou a cylindrical stick of peak cyte 
if 


compressed magnesia, or even 


ce of zircon, “The light thna obtained is, as is 


own, very brilliant, and the discovery made hy 


du Motay of an economical mode of produc. < 


syeen, led him to think that his new system 
of Mamination presented important advantages, His 
Process of wmannfacture is based on the employment of 
manganite of soda, decomposed by a enrrent of super 
heated steam. Thit reaction disengages the oxyyen at 
cred heat. ‘The soda is then regenerated by the passage 
jof a current of air, which revivifies it by leaving its 
oxygen behind it, This alterante operation of abstrac- 
tion and regeneration can be repeated almost indefi- 
nitely. 

Subsequently the du Matay Association aban 
doned the use of refractory pencils, either of magnesia 
or zircon, made incandescent by the action of the 
ignited jet of mingled gases, und adopted a now system, 

th consists of projecting the oxygen in the axis of a 
flame obtained by the combustion af coal gas, pre 
viously charged with the vapor of volatile oile rich in 
carbon. ‘This efleet is produced by means of specint 
burners delivering the hydro-carhuretted gas around 
their circumference, and the oxygen in the centre, the 
two pases being led to the burners by a separate ay: 
of insins and service pipes. ‘The flame thus obt is 
very bright if the two gases are blended in the propor. 
tion of 1 of hydro-carburetted gas to } orn little more 
than 3 of oxygen by volume, 

When authority was granted to M. du Motay and his 
‘colleagues to distribute tits gas experimentally in Parks, 
‘for a distance of fivecighths of a mile, they did not em- 

ploy the ordinary gas, but laid down besides the pipes 
Hrequired for the oxygen, # second series, to lead to the 
burners, rich gas distilled from Kogheal coal ‘This 
fact, taking inte consideration the short dixtance from 
the burners to the reservoirs, has ted Mole Blane to 
remark, in his report, that the company was working 
under conditions very different to those that would be 
met with, supposing that a gener concession for 
tanalization was conceded to them. ‘The engi 

the company acknowledged themselves that t 
periments did not conform with the condition of every 
tlay practice, 

A double xories of trinls was made under the diree- 
tion of Mote Blane, 1. In the public streets, and 2, 
the Inboratory, and in the dark roam of the gas-testing 
service of Paris. In the: periments the oxy was 
burnt, 6, with Boghead coal gus; 2, with enrburetted 
coal gas; and 3. with the ordinary gas of Paris, with. 
out any previous carburization. We may speak first 
of the ex Shey 


fo measure the oxygen, the ather the eow he 
coustmption in litres of each was thus obtained per 
Marner and per hour. ‘The Oxyhydrie Light Comp: 
was nilowed to attach to eneh connter w Girard rej 
tutor, to obtain for the gases a suitable pressure, and 
the apparatus, ouce regulated, remained constant. 

The basis of all the ealeulations determining the re. 
sults of the experiments, is the price of the axygen—o 
price determined by the society itself, ‘This has been 
ixed ut or50 frane the enbie metre for the city, and at 
doable that price for Private consumption, ~ ‘The re- 
perters consider this price us too low, especially w! 


| 


Phe Ovyhiydrie Light. 177 


Arn, Caauur, 
Nov. 1874. 


the cost of carburetting the combustible gas is taken 
into consideration, and they conclude that only under 
certain conditions the numerical reanits deduced from 
experiments must be accepted, and that certain of these 
results which appear favorable to the employment of 
the oxyhydric light are apparent rather than real, 

It must be remembered, also, that one of the data 
that must he used in making a comparison of price be- 

tric and the common coal with 

equal light, is the price of the latter, which in Paris is 
three-tenths of that proposed by the com muny for the 
oxygen for public consumption, and three: Hrs that for 
private use, In the first. series of experiments made 
on the Pluce du Nouvel Opéra, with the Boghead 
eas, two kinds of oxyhydric burners were employ 
the hat-wing, No, 2, of average consimption, with 
short spread-ont flame, and a large jet, No. 3, with a 
long straight flame, and of large wuption. 

Bat-wing burner, No. 2. With this barner, the 
average consumption per burner and per hour was— 

Koghead coal yas... 2°340 cubic feet 
Oxygen. . 6 6 6 6 @Qg8 & as 

The photometer indicated un illuminating power of 
17, the bight yiven by the ordinary gas burner being 
taken ast ‘The total price for the ¢ Sper hour and 
per jet, at the price previously given, will be thus :— 

Boghead coal gas. 2°340 enbic feet °663 pence 

Oxygen. e 6 O98 “  ngr & 


Total... 6 ‘Bog 


With an ordinary jet. burning the common coal gas, 
and constining per hour 4’g42 cnbie feet, the expense 
is ‘21 pence, ‘The proportion between the prices is thus 
‘804 
"210 
power of the oxyhydric gus being 17 times greater 
than that af the common gas, the proportion of prices, 
with equal light, will be— 
S04 _ 
"210X107 
The oxyhydric gas used under similar conditions 
would thus cost the city 2°25 times ay much as the 
ordinary yas, 5 
For private cousnmers the price of oxygen, as given 
by the company, being 1 frane instend of 50 frane, and 
that of the ordinary gas +30 franc instead “of +15 frane, 
the proportion of prices of the two kinds of lighting, 
the degree of Mumination being equal, would be 1°32 
instead of 2°25, 
The differetice in this cnse is less striking. 


pence per jet and per hour, But the lighting 


335 





With the Inrge burner No, 3 the consumption per 
jet and per hour was— 

Boghend cout gus... 3°558 cubic feet 
Oxygen, 2 6 6 ee 2580 "8 

Tn proceeding with the computation as before, and 
allowing for the increased iuminating power, which is 
3°3 to 1, it is found that with an equal light the oxy 
hydric light, with jet No. 3, would cost twice as mach 
tothe city ng the ordinary coal yas; for private con- 
sumption it would be 1°25 times greater. 

A second series of experiments was made with the 
public lamps upon the carburetted coal gas and the 
oxygen. The Lenoir carburator was employed, aud the 
liquid used was Boghend coal oil, worth nbout 54d. per 
pound, ‘The average consumption of oil per cubic foot 
Of gus was 32°25 grains, Working from the data ob- 


Ne ne te 


fore, and admnitting 
vit is found eat 
xyliydric +d 
he 
V 


=> with the large lnurner No. 3 


“ Iutterfly jets, Ne. 2, 


13. 
23 with a smaller burner No. 1, 


o6 
| At the conclusion of the experiments made in tho 
streets, the engineers of the Vessié da Motay Compan 
‘Appenred to appreciate the many grave difliculties which 
lay in tho.way of its adoption for public use, and tarned 
their attention to making it available for private con. 
sumption, 

‘The experiments, conducted in the laboratory of the 
service for testing gas, dealt with many different modes 
of lighting, several of whieh have ouly'an indirect hear- 
ing on the oxyhydric gas. We need only refer to those 
made with the Bughead coal gas and oxygen, and with 
carburetted gas and oxygen. 

‘The former, conducted with different burners, showed, 
that even with the most advantayeons forms of jet, that’ 
is to say, with the large burner, No. 3, economical ree 
sults, with equal ihminating power, could not be oh. 
tained. In the trials made with the carburetted gns 
and the oxygen, the Lévéque carburator wa cused in 
accordance with a wish expressed by the ¢ | acers of 
the company, Jn this carborator the vertic': dicks ure 
immersed at their lower ends in the hydre [My whieh 
rises throughout their length by eapillary Attraction. . 
The gas circulating nronnd the vistencd surtices is 
charged with the vapors which are giyda off by the 
volatilization of the oil. 

Experiments were commenced with ».}4head oil, of 
the price of about sixpence n pound. | Athough this 
liquid, gives very valuable results as means the illu. 
minating effect produced during the diferent periods 
of volatilization, it is preferable in ali rfects to the 
preparations of petrotewm, which are still more variable. 

The jet Not (bee bougie), experimented with at 
first, did not give favorable results, With a jet of the 
sume form, No, 2, the proportion of price between oxy. 
hydric and common gas lighting, with equal ilunina- 
tion, and for private consumption, was found equal. to 
1°38 
marked economy, But this advantage. necording to 
the reporters, is not real, because it is only obtained by 
powertal carburation, the expense of which does not 
‘appear to have been ascertained by the company. 

The same remark is apolicable to the results obtained 
with the large jet, No. 3. ‘This turner was the object 
of a great number of experiments made under varying 
conditions with the Lévé@que carburator. ‘The reat of 
the experiments, compared like the preceding ones, 
showed that it is with the burners of large consumption 
that the greatest advantage is obtained in regard to the 
lighting power as compared with the cost of the gas, 
The lighting power increases much more rapidly than 
the consumption, showing that the oxyhydric gas does 
not give n divisible light, that is. that it does not permit 
of the advantageous employment of small feta of low 
consumption, 

Employing always the prices fixed by the company 


These figures would indicate in this case a 











Cette een nag eee = ee 


ef Soot ate ra : 

«Cap the poles on the north bank fram ‘the anchorago to 

; Trott of Kooshay “Mountain, Inid a eablo threo 

- fourths of a inile long acrows tho river and put up Ne 
potes on the south hank to within half na suilo of the 

© forelgn aottlemont, when thoy mot with a difficulty. 
Thoy found it necessary to leave the bank of the river 

~* aml to go across rome rico fields and along a publie road 
up the settlanent. OF course they require New pete 
milesion for this, which was accordingly sought. The 
mandarius feared it would excite a rint among the pea nly 
and objected to xranting the deatred pornission. ils 
waa an appropriate place for the British Consul to back 
out, which he virtually did, sasing privately to the 
mandaring that it was not a British affidir, and ho didn’t 
cary to puraue It further, In apito of this dishearten- 
ing cireumstanee, Mr, Delano porsiated, and got a 
promise from tho mandaring that the tele graph night 
take the route destred, provided the people were wil- 
ng. We rent his finguist to talk to the peop 
scenred thelr good will, att one day—in about tw 
honra’ ti the telograph was pleted, the much 
dreaded people actually helping dig the holes and 
ereet the pol Vor § 1 weeks now we have had 
tolucaphie comtmunteation with the au chorage. The 
Taotal has iuspeeted the operation of the telegraph 
and declared ‘himenlt highly gratified with it. Six 
young Chinninen havo been ent by the mandaring to 
ear the art of tolegraphy. ‘The “now ern” ia fairly 
Taunehed, and “fang-shui” hasn't peeped a solitary 
objection. 

Noxt comer Shen, tha Imperial Comniasioner to 
attond to Formosan affairs. all alive to tho advan 
tagos of tho telegraph, and maker a contrat with the 
company to erect nv telegraph from ‘Taekao, nt the 
sonthern end of Formosa, ton village at the northern 
end, thence to lay a cable to the mainland, and oreet a 
fond dine up through Wingwer to Foochaw. There fea 
little hiteh just now, it regard to the terms; but it is 
not thought that any delay will be occasioned thereby. 

Acting ov the motto, “Strikw while the tren fs hat,” 
the company made th distinet propositions to the 
inandaring for the constriction of aling from Foochow 
to Amoy, there to ba connected with the gen cable, and 
put Foochow in telegraphic communication with 
Burope and America. They wisely choose Mr. Delano 
to put it throngh for thom—having had quite ax much 
oxperienco with the British Consul ax they cared for, 
Taso happy to gay that he has again been complotely 
successful. The high provincial authorities have ace 
copted tho second of the company’s propositions, 
whieh was that thoy wanld erect the line at thelr own 
expense, and give the officials a separate wire for thelr 
own ue, to be under their sole direction, A party has 
already wtarted overland to survey the route; aud as 
the mandaring ary in earnest about it there is Tite 

» doubt that the lino will be completed ina fuw months, 
and ‘fang-ahui” will bo undisturbed. 


Production of Electric Light. 


TuR London Times speaks of the new clectric light 
apparatus, invented by Mr. Wilde, aga gent success, 
enabling the type of that paper, on the bean: of light 
boing brought upon it, to be read at o distance of some 

hhonsand yards, 

ted description of this apparatus it 
Appeare that there fa an electro-magnetic induction 
machine for producing the electricity, and an arrange: 
ment for regulating the light produced by the current, 
nnd projecting it npou diktant objects, this elvetro- 
magnotia Indnetian being founded upon a new tnd 
somewhat paradoxical princt il hy tho ins 
yentor—namel tie currents 


» Pret 
oy lindtri 





moat poworful currents of clectrioily are produced 
small fraction of the onrrent thus obtuined being suffl- 
cient to sustain the power af. the olectro-magnots, 
while tho major portlan of the current operates to pro- 
duce tho light, 

In the exporiments made with this invention, to 
teat its efliclenoy, a machine twenty-eight inches high, 
thirty-four inches in lougth, twonty-me inehes in dl- 
amvter, and weighing about eloven hundred pounds, 
was piluced on bonrd of o vessel, and the result of the 
toat was, ox stated above, that the Hight enabled a news: 
paper to bo read at two Chousand yards distance, and 
no boat could approach the light withiy a mite with: 
out heing discovered. 


a 


Constants of Nature. 


Tur following circular haa been tesued by the Stilt 
nian Lustitution, asking the ald of chemists aud 1 
throughout the country fn the preparation of a serica of 
tables, the valuo of which, whet comploted, will be in 
cnleulable. No more fmportant contribution to the sum 
of knowledge and to the advancement of science, both 
practical and theoretical, can well be imagined than the 
deterinination of some of these constant 

Ssirugontan Is: 
\ 


Tho Smithsonian Institution haa in view the publica 
tion of a series of tables of “ Constants of Nature,” such 
ag the atomic weight of bodies, apevific gravity, oxpane 
sion, elasticity, specific aud latent heat, conducting power, 
melting snd boiling point, weight af diferent paves, 
liquids and solide, crystalline form, strength of diferent 
materials, Index of refraction and dispenion, polarizing 
angle, velocity of suunds, of projec of winds, of 
electricity, of light, of tlight of birda, speed of animals, 
cte,, ete, 

The valuo of such a work in aldlny original investiga. 
tion, as well as in the application of science to the useful 
arta, can svarcely bo overestimated. To carry out the 
iden fully, however, will require anuch labor and) the 
united efforts of different inatitutions and individuals de. 
voted to special lines of research, 

The coiiperation. therefore, of thuse who receive this 
circular i4 reapeetfully invited to the enterprise. } 

Siuce tho different constants are to by carefully tabu- 
Intod, even a xluglo determination of any one constant 
for any one body inny prove to be of groat value by supe 
plying some important omisvlon ina sorles, 

Every contributor will, of course, be credited with Lis 
deterininations, when published, 

Joserit Hasty, 
Sceretary Suiuthsonian Institution. 


-—<—<——— 
‘ 


= It fs propose to light the atrect 
fanips of London by a kind of clockwork 
arrangement attached tothe taps, which 
shall turn them on at night and nearly 
off In the morning, leaving only a small 

| blue flamo, duly, protected from the wind, 


hee’ S - we tte ae 


An ingenious new nrrangement for the 
electric hight, in which all the ordinary mechan. 
isin for securing tho proper approach of the 
carbon points to each other is dispensed with, 
hing Leen duvised by M. Labloschkoff, in the 
works of M. Denayrouzo. ‘Tho two carbons 
ure fixed parallel at 0 etnall distance from enol 
other, and are separated by an insulating eub- 
stance which disappears along with them, 
{When the current passes the voltaio are ia 
: formed ut the free extremities of tho carbons 
“Tho layer of insulating matter immediatly SSS 
thelow gets fused, and in volatilised or flown 
‘slowly down, just Hiku wax down a candle, na 
its combustion proyresses. "Miu heat of com. a) 
bustion of the carbon, lost in the air in the 
usual ayatemn, is here utilised to melt and vola. => 
lilise the insulating aixture, ‘The latter nny S 
be made of various substances (annd, glass, 
mortar, Inc, &e.). A inixture of sand and 
' pounded glass does very well, and is cheap, 
i fight jirising fron incandescence of this 
substance in the voltate aro yives effec k 
\thogo of the Drummond Meh * peli 


{-~EEXPENIIENTS with tho elec! 
tives hnvo recently been mad 
cow to Kursk, 

a hatte 4 


It ix proposed to connect PSs 


xlo, the revalution of which *: 


Tho chances of danger usually 
rranged na _nbove described, the 
crease in like ratio up to certain 
mination would he comparatively 
MH, whistle, or other signals would 


Another Now Artificial Light. 


A new light for ‘photographic purposes 
has been devised by Me, Spiller, tho Pros- 
dont of the: Duotographic Society. Nesir- 
Ing to obvial angor attondant on the 
use of the now Ilglt produced from Lisul- 
phide of carbon and nitric oxide, which wo: 
dcacribed on pago 10 of the January num; 
hor, ho experimented with ealtpetro nod 

L, aulphur, and lias eticcooded in obtaining a 
Ught which, when a few minor dotalls of 

~ Amechanical nature have been arranged, 
Promigca to bo all that can bo desired for 
photographic purposes, Beietly deseribed, 
the process consists in heating anltpotre in! 
ahnard gloss tubo ton ‘temperature be. 
yond the point of fiston, and then drop- 
ping ina piece of roll brimatone. Ono 
ounce of saltpetre, fed with 810 10 graing 


; a2 of sulphur at a ttme, will keep up a breil. 
is liane light for about ten minutes, at.a 


nominal cost, when sultable apparatus [a 
devised ; for, owing to the intense heat, the 
wear and tear of apparatus {sa consider- 
ablo item in the expenditure account. A 
spirit Iamp In suMeient to melt tho niter, 
and that stato obtained, itmay bo ree 
moved, sulphur alone being necessary to 
| koop tip the reaction as long ay the sntt- 
potro Insts. One part by weight of sul- 
phur fs required for Unreo of saltpotor. 


Some experiments have Feeently ‘been inde at Trieste with 


a viow to testing tho intensity of coloured lights, and of .. 
i 


white: light, with ditferent oils, While no doubt was enter. 
tained that tho best effect with Hghts at n distance was had 
with white light, and the next best with red, it was desired to 
ascertaln the comparative utility of other colours for harbour lights, 
Sinall hand Ianterna were used with white, red, green, deep ant 
dlark blue glasses, With the white were used American petroletin, 
parattine‘and olive off, At halfa milo distance the dark blic was 


é | quite invisible, amd the deep blue hardly visible, showing their wse- 


Tensness for iUuminntion at sea, According to the Journal ef the 
Franklin Institute the experiments made ton distance of two 
nautical miles gave the following results :—(1) That white Nght 
with petrofoum is moro intense than with parnttine ; the latter also 
went out several times, so it lacked the necessary certainty. (2) That 
among the lights with olive vil the red waa the brightest—after ; 


green light may at short clistunces bo made Iternate with th 
white. funn eet . Ae: hee wii s 


nhitng Cities by Rlectricity, 7? 


the white—and the green, Bohemian make, after the red, tie 


CaN 


In the Clty of Providence, R, 1., 220 street Ininps, within 
‘a district over nine mites in length, are now Hghted and ex- 
| tngulahéd In less than fifteen seconds by electricity, nul 
lthe system is controlled by one man, After a trial of sev. 
‘eral months the practicability of the plan Is assured, and if 
ithe whole of the 2,500 lamps In the elity were lighted in thls 
cway, it is estimated that a net saving in expenditure for gas 


jand labor would amount to about $25,000 per anaum. 


ee ee 





\ fot used with tho lime light, 
+ high pressurg or,oxy' rf 


ado in Paris o: 
la Of rallway stations by. Bees 


y only 

beerved 

, hat pod should 

essen ench other's 

fect, the voltaic are ja in: 


Tho raya passing =; 
paenieecadnmasen 


(20181.J—Limo Light.—Thoro ara threo kinds of | 
Thoy nre—firat, tho 
ren jot. In this jot the 
d (we nap coal gas f: 


ight, 
hy; 
two gases, and’ fyi 
h are codtained 


to fill the 
hags, 


{boar 


| 


bo 
“ity 
i 
ti i 


th 


ne 
Thi 
iy 


is produces 
flame of n 
fountain form, form slao requires but one gas} 
bag and preasuro bos ‘The npparatus required to, 
mnko the oxygen is os follows :—Iron retort, in 
which {s placed a mixture of threo parts chlorate of 
tash, and ono part of black oxido of manganese. 
Purifier: a vesecl of cither glass or metal, having! 
two pipes attached, ono going to the bottom nearly, 
tho other connected to the highest point of the! 
veseol, which ia termed the wash bottle, ‘I'he retort! 
is counceted by means of enbber tubing with the 
pipe going nearly to the bottom of wash bottle, and 
tho gna bag by a similar tubo to the other outlet, 
Place tho retort on tho fire; inn fow minutes bubbles 
will bo seen passing through tho wash bottle (which 
must be inl tilled with water), Having allowed the 
ng to drive out tho nir in the connections and wash 
Vottle, connect the bag Ww means of tubing—the bag 
having previously hnd all ate oxpelled by pressing i 
between tho pressura boards. Do not allow the: 
retort to remnin on tho firo aftor the bubbles cease, 
or the water will find ita way back into tho retort, , 
nl so cause an explosion of steam, ‘The residuo. 
loft in the retort ts easily removod by washing: but: 
it must be dried before being again used, If desired 
1 shalt bo hoppy to son drawinis of tha farlous jate, 
ke, to make everything clear, also to Riva nny. 
further information that may be requirod,—L. W. 
AWRENGR. oo 2 i 



























e paraffine oil lamps. I may hero 
ark that paraffino'oil ia moro suited for tho lantern than’ 
it basin sharpor'and more intense 


Wo now como to t' 


photometors which aro. said | rom ‘ 
ix. Zollnor and | cither' gas or aporm, oil 
rised light ia used. ‘That of | light than either. . 
MBibed and figured in Poggendorf's Annalen, 
{ volo, This form of photometer was usod by Y 
Arnmgh, in estimating tho light transmitted by diftero 
telescopic object glasses, Hv say 
givo reaults thirty-five timea moro 
method of moving the li 


© give very gront accuracy, 
Babinct, In both of theso pol 


=. 





ail not an oppor= 
in’ the lantern; but it ‘gives 
amination, ‘judging ‘from: the 
a ind Bout of the 
‘Lahould say the 
1d be cquivalont to about thirty’ candles 
thy antern, “Any party having’a lamp of 
adapt it‘ for tho Iaatern 
a suitable sizo to Gt the 
and having an oxtra flangoon tho top of it, in which 
‘tho burner of their lamp. 
0 turned to tho condenser, ; 
‘This vory ingontous lantorn and lamp 
ives a botter light than any of tho lamps T hav 
yet’ noticed." ‘Tho fountain ‘Iauip, however,’ comes ( 
light goos, but the Sciopticon is mucl 
“It is a'great improvement on the olf 
ono dofoct which tells { 
tho edges of tho lights are opposit 
thors ia'a apace between thom, which is repro 
+ it thue doea not give an aven!: 
helps to spoil tho effect of th 
moro especially if it bo a delicate or fino on 
T now come to my own form of lamp. 
improvoment, as far as 
roper | other form’ of- 


“Hiak's Duplex, with doublo wicks. Ih 
ying thie lamp 

nt | fitetrate light’ for house “ill 
argand gas lamp, which «gave, when* 
accurate than by tho| lantorn, a light equal to thirteon candlos.’ 
Lita (seo his paper, Trans, Roy, | flink's lamp ‘wou 
157). ‘The other form—vis.,, Babinct’s—is | when burned i 
olarizod light, but! this kind in’ tl 

described | by having a tin redervoir. mado o! 





Dr, Robinson, of | tunity of’t 


a that it can bo made to 





tion of tho principle of p 
‘Ja moro complivatod than that of Zollnor. | It w: 
by the invontor in O paper read before the British Association 
in 1864, Liverpool’ meeting. I havo not had an oppor | to’ sera 
tunity of scving vither of theso two photomotors, but ag L am | should’ b 
not altogethor satiefied with 
obtained with Ri 


t house can casil 




















The odges of tho wickt 









the acouracy of tho resulta! * ‘Tho Sciopticon, 
itchie's form, I intend returning to the| combined 


otometrio. experiments, to havo a 
to compare tho li 

used is a sporm-can 

0 grains in tho hour. ‘This is tormed 

y, candle, Should tho candle | ¢ 

graing, a correction will re 


close on it as far'as 
sstandard or uait of 


‘The standard usually 
Durning at tho rato of 1 
_ the Standard or 2, 

burn moro or Jesa than 120 
bo made for the samo; but with tho candles I usod, 


>+tho lights was to placo tho li 
and'to placo the caudlo on o: 
tho Iantéfa on the other, 
placo whon tho lighta wore equal, the 

tho condonser aleo romoved 

distance measured from. tho light to th 
algo from tho candlo to the photometer, 







lo, | form of Iantérn:* It hus, howavor, 


od deal againat it : 


quire | duced partly o 
Tfound | illuminated disc, which 
paring | picture shown, 










































My method of co 
0 bo triod ia tho 
no side of tho photomoter and 















gros 
rogarda brilliancy of light, on an; 
lamp: that bas buon ‘used for the Inntore 
Wal, whon burning under.the samo 'coriditions'as th 
to Gfty-eight standard ‘candles. 
clear white brillantlight, In constructing. tl 
ed” more at getting a small -quantity 
ht, than a larger quantit 
which is not ‘noarly so 
brilliant tho light is, the b 
Wo. hayo Gnly to look at tho lm 
As this form of | 


! .of its ‘place, an 








¢ photometer, ond 
and the distanco 






a" tn th of ‘yellowish light, 
+ Tho Jona used in th atcaller pod‘ mén 
it anited ‘for tho lantern 


0 light to illustrate ‘thi 


eso oxporiments was a card lona of 
orture, and 4} inch focns, “1 havo found that 
lens is tho bost I havo over tried for lantern 
it can bo usod with nearly 
otk gives a great deal more ligt 
sharper picturo, than tho lonses { 








tho full aporture; it 
nt; and. also a much 
in common, use for tho 


hits I tried, with 
and thon make a fow 


“30 standard candlca 










Tahall now givo a list of tho different li 
their valuo in standard candi 
romatks on cach of thom, 
‘Argand gas lam 
Fountain oif lnmp, with 

circular wick... 
Hink's duplex, -1} wicks, no} 
tricd in lantern 



















My own lamp .., he limo light. £ 


standard ‘candles a8 tiso 






-°of tho gas," J 















' the gas} itis also som 
-prosaure of gas.” If thi 








(For the £elentine Amertean,] 
THE CHEMICAL .FIRE-FLY. 


RT IROYEARON 0:17; wntatT, 





Of altthe elements, thor 18 none ‘which presents such a 
divorslty of forms as phosphorus, and not ono that presents’ 
such a vatlety of proporties which are so apparently contra.‘ 
dictory. The number of allotropic forma assumed by this 
vloment, and the pecullar part which it plays fu the condi.: 
tions essential to the mantfestation of sensation and Intelli-! 
fence, together with tho fatal effects which ofton result from 
its Introduction Into tho system, ‘glvo it an intorest not ex 
ceeded by thntot any other form of matter whatevor, A 
distinguished professor of this city, who was in hig day a’ 
most attractive teacher, matntalned-that tho chief element 
of success in a lecturer consisted in the power to address tho 
eye, experlmentally when possible, and by a well drawn 
mental image when tho subject under discussion did not 
adult of physical demonstration, In other words, he con- 
tended that nothing should be left to tho Imagination of tho 
student, There can be nodoubt that a single, well solected 
experiment, skilfully oxceuted, is more instructive than an 
hour's talk without Hlustration, Phosphorus may be so. 
lected ng & menna of HMustrating the two methods of pre-, 
senting asubject. Thus, the average text book informs tho. 
reader that phosphorus is luminous in the dark, or, In other 
words, phosphoresces when exposed to the alr; and this ts! 
about all that fs stated In reference to a property of this olo- 
ment, which is tho most important of any connected with it, . 
Upon this property, or one closely allied to It, is tlie poison. 

ous quality of this agent bused, Destroy this powor of 


phosphorescence, and this element is no longer a deadly pol- 
son, vlther when swallowed, or by theaction upon the bones 
of tho upper and lower jaw. The phosphorescenco of thls 
eloment is accompanied by the devolopment of ozone, and 
any substance which has tho power of dustroying ozone will 


arrest the luminosity of phosphorus, and, what [s of still i 
greater importance, destroy its poisonous action, In fact, : 
phosphorus is not of ttsclf apolyon, but tho ozone which tt i 
hag the power of developing out of the oxygen of tho alr id " 
tho sole cause of the fatal results which follow Its introduc | 
tion into the system, This I have repeatedly demonstrated) 


by oxporluents on the lowor anlmals; and fa two cases of ac. 
cidental polsoning In human beings, the same facts have boon 





proven, This is a subject, however, that properly belongs to . 


thu medicat profession, and I will simply state that ten or fif- 


teen drops of spirits of turpentine, nixed with an ounce or twa]: 
of sweet ofl, or any Hiquld fat, will prove an eflicient antt-* .. 
dote to clementary phosphorus, or any substance, such as the: : 


tips of matches or certain rat polsons, with which it mayb 


incorporated, Other volatile olls, such ng sassofras, may be! 
, employed when turpentine is not at hand, It §s not every!: 


spoclmen of turpentine that will prove antidotal to phos- 


phorus, Any substance that has the power to Instantly de-! ~ 
stroy tho luminosity of this body will prove effectual as an, ; 
antidoté; and the only assurance wo have of tho eMelency! 


of any agent [x to test it beforehand, 


Phosphorus is, then, not of itself capable of producing in-, 


flammuatlon of any tissues of the body; but ozone, which it 


has'the power of ovolving from the oxygen of tho air, isthe 
catev of wll the local mischiof which results from Its contact | 


with certain parts of the body, That thls body:may produce 
certain goneral effects when tt finds its way into'the cireula- 
tion, we donot doubt, Lut:-theso aro distinct from its'local ac- 
tion. : : 5‘ 





most eharacteristic properties of phosphorus can be demon. 











To prepare the chemical fire-Dy, by which’ some of.the | 









ta udepe ee ey ge 
Seientific Americnn, 
{| Strated, select a two ounco phial which bas beon woll an 
nealed, and introduco int 
_|[ bottom Is covered to the depth of half an inch (Intd will an.” 
swer, if nothing better can bo Procured), and to this add fif- 
: teen or twenty grains of Phosphorus, and then cork It Jooso. 
ly, After this, place tho phial! in a pan of cold water, and 
Sot It on a stove or other warn surface Uil'the phosphorus 
meltg, then shnko tho phial tilt the oft has dissolved as much 
of It as it ts capable of holding tn solution. Three or four 
Vigorous shakes in tho course of ten minutes will answer. 
‘That quantity of off will not.dissolya tho whole of the phos. 
phorus, which is not desirable, Tho cork must not bea 
clogoly fitting ono, but must bo forced into tho phial so as to 
{nearly provont the escapo of. the oil when inverted, It is 
:) beat to givo the cork more of a conical ahapo than thoso In 
use by druggists, Whon experimenting, the phial must be 
{warmed about as hot as the hand can bear, and slightly ogi. 
itated or inverted, taking care, when doing thta, to lnve tho 
jcork well secured; it may aftorwards be loosened a little, 
When tho cork ig Properly adjuated, which can bo eastly 
accomplished by a little practico, the whole Interior till 
light up every fow seconds, in thythinical succession, and con. 
tinue to do so for hours, Provided the propor temporature is |’ 
maintained, At the conclusion of the experiment, the appa- 
ratus should be put away in a dark placo, and a tightly fitting 
cork Introduced into the phial. A number of these phials, 
properly adjusted In a darkened room at different polnts, 
and several sot awinging,-by means of strings suspended 
(rom the celling, produce a-singular and weird Smpresston, ; 
that grows upon the obsorver the longer the experiment Is! 
obsorved; and after a timo St is difilenlt to divest oncsolf of! 
the Idea that the light Is evolved by a living, moving crea. 
ture. For Impressivencss, there is no exporiment in chom | 
Vistry that makes such an enduring imoge upon the observer.; 
Of course overy precaution should be taken to avold breaking 
the apparatus or spilling the oll, No damage, however, 
need be apprehended provided the directions aro strictly fol. 
lowed. In experimenting with phosphorus, tho inexpori- 
enced should always bo provided with a Inrge vessel of 
wator In which s fow drops of turpentino have been diffused. 
When burning phosphorus has been extinguished by this 
wator, thore is ittlo or no danger of its re-ignition, which ts 
very apt to occur when It fs extinguished In the ordinary 
way. Tho phosphorescenco of thia olemont, when a solution 
of ft Is spliled upon any object, as woll ag its dleagreeable 
odor, are instantly destroyed by a small quantity of turpen- 
tine suspended In water, 3 
Undor no circumstances should children or careless por. 
sons bo permitted to exporimont with phosphorus; not that 
itis anything like as dangorous as coal ofl and many other, 
articles handed dally, but thero is nosubstance that so com. 
pletely demoratizes tho understanding, in case of an accl- 









j) dent, as this, 


The glow-worm may bo imitated by transmitting bubbles 
of alr through glavs tubes containing the phosphorlzod oft, 
In fact, thero fs no end to tho number and varloty of ox- 
periments thot can be devised bya person of inventive 
genius, ° : 

‘The phosphorescence of the fire-tly and glow-worm $s due 
to slow combustion or oxidation; and the phenomonon is ar 
rested In them, og It is in phosphorua, by placing them in a 


‘{ucgative gas, such as nitrogon, for oxamplo, Phosphorea- 
cence fs not always, howover, tho result of oxidation, Thig 


fact can be demonstrated by exposing the diamond to direct 


sunlight for a few minutes, and thon transferring it toa dark. 


ened room, when it will omit a beautiful light for several 
seconds. be 


suas Te see 





vy oer elt a Re oa 









o it sweot or almond ol), till the: 















































































































wig hehe of the fire-Hly {a not due to the slow 
combustion of phosphorus, nor ia Iban amatory display on 
the part of that insect, ‘Tho spectea’ are perpetuated under 
different circumstances, and in the‘daytime, Tho firo-fly is: 
a carnivorous insect, and the objuct of the {umtnation is to, 
attract small insects, which aro quickly devoured. be 
If the ear bo placed near-the vessel of phosphorized oil 
at the moment of illumination, a alight hissing noise will bo 
perceived, produced by a sudden rush‘of air into the phial, in 
consequence of the partial exhalation (one fifth) of the alr in,” 
the phlal, by the abstraction of oxygen, which unites with the 
phosphorus, This fact is instructive, It demonstrates to us, 
foe stelking manner, that a vessel which may be impor- 
vious to a liquid may permit the entrance or oxlt of ogas! 
or vapor; and It accounts for the decomposition of spirits, { 
conserves, oxtracts, otc,, that are put up in veasely that aro 
supposed to be hermetically sealed, simply because they do; 
, Bot permit of the escapy of their liquid contents, 
' Loulsville, Ky, 
ar Sas eee 

































































“Every tyro In optics knows that light'ts + 9 moat tractabn, 
of matorial effecta,. It is obedient to th Jaat degree. You 
can sund ft where you will, to any distance, through the; 
| crookedent channels, thraugh the darkeat passages, and. it 


Novexmer 18, 1876, 













z WHAT Is PHOSPHORESCENOE? 
i THE phen 
tho chemist and the fetes 
among our reader 1 
endeavored to obtain roflcetlons a % 
0 






A mination has been so extraordinarily increased by the 
peut cmerge undlmmed, ready to be absorbed or disperaed as . Improvements introdtced. into’ magnoto-clectrio ma- 
i bac atin bia that there are many ways of produc. tines by Grammo and others, the cost has been anuch 
ae eA calc . : ced, - Under some elreumstances the electric light. 
Hag 9 beiltient Nght, much hy saally sad sonny = costs only one-third as much as conl gas; but certain 
by, carton combustion in wma ae beehabea ue natag 1 : diMicultios, such ns lmporfect regulators for inalntalning 
carTgualy, bgiveliardayarn blaetstan Traps: Shale lis are at'n constant length, and the minuteness of the 
.| ever pa AC a . 2 ongtit sisoen 
| some, agreeable, scientific Muminatlon for public and private : neat eat aise Se e . pie 
_| buildings, ‘To our children, the old fashioned: candle soul pri (eke ‘Aeaiemy of Becca at St, Petersburg, 
es by * i poahipadeentde aly i. dicted Tat partie these two difiiculties have been overcome by M, Lady. 
children, gas pipes may fe equally Uiealate ns atticle of guln, of that oa ner 4 using to ein iH car. 
, h bon, between which the electric current passes In an 
ne ee with gatloctors and. tor- Fe, ho proposes to uso tho other mothod of obtalning 
a the working of ie Sieg ‘ stem can be sketched in Munination—by ralsing an infusiblo substance to in. 
few words Given BA Lads large foal to be furnished with tense whiteness, Platinum does not answer for this 
artlficin] Mg ht: Taalend at ieving & network of gan pipen Purpose, becauso of its calorific capacity and conducti- 
leading to She different rooma and to different burners ta bility for electricity, which though low fs atill so great 
“Teach rab according to the prosent method, the light for fas to demand an intenso currant, M,. Ladygnin uses 
tho entire building would be gunerated in one place,nay in the! in:its place n sal si a ene ramen ~ 
inafo ventilating shaft forthe utliiziog of the surplus heat, olfio heat of only one-hilf that of p , 

















» for the luminosity given off {s, after nfl 
result fa hardly to u expected, Wesco | 
en directing hin 
Otoyraphic point 
+» Af possible, the 
Tho result of 











truvo cause of the Temarkab} 
Uils fnvestiyation fa that he ti 

















































Actinic Light, o! 

The Atheneum saya: “When the vapor of Disulphide of H 
carbon ts mixed with nitric oxide gas, the mixture, on igni. ‘ 
tlon, burns with an intensely luminous flame of high actinic <. | 
power, but of only momentary duration, MM. Delachanct _, ! 
and Mermet havo, however, recently succeeded in priuee ; 
ing a lamp in which this garcons mixture may Vo conven ! 
fently burnt, and thus applied to Photographie purposes, 
The nitric oxide is generated by the action of tron on a mlx: 



















hw finh, 
dn duration depend. 
Tho luniinosity js of atch a 


rf r 2 tino, to be luminous all 
ithrough ; but this ig not the case, for, on Beraping olf the 
jsurface, it is quite black underneath, 
fs, Indeed, a il 
Hight, when it hy of a alrtyawhite colo 
‘that it shines with 
































: ae ny Animal meatier may bs rendlerod phosphooreaca sas at 
ler y ! $1240 tlmes the resistance of the clectrio current, It ts ping to ree surface some of this alime, or, in other words, can 
ture with vapor of bisalphide of carbon; the mixed gases } in Paveiaisied fcr bo ie heehee aren, algo tnfustble, which platinum ts not, ‘Theso advan. {hp Infested oy tho alte, nie Eilger iss examined thy 
are Uurntins kind of Bangen’s burner, the products of cam dle of raya (made parallel by i. Jans) authclently intense y tage: ve it not only a greater Mluminating power at jot seliizomyectes, whith, from tha That dint thee jo 
j) bustion being rpidly carried off by achimnoy, For the pur. + ! Ke " tiie same temperature, but also permit a given tempera- . Metively about, were donbtless alive, 

: Poses of photographer, this new flame fs. sald to bo ait 1 {flood tho room to which they werediructed with a pure wli by 






perlor to that of the magnesium Jamp, whito it ts estimated ¢ | radiance, which could be turned on or off or graduated by sla 


Hence he Coll cli tle; 
ture to bo obtained with a loss quantity of heat, Tho]: that the small) livinyg cells of the éelilzom, oes 
ply preaslog knob or turning a koy. In alze, thu light tubel 


‘ous agents, 'T i ycotes are thy lnin. 
maxinum’ temperature pattainable is also practically b . Tho animateute, he points 













out, are not so small 
: Mat they can not be filtered from any water in wi s 
Jto haye twice the chemical power of the oxyhydrogen fame, Sy, neod be no greater than ordinary gan plpos. Indeed they mighf Hilfattable.” But carbon oxtdizes in the alr, and to pro. juay lnppen to be. M, Pilger, in ita npr vite thay 4 
yond ren times that of the electric light, be much amaller, stncs alt the Nght required for the basi iY vent this the rod ts sealed ina strong tube contatning give the results of Auveatlyution of other dedaytnd matter In 


rootn might be tranamitted to the reflector aa &n extreme); f 
[Slender beam. The terminal lenses would close the tube, 
‘J againat smoke and dust, which would dim the reflectors at: 
the angles ;and by keeping the enclosed air pure and dry, the’ 
absorption of light would be inapprectablo, 

‘The advantagen of this mode of illumination are many and + 
obvious, There would be no polsoning of the a.monphere by * 
local combustion ; no scattered flames to occaslon fires; no cire;: 


ellhor a highly rarefied atninsphere or a gnscous mix- 
tute from which all oxygen fu excluded, By longthen- 
lag tho discharging cnrbon rod, the light, tnatead -of; 
proceeding from a mere polnt, niny be caused tv pro- 
ceed frum an elongated lino, aun its ponetrating H 
i power is inerea o 





Which phosphorescence ig observed ; but wo need inerely 
quote the summlng-up of lls conchustons $n Teapect to this, 
mysterious queation~namely, “ all phosphorescence of decay- 


Ing organising ty the luminous respiration of Hyinse ne 
= Pintegapie Nets, ts ford mune eae 















caer een 





i + pie LIGHT OF COMING DAYS, { 
‘The aut of othur days—practical, not poetic—was the 
tallow'd! 











+ 


Pa si 





— : = 





































































































. 
H A EN van ENTS electric lighting been continued at ithe 
ip, and, further back, a bunch of mosaina dish of culation of combustible materia) to encourngo fire, should it Lonorthern wily station, fie 4 chen that, the ont ema | 
; @rease, The advance from this primitive ilumtnator to tho Lappen to break out; children and careless servants wou! 8 ata oa iy cleetricity.. ‘This building cncloney pace vt 
{ Goa Jet covers a moat important atage In the progress of do- “have nothing to handle that could possibly do damnge; theré { 000 enhie metren, For tis purpore four eleeteo lg ite ill be 
meatic cconomy,, To make tho i)lnmlnating material distri- ; Would beno misplaced heat; no smoke or odor to sicken or Fa aE a a eyed from & eeloek tall mid | | 
| ute Itself wana capital stroke of polley, By moat people It Aonoy; no cross lights or filckerings to hurt the eyes, Be * bl the cuntonn otses wich wa Spex, & Graame machine woe eRe GhaAtuit Ae 
ie regarded as the final stroke in the conflict with the shades aldos, the lighting of a house would help to purify its atmos. i being tested, giving 0 light cual es 00 Jute of zy on tetas |! << 
| of night, But it falls very far short of it, phere, inatead of vitiating: It as now, if thu source of light Titres. an tow. te en ERs with tho photometerand dyna: f } oo 
| Bafore wo can truly any that our atreeta and houses are wero Diaced, as wo have suggested, in the ventilating slintt; i Jom manicter, tho. reatlts of whe zai ot parte te : Ht nous & paru interessant pour nos leeteurs ide reproduire 
lighted pelontifically, another and more important advance and, vory likely, the economy of the ight would bosuch that H gives n Hight equal te Le ere Lene oe lieee ts a ae ih owen tars de reretr | 
| must be made, Wo must gat rid of the offensive and pol. jueans for the instantaneous Iluminatlon of the entire hours i uuuption of Palen nah eaeannce mut fot if hy i nh a ; ; . 7” 1 rm : 
: sonous products, the heat and flickering, the sharp contrasts could be maintained at all hours of the night without costing =r euble ameter | outone-hundredth part that of oi ~My ee a wise, duns dequel tu lumiére électrique w de applic 
i of light and wade, the needloss expense and frequent firen, more than our present linperfect and partial lighticg doer, ’ a que sed Bains dak toes 
| and the thousand pthér dlandvantagen attending tho distri. For charches, theaters, and other places of public resort, q ! niet C28 







+ button and local combustion of our illuminating material, by: 
distributing inefend pure light, 
The problem 1 siaiple and easily solved. What wo want 





it i Li iment dinfanterie, en presence ‘du gener H 

ight. have rend with, Lata ! sUNeN » €D presence ‘du général 

thf method of lighting. ts npoctlif avallable and inviting. |: tn Ste Tiger nate ate ave the a! simute Pattaque de le ville de Soissons. Lopd- 

betwen ene fas eto eae ee bas : | experiment f nner. Auda seleh to "cok He nt nition commence & neufheuves det soir par la droite, sous 

i , bg, 80 that tho danger the electria Hight In op Ao tho ssork anid wha! tes ordres du capitaine Bri POMPE § > COM 

} in our roome is aclean, white light) like diffused daylight, aceldental fires, with thelr attendant evils, would be reduced {iscell bichromato He TEMANINAL eas ! catdalic tilekaite nae ee ete : ack 

© ‘The popular mistake Hes in supposing that the ght must? - to themfolmam, Similar advantages would attend Ite ap- Ne miiclioze i, a ileata re Anes sei ae et de 

+ necessarily be generated whore {tis used. Tho remotencan Plication to shipping. Vor mines, especially coal mines, it is : Gal eee Soimtitaadan ‘ayol, selancent en avant mais leur 

of our natural iNuminators ought to teach us the sbnurliy wonpproachable for slupilelty and safety: Smoky torches mouvement est dénonce ar wit fou de lumitre dleetrique; 

_ of much a position, . { and treacherous " safuty lamps’! might be entirely abolished, ils sont foreés par les assiéges de se retiver, 
EP : RATE Re: picsioeh dyed and the deepest pita flooded with white light, without flame 

. tor he shadow of « risk of exploalon, . 







































: : - “Nos tectetrs pourront, en $e, reportant a ta gravure ¢i- 
1 contre, -se rendre un compteexact de cette inte 
manwiivee, ‘ 









ssonte® 







Ue 









F cone eetneeee een 


i 


f 




















ete Re tec ise 






THEROTRICINE WELECTRICITE 


E RLECTRIQUE 





LUMIED 


LA 








PAR 





EcLatneés 









LEMONNIED 


ET 





: ’ 
| (58) A.B, L, asks: 1. How many and what 
size cells will bo necessary to produco an electric light 
sufficiently powerful for tho electric light misroscope? 
A. Fifty ‘half gallon cells will answer! well.’ 2.” What 
form of battery,yrill be the beat?) A. Grovo or Banecn, 
\8. What will be the approximate cost for running tho 
fame, per hour?) AY Probably about 0’ or 00 cents) 4," 
| What should be‘tho diameter, shape, and focus of tho 
lenses composing the condenser? A. Donble convex and 
three or four Inches In diameter; they aro aupplicd with 
the lamps. 5. Can tho effects of the heat on the object 
{ and objective bo obviated by interposing n plasa cell 
1 filled with ammonla-sulphate of copper, alam, or somo 
i enalogous solation between’ the condenscr and object! 
| sllde?  Wonld it havo the eame effect If tho cell were In-! 


SAUTTER 














DE MM. 















LES ATELIELS 


j terposed between tho light and the condenser? A. Yea; 
7 but, as/a general thing, {t/is scarcely necessary, 0, 
A Dy 5 | WII the electric light give off enough heat to neeceal- 
tate the use of fron for tho camera, or would old mahog- 
5 any well clamped {nalde do aa well? A) Tho lamp) 
k should be of shect fron, 7, Should tho condenser bo) 
fixed permanently as regania tho object atago, or should | 
there be meana of varying the distance between stage 
and condenser? AJ Metter’ make It adjustable, © 8. 
Where, if anywhero, can I And detailed description of 
electric Nght or oxyhydrogen gas microscope?) A, Beo 
2. SSS SCM MN. Parr am hi roars on solar. mucroweye fn almoat any work on 
ee) : Pg a 
A 

























\_(esras.J—Etootrte Ldght.—Of Saico’s' ens Jue 
would requiro at lenat 100) to get a light, and fora 
ifair light you woukl require 200, Daniell's cells 
would work a little Letter, but Buneen’s or Grove'a 
are by far the beat, 1 obtained a very fine Tight Inat 
week with £0 Grovo's cells, leaving nothing to be 
desired, You cannot Hot ® good Heht unless yon 
hava good cells; and havo pint colla—theee work 
well -W, J, Lancaster, 


answer ndmfralsy, 
enpacity, cousyte 
platinum of 


15 to 20} coursn the 
carbons i jug. lam 
afeaid from 
Danioll' clectraty; 

t for the 


it-—-Sarce’s batterios will 

wired would benbont 10 or 

Fovo's clementa 2qt. size, A lees |, 

sumber would Hivo you aw very unsteady light, { 
Danicll’s batteries ara usoless for. the puree i 
From microscopical cloments tho flash would ane ] 


. You rejuire quantity in addition to 
FRC toe the ahora; thie the,smail cells would 
‘pot wivo you. In any battery snll celle eon 





Decoma exbatnted,” therefore there is nothing eft 4 


ut to employ. theabore-named batteries—J. FW 


‘ Electro-Chemical INuminatton, 
| MM. Gauduin and Grammo havo recently conducted a 
| series of experiments in: order to determing the effects of 
{ Various forelgn substances, combined with carbon Penclls, 
! upon tho production of electric ght. . Tho materials intro. 
: duced into the pencils were Phosphate of limo (from bones), 
: chloride of ealelum, borate of lime, sillcate of Itme, pure 
: precipitated allex,, magnesia, borate of magnesia, phos- 
: Phate of magnesia, At minum, and silicate of aluminum, The 
| Proportions yérg énletiated 20 as to obtatn & percent of oxide 
after the bi po pencils, The latter were submitted 


: to the nctionof.4 a dak in the.game direction, fur- 


. shed bya Arathine jc-nachine of siiMic! lent power to 
form an electric arch of from 0°4 to 0°6 inels in lengtti>--The 
negative pencil being placed below, tho following results 
were observed: - 

1, Thecomplete decomposition of Phosphidoof lime. Un. 

: der the triple influence of electrolytic action, calorificaction, ' 

; and the reducing action f the carbon, the reduced calclum 
accumulated on the negative pencil, and burned {in contact 

! with the air) with a reddish flame. Thelimoond phosphorle 

+ geld produced abundant smoke. The light obtained, measured 
by tho photometer, was double that Siekled by pencils of 
similar dimensions made from &8 retort residuc, 

2. Chloride of calcium and borate and silicate of limo were 
also decomposed; but the boracic and silicic acids seemed to 





bo volutilized through tho action of the current. Leas light i 
was obtained In this case than with the phosphate of lime. i 
4. Silex rendered the pencils worse conductors, diminished 
ithe light, and melted and volatilized without becoming de- |! 
composed. : 5 
4. Magnesia and borate and phosphate of mngnesin were 
decomposed, Magnesium in vapor went to the negative pen- 
ell, and burned, in contact with the alr, with x» white tame, 


Magnesia and borncic and phosphoric acids exeaped in oe | 


stato of smoke. ‘The augmentation of the Nght was lesa 
thnn with the Imo salts, i 
5, Aluminum and silicate of atuminum were decomposed | 
only with a very strong current and large electric arch; but | 
under these circumstances the decomposition was quite man: | 


ifest, ant the alamtnonm vapor could be seen leaving the neg: } + 


alive pole, as from a gus Jet, burning with adult bluish flame, 
Tho authors state that, considering that tho flame and! 
smoke whieh accompanied these electro-chemical Hight | 
would prove a great obstacle to thelr utilization, they con- 
tinued thelr experiments no farther, They point out, how- 
over, that the Introduction of foreign boilics into pure carbon 
pencils {4 an excellent mode of studying tho effect of elec- 


tricity upon such bodies, which is susceptible of many very |. 


Hutoresting applications, 


le ‘secours des rhéostats* qu'on emplote .fim 


D 

Cn construisit stivant les deux systimes, Les plus 
employées, en France, sont celles de Breton, de Gailey § 
de Trouvé, de Mangenot, de Rulimkorff ; en Angleterre, 
celle de Weiss; en Allemagne, celle de Stohrer. 

armi les machines faradiques tes pls praliques et 
Jes plus portatives, Gaiffe en a constrnil plusieurs : une 
en chlorure d'argent, dont Vemploi est journatier, 
paree qu'elle n’oceupe qu'un trés- petit volume qui 
permet au médecin de lemporter avec lut; une autre 
au sulfate de mercure, présentant 4 peu prés tes 
mémes avanlages, se ie 

Trouvé est allé plus lon comme commoiité, 11 es) {20 de Se garter contre toute tentation d’éelairer Ia 
Fauteur d'un appareil d'induction dont chaque partie | Uls que lon suit. ue . Bi 
se démonte, et qui peut faeilement étre ports dans Test facite de se l'expliquer. Qui ne éprouvé cet 
une trousse médicale, La pile qui ta met en action est | et d'une extinction partielle de Ia vue pendant un 
celle petite pile de poche dont nous avons déja parlé, | MDS Plus ou moins projongé, dts que le regard 
et qui marehe au bisulfate de mereure. sse d'éire frappé par un abjet trés~éelairé, epee 

Dans tous ees appareils, ee qu'on a toujours cherché, C'est co qu'il importe Souverainement déviter, a 
c'est t régler les intermittences du courant, Dans un wir bien voir, rene realement devant lui, aun 
certain nombre de machines, 'imermittence se produit | ut autour de lui, 4 1 celeriettt comme & Vintéricur 
Ala main, au moyen d'un mécanisme facile & dépla- | Liavire, Pofieier doit dire toujours dans Vobscu- 
cer, mais ne donnant gure que des secousses irré~ |!6. 3 7 : 
gulliéres. Déji Duchenne de Boulogne avait adapté & | Le but des phares électriques des navires sera sur-- 


: ; vty 
Ses appareils une pédalo, mais Vinconvénient était te | Ut le révéler lour présence dans horizon, et cela, 
méme : une distance qu’augmentera ou raccourcira Pétat de 


1 hy 

Le docteur Onimus, ayant des recherches physiolo- |ttmosphére. : : 
giques.A faire sur le pneumogastrique, et tenant & |:Si ce but pouvait etre een le bait des Pee 
avoir des intermittences isochrones, fit. construire par [28 serait conjure na de larges poe Hong. a co: 
Trouvé un appareil trés-remarquabte au point de vue al fait qu’on stabort panes eest quion ne s’es bi 
de Ia facon dont on peut modifier & son gré tes inter- |, et que les deux Bee ne so meee en 
mittences : un eylindre de laiton, mi par un mouve- éme pas, Bien Sotivent cela se passe-alnisis j 
ment dhorlogerie, et armé d'une série de dents, es- | U'apparition subite d'un phare révétera la pri sence 
pacées suivant une lol, ‘permet au courant de passer | tit-navire. Dis lors on bows on est ies Bares, 
dans le cireuit autant de‘fois qu'on te juge névessaire | iétidie Ia route quill aa ce Lees a 
dans un espace de temps donné. Un volant -sert. & | flance le toes do lumi at ae u ri il er 
régler la vilesse du mouvement @horlogerie. 4 mesures tet par pe situation reciproq ao - 

Avee co mécanisme, to probléme do I'intermit- | tie; on modére allure s'il y a liew, et si l'on se 
tence paralt résolu aujourd'hui, * tte sur tribord, par exemple, on lindique en jetant 

: Itat ézal t obtenu dans cet-appa- n faisceau de lumiére en grand .sur tribord. Cette 

Un autre résultat également obtenu Ie fae a te tani : 
reli, ct basé sur le principe des machines de du‘Bols~ ‘écieuse  manauvre du filseeau de lumitre es 4 
Ia: mond c'est celui de pouvoir varier la tepii0pe-ns |kemple de toute difftculté ; chacun lo sail. ae 
ae f “"Nous:croyons, répétons-le, que la lumiére électrique 

‘cutllisée.rendratt de ‘grands services & la RLU Gen 


MARINE FRANCAISE 


La bobine ost montée sur ulr chariot mo} nM 











0 Bo LT wa Re TELA 









































































! - PPS. + 
EW METHOD OF ETERMINIG ; : get se 
: ee ; POINTS OF METALS AND OTHE ngTA = SE low | 
| HYDROGEN, AND ITs- SUBSTITUTES an By Dr. Ina, ed eta ead sha 
y FOR THE LIME-LIGHT, Le i f ; 4A KNOWLEDGE of the bolling polnta of ty lds 4 alee f 
J PTHEN making uso of the timotight reGently it f ' fen amon pressure has the same ight value i, endl 
i Phin occurred to us, onys the British jiquraat of k f form has tn giao hime rons cach other as cryatalling “thoura; all that Is required is to keep tho ‘grense-bores | a : 
jofography, that puro ron could sily |}! is q poxtics, . : q : fie 
provkueed while tho lantern exhibition was roing an. |) if Hoguishing phyeteal clamneteristics In ers cree ee t of tho machines full, and to clean the Tattor dally. Tho): ‘ 
jfile, wo ara very wll arate, i ze naw iden, or it j ie in en Z a lds, thelr purity ta determined by ‘the con. a> + folectric light does not eee eaters th ha 
journal, Th the absence, howarer, of any special ! tT awhich are decompose yo cone Seepting those liquids } factory, and consequently does not dry the alr, nelthor 
Apparatus for this purpose wo oxtemporiaed -n |’ pe : esol evaporation, Ag Togurds : 
Wontfe’s battle of Jarge dimensions, into ona neck 








ithe temperature of the Hotta. 


f i hotnt certal 
. tad ate . tin 
of whick was insortod a tong glass tubo terminating tions Nave heen ellxe 





























































» | does it consume any oxygen nor charge the atmospho 
phyatcal con “ ‘with carbonte acid and other ‘products of combustion, 
covered as dependent sore} 3 Paris; i + ane ee 
ina‘'bell” at tho uppor ents The bottles ave @ of substances dongle to ‘ongunle ohne if ho makors of the Grainme apace year Tha fact of its not altering the appearance of colors i 
tet several atrips of no | laced in a rertical posi: rey cr, a Teruna the termporaturg of the melting qok Thomas & Powell, a en, and at tho F f has cansed It to be ndopted by dyerg. a 5 
on inside, was mado rather moro than half fu tints Tor aust adinit that the connection between the} {#0 7/4 RYorke, © ‘ me ‘ Tho expenso of tho electrie light is given as follows: :° 
; with alate suphurie a poi haa aera eae: d oj on one aa festa neu thy physieat comntitee . ‘Tho system of direct lighting, howover, 1s not spp 4 The cost vr amachino with lamp, giving light equal to i. 
tha omission of the gas a atream of reat alentiness ‘importa of a Knowledge of the melting petnee ineeinet? ’ fi Mabte to weaving or spinning sede, tho caillsge ie |] 500 earcel Jets, ia nbout $450, and there will represent : 
ingsbottio, wae conreyol to the bumnee, oshere % “tudes ake into conside he mumber of onan ; ue Athich are low; tho light ts much too intonso, d ‘| feom 50 to 70 gas jots, according to circumstances, : 
rized with the oxygen and yielded an pamirabla Hele we ha ee cae tien kant (wh rything which impedes. Y—shsMeG, snynnvene || Tho powor required fs equal to 2-horse samnpine i 
+ From our experience folt antisfed that fi ennection lie : ae shadows. ; y stated, is 
with to of tio taliermone to inka to ines of : fan oa gan OF the bundy wal its metting-poi ag : os eee legates that of the simn,, and the cost of the carbon points, ns alrenily } 
4 tho other whilo it was being recharged with fres ‘ crely referring to thy eleme : problem was to g 4 
liquid—a supply of hydrogen could be obtained 


mMple, do plutit 
under such pressure and in auch juantity asto pee? Dlatituan and f 



















of coal has to.bo taken into account for tho. steam- ! 





healt 2 thie Tins’ 4 conte’ por hour for each lamp, Nee the i Ins 
y by roflection 5 an: : t ts inconsidcrable, and when that ! 
: temperature ‘of the allowa objects 4 sft Pac Wht, by raeans of a: «|| that of water tho cost fs in » 
servo tho purpose of an axhihitign of soveraf hours’ , os Mercury fy already Itquid. at been -achloved by. throwing 
i|duration, An improvement upon tho Woulfa’s rolnt ¥ 
i{ bottle was afterwa ecured in tho aloption of a 


i aut hyperbolic ‘reflector, on tho whitened callings and: 
i] modified form of Daberciner's lamp, This piece of ea he melting. 

































bringing tho | 
engine, it amounts tod cents per hour, Q 
i Hontly ‘tumtnated | ta hour, and Iubrication is act } 
points of other metals "ee! i walls, when the machinery is sufiici t total up to 8 cents por hour, 
apparatus, in its ordinary form, consists of a glans “tins ath but the ane densities of the mori reee ee by: flection to catiso overything-to'be scon as on'n down nL about } sal mete, while tse weer. of hs tas 
{| iar with o flat metallic cover, into which is cemonted a wt into this, To follow this faguiry fur Ss no oe 

tho neck of a flask without 's bottom, When tho { too far from our nM 


| nit pitrpose “ her would lead ‘bgight sunny day, while oyo is not fatigued, nothing ts 
i is covered the flask reaches nearly down to its a4 i{extlon; Whi » Twill onl 


chinery is regarded:ns nil, Taking for basis that an 


















heeirres . ber of. 
calendee put ona more paihfally brilliant, and nothing obscure.’ H electric Inmp only replaces tho minimum num! ; 
ttom s tha upper end of the flask terminates in a ih el eatin deter tha fact that Leper factory7nt Daoars, in the Annet j gas jets, namely; 60, it in? Umes cheapor than gas, mo-,- 
meee’ ot altaced to which is a fino jet, and by a kas 80 yo P H : ment of tho Sommo,.covers an ‘area of 4,730 sqiinra} {Fo power not includud, and 4 times cheaper, taking. 
0 task, “hee tee antes Wesel hal ‘ied ny nfurtble n . es fect; itis. ground floor, 140 fect long, 38 fect wide,| tho cost of driving as estimated above, : : 
nl dilated fulpburia acid, ‘and tho atop: . Hing. tote alned, whether i sheet ‘| Theso facts compose a strong caso, and tho ‘success 
+B pBe air in’ the flask is Uriven o: i 4 os, Is 
whi ted acid to coma in contact wit iy anc EY bei 


mely 

s caused an ovolution of aia 
r portion of the flask, in whi ¥ 

aura. 
Tiqnl 


yet ft 


; 4} which hs been obtained ts ensily ascertalnod. » A per. | 
carding the Physical! Sry ; 7 


her injures tho ; 
\| fect light as regards colors, which nelt! 0, 
) Tes unhealthy 

vice cu eyes of the workpcople nor renders factor! 
dl the a jarisee of | et y Uniler these een aceite sane . P i contaminating'the alr, while immonsely reduces 
ch it hh , by opening the! : Tee to xely fT mak think, t nm. tts which provent | tho risk’of firo, and which saves 75 por cont on : a : 
z = a | : a aver j The defi cost of gaa lighting, possesses so many advantages that. 
xt to rise in tho flag! | ! | : 
bla a contau| 2 i] cable ext ro it is only psabened bois minnufacturers aro no! a 2 
Ronctator “st He D metals, fats, ete, : sent ee 3 ct eee 

indo of w on . a vers ister be age ton 

















perlor. to ‘that: given -by ordl., 
and at onco local and gonoral in all: 
his method cor f 
: { layer of the mubstane 
hath of mereucle mined, he platinum ps into a 
bell, 0 gulvante'cel un electric 
the conting 1 So long ns]. 
unmelted, t remulas “ 
greaiuully : Heath a pb hek 
trie ebro ys and ths clos : 
other a leak ature Is rend at that instan 
almost reachi 


4 : feo 
ELECTROSILICIO LIGMT, 2 2 
By G, Puante. Vor 


WIEN f platinum wire cross2sa eaplilary tubo filled wit 
a one ‘olution, and a current of clectricity: caused by Wis 
250 to 300 secondary couples (depending on the nature 
J the salt) ia passed through the wire, the glass fuses, even in 













ener Eee ye 


See PEN I ATOR aE 
























i i¢s front 4 ght.» When} 
power: t nil ;-each lamp’ consumes from 8 tact with the Hquid, and ents a dazzling Hight i 
No tivo powor:fs almos He Salata vantiode: and tha cost the Knob of platinum hn become counted with aw slase, it is] . 
i te eee melting; 16:4 laches of the eartion I ticks tia coat for Q isolated from the Hquid, and the ght disappears, With a; 
}aion there lop the means for}! melting. i heh Us with accuracy the of.thoii‘bélng 1 ‘cent por’ inch; the paynetfion Rand pare of salt, 250 to 00 secondary. palrs are necessary :! 
attaching a pipe to convoy away tho gas, Whon | heat, ms hen A eee conductors of |; 1 Tho 70:gas jote ‘by iw! 
ditutod acid i poured into tho rossel, hydrogen isi de 





ie con. er hour, § 
ab aly) known, Y DOssess 1 con. lamps is 4 conte pr 
freat abundance in that division con: f tt t i DAsess 


with nitro, 60 pairs cqual to 00 Bunsen’s cells. Tho Intensity! 














































es vega (glass, ‘ 

1 the fin ‘ the samo factory was formorly lghtéd ‘cost 42 conte eae eta by tho heat, whifo aight Spor it 

: ; Mployed for this Bet or aoa vde4 Mert mes “4 “\ [which 4s oly Tho spcetrum of the: 

h , : r- hour, ‘ 0 ey : is evolved. he &]-ect : 

tap itexerence ‘ach rane poncho teals aieea| aren : re estatiees to bo @3 1 . re We co umerato several other factories where! il O ainot tat orth ae combined with the sillea; a frag 

chambor‘as to drive it all into, tho oer, halt off fs 1 it, m nebroxtinat ; this Nght has -beon’ uused ‘successfully ‘for moro than‘al- ment of cale-spar under the same circumstances guve cal 

edgoat partition docs nat ane amet ¥ te me ste Vised hy M, Lawe y Fear, but. will: only sum; up somo of- Its advantages. | cium spectrum, Tio raya a elena are’ 20 weal Aa in tho’ 

¢ 7 the Jength of {bs Lube, oF by tho Sompression oe tinieniae fe be regre 3 4 ite jess, thio effect on colora {8 an {inport=) vistote through the very brig 

of tha air in tho other chamber, the pressuro underd — "former rel 
which tho hydrogen fs to be omittod cla beprckial ~ ii Archie, i, Ph 


with caso.’ Provision is alao mndg to add either zinc] 


same way is the spectrum of carbon fg not visible in the fa-, - 
orncld without interfering with’ tho ateady geno. 


; ant ‘constdcratlo is found that with ‘the olcetria 
OF nect » Hi} E 













: pscent voltaic are, on by 
ra 4 10 ‘darkest colors are worked nt night quite curileseant aiticon Is the enuse of the light {s show n by its! s 
IMeY expected Ught‘even.tho ‘dar . But th fica, and it probably arises: :, 
fad wit Twill bo fein, She ates Abeee in the case of n piece seen asin the daytime, Anotlier iinportant con. formation wlth crystals of eee eee at thee hi ellten by 
rating of thogas. It wil found advantageoua not : erty, . y : p A vandesee io ? 
. mae to place tha ‘parittion ino vertical, but rather ina : vary y arsenot {rent jalderatlon Is that“of’fire;’ nn-elcetrio Jamp roplaces from the inc 
: . : alnnting, position. Guttapercha or vuleanite will] ©] 42! ¢ Thi 0 
answer quite well ns material of which to construct ; 







the intense heat.—Compt, Rend. 












tho Genorator, although thin shect lead, backed by 
wood, will prove mora durable, ng the dituted seid | 
ns no action npon this metal, i. 

One caution wo must hora appond : do not collect | 
ho hydrogen for uso until nll the nir has been 
expelled from the Upper part of the generator—u 
mixturo of atmospheric air and bydrogen being 
explosive, : 


4] whieh mean, 
. tinct the df It 
ot absolute nee 1 : 

H iy ae ierence in the eonuctin aie 

| mmei mun of the wire and th 

nduced by the f 

helmahnven, healdien reapfshag fart of Ww 

« 




















in 





ferent white metals ‘of i. 
wh 
*pechnens contained ihoud G ro 
quired oxnet determinations of the my 
: only ete for this Durpose employ: 5 
: at i conan 
! arrangement fectete teaj 
















Sn 
electricity aud heat, but a me Borate ee | | : | 
to the determination of iting if : : | = 
 Whieh are xood e Te nt 

















oh We, 





sy cn HET TRL 
{[iurctao Siuscic Liait,—M. Gaston Plante recently called ‘atlention to the luminous effects 
‘bbtained by causing one of the poles of a powerful secondary battery to touch the side of a 
norcelain vase containing a saline solution,’ Jn another experiment, by means of which he + 
exhibited the aspiration produced by the electric current around a platinum wire traversing a . 
-capillary tube, it was also observed that, if the current exceeded a certain intensity, the limit of | 
i E + which depends on the nature of the saline ‘solution used, the glass then fuses, even in the liquid, ; 
‘LEOTRIO. LIGHTS. ch nd gives forth a bright light, The extremity of the platinum wire, which is made Aa balls ey 
aGieeiiim (Pre ; : pecomes enveloped ina mass of melted glass, and the Jight is maintained brilliant during he dis~ 
“ReNDERnD ©" THROUGT : : 3 - charge of the secondary battery, until the glass, cooling ‘around the electrode, completely isolates; 
“eri "as GRE CENSANTE( y s a. it from the liquid. When a solution of rack salt is used in the voltameter, this luminous effect : 
{ - colar acta a ‘ requires for its production the ronan of from 250 ; je secondary couples ; but incense of nd i 
die Soe oe x * ash solution is employed, the light is obtained with-sixty secondary couples, the inte: " t 
ee ¥ . ash solution is em C fe y couple 4 
Cixcrnxatt, Jiine 2 fer, some weeks ‘of . } corresponds nearly to'that of nincty Bunsen couples,” The manner in which saline solutions act, in 
y 
“experiment the. new clectrio “lamp “using an“ bridiue |: . hl connection with glass silex brought to a high temperature by the electric current, is vatied, because + 
Tburner, propared under tho patent trsued toJobs Hol: : “HA | of thio greater or less degree of fusibility of the silicates formed, as M. Carre has noted, by com: 
‘land, the gotd pen imanufactarer of this city, ins been ig mali Pt Sak : ‘ peony tines i" sk oe 
acl ne an the fa nig rs a oaks ted ratte nope one, pee sae conta 
i he y 2 7 s ry 
Peer ae ieee a ee sults Pre or plies sl fs ‘A greater energy is required for its manifestation at the positive pole; but 
jpatent for an are Ivht, with tho eubstitution. 2 iB tube or glass surface, greater! By s i s ated by notalle crepitation. At 
fata Irldlum burner far the lower or negative electrode,. Mm itis there ess noisy, aban ot the negative electrode, where itis attended by we waged. which nets 
NL ee eee ea lig uae ton : the ao eT Te At ie ame time the glass is strongly attacked and’ devitrificd. The 
need only fa the small particles found In ite native state * bi it ia ey of the Tight may at first be attributed to the lime combined with the 
Sos: jien polites-in Gumweotion with pavunlinrous. 18 Anas i but rth spectrum be examined, it will be seen to present fev appreciable rays, except some traces - 
state lean fe fhaed as t)000" Funpentelt pi ena ia of those of sodium, * On the other hand, a fragment of calcarcous spath placed in the same con- 
aug dertred shone, Dy drrocues. of Habe trite _ } ditions, while also giving a very brilliant light, has a continuous spectrum nue cave ths i 
fiesigniit) yonitersd won: fualble it Lens (hae 2.0002, Sehlle * characteristic rays of calcium. In both cases the spark, formed at the negati ve pole al ove 4 
“the degree of heat attained tn the lanp $s 4,900, B AB Siteate of potash solution. gives, before the contact of electrode wilh ‘the glass or spath, the 
githe nse of ani Irlalim burner Bs the" kuventtou of fr. : votassium lines: but these lines disappear as soon asthe most brilliant light from cither glass. o1 
Viittaw Thomas,a yonug and stelng clectriclan of thle path is produced. The silicium lines, according to a Kircholl’ Investigations, pee es this 
x applied for n patent. The Wyle ix reranth- a . use of the luminous intensity of the spectrum formed, just as the 1. 
aby han, mete aud nen, re being none of tho evident they ile Tot Pheer his in the spectrum of the incandescent carbons of the ollaie as 7 
Hare and fiieketing found fn the other cleetrie utp. + The silicic origin of this light is also proved hy the fact that it is manifested on contact of the’: - 
Stan , 2 Hels t the iridium speeds 7 ilex in the state ofe ystals of hyaline quartz. In this case, however, about 100 
De edn SAnktar-tacape und otbeck uae boro electrode with pure silex On the © i ducti As the silex itself may be decomposed by 
Iazkp anda Maxim Jamyp, and others used hero an the i ! secondary couples are necessary for its production. ; as tl eee ttsen, teadlls: from ihe Incane 
“streets, the foriner shines with the puro white brilthiney ; MS currents Of great tension, the luminous fect probab y sa 5 a” “hhe ne ie Deville and Woshler 
a pian annie De ee i ieee - the ee eeloeie Pe as roles to. distinguish ‘the light from that produced 
pArisun. ave shown 1c ana t. Nicte Holt a. Sreenti , : 
“he gt Iv af 4,000 ‘caudte-power, from a ons-amba- between the carbon points, M, Dante designates it as the electro-silicic light.- Scientific American 
“Malt: power. enging’ riuning a Maxlu machine with: eee. eee Sri: ‘; ‘ 
$1100 revolutions per. miunte. (Tha burner nace 
‘ ‘avont half an Ineo da) length: sand of ithe: 
Ize of .an” onlluary | lead -penell, welghlog.” only 
ve pennyweights,.. Severnt of, them. have. been 
£ in tho. daytime for soveral sweets” without 
showing my loss of substance whatever, tho expe 
monte shewlng that the burner is practically Indestruct!-, 
Stes. ; ” : ee 
It (a tho expectation tofurniah them at about $7 per 
\ burner. Atte from their frdesteuctibility, tt is found 
that ninuch better Nght fs furntatend hy this burner ata 
much sinaller expenditure of power than by olbor 
Jampa. Tatheesperluenuts, while with both olectrodes 
+of carbou no Nght was prodticed, the subytitutton of the 
inkdiam point have a Mght- of several hundred ‘candla- 
power. Iridlun gives fran. passage’ to tho: currunt ; in 
way saving ont: least 40-. per “ennt:: 9 
tricity, andit-t4 ctalined ‘that with: thy ‘satnd 


FAMount. of power seven: irldlum lamps caniho ured 
whereas tho wld way. the’ current: will feed any ily 
Some cuthislaatio scluntiats clains: double te nuuber of 
icitiun. Iamps for. tho cane power, ut ., Fro. 
feasor’ Didley, who is. counected. with | the. axperi- 
nonts, 8 mora: madest, saya that 


\ 





lipon Rover to ilvo in favor o 

‘De atated that the -iridiain bien 

game ciromt with carbo Lai} 

Lor atenls tho current frou: tha 

conductlyity 

tho +; point Pe Myh al tho 

WANG» pice, * iv as a 

Soouslng Lan ‘ithout |; 

the tse of sit xf ; ueceRsary 

If certain 

4Oxp rhuenta. 
for that purr 


mete ty 
ey he ie ater so XV TEE 








closed, 
ened ef the 






have from 1 
dt othor count 
fs no doubt ti 





‘one In ¢! 





‘i ea (, 
nt I rolled es of ma 
i : : f { a of led in starch | Sa: 
j i} h ¢ Inside of tho glute: +) 
fal than insertedy aed | ROT, Wild oremens, Wie 


erh 
meter, Is Hon of these mre sp ators mentioning the pctical apple 
pro. 


C. (818 Paty ; ducin eight eae beeially ng a a means 0 


somo of thom 0 Witheat eof explana- 


ral nt, 
. t 
f il. J ren ch Th red too ‘wea nad 


hs ox, 

+ for 4 

sultability of 4 
ase, 


lucency—. rays without di ——_——_ 
bis sre emt ial hort COOIINEAL-RED FOR WOOLEN GooDg 

gh 
mete, a Bleseen, Marites, iB Sct tis By A. Rienateren, : 

par, ft KILO, 
Ue tabla on which the ! j ppciitaeal ta n i : 
T5 i } i other nee s 
, tw 















F GRAMISE AALS AND 1 OMe Tt ; bens ery 
LETTER, PROM PROWESSOR {CARROLL ON : hoe yenusomne, | P yelng, 
GLADIS 70 THE INVENTION (OV: THE ; With those dlewesthed by! ne. t i 


NENATOR—THSTIMONY OF PROVE SO! | 


—DESCRIVTION OF TILE Two Mast 















——SS=S==____— 
fonolng the aniwo th JET For A WASIEROTTIR. 


tho phyatcat cablne: Bi. 
ollowtn 

Inmmission ap. i y ig useful tei'ter g : 

Preneh Academy nor MM. Grommo took ely wai rot, Buen Taodet for a sash. bot I je Gene ote 

; I of stout glass tubo; 84 ar herg: « representa | sucees 0. fae tile clans of muchlne is not a 


to. ths Secretaire Ve 







CItNES. 
othe Hdttor of The Tribune. | 
sin: In mv correspondence with yeu on tho Elec- fuagualle Tone 








trlo Exhibition, I had sade montion of the tittle : 
vata aymmnge e Beiter ee py © two corks; andc a Pleco h when the machine is minde f fa mold 
cnerated lo revolve 


rm 8 sufliciently Sait such quick 





Poolnotti dynamo-gencrator, Its. presanco” lowing reagons i incitt need in vile, mactine a 
ithition baa exelted goncral interest and | aetyety reat Coe MU ant gf! rou’ wire or of 





lnuows current 










on from the fact that it seems to yroflgure a. eovernl dlacs fitted to; etlier, be . : lump of colored 44 
‘ ~ Beeo! —| the important point of difference D flags 
hich has sateen ry fu this thoimportent lectathe ctrrente blow. pipe. nul then gu 






c a 6 Dobbin at the points of the greatcat mage 
[eye natty eyo ponte tho, magnetio polos, _ to bo 
Which was thoreason’ of tho fallaraof iis machine, 4 
Seams, eg nett plata ee on 
yoloped fn the bolibin at the ne jee initiertal 

Tam sorry thot tho thao ia too short to: ecnd yon a dc, Hie Se 
complote Fporty bub WhNt I ave pointed out will Do vl meng jean 1 Bran 
"T : 


































shoo magnet, 































auliictout for you to Anite : F é 

7 IBZ tho Socieléd" Encouargement de Paris deercod 4 mo. a 

to ofer to your tnitganice, 0 Drlof sum. igi Gremio mize of 3,000 frances a Jn 1870 tha eqenet rs und the ret ‘ at tho Wear ag magnet, ee 

ty of the mali points in the didcusaton : Chambre des utes voted att xiraoninary pte of a Pal 8 Rae tice we pes etre 

Up to'sboiit 1860 tho machiio now known ns tho 70,000 france fo ae aed to Irs Keene ero, Grane. : Ale Jong by 78, t iia : mage ony adapted to i ay ad us. 
machine i : 

all classes of alte ously given to 


saa also croatedt Chovallor of tho Lerion of. Honor, und 


dynainé-clectric generator had uot advanced boyond tun of. Honor, und 






of the Order of Leopold, All ticaa 
conncetion with well known in 


talnly not dnve bean conferred yon itty, had his inven- : if nas 














tho potnt of perfection of tho old “ Sarr he F 
ve Pfuiro, In. wifich a series of epaois of wire,’ enfoldiny ion not been an arigtpal one, I remain, dear alr, | 
vy ach its separate coro of Rofl iron, wworo’ sot around yours, eal snobby Parts; ; WERDERMANN, rors, the al ko 
Bio, rin of “a, clreutar dso, and by. its el arte On the, morning of my Aeparture from ‘Tarts. ; way pene. 
ought into-rapidly. successive contact ba ho Septombor 9, I hadi bricf interview with M. Grammo 5 cM trucklonts of 
ples of tho so-cafled field magnets. | 1h this fori himacié at the honso of Lis confidential advisor, M. ‘ Thy extent 
ay f 1 the 










armaturo tho cores, it will bo observed, were per- 
bndlcular to tho plano of the wheol, while tho wire 
bils, naturally, wero wrapped parallel to this) 
Blanc.’ In.18U0 Professor Vacinotti, of Visa, in- 
ented a now ‘armature, firat oflcinlly mado known 
Romo years after, Jn this form tho soft iron core is 
Aontinuous;a Lar of solfd metal bent into a ring, 

aud wrapped at intervals with spools cr bobbins of 


Hippolyto: Fontaine. The points brought ont wore 
In ofloct attclins I have stated, M. Fontaine arp Se 
with especial emphasis tho following heads: In THE ALBUI ane 

purely. theoretto rogards, tho Paciuuttl whool i Tur: en eats ROMETER OR FLOUR TESTER, 
gupplies, it Is conceded, tho iden, the selentitie germ A fo working It by t Ney way of w 

of tho: Gromino urnatire, But tho Pacinotti im ee buyers, aro éxcellent pers, ght ot 


machino was o modest little bit of apraratus ; worthy, Wo ale 
glves “the follow 


































ator, fixed on 
bya elmple ar. 








er tube, and one fin, 
. ser sulle 
directions, The arrangement ‘loes He 















It was not ton, 






















wire in folia perpendicular to the plano of motion, {about tho mzo of au ordinary Kitchen consent the elustict 
ca : ‘ i avas novor uscd for the production of electric force | b clanticity ] ME graph ii 
and go presontod to the magnotic poles in a position ot tho modorn ‘commoreint footing, and could not. partly fn sect Ul gtuten e THOD OF B TRACTING AND PURIFYING of tang ihe 
aks chines, for tele 

































‘[ at. right angles vil a of the he mt havo donu'so oven tf got up on tho most largo anil. D, jallghtly 
Fiction ln ecnwtnte alvstele iclenesy the. innaliln olaborato sonle, It novor passod front the scluntifico-. a ™ i By Taxyevay, ection, au 
Minestalets ctr tndforexannent, nna | | omatnenal ote tt eee gece Bahia hel rte gente tlic ah al en ni Bl chy tele 
fiially—it Lam rightly informed—relegated to the Idea, atrnele ont his awn invention, an Indepondent 4 piston that accurately tty tho Inside of ihe ee ules decoction ot on bark [4 idle to one ate od It vena with { nied 
' eee . Sepiratton with lime, saturation, ae 


lines, anil promptly doveloped it. to its present 
nolut of auppiying “commmurclul electricity, at pay : ouk-back is again repeated, Tho yleld an {reattent with 
ng prices, to nll the various departments of lmman ‘ Is gal to be greater, aud that of mol crystalline sugar 
4 utility in which it is now oiuployed, E if usual process.—Chem, Centr, olussea tess, than: by tho 
1 Tn dius becoming the mouthpiece of views which sh oi . 
no tovhinical clans of py ey Warrint mo in urghy ————> 
moro posit wely or, minutely, J. yvonture to hope. Ors IN BREAD, 
By L, Pasreun, 














‘shelves of tho, mhyslcal enbinot, if not actually dis- 
ounted. 0° = ere 
8dmo\ yoars later, M. Gramme, then a plain, 
Loughtful, practieal inechantclan in Paria, guilttess 
“ofall knowledge. of. Italian or Italian scientific 
Toporta, struck out his own form of magneto-cleotrio 
‘wwheol, which under tho name of the Gramme arma- 
ture is now known to all onlightoned countries, and 
‘los: at. tho hotiom ‘of all: present devices for pro- 
‘duolug magneto-oleotricity. His armaturo prosents 
iking foatures of: resomblauca with tho Pact. 
in the osscntinl idea, while itcombincs olomonta 
chanical dutail which: fumensely increase its 
effect, and. ronder ‘it practically; availablo, for com- 
fal production, . His continuous circular’ coro 
tevlf s bundle of wires, not. a solid bar, and his 


led by the 
0 advan. 
ated. Perhaps one of 
ce machinethen used for 















havo not wearlsd tho pationco of your readers, : It 
In baroly possible that this commiinication may bo, 
of intorest to porsons: apocilically iutorested «in 
seionce, 198 well os to that large class of Hboral and 
alort minds‘which love justico’ in: all mattors of 
tractlent invention, capecially in one whitelt boars 80 
poworfully on human progress and happinoss ny the £ 
art of maguoto-eloctrislty. Very Tespoctinily yours,’ : ye ay f 

oa are Citantes CALnoLe. | « . ‘ ' litgle b fi 

New-York University, Sopt, 24, 1881... ree Of Mi 
ae as «I about, mad 

which wa: . 


a: 
There Is, therefore by some Y 

hons; the only resutt j vo the 

tiste.—Chem. Centr, a to give the 
































Modifeutio 





| 12 rls dalle needl 
LIGHTING By ELpatn, BYE aa = . ‘or a considerable ti 
Y ELECTRICITY, Whilo speaking of the application of magnetomachincafor { 






iy Tue discovery of electri telegraphi 
‘. j= in is sear feu ds tho Ryiiation by 3 Sie Fa araday those of Aestr, Sletene nd Tak, “ad or Whee 
y of utllizing 1 ‘0 | Ono of t ome) ‘; 
1 rating a curtent of clectrietty.” power a8 A means of gone. alneg thal of Chu ena amend and Ttateko monet! 
Rah of Aig tate Tepresents 60 fora the Noval Society thatif'n mingctBeed hae ot ey res first brought out about the ycur 1831. In this, inatoat ot 
i 2 . er vd Tr : % 
eit nuovo mentioned, I:rocelyed ‘from tho wall ; : be, 1 nly capable of de : p Is, at the moment of innodst es of Insulated wht, there thnt diane ponent i val if vena le oti alba 
own: olectrielan, Professor. mann, the ful: . ‘2 huplo contrivanc of clectricity setup in. a cert fh . at tho magnet, a current | of soft iron, helbae had four Tol vial bd 20 ca tae 
Howieg blerotesdlanats he fol ; , : destgued wire fanulug the helix, While, on thee ak eated 7 from end to end, its cross ection reaembling a double 2. 
fies iit ory el u : : 
takes placer He fee stecuztent, In an opposite dection {aie of bo ayfitr Te ck ennter hat bg ron core ee 
was to bo observed if for the ma at tho same phenomenon | insulated wire formed a completo cylinder. Tho end of tho 
of Insulnted wwito, through wee fe was substituted a coli | wiro was soldered to the axis of the cylinder, while the othor 
elemont was passing: and fiethoe Current from a voltale | was fixed toa small Insulated metal ah at tho extremity of 
call of svire sina mata to revalyo peters tho potest cane i ne rates on thi ring a sp riDg cama i one of the term, 
ent magnet, electri a. {nals of t t 
Ss guct, tc currents wero Juduced fn thowira of | cing connected direct to the axis The ple oan 


ty ho takes off; his. current op commutator ¢ 
nore wttrictly,-.a colloctor arranged on princlpla: 



















. i : 3 1 








poe SRNCOUSse, Were 
r Tolmes’ mach ne, which prod 
lighthouse, Subsequently the new ro pitted 
pairs against each oth two being in tho high 
land the oth se. Care was taken In 
| ech instar Thus, whenever 
femens be na above, the ob- 










ember: 
1, Tho now machines mark 8 great ailvance, both in ccon- 
on. qT application of the electric 
ie 
Thus, th 


ancy as to cost and volume w; 
the small Stemens machine, 
equal to that of Holmes‘, 
exists in all azimuths; 
of the observations t 
n given to place the ca 
lemena ‘in thelr best position.” Th 
headed “Observations ashoro" will th 
thispolut, The size and expense of 
ag Chino ure only fractions of those of G. 
and expense of Gra 
Holmes. I was verbul 


















The lenses should 


i neers, and should 
consist of a menisens Ions towards light, anda plane. 


I 
ourex towards tho alide, tho to convex surfacea Ibly equal to 1 
being as near. horns son catl mount them. Tho T, 
ront lensoe” should bo achromn ey and shonld be ed 
mountes4n a tmannde similar to In ‘6 diameter carte ‘ 
leuses¢with a short focus, Noth can bo hetter 

than ncombination ‘Hin, diameter, witha back foens ° al fhe 
of ‘tin. Sach n cainhinntion will give n magnifi. 
) contly Hluminated fiel \t, sharpfrom centre to margin, 

The slides to he nsod Mn: be mada in to ways—Ist, 
. By painting on clear aa 

secondly, by sketching o1 


~auch as the ground glnas uscd for Photographic 
camerag~nnd T hy a 


exhibitora ns to nnmon 


performance of tho 
in relution to its size, 






































e Siemens, as alao that from the 
extraordinary splendor, 






on, and then obtain oth 
alas offexactly tho samo size, 


ent of Mr. Sabine, at the 
i : South Foreland. © The augmentation of light by the coup- 
. Ung together of the two Grammes waa ve Ereat, 
In and mount the two 
‘with Caunda balsam, inst as you would mount 9 . 
imicroscopia slide, I hope our 
“will take the hint. 


fthe union of two small Siemens machines would pro- 
duco an augmentation of the light similar to that obtafned 
from tho union of two Grammes, the employment of two 
such small machines would be extremely handy and eco- 
nomical. With a view to obtalning information on this 
head, I called upon Mr. Curl Siemens, and learnt from him 
that, 80 far as hic knew, no experiment had over beou made 

with the two machinesneting together, Ho Promised, how- 

leces of 7 : ever, to clear up this point by writing to his brother in Ber- 
pea gmonth 8 porsibte, and Im; ond og goon ag his answer reaches mo,it shall be com: 
=— ee municated io the Tepe Brethren, ised awit 
ATU TPT srachaecs 6 induced currents is a poin 
ELECTRIO ILLUMINATION. ig, yeating of the coils by the induc B 


dal! ad still to bo determined, Bul etn the mnahined to lon; 
2 i th publish a report of Professor Tyndall ad- continued action, So faragsI can judge from he experl- 
a « SP fda nity Board, upon the experiments tecently |ments at the South Foreland, the eat developed in 
TTR : trrled out to ascertain tho relative valucs of diferent ap- Grumme's machine is certain to be of no account, 
aratus for producing Intense light. 


Pile in the machines of Sicmens it is unlikely to bo 
Roya1 Ixstitutioy, November 27, 1870. injurious, 

Sin: I beg to inform you that on the 2tat of this month n recording the observations made on the 2st and 22d, 
had the honor of accompanying to Dover the De} puty-/ numerical value, as the Committee are aware, were as. 
faster and a Committee of the Elder Brethren of the Trin. signed to the different lights, I have not thought it neces. 
ty House, with a view to observing from the sca the com- sary to introduce such numbers here. ‘They constitute a 
parative action of the mnagneto-cleciric machines now|concise and convenient mote of recording equalities and 
mounted at the South Foreland, 


liTerences ; but regarded quantitatively, they would, in m 
The machines cxperiinented on wero a8 follows ; opinion, be but poor approximations to the truth. The 


. by Iready established |time for numbers will arrive when the contemplated photo- 
: Sa for ties tears South Forcinage ae metric comparison of the lights has been executed, 


: RSE POWER ABSORUED, AND LIGHT FRODUGED DY TH DYNAMGELEOTRI br, 
TAULE SLOWING THH COST, DIMENSIONS, WEIGHT, HORSE POW 





























































BOUL YFORELAND, 1870-7% 

















; 


Light produced 
SDnmnsroxe. 


Horse-Powen 
a Standany 
Candles, 





Light produced, 
Torso | ‘Reoro- 4p Standank 
Powor | lutions Candles, 
Woighis, be 


1d 
sorbed, stibuto, 











Cone o 
Length. } Breadth. | Telght. pons 3 |Dittaxea 









































































































Zt, 3m. [tons. ewt. qr, Ib. 
ee Pe (TET 
H ? 2 7 41 2690 
f 27 {9 7/41/2540 
een we = = ER RE Ea SE Re 
none ae Siomons (Small, No.8 wo mae 1s 3iod])o03 43 
eee havc F " Siemens Feet No. 68) we aed pe ——| = 
“eet aE ae ise lem , ‘cE ar oon F 2 3 i ra “eat att 
ae " 2 Gramma «hea. iia) ars ia]a 3 3 rt ay 20 B50 | 1sj19k | 9520 | 
2 Siomens (Small; Nos. £8 and oom 
"a invenilons undoubtedly place at 4 
trfed wiih a] 2 Two Grammo's machines. 1 heh ya ee snp er electric ilghts of surpass- BR . 
In tho next placo, the same experiment ‘anne but the} 8. Two Gramme’s machines coupled together. tha a Combining elther the largo machine of Ble- 
plece of vuleanite previously rubbed eine panic peared | 4, Stemens’ large machine, ng ¢ ens gee pc a 
motions of the camphor did not stop, aud thoy was the ease, &. Siemens’ small machine, 4 1 He hs amall machines of Bicmens, with one of the proup- 
to Increase In intensity, ‘l'o test whether this. and then) = Obserrations Afloat.—Tho Corporation's ateamer Galatea wo Ing dloptrle apparatuses which lave been recently de- 
T was led to stop the motions with a nso may judge | was employed in these observations, tho position first chosen | flashing Hoptrle appar light, transcending in power and 
, touch the water with the excited vulcanite, You may heing not far from the Yarne Light, and at distance of vied by De, Hopkins ee pear telctine Seana wrabauty 
“Silence, an supecaied by Tominean a quick way of didagsiting]| 11} rfles from tho Ighthouses on the Foreland. Observa- | in etraney ees anes aes Caan Senta preuelly 
fie sek tro Ay cd, ie foes ot poreet he Ope a tions were subsequently made at various other dis- a olan fe toithie marines the tee ligh i ithe to layed 
ay ascaie cup ve be tous | tances, t, oven shou a 4 
ted Mania conpeeing a Pista ore rai ‘Thus ae the first place, the now machines sending thelr.cur-j at the Lizard, A fixed Nght, ev _be uae 
z te : c 
compressed {t stands handling muc! Hellen : 






+ abe 










f 














OVEMBERTS3;-1878. 


All alike ought to have fair ply; a public department 

owes this much at least to outsiders, and ton very consider. 

lable extent it wouldsoon be independent of them. 

‘What wedesiderate is that the companies should enable their 
rofessional xdvisers to at least keep pace with the times, 
ydependent electricians can afford to do so, or they may, 
ithout loss of reputation, follow tho bent of a specialty all, 


iy but the yery good thing would ever venture that far.’ 


itheir own. Not so the working telegraph engineer; and, *-” 


‘although the employers huve a right to demand all that we 
have suggested, it is plainly their duty and their interest to 
a provide the means, 


CORRESPONDENCE. 


—+——. 


ELECTRIC LIGHT FORMULAS. 
TO THE EDITON OF THE ELECTRICIA, 


! Sim: In my lust letter on this subject I inadvertently did an 
injustice to the dynamu-electric machine of M. Gramme. Tn the 
equation H.P, = hp, x hp. is the horse-power utilised in 
‘the ure itself under certain given conditions, But, if h.p. be 
itaken to express the total horae-power converted into electrical 
work (in the whole cirenit), then we have, under the best condi. 
itions, with n Gramme machine of the form experimented with at 
ithe Franklin Inetitute, 
j ILP, == hp. x 1:39, 
‘and the efficiency of the machine is expressed by 

lp. =-72 “). 
i aoe 72 (nearly) 
Or the machine can convert into electrical work 72 per cent. of 
the energy expended upon it. 
;, Perhaps you will allow me to revise and extend the formulu: as 
‘follows :— 
Let E = the electromotive force, in Volta, acting ina circuit ; 

R= the total resistance, in Ohms, of the circuit ; 

r¥ = resistance of the voltaic are obtained ; 

HLP, = the horae-power of the prime motor working the 
dynamo mnehine ; 
Lup. = the horse-power absorbed in the 
trical work in the circuit ; 

Asm the intensity, in standard candles, of the electric - 
light go urranged ag to illuminate equally in all 
horizontal directions ; 

A = the intensity of the light in one particular direction ; 
the light being arranged to give the maximum 
illumination (without reflectors) in this direction, 

The energy of the current, or the mechanical equivalent of the 
prork and heat produced by it per hour, will be 
2 265 “2 . 
| W= aoe ft.lb. = aa 38 fuot-tons, 


production of elec- 


energy in ft.-lb. 


i 000 X time in im) 
will be 


i Tho horae-powerubsorbed in the current & 


hp=—_ 
: “PTX TH 
i The ratio Te ia the measure of the efficiency of dynamo. 
jn the cave of Gramme’s machine, under the 
have 

ILP. = hep. x 1°99, i 
The horse-power absorbed in the are itself is 


{electric nutehines, 
"heat conditions, we 


jin the imensure of the ellicieney of the electrical cirenit in the 


{production of the grentest quantity of li i i - 
ipioiuption of th pi q y of light with a given quan 


{uly nu 
+; dn the experinenta with Gramme’s machine made }¢ 
{mittee of the Franklin Institute, the Tight, in ah Negro 


jeandles, produced by the voltaic arc was 
a r 
A= hp. x z* 1044 (candies), ee GD) 


when the intensity of the light was approximately equal in every 


v7} conducting 


_ [light regulate 


.? LECTURE ON THE ELECTRIC LIGHT AT. THE. 
; COLSTON HALL. 
2 Profeasor 8, P. Thoinpgon, of the University Colle; 
‘laclivered n lecture at the large Colston Hall ont 
‘Light, on Friday Nov. 8th. : 2 
> He commenced by telling hia andience they hadimet th 
jevening to discuss the problem of the present age, and he wante 
“that problem to be discussed calmly and dispassionately upon 
trerits, At other ages there hud been great questions before? 
‘men just as this was before them now. Forty yeura ago the! 
striate was between locomotion by ateam and horse power, and { 
in 1811 they were first, shown—by one residing in Broadmead, = 
who war sceused of bri y firs from below—how the ancient‘ 7 
hted by gas; and now came the question, was: 
eity or coal gas to be the main souvee of light of the! 
I whether their streeta, docks, ships, lighthouses, coal} 
sminea, factories, workshops, their public halls nud their churchea 
iwere to ho lighted by the clectric light or by gus. Tho original |} 
j discoverer of the electric light waa at one tine 2 Bristol mau— 
| Vey owed it, with many other grand discoveries, to the philo-} BI 
sopher who 80 years go was connected with the old Philosophical ; 
Justitution at the bottom of Park-street—Sir Humphre avy, 
: Proceeding more particularly to the aubject of lighting, he muat {2 
They were told it was) Z 


» Briatol, 14 
¢ Electric | ¥ 
* Wy 


ifiak, why did a gas flame give them light! 
because they had in the fline a large number of very minute 
‘particles which became intensely heated and therefore litninous. {3 
iA flame, however hot it was, did not emuch light unless there 
wus a certain amount of solid matter with it, ‘The lime light 
was on this principle; a piece of lime being made intensely 
! luminous with an oxyhydro flume. ‘The grand problem was how |} 
jto produee the greatest luminosity with the leust expenditure ofj % 
‘heat. ‘Lhe London gas companies supplied n yas of only eleven! 
sperm candles power; the standard required wan fourteen 
feandles, and the difference was a up. by the excels;; 
jlenco of the burners used, Ho trusfed they would ha’ 
jeven greater improvements in this direction {applause), Coming: 
to the eleetrie light, he muat first of all call their attention to w 
few simple electrical principles, and in doing this he should be 
‘aided with some views Uhrown on Uie sereen, Having spoken of 
: the formation of an electric cell, Dr, Thompson pointed out how 
a number of cella were arranged with a view to increasing the: 
strength of the electric current. ‘The power of a battery of a 
number of these cella was very great; thin wires of not very high 
power would, he would now show them, get red. 
i hot, and perhaps be completely burnt up if the current wa sent’ 
j through them. If the current was sent through two sticks oft 
;earbon, the points of which were placed near each other, the! 
reault wan such intense heating that the electric light was pros + 
duced, ‘The lecturer then showed how wires were burnt up by ad a 
eurrent from a battery of sixty cells arranged ina cellar below! 4 
the hall, and then gave an illustration of what would occur when} 
two carbon points were brought point to point, ‘he electric 
light thus preduced iluminted the hall very bright! yy and waa 
unpleasantly dazzling to the eyes. Proceeding with the address,| ‘if 
the lecturer explained that us the light was formed the carbousl 
Yints gradutlly waated away, though with unequal’ rapidity. 
' Very soon the points would get so far apart that the electrical 
tare would cenge, and the luinp go out, ‘this would Happen very] : 
soon, and to obviate it several: inatruments had been devise 
ne of these, constructed by Duboseq, of Paris, was compara- 
ely simple, the arrangement being auch that a cessation of the 
eetricul current consequent on the carbon points becoming; : 
too fur from each other acted on an electro: magnet, and]. 
nduced it to release a spring, which brought -the . carbon 
hin the requisite distance. Another regulator, and one that 
was that evening to use, was much more compliented, thie system 
tof whicels b Fina nicely set us that of a watch. he efectric 
t by the 
-land its peculiarly penetrating power, und the sharpness of its 
[phadows, owing to the light coming from a point, commented on 
iby tho lecturer, ‘Ehese properties of the Tight wore inconvenient, ° 
jand must be obviated to enublo the light to.bo turned to any 
j general uae. In its undiffused brillianoy it had been adopted in 
‘lighthouses where picreing power waa advantageous, and for 
iscenic effects and magie Interns, So alarp wae it in its natural 
_jstute that sinoke from lumps not seen by ordinary light cast o 
shadow, and the flame of a candle alao could be shadowed on tho 
pereen, Another inconvenience of the light as ‘it was before them 
waa that it required a battery downstaira, a battery to keep in 
{order and which gave off naaty fumes, It required an ex nt 
sive clockwork regulator very Hable to get out of order, aud aay. 
he had justeinid, it was too right unless it could be split up into 
In number of smaller lights, Tho diffleulty of sub/ivision was.a 
difleulty in its application. ‘They could not aplit that light into‘ 
two without losing a considerable portion, i th iti in 


‘two; they did not get half the power 
quarter, and the two regulators would not wot 


put one another out. Modern 


and with them they found they could 


and found: that it was possible 
subdivide -the light. T 


and the regulator required skilled Inbour at every turn; t 
new system did not to auch an extent require skilled lala 
ta of muc! renee, i advantage, and its usefulness lind been manifested especial 


Faraday discovered that electricity could be got from mag 
ion of reveral sor’ 
ned by coils of y 


and the result was the inven 
which the current was ol 
certain conditions near p 
* Alliance” pattern wag an 
Mr, Siemens, the famous 
out a very successful macli 


being 
pidly, 
hia earb 


+ by puttis 
in 1817, K 
rmade red 


last-mentioned apparatus was now shown, ,. XD : 


being 
“too great, 
current. 


best 

tthe: 

‘made them sou : 

‘ raph, bhe'dupl 

i mreyiertai might s 


a TTT Wi 


E ELECTRICIAN, NOVEM 


tment or elect 
Ly sainple of this 
rev of London, bad alsy br 


hi now be mnde for 54d, 
and four candles were 


3 subdivision of the 


oa 


at each light, but only 

rk together ; the 
appliances now came to their aid, 
do without a regulator, 
to, under certain cirenmatanecs, 
yd system of n battery of cella 


ajand when he talked he did not invent—[laughter}—and> 
his talk through American newspapers about sewing machines, 
ke., being worked by clectricity with economy was nothing 
int nonsense. In ‘a very | interesting manner, and with 
views thrown with the electric light itself on a large sereen, 
the lecturer proceeded to narrate the various uses to which the 
ho} light had been put and could be put; in, workshops, railway 
stutions, construeting bridges, docks, or other large works 
men-of-war and ships the light had ficen and could be used wit 


The light from a light- 
to eee the Lime by his 
in amusement: 


several Highthonaes, English and foreign, 
house near Dublin enabled him one a 
ix ni i H had be 
# peculiarly valuable wh 
t| ing with colours, He showed 
1 | light w 


general us 
ion, It. 


when appiied 18 OQ menus oO 
arliament, but do not Jet therm 


ody of Tight, Hi . 
i i i C8 0! f 
i) ilanuination at te 7 light cowld be bad. | The 


rvet the immense outlay before the ve de. f 
oe ke Ir ayatem for nisteen eandlea necessitated a preliminary \s 
Statistics differed as to the working cont. } 
thousand candles K 

itl 


ue : 


yt 
eo Was 


LOPE, AO. 
vom Bristol. 
light came to be wii 
a}, | the one case knock off 5 
i}: frou th 
i{ whole, Yet gaa 
it, fe had re 


probability there waa | 

for the electric light. 

sand the other. for 
the best possible ; 

One wor Tet them 
yaa in its time ns miue! 

ol should they not be wa ** 

her? Ife held that ? 


ty 
wire ] Peue 


i 
ou P | 
tricity nlone, { 
question at i \ 
science, in i 





Petre rere 





i * Company, of Pari 
: tion by mechanical means of un induction coil, composed of 


yf 
‘ eneh separated from the next bys space, Within the six 


298 


rents, and from thoso alterunting in direction, but chicily with 
the lutter, . : : ¥ i 
{ Tho Jablochkoff candles, the Lontin, and also the Rapicff 
jsysteme have effected this much’ desired development in electric 
ilighting, - nage : : 
} First, Srage.—The electric light was first produced at the 
| commencement of the present century by Sir Humphrey Davy by 
{ means of a powerful battery of 3,000 cells, ‘The light is suppoacd 
to be mainly duo to the incandescent particles of carbon which 
! keep passing between the points. No practical result followed 
; from this experiment, ss might be expected, owing to ita expen- 
sive character. : oa 
It was not until Faraday! 
, sents by magnets in 1831, Ie 
} electric, machines dispensing with any battery, that the produc. 
| tion of the electric light waa practically applica, Machines of 
this character, at the suggestion of Professor Nollct, of Brussels, 
1 were produced in 1849 by Holines, of London, and by the'Alliance 
¢ their principle being, that by the rapid rota. 


8 discovery of the induction of cur. 
ading to the construction of magneto. 


copper wire wound upon a soft iron core, the magnetism present 
in a number of permanent: lorseslioc magnets ranged exteriorly 
round the rip hery of the coil is induced into the coil, whence 
ot is wth ised and led off for the production of, a single electric 
ight. oe 

Machines of this character have been placed at tho lighthouace 
at the South Foreland, at Cape La Feéve, and at Cape Griancz, 
in France, and at‘several others in the north of Europe. 

That at Cape La Héve (constructed by the Alliance Company) 
has o1 cach cast-iron framé, cight rows of compound horseshoe 
tmagnete fixed symmetrically, ‘There are seven of these frames, 

inter 


} 4 vening spaces are placed aix wheels, cach carrying at its circum- 
| ference sixteen coils, corresponding to the poles in cach circular 


A 


( eet. Euch soft iron core hus its magnetism consequently reversed 
, Bixteen tice during each revolution by the influence of the 
sixteen successive pairs of poles between which it passes, causing 
‘the same number of currents in alternate directions to be gene- 
rated in the coils, ‘These currents are tranamitted unchanged to 
+. the carbon points, the positive ones being collected on the axis of 
the ulachine ; while a concentric, but insulated, cylinder is used 
ae ae negative onca. 
his machino is large and cumbrous, being 5 ft. 3 in. long, 
A ift. tin, wide, and 5 ft. high; it weighs about 2 tona, and cout 
B450!, Ita illuminating power, when driven at a speed of from 
350 to 400 revolutions per minute: by. steam engine, with an 
expenditure of somewhat over, three indicated horse power, is 
about that of 2,500 standard sperm candles per hour, 

Tho use of the large, old-fushioned and com: aratively weak 
machines of this Holines-Alliinec stage may be said to have 
paesed away, being only retained in the lightliotses nbove men. 
ioued,. Their only recent application, and that was but of short 
uration, was to provide the alternate direction currents neces. 
sary for tho Jablochkoff candles when first introduced, and until 
A. Gramm had: devised a suitable machine for their proper 
upply. Quite lately, however, a modified form of machine, 

‘much reduced in size'and weight, lag: been dvsigned by MI. de 
+ Meritens; in order to compete with tho small and compact 
7 dynamo-electric machines of the present day, : 


i" Secoxp Sra 


YQ THR ELECTRICIAN, 


trie machines; both from thoso giving continuous direction cur. | po 


‘NOVEMBER 9, 1878. 


wer of electric mnchines, led to a corresponding diminution in 
their bulk and also in their costlincas, Almont all, if not quite 
all, the subscquent inactiines, not’ merely of the sccond stave nt 
present under consideration, but likewise of the more recent ones 
are 'dynamo-clectric!’ in construction, aud arv based upon the 
inci iutunal reaction.” , : 
hing. feature of the machines belonging to this 
second stage is that they produced currents of considerable in- 
ty, all of whichvere collected upon the circumference of 1 


circular disc terméd a commutator, the currents cireulating upon. 


one-half ‘of | ite circumference being opposite in magnetic divec- 
tiori to those upon the other half, a separate contact brush 
serving ta earry off the current from cach half. ‘The eurrente 
from these machines thus passed off in one continuous direction, 
and were not subject to 2 constant serica of reversals in direction 
ag-With the earlir hines. Tho currents were supplied for 
the production ofa single electric light. The machines of this 
tre which ‘are best kuown in this country are the Siemens and 
the Gramme.- 6 - ' career 

The Siemens Machine,—It consisto of an induction coil, with 
the conyolutions, of the copper wire wound lungthwiee with the 
eylinde the form known na the modified Siemens armature. 


This coil is‘mnade to revolve by mechanical incana between curved 


iron bara, whicl'are the profongation of the cores of large flat 
electro-magnete placed on either sidv of the induction coil; tho 
north pole of the system being midway between the two upper 
electro-magnets and diveetly over the axis of tho coil, and the 
south. pole.in a similar position below the axis upon the bar 
between the lower magnets, . ‘ 

The portion of the coil, which during ita revolution is trayell- 
ing downwawards, has (with the above arrangement) positive 
currents induced i 3 while the ascending half of the coil is 
subjected to, negative currents, but both in the same direction na 
regurda circuit. ‘Che arrangement of the polvs may, however, be 
exuctly the reverse of the above, « 


Actual 


Torae hy, 
“|por mi+ Standard | Power i eight. Cost 


nute. | Candles. jrequird; 


The Siemensima- ieee 
chine ia, | us 
atated by the { 


ewt. qra| £ 


mnkers, usnall 

made in the fol- 
lowing sizesund 
cupacitica, viz: 


Tha Gramme:-Machine—Thia machine in ita earliest develop. “ 


nent waa an adaptation of the heavy Alliance type of alternating 
direction currents of the firet atage wlready sisken of, Its very 
existence ‘ig nearly forgotten; and it is uly referred to here 
merely to mention, that thia is the form of Gramme which in the 
Trinity Houoe experiments (of which later on) was pitted against 
the Holucs, the ANiance, and the Siemens just described. ‘This 
earliest type of the Gramme machine formed, in part, the busis 
of the latest or third form; nlso.an alternate direction current 
machine, which will be described farther on when treating of the 
divisibility of the electric light. 

The type of Granny hero about to be described is tha second 
form, based upon the principles of the dynamo-clectric machine, 
and aupplying a continous direction current ton single light; a 
machine very similar in construction nnd principle to the 
Siemens one Juat described. It is the machine referred to by Mr, 
Douglass, in the concluding parngrapha of his report upon tho 
Trinity House experiments at the South Foreland, as having been 


the object of his epecinl visit to Paris, 


} between two round burs, cach forming the core of 1 


It is composed of nn induction coil, having for ita core a ring 
or cylinder of soft iron, which is made to revolve incebanically 
itir of elec. 

the other 


troamagnets, ‘hese bars nre placed one directly o 
Eneh bar 


Deneath the axia of tha coil and lengthwieo with it. 


‘| extends from one cust end-frame pieew to the other side of the 


‘y.| next to'cach other at the centre next to the enat 


permanent magnets 
considerably to’the 


nhichine; while ite middle is clipped by u sort of ring of cast 
iron, which serves to divide the coils wound upon the hale bar on 
cither side of it, and thus forming them into two electro-magnets. 
These ore go arnunged, that the puir on each bar have like roles 
» hie! 
servea ns n double pole to convey the combined eleatric 
revolving induction coil, by means of ita jawelike projections 
which ure splayed over the coil, so ns to embrace it as closely no 
posaible wit rout touching it, sec : 

. Ae in the Siemens machine, the double pole of the upper bar ia 
opposite in chnracter to that of the lower one, Similarly sso 
arg the.induced currents in the descending hulf-of the revolving 
coil Like in nature to the upper pule; while those in Ue agconling 
half follow the lower pele; ‘wo brushes, tangent to a cireular 


sympathetically the distur 


“and reg 


THE ELECTRICIAN, 


commutator, placed on the induction coil shaft, carry off tho 

*lectricity in one continuous direction. , ™ 
: : Revolu- luminat.| 
tions ling Power, 

per Mi-] Standard | Power 


mia cat 
mute, | Candles. |requird) 


TheGrammemn- 
* chine is otated 
by tho makers M/1,600 
to bo usnall: 
made in the fol- 
lowing sizesand 
capaeitics, viz... 

The machine ‘A ” is of 6,000 candles illuminating power, and 
it is the one generally mado uso of in industrial works and other 
similar applications, 

Reference has already been mndo to 2 serie’ of experiments 
made by tho Trinity House at the South Foreland Lighthouse, 
They were carefully devised and carried out in 1876-7 by their 
engineer, Mr, James N, Donglesa, They consisted in compara: 
tive trials between tho Holmes, the Allinnce, tho Grammo (old 
model), and the Siemens inuchines ; tho three first-enamed repre. 
senting the old obsolete magneto-clectric machines, and the last- 
named tho improved dynamo-clectric form of construction. The 
Siemens machine was considered to have performed the best; a 
reanlt which ought not to excite surpriso when placed in such 
company, ‘Though tho dynamo-electric Gramme, just described, 
was not experimented upon in the trints, Me, Douglass at the 
ond of his report refera to an inspection which he made in Paris 
of the performanco of onc of these machines (A); he did not, 
however, consider it superior to the Sicmens machine B, corre. 
sponding to it in size. . 
¢ ‘These experiments aro very important, na they afford a means 
of compnrison between the eilficiency of the first class of clectric 
light machines, the magneto-electric, and thoso of the second 
cluas, the dynamo-electric, fi 
* Lhe value of this comparison lias been still further enhanced 
by the experiments of tho Committeo of tho Franklin Ineti. 
tute. in Philadelphia on dynumo-clectric machines, «carried 
out in 1877-8, and recently made public, They hud under com- 
parison the Gramme (A size), tho Brush (large and emall 
size), and the Wallnce-Furmer {large and amall size), Preference 
ia finnlly given to the small Brush over the Grammo, which is 
‘admitted to have run it very close, ‘Tho grounds for the profe- 
yence seem, however, somewhat paradoxical. eee A) 

Timp Stace.—Lho third or present stage of electric lighting, 

which representa the divisibility of tho current 5003 to produce 
a number of lights, though sought after by many during tho Inst 
twenty yeara, ling so far only been practically solved by tho Lontin 
and by the Jablochkofl-Grammo systems. Both have found it 
advantageous to work with alternate-direction currents, but the 
arrangement used by ench for the production of tho electric light 
from those currents is different, M. Jablochkoff makes use of 
any machine giving alterunte direction currents, naine qué non 
with tho candles” which bear hie namo. At first ho was com- 
pelled to use the Allinnco machine, failing any other, but moro 
ately le has been enabled to make uso of au improved dynamo. 
machine which, M, Grammo hns recently devised to givo off 
alternate-direction currents, and which will bo described urther 
on after tho Lontin machines, which preceded it in point of timo 
of appearance, . 

The Jablochkoff candle” being merely a lamp or regulator, 
will be deacribed among those ingenious apparatua, 

The Lontin Machine —M, Lontin, unlike M, Jablochkof and 
M. Gramme, cach of whom attacked only a portion of the ques. 
tion of the divisibility of tho light, hns boldly faced tho entiro of 
tho difficulty and lng offered a very satisfactory solution of cach 
part of it. “Ho has designed a special form of machine, or rather 
two distinct machines to effect the object desired. - In tho first, 
which may bo termed the ‘ generating’ machine, the electric 
currents, feeble in intensity, ore excited; the: paseed off in 
one continuous dircction to tho second or ‘ dividing” machine, 
which, after greatly augmenting their intensity, pormits of their 
being collected from off its exterior casing ina fort divided and 
sub-divided almost at will, and alternating in direction; this 
lant boitig in his opinion the description of current most suited 
for giving a puro steady light, and one not subject to reproduce 

rbances ocourring in other lights which 

occur on tho same cirouit. Tho latter object ME. Lontin effects 
with severn) forms of-lamp, somo being modifications of other 
systema;whilo others nro entirely original: in their mechaniem 
ting apparatus.’ + as 


The ““gotierating” machino’ consists of a horacshoo electro- 


NOVEMBER 9, 1878. 


these arma rotates an induction coil, in form like a pinion; tnt 
cylindrical teeth, round which the coils are made, are fixed radi. 


ally into a core or revolving ale of soft iron, A number of thest | 


Pinions, proportionate to the required strength of tha machine! : 
aro added side by side on the core, cach pinion forming a com. 


plete circuit of itsclf, In thearrungement of theso pinions upon’ 


the core common to all, it will be noticed that the corresponding 
tecth of these several pinions are not ranged in a horizontal. line 
lengthwiao along the revolving shaft, butin a. spiral, ‘By this 
means any interruption of interval Ietweon the passage beforo' 
the poles of the clectro-magnet of ona set of teeth of the indu 
tion coil and that of the succeeding set is avoided. Two friction 
rods collect one the positive, the other the negative currents, 
which are passed off through the coils of tho electro-magnct, 
thereby intensifying its netion, and so in one continuous direc. 
tion to the second machine. 

This second or “ dividing’ machine consista of a rovalying ’ 
drum, carrying, fixed exteriorly like tho spokes of the wheel, a 
serica of clectro-magnets, into the coils of which tho currents, 
from tho “ generating” machine are passed, and which are! 
always kept thereby in magnetio saturation. 

This magnetic wheel revolves within o fixed wrought-iron! 
cylinder, having on its inside a number of indu i 
sponding to that of the radial spokes in the revol’ 
coils of these spokes aro all coupled together, but in such 9 
manner that while one spoke-magnet has its Positive pole nt the | 
outside extremity next to tho Induction coils, the succeeding 
spoko will present at the outside end its negative one; and go on: 
tre the spokes mado toalternate in their poles round the circum- | 
ference of the rovolving wheel. Tho reault is that the Intter, | 
during its passage, induces a number of currente alternnte in: 
direction, aud equal in number to half that of the spokes, Each | 
of theuo currents is collected directly and separately upon tho ; 
fixed exterior drum, and conveycd to a manipulating frame out. | 
side, where by suitable arrangements tho various clomentary cur- 
rents may bo coupled and combined together in ono or in any - 
desired number of circuits, ‘Ihe apparatus in the diagram having, 
twenty-four apokes can, by coupling thom in pairs, produce 
twelve circuits, or any leaser mtmber which ma; he desired. 
And, furthermore, the entire of the current of each circuit, may 
bo devoted to a single lamp, or to the production of a series of 
ag many lights a8 it can support, _ : 

These are facta which seem to indicate that an clectria supply 
may bo broken up and divided into o series of separate lights, 
where the number, us well ng tho luminous power o! ench ean bx 
varied at will; only limited by tho powers of production of thi 
machine. ‘ i 

Tho doublo Lontin machine is capable of supplying a tota 
iHuminating power of 12,000 standard candles, if the gencratin 
machine is driven at 220 revolutions per minute, and the distri 
buting at about 860; but a much larger illuminating power mn; 
bo obtained if driven at a proportionately higher specd. 
usual motor is au engine of cight-horso power nominal; th 
number of lights generally produced varying from six to twelve 
tho luminous intensity of cach diminishtug a9 the number is in 
ercaacd, hut ag many ns thirly have been supplied from it for 4 
length of timo at ono of tho railway stations in Paris, where 
hig! her rate of production than above given was required, 

The Granme * Dividing” Machine.-Referenco was made t 
short time back to this tho Iatest development of thin machine. : 

To relieve M, Jublochkoff from the ncecssity of making use 0: 
the cumbrous and comparatively weak Allianco machine, nud yel 
to afford « supply of alternating direction, currents, M, Gramm¢ 
lately devised this machine to bo supplied with a previously 


ercated electric current; his own continuous current machine - 


(previously described) serving as a ‘ generator” for this current 
dhe arrangement and the combination arrived at has o strong 
resemblance (superiicially at least) to that proviously arrived at 
by Af. Lontin, . . : 
Tho machine consiats of a revolving cast-iron drum on a steel 
shaft, having cight electromagnet flat bars placed radially like 
tho spokes of a wheel; to this revolving system is supplicd the 
clectricity generated in ono continuous direction by the generat. 
ing machine, Upon o soft-iron cylinder fixed exteriorly to this 
magnetic wheel aro a series of coils lengthwiso with the barrel,’ 
and dividing up tho entire cylinder into a number of segments— 
92 in the present inatance. Tho current is taken directly and 
separately from cnch of theao segments to form one or mora cits, 
ouits us deaired ; 823 being the maximum number in the abovo} 
machine, though these are in practice coupled together so as to} 
bo reduced to four. ‘Tho, luminous intensity of this machine is; 
of 16,000 candics, Aa applied in lighting a portion of the Avenuo; 
do l’Opéra in Paris to 18 Jablochkoff caudles, it ia driven at 600! 


4 


rovolutions per minute, and is slated to require an engine of 16; 


nominal horao power. *::- : oe 


maguet, having its twa arms placed vertically upwards, Botween" 


Pe ia oo ON 7 








LITERATURE. | 

ELEOTRIO LIGHTING. { 

Electric Lighting, A Practical Treatiso. By Tippolyte Fon 
taine, Translated from the French by Paget Migs. LL.D: 
Assoc. Inet. C.H, E. and I. N. Spon. : 

}  Thia is not only the best, "but itis a hook without a vival ir 
‘| the literature of electric lighting, ao far as England is concerned 
‘It is a singular statement, and yet it seems to contain a vas 
mnount of truth—that we, as a rule, follow, and do not lead, A 
‘feareful inqniry into many branches of industry shows Uuit for ¢ 
long time England held aloof from partig sition in them, but 
when at length her workers ure roused it is to compete for, and 
frequently to obtain, the first place in the race. Will this be 

| the cnse with electric lighting ?~ America, France, and Germany, 
i{ have thrown their energies into the question, while Bngland lag 


one comparatively nothing, The daily papers teem with idiotic 
communications on the subject of electric lighting, which mako 
them the laughing stock of scientitic ele 


e the L 


clans, We can only 


Rucatwe Intkysity ov Licits.—M. Bertin in a 
recent article in the Journal de Physique, on the 
electro-maghctic rofatin of liquids, draws up the fol- A 
lowing ‘table “of intynsities, the solar: light being % 


‘ 


reckoned at 1,0004 Eleetric light of Adlance machine, 
250; Drummond Ught, ‘regulated to noisy state, 24; 
rummond light, regulate to ordinary state, 15 5 An 
burner, with glass chininey, forced flame, th; yas 
4. burner, with glass chimney, Oedinary flame, 1; Carcal ; 
f]. lamp ‘of Pictet, or Moderator lamp, large model, 1; y ; 
. star candle (five to the pound), }, 


NAY 


Conan RRR EEE 


f 


~ Tho diveraityof effoe 


‘OE: No. G54: Ocr.'5, 1877; 


HEAT, LIGHT, AND ACTINISM.* 


Wwe may nnparontly havo heat without light, and 
light without heat. In tho darkest room wo 
cannot perccivo reassels filled with boiling water, yot 
tho warmth wo oxperienco on approaching them 
asmnres us that thoy aro omitting radiations, Is not 

, this heat without tight? If wo'stand in tho rays of 
tho full moon,’ wo cannot dotect any increnso of | 
tomperaturo. Is this not ight without beat? It is / 
trno that in thie Intter instance wo aro mistaken aa 

, to the fact ; but overlooking that—for the beat to be 
dotectod in tho moonbeama requires the mostsansi- 

‘tive apparatus—do not such obdervations assure us 

«that heat and light are indepondent of cach other, 
phyaten! principles having an calstence separate from 

{each other? : - . . " 

+ Such wero'some of tho arguments on which wern 

:auutained the hypothosis of the intrinsic differonce of 

Hight and heat. In this no account was taken of th 

optical functions of tho eyo, Qualities : 
‘ogrreetly attributed to radiations which, tn truth, ‘ 
(wero duo to peculiarities in tho organ of vision, 

° "Pha reat service which the diffraction spectrum 
haa rendered to acienca is tho abolishmont of all theao 
‘Imaginary fndependont existences — heat, light, 
actiniom, &o.—and tha substitation for them of tha | 
énimpler conception of tibratory motionsin the other. » 
Tho only differance existing among the radiations, 

_ that faauo from oa grating, ig tho manner we have 
beon describing, isin thelr wayo longths, or, what ' 

, gotags to the samo Shing, in their times of vibration, 

produced. depends on. tho 

quality of the surface on which thoy fall, Ifon a 

lark surface, and tho more a0 in: proportion to ita | 
iblacknoss, they engender heat ; [fon the rotina, they 
fare interpre! by tho mind as+light; if on photo 
bic preparations they produce decomparition, 


floalgnatod actinic effects, ad 
° i Dr. Youu W, Dearen, in Harper's slajarine, 
- Heat, light, actinim, are,-thon, 
: Eriol existing telorénden Hye 
By in 
* motions tn the other, weit! ‘which di 
Of thono th 
t rapid. 
‘mae Ate ats enw ees 
Ato optical tints, Ath 
“Bathing existing oxterioric ht itaelf,iare 


ntorpretations of modes of m fon ia the ethereal 
otlon fi 
cy represent musical ounda nie aatl 


onl; 
only ‘ns interpeetationy by the mind of waves ia tho 


etn a paren 


suggest to somo of the gentlemen who are so cager to gain ono 
day’s fue, that they should forego tho pleasure and devote the 
day to the study of the subject, This work of Fontaino's, ndmirably 
translated, will ho found to contain a vast amount of trustworthy 
information, ‘Tho author's object will be seen from hia preface, 
where he saya:—'* We ignore surprises that the future may 
reserve for us; but our knowledge of the subject leads us to 
allirm that the rdle of electricity is far from its full development, 
especially from the point of view of the transformation of motion 
into light. Itis not of so much importance to know whit will 
bo ng to know what is, And it is to this end that we p nt a 
study of the clements of electric lighting: that have defi ly 
entered the domuin of practice, and of the best conditions for its 
use. Later, an perfections are more nearly attained, wo shall put 
them so much better to profit that we can better appreciate the ad. 
vantages; it uppears to us irrationnl to neglect the use of what ia 
nlread 4 good, under the pretext thut we ahatl one day arrive at 
something more nearly perfect’? In his’ firat chapter the author 
discusses the * voltaic tre,” then describes tho various electric 
regulutora, which, howe’ may now be said to be obsolete, 
Theae regulators, however ingenious, however successful, must 
neceasirily complicate any large system of electric lighting, and 
Werdermann ling shown by his invention, generally’ necredited 
to Jablochkoff, and known as Jnbloehkolf's candle, that a 
regulator is unneecasary, as have Huvrison, Wallace, and several 
others, so that, except in Inboratories, the days of regulators are 
numbered, Of fur greater importance is tho manufacture of 
ciurbons, for, although Mr. Edison ls taken a‘ new departure,” 
it may safely be said that Mr, Edison, nor any number of Edi 
sons, will, for'a long time to come, displace carbon as the burner, 
+ The following réswmd of M. Gaudoin’s experiments with car- 
bons conti if foreign substances is especially intercating 
(rp. 41-5) :-—"''The following bodies have been introduced into 
the ‘bons: 1, Phosphate of lime from bones; 2. Chloride of 
calcium; 3, Borate of lime; 4. Silicnte of lime; 5, Pure precipi. 
tated silica ; 6. Magnesia; 7, Borate of potash Phosphate of 
inagnesin; 9 Aluminn; 10, Silicate of alumina, 

The proportions were calculated in such a manner as to obtain 
5 per cent, of oxide after the cooking of the carbons. Theao 
were submitted to the action of un_clectric current, always of 
the same direction, furnished by a Gramme machine powerful 
roll h to maintain a voltaic are of ten to filteen millemetres in 

length, 

The negative carbon, being placed at tho bottom, M. Gaudoin 
has observed the following results :— : 

It. ‘Che complete decomposition of the phosphate of lime under 
triple influence of electrolytic netion, culoritie action, and re. 
ducing action of the carbon, The reduced m yoes to the 
negative carbon, aiid burns in contact. with the nir witha reddish 
flame, ‘Che Hue and phosphoric acid are diitused into the air, 
producing abundant fumes, “he light, measured by a photo. 
meter, is.double that which is produced by carbons of the same 
section cut from the residue of gns retorts. 

2ad, Chloride of caleium, borate, and silicate of lime ave alao 
decomposed, but the Loracic and silieic acide appear to escape by 
volatilisntion from the eleetric action. These bodies give less 

ight thin the phosplinte of lime, 
‘d. Silica, introduced into the lcas conducting carbons, melta, 
and volatilises without being decomposed. ‘ 

4th, Mngnesia, borate, and phosphate of magnesia, ave decom. 
posed, the magnesium in vapour yocs to the negative carbon, 
and burns, in contact with the air, with awhite flame, ‘Phe mage 
nesin, boracic und phosphoric ueids diffuse into tho air ina 
atate of vapour. Tho increnge of light is less considerable than 
with the lime salts. 

Sth, Alumina and silicate of aluminn avo decomposed only 
with a very strong current, anda very considerable voltaic are, 
but under these circumstances the decomposition of the aluming 
is well manifested, and .the alumina, in vapour is seen to go off 
from the negative pole’ like a jet of gas, and burn with a blue 
flume of little lighting power, 

‘The Home and -wnpour which constantly accompany these elec 
‘tro-chemical lights having uppeared to him a great obstacle to 
\their utilisation for illumination, M. Gaudoin hus not pushed 
‘theavexperiments further,‘ * : 

i For a deseription of the most important proceasca for the 
manufacture of enrbons, such ‘ns those of Carré, Archereau, and 
Gaudoin, wo must.refer our rendera_to tha work itself, We 
my juat remark that the carbons imade by thease eminent firms 
render the electric light a possibility. “It is necbssary to have, 
good carbons as well'as good machines, ‘Tho greater portion.of! 
ithe.book ia devoted to the consideration of migneto-clectric: 


THE ELECTRICIAN, 


4 


NOVEMBER 9, 1878 


working by the naked electric light is not fatiguing to the eyes; 
after some days using opal Globes to temper the light, these were 
removed at tho request of tho workmen, .The reduction of the 
light is unnecessary. - i y 

It is generally known that the clectric light preserves tho tints 
of colours, ‘This pro erty hus been utilised with auceeas by sev 
ral dyers for standardising their coloura by night; -n singlelum 
noun focus of the very sninllest dimensions js sufficient in th 
citse. 

When the ccilinga aro at lean height than four mitres, the in- 
troduction of the electric light becomes more difficult, without 
however, being absolutely impossible. 4 

Generally, thera maybe conveniently lighted with a single | 
Apparatus 600 square metres of fitters” shops, lathe-shops, tool ! 
8 NODS, modelling rooms, &e,; 250 square mitres ina spinning j 
mill, weaving establishment, printing rooms,’ <&e., and 2,000 
aquare inttres of parte court-yard, dockyard, quay, and open air 
works, &e. With these data, it is easy to elon late the cost of | 
introduction anywhere, knowing that's complete apparatus,’ 
lamp, machine, conducting wire, transport and mounting, costs | 
about 2,100 franes (100!.) in France and its frontier countrics, ; 

Manufacturers who pay only 0°30 frane per cubic mitre, and 
find their establishments sutliciently lighted with twenty pas 
burners, should not seek a more cconomical light, unless they 
work all night without interruption, in which caso it would bo to 


their interest to replace ten gas burners by an electric apparatus, | * 


‘The two questions to he examined aro tho cost price and the i 
convenience.\ Tv second is often neglected, but’ this is‘wrong; | 
because, in thAnajority of eases, itis of the greater importance, ; 
We have ha@hecasion to visit n large number of works, factories, , 
and manufactbrics of all kinds in Europe and in America, ond | 
we have seen bit few well-lighted establishments ; few where a } 
single more intengo light would not have given ensicr superin- ' 
tendence, greater amount of work, and greater security, Fire ¢ 
insurance companies have so important an interest in tho intro. | 
F the clectric light that soveral have offered to lower | 
y tavifE for all buildings thus lighted.” ) 
For uu account of the factories in which tho light has been | 
tried, und for the cost of the experiments, wo must refer to tho | 
book itachi; sullice it to say that there is no stint of detail, ‘Tho , 
work should bo in the handa of everyone interested in the electria 
light. We should be glad to seestch works as this more popular ; 
with English readers, We grumble sometimes that we cannot | 
obtain what we want, and yet when it is placed before ua! 
refuse to use it, The publisher, translator, and author, deserve | 
success in their efforta to give reliable information, ‘ | 
whl 
| 


4 


BLECTRIO LIGHTING.—VACUUM GLOBES, 
TO THE EDITOR OF THE ELECTRICIAN, 


Sin: Whilst profcssional inventors aro concentrating their | 
attention on tho important queation of the extent _to which tho 
electric current is capable of being divided, muy I, as an out; 
sider, be allowed to suggest that the question of the rapid cons ; 


by the use of vacuum globes. ‘ a 
My idea is not now in principle, but I have not scon itauggested 
for application, Professor Pepper and others have pointed out | 
that carbon points in *eaerto do not consumo nearly as fast as in 
air, but it doca not appear to have occurred to theso writers that i 
nu lamp might be constructed on the principle of the vacuum | 
tubes of Gcisaler, which might obviate the necessity of carbons 
nltogether, I hnve myself ascertained that it is possible to rend + 
ania print by tho light generated by a weak voltaic current in | 
a vacutiaon tube, therefore it scems to me that a trong current, 
by whatever means it might bé excited,, could produce a light 
which, if used in vacuo, would be capable of adaptation to. 
domestic purposes, ‘The advantages to be derived from such a 
means of illumination are obvious, as, besides tho mellowncas of 
the light, its use would bo attended with absolute safely, for a | 
light which cxista in vacuo ceascs to csist if the vacuum be de. | 
stroyed by the breaking of the lamp globe ; moreover, for tho i 
tvposes of miners’ lamps, the vacuum principle would seem to 


Have any of your readers experimented in this direction, cither 


gumption of carbon points might be satisfactorily disposed of | is 


¢ specially safe und useful. i : 
| 


with a dynanto-electrio machine or with voltaic: ntteries P= 
Yours faithfully, ~ P. UW. Fowst1-W, 8.0 
Weat Hackney, 4th November, 1878, 


machines, their construction, principles, and. application to |} 


eleetrio Nghting. ‘'The Gramme machine ia deacribed at consider. 
te longth, anda largo number of experimental duta ave given. 
he electri: light the author says:—" Experience hasshown that 


cranes 


am 


po Ae tirenaD <A FERS LE 


er ers 


ce paren 


























—— poreinreret nn 
: : 7 r 
3 The:: Manufacturer. and: Buil Blight experiments in England, writes ‘that electric light will ' 
; ee — - . tako the place of gas-for largo spaces, rilwoysintions, balls, | 
RE Renin An a rt 
eieers Maen wa Sot ts after al ; sf sforkshope, and such like places there can bono doubt, but ; 
i” [MS shee oll eualdering 9 greet power shy seenpert Fibe prevent stato of our electric knowledge holds out no | 
soureo of light knows : chan 2 hope of its over superecding the present system of house we 






lights, and to adopt one os 8 standard, :° 


ond B, Fig. 1, be the lights, then A will throw the 
shadow ab of the object R on the screen E E, while 
the light B will throw (ho sladuw a C on the same 
acreon, It is clear that tho shadow a 4 fs only Muri. 
{nated by the light B, and the shadow a O by the light 
A. If then tho distance of the lights from -the screen 
E Ets shifted 20 ns to make tho shadows alike In lu. 
'‘mlnoaity, wo have a measure of the relative intensity 
of the Hghts at theso distances; but In order tu be ab. 
solutely correct wo must square thu distances, as Jight 







the square of the distance, i 
} + To make this clear with an example, let us 

suppose that the lights having been shifted so 

ns to make the two sliadows alike, it.will be 
found that the distance of the light A from the 
* acreen ia three-fourths that of B from the acrcen, 
a0 that the relative distances aro as the numbers 
Sand 4; squaring these, we find the numbers 9 

and 16, which proves that tho light A is not 
* much more than half as bright as B, 

Another simple, and perhaps better way, is 
to place the lights at a convenient distance and 
. toput between them ndisk of white paper, on 

which an ofl spot {s mado in the center, (see 
« Fig. 2), This off spot being more transparent 





the rest of the paper, will be visible as long as the 
light pasalng through it fs stronger tharf that reflected 
frum the surrounding paper nut viled; but if the posi 
Hon of the paper Is shifted between the two lights, wo 
na to bring {t eo much nearer the weaker light until 
the oll spot becomes’ inviaible, that fu, until no more 
ktight passea through than fo reflected, no matter from 
which ‘slde it {a looked at, the relative distance of it 


sbhs gees 


sity, For instance, let the light at the right alde ben 
standard wax-candle, and that at the left a gas-burner; 
if it fs found that the distance of the ; 
paper sereen from the wax-candle ie 
7 2 feet, and from the gae-burner 8 feet, 
; thelr retative intensity will beas 2x 2 
to8x 8, oras4 to9,which demonstrates 
that the gas flame is 2} times more 
Intense than the standard wax-candle, 
But the main conatderation being 
that of cost, {t is important to keep’ 
an account of the expenses of the dif.” 
ferent lights compared, We copy. 













vitlon; the only. way to measure light Is to compare two, 





One slmpte way is to compare two shadows which: 
the same object will throw ona white screen. Let A’ 


; follows the law that the intensity varies inversely os , 





-frora tho two lights will indicate thelr relative inten-| . 















lighting and olher domestio purpoacs,” Ho wen thogu_.', 
who own gas Kharcs had better keep them. 


























—— 


THE APPLICATION OF PHOs- =—A2—M: ate 












| ‘anton’s phosphorus for illumi y 
dlats might Id exteated to th henieating 
which would then absorb. eno: 






clock these objects, or only certain parts of this sur- 
lls of Tooms, face (atill amp or moist) which are usually 

si he ah hi light during. exposed to light, and by compression in mot 

remain P hoxphorescent during the or otherwise in onder to incorporate definitive! 

‘ the phosphorescent powders into the surface: 

The {amount of nowder 

T. the thickness of a thin shect of cardboard; it 
; may be employed cither for coating the whole 
at night thno. surface or certain fractions thereof 40 a3 to pro- 
ss the day-time! duces various designs, inscriptions, or effects. 
t, or from an’ Tor this application ty powders are also 
upplied, which contain different colouriag 


































The iden underlying this proposal was 
patented inthis country in Mareh law : 
 Peltfer, Gal we a ry in March last, by M. 
P. de Sagan, of Paris, 


















taken or absorbed dur 
or indirect sunli; 















colours, i 
' Thedry phosphorescent powders are also con- 
j 1 ' verted into translucent exible sheets of un- 
ed wited length, thickness, and width, by mixing 





























ether and collodion in equal parts in aclose veseel, 
: and rolling the product into sheets with which 
E H auy objects may be covered, which are intended, 
so ; od to be hninons in the dark. 
The phosphorescent powders may also 
nixed with s| ne, parading, nectige 
» liquid silex, or other transpazess 
the proportion of from 0 3) 
{Per cent. of the former with from GU to S¢ per 
cut, of either of these substances, and this mae 
fis then reduced into sheets of variable le 
width, and thickness, acconling to their i 
applications. A luminous glass is also manufa: 
tured by mean of the above-mentioned phoepho- 





























ly tho:)n fused state in the proportions of frum 3 » 
according’ | per cont. of the mass of glass. After the ewxapo- 
Tn certain | sition has been puddled or mixed it ie converted 
into different articles, according to the ontsarr 
procesees; or after the mantfacture of an od: 

still warm and plastic mae of ontinary slas; 

is sprinkled with the powders, which latter aze 
then incorporated into the surface af the ast 
by pressure oxerted in the mould, er in say 
other suitable wa; - 






























tho passago of an clectric curmat thrw 
different compositions augments their hs 










bbet of 


pdat oof 






ylyantage for Hluminnting 0 great number of 





from a recent Frencli journal the atate- 
ment that the relative coat. of obtain.” . 






when using an improved lamp, more for ttearin oF war| 
-eandtes, and most of all for tallow-candles, and this in 
| the proportlon of 6:9: 14,.-Thus, the cheap tallow. 











candles are the most expensive, Gas {s:atated to bu{’ 

























| Electrlo light, produced by 48 large Bunsen ele- 
ments, is atated to be equal to somo 600.standard wax- 
candles, but of course conts tore; while the light pro. . v 

duced by a battery of 100 Bunsen elemonte is tated to nil ote wept for of buy WA they san 
be equal to one-third that of sunlight at 2 rae in Au. 
According to this aunlight woul 
 } to some 2,000-standard wax-candles, 
light, produced by heating lime in ah 


Ing a given amount of light fo least [ees 





of flaine, {a sald to be equal to one-160th part of aun. 


‘Later exhibitions here ‘in New York city, given by 


sjocta, ¢.7., Luova, sea compasses, barometers, 

plutes, siguboands, sudother similar objects, 
yaranging it iu more or less thick coatings 
gon n plate of inetal, wood, yzlass, or other 
Batcriat covered by a transparent ylass; this 
















me 
copper mounted on the bauy itelf, Rt 









water intots the battery will be earriad st 
interior of the buoy, "Ho secure full e 

from 10 to 20 per cout. of fine sine, pres or; 
antimony dust is added to the phoopheeavet 
















(dovised a apecial form of buoy which they viaiza | 










ld only be equal F applications above dewritel, 
“Hydro-oxygen . : 
iydro-oxygan jet 


nufacturers of ‘magaeto-electric machines 

‘ain-power, have proved that th 

made fully equal to aunlight, a 
Send: 


EB: No. 739. ___Mav 28, 1879, 127° 
PHORESCENT POWDERS, - 


: “sunctines called voralline, and other material: 7 
To suggested recently that tho use of of a similar nature by sprinkliog the surface of * 








rapplicd should nut exceed * 


matters <0 as to produce elffovts of various - 


them without $0 per cent. of their weight of ; 








rescent powders by mixing the same in pla in 
» 





Tt has been observed after various trials thar ~ 


latter is usel at sea, but in riwm axd fawk | 


ata thelr invention, in company with the varices i 










































tos For Nght thero fa 


i 


ter for hent, to Jndicato the intenalty at a mere Inspec 
tlon; the only way to measure light Is to compare two: 
lights, and'to adopt one asa standard, .” 

One: almpte way is to compare two sliadows which: 
the sano object will throw on a white screen, Let A’ 


* and B, Fig, 1, be the lglits, then A will throw the: 


shadow a 8 of the olject R on the screen EE, while 


> the lght B will throw the shadow @ C on the same 
‘ acreon, It ts clear that tho shadow @ bis only ium. | 
} nated by the light B, and the shadow a C Uy the light 
; AL. Ifthen the distance uf the lights from the screen 


E E ta shifted so as tu make the shadows alike in lu. 


” minoalty, we have a measure of the relative fntensity 


of the lights at these distances; but in order to be ab- 


\:solutely correct we must square thu distances, as light 
“follows the law that tho intensity varies inversely as \ 


tho squara of the distance, 


«To mako this clear with an example, let us 
. suppose that the lights having been shifted so 


ns to make the two aladows alike, it will he 
found that the distance of the light A from the 


{ ‘sercen is three-fourths that of B from the acreen, 


so that the relative distances are asthe numbers 


‘ Sand 4; squaring these, wa find the numbera 9 


and 16, which proves that tho light A is not 


*amach more than half as bright as B, 


Another simple, and perhaps better way, fe 


* to place the lights at a convenient distance and 


fo put between them n disk of white paper, on 
which an oll spot is made tn the center, (see 


» Fig. 2),. This off spot being more transparent than 


the rest of the paper, will be visible ns Jong as the 
light passing through it fe stranger tharf Unt reflected 


, from the eurrounding paper nut olled; but if the post. 


*.tlon of the paper ia alilfted between the two lights, so 


jones to bring it ao much nearer the weaker light until 


the ofl spot becomes invisible, that is, until no mors 


Flight pases through thon te reflected, no matter fron: | 


which ‘side St fs looked at, the relative distance of it 





fter all, considering its great power, the cheapest 
“| source of light known, : | rah i lines 


instrument, like the thermome: } |... 


feom the two Hghte will indicate their relative inten-j . 


i “‘alty, For inatance, let the light at the right side be a 
: standard wax-candle, and that at the left 8 gas-burner; 


Wf it 19 found that the distance of the 
Wnper screen from the wax-candle ts 


* @ feet, and from the gas-burcer 8 feet, 
{thelr relative intonsity will beas 2x 2 
j. 008% 8, oras4 to 9,which demonstrates 
; that the gas flame is 2} times more 


intense than the standard wax-candle, 
But the main consideration being 


|. that of cost, 1 {9 Important to keep’ 
Pan account of the expenses of the dif 
i ferent ghite compared, . We copy 
. from a recent French journal the state- 


ment that the relative cost of obtain. 


‘Ing a given amount-of light fe least { 
: when using an Improved lamp, more for atearin or wax} 


candles, and most of all for tallow-candles, and thls in 
the proportion of 6:93 14," Thus, the cheap tallow. 


candles are the most expensive, Gass stated to: be} 


about half as expensive as oll, while here inthe United. 
States wo koow that good kerosena is only about one-; 
fourth as expensive as gas, and gives s better light at, 


hithat.! 


achat pa og caer 








| Electrle light, produced by 48 large Bunsen ele- 
+ ments, Is atated to be equal to somo 600-standard wax. 
| candles, but of course costs more; while the light pro. 
{, duced by a battory of 100 Bunsen elements is atated to 
{-be equal to one-third that of sunlight at 3 rae in Au 


‘; {gust According to this aunlight would only be ‘equal 


ar 


| to some 2,000-standard wax-candles, “Hydro-oxygen 


| light, produced by heating Mmy ina hydro-oxygen jet 


of flame, is eaid to be equal: to one-1s0th part of sun. 
Fights PS Ge Beng : 
Later exhibitions hore ta’ New York city, giv 
several manufacturers of magneto-electrio machines 
driven by.ateain-power, have proved | 


+ [light may. bo made fully equal ‘to 


alec a 





M Tadd, who is promluently connected with | 


ho electiTo~ - 


light experiments in England, writes “that elactrlolight will . - 


ati 


a fs 


take the plaice of gas for Jargo spaces, railway stat! 


fons, linlta, + 


Morkshopy, and such like places there can be no doubt, but : 
© present stato of our electric knowledge holds out no 


*B liope of ity ever superseding tho present system of house- 
lighting and other domestic purposes.” Ilo “re those : 
Riwho own gas alinres had better keep them, 


eH 


iy of electricity, is thus described :—100 


—$—$—_———$==T 


THE APPLICATION OF PHOS- 
PHORESCENT POWDERS 


E: No. 739, 


‘Tho object of their in- 


isto obtain and to utiles 


+ colours. 


huminons 


Thedry phosphorescent powers are also con- 


[products and their applications without tho, use verted into translucent flexible sheets of une 


parts by jli:nited length, thickness, and width, by mixing 


weight of w carbonate of limo and phosphate of | ther withont 80 per cent. of their weight of ; 


Hime, produced hy 


tho! calcination of sca-shells, ether and collodion in equal parts in aclose vessel, | « 


aud especially those of’ tho genus Tridaoun and |and rolling the product into sheets with which 


the cuttle-fish Lone, are to be intimate 
with 100 parts b; 
cally pure by: ext 
weight of calei 


eight of lime vendered cheni- 


wed seaentlt; from 
cent. of the whole mans of sulphur, which incor 


} porate there ith by the process of sublimation ; 
and from 3 to 7 per cent. of colourinss mutter in 


Bi the form of powder compo-ed of mono-sulphure 


of calcitun, Darin, strontium, uranium, mugs 
desi, aluminium, or other minerals or sub- 
tance producing the sino physical appearances, 
é., which after having been impregnated with 
Aight becomes luminous in tho dark. After have 
ying mixed these five ingredients inthuately the 
Composition obtained is rendy for use necording 
to different methods or upplications. In certain 
cases, and tore apecladly for augmenting the 
intensity and the duration of tho luminous effect 
of the composition, the patentecs add a sixth 
ingredicut in the furm of phosphorus reduced into 
powder, which is obtained from ses 
srall-kuown 


oF 


2 per 


luced into paste by tho addition of a sutticient 
antity of varnish such 23 copal may serve with 
ylvantaye for illuninating n great number of 
gjocts, (7.4 Liloys, xen compasses, barometers, 
tplates, sigubourds, andother shnilar objects, 
arranging it in more or less thick coatings 
Bon a plate of metal, wood, gluss, or other 
fitcrial covered by a transparent glass; ‘this 
birder muy alo be omploved for theatrical 


tion, und add 25 parts by 
2 50 per 


‘mixed {any objects may be covered, which aro intended"! 
n 


to be luminous in the dark, 

‘The phosphorescent powders, may also bo 
intimately mixed with stemine, paraffine, rectified 
glue, isinglass, Hauid silox, or other transparent 
rolid matter in the proportion of from 20 to 30° 
{Per cent. of the former with from 60 to 80 per 
cent. of either of these substances, and this mass ; 
is then reduced into sheots of variablo leiyth, 
width, and thickness, according to their Intended ; 
applications, A luminous glass is also manufag- 5; 
tured by means of the above-mentioned phospho-+ 
rescent powders by mixing the samo in glass in 
‘}a fused state in tho proportions of from 6 to 20 ° 
per cont. of tho mass of gluss. After tho compo- 
sition has been puddled or mixed it is converted 
| into different articles, according to the onlinary 
processes; or after the manufacture of an object 7 
still warm and plastic made of ordinary glass it 
is xprinkled with the powders, which latter are 
then incorporated into the surfaco of tho article 
hy pressuro exerted in the mould, or iu any 
other anitablo way, 7 . 

It haw been observed after various trials that { ¢/-* 
tho passage of an clectrie current through the... 
different compositions augments their huninous * § * 
propertics or brillianey to a great extent; this ? 
{peculiarity is intended to bo utilised in various fos 
applications too numcrous to describe; but of 
which buoys form a good example, ‘Che current ; 
tof clectricity is furnished by plates of zinc and ; 

‘opper mounted on the buoy iteclf, When tho: "; 

, latter ia used nt sen, but in rivers and fresh! ¢ 
‘water inlets the battery curried in th i 
‘interior of.tho buoy. to sccuro the full effeot? 

from 10 to 20 per cent. of fine zinc, copper, or} 
antimony dust is added to the phosphorescent 
powder above described. Tho patentces hav 
[dovived a special form of buoy which they elain 
as thelr invention, in company with tho various 
applications above described. 











aon eT wa Ds 








remaining fourteen tic 
Street and Holborn 'Cit y, tmp 


engine of 20 harse-pow 
shed crected on som 


THR < ELECTR 
i pplicat for ‘patent N até Oztober 23 
“provements inthe methoil and: means: for developing 
: heard on Monday afternoon, befe 
he opposed 
et hy 





improvements, or 

' cee 7 ath agent 2 R |! loin so, liad nw 

riG EXPERIMENTS. ooo oe 2 | || pevceedting inm th 

— ‘arrai Igement having een conipleted for lighting up with the electric Hight that portion of | 
whidt 













te Thames Embaikient which ‘les. hetween® Westminster ‘anil’ Waterloo“ Trldges, and: 
} h represents 'n sttetch of nearly three-quarters of a mille, the first complete public demonstene 
‘tlon4ook place,on Monday eventig, with such suceess “that the experiment will bo continued for 
‘at Teast three months, the lamps being lighted ‘at dusk to: be kept burning till ten o'clock cach 
) j fevening.' Owiig to the murky condition’of the atmosphere which sucecedcd the dense fog of the 
‘afternoon, the, sccaston was not one of the inost favourable for fining of the tnerlts of the electric 
Ao ‘Upht. ‘The gas lamps, morenver, remained alight, ko that” cnnparative ‘observations were out of 
‘the question. “But go far as illumination went the results were very successful. “The experiinents 
hate'heen undertaken at the instance of the Metropolitan Board of Works, anil the arrangements 
shave been carried out under’ the’ diréction’ of the’ engineer’ to the Boa, Sir Joseph Nazalyctic, 
{HIM their consulting chemist, MreT. W. Seats, and thiose gentlemen have taken’every precaution 
in order to! renter the trial an exhaustive Gne and its resulis conclusive. "0 3 eel: 
u ‘shed! to’ the west of Charing § 
“entrusted ta: Messrs, 


mee tea ee” 


ofthe Patent 
that any ‘o 
without gi 
Russell Radia’ pectniary fi 
i not disclosed 
u 


BPRS NE A 








United States, says3— 
he: Public Library, 
at the conclusion 


ines: belanying: to the hotel. 
lent senginece | and:. general 
: ms 






6 the question of how elee- 
Fablochiof patent canille which has; i 
Istributed inthe following manne 


x On the Watesléo Irldy. 
‘The secont cirenit fe 





: i ie avern, ‘Lat yefive |: 3 7 
Lyards, bnt'x6me of: the lamps aye at a’preateé diktane 
ar E . } on, the Waterléo Bridge sidé and-Uie oné unter the Cl 
in + Hts ‘and the distance’ lictween’ the-Inst-naiicd one andl the 
, {about 120 yards, From the subway the leading wir 
jae used for the gas, to the top of the lamps; where th 


























st i OR ee ae eae 
Tho Eloctric Light.—Notwithstanding the Christmas 
holidays, there are several matters to be added to the history | 
of this subject which has already appeared in these columns, 
With regard to Edison's light, the position has not materially 
altered since last! weck, ‘The following paragraph, taken 
from last Saturday's Standard, has reference to the hitch at 
the Patent Office, to which we have already alluded :— 
THe Episox Enecrric Licht.—The adjourned hearing of ; 
the objection of Mr, Russell to Mr, Edison's application fora patent 
in respect to the electric light took place yesterday afternoon at the 
Solicitor-Gencral's Chambers in the Temple, It will be remem- 
ered that apreliminary hearing took place on Monday last at the : 
House of Commons, when Mr. Russell was ordered to pay all! 
costs, and an adjournment was then granted to cnable him to file 
evidence in support of his objection, This was done by declara- 



































» and that the costs now in- 
Slison was represented, 



















Itisto be hoped that there are goofl grounds for the 
anticipation expressed in the last sentence. Until Mr. 
Edison has obtained his patent, of course it can scarcely 
be expected that he will make public the details of his in- 
vention ; but in connection with the several statements that 
have appeared in the public prints from time to. time as to 
the nature of the Professor’s discovery, the following cutting 
taken from the 7¥mes will be read with interest :— 

THe cTRIC LIGHT.—The first authoritative statement as 
to the details of Mr, Edison's eclectic light invention is given inthe 
New York Herald of December 11 by a correspondent who ex- 
amined the Edison electric lamp in Mr. Edison's laboratory, From 
the statement it seems that the patents we have heard of as having, 
been granted recently at Washington in his favour.were only two 
out ofa very large series that have to be taken out, ‘The system is 
a very complex one, and each part of it must be protected by 

alents, These parts correspond to the sctorts, receivers, mains, 
Xe., in gas manufacture and fighting, Mr. Edison himself did not 
know when the correspondent called what were the particular parts 
in respect of which patents had been granted, The light is produced 
hy incandescence ; the conductor, which is made incandescent by 
the electric current passing through it, is a small, curiousty-shaped 
apparatus, consisting of a high alloy of iridium, which cannot 
be melted under §,000 deg, Fahrenheit, Pevices of exceed: 
ing simplicity and, as repeated experiments have proved, of equal 
reliability are connected with the lamp. ‘They surmount the 
apparent impossibility of repulating the strength of the light. This 
lamp, when placed in the electric circuit, in which a strong current 
circulates, is absolutely indepentent of the strength of the current. 
‘This Mr, Edison considers one of the vital features of the invention. 
If the regulator is set so that the light gives only, say, £0-candle 
power, no i cin the strength of the current’ will increase its 
prilliancy, ‘This light is independent of all others in the circuit, A 
thousand may be fed from the same conductor, and the extinction 
of all but one will have {no effect on that one. Each lamp in the 
circuit, by means of the regulator, the description of which latter 
Mr, Edison for the present withholds, is allowed to draw from the 
central station just sufficient current to supply itself, Since Mr. 
Edison undertook the problem of lighting by incandescence, many 
attempts have,been made in the same directisn, but owing to the 
lack of knowledge, or wiscanception of the cast of electricity, the 
improvements were such that as much current had to be supplied 
when the lamps were not lighted as when they were. Great loss 
was in consequence entailed, 


In connection with the general subject, several further 
communications hitve appeared in the columns of the public 
journals, Mr, St, George Lane Fox particularly appears to 
have been devoting a considerable amount of attention to 
the subject, and he gives it.as his decided opinion that, ; 

| viewed from every point, it is almost a certainty that in: 
accordance with the advancement of civilisation ek vetricity | 
is destined ultimately to take the place of gas.” Mr. Fox 
deals with the question in a very able manner in a letter 
that occupies more than a column in the ZYmes, and we are 
very sorry that the space at our disposal will not enable us } 
to- print his communication én exfenso, The effect of- it, ; 
however, may be judged from the. following remarks with | 
which he concludes :— : 

The ahove date appear to me to show 
thing that can be done by pas can also be done by electricity, and | 
ata much lower cost, ‘The working expenses and outlay for plant! 
would probably be about equal to that in the gas system. But, in| 
addition to’ economy, electricity would have other numerous ad. { 
vantages aver gas. The first of these, and perhaps the one of 
pictest importance, would he the possibility of ubtaining light and ! 

{| heat hy the mere turning of handle and without theuse of matches, | 
this handle being in any convenient place: and distance from the | 
































































































conclusively that every. | 














itor Neat is 


the case with gas, within a fev 


generale, arid not necessarily, as is 
w inches from the burner. 


light emitted from the incandescent body would be absolutely steady 


and ofany degree or quality desi 





recognised, It would not here 
+] details of the method of produ 


continuous conductor of some refractory material. 
-that, although the devices for so obtaining light 





ind imperfect, there is not th 
soon be perfected. Much has 
merits and demerits of 
of * sulslividing it.” 
this great luminary, whatever 















difficult. or Impossible 


as the si 
that, the facts remain, 


ic slightest doubt that they 


“the electri 
‘These remark 


show, the solution of the “problem jof 


rect, from that ofa dull red heat toan 


intense whiteness, Hut, even were these advantages to be lost sight 
of, the immense superiority of clectrici 


on the score of safety must be 
be possible for me to enter fully into < 
cing I by the incandescence of a 
Suffice 1 to say 
are still very crude 









Ieen heard and said lately as to th 

ight,” and as to the possibility 
and data have no reference to 
be, and, indeed, for all they 
its subsdivision ” may be as 


ubslivision of the moon ; yet, for all 





it may 





There also appeared in our contemporary, two days 
earlier in the week, a letter from a correspondent signing ; 


himself “HP.” i 


endeavours to support this vi 
the German Continental Gas 


however, to use the words of 


succeeds merely 





in showing—if, indeed, he shows 


P.,” in which an effort is made to show that. 
gas has nothing whatever to fear from e! 








by a reference to a report of i 
Association, It appears to us,’, 

% correspondent, that he: 
anything! 


at all—that which he evidently does not intend—namely, 
that gas works would not be well adapted for conversion into 
electricity works, and that, Ronsequently, if ever clectricity 


docs supersede gas, they will be o 


| this, Mr, Fox points out ve 
1 slightest reason why works 


nouseatall, In reply to | 
y clearly that there is not the 


for the development of electric 


currents should be situated in the same places as gas works, 


or that in a town there should be 


works as are sufficient for th 
works,” if ever they 


value of 


property in their neighbourhood, 


a similar number of such 
je supply of gas, “ Electricity 


v cl do come into existence, would not give : 
rise to offensive smells or huge, 


would they cover a large area of 


unsightly gas-holders, nor : 
ground and depreciate the | 
‘There is, accord- 


ingly, no reason why a town should not be supplied with 


electric force from a number o 
a town in such a manner as w 
Gas Lighting Journal also ¢ 
tion on the subject from Mr, 
in which the view 
fear from electricity, and that 
scientific light or 

We have alluded in thes 
to the various forms in which 


been exhibited in this country, and 
plans we have piven detailed 
how to add the particulars of 


Wilde, of Manchester, who, 
months since instituted legal p 
hew type 6f Gramme 


having just developed it intoa 
Was afforded on the evening of 
scientific pentiemen 


x alternating current, machin 
signed a complete system of electric lighting 


f works, distributed throughout 
nay he thought fit, ‘This week's 
ontains it lengthy communica. 
W. Scott, of Old Broad-street, 


is taken that gas has nothing whatever to 


the electric light may prove a 


a light of luxury, but nothing more. 


« columns from time to time 
the electric light has hitherto | 
of most of the several 
descriptions, We hav 
another system, Mr. Henry ; 
it will be remembered, a few 
rocecdings in the matter of the 
has de- 
apparatus, and, © 
practical shape, a private view 
Friday, the 2oth inst. toa few 








and others interested in the subject. * 


‘The experimental fi phting was exhibited at the telegraphic 


apparatus works o} 


Messrs. L. Clark, Muirhead, and Co, ; 


Regency-street, Westminster, and we have been furnished 


with the following 


induction machine producing a 


‘account of the trial -— : 
}, The Wilde-clectric tight Spparatus consists of an electro-magnetic 
ternaling currents and a carbon: 

_ or lamp of very simple construction, 

{of several years of patient strdy and 

‘ passed through many changes since the 
fore the Royal Society by Mr. Wilde some 12 
announced the discovery that electric currents 


nitely weak could, by induction and transmutation, 
, and currents of indefinite strength. 
!a disc of cast-iron which is mounted 





The machine is the outcome | 
wractical research, and has 
irst one was described bee | 
years since, when he ° 
and magnets indefi- 
produce magnets 
‘The large machine consists of 
on a horizontal driving-shaft. 


: Attached to the dise and Projecting from either side of itare 16 


| Cores or armatures, while on cither 


drical electro-magnets, which are 


sile of these again are 16 cylin- ; 
fixed to the side-framing at the ¢ 


same distance from the driving-shaft and from each other asthe iron! 


{eores on the revolving dise, 


iquently, have their poles Op pas; 


jand its circle of iron cores revolving 


idrical bar magnets are each coiled 


The two circles of magnets, conse- 


ite each other with the disc 
between then, The cylin 
E with Gsoft. of insulated copper 


‘wire, and the helices are grouped Aogether to form a four;fold. cite; 


t cuit 2,636ft. in length, 
‘ adjacent magnets in ench 
both circles, have north 
The length of insulated 
helices are divided into 
for an intensity of sf 


h 





and south 


cight grout 


Y are joined up in such a mianner that : 
circle, as well as those directly opposite in 


polarity in relation toeach other. ; 


wire on each armature is t16ft., anil these { 


ps of four each and coupled up + 


a it 404M. One of the groups is sed for pros: 
"ducing the minor current for exciting the circle of electro-magnets, 
: While the remaining groups are Joined together for a quantity of: 





Next the > 


ill very « 


ectricity, and he: | 






























[seven and an intenstt 
: rent from the machin; 
nets are connected with a ci 
; Majoreurrent are placed in 
outside,the machine or with 
alternating or direct current 
- machine, which is of 16.1 


hase producing « 
ith a pair ofti 
another commutator according 
from the machine is required. 
ht power, was exhibited, hut not usedt 
sit, a smaller one hz 


the : 
This 







employed. In all 


he Jarger onc, 

the usual w 

Ey W 

pparatus measuring 3f. high by 3ft. Gin. 
A nd being driven off a pulley hy belting. 
The light’ is produced by means of a pair of ca bon roils each 
aboul 7 in, long and three-sixteenths of an inch in ¢ ameter. Were 
these rods united Jaterally by an insulating: materi they would 
form the Jablochkoff candle. ~ But they are not, being fixed ina 
pair of holders, parallel ta cach other, in a vertic: position, and 

About one-cighth of an inch apart. On producing the electric 

light from the ends of these carbons, the strength of the current, 
the thickness of the carbons, and the distance between them be ! 
rightly proportioned, the carbons will burn steadily down until they 
are wholly consumed. In order to light the carbons automatically, 
and to prevent any interruption in the continuity of the current 
extinguishing all the lights in the same circuit, one af the carbone 
| holders is linged toa small cast-iron base plate, which 
structed as to become an electromagnet when coiled with a few 
turns of insulated wire. When no current is being transmitted 
through the carbons their Upper parts are always in contact, being 
maintained so by a spring under the hinged carbon-holder, When, 


The 





















































: the machine is the first of its kind made 


‘ hours without attendance, 


however, an alternat I Currentistransmitted through the carbons, the 
electro-magnet attracts the armature and Scparates the upper ends 
of the carbons, which brings them into their normal position, and 
the light is immediately produced. Should the circuit be interrupted|, 
the armature is released, the upper ends of the carbons come into” 
contact, and the light is produced o WI 


in the same circuit th 














and shafting by power taken from an. en; 
machinery on the works ; hence the 
requred to drive the clectros 
ascertained ; and moreover, 
geverned so as to insure 
uniform speed of workin, 
what variable. 









switched from one pair to the other and back again. The two, 
lights in the yard were of the kind proposed for street illumination. ; 
‘They were hexagonal lanterns filled in with ground glass and sure. 
mounted by a reflector 2ft. Gin. diameter. They were mounted oni 
standards about 16ft. high and Gof. apart. ‘The standards hap-' 
pened to be there; and so were utilised for mounting |the lamps, . 
otherwise the distance between the two lghts would have been con- 


; siderably greater, ns -it yell could diave been, An excellent light 


was produced, but it was clear that the standards were far too near, 
cach other, The singlé light in the factory was also of a very high‘ 


: standard, and burnt very steadily, excepting only when the slight 
} aberrations of the engine caused a variation in the uniformity of 


the current. On the whole, considering that this was the first 
practical trial of the Wilde light, and that some of the details were 
somewhat crude and incomplete, the results were very satisfactory. 
It should be added that this system of electric lighting is being in- 
troduced by the Electric Lighting Company, of 43, Lothbury. 


Anothor Practical Application of the electric 


light for ordinary-.ilhuninatiag-purposes was 2 clic of 
Sattrday at the. London-bridge terminus of the Londo 


? 
Brighton, and South Coast Railway, for lighting the open 
space between the main line and: Crystal Palace line book. 
ing offices and the platform barriers. The Suisse lamp was 
“employed, the motive-power being obtained from an engine 
some 250 yards distant, which, in addition to working the! 
magneto niichine, also Pumped up the water required for | 
the general purposes of the station, We understand that 
in England) and, | 
together with the lamp, which is said to last al out tivelve | 
was supplied by the India-Rubber 
and Telegraph Works Company, ‘of Silvertown, whose , 
electrician, Mr. R, K, Grey, and the railway company’s tele- 
graph engineer, Mr. E. J. Houghton, assisted by Mr. Carey, 
carried ont the experiment... etre ee 





The | 







| 
| 


' 
| 
| 




























pera 


Gas and Water Notes. ‘i 


ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS. *S. 


A. Wheoler,—You will find an amplo aniwer to all your questions n°) 
report ofthe proceedings ofthe Metropditan Roard yasisuday teanetees 

Inquirer.—Qoly the Chartered and tho Conmerciat compantes, 

B. Ys Gian tor Mie canteen Bee coma its 
Insertion i extent, Wo will endeavout to make ute of it, howovers 

when an ppportunlty arises, 

‘Y. K—The trial is scarcely worthy of any special notice, There ts 

nothing new in it whatever, 

Sussox Subsorlber,~ We are informed that the total amount the Brigh= 
ton Corporation has had to pay for coste aad damages consequentog + 
the gas explosion in the King's-road is £5,350, : 















Z. 





Tho Elcotrio Light.—The position in this matter is much : 
the same in which we Ieft it last week, that is to say, there : 
is not much that is actually new to chronicle in regard to the 
light itself, although further proofs of its adaptability for 
general lighting purposes, even as at present available, arc 
continually being afforded. Again, alluding at the outset to 
Edison’sinvention,wehave received acommunicationfrom Mr, 
Robert Biggs, of Bath, who complains that in our comments 








last week we unfairly represented the views which he enter. { | 


tains in regard to the Professors discovery, We confess ; 
that in our summary of Mr. Biggs’ letter toa contemporary, 
to which allusion was made, we did not employ the writer's 
own words; but we did state what in our opinion was the - 
practical effect of the communication, We have nodesire, how- 
ever, to pin Mr. Biggs to views which he docs not hold, or 
to statements which he* denies ever having made, and we, j 
therefore, accept his denial of the correctness of our inter- ! 
pretation of his contribution, We also gave last Saturday : 


y 
an extract from a telegram from America, which stated that $* 


Mr. Edison had “perfected a machine for measuring the | 
current used in the electric light.” Mi. David Chadwick : 
now writes to a contemporary stating that about a month or 
six weeks ago Mr, St, George’Lane Fox ™' completed his in- 
vention of an electric meter, and obtained protection for his : 
invention by provisional registration at the Patent Office on 
the 14th of November last.”| And in expressing his own view 
on the subject Mr. Chadwick says, “ Without knowing any- i 
thing of Mr, Edison’s invention, I believe Mr. Lane Fox's | 
electric meter will prove simple, efficient, and inexpensive.” | 
Time only will prove probably whether in. this matter of ' 
comparative detail Mr, Fox or Mr, Edison has been the 
more successful, The following telegram from New York, . 
dated Wednesday, the rth inst, appeared in Thursday's - 
Daily News :-- : 

Mr. Edison authorises the statement that his light is produced 
by the incandescence of an alloy of platinum ‘and iridium, The i 
conductor is not an ordinary coil, but a pecitliar arrangement of 





the metal, whereby, in accordance with a new discovery of his in} 


connection with'radiant energy, a much weaker current is made to | 
generate a given light than if a siigle spiral were used. Ty slight 
modifications in the shape of the conductor he has obtained from 
one cell of a Danicll battery a light strong enough to read by, A 
simple adjustable apparatus attached to cach lamp regulates the \ 
amount of electricity ‘it shalt draw from the main current, and 
makes it entirely independent of any changes in the strength of 
the current as well as of all other lamps in the circuit, ‘That pore 
tion of the current which is used for the regulator is also made to ; 
serve in the production of the light, A | 
device for compensating for loss in subdivision consists apparently 
in the utilisation for illuminating purposes of the resistance of the | 
regulator, and of all other resistance outside of the main coné *: 
ductor, and part in the pecullar form of the conductor. The details 
are still a secret, | Mr. Jdison has just obtained two patents here, 
and has applications for nine others, pending specifications for a 
third Englis! 


We are not exactly disposed to place implicit confidence 
in all that is stated in this telegram, but as information on 





already stated, difficulties would scem to have arisen 
between the Professor and the authorities at the F 
Office, which threaten to delay somewhat the publication of 
the details of Edison's discovery, from which wo have been 
led to expect so much. [t appears that dhere larcy several 
rivals in the field who claim to be befdre/ Mr. Fdisdn with: 
his alleged invention, In conngction with this ute, 
following cutting, which we “take ‘from ‘t 
Fournah will be read with interest 4 
As Mr, Edison has not filed his complete specification, we may 
he sure he has not yet matured his plans. “Other workers are in 
the field, and whilst some of them, by & vague statement, may, in 
their specifications, ‘anticipate some, of Mr. Edison’s ideas, the fact. 
‘ « SSR i Z 


ae 


1S 
legraphic 





Po ere re 













































part of Mr. Edison’s : - 


h patent just forwarded. B 


the subject we deem it worthy of insertion. As we have ; 


tent « 


the « 


| 
| 












| 






























(hat the” Invention was "80 overtly pi nag a” secret mi: 
yj] seriously jeopardise his position: legally, should any subsequent 
specification be filed, clascly treading on his heels. We would 
remind our readers of. the celebrated case of Ransome versus \% 
Howard, where one of the parties filed, as is usually done, a specl- 
fication for an invention, .The other, before ‘the six months had 


for what was held to be the same thi 


With regard to the inventions of Sawyer, Mann, and! 
other scientific mien in America, whose discoveries have | 
already been noticed in these columns, nothing new has tran- ' 
spired during the past week or two calculated to impress ' 
those studying the question very strongly. in their favour, ; 
although from what we hear it would not seem improbable ' : 
that at no distant date they will occupy some share of public ; 
attention, While alluding to inventions, intelligence of j 
which has reached us from the new country, we would refer 
toa description of a new clectric Iamp for domestic pur. 
poses that recently appeared in the columns of the Boston 
Sournal of Commerce, We are free to confess that for some 
time past we have had an idea that, looking at the ad- 
vance of science in this matter, hitherto it was not impos- 
sible that, sooner or later, an arrangement might be 
jperfected by means of which the employment of steam. ! 
power might be dispensed with altogether for the pro: 
duction of the electric light for ordinary illuminating pur- 
Poses, and that the motive-power might be obtained by 
clockwork in some kind of way, cach lamp or light being | 
perfect and complete in itself, We own the idea may scem 
somewhat chimerical, but it has received not a little stimulus 
from the subjoined cutting, which is taken from the columns : 
of our American contemporary, We can, of course, say! 
nothing as to the: merits of the invention, nor, indeed, can} 
we say positively that such an invention’ has really been 
“henupht forward at all, but we insert the cutting as a matter 
of in rmation which 
réaders, 

7 Tt wel 

ances of the centu; 
from the scent of 
public pure and “ 
A clock combinath 
of raw silk, 

asa time 
bustion tl 


Tostart the light, 1 
‘o start the fight, 
in or rifle, only nat so prominenty 
amp, is pulled gently downward, 
» ticity to emanate from the di 
platinum point, from which 
the carbonate. Meanwhile 
ment, and instantly the fi 
: Bestanieed ceive the lig! 
cost of one-half 
, other lamp for aso wrt 
market 
broken by 
carbon poin 
fine himself 


Pepgement will a a carbonate, 


TEER. Letare 
‘ Opposite f] 
ly ason of its suppose op 5 I) 
| quality that its adoption iS principally attributable, ‘The im. | 
i Hossibslicy of judging with accuracy the effect by night ofa ; 
‘ coloured material selected by day-time and «ice versa is! 
‘well known ; but, by the electric light, the most delicate 


: ina fr beauty and integrity. It} 
expired, filed a complete specification, and took out Letters Patent [* - ; hues appear to show up in all their y rity. i 


isa significant fact, also, that the Government is: extending | 
the er ike iene fight at Woolwich and elsewhere i] 
: while, from the provinces: tine of the application of he | 
ight are even more prolific than ever, 
Sho Eloctrie Light on tho Embankmont—The| 
ements for the trial of the clectric light on the Vic- 
torin Embankment were not quite sufficiently advanced to, 
admit of the experiment being made on ‘Thursday, we) 
anticipated last week, but by mid-day yesterday everything’ 
was ready, and last evening a kind of preliminary trial was! 
made, Shortly after four o'clock the western end of the} 
bankment, extending from Charing-cross to W ‘estminster- 
| bridge, was illuminated: by means of Jablochkof’s candles,} 
Only ten lights were used on this occasion, but their bri : 
liancy was such ns to throw the gas lamps into the shade,: 
’ The fights burned with rather fitful consistency, but in the} 
opinion of Sir Joseph Bazalgette, engineer to the Board of, 
Works, and Mr. Keates, the consulting chemist, who, with; 
Sir James McGarel-Hogg, M.P., the chairman, and several! 
members of the Board, were present to witness the experi 
ment, the result was in every respect satisfactory, __ilt 
anticipated that on Monday evening the Embankmerit will! 
be illuminated by means of the ney, light between Wes: 
minster-bridge and Waterloo-bridge. 
es Truth” and tho Wlootric Light.—This week's | 
: Truth contains the following by “A Long-suffering Gas! 
: consumer who Resides near the Works” :— 
* From noxious vapours, olours vile, and imminent explosion ; 
From cinder heaps, and smuts, and stnoke, and sulphurous 
corrosion 3 
* From bleardd eyes, and bleachdd cheeks, and sickness melancholic ; , 
From belching fires, and naked forms, and labour diabolic 5 
From hideous gasometers, and poisonous suffocation, 
We welcome thee, lo set us free, Electric fhnovation | 
From leaking pipes, or flickering lights, or flare-up sibillations ; 
From Company's threats, our meter’s tricks, or vain recriminations ; 
From cheerless lamps, and dismal streets that sends us all 
aemoping 5 
‘From dazzling Pubs’ allurements that catch us while we're groping ; 
From stuffy rooms—our nightly bane, our morning’s enervation— 
Defend us quite, or set them right, with sweet illumination { 
And, lastly, strike the Vandal who js ruthlessly defiling 
With recking shafis, black roads and brooks, what once were 
tandscapes smiling 5 
‘Then flowers may breathe, and bloom again, nor longer droop in 
sadness, 
And trees put on their robes afresh, and lift their arms with 
gladness. 
O'er cities proud, and fickls, and streams, ‘a prospect new is 
brightening, 
If Nature's store beneficent will yictd this Aarmtfess LIGHTNING ! 


Tun Evrerre Ticir—the electric light was experi- 
mentally used at the London Bridge terminus of the London, 
Brighton, and South Coast Railway on Suturday afternoon 
‘and evening, for lighting the open space between the main 


ent While-that of the young sage of! line and Crystal Palace line booking offices and the platform 


oriates afler a few hours’ use, 
this‘column fro tin 


try, and again 
‘ant additions to 


to be their 
ty department of 


> notion 
‘Ained some 
i 


‘ployed, the motive power being obtained from nn engine 
sume 260 yards distant, which, in addition to working the 
ibagneto machine, also pumped up the water required for the 
jyeneral purposes of the station, ‘Ihe machine is the firat of 
its kind made in England, and, together with the lamp, which 
is said to last about twelve hovrs without attendance, was 
supplied by the Indin Rubber and Telegraph Works Com. 
qauny, of Silvertown, whose electrician, Mr. R. KK, Gray, and 
the railway company's telegraph engineer, Mr. E. J. 
Houghton, assisted by Mr. Carey, carried out the experiment. 


a et 7 





(barriers, ‘Lhe Gramme machine and Suisse lamp were em-. . 


Waites ainda nee 


2m i 


Bpigon'’s Parent.—It will be remembered that there wav] - 
an opposition to thia patoit filed, A preliminary hearing of 
the cnge took place sif*thé House of Commons on Monday, 
December 16th, when Mr. Russell was ordered to pay all costs, 
and an‘adjournment was then granted to enable him to file 
evidence in support of his objectiot. This was done by 
deelarntions from. Messrs, Russell, Haddon, and Knowles 
and replied to by Messrs. Adains and Walenn. ‘Che result of 
the proceedings on Friday, 20th December, was a decision 
that the application of Mr. Edison for a patent should be 
allowed to proceed, and that the costs‘now incurred should 
be paid by Mr. Russell, Mr. Edison was represented, xs on 


DECEMBER 28, 1878. G1 


Monday, by Mr. Theodore Aston, Q.C., instructed by Messrs, ‘ 
Brewer and Jensen, patent agents, of Chancery-tanc. Unless 
further opposition should be offered, it may he expected that 
in a few days Mr, Edison's patent will-be scaled, , 


heer SV 


A Scevtic on Enison's Enecrric Taanr.—tho Mining 
Journal anys :—* 'Pho telegram received from New York to the 
effect that the essential feature of Mr. Edison's alleged dis- 
covery of an improved electric light ia the production of the | | 
light by the incandeseence of an Alloy of platinum and ( 
iridium affords conclusive proof that the invention is worth. 
less, or rather no invention, since precisely the same method 

lof producing the light was invented thirty-three years ugo, 
land has, according to M. Fontaine, the well-known French 
ielectrician, been constantly used in lecture experiments ever 
‘since, although it has never given satisfactory results for 
‘illumination. If Mr. Edison has produced « light strong 
lenough to read by with incandescent iridio-platinum and ono 
{Daniell cell, the size of this cell must have been Jarger than 
any yet seen.” 


De la perception lumineuse. — M. 
“i in de NA: Autoirie' Brégicl et Charles Richetse déposé | 
? yti‘ménioire stie'Ia‘por PROT 


trea Bh a did 4 os 
dang, un Intervallé dg, {omps 
isible et invisible, 
quanta fois, a Ja; geconde, . par, La perception | | 


"due rare wil, ano 
_ ‘couleur. réelle, qu 


| 
as messicurs 2 
uinidrd!fuible, 

1 


autrement; dit a 
“quelque 


la soit, ppe Hintensité du phénp 
_ Su fépétilion..., 


sue yetpe arom aryenene nena eh agote  o 


wt 




















\ Charaeteristics of the Electric Arc. | 





| Fe : is n of the properties of the electric arc 
| H from an able article on the subject prepared for 






the Fuglish SMechanie by Mr, J. T. Sprague. 
‘When the true electric arc is to be considered, 
it must be formed either iia vacuum, or ina gas 
having no action on the electrodes, Under these 
| conditions it is:simply a part of the circuit, and 
its Hight is due solely to the energy’ expended by 
the current, regarding theintervening space as 8 
conductor.of definite though variable resistance. |: 
‘The quantity and quality of the light will, how 
ever, depend upon the nature of the clectrodes 
{1)as to their power.to form the vapors requisite to 
render the space conducting ; (2) as to the spec. 
ific quality of the light generated by diflerent sub. |; 
stances ; (3).as to specific heat of the material |; 
[which will affect the temperature to which the en 
ergy of the current can raise them under similar 
conditions of resistance and current. 

























































newed in the same direction—an alternati 

: a ating cure 
_ Tent may be employed 5 but with an allemtating 
j current more energy is needed to maintain the 



















same light. Indeed, it would seem that thi 
Avoulil be the case with an intermitling cureit te 
one direction, as something analogous to the in. 
ertia of machines when in irregular motion must 
occur with the molecular movements involved in 
the transtnission of electricity ; but reversing cur. 
_ Tents appear to mect a greater obstacle, as though 





We abstract the accompanying engraving and | ; 

: 
CCS 
{anelectro-motive force were’ present in: the are | 





= January 1, 1879. 


analogous to that set up in chemical decomposl: 1 


‘}tions ; if this be really the case, it would 
| course, n 
‘Lhigher force to maintain the current. But this 


ob; 
act as an extra resistance, and: require ! 


remark applies only to the measured currents 
passing, Machines in which reversed currents ‘ 
are sel up, requiring a commutator to convert 
them into direct oncs, still intermittent, produce 
more /ightfor a given power than when the current 


‘passes to the circuit, without being so commu: 
italed ¢ it is a case of balancin: 

power in the ure 1s less than th 
. {the commutator, which short-circuits part of the j 
‘| current, and usually generates sparks, which are ¢ 
3] Hght taken from the are, 


losses, the loss of 
ic loss of power in 


The are obeys the same laws as other electric 
conductors—its length depends upon the: electro- 


motive 


force or tension ; this, with batteries, in- 


creasing series enables the arc to /aigthen—its 
thickness or breadth depends upon the quantity, 
or current, so that large cells give a /arger arc; 
these conditions are preciscly the same as those 
which govern the heating of wires, Hut the light 
generated isa more complex problem, dependent 
‘upon the union of these two conditions in the 
most favorable manner—at. present it cannot be : 
formulated, All the many experiments are in- 
definite, based upon number and arrangement of 
‘cells, and therefore quite impossible to compare ; 
‘exact definite measures based upon our more per- 
fect system of current and resistance are re- 


quired. 


The 


arc is magnetic, and is disturbed hy, the 


approach of a magnetic pole, which, if strong, 
may even break it; apparently, for this reason, | 
the position of the conductors influences the 
of the: arc and its resistance, Depretz, i 
whose experimentsare the most complete of those ! 
jon record, found that in a vertical: position 
‘an arc of -o74 metre was formed with the upper { 
carbon positive, and only -055 when the lower car ‘ 
;bon was positive, with s.x batteries coupled in mul. i 
itiple are, and each consisting of 100 Bunsen cells. 
‘The same battery gave a horizontal are of only 
“oqo. In another experiment with two similar. 
iSeries, he found that the horizontal are was greater 
‘as 1/26 to 1, with the positive pole to the east, | 
jthan when it was to the west, the arc being 
‘formed in the magnetic E. and W, line, 


Jength 


The 


resistance of the arc is. of course, depend- 





ent upon both its length and breadth—in fact, up- ; 
ton the amount and arrangement of conducting | 
Matter in it; but the measures we have of it are | 
‘extremely discordant, as also are those of thecur. © 
rent passing. ‘These two elements are essential 


to any 


actual estimate of the amount of energy 


really absorbed in the arc under any conditions, 
the 


as this takes place in the ratio of 


in ohms, and of the square of the current in veb- 
ers, 44°24 ft..lbs. being the unit mechanical | 
equivalant—that of 1 yeber in 1 ohm per minute. : 
It must be remembered, however, that the resist. © 
ance of the arc must be lower with large currents 
than with small ones, with length and other cle- 


ments 


alike, because the increased heat and ac. 


tion must increase the conductivity of the space 


end also its sectional area. 


ie resistance | 












































: 
| 


towne SH 


thut before 
r for blasting 
les, will cither 
nly permitted 
circumstances 


fe A vast 


‘ 










ovituble con- 
in mines is 2 
lisnsters which 
Sorror through 


\ harder kinds, 


nbnens 





(bind: 


VEER cata 










































nt loss. = T 









3 


» abolition of 
Srense the cost 


ly borne if an 
t be attained. 
ting down tho 
vo that tho use 
Int onco; but 
ie new process 
‘impossible to 
dus voto from 
he Legislature 
of the Man- 
nier tho presi- 
son, the Chief 
yrth, of Dukin- 
H n method of 
a substitute 
{explosives in 
nthe fuco of 
proposed, one 
table, is, how- 
ry, though wo 
+ of a dovice 
ymo of  grent 
» Garforth hive 
tublo machines 
ress uir to MG 
‘er square inch, 
of compressing 
t. Such pres- 
ive, nro cnor- 
“equivalent of 
expensive to 
jlenkago is apt 
ho 

im the machine 
‘ton cast-iron 
| h is placed in 
at ‘the coal nud 
i : ridge” bursts 
a y full pressure 
ie of giving is 
4 down by the 
upressed nit, 
wo said, crude, 
thought, and 




























nerinixsion of Messrs. 
inwool, the machine used bein 
of giving a pressure of 20,0001 
The seam of con) was the 
Bower Mino, ft. thick, und very hard. 
was undercut to n dopth of Aft. Gin., and 7ft. |i 
from the cut end of tho coal a holo was 
drilled BO4in. dcop, Into this holo a cart- 
Yuin. in dinineter, 
naced and stemmed 
tho! communication with the muchino 
being mado by wrought-iron pip 
cartridge burst wh 
wag reached, and 6 or & tons of conl_were 
broken down in good condition., Here, 
then, was n practical demonstration of the 
utility of the invention, and othe 
ments have proved that a pre! 
99,0001, can bo obtained if necessary, 
pressure can bo innintained f 
hine, the pipes, and the 
The scheme pro} 
Garforth, then, reads sot 
ut the pit-mouth, or at th 
preasing pumps dri 
nced, nnd a receiver capab! 
six or soven times the. ‘re 
would bo churged by 
tothe workings. Therut! 
attached by a valvo an 
ridge, and by siny 
would be exploded 
Tf tho expansion 8! 
to reduce tho pressuro 
hydraulic pun 
in water, whicl 


1lfin. long, 3) 


whether there ¥ 
ion of air sufficient to brea 


Littlo danger need, wo think, 
don thut scoru; the only 
f consideration being the 





b¢_ apprehonde 
estions worthy | 
tand the possibility, of getting 
ko’ tho requisite caro in using it. 

sed mothod is acknowledged. to 


fancy, and the 


y tho p 


ENGLISH MECHANIC 


1D WORLD OF SCIENCE. 







ultimately becomo 
An experimental trial was 
Bower 
Morland, of Tol- 
















hon a pressure oO! 


HON 





np could be e 











ae 


dently in its favour in a crowded meeting of 
mining engineers. 
—<—<—<$—<—$ 


PRESCOTT ON THE TELEPHONE AND 
THE ELECTRIC LIGHT.* 
TERE is no book in existenco which. 
contains so much information concern- 
king telephone ns the latest 
Prescott’s historicul descrip- 
1; tho technical explanations: 
truments are doubtless 
rtainly full and suffi- 
tioned whether the: ; 
ipartinl historian 
According to Mr. Prescott,. 
to whom wo ure indebted. - 
ig ono which, in conse- 
he conflicting statements that 
ured from time to time, is, to say 
nely puzzling. : 
give it the: ; 
rtunce demands, in ortor 
ution of tho problem, 
likely to occupy the - 
f tho United States, much 
bo felt in tho facts 
is enabled to put before - 
Tho introduction contains 1 
gienl_necount of tl 
Jcctrieity during tha present 
that in 1861 Reiss - 
phragm could - 
human voice as to cause 
ythm of vocal sounds 
to » distance and 
clectro-magnetism. In 1874, 
tencthod of electrical transinis- 
the intensity of tho 
teh and rhythm 
ed nt o distunco, and. | 
d tho iden of control-- 
f electric waves by: 
mible of responding 
human voico; thus 
tho transmission und. 
f articulate speech over an 
Theso stntements serve: 
to of tho work so far 
concerned, but wo aro: 
ulthough Mr. Press 
tains the fullest and most 
tails of some of tho tolephones, 
roticont with regurd to othor 
tant inventions in the 
of tho really useful ; 
described in ‘the bool huyo-: 
red in our pages, together ': 
ers which do not find even a 
Prescott’s work. 


eat AMAT ae eG 
Electric Light, and other 
By GU. Paescorr. 













edition of Mr. 
tion; but althoug! 
of tho various inst 
correct, n8 thoy aro cc 
cient, if may 
author is on in 
unbinsed critic. 

“tho question as 






the least, extren 


attention its impo 
to urrive at n truo, sol 
and us such 1 8 
Law Courts 0 
interest. will possib 


ant as follows : 
10 foot of the shaft, 
ven by steam would 







quired pressure] brief chronolo, 
uumps, and convoyed 
he receiver would 
d pipes to the cart- 
ly turning a tap the lntter 
yund tliecont brokendown, 
honld in practice be found 
too much, 1 smull 
mployed to force 
would thus occupy the place 
storing tho pressure, 


in which wo find tha 
that a vibrating dinp 





tho pitch anc 













fltones, ns well a! 
could be reproduce 
anbsequently conceived 


means of «diay 
to wll tho tonestof tho 
t] solving tho pro! 
reproduction o! 
elcetrie conductor, 


ng the telephone 
inclined to thin! 


and nob less impor 










already appent 
with many oth 





London: E. and F, 








, AME 
1] 


























































































ae 
ween oe ay 








Eh LONTIN'S ELECTRIC LIGHT. 


WE are indebted for the following account of. M. - 
; Lontin’s system of electric lighting, which has been 
| on view all the winter at the Gaiety Theatre, Strand, 
; to the Count du Moncel’s excellent new treatise 
| Leclairage Electrique (Hachette & Company 

i In the Lontin machine for apportioning the clec- 
H 

| 

{ 

1 


ied, 





















Muse een i 


‘i NESTA Scere tere ee 


tric light, we have a means not only of dividing the 
light, but of distributing it among several jets to 
any convenient intensity, whilo making some of 
; these profit by the fecbleness of the rest. ; 
i In principle the machine consists of. a serics of 
clectro-magnets fixed in the inside of an iron crown 
| arranged vertically, and ‘inthe centro of which 
rotates an electro-magnetic system composed of as 
_ Many magnetic cones as there are electro-ma, nets 
‘on the crown: The fig. represents this machine, 
in which the. moveable interior electro-magnetic 
systom represents the fnduefor, ant tho fixed ex- 
terior system the snduced coils, : 
The inducting system is composed of an iron 
cylinder upon which aro riveted a number of iron 
plates resembling the teeth of a pinion, on which 
are round wirehelices a A.connected up for tension, 
In order that the spires of these helices do not shift 
under the influence of centrifugal force and ex- 
pansion by heating, the iron plates forming the cores 
) are made, thicker at their free ends than at their 
; Junction with the axle, and hence serve. for retain~ 
: ing washers to, the coils. Horizontal cross-pieces 
si | Mounted on two bronze wheels, and against which 
: they abut, otherwise maintain them in their position, 
: In fing, the winding of these helices is so contrived 
_ a8-to reverse. the polarity of alternate plates, so.that 
: ca movement of the drums successively brings a 





PER lnint anenitott are toca geen 


. 











geet te Bi nb Rade hi 


























ris 
fed on 









different magnetic pole in front of the iron cores! ; 
; Of the induced system, which’ is thus polarise { ; 
i alternately, ae eis 
The inducting sys 
dynamo-electri 
described,* and’ 
the same axis. 


chy, 
cores has North 
core will h 









tho magnetism that it had; {{ 
luced core will be reversed;y : 
of the next inducing core is con- 

h went before, and the result will 
ben reversed current in the coil, As this action 
repeats itself simultancously over the whole system 

“Of induced electro-magnots, cach of these will be; 


y 
ijple to furnish its own alternate current, cab 














ita that cach induced system of two coils is capable 
fieeding one electric lamp, the machine figured will 
supply twelvo lights, and, if we wish to obtain theso 
of different intensities, it suffices, by means of the 
Gommutator st, to join the coils so as to get greater: 
or less strength of current, i 
’ The commutator st is arranged ‘to react upon as” 
many of the contact plates as there arc utilisable ; 
currents, Tho nymbet of these currents depends ; 
upon the construction of the machine, and ‘we have 
seen that, the machine illustrated gives". twelve 












- There are, therefore, 12 contact-plates, and to cach 









ofthese there are two corresponding terminals’; one 
cohnected tothe contact itself, the other.to’a hand { 
kof i. Tho'first receives the wire of: the corres: 
ponding ‘magnetic’ system, . tle second the wire, 
which runs'to the electric lamp. Besides. this, the 
different contacts’ are themselves - provided with | 
hand ‘keys, which connect them two and tWo-and: 
permit of instantly joining or Separating thé, partial 
cur 5 j SOU Hse 

This machine has been applied during some i 
to the lighting of the Gare de Lyon, whereit furnishes 
31 lights from a single generator and two induced 
systems of 24 bobbins cach, In- joining together 4 
these coils, and interposing in cach of their circuits: ; 
several Lontin regulators, Rr Lontin jhas: been-able 
to get these 31 lights, cach of which is equivalent to : 
40 Carcel burners, -” : i 
- For, six months these machines ;haye-also been | 


-_& This constets of an axle from which’ project four eircles'of! 























of troy 
spokes wound with coils connected together in two separate ¢jreéult 
round the axle and to the commutator afterthe manner of Gram 







> ‘Uheve are revolved betwee: 






in two upright flat clectrasmagnet: 
the accumulation principle. é . 








Wy ee OLN made TPE, 





















































ae biibeia slash OTE 
installed at: tho Gare-S “Lasaie) where'they Hight’ | ance to the cu »-This babbin' enc! ‘mov a 
12' lamps; two" of which, ituated’at the entrance to.| able’core of’ soft’ iron, which, when passive, arrests. 
the station, are 700 metres from the machine, a'fact | the motor mechanisin of the carbons, ‘Whilst the 
hich have been'made | arc keeps its proper width, all the current passes by 
‘would-not | the-carbons, ecause’ of the great resistance it cn- 
2 oh | egunters in the bobbin ; but, when the arc increases, 
a small portion of the current. passes by the fine 
wire of the bobbin, and, renders it active. In this 
case the moveable iron ;core: js attracted, and the 
nes ‘ motor, findin itself disengaged from its detent, 
| parts are s ted brings the carbons nearer. until the proper length of 
/ anal positions—uprigh oh are ig re-established... The solenoid then ceases to 
1 verted, without stop; ing, ‘The novel's icati ‘ ‘ : 
which has been maderin these regulators Peal Hohe id the rok core arrests the motor again. This. 
wis which acts by, the heating due to the passage simple in conti eal ro, move the carbons, is very 
@ current, an maintains the arc..rigorous A ‘s . 
H constant, permits of the suppression oh eclonte td : a ue of a derived circuit can be equally 
} ‘magnets (whoso resistance interposed in.the circuit, |: app A ith advantage to all regulators which pro- : 
! ‘caused a notable increase .in. the expense. of, the and 1 fedare inate acileed fap between, ie carbons, 
4 electricity), and allows of a more regular light. |. th renders their action sure and regular, whatever 
; t ‘The approach of the carbons in proportion to. the variations of the current. This system has also- : 
| ther waste, is obtained by applications. not less’ | en applied with success to the regulators of M. 
happy, namely, the ‘employment of.a derived cur- errin installed at the Gare St Lazare, the Paris | 
rent taken from the lighting current itself, In the ue of the Chemin de Fer de Quest. We may | 
| Fa tea a ; i. xed a solenoid, formed: of a tees tneniinas a iace ae agin, ah Lele 
; bobbin wound with fine wire, offering a high resist- ji re made in England, by Messrs. | 
j a es De gt ee ere oh Latimer Clark, Muirhead & Co., 0 ‘Westminster. mat 
th pp ‘ 
Any Pao are 
i 
3 
§ 
t 
f 
E 
ig 7 
F 
bee 
(a 
f 
vide 








eee 


LA NATURE, 


LA PHOSPHORESGENCE 

Aprés les Denes hygrometriques dont hows avens 
donsid précddemment la description’, on voit, depuis 
quelques mois, exposes chez les opliciens, des fears 
artificielles préparées d'une figon speciale, et qui 
ont la propriété d'etre phosphorescentes dans Vobs+ 
curitd, Jursqu'elles ont dé esposdes 4 action d'un 
rayon de lumitre solaire, cleetrique ou de magad- 
sium ineaniescent. Ceq objets de physique anu 
sante’se ratlachent 4 dds phénontnes trés intdres- 
sants, & des expcriencesttrés euricuses, aujourd'hui 
peu connues; Nous vous es 
fons y appeler latlen- 
tion da feeteur. 

La facaltd que pose 
stdent cerlains corps 
d'émetire de tv lumidre 
qttand on Les place dans 
vertaines conditions, est 
heaucoup plas géndrale 
qa’on ne le eroit com- 
mmunéiment, M. Edmond 
Reequerel, & qui lon 
doit un remarquable 
travail sur ce sujet, di- 
vise lus phdnumdnes 
de phosphoreseence en 
cing classes distinetes : 

1° Phosphorescence 
par elévation de tem 
perature, -— Barmi les 
snbstanees qui présen- 
tent ce phénomeéne din 
haut f, on pent 

ins diamauts, 
tlds colordes 

fuornre de’ caleium, 
certains mingraux 4 
base de chaux, et les 


comme personne ne lignore, elez un certain nombre 
Wanimaux vivants (vers htisants, cucajos, uocti= 
luques, ete.); de phosphorescence se pro- 
uiseut aussi substances organiques, Tih 
inales ou végdlales avant que la putréluction ait 
lieu; ils se manifestent aussi lors de la Qoraison de 
cerlaines plantes, cles 
he Phosphorescence par insolation ou par Vace 
tion de la haniére. — « Elle consiste, dit M. Bde 
mond Beeqnerel en ce que si lon expose pendant 
quelques instants ATaction de la lunidre solsire on 
diffuse, ou & celle des rayons érands d'une source 
luminense de quelque intensité, certain 
: inindrales on 
qqites , cos snati 
viennent — iimm 
ment lumincases par 
elles-menies, et britlent 
alors dans lobseurité 
avec ime lueur dont fa 
conleur cl fa vivavité 
dependent de leur nae 
(ure et de lear état 
physique; da Iuear 
qqu'elles daettent ainsi 
diminne graduellement 
Mintensild pendant un 
temps qui varie depuis 
(quelyues secondes jus- 
qua plusieurs heures. 
Quand on expose de 
NoUVedl ces substances 
a Maetion da rayonne- 
ment, le méme effet se 
reproduil, L'intensité de 
* fa lumidre énise apr 
Vinsolation est tonjours 
beaucoup moindre que 
celle de la lumiére in- 
cidente. Ces phénomd- 














sulfures connus sous le 
nom de phosphores ar. 
Uiftviols, quand its ont 
été préalabloment ex- \ 
posds i Maction ie da lumitre. 

2° Phosphoreseence par action mécanique, — Is 
Sobservent quand on fratte edrtains corps les une 
contre les autres ou aves an corps div, Quand on 
frolte deux cristaux de quarts dans Vobsenrild, an 
apergoit des étincelles de conten’ ro ges pind aon 
Inoie' de la eraie on du suere,til y @ également 
euuission de Intnidve, ete. ! 


’ 
5° Phosphorescence par Uélettricite, — Ele se 
wanifeste pur les nears qui accompagnent le dégae 
gentent de leleetrigité par influence, et lorsye les 
giz ct les vapours rardiges transmeltent des dé- 
charges dlectriques, , 
4° Phosphorescence spontance. ~ Kila s‘ohiserve, 
"Voy, da Nature, $e année 1877, Aer semester, po ARM, 


observés d'ahord 


elle caluite dune poutre phosphorescente, les pivtres yrdeieuses 
Wun Mt de magnésinn en combustion. 


puis, .cn 1604 aves la 
sed pierre de Bologne cal 
cinée (phosphore quiga He plus occupé les phy 
clens), ensuite avec un diamant, par Royle, en 1005; 
en 1678 vee, le phosphore de Baudoin (résidu de 
la Caletnation du nitrate de chaux), et plus dard A 
laide Wautres substances que nous allons citer. 
_ «Les corps qui sont les plus impressionnables & 
aelion du rayonnement sont les sulfures de eal- 
tum ct de barvum (phosphores de Canton et de 
Rologne), te sulfure de strontium, certains dia- 
uuants et la variété de Muorure ‘ie calcium qui it 
regu le nom de chlorophane, » 

Le sulfure- de caleium phosphorescent (phos- 
Phore de Gunton), se prepare en caleinant dans an 
treusel de terre ui mdlunge de fleur de sunfre et 


1 de thonate de chaux, Mais. ta préparation ne 


ee 


at 


LA NATURE. 


réussit qu'avee du carbonate de ehaus d'une nature 
particulitve, Celui qut-provient de la calcination de 
coquilles 'huitres dorjné de trés hons résultats. On 
mélange trois partiogde la substance ainsi obtenue 
avee une partie dofleur de soufre, et on les ehautte 
au rouge dans fan crenset, i Vabri du contact de 
Voir. Le phosp| fore de Canton, que lon obtient ainsi, 
donne, dans Jobscurité, une lumiére jauno apres 
son insolation. Les coquilles (huitres ealeaires ne 
“Sout pias taujours pures, et-le réstltat oblenn est 
quel uefbis}pen satisthisants il est préférable Wagiv 
avee des il dont la composition soit hien déter- 
Minds, « Qdand on veut preparer un sulfure.phos- 
Porescent Aveo de fa 
chaux on dui carbonate 
de chaux, dit. &. Bec: 
querel, les Ppportions 
les plus convenables 


+ 
A r 
BF sont celles iyns. Ies- 


yuelles, sur 100 parties 
de matiére, on emploic 
80 pour 100 de fear 
“de soulre dans le pre- 
anier cas, et 48 pur 100 
dans te second * cas, 
Cested-dire — lorgqu‘on 
cinploie les quantités 
} de soufre qui setaicnt 
nécessaires pour; dtre 
brildes par loxygtne 
tle Ta chants ou du ear 
. bonate, et pour produire 
un monosulture!. | 
«WE fut avoir dard, 
jon, 4 


rée. En operant, en 
efet, avee de ta chaux 
~ provenant de Marrago- 
‘nite fibreuse, et por- 
tant fe ere’ 
temperature iiftrieure 
“8 500 degrés pendant she 
un temps suffisant pour a; 
que Ja eduction entre te sontve et he eliix ‘ayant 
lieu, lo soufre en exeds soit dliming, on wane n 
Maiblemient tumineuse, avee ane teinte blentires si 
celle niasse est portde A une température de’ 800 
4900 degrés et ne ddpasse pas fa fusionde Vargent 
jou de Por, et cela pendant vingt-eing on trente ini- 
autes, alors fx masse ofire par phosphorescence une 
» teinte lumineuse tras vive. » Je 
Le sulfure do calcium jouit de proprittés phos- 
+ phorescentes différentes suivant fa nature di sel qui 
ca servi & produire le carhonate de chaux erifloyd, 
“Si Ton transforme dt marbre blane en niteate de 
* ehatix, ‘et le dissolvant dans de lent additionnde 


ref 


§ Les substances doivent dire trés finemcut pulvérises et 
titimement mdlangées. | feet 


—~ La méme Nour, émettant do Ia tunidra 
dans Moliscurité, 





Waeide nitrique, si fon précipite le sel par le care 
honale immoniaque, et que’ lon emploie le ear- 
honate ile ainsi obtena ad fa preparation du 
sullure de calcium, ona en prodnit qui donne une 
plosphoreseence de couleur violelte rose, $i le ears 
houale de chan dont on se sert provient de chlo~ 
ture de caleitin précipité par fe carbonate d’ammo- 
nique, la phosphorescence est jaune, 

Ea Iraitant par le soufre le carbonate de chaux 
prepard avec Ww dle chavs traversée par un 
courant ¢ ichonique, on awe sulfure dont ka 
lunitre, inise par phosphureseence, ost ctieore 
d'un violet trés piv. Le carbonate de ehaux obtenn 
en précipitant te chlo. 
ture de calcium cristal- 
lisé du commerce, par 
itférents earhomates al: 
calins, donne encore de 
hons résuluts. 

Les sulfures de stron- 
tian Tumineux peuvent 
-Clre obtenus, comme 
cenx de caleime, par 
action du soufte sur 
la strontiane ow le care 
honate de cette hase, 
jae te réduction du sul- 
Nite de strontiane avee 
da eharbon. Les ntan- 
ces vertes el blenes 
sontles plus tréquentes, 

Les sulfures de ha- 
ryun présentent aussi 
les plénomines de 
phosphorescence trés re- 
mntrquables, Cependant, 
pour obtenir des masses 
Hien tuniinenses, it fu 
en général une tempos 
rature plus dlevdée et 
_ plus soutenue que pour 
Jes autres composes ‘Tel 
est MeNet prodait quand 
on réduil det sulfitte de 
baryte nalavel parle 
charhon, c'est-hdire tors de Th réaction qui_ donne 
lien at phosphore aneicnnement conny sous fe nont 
de phosphore de Bologne. Les préparations oblennes 
avee la haryte ont une phosphorescence variant du 
rutige oF uw vert. F 

La préparation des substances dont hous venons 
ration permet U'expliquer ficile- 





de donner Ménumed ; 
ment le mode de confection des fears huninenses 
que nous signalions au commencement dle ect aw 
ticle. On prend des leurs actifivielles, on les enduit 
Mune colle liquide, de gomme en dissolution dans 
Peau, par exemple; on les saupoudre du sulfure 


‘phosphorescent, et on les fait sécher, La matitre 


palverutentey adhere solidewment. [I suflit d'exposer 
Ja fleur ainsi prepurde A la huniére solaire ou de 


s DMA 


meets 


Seen eee 


Raton 


a PES 














Eseemeelasitan seishaumarenneneniidaaat” Sil Feet 





oe wae . 











| tee 


| tet 
') composition du mili 


, Cleetrique, et que Hon 














DE L'ARC VOLTAIQUE : 


ET DE SES DIE 


nENTES FORMES 

AA 

re voltalque qui fonstitue la lumitre Mectrique n'est A 
Proprement parler qu'un effet Wineandescence, ct c'est ce qui 
le distingue de 'étincelle électrique Proprement dite. Toute- 
fois ces deux manifestations electriques peuvent exister si- 
multangment et donner lieu A des effets lumineux distinets, 
conime nous le verrons dans la suite de cet article; quel- 
quefais meme, lane d’elles sert d’excitateur a Vautre, mais 
leurs conditions dexistence dépendent essentiellement de ha 
: cu A travers lequet s'effectue Ja décharge 
dlectrique et du géndrateur employé, Disons d'abord pour 
quot on a donné te nom dare toltaigne A la décharge lu- 
mincuse déterminge par une pile voltaique. 

Si Ton excite une dtincelle Uectrique entre deux pointes 
uttalliques en "apport avec les conducteurs d'une machine 
Place dans le voisinage la flamme 
! an u d'une bougie, on voit immeddiate= 
; Ment Metincelle S¢ recourber pour passer A travers la famme, 
tiles Wien conductrice que | rt, ct Métincelle prend - 
Hensten wea ang oe Avec Ja pile voltatque ordinaire, he 
ieee a Hest pas assez grande pour pouvoir 
‘autre ne Ctincelle entre deux conducteurs sépards l'un ct 
; ¢, fit-ce meme dune distance trés-petite; mais si, apres 


BVe rahe 


_ Mune lampe & alcool o 











Se Re 








ee; 


avoir rapproché les conducteurs:de manitre 3 les faire rougi 
au point de contact par Ie courant on vient a les cloigner, |: 
couche d'air qui entourait ce point de contact, et qui s'est 
Schauffée A une trés-haute température, peut dés lors devenit 
conductrice de la décharge. Les conducteurs peuvent rester 
dans ce cas éloignds, et la décharge se continue a travers lair 
échauffé, qui se trouve port 4 Pincandescence, ainsi que les 
pointes des conducteurs qui servent d’excitateurs. Si ces con 
ducteurs sont. places horizontalement, comme cela avait fie 
dans les premitres experiences de Davy, la couche d’air tra- 
versde par Ie courant, en tendant a s'élever, donne a la gatne 
Tumineuse traversce par la diécharge une forme recourbée 
comme dans l'exptrience citée préccdemmoent, et de Hi le nom 
Ware wltalgque donne 3 cette décharge Lumincuse. 

Nous disions qu’avee {es piles ordinaires Pare voltaique 
He pouvait se produire quand les conducteurs servant d'e: 
citateurs dtaient séparés par une couche d'air, quelque mince 
qu'elle pot cre; cependant, quand une pile a une trés- 
grande tension, ct que Von a pris dans sa construction des. 
precautions d'isolation convenable, on peut arriver 4 obtenir 
une etincelle A travers une solution de comtinuité dans le 
circuit. M. Gassiot, avec une pile de 3000 dhéments A cau 
isolés sur des pieds de verre, a pu obtenir des étincelles d'un’ 
quart de millimetre de longueur; M, Warren de tt Rue, | 
avec sa grande pile A chlorure d'argent, en a obtenu de 
beaucoup plus longnes; et enfin M. Plante, avec ses batteries 








secondaires, a pu en obtenir d'assez considérables pour re- 


produire les plus intéressants phénoménes de Vélectricité 
statique, En adaptant meme a ces batteries ane machine A 
condensateur A laquelle i] a donne le nom de machine rhito- 
statique, il a pu parvenir A produire des ctincelles de 
quatre centimétres de longueur, 

Comme on fe voit, Pélectricité de La pile et Mélectricité des 
‘machines ne dierent que par la tension et par ka quantité 
d'Ulectricité mise en circulation dains le circuit de lad 
mais les effets lumineux sont bien différents, ct Vexpérience 
a montré que pour obtenir une vive lumiére, est plutdt la 
quantité d'electricité que Ja tension qui ctait a Scrat 
dans le générateur appele a produire cette tuunicee: Cest 
pourquoi les machines induction qui peuvent determiner 








"des ctincelles si longues et si puissantes comme action mc- 





canique ont di étre combinées pour leur application A Pee 
rage electrique de manigre A transformer cn quantite leur 


+ exeddant de tension, et pour obtenir ce résultat on a dd em- 


ployer pour le circuit induit du fil gros et court. | 

Cette nécessité, pour fa lumiére dlectrique, d'un courant 
intense sous le rapport de la quantite d'électricité mise en 
circulation, tient A ce que cette lumitre est en Tapport avec 
Ja quantité de chajeur produite, et que pina est 
proportionnelley d’aprés fa loi de Joule, au carré de linten- 
ite du courant. 
mae produite par une décharge Ulectrique dans un 
milion adriforme résulte A la fois de Sincandescence de la 
partie de ce milieu traversé par la décharge, cesta ire de 
Yair, et de Vincandescence des conducteurs qui: servent 


d'escitateurs A cette décharge. Sun delat dépend en’ cone, 
sequence nonesenlemement de Mintensité du courant: dee- 





Oe 
trique, mais-encore de Ia nature de ses conducteurs et de 
celle des milicux traversts par Ja décharge, 

Plus ces conducteurs sont susceptibles de se ddsagréger. ct 
de briler facilement, plus ils deviennent incandescents, et 
plus Pare voltaique devient eblouissant en raison des parti- 
cules matérielles qui se trouvent entratndes par le courant et 
qui, stant chaufites au rouge blanc, illuminent Mare lui- 
méme. C'est pourquoi, les excitatcurs en charbon, donnent 
les effets les plus considerables. ‘Toutefois, dans ta lumitre élec- 
trique telle qu'on ta produit gencralement, Méclat de Mare 
est trés-peu de chose relativement a eclui qui résulte de Vin- 
candescence des excititeurs, comme on peut s’en assurer 
quand on projette cette lumitre sur un gcran. La figure que 
nous avons donnée, page 13, dans le numero du 15 avril, 
montre, en effet, qu'il n’y a de brillant que les charbons. 

Liinfluence de ta nature dy milieu BAzcUX est surtoNt ree 
marquable pour la lumitre produite par Wétineelle d’induc- 
tion; on doit se rappeler les expericnces intéressantes de 
M. Morren, qui etait parvenu'& rendre les tubes de Geisseler 
tréselumineux en combinant d'une certaine maniére le gar 
sur lequel le vide avait dd fait dans ces tubes, On ne svest 
Pas assez préoccupé jusqu'ici pour Ia lumitre tlectrique ordi= 
naire de cette influence, et i est possible qu’on y trouve une 
Fessource inattendue. Dans tous les cas, la composition du 
milieu adriforme a travers lequel se produit la lumitre élee- 
trique pourra donner fe moyen d'en faire varier A volonté la 
couleur. 

Jusqu’ici ft plupart de cous qui ont parlé de la lumitre 
electrique n’out pris en consideration que Tare voltaique 
résultant d'un courant de quantité, Mais Pare determing par 
les courants de haute tension est encore plus curicux a 
Ctudier, ct cette crude pourra peut-ctre meme donner 
quelques indications utiles pour le perfectionnement des ex- 
veitatcurs de hunigre, 

Je me suis occupe avec beaucoup de soin, dés Vannde 1855, 
de cette ctude, ct j'ai été conduit A des résultats fort. curieux 
qui ont fait objet d'une brochure que j'ai publige sous le 
titre de: Recherches sur Mt non hromogéndilé de Uétincelle dinduce 
fion, recherches qui ont cté, du reste, résumees dans Ia cine; 
ime edition de ma Notice sur Vappureil de Rubmkorg, et 
{voici les principales conclusions auxquelles j’cais parvenu, * 
: ctrique determing entre deux conducteuss me- 


















+ 1° Liare dle 

i talliques sous Viniluence d'une bobine de Ruhmkof de 

moyenne terision est constitug par deux flux lectriques es- 

i fsenticllement différents l'un de autre, et que Pon peut séparer 

{soit par l'insuiflation, soit par action magnetique, soit par 
wn systéme de d ion A travers un conducteur liquide, 

2° Liun de ces flus est représenté par un trait de feu 

d'une blancheur trés-grande qui ressemble A Petincelle des 

machines & plateau de verre ct qui jouit de toutes les pros 

prittés de Ielectricitt de tension. IL perce fe verre, produit 

' des répulsions violentes entre les particules matérielles qu'il 

sncontre sur son chemin, et provoque-des commotions 

* physiologiques cnergiques; c'est un veritable flux de fensom, 

‘Le second flux, st contraire, est un Mux de quantité qui 

; enveloppe le premier et qui est constitue par un courant 

ji conduit Ala maniére Wun courant ‘voltalaue par le’ milien 


























gazcux qui cutoure fe premier flux et qui forme tne sorte 
de gaine Idgérement lumineuse qui a dtd deésignte sous b 
nom d'aurdole. Ce flux jouit de toutes les proprictés de: 
courants voltaiques ct détermine des actions dlectro-magneé. 
“ tiques, dlectro-chimiques et ectro-calorifiques; c'est cn 
quelque sorte la representation de lare voltafque tel que 
nous avons crudié précédemment. 
Quand on étudie cette dtincelle au microscope et en la 
produisant cntre deux lames de verre, on fa voit sous I’ spect 
que Nous représemtons figure 1, et qui est du reste la repre. 


+ Sentation en miniature de ce quelle est dans le vide. Le 
flux de tension s'échange d'un excitateur A Vautre, sous ta 
forme d'un ou de deus traits blanes dont lorigine sur lexci-, 
tateur negatif présente des colorations trés-vives en rapport! 
aves Ir nature dis metal employed. Cette coloration est d'un 
beau vert énteraude avec Vargent et te cadinium, d'un beau 
bleu avec le zine et le Msmuth, faune avec Yor, le plomb et 
Peétain, et rouge feu avec le platine et le fer. Ce sont ces" 
points colores qui donnent A letincelle entire tes couleurs 
différemes qu'elle présente Suivant les métaux des dleetrodes, 
Le flux de quantité ot Vauréole est représentée par une 
esptce de cloche tumineuse Kyérement violitre qui s'arréte A 
une certaine distance de Pexcitateur négatif en formant 
autour de tui comme un cerele obscur, Sur Vescitateur 
négati€ se trouve repandue ime sorte de Haque fumineuse 
Rgtrement bleudtee qui s'dtend exterivurement en suivant 
les contours de Pexcitateur, Entin Vextrémité du théophore 
Positif est terminge par une sorte de lvre lumineuse trés- 
brillante dot s'échappent les deux flux delétincelle, 

ls figures 2 et 3 Feprésentent fa maniére dont on peut 
stparer ces deux flux Cleetriques, Quand on soufile trans- 
versalement comme dans fa figure 3 le trait de feu de 
tension n'est pas impressionng par le soufle, mais laurdole 
* est projetéy sous forme d'une nappe de feu violette a contours 





ierdguliers et sillonnées par une quantité de filets lumineux 
en 2igzags. Quand on souffle longitudinalement -conimie 
dans Ia figure 2, et que le conducteur negatif est bifurque, 


on peut, pour une distance convenable entre A et C, faire en 
sorte de projeter lauréole en B sur le second conducteur, Si 
alors on place en G et en E des appareils d’expérimentation, 
on reconnait les propridtés tnumerées plus haut. : 
La separation des deux flux de létincelle par Vaction ma- 
gndtique peut se produire dans — différentes conditions, 
suivant 1a maniére dont le courant de décharge se présente 
PAT rapport au courant magnétique. Sila débharge est faite 
dans fe sens equatorial, comme Vindique fa figure 4, l'au- 
réole est projetée sous forme dune nappe heémi-circulaire, 
qui s'étend en dessus et en dessous des poles de I'electro- 
aimant suivant le sens du courant A travers celui-ci. Si, au 


contraire, la décharge est faite dans le sens axial, comme 
Nindique ta figure 5y Vaurdole se recourbe en forme d'hitlice 
dont le sens varie suivant colud du courant A travers Mélec 


‘tro-aimant. Dans les deux cas, le flax de tension reste im" 
mobile. Ces effets S'expliquent facilement du moment-olt on 
considére que le conducteur adriforme constitu par l'auréole 
est susceptible de se déplacer et de se preter 4 toutes les 

_Téactions extericures qui peuvent impressionner Je courant. 
La théorie WAmpére indique suffisamment le sens de ces’ 
réactions et, par constquent, celui des courbes que doit 
prendre, suivant le sens du courant: de ['elvetro-aimant, le 
conducteur flexible représenté par aurcole, 

Dans tous ces effets, il ya un grand affaiblissement de 
Vintensité du courant induit, ce qui n'a du reste rien d'éton- 
nant, si l'on considére que Maurdole en s'ttalant diminue la 
Section de fa partie du conducteur & travers laquelle passe Ja 
décharge en méme temps que cette partie se trouve grande- 
ment allongée. 

j La figure 6 représente le dispositif que j'ai employe pour 
faire ces diverses experiences, MM est P'électro-aimant dont 
les pdles A,B sont munis de semelles de fer, et sur Pune de 


ces semelles A est fixe un systéme rexcitateur G, composé 

de deus pinces DE montées sur un disque isolant C, et que 

Von peut diriger dans un sens ou dans un autre cn tournant 

le disque C. Cet excitateur est fix au moyen d'une vis H 

“que l'on serre contre la semelle A. Les conducteurs sane 
‘Tesquels la décharge est produite sont adaptés A lextrémite 
2, comme on Te voit sur la figure, et peuvent 
qu’on le veut, Si ces conducteurs sont cons- 

: charbon de braise, le trait de feu 
en revanche Mauréole cst trés- 


des pinces DE 
€tre aussi v 
tituds par des morceaux di 
cesta peine visible; m: 


développee et, lorsque Paimant agit, elle se présente sous la - 


forme de fa figure 7 qui est du plus curicux effet. Elle se 
tronve en effet constituce non-sculement par ha Nappe lumi- 
neuse hemi-circulaire dont il a te déja question et qui est 
Sillonnce de stratifications, mais encore par deux enveloppes 
Circulaires également strati qui entourent les cieveaites 
des deux charbons, et au tullicu de cette nappe, qui reprisente 
assez une coquille, se trouve projetée une série de filets d’ctin- 


VE WEPEES ees GTA 


a 


\ BLECTRIQUE 


celles rouges qui forment coninie lesnervures dela coquille. Ces 
nervures sont constitudes par des particules de charbon enle- 
vées aux tlectrodes ct portdes 4 Vincandescence, Avec le char- 
bon de comue, les effets sont moins accidentds, et l'on en 
voit la représentation figure 8, 

Ce sont des réactions de ce genre qui ont été mises A con 
tribution dans tes bougies Jamin, dont il a été question dans 
notre numéro du 15 avril, : 

Si Pon étudie le phénomine au point de vue de la succes- 
sion des effets produits, et cela au moyen d'un miroir tour- 
nant, on reconnalt que c'est le trait de feu du flux de tension 
qui Te determine, Ce trait de feu commence en effet par 

 s'échanger entre les deux excitatcurs, et sous son action 1a 
couche air qui se trouve traverste devient apte A conduire 
fa décharge & la maniens d’un conducteur contin, et cest 
quand cette déchaige traverse cette couche d'air que l'aurcole 
est constitude, : . 

Lun ou autre des deux “flux peut etre augnienté ou 
diminué suivant les conditions de Vexpérience, Ainsi, l'on 


peut développer Maurdole tumineuse aux ‘dépens du fux de 


Fig. 8, 


tension, cn interposant dans Ja solution de continuite [a 
Namme dane lampe a alcool ou d'une bougie. L'aurtole 
prend alors la forme d'un globe lumineux de couleur blanche, 
et Tes traits de feu sont d peine visibles ct de couleur bleudtres 
c'est pour cette raison que le flux de tension se voit A peine 
avee des excitateurs de charbon. 

La rardfaction du muilicu traverst par ta décharge est encore 
un moyen de développer Maurgole aux dépens du trait de fen, 
et, eneffet, dans le vide, ces traits de feu disparaissent comple- 
tement, En revanche, on peut développer le Aux de tension en 
condensant fa décharge ou en augmentant kt tension du cout- 
rant par la diminution de grosseur du fil induit. D'un autre 
cdtt, si l'on recourbe un conducteur et qu'on taille en pointe 
effilée son extremité recourbée, on peut obtenir la séparation 
des deux flux en provoquant Ja décharge au-dessus dune 
surface liquide; Vaurgole s'tcoule par Ja partic arrondie du 
conducteur, qui est la plus’ rapprochée du liquide, et le flux 
de tension s'échappe par la pointe. 

‘Une chose trés-curicuse A signater et que lanalyse spec- 
-trale a démontree, c'est que les différentes lumitres fournies 





errr re ra 


OES 














Tanaeea ewmemes A a 





























































veh Bb. J Pon sess een 





—— 


par Metincelle d'induction ont des caractéres trés-différents. 
Ainsi, 1a Iumitre du trait de feu ou flux de tension présente 
des raies en rapport avec les métaux des electrodes, 
Ja lumiére de Vauréole et celle de Mélectrode negative fournit 
des raies qui semblent étre en rapport avec le milieu gazeux 
travers lequel passe I’ctincelle, L’dtude de ces lumidres sv fait 
¢ Ie spectroscope disposé comme on te voit en L.. fig, 6. 
En braquant ta lunette du spectroscope sur Pauréole lami 
neuse projetce par Maimant et en la visant sur ta tranche, on 
peut obtenir assez de lumiére pour analyser les raies. Alors 
on place entre les pinces 1) et E des tubes & excitateurs rem 
plis de gaz différents, 
Les effets qui réagissent sur l'aurdole de [etincelle d'induc- 
* thon exercent une action analogue sur Pare voltaique produit 
par une pile. Ainsi un fort dectro-aimant peut projeter cet 
are sous forme d'un dard et méme couper te courant si la 
force magnétique est suffisante, comme la démontre pour la 
premitre fois Davy, Une action calorifique snergique déve- 
loppe dgalement Fare voltaique et meme le fait nattre sans 
réunion préalable des conducteurs, par laccroissement de 
conductibilité qui est alors communiqué aux milicux gazcus 
interposts; c'est ce qui fait que dans les arcs voltaiques 
resultant de courants fréquemment interrompus, la lumitre 
paralt persistante, ct elle lest en effet quand Vinterruption du 
courant a une durée ne dépassaint pas 1/25 de seconde; car 
Meéchauffement produit pendant le passage du courant n'a pas 
cu alors le temps de disparaltre. D'un autre cote, fa présence 
dans les charbons de maticres volatilisables et susceptibles 
de fournir a T'électrode negative un depot métallique com- 
bustible, tel que le magnesium, le calcium, cte,, augmente 
considérablement te développement et M'éclat de Vare vol- 
taique, Malheureusement ta lumitre qui est alors fournie est 
vacillante et peu constante, ce quia fait renoncer a Yemploi 
de ces moyens pour augmenter Véclat de bt source lumineuse, 

La résistance de fare Voltatque est assez variable et dépend 
beaucoup des conditions de résistance diz géntrateur, Avec 
Jes machines dynamo-dleetriques de faible résistance, telles que 
celles de M. Siemens, la résistance de Tare varie det a 
3 olims, c'est-A-dire de 100 4 300 metres de fil telégraphiques 
inais avec les piles elle atteint gendralement de 25 a 30 ohms 
ct meme beaucoup plus, s'il faut en croire MM, Ayrton et 
Perry, 

Dans un autre article, nous parlerons des differences du 
pouvoir fumineux de Iare voltaique suivant la disposition 
des charbons et leur polarité. Nous dirons seulement ici que, 
quand les charbons sont disposés de maniére que le charbon 
positif forme réflecteur, la lumitze emise, que fon appelle 
condensée, pout etre suptricure A celle Produite par des 
S ecuncneerae le Tapport de 1,66 A 1, 

Qu! Nous occupe en ce moment, 
nous allons emer dans quelques details Sur une sorte d'eflluye 
tumineuse que j i le premier fait connaitre et qui a ete 
appliqués d'une maniére tres-heureuse dans beaucoup de 
recherches scientifiques, 

Si l'on place A environ 2 millimetres de 
"autre deux lames de verre 
udualliques, du papier dee 
























distance lune de 
Batites extricurement de lames 
ain, Je suppose, vt que Von fisse 














andis que, 


sont pas altérables, C'est Bele 
Houzeau, Amoult-Thénard, 


(duire instantandment 





EL D'ELECTRICITE 43 


eee 


communiquer ces plaques aux deux pdles d'une bobine de 


Ruhmkorff, il se produit un effet de condensation qui donne 
lieu A une transmission electrique A travers les verres et le 
milieu interposé, laquelle determine a travers. le milieu 
Kazcux une eflluve lumincuse ressemblant a une pluie de 
feu Idgerement bleudtre. Dans ces conditions, Ia transmission 
Clectrique s'etfectue dune manitre analogue a celle qui pro- 
duit les effets Clectro-statiques dans tes cAbles sous-marins, 
Une partie de ta décharge condensée se trouve transmise de 
Proche en proche 3 travers les moldcules des diglectriques, 
par une action analogue 4 Vaction electrolytique, et des 
lors chaque moltcule peut fournir une décharge stparte qui 
donne lew A un de ces filets lumineux qui constituent ta pluie 
de fea dont nous venons de parler, Pour que lexpgrience 


Fig. 96 











SNES 





Fig. 10. 


reussisse, il laut que les surtaces de verre soient stiches afin 
que les décharges partielles ne se réunissent pas lateralement 
ou ne se déplacent pas a ta surface du didlectrique. On com- 


“prend que, par ce Moyen, if devient facile d’électriser stati- 
“quement sur telle surface 


qwon le désire un corps gazeux 
res, ct Pon a ainsi pour les études 
chimiques un Moyen Wanalyse Wautant plus précieux que les 
deux surfaces entre lesqueltes Mefluve Cleetrique se produit ne 
a ce moyen que MM. Jean, 
Boillot, Siemens, Berthelot et 
lutres sont arrives 4 décomposer et Tecomposer certains paz 
qe nul autre systeme n’aurait permis de dédoubler ou de 
synthetiser, M. Grove est aussi parvenu par ce systémed repro- 
sur verre des images de Moser, A cet 


introduit entre les deux vee 





























# as a aces 
; fet, il place entre les deux lames de verre le dessin qu'il 


s'agit de reproduire, ct apris avoir serré les deux lames sur le 
papier, il fait passer I'effluve dlectrique 4 travers Ie systéme. 
Au bout de quelques minutes, il disjoint les deux lames et 
trouve, sur la Jame de verre appliquée sur le dessin, la Tepro= 
duction de cclui-ci, qui n’apparatt toutefois que sous in- 
fluence de Ja ude produite sur le verre par fa respiration. 
Pour Ia rendre stable, il expose le verre ainsi impressionn$ a 
des vapeurs d’acide fluorhydrique, ct alors Ie dessin se détache 
comme ceux que l'on voit sur les verres dépolis. os 
représentons, figure 9, la disposition de Vexpérience telle 
que je l'ai combingée dans Vorigine, et l'on voit, figure 1, 
Veffet lumincux qui est produit autour des lames metalliques 
appliquées sur le verre. Cet effet Jumineux consiste tan ane 
radiation d'un aspect bleudtre qui, si fa lane métallique si 
découpté de manitre 4 représenter une silhouette, fait ws 
sortir en noir cette silliouctte. M. Robin a applique cet effet 








Fig, a3, 


tT Mg u U " fi en 
dans ses représentations thédtrales a une par iaees 
i aires, Cette radiation n’existe 
tit des aurores polaires, : 
ae quand Ia plaque qui est du core oppost et plus grande 
i08 la plaque découpée et que quand elle est negative : 
: Quand on provoque Vefiluve électrique dans le ee nae 
1 le voit figure 10, la pluie de feu est beaucoup plus af 
to de, ct elle peut former comme une espece de cascade 
cal des bords d’un verre A, sion a cu soin de co 
a fond de celui-ci une surface métallique ues en angesk 
ay ey : 7 : 
avec le conducteur positif CB pire mc a 
a fai Geissler fondés sur ce principe, 
fait des tubes de n Pe 
crap reer et qui reproduisent d'une manitre brillan' 
bs 
imitive de Nollct. 
‘expérience primitive de c . atin t 
pe aier les effets lumineux produits par les action 
Cae ts-diversifiés, et leur ctude compléte a dt 
iy iques sont tre: 5 CES : Pe a 
fae fee volume entier que j'ai publié sous le titre di 
op) 


it d'inductit orf, qui est aujour- 
Notice sur appareil @induction de Rubmborff, q j 


d*hut A sa 6 edition. 








Ti. pu Moncet. 


. e 4 
| 


snr HERETO rama , GS } 








‘ixoThio Liant.—By the com: 
bination of-tho suitable chemicals during. the - 
manufacturo of- the carbons,. or by saturation: 
aftorward, almost any colored tint may . bo ‘obs’ * j 
tained, ‘Pho natural violot raya aro neutralized |* a! 
by'the addition of a fow graina in oach carbon 
of chloride of sodium, producing a yellow tint 

Hlike the sunlight.” Magnesia 
whito light, and is woll adap! 
A mixturo of arsenic, on.the contrary, produces 
a light almost davotd of chomical effect. Va+ 
rious proto-salts and sulphatca of tho motals 








roduces a vory 
to photography, 





may be go combined aa to produca almost any 
desired color. 

















In-{ Prof, Mason hora mentioned that he had seon (wo oxnm 
r-| ples heveled. from left to right, Indicating, of course 
. feastonal loft-handed individual. 
ing; . Me, Cushing then explatned tow It conkl be 
tojexamination whother an Imperfect arrow had 
s0 | during the process o\ manufacture or by use 
bot} Ho then referred to kn archeological pa 
nat | (1888) printed ia Spatn,\on the coversan 
nitlappeared the figure of\n tliree-polut 
bean regarded as one of \he must {i 
b- | discoveries of that year, add its fl 
ly. }the book, But hnd the rem) 
gvasjund the author been practlen ly Aunt 
cieen- {they probably would not hav 






















arrow, 
portant archiologica 
re adopted as the seat o 





regarded 8 so raro the In 














from which the polnt had Zee 
her | ping (Fig. 10), 
a 

Arrow flaking was a; ompanted 
-}fuse persplration. had prose effec! 
vous system, whicl showed itself on, 

worthy thal 


nm xemoved by necldental chip. 












t upon the ners 
nin in the directions of 










‘ecorded, 
y calling attention 
lo art of trrow 
the grottndlessnesa of all arelwvologl. 
ipped artictes, based og diversity of 
form alone, orof attributing distinct or deflnit&uses to types 
of form thus established, which these tavestign {ons proved 
to bo the resulta only of constantly or imitated eeurring 











: Of Justice, 
The question whether the Vander Weyde system of the 
application of tha electric Nght to photography fa or Is not 
public property, is one which Is just now forcibly occupy. 
Ing the attention of the photographle world In France, And 
there fs much reason for this, for the question possesses more 
than ono Interesting aspect: There is, in the first pince, the 
point of Inw as to what rights are attnched ton patent taken 
out in France, and then there fs the doubt as to the ling of 
conduct to be pursued by Photographers who desire to work 
the cleetrle tight in thelr own studios, 

Naturally there was some excitement at the thought of tha 
alvantages which operators by the electric Vght would bo 
able to possess, once It was completely established that hy 
A new process really practleal results could be obtained, It 
wns remembered that the il success of the first allempts to 
Introduce tho electric light inte photographic work tnd 
caused them to be quickly abandoned, and Unt since then 
they tad never been renewed, In the English Department 
of the late International Exhibition at Paris. there were 
shawn some photographs taken by the Vander Weyde system, 
and professional photographers were astonished, for all tho 
artlstie conditions which were formerly wanting were now 
combined In them. Thanks to the special organs of the 
press, in which the Photographic Nera was one of the most 
activa In bringing before the public the merit of the Inven- 
tlon, it was learned that the technical requirements hat been 
satlatuctorily complied with by the new process, and that the 
employment of tho electric tight In photographie operations 
would henceforth be feasible; arguments—or, rather, proofs 
—not to be refuted were forthcoming, Some time ago, it Is 
true, photographs had been trken by the electric light; the 
fact that this peculiar mantfestation of energy could bo suc- 
cessfully substituted for daylight was well known. But the 
apparatus used only allowed a pencil of rays to be emitted 
Inn confined space, and the result was not what in photogra- 
phic language Is called “clean work.” The great problem 
to be volved was that of tho diffaston of the light, and this 
was successfully accomplished by M, Vander Weyde, Ace 
cording to the Times of the With of December, 1877, ie ar 
article containing an account of this valuable invention, M. 
Vander Weyde took out his patent in England on the tet of 
Februnry of the same year, 

Tn Frauce the discovery was only honored from afar, Peos 
plo rojotced at the idea that photographers would hencefor- 
ward be independent of the changes of tight, and woutd be 
able to work at any hour and during any kind of weather, 
Thero were, indeed, sume who, before tho Vander Weyde 
discovery, had rendered tho assertion possible—and, indecd, 
even before electricity tind been thought of at all for the 
purpose—plncarded the startling absurdity, “Dull weather is 
the beat,” in large brilliant letters Hlaminated by gag; Det it 
waa mpercly a means of advertisoment, and gave occasion 
for many a laugh among professional photographers, Busi. 
ness men, whose me, during the hours of sunlight which 
were propitious to the operator, is fully oceupted, were pro- 
hibited from even going to the photographer, however destr- 
ons they might be of having thelr portrults taken; ladies 









chine used tn conncetton with this apparatus ta driven by f 


power gus motor. 
rapher provided with this apparatus is notat the 


THE ELECTRIC LIGHT IN PHOTOGRAPHY. 


'The iden of photographing by the electric Nght has long | five horse- 


heen entertained, but the light emanating from a single point A ad aH Moe eey either ta he controlied by the thne 
renders tho stiadows too abrupt, and the contrasts too great, mercy 0 ’ 


¥ management of the light. 
to adult of using it In making photographic renee igh ee Ra aie Tight safle wie te 
Y revel p inve countryman, Mr. if Met : 
Laat EM Cena Ponies in London, Jadvantage In iuminating shi emai eatin 
: synte : : ors, ete. lig! ig very re} D| MW 
pli juasndvedl in Paris by Mr. Lighert, which diifuses ee Aes a ane t fi 
the light,renders It soft and mellow, and Sinparts to it the pare vi We Sooo colenna gat inlureaing: nesounil if. 
tleular quality required Ins making photographte portrajts. v give ; Fitts GIS AuLi: Repeat. HEAT le 
Not Tong since we alluded to the fact that it hud become suit brought hy the patente 


t , 
quite the fashion in Paris, for parties of ladica and gentle. fringers in Parts, 
men to resort to photographic studios, after dinner or Defore | 
the opera, for the purpose of altting for photographs, and we 
now present an engraving of the apparatas employed. 

The bight used for the purpose is that of the voltale are, 
the lamp belog placed in the huge concave reflector suspended | 
by a system of pulleys, levers, and counter-welghts, that 
it may be readily adjusted or moved about. The reflector ts 
made of opaque porcelain, lined with paper stucco, which Is 
tinted blue, ‘Phe carbon pencils between which the voltale 
areds formed are placed almost ata right angle to cach other, 
The light has normally a power equal to about 300 to 400 
Carcel lamps, but it can be made more powerful by Increasing 
the speed of ‘the Gramme machine, 

The light of the voltule arc Is twice reflected. A sinall re- 
fleetor placed in front of the Inmp throws the Ight upon the 
Intertor surface of the large reflector, whence It is Unrewn tn 
any required direction according to the will of the operator, 
The carbons are adjusted by means of xcrews, #0 that the 
maximum effect of the current may be realized, and flicker. [+ 
ing and varlations In the lght avoided. | ‘The Grammo mast, 















































































\ 








tho 
uch 
by 
bell. 
ly 
jfac. 
sed, 
f 8, 
jada 
the 
{aco 
loa 






Slips, capaelty oi 
Silver, to separate tri 
Ste Witla Fothorwitl 
Blom Jaunels (5). 
atoam supply fi i 
Btend, magn {y 











Ine, stenm, Hxet: 
Exploration o€ Wid 
Farming, Cuncy, ad! 
Purnettl 


































JO JOAN) UE Jo ‘AANA BET Jo JOAN UY Laut Jo yHanECoylT ‘saad ONY Jo YOOIA dF PHALSAnW Bait OIL JO CNL Wy 
Ou tay Tuy epnpasyp Asafa prog aq Kua oyar Jo Katord yous a put uo yo pasedmoa ssayquy jo dn apuut Apotany 
UA SH] Woy NOH WOp[sHOd ALQUNIVA JoTTIO Lo BIHOKAId AUT OIA YUVVOdONAY Jo HOLLIGIE WopoNU ary ApoE 
soajaoos ‘Apooapiy so Apooayp ‘sounvie Luv uy ‘arpa son wapy 
40 Waprtopupaodns Law quay ‘sy a Kuucditoa Avan L29a0] Aav oaury suosiad May Loapuavdeios NOPTEAR FO gttayxa un 
JO sup NNT oY AuowE oq POTS sMOTTOF TIPTA LOpso OF OF MOY WALA]D paouttapy guy soup X we op RapCypwoy spoytaa! 4 
PUL Soul op 7991409 ONT HF BIYL, ,,OpUEE HY Mop ayy qn | 880 unpdesy Canqstmoolg, w uoloofoa ony uy wou osu; 
TOPPA UP dopo 9 Uy (CouMoA wREOUatE Jy) NOUELO[dIND OVO, “AIWAYT YUNPTNH oy) Jo Manat qe page ond aw Sup te i 
OF papa gy UOT os so Kyrnopua ‘roped spy oq Avut{-o7 Op OF OAL pina. oI HU ENF S{NsHOD OF KaSTA OI YOoR. * 
















po. 
ds. 






THEM got NUT OW HayOVANEED |wOIE PooR yo tun Paypod-arqu otf Jo. soquanT oT UYpUgH OTF OF PME PUT UsOp aye taa | contd not reatize thelr wishes of being represented in evening 
Stagg, thes on, Ayu zo ‘nopTyo4 Good ‘waprqjOU p OF WOPNIY OU OF Hop Doggy U sf NOHLM OF papuaddu ‘oHu sind. | of falress utntess they put It on in daylight; actors and actresses, 
JON OU KON ,, AUUttOD oY yuyy TON) aT OF OUT Jo JUDIE QOO'F OtHOS porluod onFOD Asay uw pUy oF AnypaMs whose costumes nro intended to produco an effect hy theil- 


pat 


by 
nd 






lumfnatlon of the foot-lights only, were compelled, much 
against the grain, to endure their finery fn the full gluro of 
the aun. In Pranee, then, we have been content to stand on 
Sa! our oltt lines, though we still tried to emulate the photogra- 
i phe feats of the clectric Hght In England, 

Jo] All tho ndvantnyes of the process, however, much as the 
\t; French photographers appreciated them, they could only 
'y_, hopo to realize by the employment of an electrical apparatus 
\ U giving fh wuflletently diffused, and ut-tho same timo intense, 





! 
Wore Woly 4YNROL OF BA} 
nar mannan ananirnetct 


j 
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{. 
i 





C, VEU 


OC. 


eatlon recently 
tle page of which 
This dad 


of that Spanish soctuly 
liar with flint chipping, 


Hed and stemmed arrow head, 


by great fatigne and pro- 


wet 





























i 
f 










Gers ers cre rs 














































































































































































ine Elta PN) 
CITE EN LUMIERE Ny 


<3 anricLs. 


; f Th os 


erg AE 
/ /DBLECTRI 


DESIDERATA) NUMERIQUES, 








: } 
Connaissance permanente des valeurs numériques de tous les ! 
| Adments caracttristiques des circulations dectriques en services; 
!  Diterminations faites & loisir, determinations faites pendant, . 
i de service. i : ; 
Nous exprimions priecdemment gette pensée, que T’un des: ; 
plus grands obstacles 4 Hextension usuelle des géngrateurs ; 
Wlectricité comme source de fumiére, de travail mecani- * 
“que, etc., est Mindétermination des moyens de contrdler et 
; d’apprécier en lui-eméme Ie fonctionnement de ces appareils. 
Le public intéresst nIgnore pas qu’en Métat actuel it’ 
faut deja faire preuve d'une grande volonté pour arriver A 


‘et par exemple la quantité de lumiére qu'on’ a pu produire : 
1 dans les circonstances les plus favorables, Le public trouve 
que c'est 14 de empirisme peu fait pour inspirer confiance; i 
_ iks'inquitte de ce qui existe entre ces deux termes extrémes | 
' dont il se défie, et demande a faire comme Ia nature, ¢’est- ; 
} dedire A passer d'abard par I’électricité, ' 
| Cente ambition est d’autant plus juste ct raisonnable, qu'elle 

| mentraine que de ces difficultds que l'on tourne tout’ natu- 
! rellement par le chemin du bon sens et de l'observation. 

- H nous paratt done qu'il y a licu d'entrer. résoldment dans 
ia voie des mesures et des ¢valuations numériques, voie 
j fconde meme en résultats techniques, parce qu'elle ne tare 
‘dera pas A permettre A tous les chercheurs qui s'agitent 
dans le désordre de grouper methodiquement leurs observa- 
(tions, d’en tirer des conclusions sires ct comparables ct d’en 
{faire jaillir un coin de vérite, 

\ HW cxiste un systtme d'unités de mesures coordonnees ej 
Wopté en Angleterre, 14 of I’on rencontre sans contredit le 

lus grand nombre d'tlectriciens compétents, Cette diffusion 
\Blative de connaissances spéciales s'explique d’ailleurs par‘ 
wportance de Vindustrie des cibles téltgraphiques sous- 
Brins, qui jusqu’A présent s'est monopoliste dans ce pays. 
Vy a tout intéret faire usage des unités de I’Asso jation 








britannique qui ont été bien choisics, qui sont derivées des 


Gn travail mécanique proprement dit. Ces unités sont, en ce 
qui touche notre sujet, le Volt, le Weber et "Ohm, M. le 
comte du Moncel définit trés-clairement ces unites, p. 432 
et suivantes du premier volume de son Expos¢ des applica- 
_ tons de Melectricité (3 edition), 
; Nous pensons done que, pour satisfaire ce besoin de nete 
j teté qui commence a se manifester ct ne tardera pas a s'im- 
poser, les constructeurs scront amenés \ dnoncer, au meme 
titre que le prix de leurs types de machine, les résistances 


peine A savoir'ce.qu’une machine dlectrique prend de force, | . 


-intérieures, les conditions de resistances extérivures quielles | 
Bont destindes 4 exploiter, le nombre de webers qu'elles sont‘ 


ny . Caan 
destinées A faire passer dans les circuits exploitation par 


‘unité de temps sous tensions correspondantes aux forces | 


Hlectro-motrices prévues et indiquées, 

' Hi faut ajouter que la mespre des cléments dune circula- 
tion dlectrique est le meilleur moyen de se rendre compte 
du rendement utile dune machine Cleetrique : te travail 
dlectra-mécanique du courant produit est une réalité tan- 


hit 
gible, un nombre de kilogrammitres qu'on doit constam-~ ¢ 


Ment rapprocher de eclut du travail dépensé par action mé- 

canique Cxtericure, C'est précisdment cette comparaison qui 

Permet de juger ¢ 
ton fat ‘ . 

d'en faire ressortir le mérite; les constructeurs et inventetirs 


sont donc les premters Intéressés A la réalisation de ce dési- 
dératum, *, . 








le Ja valeur d'une machine Slectrique et: 


unitds absolues de Weber, et, par suite, se pretent trés-com-' ; 
modément a tous les calculs de rendements en chaleur ou 





‘SE= TR) over E— ifn 4 Me 












post ieee tiene ipa ages Sete 
fCela” post, nous entrons dans.le sujet spéclat: qui nous | 
‘occupe aujourd'hui. Nous voulons montrer qu'il est possible ' 
et facile de connattre d’une’ fagon permanente, ct sans ine - 
‘terromipre le service, tous les eléments électriques des ma- 
ichines en action: : g 
' "Nous diviscrons en deux classes bien distinctes les déter- 
minations dont il s'agit : : g : 
1° Les déterminations qui peuvent ct‘ qui doivent étre 
‘faites A loisir; le meilleur moment serait Mépoque de ta 
construction, ct le meilleur endroit Vatelicr d’expériences du 
constructeur, 

2° Les determinations qui sont destindes 4 se faire pendant 
le service; ces dernitres doivent tre réduites A la plus 
grande simplicité ct rapidite. ; 

Les premitres determinations, celles faites avant la mise 
en service, doivent comprendre d’abord Iétude de la résis- 
tance intérieure de chaque machine dans les différentes con- : 
ditions de fonctionnement qui peuvent modifier cette rtsis- : 
tance, cesteA-dire aux différentes vitesses ct aux différentes 
stempératures de leurs fils metalliques. ; 

Ces mesures seront prises, d'abord au pont de Wheatstone, 
séparément pour Ies anneaux ou bobines destin’s \ ttre 
jinduites ct pour celle des dlectros. On dcartera dans ces 
‘mesures toutes les causes perturbatrices d'induction, ce qui , 

‘est facile lors de ta construction. he Ae: 

Lorsque la force tlectro-motrice est fonction seulement du 
nombre de tours sans dépendre de la circulation Clectrique 
‘elle-méme, on peut, l'aide d’un galvanometre de force 

‘Mectromatrice, dresser le tableau qui suffira a tous les cas ou : 


ie 


il n'y a développement d'aucune foree Glectromotrice de po- 
larisation. On,a en effet: 1 = E 
Re 


On observers done 14 tout moment de service au galva-. 
nonittre dintensité interpost dans le circuit et I'on aura! 


alors : r= Fn 


Lorsqu’il faut compter avee 1a polarisation, électrolyse ou! 





Jal t e E—e E-e 
are voltaique, on aura 1 = ct a= i yy 
que, ry et] pres cn 





introduisant une résistance métallique extéricure supplémen- 
taire gt. De 1A on tire r= t= =k et 


‘YR 








1 

On pourra donc dresser le tableau des couples de rdsistances 
eatéricures et forces electromotrices de polarisation correspon- 
dant A une vitesse en nombre de tours, ct A une intensite 
observe au galvanometre d'imtensité (1). ah 

Toutefois, ce ne sont 1A que des exceptions, puisque, dans 
bien des cas, il faut renoncer A l'emploi des galvanométres de 
force electromotrice, lesquets, comportant des rdsistances de 
fil trés-considérables, annulent presque lintensit¢ de cireula- 
tion et détruiraicnt par cela méme toute force dlectromotrice ° 
qui cn serait fonction, ; 

Mais on peut également résoudre la question d'une fagon . 
géntrale sans connaltre Ia force electromotrice E correspon- 
dant A un nombre de tours,ce qui est d’ailleurs le cas impose 
par les machines dynamto-dlectriques dans lesquelles ta force 
électromotrice est une fonction du nombre de tours ct de; 
Jintensité de circulation en raison du degré d'aimantation des ; 
lectros qui lui-méme en est fonction. On peut alors avoir! 


wrecours au dispositif représenté dans la figure théorique sui- + 
vante : ie 























A 





.A ct Bsont les deux bornes de la machine, R est sa résis- . 
j tance intéricure, AC B est son circuit d’exploitation de résis- 
; !tancer, dans laquelle cirenle une intensité I. Relions les deux 
= bornes A, 8 par un cirenit de dérivation ADB de résistance 
tS ; » trés-grande “par rapport 47, if en résulte que » sera anime 


| d'une intensité # trés-faible par rapport 4 I, : 
hy, : 
par le branchement de Ja derivation “devient cn réalité 

E 


2 Ree Ro 





Iintensité correcte serait : it Vintensité modifie i 





si rest, par exemple, dix mille fois plus petit 









































{t) M. Gaitfe construit des galvanométres 4 shunts dintensité et 
j de force tlectromotrice graduds en webers et cn volts, 


que »,T'crreur introduite est absolunient négligeable dans ta 
pratique et ne peut changer Ic régime de service d'aucune 
quantité appreciable. 

Cela post, deux cas sont A considérer + 

1° Aucune force Hectromotrice de polarisation n'est déve- 
loppde dans Ia résistance exploitée r. 

2° Une force tlectromotrice de polarisation yest déve- 
loppie. 
19 La loi de Kirchoff nous donne dans le circuit 


ACBDA: tI1-,i=od'oir= sy, 





Supposons que dans le circuit r nous ayons intercalé un gal- 
vanométre d'intensité,ous aurons A tout moment I; dans le 
circuit ,, un second galvanométre d’intensité trés-sensible, 
construit pour des fractions trés-faibles d'intensité et qui n'a 
pas besoin d'une plus grande precision relative que le premier, 
nous donnera constamment Vintensité i, , sera connu par 
construction. Nous aurons donc A tout moment 1a valeur de 
Fintensité I et de la résistance extéricure r. R est donne par le 
tableau ct E am 1 (Rr), tous les elements dlectriques sont 
done connus, c 

2° Si une force electromotrice de polarisation ¢ est deve~ 
loppée par lexploitation-méme, la loi de Kirchoff nous ; 
donne : 


rl—,i=e, Woh r= pe, 


Ajoutant A la résistance r une résistance supplémentaire A r, 
A 


une seconde observation nous donne:r--Ar = 





De ces deux ¢quations on tire : 





iW i 
ar (4-4) i : 
= I ctr me tye 
= 1 1 I I 
ee As, 


Par ce moyen, on peut done a loisir etablir, pour une nia~ 
chine quelconque, le tableau des valeurs ¢ de 1a force electro- 
motrice de polarisation développée par les différentes valeurs 
de Vintensité observée 1 correspondant aux différentes valeurs 
de Ja véritable résistance extéricure r ct aux valeurs de la 


i © al, : : 
quantité ¢alculte Je qui serait Ja résistance extéricure sans 


polarisation. Ce travail préparatoire ctant fait a lolsir hors de 
Ja mise en service d'exploitation pour un nombre tel d'expt- 
riences que les interpolations permettent de traiter tous les cas 
de 1a pratique A laquelle peut s‘appliquer une machine d'une 
construction donnée, Ia determination en service courant 


ae 


Pas 


i - 
consistera A calculer Te 4 entrer dans te tableau avec cette 


. 1 & i i 
valeur et celle de I pour avoir ¢ ct par suite or hp pour: 




































































CW est entendu que les résultats de ‘ccs deux petits calculs : 
j peuvent étre indiques d'avance dans le tableau, en sorte que | ; 
‘observation des‘ galvanomiétres des circuits principal . ct: 
i dérivé et la lecture des: tableaux fera connaftre : 1, ¢; 6; R : 
_ayant été determing A loisir pour tous les différents régines “4 ‘ 
(out. peuvent faire varier sa valeur, et ces valeurs portdes au ta- 4 





‘ bleau comme il a dté dit, Ia formule E == e -+ T(R +r) 
* fera connattre E (1), a : 
; Nous avons vu déjd que géntralement fe maximum du 








travail extéricur a lieu pour r= R et est égal ay 3il 





en est de méme pour fa valeur de Ia résistance extérieure 
convenant aux conditions du maximum si on considére 8 
© comme constant, ct le travail extéricur maximum de- . 





re 


i Poe . (E—e)tr 
Mais si dans [a fraction (ey? 
fonction de r, les conditions du maximum en seront plus ou 
‘ Moins aflectées suivant Ies-caractéres constitutifs de ladite 
; fonction ct la méthode d’obseryations faciles que nous avons 4 
} exposde permettra pricistment de déterminer avec l’approxi- 
! mation numérique desirable les paramiétres de Iéquation de 
la polarisation ct Jes conditions du maximum du travail 
exploité, : 
| Dans te cas particulier d'un clectro-moteur & force dlectro- 
motrice constante comme fa pile thermo-dlectrique Clamond, 


¢ lui-méme est une § 





ee 


. : 
Cy ne rr 
Se rangers 


E, ct R étant connus, tes deux formules r = pa eb r ct 


1 
iE 1(R+41)+-e donnentr = Enihet hs “et: 
E-IR-i> : a 
eet 
2 


Formules trés-simples permettant d’tlucider rapidement 

; toutes les questions cncore bien vagues des resistances d’are | 

‘ corrdhitives aux variations d'écart des charbons et celles * 
des forces tlectromotrices de polarisation qu'il faut dtudier 4 

| fond pour compter avec elles en toute connaissance de cause, « 


le 
| 


i 
! 
i 





On a dit, dans un journal, que le procédé d'analyse, chi- 
mique par ta balance d’induction comportait des erreurs trop 
grandes pour qu’on puisse se fier cntitremgnt, aux doundes 
quiil fournit, ct on ajoutait qu'on avait’ bandonné ce 

+ systéme d'analyse & ['établissement desymonniies;en:Angle- 
' terre. Le fait est qu'il n'y a pas cu du tout abatigon de ce 

; systéme dans l'tablissement cn question, putsqu ag sontraire 
on a fait construire des apparcils trés-complets pour ce genre | FA 






} 
: 4 


de recherches, ‘ct qu’en ce moment Ia question y est studite | t 
‘ave Je plus grand soins sculement on a reconnu que la | 
batan wild ¢ i 
' balance: d'induetion, tant surtout un appareil d'analyse | eee 


d'effets physiques, ne donne les indications chimiques que * 
par la, difftrence: de structure moléculaire des différents i 
corps, laquelle subit l'influence de toutes les causes physiques | 
extéricures. qui peuvent agir sur cux. IL peut donc arciver : 
qwvun mime corps puisse donner des indications shiisrenses 
4 la balance, quoiqu'ttant chimiquement’ dang. Jes. memes 
conditions, s'il présente des différences de rempdr: 








ure on de: 
structure moléculaire ou meine s'il ests Soumis a des actions ' 
miecaniques différentes. Négimoins, comme premitre dnillea 
tion, ect appa pease trts-utile pour la chimie, comme 
Vest le spectrossge ‘au point de vue physique, il présente 
des avantages qul-ne pourraient etre fournis par aucun autre 
“Nous sommes done dans le vrai en disant “qu'il / 
é des belles decouvertes de la science modern’ e 
0. lene TH, Du M., auagyat 
Creatrca ute. tle? 

























instrument. 





















































































[i 



























Ff 


“< pNoURTE SUR LECLAIRAGE | 


: ELECTRIQUE 


ote (ener ne 


> Le Comité de ta Chambre des Contes Ghd « Asef : 


rechercher s'il y a licu d'autoriser les corporations runic! 
pales ou autres autoritds locales A adopter des projets relatifs i 
1 4 Péclairage par Telectricité, et jusquid quel point et 4 quelles | 


conditions les compagnies de gaz ou autres campagnics pu : 





bliques pourraient étre autoristes 4 fournir la tun ¢ par 
Vélectricité.» a donnd son avis dans Je rapport suivant : 
Lanature géndrale de 1a lumitre dlectrique a tt bien ex’ pli- : 
. quée dans les dépositions du professcur Tyndall, de sir Wil- | 
Ham Thomson, du Dr Siemens, du D? Hopkinson et autres, | 
Crest une découverte qui s'est développte et quia dé en: 
* progrts actif pendant toute la durée de ce sitele. Dans son 
essence, la lumitre électrique est produite par une transfor- 
mation d'energie 4 {aide de moyens soit chimiques, soit mé- 
caniques. Cette energie peut ctre tirée d'une force naturelle, 


comme par exemple d’yne chute d'eau, ou de la com. . 


: bustion d'une matire dans les dltments d’une batterie vol- 
taique, ou du combustible dans une’ fournaise. L'dnergie 


' dtant convertic en un courant dlectrique peut tre employce 


A produire de la lumitre dlectrique en passant entre des 
{ pointes de carbone ou en rendant incandescents des corps 
| solides tels que 
+ de la lumitre dlectrique, c'est’ qu’elle opére la transforma- 





+ thon de Ienergie d'une maniére singulitrenient complete. 
Crest ainsi qu'une force d'un cheval peut étre convertic en 
' lumiére sous forme de gaz et donner un delat egal A celui 
' de douze bougies, 
Mais la méme somme d'tnergic transformée cn lumitre 
électrique produit une puissance de 1600 bougies. Il n'est 
done pas ctonnant de voir beaucoup de témoins pratiques 


j trouver de stricuses difficultés A ladaptation rapide de tal 
lumiére dlectrique a des dclairages Cconomiques, tandis que les! 
témoins scientifiques voient dans cet emploi de {1 force lori-! 
gine d'un grand développement industriel ct croient que dans 
Vavenir fa lumidre électrique est appelée A jouer un réle pré- 
dominant (leading) dans I'tclairage public et privé. ‘Tous les} 
tdnioins ont dé accord sur un point, c'est que usage de 1a, 
lumitre electrique ne produit que peu de cet air vicié qui, 
est forme cn abondance par les produits de ta combustion des 
lumitres ordinaires, 

Des témoins scientifiques ont aussi cté d'avis que dans 
Navenir le courant dlectrique pourrait étre employe sur une: 
grande échelle pour transmettre de la force aussi bien que 
de Ja lumitre A des distances considdrables, de sorte que la’ 
force appliquée A des usages mécaniques pendant le jour; 
pourrait étre utilise pour Mtelairage pendant la nuit. Votre‘ 
Comité ne mentionne ces opinions que pour montrer lim- 
portance qu'il y a permettre un plein développement des 
applications pratiques de l'électricitt, qui, d'aprés des wsmoins 
sCompetents, aurait dans l'avenir d'importantes cons¢quences , 
ponr l'industrie, : 

Au point oft en est déja arrivée Papplication pratique de fa. 
ilumitre dlectriqne, il ne semble pas qu'il y ait de raison de; 
douter qu'elle convient pour lusage des phares, et qu'elle 
“est propre ‘ éclairer de grands espaces symetriques, tels: 
que des squares, des salles publiques, des gares de chemins} 
de fer et des atelicrs. On lemploie A Paris pour celatrer des | 
:magasins qui ont besoin d'une tumitre qui permette de dis-; 

‘Winguer des couleurs différentes, ct elle a été appliquée ré-; 

ycemment cn Angleterre pour le méme objet avec succts. 

; Comparée au gaz, Iéconomie, pour un éclairage dgal, ne 

ipa fe as encore étre dtablie d'une manitre concluante, Bien ; 
























dium. Un trait caractéristique remarquable ' 





idgale soit du cdté de Ja lumitre Slectrique, dans,z. ‘autres! 
seas un dclairage au gaz d'intensité egale aura Vavantage. ! 
‘Sans aucun doute, Ia luinitre lectrique n'a pas encore! 
fait, dans Tear actuel, assez’ de progrés pour entrer en! 
‘concurrence d'une manitre générale avec le gaz dans tes! 









autant que nous avons pu nous en 
de production centrale ct de distribution pouvant convenir a 





des maisons de moyenne grandeur n'a ete Gtabli jusqu'a ce 
jour. 
En examinant jusqu's quel point ta legislature devrait ine: 





tervenir dans Ia situation présente de Véclairage par Melectri-! 
cite, votre Comité fera observer d'une manigre générale! 
que dans un systéme qui se développe “avec une rapiditd! 
remarquable, ce serait chose Jamentable sides restrictions: 
 Kegislatives venaient entraver ce développement. Cependant 
‘votre Comité n'est pas en position de faire des reconman. 
dations pour une situation qui pourra se présenter par Ia 
Suite, mais qui n’existe pas 2 présent, quant A la distribution 
de courants clectriques pour delairer des maisons particu- 
ligres au moyen d'une source centrale de puissance, Aucune 
loi n'est neces; re pour mettre A méme de grands ¢tablisse-, 


i ments,tels que des thatres, des halls, ou des atelicrs, de pro- « 
j + duire de T'tlectrjcité potr leur propre usage. 

Si les corporations et autres autoritds locales n’ont pas te 
pouvoir, d'aprés les statuts existants, de ‘se servir des rucs | 
publiques pour poser les fils ritralliques destings A I'éclairage | 
des voics ou a d'autres usages «publics de la‘lumitre clectris | 
que, notre Comité est U'avis que d'amples pouvoirs doivent 
leurettre donnds pour cet objet. H semble qu'il y uc uelque - 
contradiction dacs les temoignages, depositions, relativement 
4 la question de savoir si les pouvoirs existants sont suftisants 
ou non. Mais, méme en ce qui concerne les autoritds locales, 
il serait. ndcessaire d'imposer des restrictions empéchant de 
placer les fils trop pres des fils des tWlégraphes employes par 
de Post-Office, attend que la puissance de transmission de 
ces dernicrs serait affeetée d'une manitre fcheuse parla trop 
grande proximité des puissants courants ¢lectriques nécessaires 

‘A ta production de Ia lumiére, a 
1 - Les compagnies de gaz, d’aprés avis de notre Comite, 
Wont pas de titres spéciaux qui puissent les faire considdrer 
_ commie les distributrices futures de 1a lumitre Slectrique. Elles 
ne possident pas de monopole pour I'tclairage. de. voies pu- 
\bliques ou de maisons particuliéres, si ce n'est celui qué leur 
est donne de poser, des conduits dans les rues, Confite A leur 
: Soin, la lumiére dlectrique. pourrait ne se développer que len- 
tement, D'ailleurs, bien que les compagnies de gaa semblent 
_Mevoir béndficier de Papprovisionnement du g% pour les ma- 
chines A gaz qui sont bien Appropri¢es comme moteur pour 
Taproduction de la lumitre dlectrique, les procedis géntraux 
ide la fabrication et de Vapprovisionnement du gaz sont tout 
it fait differents de coux qui sont nécessaires pour Ia produc. 
‘tion de Mélectricits comme moteur ou illuminant. 
i Néanmoins votre Comit? ne pense pas que le moment soit 
fencore venu de donner aux compagnies particulitres d'éclai- 
inige électrique des pouvoirs généraux pour ouvrir des tran- 
jehdes dans les Tues, si ce n'est avec le consentement des 
lantorites locales, I est, pourtant, A souhaiter que celles-ci 
‘alent “le pouvoir de donner-des ités A des compagnies on 
iA des particuliers qui voudraient faire des experiences, Lorsque 
le progrés des inventions amine des demandes relativement 
aux facilites de transmission de ['eleetricité, comme source 
ide force et de lumitre Provenant d'na centre commun pour 
ides Usages domestiques et de fabrication, i n’y a pas de. 
(doute que te Public ne doive recevoir des avantages pouvant 











s 











usages ordinaites de la vie domestique. Dans de grands tae; 


blissements, les forces motrices nécessaires pour produire Iaj 
Jumitre dlectrique peuvent etre facilement obtenttes, mitis'- 
ssuirer, aucuT Systeme: 


que, danis quelques cas,l'Scaviotiie relative pour une ppissance: * 














Sica 


oan 


i 


She ate 















Tcompenser un monopole de: usage des rues. Conime”ce 
moment n’est pas arrive, votre Comité n’entre pas a ce sujet 
dans plus de ils; ise borne A dire que dans un cas pareil 
il pourrait étre utile ‘We donner 2 Vautorité municipale une 
‘préftrence pendantzune période limitée pour contrdler la 
distribution et l'emploi de la umitre électrique, et, A défaut 
de leur acceptation d'une telle préférence, que tout” mona- 
pole donne 4 une .compagnic privée devrait etre restreint A 
la courte période nécessaire ‘pour la rémundrer de Ventre: 
prise, Vautorité municipale conservant le droit de racheter le 
matériel et les machines A des conditions modértes. Mais 
pour Ie moment, votre Comite ne pense pas qu'il y ait d'autres 
recommandations spéciales A faire que celle de laisser aux 
tautoritts locales pleins pouvoirs d’employer la fumiére élec- 
















‘trique pour I’éclairage public; il est davis que la légistature 
devrait se montrer disposte, forsqu'il en serait fait la de- ; 
mande, donner tous les pouvoirs raisonnables pour Ie ae 
|déjetoppement de Pélectricité commie source de force ct de 





lumiére. » . : Ee 
: “le docteur Lyon Playfair était le président du Comité, et 


‘son projet de rapport a ete adopté. 


(Extrait du Times du 17 juin 1879.) 


"Gol. Bolton has made abstracts from all 
;Englleh patents on dynamo-elcctric and mag- . 
igetelectric machines and electric lights, 
‘classified and arranged in subdivisions ace 
‘coriling to the special cluss feature of cach 

form of machine or lamp. He has discovered, 

“yn the course of his labors, that several of the 

iso-calidd How Inventions of cleciric-genera- 

‘tors and electric-Iamps,or regulators,aro really; 
‘inventions “of what bad already, been In 

vented and described in ofllciat shupe. : / 


Oar .trinehenad roar < 





o 
o% 


a 




























































ree inatbecha a Atma neceageae tema tie 





ee 












































settee SLM me TL TPE, 


cage, that the above statement assumes: 
that the resistanco is constant, With the are, however, the resistance with! 
achanged current is not constant, If the eurrent be doubled, its resistance! . 
in halved ; if the enrrent be halved, its resistance is doubled—always asaume| :* 
ing tho distance between the electrodes to remain constant, ‘The work of . 
tho current, therefore, with a given length of aro, is proportional te tho! * 
current, and not to the square of the current, as has been frequently as-j 
sumed, ‘Tho third law oxpresses this relation, the total energy being the: 
work given out ag light and heat, and duo to current traversing rosiatance, , 
which resistance falls as tho current increases, and the converse, ‘ 
‘Tho total energy evolved in an nre docs not, however, appear to boa 
meanure of tho illuminating power of said are, it having been noticed by us 
that the total energy in tho aro may be the samo, while tho illuminating 
power varies considernbly, ‘Tho illuminating power of ares, representing : 
equal amounts of onergy ovolved, appears to bo affeated considerably by 
the distance apart of the carbon electroiles, It is found in practice that, in i : 
Jany case, the maximum illuminating power is obtained when the electrodes | 
are separated to n certuin distance, An increase of this distance between 5 
tho electrodes is attended by ay increase in the resistance of the aro and by | 
adecrenso in the current strength, not, however, proportional to the in- | 
creased reaistauce, Consequently an increase in tho total onergy ovolved in 
the are may take place whilo an actual decrease in tho iNuminating power; 
has resulted, ‘This Inst statement may at first appear to involve a contra-; 
diction, but when it is remembered that tho greater portion of the light : 
ovolved by an ure comes from the intensely heated surfaces of the electrodes, ' 
and not from the heated gas stream constituting tho are proper, it can! 
readily be understood that with a Inrgo are a considerable proportion of thoi 
energy wilt bo expended in sustaining the temperature of the gas stream; 
and supplying or muking good the heat convected from it to the surround! 
ing sir, In un are of leas length, a smaller proportion of the energy, is! 
expended in sustuining the temperature of the gas stream, and tho amount’ 
of surface of the electrodes heated to intenso ineandescenco is relatively” 
inerensed, 
It is onr opinion that the relation between the illuminating power and, 
the current, as expressed by the second Jaw, is necessarily quite approxi-— 
mate, sinco tho distance apart and consequent facility for loss of hent by, 
convection from the electrodes cannot be without. influence on the illumin-; 
ating power, 
Cestuan [hen Sonoon, Phila, Juno 18, 1879, 









































3 oo Pron thé eaonen te Peano ati re ; 

Tho alae OUade paigtagic pnd plum met if Pere } l 
By Provs, Eun ‘LudssoxAind Epwin J, Ho¥srox, i 

winter of 1877-78, and! 








i i i in the 
m a series of investigntions made by us md 
pital in the Journal of the Franklin erat a near ee A 
i * in Institute 
art of n report of the Committee of the Prinkdis a : 
Bltslo Machines, we wero lead to infor the existence in the ay He a a 
certain relations between resistance, current hae at a ae 
. Farther experiments in the same direction have seemed | 
‘Miata ralalfotia We therefore have taken the opportunity: of Ha a 
believing that they will be of value to other investigators in this flekd. | 
‘ho relations oxisting between sre resistence and current praetor lent i a 
between current strength and iMumivating power, are apparently expre 
‘py the following laws, viz. 
First. In ares of equal lengths the res 
to the enrrent strengths, c ; . a | 
Seca Tho illuminating power of on are is approximately proportional, 
‘to tho current traversing it, ; 
‘Third, In ares of equal leagth the enorgy given ow 
eurrent strength. - ai 
Whother tho above taws will be established for great range of earret 
remains for future investigation ; and, indeed, when it is considered e ne ‘ 
is almost impossible to maintain arcs of equal longths, the pan i. ie 
‘regarded ng approximately true, and point to tho need of an oxtonded fal 
of cxperiments, in order that the errors in individual cases may be thi " 
ated, ‘The experiments we are now conducting in this direction ee oe 
‘enmploted, and embrace, besides the laws just stated, other interes! Sadi 
Antions, We have thought, however, that the results thus for o i 
justify tho publication of the above atatements of existing Deane 1 ante 
Tho following theoretical considerations, aside from oxporimen' . ‘ ws] 
‘eorve partly to explain the firet law. Au incrense of current is a ee aleal 
tq more active transferronce of carbon vapor froin positive to negaly ai if . 
‘trode, which would reault in an increased broadth of arc and, consequ t 
decreased resistance, ; dae 
The bearing of this law on the question of the economical division ot af 
\ electric current in the production of sovoral arcs in the same verge inte 
‘ lot one single arc, is important, It has been held by some that if oie : 
<oity.of the halved, the work being wa the equare of the ousrthg 


















: i 
istanccs aro inversely proportional 





t is proportional to the 























oe 








- 


Ph ett an tte amen pater RE Na ee 


















































Pay 





pte 


waa fF SY 






aT eT 


ES res pe ee 


rte Spit ance Oe 




















ear Dae 











_, THE ILLUMINATING POWER OF THE ELEC. 


is 


¢ 5 


68 GF TRIO AROS 9-7 
' Two or Chee he rutitortrimetedss light, andi 


‘derived from French and American sources, which have 


i 
i 





: which appear to be of such exeeptional importance as to call 
ifor special notice. One of them, avritten by M. Hyppolyte 
; Fontaine, the author of the most popular work on “ Electric 










‘tion of all who are interested in this question, With a con- 
tinuous-current Gramme machine, ‘working ut a velocity of ; 
1,000 revolutions per minute, a mean intensity of light. || 
a 
equivalent to 285 Curcel burners has been obtained by the | 
expenditure of one horse-power; the are being just one cen: | 
timetre in length. If we take the Carcel burner as equivalent, 
to nine of our standard sperm candles, we have here an illumi- 
nating power of 2.565 standard candles per lp. Nor wag 
this result. obtained by the concentration of great power ina 
single light ; for the total Norse-power expended in working 
the dynamo-electric machine was less than +4. Moreover it | 
‘js put forward not as a mazimum but rather asa meximuny | 
‘practical result. Making every due allowance in the dire. 
tion indicated by M. Frank Géraldy in the article we trans} 
lnte for our present issue, it seems certain that this result is} 
indicative of progress, and merits our attention. We may} 
best judge of it, probably, by comparing it with the result)] 
‘as calculated upon previous data. According to those givens; 
by M. Fontaine himself, at the cnd of the ninth chapter of |: 
his “ Ecluirage i 'Electricité,” the production of one Carcel; 
burner per kilogrammetre, or about 76 per h.-p. was, some ; 
two years ago, considered indicative of great progress made. | 
This duty corresponds to un illuminating power of 680; 


i 
| 


ae\ standard candles per I-p. Tf we take Mr. PitzGerald’s for.! 


nul, printed on p. 7 of our last ydlume, and based upon the; 


f results obtained, with the same machine, hy the Committee 





of the Franklin Institute, the light thrown in all directions 
‘horizontally would, supposing the resistance of the are to 
i ibe half the total resistance, be less than 400 candles. If, us 
(ML. Fontaine states, the incan luminous intensity in every 
‘direction may be taken as twice the horizontal intensity, this} 
‘would correspond to a mean luminous intensity of less than | 
800 candles. Lastly, according to Mr. W. H. Preece (p. 166 
jf the same volume) the light perhorse-power should not be 
‘greater than that of 758 candles, But it would appear that 
,even more thin three-times this duty has now been obtained 
[froma Grammemachine hy the expenditureof one horse-power, : 
:_ The value of the tables given by M. Fontaine would, un. ; 
| doubtedly, have heen greater if certain electrical data had } 
been added to the dynamical and photometric determinations, | 
We should have been interested to know, for instance, what, 
was the varintion of the current when the velocity of the; 
machine was gradually. augmented from 700 to 1,000 revolu- 
tions per minute, and when the distance between the earhous 
was decreased from 5 to 1 millimetres. ‘The increased dut yt 
obtained by increasing the velocity and the distance between’ 
the carbon points might have been clearly aceounted for it} 





ov. | the varintions in the current elements had been noted; and, 


“Leven without such information, one would be inclined to sur-; 


too high. So fur as they 


te ee 


by 


however, the data suppl 











egestas {Ulus authority will be‘appreciated by all who 
] fin electric fighting. 

| fexperience, such hints as that for adjusting the distance be. |, 

| [tween the carbons to stit any given conditions, viz :—ascertain |. * 
i ito lnlf this distance, will be very gratefully received. And 
jrecently appeared in our columns furnish data and resulta! ithe faet that the quantity of light obtained when a cable 100 
metres long was used for conducting the current beeame 
(halved only when the length of cable had been inereased to 
f u 12,000 metres, will have the effect of reasattring those who: 
i Lighting,” contains a statement which will attract the atten.t jlave got hold of the idea that the light varies inversely asthe * 


| Arc; it also reconciles views which are apparently diverse t 

















take un interest } 
By’ those who are winning ‘their 


thedistanceat whigh thelight becomesextinguished,and adjust | 


: ] Square of the length of cable, or thereabout. 


If the paper by M. Fontaine is specially interesting froma 


practical point of view, thut by Professors 'Thomson-and | 
4 : bf LA ke ‘ 

Honston is even more 80 from a theoretical standpoint. The 

first of the three laws" stated by them-is not only of finda. | 


mental importance _in_relation“t6' the ‘theory of the electric 4: 
ay" 


é 
} 





even contradictory by bringing practical results into com H 
plete-accord with theory. We are not aware that this Iniv a 
has ever previously been enunciated, although it has! re.:, 
peatedly been pointed out that the resistance of the are vari 
when that of the remaining portion of -the circuit‘tis 
varied. No doubt many will feel that. they hive tacitly pe} 
cognised the existence of the ‘law, and as if, in faet, they}? 
must all along have known of it; for it is no exnggeration’* 
to say that it has been staring us in the face for years, “TH 
might have been inferred from the fnet that the convection: 
of carbon between the electrodes increases with the current, 
and it constitutes the only condition under which the state. 


| ment that the heat and lightin the are vary simply as. tho 


current can be reconciled with the law of Joule, ‘Still we 
cannot find that anyone has hitherto gone so far as to state 
the law that the conductivity of arca of equal length varies 
simply ae the currents traversing them. It remains to be 
ascertained whether this law admits of any possible excep- 
tion, i 


t 

The second lnw, whieh we think should be limited (and} 
whieh is probably intended to he limited) toa given are, or, 
fo area of equal length, miny he deduced from, and is’ 
explained by, the first. 'Lhis second law has been previously} 
enunciated ; it was stated in the plainest terms by Mr. 
W. IL. Preece, in hia lecture on the Electric Light, at the! 
United Service Institute ;* the lecturer observing that the! 
light in the are varies directly ns the current, and not as the! 
square of tho current as is generally assumed ;" whilst, in the! 
cage of an incandescent wire, the light increases ny the squareof: 
the current.” But no attempt was made to explain the appa- 


1 < 
rent anomaly in the two cases; otherwise it is most laseene| j 


that the first law would then have been elucidated. For it 
is to be observed that expressions such as those given in Mr,: 
FitzGerald’s formula previously referred to (A = h.-p, x a 
=I? ¥) are necessarily and genorally true, so far as light: 
may be taken to Vary as energy evolved, since they are! 
merely expressions of the well-verified Inw of Joule; whilst : 
tho law that tlie quantity of heat and light varies simply agi 
the current (or that 4 = J) can be-true only when resistance: 


en W varies inversely as curren vhen rss 2 “ ently: 
mise, if not to conclude, that the relative resistance of the: 3 * (or when T’ nnd consequently 


too of wire in the machine was, in most of the experiments: 


1, =D. Thus the slightest attempt to reconeilo with: 
Toule’s law tlie statement that the heat and light in the are; 
vary simply a8 the current; must almost inevitably have led | 


: {te the discovery whieh is expressed by the equation + = t | 



















The- third :law formulated” by" vroressors Tliomson anid} 
‘| Houston’ is, like‘the second, altogether dependent upon and 
t) sutisfactorily explained Ly tho first. In fact, this third law; 
may be regarded as -fffe second stated in 2 more aceurate’ 
form ; for there are several circumstances which, as‘pointed: 
out by the authors of the communication, render the second’ 
law merely npproximative; whereas the third law is ubsolute! 
if the firat be unconditionally necepted. ‘The explanation we! 
(4 haye given of the second ‘Inw applies strictly to the third; 
(28) the total energy being I2 xr = 1. 
y 


The theoretical considerations put forward by the authors 
of the paper are worthy of very attentive perusal; and we 
33 {shall look forward with interest to the results of the further 
“ Jexperiments which are being conducted by the same skilful 
tind accomplished investigators, < 





* Vide The Electrician, Vol. IL, p. 167, 


ted 





are 





i 
9 
A 
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i 


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[WAG Rae Aas ed 











FPN se Pid at 








A REPORT ON ELECTRIC LIGHT 


* EXPERIMENTS .* 
‘ Che tueiisouts gexiypfixypin, My 

Schwendler said it would be impracticable to rend the 
“ Peécis of Report on’ Eleetrie Light Experiments” in exteuxo, 
since it contained too muny technicalities, which could not easily 
be followed if the Paper we inthe manner usual at these 
meetings, and that he, therefore, would prefer to give’ verbally 
uw short ucconnt of his researches and the results obtained. We 
saluted that the inquiry originated with General Strachey, who, in 
April, 1876, recounnended to the Seeretury of State that. 2 trial 
of illuminating Indian railway stations by the electric light 
should be made, In Febru 7, Mr. Schwendler was requested 
to institute detailed inguirtes, which led hint to propose that it 
would be advisable to first make some more experiments before a 
practical trial at Indian railway stations shoukl be attempted. 
The Buard of Directors of the East Indian Railway Company 
agreed to this, and sanctioned the necessary outlay, whatever ft 


' sit come to. 


The experiments made at the India Office Stores, London, ter- 
:minated on the lst November, 1878. ‘Phe report, how 
not be finished in time before Mr, Selwendler left for In 
he-therefore prepared a prévis—the Paper before the meeting to- 
night. After pointing out the general results obtained, and 


-explaining in a brief manner the three pr cipal questions nt 
.-dsaue, viz., economy of the elcetric light, practicability aud efficiency 
_ of the electric light for certain ithoninating purposes, tnd beat 


means of distribution of the electric light, Mr, Schwendler pra- 
eceded :— 

You all hy heard, no doubt, a great deal about the division 
of the electric light. Daring the last two years this question hug 
been before the public almost permanently. Whis is not to be 
wondered at if we consider that on the solution of this problem 
it will ultimately depend whether the new mode of lighting | 
comes 1 successtul and generat rival to the Hhuninution by gas 

other combustive menns. But before entering on the subject 
it will be best to furnulate the question definitely, to avoid any 
misunderstanding with respect to the answer 1 am about to give, 
The question is :—A. given permanent cur ent (C), no matter how 
produced, does work in at closed single circuit, of total resistance 
(122), of whieh a part (x) represents the resistance of one electric 
are. 'Phis electric ave prodnecs an cleetrie light of meaxar 
intensity (1), Now, if we introduce, instead of one are, hey ares 
of resistance r aud ” and measured light intensities i and i” 
respectively, and suppose the current to be the same ns before, 
or the EAMLE. and total resistance in the single civenit the sume, 
then @ priori we should conclude that L= ? + i" for rat +" 
Experiments, howe show that this is not the case— 
sunt of the measured intensities of vo small lights is per 
smaller than the measured intensity of one large light; and this 
diference becomes larger und lay incrense th number 
of lights produced by the sume current—i.e.. by the sume BILE, 

ith the same total resistance in cireuit. ‘This appears ui 


‘sight an inconsistency with the known hws of cattse and 


Tow is it possible that the same current through the sane resis- 
tance should produce more light in exe point than in fico points, 
although the total amount of work done by the given aud con- 
atant current is exaetly the sume in one point ua itt fico point 
That the measured intensity of one light is invariably greuter 
than the stm of the measured intensities of x lights, is am un. 
by iny own experiments ¥ 
Whit has become of the energy which is 


ets conneeled with the 
how this apparent loss 
everting to far-fetched 


lem could be even 
tly in, acientilic 
nts of this kind 


fo Feddurces of Nature, 
eet be seen from the foregoing that 1 have called the light. 
intensity measured intensit; x if we produce a light by any 
source, it will beat once perceived that not all the light produced 
by that source can be made available for iluninating purposes, 
A part of the total Hight will be lost for the special purpose © 
iMuminntion, innamueh as only a part of the total light is int 
i AN, 
: # Read beforo tho Asiatio Society; 6th March, 1879. 


position to act on the photometer, or, which is the snme, on tho 
ui. Hence we may sily the total light produced by any means 4 
consists of two parts: the one is lust for illuminating purposes, 
and may be called infernal light; the other acts on the retina, 
ci be measured, and may be ealled exfernal ov meanured Tight, 
For instance, of all the light produced in one electric are, a eon 
siderable part is hidden by the electrodes between which the ara 
wae the electrodes hav volume, and, moreover,” 
ponitive electrode is hollowed out li 4 dome, and it 3 
point of that dome which contains the most intense light, 4 
8 moatly lost, How mel this toss in each ease will be * 
depends on tt variety of circumstances. In tho first place, alls 
other conditions being the same, that loss will inerense with the 
thickness of the vodes. ‘he Toss of light will further ine 
crease with udeerease of the ] By length of are 
is to be underatood the dist veen the highest point of the 
hollow of the positive electrode nnd the apex of the negative ele 
trode. Hence already, in the ense of one are, although naturally 
we huve here the longest are for the given eurrent and the given @ 
electrodes, the light lost, or the iuternal light, may represent © 
a considerable portion of the totul light produced in the are, 

Tf we proditee fo ares, it will be seen af once that the sum of 
the losses must be greater than the loss in one ave, Henee th 
sin of the aured intenailics of to lights must also be sult 
than the meastred intensity of one light. Suppose the length of 
one are, when u given envrent passes, is 3unm., then the stun of 
the lengths of fe ares will not be 3 mun, but much less, in order 
to have the same current passing through the two ares as passed 
‘before through ore. From this it follows thut the loss of light 
must increase rapidly with the munber of lights, and, moreover, 
that soon a limit for the possible practical a ision of the elee- 
trie light is reached, leaving ont the question of ceonomy alt 
gether. 

This constitutes one of the reasous why the division of the 
electric light becomes less ind less economical with increare of: 
the number of lights, and that soon a practioul limit will Lo¥] 

hed for the division. q: 

To express this result more definitely, we may say — 


a 
D] 


) 


* ‘ ’ 
The consumption of power per unit of meusured or external} 
ligl function increasing with the number of lights produced} Mg 
ight ia w function increasing with the number of lights produced 


by a given current inn single cireuit—supposing, of course,’ 
always that the sum of resistances of the x ares is equal ty the 
resistance of one are, and that the other resistance in the cir-J 
cuit, in which no light is produced, has remained constant 
throughout. ¢ 
If we had « material infinitely conducting, of infinite strength,‘ 
and with a melting point nt least us high ag that of carbon, then 
surely the division of the light would be perfectly economical up 
to'any limit, inasmuch as we might then wae lincar electrodes. © 9 
In practice we eau only try to approuch this limit, Up,to ‘the 
present time there appears to be no better material for electrodess; 
than carbon, cither natural or artificial, Bat this is no renson 
why an effort should not be made to try to find w tmaterial forg’y 
electrodes more necommodating to the division of the electriof 
light than even carbon, ‘Lhe above, limited strength, limited| 


‘ 
Y 


electric conductivity, aud limited melting point of the material) 


of electrodes, constitute only one of the difficulties which stund(! 
in the way of an unlimited economical division of the electric light, 
A. second cause is, for instance, the fnet that_in each ave an; 
E.M.L. ig established opposite to the origina! E.MLE,, and by ud 
incnns to be neglected ngainst it, ‘his seeondary E.M.P. estab. 
lished in cach ave appears to be x function of the current whicli 
pisses the ure, most likely proportional to that current. Hence, 
if fora given current passing one are this secondary E.ALP, be 
then the sume current through n ares, successively connected 


would produce an EAT. equal to ne. Chis secondary ELE Se 


ne is to bo subtracted from the original ELE. 5 and, internal 
resistance of the inal EME, plus resistance of leading wir 
having ued constant, we uccessarily have to decrease th 
total resistunee of the x nrca_in order to work with the samoy 
current a8 before. This mercly means u decrease of the total, 
Jength of the x arcs, or, which is thesnue, wn increase of internal gf 
light, or deerense of the measured or external light. AL parallel 
connection of the x ares with reference to the poles of. the given: 
originn) BME, would ainly produce only one secondary Jf 
E.MLE. instead of 1; and for this reason it might be better. tog 
use the parallel ci for the division of the eleetris light, Bu ‘| 
there are other very importaut objections to thia sulution. In 
the firat plice, ag can be easily shown, the varintion of one ar 
hus a far greater influence on the variation of the othera in. 
parallel, than in successive circuit, Further, the length of enel: 
‘ave must be made very much smaller in parallel circuit than in 
\consecutive circuit 

Anoth muon againat un unlimited economical divisi 
Nthe electric light ia constituted by the practical necessity thats 


‘[Hamps, of whatever construction they may be, have a resistance} 
yy 


is 
— ao 












“MIE ELECTRIO TlGilT. 


co & cato- 
of tric light} 


Joseph “Bazaigette’ 
joint report on the 
results obtained to the Metropoliian Board of Works. ‘Wo 
regret that the apace at our disposal will not allow us to re- 
pulat this report; which is, in our opinion, ihe most practi. 
cal nnd Valuable official document on the subject that has 
been issucd' from any source. Wo propose, howover, ‘to | 


t¥fn four, 119% rien 

2 gulog iia 
ait ent! 

. W. Kentea lave presented 


trial of the Jablochkoff system, applied to 
the Avent de l'Opéra and other places in 
Générale d'Electricité made 
politan Board of Works and the 





trlal for-thelr system here, This pro) 





















“userved by this installation, 


On'tho Embankment the. distance proposed to be lighted 
pridges—7,008 ft. 
Hand every alternate ouo of the existing lamps upon the para- 
pet was adapted forthe purpose, twenty lamps in all belng: 
The motive power employed was 2 portable 
supplicd by Messrs, Ran- 
soma, Sima & Head, and ihe report calls especial nttention 
ing of this machine during |: 
4 tho whole of thotrinls, “Publiclighting of the Embankment |’ 
18th December Inst, and after a|- 
1 ft was decided to commence the |- 
series of Investigations which are embodied {8 the report and 
decided to ascertain }> 
exnotly tho-power required to produce the light, the cost. in- oa 
curred, thio photometric value obtalned, and tis camparitiya are i 
he |. - 
trinks Insted over a period of «12 days fromthe 24th January o 
of trinks. was extended 
of 5% hours, all the twenty lights be- 
except when ft waa desired to nscer- 
he results of working separite circuits. The followin 


‘HIny between Westminster and Waterloo 
I thug fitted, 

| engine of 20 nominal horse power, 
{to the admirable and steady wor 


was commenced’ on ‘the 
month’a regular working, 


give to ft an eapccial yalue, It was 


cost of the electric Nghting and of gas fl 


tothe Gth February, and the tine 
each night to a perfod 

H ing operated together, 
tain ¢ 











public lightin, 
Paris, the Soc! 


lumtnation, 


Aa data refer to tho whole of the 12 days’ oxperiments: 



















Mean pressure of steam in bolle 
Mean tempernture of fect wate 
Fuel consu'd per indicated hors 
Mean Indicated horse power 
Water-used per hour...,.. 
‘uel Use Hor HOUF. se eseee vee 
Mean speed of inpine, per minute. 
Power absorbed fn driving engin 
intermediato shafting...... 


A series of careful investigations 
required under different cond 
i] ee 





tions was as 


Tent pasaltig,.. scot. 
. & To drive the two Gram 
: rent passing..i 050. 





8, To drive machines, and 
404 “ ‘ 

Roa “ “ Ca 
ae ng three 












The mean of the 12 nights’ 


horse power, 
Tight ¢ 
ductin 


termed 
s 


At will bo notice 
ecrensed rapidly with the number 

tho 5°10 hon power absorbed by 
ato zhafting, the amounts varied aa 


To produce & Tights’ 1-5 
os Jo 4-97 
“ 10% 40g « “ 
“ 20 4 9 ow “ 











orn period of Gi 
night of 5°5 how 


conl, at 17a, per ton 
‘for gotting. up 











Ir 
1, To drive the two Grammo machines without cur- Es 


: experiments with the 
Was somewhat Jess than this, however, having 







follows: 


a 


producing the dieht, we find th: 
HI, th 


hours in ‘a! 
ta 


review its contente-as fully ns possible, After a prolonged 
f 
6 
roposals both {o ‘the Metro-! 
city authorities to Install a: 
Jsuficiont number of lamps In London, ‘and to secure n fair: 
poral: haying, been. nc- 
cepted, the Thames Embankment and the Holborn Viaduct 
Were sclected ng eligible situations for the experiments, 
With regard to the latter, it will be remembered that the 
trial was a short one, and could not be considered ns satis. 
“factory elthor in ita reaults or in the deductions made’ in 
i|the official report, so that but Ilttle useful purposa was 








towed that the power 


20 lights 
been 23-34 
cd that the power. required per 

of Jights, and de. 
the engine and in- 
“followa: 


gi Tip. Per light was required, - 
qi “ “ 








nt 










iJ 





!ldenced hy the more exten 


if liowever, © niust 

*<. ant depreciation, which 
{> follows: 2s 

; Cost of engine, compl 

two Gramma; 










The cost of the engine 
{should Ue less than given 
would have leven suflicient 






tion of the-oflicers of 


3, the lyht shielded with 
light within a frosted 


emp 
&tains per hour, 
equal to 16 sperm candles, 
were obtalued, 
had-been made to Insure n 





Per cent., and the frosted 






‘conducted with some of 
‘consumption of gar cqtinl 
8 264 candle light, the con 
cost of these | 

8 we have geen, the 
was 324d, 





candles. ‘The capital 
the interest on.thia stm at 
the depreciation, £09 
| amount, divided for the 














i) 8um of 20d. per hour and 
] the candles, the Jubluchko: 
{ing the Bonrd of Works nt 


Jnmps at fivepence 





either that the company 
high price for the cand 


j and their estimate of the 
stande thus: ! : 
























Interest and’ 
Candles... 3; 









AY Tho 















gutin frosted globe 
tvill-thhus bo'seen that 






oa | eae oor ae pmapetanrieettementee 
i «-‘Phis is equivalent to 17°8d: per light, or 8-2. 
‘It Is obvious that these figures-would have been 
| the number of lights been greater, 
:|longer, since the. wages, fuel, etc., n 
‘creased in proportion to the results obtained;.as willihe ovl- 


{] menced on the Embankment. 
s be. added 


belting, eters. 6... wee 
conducting cable, ete... 


have reduced the capital outlay 
arid depreciation should be calculated, 5 u 
The value of the light‘obtained next occupled the atten). * 
the Boand of Works, and: this was estl- 
mated under threedifferent conditions: 


Hlobe. 
ployed with ‘a standard ‘sperm oll lamp, consuming 085 


“The naked Nght (mean of 8. experiments), 


Sg bn Soe Ta eae SS 
4 Tho light within an opat Blobo (mean of 8 experiments), | } 
8. ‘The light witha frosted globe (mean of 3 


‘Bo'that the opal glasa reduced the amount of lighting 69! i 3 
te are 

“To obtain the beat comparison with gas, 

Produce a light with ther 


ghts per hour was 
ly cost of prod 
per hang, but to this 


pi plant and depreciation, ns well as the coat of the Jnbloc 


a year, taken at 


year over twenty 
ing that each Jamp worke 8,000 i lite, and asa 


4 lamp; subsequently this was 
recently, they. have offered to malntain 


r hour. cach, this’ sum to inchulo alli 
‘uel, repairs, 


inte Tghting tho Embankment at a loss, 
in 


(his case, especially asin the : 
I, Cerneeson to the Villo de Parle, Wo find stated thet ie 


the candles should not be. moro “th 
hour, and that they can be supplicd nt is mater. hie Tur | 
: Of Works have nasumed the lowest price to be double this, 


total cost.of. each :Iamp 


*. Cost of working :.s..6.. 
lopreciation 


lea 18 tho!on! Uncertain elemen 
this es: ‘it Is on tho side of ox 20. 
f gas.ws eet 


ft ee Of power ‘eq 


Hght could bo obtained uy gas 








4d. per hour; 
luced had ; 
and the Umo. of ‘running 
would not-have been in- 





ded experimén's about to. be ¢ .m- 
‘0 th: expense’of workhig, 
the- Interest on cost of plant 

fs stated Iu tho report‘to bs a 


u 


os 


CRO. se cevecscecscons 


machines .. 














for an installation of 20 lighta 
above, as one of half the power, 
for tho purpose, and this would! 
fo £000, on which Intercat? 


1, the naked light;' 
an opal globe; and’ y, the same” 
An ordinary photometer was} 


hie 


jecurncy: 





B7V'l candles, * 


= 





fo ge 
“0 caniles, : 
experiments), H 


"0 candles. ° 


: =1 


globes 20-9 per cen' H 
n experiments were | 
Suge’s large-sized burners. ‘To 
ulvaletit to 155 - candles, the 
48 ctibic feet an hour, and for: 
aumption was mixed to 83 ft. The 
respectively 2d. and Sod, 
lucing the electric light 
nas to be ackled the Inte: 


ed 






expenditure being taken at £010: 
5 percent, would be £49 10s, and; 
10 per cent, This, 


i 









per Jight. 








the rate of sixpence 
Vepence, and more} 
the: whole of: the! 









Ate, Tt will. thus be keen: 
unreasonubly i 
or that they are: Fyepared to con. 


} 
ie Jatter we dof 












hat the 











per: hour 


} 
if 













«678d. 















ui 


eae 


ier 
accordln 








to theso figure ihe 
lor much less, or rather, 





fmore than nlf tho cost of the eledtiie ight, According to tlie 
mode of obscuring it. Itwill by 
the present report, hesldes beln; 






JablochkoRsystem to-the ‘greatest advantage, 

















motive, power; 4bu 
‘stances, tl I 
‘the latter.> Tlic twenty lamps on the Embankment Parapet! : 
Te} 






‘)former—7,560 candles as compared with 1 
tity Is reduced by the opal globes to 8,008 candles, or 21 


or about fourfold the gaslight, but.at 5-7 thnes [is cost. H 
But we do not think it can be falrly urged that the Jabloch- 
koff lights on the Embankment iu: 







‘Himalning ght skyward, and also because tho 119 polnts of 



























-|monstrated by the extended experiment about to -be und 


‘| from tho engine at Charing Cross, and the wholo thorough: ; 









{the consumption of power will fall considerably below a! 




































. THE INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF MAGNETO. 
ELECTRIC MACHINES IN MOVEMENT, 





e seen from these figures that 
& the most rarefully prepared 

one on the subject yet issued, also undoubtedly presents the . 

7 probably on’: 
the excelicnt, nature, of the installation ‘and 
t even under” these favorable clreum-! 
comparison with gas is eminently favorable to: 





count. of In order correctly to deforming’ 


electric machine, it's advisable to(know the internal resistance 
of the Lobbin when the machine is working, and some intereating 


experiments have been made in thia direction by M, Cubanellas, 
a French electrician, 


7 etlicte of J a 


laced 119 Jeth of gas, which gave collectivgly.a light of i 
.886 cand!ea, with an hourly expenditure of something a ss 


F500 ft. per: Hour,.and costing about 20d, per honr, as _ AL, Cabanellas proposed to himself the problem of finding a 
compared ‘with 114d. per hour for the olectric light. On tho; simple and direct method of measuring the resistance in question, 
other hand,’ the latter was far more powerful than the > +] Sys for an ordinary Gramme machine, with two brush contacts, 


880; but this quan- The great diftinlty to be overcome consisted in eliminating all 
the causes of induction currents in the ring whose resistance 
is to be measured, since these induced currenta tend to disturb | 
the meaattrements, so a8 to render it impossible to take them 
on the Wheatstone bridge, for example, 

The induction of the electro-magneta and ivon cores of tha 
machine can be avoided by turning the ring, carefully act with 
its brushes upon wooden en ports; but the induction of the 
earth’s magnetism would stil 
effect would be greater or less according to the orientation of the 
pline of rotation. 

M, Cabanellaa bas made these difficultics vanish in opposing 
to cach other the two effects of terreatriat induction produced in 
two identical Gramme machines, movable under the sume con. 


times tho guslight; and with frosted globes to 6,800 candles, 








minate that wide tho: 
roughfnre much more efliciently than do the gas Inmps, 
partly because of the unfortunate position of the former, by. 
Which ore-haif of the light fa thrown into the river, parely 
‘on account of the absence of suitable reflectors, result gs in: 
the wasteful diffusion of a considerable portion of the re-! 














iMumination given by the gas result ina more perfect dif- 
fusion than do the 20 lamps upon thg-river wall, Certain]: yy: 
the extm light. obtained is entirely dlsproportioned to the: 


with a flame 2 in, long, and iving a iti vi ‘ . 

M :feost of obtaining it, and very different financial resulta must ditions, and having their axes placed parallel to ono auother, 

mentary standard. B peng cxactly equal tot tio Par! Ha ‘be proved efore it can be Roped that the Jablochkoff sys- Under ‘thege conditions, the two electromotive forces destroy 
y after'a Sumber ory orelltutisiy owing inet ta! tem will meet with favor among municipal boards and rate. themselves completely, and Af. Oubunellus bas succeeded (by tho. 

t ry experiments: payers, We believe that considerable economies are ‘still; help of M. Saquet, electrician to the Parisian electrical mechant. 


to be effected in the power used; this will be partially ¢ cians, Messrs, Sautler, Lemonnier, 


taken on the Embankment, when 40 lghis will be driven her of uicasuremente of the double 
a Siemens universal galvanometer, 
Tt should be remarked thut the identity of tho two rings is not 
absolutely indispensable, since the compensation could bo 
managed by means of a difference of speed. Moreover, the 
process might be applied to several different machince, taken 
ain groups of three, and connected two by two, By taking t 
sericea of measurements ut different rates of velocity, tho law 
of tho relations between apeed and internal resietance could, 
doubtless, be determined, A 
At present AL, Cabanellas is only able to give results obtained 
from two machines, of the Gramme typo known ns A, which 
furnishes 4 continuous current to the brushes. He finds that 
the resistance of the ring ut a speed of 450 turns per minute is 
about 25 per cent, greater than ite resistance when at reat, And 
thie is with the temperature practically the same in both states, 
This difference between what may be called the dynamic 
resistance of tho ring and its static resistance appears to be 
mainly, if not entirely, due to the constitution of the ring. 
It was not in the least modified by the intervention of metallio 
resistances in the ring circuit, nor yet by variations of electro. 
motive force in the ring. Perhaps the trite cause is to bo sought 
| deep in the moleentar nature of things, and inay reside in the 
motion of the ether within the rotating ring, ‘fo throw more 
light on the matter we would recommend M, Cabanellas to try 
experiments with simple coils or wires in motion in order to 
determine the law by which conductivity varice with the velocity 
of the conductor. : ; ay g 
When high electromotive forces ure generated in tho ring or: 
bobbin of the dynamo-electric machine to bo measured, it will 
bo necessary to discard, the ordinary Wheatstone balance in 
practico und employ apecial graduated resistances of thick wire 
and:particulur galvanometera, M. Cabauellas bas measured the 
reaistance in question up to an cleatromotive force of 100 volts, 
‘{uaing for the purpose the current from a D closed Gramme 
| machine in action, The intensity of the current in the rin; 
being i webers (per second), and tho difference of potential 
between the two extreme bruahes of the connected ringe,being 
represented by ¢ volta, the resistance of the ring r is given by 
the ratio, a ors 


fare will be illuminnted from Westminster to Blackfriars. | 
It will probably be found under these naw conditions that; 


horse power 
main practiea 
preciation will not be Increased in 
number of Inmps. Attention shoul 
izing, by suitable reflectors, a largo 
lost, and also to Improved methods of shielding the Nahe : 
without s0 large a sacrifice of Muminating power, It is 
probable, too, that the candles will be produced more 
cheaply, and about ‘one penny per lamp per hour will be 
raved fants direction, But, even if all these results be at- 
talned, the cost of iumination by (he Jablochkof system will ; 
st remain higher than by gas, and we think it more than: 
doubtful if the public will be contented to pay the neces- : 
sary difference, At the same timo it must not be forgotten 
that in the hands of the Board of Works a greater economy 
has been obtuined for the system than was previously re- 
corded, and itis possible that’ this economy muy yet be 
pushed to farther limlis than our present experience war- | 
tants us to hope,—Hagineering. : 


r light, the expense of attendance will re-! 
ly the same, and the interest of plant and de-- 
proportion to the extra! 

also be directed to util; 
part of the light now 













e 
Pred 
4 


2 








wae 


rae | 

. at 
1 

Ikgo 


remain to be got rid of, and this. : 


and Son) in making a num, 
resistance of the ring in rota. 
tion, ‘This was done by-means of the Wheatatono bulince and : 





i 
Boe 
4 

t 

: 

i 

{ 

i 











my 











Menlo Park Scrapbook, Cat. 1012 


No. 11B. "Electric Light" 


This is the second of nine scrapbooks containing clippings about 
electric lighting. It covers the years of 1879-1880; there are also two 
Ses bade Mayo Mis erinish ay clippings for 1881. The book contains 125 numbered pages. 
es { 





Blank pages not filmed: 93-94. 


if 





Pa sl 








on tho Electria Ligh; 


/ : ip) / Zz é -. eg ". The flrat of two lectures on tho olectric light hee Cans ; 
: viellews : oe es ; ; . : | night in'the thentro of the Pharmaceutical Soaioty, Bloomsbury Square. 
OF : ast as om ) who : "oy ‘SDr, Redwood began by stating that thirty years ago he had lectured in 
BOG: ) f : : . wae fo : 3 that institution on “ Electricity as n Source of Light." Tho subject was ' 
fal : ; as : j y tat: then occupying public attention in very much the anmo wa og it is now. 
: J Crsyd ‘ We, ty- : ae Ont Lat : ee He had thero ono of Saxton’s machines, which lind been i his possession 
: po Lf. . ss A : 3 : mo . }] moro thay thirty years, and though little moro than na toy in comparison - 
: af : p ‘ ; with those now produced, it was yet capable of producing an electric light 
; We ies H. on a small scalo without the expenditure of any other force than that which 
ld wns required for mechanically rotating the armaturo of a magnet in frontof - 
ware ; a ‘ } tho polea of a magnet, Thirty years ago, in discussing the subject of lee. 
tric lighting, wo were speculating aa to the practicability of improving gal- 
vanic batteries for the cheaper production of electricity, but nothing had 
since been dono in that direction, Yot many wero then, a now, enthuaias- 
tio on the subject, Patents wore taken ont and companies formed for intro- 
ducing tho clectric lightas a substitute for gas light. What, then, had 
been dono during tho past thirty years, and how was it that tho nso of eles. 
trio light was ngain being discnased as if it wore a now subject? With re- | 
ference to the first part of tho. question, it might bo said that after many 
trials of many forms of Apparatus, somo of which were identified with somo 
of those now again patented, it was found impracticable to accomplish what 
was required. Nono of the proposed forma of apparatus could be relicd on 
for aupplying constant light without continued personal attention, and no 
method was known by which the current could be broken up sons to bo 
distributed to an indefinite and varying number of lights, Tho latter part 


7 ‘ i : | | of the qitestion und two phases—one relnting to the feasibility of omploying 
ei Reon & SES bas : +{olectricity developed by galvanic batteries, tho other relating to that pro- 
ene ee a aS lea Fi +| duced by mechanical action. With regard to the first point, the question 
NBIARK BOOK BINDERY & BLANK BOOK MANUFACTORY, 492 1} bad been answored negatively 30 years ago, and with rogard to tho cant the 
£] question still remained to be answered. What new laws had beon dincovered 
~| to render that practicable now which was pronounced impracticable 80 years 
ago, Ho wna not awnro of any such discovery having beon made, Hu 
hoped we should uot be tempted to exhaust onr coal fields in an uuprofit. . 
; able contention between gas and electricity, or a uscless attempt to violate 


JOB & MEROANTILE PRINTERS, 


WILLIAMS & PLUM, :‘ 
777 Broad St., Newark, N, J, ; 
STATIONERS and ROQKSELLERS, 
MERCANTILE PRINTERS, 
BOOK BINDERS, 


FIRST CLASS BLANK BOOK MANUFACTURERS, 
LITHOGRAPH CHECKS, BONDS, NOTES, ac. 


STR ee cae te 


t the laws of nature by turning night into day. He thonght that both sys- 
h tems of lighting would find their approprinte Applications, the one supply. 

ing, as at present, aufliciont light for ordinary purposes, and the other af- 
i fording 5 more intense light for special applications,—Jron, 


i 


























hairtheetereteme sol [careers 





Q Ve BOW NA 








ars 








JE XXXKewNo, 3. 
Whale No. £733, 





NEW YORK, MONDAY, MARCH 8, 1879, 










ADVANG 





{3} PER ANNUM: leo 
Bees 









“Ae ML CALLENDER & CO, Proprictorn, 


I ‘ Fis ae 
@, WARREN DIEESSER, 6. Faltor. the greatest benefits of Gathorings of thia kind is the oj 


Pportunity it affords 4 
for comparing notes with each other, quietly, in a conversational way ; atill 


theso facts and figures are not put on record for our subsequent study, 
There was quite a long discussion upon the subject of statintics ; and, 





Torma of Subscription, Including Postago.—For the United States and 
Oanida, woh at “lie aia cee irkions aa slillings—t8 franes), | it), all duo respect, it must be said thatif the time spent in determining 
Paymenta to bo made in advance, Single copios, 16 conta, juat who should havo a copy of the tables this year, had been devoted to a 
Romittancos should bo imgde either by post-office order, regintored lottor, or healthy discussion of the conclusions that conid be deawn from thom, and 
hank draft on Now York, \ayable to the order of A. M. Callonder & Co, the improvements indicated thereby, tho practical reaulta woutd bo of much 
Tho Amorican Nows Con\pany, Nos. 9 and greater value. ‘To speak plainly, we do notsee that there could be any real 
York, are agents for this JAurnal, Newadtealerywill send ordora tothom. | jiarm come to avy one if the whole table was to be published in the New 
Collections are insnrinbly mady directly from Id! office, for. nubscription», York Jerald, ur any other paper. Iu fact, if there was more Apparent pub- 
advortinemonts, oto. Wo haXo agents to sopicit tho sane, but (hoy are not | licity—leas myatery—abont tho manufacture of gas, one great source of ari 
authorized to receipt for mone: tid ticium on gaa companics would be removed, Those days of mystery aro . | 
Books,—Wo will mail, post-paid, at\ynblishe gone, and ono result is Inrger yields of better gas, The gas ongincor has | 
or otherwixe—to any address in t No books will | nothing to fear from the publio, provided the public aro properly informed, 
bo aent ©. 0. D. Who is tho ono best fitted to inform the public? Certainly, it is the gas 
Corrospondonco,—Wishing to mako \bif’ Jonenal n gazotto of intelligent dis. his 
cuaaion to those of our readers who m 


wla to gain or give information on 
tho subjects to which its columna aro fdvoted, correspondenco fa solicited for 
publication from all who muko tho 





1 Chambers Strect, New 
















lowest rates, any book—sciontiic 
X Unitog Statos or Canada, 


engincor himself, His position ix an honomble one, and ho can m 
influenco felt iu auy community, if ho will; but, in, ordd.to do ¢ 
must not only possess intelligenco, but he must use it, . He must no 






















have information, but he must be ready, and know how, to iinpart it, Of 

proferalon, course, it is not to be expected that he will tell everything. he’ knows to 

ie OON overy one he meets, for should he do thishe would bo unfit for Any. buai- 

EW An astersek (*) denotes an ttlas ness, Thero is nu mystery about real knowledge, and tho, dissomination of 
Eprtontarsa— 


useful knowledge, and correct information, about any branch of -businesa; 





ree J 
must tond to cularge it aud facilitate tho transaction of it, Under tho logat 
Engineors,, restrictions governing the gas business in England, most of tho companies 
ed pment tat Ww thero aro required by law to publish statements of their business sand the 
AW HI ; : ovil resulting from this remains to bo discovered. When the law in’ this 
country will give to gas companies here the same protection that it docs 

Engineert.ccsecsessess. 


Lead Polmning in Por uate no ‘gas engineer could reasonably object to the publication ‘of his 
" d results, ; 
Thero was one action taken at the mecting Inst week, with’ reference to 
Compousation for standard burners, that is most important; und it is to bo sinocroly, hoped 
that it will bo followed throughont the United Statos, For purposes. of 
‘comparison of reaulte amony themactves it was yoted that tho membors 
should use the Sugg Staudurd London Referees Burner, a8 certifi 
Board of Trade for 16 candle gas, : ‘ 
This is a step in the right direction ; aud tho burnor solected is the mos 
appropriate one, inasmuch aa tho average illuminating power 6f” the gaa 
sold ia about 16 candles, Of course, overy man is entitled to, uso that bur. 
ner that will give him} the most light from a given quantity of 'gas'con 
sumed; but when two or more men come to compare results, they’ 
have a common atandard of comparison, in order to understaad what b; 
they are reasoning upon. aye ve ’ 
There are some points regarding the flat fame burners thi pa to 
ve our readers somo information upon at an early day: he Now 
ngland Association is entitled to great credit for declarin, ‘i 


hey shall use for purpoges of comparison among themaelvea,. 
ceeding meeting is churacterized by greater fraukneas, and a freer, more | yg; 










* Extending the Use of Gan........ 
Gas Sattura at Went Giestor, P 









rr 
‘THE NINTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE NEW ENGLAND 
coe ASSOCIATION OF GAS ENGINEERS. 





-# The Ninth Annual Meeting of thia Socicty was held at the ‘Tremont 
Houso, in Boston, on Feb. 19th, The meeting waa very well attended, and 
the intereat manifested showa very clearly that tho institution is full of lifo 
and vigor, ‘This Association is composed chiefly of those engaged in the gi 
Practical management of works ; and no stronger ovidenco of the great value | By 







u elvea,. .Onr ‘ott 
port will give tho details of the other discussions that were hela, ft 5 
Tn tho evening tho members dincd together in tho hotel, and after the 
: past was over the usunl toasts woro drank and Speeches wero mada j 
Although !t is to be regrotted exceedingly that there were no formal pa- On Thursday morning an informal meeting waa held at the Saperin| 
Pors read, atill tho eubjecta presented were fully discussed, no doubt, with | ent’s ofiico of the Boston Gas-Works, ‘The subject of by ‘an 


et of burning far, ‘at 
benefit to all, Tho grent advantage of papers prepared beforehand is that Arrangements for future meotings wero discussed. 8p 


those having facts to presont are much more likely to present them ina 
oloar.and full yot concise way, when written out, than they aro if mero notes | jy, 
or. momory are ralicd upon, - Whilo wo are porfectly well nwaro that one of | tend. 





oti a tetietO anita vasemas Ravesis rt ccietared ont ees en Aaa ose ssc ellen Nemes scecemee aera teat 





' 
a 


ae. 










iy. 










































































































t Edison’ ‘has .adlvod +t! 
massive light, he‘has other’ Probloms fully-as 

compote with the simple method of ill 
We are forced to believe that i 


Pate peer, 


pista 


aeAuts 


= 
2 
a 
8. 
-F 
~ 
3 
ES 
=) 
= 
e. 
2 
= 
5 
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a 
a 
g 
:. B 
8 
o 
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ta 
g 
= 
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= 
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5 
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2 
ba 
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2 
i 
oa 
= 
6 
i] 
S 
2 
Ss. 
5 
i=] 
3 





Tho causes aro undoubtedly. many—a feeling of in 
D 0 dispose of our gaa ments, sympathy with the declino in other stocks, 
stock for fear that a new application of olectrivity wi i 

for in both: cases nothing de! 
new invention or method conld 
alent of gas enved is only from 10 to 15 per cent. of 
Electricity must therefore onte 
houses, ‘and in all places whero x 
sorionsly affect our gns stocky, 
tion? Wo are sorry to answer none,” ut this preserit writing, for Mr, 
Edison has not made his plans public, 
with that of many others 





4 
and last, but not lenat,. 
» Ibis possible at the \ 


to ateer botween the skepticism of scientific men and the 
lity of those who know nothing of electricity, ‘Tho latter 
re on the verge of Breater discoveries than the world has 
‘d temperature by aJever seon, and electritity to them is capable of all.things. On tho other 
scientific man perccivea the difficulty of scientific investigations, 

the first great glow of enthuainam at some discovery, uo often 
in his own cage by limited possibilities, thint ho is trained to be 
most purposes,” critical, and to believe that in hinety-cight enses ont of a hundred his dis. 
It is well known that Mr. Moses G. Parmer, of the United States Tor- | coveriea will lave no appreciuble influence on’.mankind. At timea the 
pedo Station at Newport, R. 1, hus for many years experimented upon the | skepticism of scientifle. mon has been , excessive,. Sir: Humphrey Dayy i 
light produced by the ineandeseence of Hoth of these metals; and muny alao|tanghed at the project of lighting the city of London by gas, and natiri- 
in Europe have endeavored to overcome the diMoulties in the method, ‘The {cally aaked the projectors why they diil not take the dome of St, Paul for a . 
incandescence of the wire produces a ‘beautiful light; but the wiro fuses at{goslolder. Tn thoso days, howover, we ara inalined to think that the gen-}:” ~ 
8 certain point, and tho light is interrupted, © ‘Lhe diMeculty is in tanking | ern! public was more skeptien! than tho scientiflo men ; it took from 10-to }! 
an automatic regulator which shall maintain the wire below. the point of [15 yonrs to introduce gnu lighting into London, 
fusion, It is elnimed that Mr. Edison has accomplished this, Granting 
this, although there is no proof before the public, it must be borne in 
mind. that each light would require a comparatively dolicato pieco of 
mechanisin instead of our simple gas cooks, and that wherover au electric 
circuit ia tlivided, or, in other words, whorover tho incandescent wire is in- 
troduced, if the current is diminished to, say, one-hundredth, the light is 
reduced to one ten-thousandth, or as tho aquare, 


Attempts have also beon mado to produce the electric light by the incan- : ae neat 
descence of strips of carbon placed in recoivers whieh havo beeri oxhnusted| Sir :—Having received an intimation from you, 


of nir, or in recvivers illled with nitrogen, ‘Tho diMfcnity in this method is | ber Inst, that you were desirous of having an oxhi 
to prevent the gradual disintegration of the carbons, ‘This is notin now} Upon your estate at Weatgate-on-sea, 
mothod, Int. was experimented on in Europe as enrly ns 1845, + 
that tho preparation of tho samull carbons which ar 
pensive, 


In our’ present. method of illumination we have n moter, which gives n 
comparatively nocurate mothod of determining tho: amount -of gns which 
wo burn, Many stories can be told of its sometimes absurd <registration, 
or of its peculiar interpretation by agenta of: gna companies; but on tho 
wholo it answers its purpose, If lighting by-incandeacence of platinum 
wiro.is a aneceas, how shall. wo mensuro the light? There is no known 
methorl at presont. * It may bo answered that some plon of : subscription 
will’ bo found effectual, and just as our water supply is taxed by the num- 
ber of faucets, 80 will our electric lamps bo taxed, We cannot, howover, 
compnre a water supply with that of electricity ; for the genorntion of elec- 
tricity.ia limited, and if ono Person or ono corporation is lavish, it is at the 
immediate expense of the rest of tho subscribers, 
“Granting that -n- meter also hns been invented in order to introduce eleo- | . 

trio iNumination into houses, we must establish steam engines—nt Joast ona 
for overy twonty ordinary city houses, with: all thoir concomitants, - The 
imagination immediately takes a- flight, and suggonts, Why not- heat 
your honses from tho samo sourco; or from the electrival current, for thera 
is an immenso waste in tho vresént system of ouch: family:‘maintaining a 
furnace.” Steam, however, cannot be economically convoyed great dia. 
tances ‘without losing its heat, and although it ia possiblo to heat water by 
electricity, it would not probably bo economical to. firat partially convert 
tho onergy of a poundof coat into steam, and thon convort tho enorgy de- 
*In Boston, 








—_—_— 





(Copy of Report kindly farniehed by Mr, Nennett.} 
Tho Electric Light at Westgato-on-Sea, 
Report by Messra, W. H. Bennerr and W. A. Vation, 








i i ‘cost, an, having 
subsequently received from you instractions to make arrangements for such 


an exhibition, wo put ourselves: in communication, with the representatives 
of tho various systems then before tho public,” 

Tho ryatom at that time attracting public attention the most was ono that } 
apparently displayed tho greatest power of Nght per'lamp, and to its agents 
wo therefore resorted. Upon making kno’ Sue Wishes, Wo word tnformed : 
that auch nn exhibition would bo ‘very ¢: sive, tlint' thoy wero inundated “¢ 
with applications of the same’ kind from all py c { 








had'no machinen nt liberty, that tho much } 
and that they expected to receive 50 of them ‘iin the 















ing’ tha Ins 
¢ Meianitly 
an engngemont, “On applying! to 
* | the agout of atiottier iyatém;wo wore mot with-n rofusal in terms otirtis 
Repbedicsies, 



































pees 











engine was uct adapted for the application of an indicator, whereby the ac- 
tual indicated horse power required to drive the muchines might Lave 
been ascertained, Itis, however, ovident from the abovo that tho full 
nominal horse power was absorbed; and it is to the abundance, though 
not superabundance of tho power at our disposal that wo attribute in a 
great measure uur suecess in keoping the Inmps ao constantly alight. 

As ono of tho objects of this exhibition was to determine the cost of this 
method of illumination in comparison with that of gas, as ordinarily em- 
_ ployed, it became our duty to ascertain the iuminating power of the clec- 
iric light. ‘Io do so fairly, we resolved to make the oxporitnonts in site, 
Accordingly, lamp No. 6, the Inat in No, 2 cireuit, wns aclected, it being 
moro conveniently situated for such a purpose. At n distance of 81 feet 
from the eleetrio light, and at nearly right angles to the general line of the 
electric Imps, a lamp-post of tho snme height was erected, Yo thin was 
fitted an ordimnry 14-inch lantern, furnished with a porfornted zine hottom, 
ant provided with an arrangement within for the prevention of unduo 
drought. One of Sugg’s Argand burners was selected ns 0 standard, and 
wns tested in the Jantern in which it was to bo employed, With gas at a 
presaure and of the quality at our command, wo found it yield a light equal 
to 25 candles, us indiented on the photometer-bur, and subsequontly cor- 
rected. It is possible that somo mny object to this standard, on the ground 
that it is evident that wo did not burn the gas to the best advantage. ‘This 
qe foresaw, but it was quite immaterial for our purpose whether the atand- 
ard gave 25 or 50 candles, #0 long us we preserved an uniform and stendy 
flame, and know precisely what tho value of our standard was, and we 
therefore ndhered to it. A stationary platform wna erected in a dine with 
the two lamps, graduated into feet and inches, and upon this platform was 
a smaller and moveable one, On the movenble platform was placed 
n modification of Leeson’s ster dise, 10 inches square, and mado 
specially for the purpose, surrounded by a binckened wood screen, but 
open at the ends, and with an opening Wao in front through which to viow 
the disc. ‘I'he sercen was monuted upon wheels that ran upon rails fixed 
to the movable platform, and lad fastened to it a pointer that descended to 
the stationnry platform, and in front of the graduations, ‘Tle moveublo 
platform thus served for a rough adjustment, whilo the dise was capable of 
being removed to and fro, and adjusted with great nicety. 

{he lanterns or globes firat supplied were 17 inches in diameter, aud sub- 
sequently several additional ones wero sent, in caso of breakngo ; amongst 
these was one of 20 inches, Breakigo of the globes did take place, and so 
long as we had 17-inch ones to replace them, we maintained uniformity ; 
but ultimately wo were obliged to uso the 20-inch one, when there was such 
a manifest increas in the quantity of light from the larger globe, that it 
attracted Use attention of almost every observer. We, therefore, applied 
“to the light to be tested the 20-inch globe, ‘The averuge illuminating pow- 
er was nacertained, from a great many readings, to be equal to 197 caudles, 
tho varint‘ons, which were incessant, ranging from 192 to 207. Woe also 
tested the light with the 17-inch globe, but tho results were so inferior in 
power that wo rejected them as unfair for co mpnrison, We nro sorry that 
at no time when we were present, aud prepared to take the illuminating 
power of the naked light, contd wo do 82, on account of the violeuce of the 
wind; in fact, the whole of the time during which the exhibition lasted the 
weather was very inelement, Although the wind did not aetuatly put it 
unt, tho light was so reduced that any attempt to test it would have been 
useless, ‘his, though a matter of regret in some respect is of vo very ma- 
feria! importance, sinco all comparison between it and gas for publio light- 
ing purposes must be mado with the electric light covered, because the 
ight without auch a-softening and. diffusing medium would be, if not in- 
aupportabla, at least moat disagacenblo to the oye. ; 

Wo now approach the subject of cost, and . propose to whow the actual 
working expenses you would have had to pay for the 24 days’ exhibition, 
supposing thut you hind to pay each item yourself, instead of paying au 
ngreed price to a contractor— 










Puel for engine...... : . £712 
Water... ....cee- 3.6 
Oil..... oseee “10 0 
‘ 586 enndles, at 8d each. . . wlio 8 
Engine driver, 68, per dny for 21 hours. 60 0 


Machine and Innp attendant, 6s, per day, 24 days... 7 4.0 





Total working expenses, ......reeees eae ee AHO Dd, 

for maintaining a light of 1182 candles for 935 hours actually butsay 06 houre, 
+ Now, supposing tho samo light had to be obtained from gas for the same 
_ time, and suppose the price charged for it was 6s. Gd, per 3000 cubic fect, 
sagat Westgate, wo abnll find (assuming that 6 feet of gas, of the quality 
supplied there, burned in nn ordinary street lantern, gives 11 candles) 1182 
candles divided by 11 is 107}, or the numbor of gas-lnmps necessary to 
equal the six electric lights, 


American Gas 2 








































































jierefore * “A07y itis 
Multiplied by G5 the number of cubic feat Consumed per-hour, : 
a: ‘ , 


if, 57} 
Multiplied by = 4 the number of hours per night, 





i= 2150 
Multiplied by 24 tho number of days, 
8600 
4300 
Produces 61,600 cubio fect of ‘gos, which, at Os, 6d, por 1000, 
. . 


comes to £16 16s, 4d, and would bo tho cost of exhibiting un equal amount 
of light to that produced from the six electric lamps for tho: samo timo— 
£16 16s, 10d, for gas, na against £10 9a, 4d. for electricity, 

Although it may be perfectly justifiable to charge Gs, 6d, per 1000 for gas 
at Westgate, it must be admitted that that price is a very high one. Had 
tho experiment heen madv in London, the following figures for gas, in com- 
parison with eleetricity, would hove been the result : 

Gas being of higher quality at London than at Westgate, 94) lamps would 
yiold an equivalent light—thereforo, 04) x5 x4 x 24=15,360 cubic feet, 
which at 3s, Gi, (the average prico in London), would bo £7 184, 9d, for 
gna, as ngninat £40 94, dd. for electricity. 

Tt isn curious fact, aud one well worthy of remark, that had the cost of 
the fuel, oil and water, namely, £7 Ls, 8d., been exponded in gas at the 
averuge price charged in London, it would very nearly have purchased on 
equat nmount of illumination, 

Let us see now what would bo the cost of establishing and working six 
electric lamps for one year, of 1327 lighting hours, upon tho basis of the 
first figures quoted above: 














Boiler-house, engine, ant machino-room.... 300 0:0 
10-horse engine and boilor. . 00 
Duplicate ......eeeeees 00 
Pair of Gramme machines: 0 0 
Duplicato.......ceeeeeeees 00 
Cable, 1100 metres (é. 1190 yards), at two shil- 
lings per metre fixed. seseeecsees 110 0 0 
6 Innterus, with their accessories 60 0 0 
6 Inmp-posts......e cere w00 
Total. ..ccceseeseeee ceveesenee #1522 0 0 
£1582 41 0 


10 per cent, intercat on £1622. ..+++.eseeeer seers 
10  — deprecintion on £580, the cost of one 
set of machinery and Inmps..sesesereereereree 58 0 0 











Fuel......++ , 18 2 9 
Water .... 717 9 
Oil... eee ee seven eewenes 210 8 
26,412 candles, nt BU... ..eseereeee cranes g30 8 0 
One man to drive engine and attend to the ma- 40-0 


chines, nt Gs, per Uay...cceeeeer eer erence ees 


tendanee to Inmps, ats, pee day, upon tho sup: ae 
A tveition that ois could nttend to20 Inmps..... 27 7 6 


Cost of supplying 6 electric lights for one year of-—— ae 
4927 lighting hours.....ccrseeeeee eet seeees L1b7G 13 
Or 156d, per light per hour, ....-—---——— 
‘his includes uo allowance of interest for working capital, or deprecia- 
i buildings or cables. 
a ew well to observe here again that the promoters of the Jabloch- 
kolf system state that each eauile is caleulnted to burn an bour and achalf, 
Wo lave not fouud this boruc ont in practice 3 but assuming that they 
would do so, the candles would atill'cost no less than £535 Vs. td, ; 
On turning to seo tho cost of supplying the sumo iuminating power —_ 
gua, we shall find tho 1182 enndles, or 107} Inmpy, multiplied hy 5 an 
feet, multiplied by 4327. lighting hours, gives 2," ale foots _ : 
nt 6s, Gd, per 1,000, the price churged at Westgate, contes to £755 Vis. | i 
Add to this, 13s, per amp per year for lighting, cleaning and yea 
£60 17s, Gd, and wo hove £995 11s. 10d, or nbovo LoL Jess than it would 
according to our experience cost for electric candles alone, een 
‘This samo amount of light for the game time, at the avoruge nite charged: 
for gasin London, including lighting, clenning and repairing, would rou 
to only £427 134, 8d, and, by the apparently improved system about ty be 
inaugurated, probably less. 
‘. Before quitting this part of the subject, 















it is only right to draw attention 
to the fact that, while we can menaure very accurately the intensity of ae 
giv 1 light, there is no known menus of measuring ite quantity, . Ree ho 
elcutric light is n light of great intensity, but possessing very little ee 
tity ; and, as quantity is n necessity for good iMumination, it is almost — 
ssiblo to draw a correct money value comparison botween electricity and 

Tt nerds no technical or scientiflo knowledge to avo that, if 1182 can- 
















‘ “THE JOURNAL OF GAS. LIGHTING, WATER SUPPLY, &. SANITARY .IMPROVEME| [Feb. 25; 1879. 
J wee analogous in simplicity to a ight, nor is it obvious that it 
tree EDISON'S ELECTRIC LIGHT. « ho first of | £22 &% Phe malo to com fy wie h tho Piso tequirements of domestia 
As mentioned in last week's Jounsat,, tho specification of ight has | fee Me. Edlson will no doubt attain much success at Menlo Park, where 
Mr, Edison's French patents in connection with ‘thd olectrio inde were | eTeything will be under his own control; but for the ordinary purposes 
beon ‘published, and in tho Engincer of tho Lith inst. ongravings we at i ting our houses an elestris Jamp has probably ait to, be favented. : 
Y jo anil lamp. . ith all its defects for domestic purposes, at ir. Edison’s lamp mi . - 4 are 
oe the former, our contemporary. sayé? “All anxiety concerning polaps bo used to much advantage lor sirest lighting, and in factories micro aro three in band alrcady, Mr. Zollikom 
the Edison light may bo put on ono sido. It Is cortainly not ri eith {of theatros—in fact, in any situation whore It could be looked after by s atvel—considering the man—if tho Mr. 
take the placo of gaa, and its invention would not have been regard 7 ill tilled attendant. If tho current can bo successfully divided among MBTn iho meantine 
thoanxfoty and iutorest which havo been displayed, had it not been or 8 | dozens of such lamps, then ma gas-inakers quako; but nothing of the ho Edisonian | 
atatemants of newspapor Toporters on tho other sido of the | Legh Ne. kind can be done. Wo know at fat that Mr. Bitison has done no moro to : AUBOMION 
And further on, after doscribing tho electro-magnetic machino: to. { divido tho olectric light to advantage than has Mr. Werdermann.” 
Edison has probably succecded Jn producing tha vory Worst magueto- | TELS oe RESeino Might bo advantage than hat 
clectric machine aver maile—that ix to say, if ho has really ever con- : | 
-structed ono according to bis epecification, which wo much doubt. Mr. : 
Edison cannot imagine for a moment that tho system of producing 
currents by magnets which approact to and recedo from each other, ag 
doscribed, can be in any respect equal to that on which tho Gramme, | 
Siemens, or Lontin machines aro based. It is, in fact,and for reasons < 
which ara well undorstood by all clectricians, much inferior to the most 
dofective of tho machines wo havo named, Mr. Edison adopted tho 
rangement with the idea of reducing the powor required to develop tho 
electricity ho needs. If wo have two electro-magnetic machines, ono 
theoretically much tesn efficient than’ tho other, it may nevertheless bo 
practically tho better of the two, provided it produces electricity with 
much less expenditure of power than its rival; and thus, although Mr. 
Edison might uso his magnote and wires to great dleadvantage, yot if tha 
ower requirad to actuate them was very small, ho would be justified in 
Tatowin the course ho has actually adopted. But in truth, Mr, Edison 
+ ds entirel yaniatakon in hie notions on this point, as Any attompt toi 0 dist i hie oti t 
\ work to Mr, Edison's specification, wou vo a slow-moving, hea ee mee . oy ese ; 
Mochi vory much Infeder to anything aoe in the market. Wo nee et It won't mako'n particlo.of. differonco what 
Bay nothing moro concorning this part of his invention, In this country, f . Mr. 
and, indoed, in tho United States, littlo has been heard about the Edison i 
{- olectro-magnetic engine, and it is possible that ho himeclf attaches very , 
; « little value to it, It was not any terror of its advent that induced peoplo 
to sell their gas shares, Tho Edison lamp was tho real causo of panic. 
among tho gas-mnkera,"” : 


| THE JOURNAL: OF, GAS, LIGHTING, WATER, 8U 


-. MEE EDISON. LIGHT ‘las said, “We hinve svntchod ‘Mr, 
y patonta Mr. Edison will consider it “do; not find. that 
to protect his electric light, wo ca: “oxpected. 


10. means certain that 
of, the: Standard ‘is a 
‘Woe have heart another his 


subject of the olvctric liglit. 
illumination is one of Inc 


4 well ‘that whilo the ele 


i with:.tho right -kind;of | 
a great. deal. of money.’ to.:mako - j 
“ others.” ‘Lhio Professor, as ho is called, fakes n long timo to atatt;. | 
and for tho presont he seed {obo in-a fog. To has not yet: | 
“doturmined” on tho:right kind of tnachine, although the pros. | 
duetion of such a machine is-requisite fora perfect domonatra: 
“tion.” Tho gentleman froin thie Netw York Herald scomed* to | 
It may | feel Unit it’ was no-use going any‘longor on this'track, atid forth 
n tho method of, and means for | with hozarded: the inquiry— How long’ will it tako to perfect . 
i c Lutit is difficult to conceive that | “tho light, Professor?” ” “Just ag sdon ns I decide upon tho | 
; any startling results aro to flow from auch a moderate exereiso of | form of genorators..and lamps,” syns tho roply, “And what a} 
ingenuity, Tho slight is ‘produged on tho principle of incan- | reply it is! Mr. ison, who announces that “tho olectric light | 
desconce, and tlio‘ overloating of the spiral coil of platinum, or | “is an accompliahed fact, and is mordteonomivat than, gas," 
other imotal emitting“ tho light, is provonted by an automatic | declares inn minuto afterwards that-ho lids hot yotitboided what | 
s-Atrangomont which: is’ itsolf brought into operation by oxecss | machine to.uso, or what lamp to put up b ; Surely Mr. Edison is 
; of heat. “Tho” device -is ‘doubtless ‘clover, Itt wo cannot sco scarcely doing liimsclf justico. ‘Cho voriest tyro in a folegraph 
: : ie Haves that tho clovorness is suficiont to accomplish all that has beon | oflico might proclnim himsolf ready to snuff: out tho: Gas; Com.” 
OR RET eee : oe en ee: : promised.  Woro it not for Mr. Edison's colobrity, it is most | panics by some now form of the clectrio light, only ho hadnot: 
Ceara na ‘ eee .  likoly that noithor.tho machine nor the Jomp would attract par. | yot decided oxactly what.amnachino or lap ho should ‘uso for tho 
vated Wit Seneenernd i  *F re ticular notice, “What tho ‘othor patonts may vlfect, we must_| purpose, te Sie “aigeae J te. alle : gape 
wait to’ knoW'; bit tho ‘presont’ samplo is hardly” likoly fof) “To what-oxtent-has tho division of tho’ electric current 
: sealing Mio “oxcitoment whieh. Jias been gob up on M0 |! « Deon accomplished 1” 'Yhis was onu of tho. questions’ amt 
‘ ‘ e 2 5 4 : f . to Mr.:Tilison, Ho replied, “Well, on ono cirenit, with 
into give above an engraving of thd lomp, which is thus described by ita aon : As if to componsato for the fatness of matent No. 1, wo havo “ sixtvoil-horso power, I Sil "M8 Innips of iron wire, “curled 
at a vory high . eras g. tho history of another “interview helwoon Me, Edison and a spirally, heated red hot.” It is explained, that thes lamps 
hut thero is riek of ; . itr, i fh representative of the New York Press. ‘ho narrative of this |! “were niadv, nob to givo light, but to test tho mimber | 


body as a spiral, A, 
der,G. This cylin: 

for convenience, a 

may be employed. 

8 to moro clearly re. 

is preferable to havo 
ateriala may bo em- 
ders, to lesson radians 

y required ; or coloured 


Peraturo, 


{nventi Proserves than 


gb the wire.or 
heat from the coil il 


lormity of Urilliancy | 
TO is:nothing about 


“intorviow, in a revent impression of the New York Herald, is 


Somewhat valunble, on account of certain admissions of mm 
apologetic naturo which aro credited to the great inventor, After 
tho manner of tho ‘l'musatlantic Prvss, wo have some significant 
+ Announcements at the head of the column, Not content, as the 


London papors would bo, with tho bare title of “ Edison's Light,” 


- the Now York journal adds, “ Already Perfected, but Requiring 
. “to be Cheaponed.” Wo lave learned over liero that tho elctrie 


light, na oxhibited by M. dJabluchkott’ and othora, is not choap, 
and wo should mthor conclude that if in any instance it woro 
“already perfected,” there would be no prospect of it being mato 
any cheapor. As a.mnttor of fact, the public have not yet seon 
alight that ia cithorchcap or perfect; butwo are prepared to witness 
somo improvomont, including a reduction of the cost. Wo have 
knowledge of an electric lamp about to bo oxhibited, which, appa- 
rontly, oxcéods in simplicityany that has yet been ox posed to public 
viow. . Mr, Edlison’s lamp, so far ns wo can at preaont understand 
it, lacks simplicity, and, accounting to his own confession, the 

Wy of it is not sulliciently cheap. But while wa aru dis- 
cussing tho merits of Mr. Edison's light, wo aro interested in 


; something to be sail on the other side; for wo find by the 


multiple title at the head of the Now York narrative that this 
Pi eed suts forth, among. other things, “What tho Professor 
“hos to Say about the Gna. Companies,” Gloneing down the 
column, wo como to a section which is designated, “Reply to 
K‘tho Gas Mon.” Mr. Zollikoffer, of tho Metropolitan Company, 


“ to a whito. heat.” “Mahomet cai chango’ the mountain, 
‘into gold. . ‘Then why does he not do it? “ You ean’t get sume-! 
( thing out of nothing,” saya “Mr. Filtizon, Wo aro glad to hear! 
\hin say 60. Ike is improving, aking fresh courago, he pro- | 
fontly declares—" ‘There is no reason why twonty thousand | 


“that could bo brought to a red leat upon ono circuit.” 
Platiniia waa not used, becauso of the expensa; but Mr. Edison 
said, “Tho size of Uesu lamps was such that, when ona was 
dium, it would: give a light equal: to a 
certain amount of power was used.” 


wo should like to know how much power govs to. tho. main, 
tenance of a given umber of lamps, affortinis a spucifie 
amount of light, on ono.cirenit, For tho present, all is vague, 
“Jt only requirs the ext amount of vlectricity whieh T] 
“can bring, to miso. tho temperature of thosa 448 lamps 


N 
“amount of power was used.” All the world knows thats but 
i 


Se 


<* Jamps cannot be placed on ono circuit 


thoy are made right.” > 


. With tho saving clause as to tho lamps being “nade right," wo | 


may concede that Mr. Edison is right also. Wo denies ovor { 
having said that ‘ten thousand lainps could bo ran ‘on one | | 
“nachine.” All he owns himself responsible fur is a statement 
that so many lights “can he runon one ciren t from ono station," 
but not from one machine, “Lhe problem I am now solving,” 
says Mr, Edison, “is how many lamps of fiftcen-candle power 1 
“can geb por horse power por hour, or how much fight 1 can got 








Vp eee ED aD TEL a 


™ reat 7 RUVRNITA AY WA : | 
eb, 18, 1875, SOURNAL OF GAS: LIGHTING, WATER ‘SUPPLY, & SANITARY IMPROVEMENT?! 
: PES eee er i set edaolutely nts which wo are ‘led, to look for in referonce to the Edinoy 
 feomona pound of coal." "For the present ho is. ees F Ceo grataba cchisapings anal Ube’ refort of tho lites! “inbe 
Ay cortain”.that_ho can obtain, by the expenditure 0 ‘f aay ew” réads very like-an, apology -for dolay and disappoint} " 
“power, per hour, ‘four lights, cach equal to i ap ery, do 5 “ynent. “The apology is eainnld ‘enough, but it is not consistent 
“A sullica: to say that Mx. Edison ‘was expected to dlo very, much. ‘with tho glowing oxpectations and’ triumphant annoincomonty 
more than this... eo eee a bavith which Mr, Edison's discoveries on tho aubject of the cloctri 
“Bir: Samuel Carter, Vico-Presidont of the Now. York Gaslight. it were firat proclaimed, Rect pee are “ 
¥ Company, has remarked that if there was anything of practical; ee is 
“+ yalue’in Mr. Edison’s discovories, tho streets would already bo. 
{ Nit by clectricity.. “Just think of such a thing,” said Mr, Edison 
; to tho gentloman from tho New York Herald. ‘Tho iden that a ‘a 
“ man can goto, work and ee ee rae eS Tes ; : eas a is astected fo 
Can. established business, especially such a complicated aystem | o-oo... 2 er : - eno H : br “o ix lamps. were placed in 
“ga electric lighting,-all within a few.months |” - ‘The Professor es : i fi idandelscwhorn cach alee Siete arte tants 
thon searched . among: his. books, and brought out, twonty. os : ; pable of buming one hour and a ‘The current was 
large: quarto .publications, on tho science. and: practice of. gas-: : : se machine, the smaller one 
making. ' “Now; just see,” ho said, “ twonty-fiva volumes an | ; 3 Riis meh a sO ste vin 
“that ono thing alone, and.that mostly mechanical!” Then, |* ~ nominal by Messry, Garrett ant Co. Fat a 
au contraire, ho went on to say that the business ho was abou placed on cach 
 yequires a knowledgo: of, tio most complicated branchies o 
 seienco—of heat, light, electricity, magnetism, engineering, ‘ 
“mechanics, chemistry; in fact, of all tho  scionces, 
“except botany,” and. then he laughed. But ho used : 
0 ‘fair. argument when, ‘he said that if lighting by gas: 
were ‘not ‘already. known, ‘tho. mere.discovery that: it could be} 
done would ‘bo followed ‘by an interval of at least five years ; 
before the system camo into general use, Allowing five years for ' 
gas, how much aro.we-to:nllow for electricity 1 . How anany 
* large quarto volumes” .is the world to be troubled. with before | 
it gots tho light? Will Mr, Edison live long cuough to reach the : 


TH 


remembered by 


tit. 
| of the machines and lamps. 
i nd the 1; 


{ 

i 

i 42 inches in: di: 
j $34 Ab, makin, 
3 Oe 
I 

} 
i 


. 
; 


$ 





RAS per hour’ of the quality used 
ord 
1} night 
i 
; can 
{ expo 
bo oy 1 
Mr. Edison }; ght was £7 145. 8d. Curlously enough, | 
: at London prices, which i 
<< ‘ & y 
. 


| 
| 


. Bydl vo untegatand dhat it will |: 
buildings in Menlo.Park are lit u 
ighting-up,” even when @ccom- 
Ww that irae can :competo 
lan ve econ Billingagato Ma i 
orn Vinduet, and tho ‘Thames Eabscie 
-on-Sea, besides: hero and: thero a, milway station, Pie ‘ eet, Boa Siren 
fu niry:dther places, But gas is still master of the situation, — . : = i cia 
Wo beliove that Mr, Edison has ineautiously raised: expectations 
(which ho is anxious to fulfil, but which aro taxing his energies to 


an ‘oxtent which he little anticipated. We pity the man wl derangement at any moment; the 
is thug committed to an Tiareilsen task, avd oe his own sake, HMaminating power: want of elilfusibitity an 


mt rr ri ’ Bi : : este ; 5 . : 1 ethe light, all of which, they observe, unfit it for 
wo hope he will not drive on at this harassing enterprise until | : pages B Wskts requ 3 ! “Mente producing the Hight, all o ' 
wo hear somo day that, despite all the buoyancy of his spirit, and : : i 


his oxtraond y 8 f Tennelt ant Valon's report, and we aes the figures and 
iis extraordinary power of endurance, ho hns sacrificed Nis health F conclusions it contains before aur readers without present comment, further than that, a4 far as we 
ry Se stenele © : . z the opportunity of observing, everything: was done to give the system a fair trial. Mt will 
acl: Pee anil a Tong eee é be interesting ie hote the tesults of tite nylication of the J lochxalt ytem on the Holborn 
, J Viaduct when they appear as well as those of the ‘Thames Embankment experiment, as compared 

os 974 with those of the Westgate tial, Whatever may be the eventual tesults Mr. Davis, cel 

 dleserves every credit for the spirit he has shown in thus affunding the oppartunity for an inv 

tion of this method of iHamination being made on a practical working scale, which invest 

he entrusted to gentlemen well quatilied by their speclal kuowledge to deal 


and Westgate 














“Tho Philadelphis 
: nc. Philadelphia 
the Ma E 4 wishes * 

the new ; = {{remain” stead eat t 
Mesirs: no} stration “of t oo A Ibs advices fi 10 United “Stat; : wae 
access: i the ilctalle of ices from the United States: fable os t0 iva § 
. : nag 1 
the problem of dividin, “ the: current: tric light. “Guo ond! 
mestic uses, : Th ; t fixed to tho top of 


wiler, “It isnot wes } 
n made totum}; 2 Hi possible, . But, 

é Heating, and the world, after walting Patiently for the public 

B display of an inventicn which sent gaa stocks down as soon ; 

fas it was heralded, Will. be disposed, untess Mr. Edison j 
stows Ms-hand, to suspect that’ the Edison Hlectrte Light j 
and tho Keely Motor will have to be ranked together ax 
‘enterprises which containcd much moro of Promise than of 


iperformance, Dene 
KA il eeenmnnensenen dt tan meen 

" A FLOATING ELECTRIC LIGHT, Libr $7, | 
als to reflection, ig sai : M. do Lussox, of Belgium, has lately tried with success (A K 
R H electrically lighted ‘beacon or buoy, for eoiist and ‘Harbor :. 

purposes, made as follows: Tho lantern of tha buoy Is pro- | 

ded with a Rhumkorf coll, a vacuum tube or globe. A bat. : 

derived from rate : a mlery composed of large zinc and carbon plates placed close ; 
with patent autoethe ee poe B together are carried on the lower part of the buoy in con- . . 
with powerfully elecirl TI Aaa? Bl tact with the sea water. Wires from this battery lead to tho } 
almost infinitesimal im pee! i primary circuit of the induction coll, and the secondary elec: j_ 
Bas Hl tric discharges appear In the vactium tube, ‘This apparatus |. 
A yiclda a constant electrical Hight as long as the battery Insts, * 

H {¢ is not very strong, ‘only becomes visible at night; but the ; 


E} plan, it !s beloved, may be made useful. . : i 
a 


: Ax tho Subdivision of Electric Light n Fallacy? | 
3 : a). Mtr, W.-H. Preece, the eminent clectrician ‘and mana- 
fect’ may be’ described as - ry ger of tho English postal telegraph system, contributes a 
30 feet in heigl iy wate above, nie ai i paper to the ilosophicat Magazine, In which be points out ;.>> 
atred portions of ce tetitaatae ; ; H} that tho théory of the. electric Ight’ cannot be brought abso- ; 
from the salt it: sometim pe os oe lately, within the domain of quantitative, mathematics, for - 
vibration W other respects the light. wa Dake ee aN tho reason Unde wo do not yct know the exact relationship cx- 
ha + rom about twe o'cl Merge e isting between the production of ticat and the cmisston of |; 
light with a. given current. We, however, know sufficient - z 
to predicate that what fs truc for, the production of heat is . ae 
: : ? equally true forthe production of light beyond certain limits, 
i . ke Nigh ie 2 Hv shows that tho full effect of a’ current can only be ob- ; 
: : ae : i tained by one Jamp on a short clreult, and that when weadd | 
to the lamps by Inserting more of them on the same circult, 
or on a circuit s0;tlint’ tho current ts subdivided, the ght 
emitted by,cach'Iamp is diminished In‘the one cnse by the 
squaro, and in the othor caso by the cube, of the number in- 
serted. - With:-dynamo-electric: machines there is a Hmit 
which has to be reached before.‘this law begins ‘to act, and 
{tis this fact that, in Mr. Preeco’s optnion,. ling Ied.s0 many «| 
sangulno experimenters to, antlefpate the ultimate possibility 
Hof extensive aubdiviaion of tho light—a possibility which ho 
constdera hopeless, and which experiment has hitherto proved 





i 
i 


j 


; experiment, 
+ of the mine, 


spring, E ahunt post, F 


tho pecullar odor 
MB made with zine clipph 
paritlea in 


8ra88 nthe aun, 
0 other respecte? A’ 





















Fes, 7, 1879,] 


ENGINEERING, 





GINEERING” 
43,Deanagatn 
12, Hanover-atrect. 
32. HH 2 ares, : . 
kland and Cope, Ostend, plore, Wrussels, 


0 BTATES Broadway, Now York. 
rninerstrassc, 


‘Years ago, OF thy 
n rendered ¢ . 4 fon of 
rane ; nda y | mau: nly of. 
Advorthementa caniot bo y and | by tat b 
fater- than 8 1. a a i ad y. od: 
y bbligh 
Lorene ; I. ae > : 5 ho ‘ios 
“We remember. nn instance-in which tho-market yalue of |.) =, owlodge this, they can cq ‘ Fasment mana ‘ - ; the inet im portant and ment, nig: 
shares, which for a long sories of years have lwen regarded aa ropeller 21 | tcl : - mh nought, in tho fact| practical sido ‘of tho edge of tha.” « 
perfectly safo uccurity, havo so suddenly fallen, ns in the caso periority of thru r plleation, 1 ¢ had never. had ‘an Presont timo appeared in any 4 84'Up to the 
| of tho gas companies during the past year. . Whether or not roquiva 4 io, ENG fine aN A sania pubscribere In the o c From this report it 1 ence that eo val 
clectricity will ultimately have the effect of reduchug tho real | {-: Hato} ‘ les; ; ‘ this ineladlug two doublenumbers, dtc orale bo tates Miho charge “Tho | illumination’ by’ the dablochin he coat of streak 
value. of ie aliares, itis eattatt Hak tis Feet fall in the | j ratated) i : ‘i $526, Od extra, tho subscriptions being payable in adea! previous meen a con. 
thoso shares. has been caused by a too superticial { ensure 0 a ae FOREIGN SUDSORIUTIONS, ¢ public to catirintes.* 
knowledge of the nature and limits to. the economical appli- t J nat 4 inua the | ‘The rates for anbs _ . suppose,” Tt has beer f 
, cation o ithe cleetrio. light. Now that the hovelly of a how Stee the Urust am ter than g ala ALTO Bde Por teegrttons jo Exatwmunis aby that tho power required to dive t! ound 
and brilliant substitute for gas ina fow public places iu Paria y Put with a nev rhs 


© dynamo.etectric.- 

pell inaie uy the q u Sencrators for the an tried eee 

7] i i nt i ¥ ads © electric light | electric candles is 9 ctricity to sixteen 

h off, aud sufficient timo has clapsed for independent | | mine tl] Work to decide the al ! ns to general - purposes. fs ay 

investigation ai the rare of tho engineers aud acenl mon | i dials yeusel and sho a ip measured. ae peliers i el ee ale : » Tova undoubtedly catablieh ands whilo such exhibitions nated nt 16 horse 
by whom our municipal bodies aro advised, we are begiunin, puild ny th ‘Bay propeller, with x other illuminati 

i o receive trastwortliy atatements hy which to Comfort te | for on ‘ a f i pe bmirney 16-4 X 13°062 x 5d = ca, id Unitod er il autnating , t 


: th 
4 proposed with tho present illuminant, with an_expenditu Fs hey rather adde 












ed, 






i ils al | inch-ounces. Griffiths borer 2107 x 77" 21705 











Tn October Jast Mr. Haywood, engincer to tho Comm é ds, davelo if ‘ 8 odo 
1) sioners of Sewers of the ty of Jan jon, sulantttod a able ‘ ors pe high ats the, Critic, propeller to be about ‘“ ‘tat P 1 Nia peter yg 
i} report on tho electric light, “In that report the actual coatof © mind “better than the De Ba: 7 nortant] ¥ 
cleetrie lighting as practised in Tan! was given, and Mr, : Mr. cont the eMiclency of ecrew propeller Is such an Im 5 per hour, which is at the rate: 


ty if carrles 
woos inmost impurtant conclusion was that there are periments, aro Ro coe ie those of 





















2 er light per h i 
tion interesting sulifect, and ext ; er light per hour, and this ig 
aces where the convenience of the Iarge tmftic might utterly, on a Iatgo phe it would bo very fnatructiva 

















at on capital, «di inti 
testing propeller m i, soe : » depreciation of 
justify tho oxpento of employing it during the busiest houre tho pul renders who havo, haa. onner encparatus sind iy ENGINEERING {a reglstero for transmisaton abroad, nd tear, aol r airs, Tho cand 
i{ of darkness," Tho outcome of this report is the experiment of would ie gee ri Lin se eae 
using tho Jablochkolf candle on the Holtiorn Viaduct, Blac wall, February Toth —- : HEADING GAszs.—Roailing casoe for containin 


twenty-alx plane, 


Nambera of Excinxenixa msy bo hadof the publisher or of any 


-Dowsegent, Price Gs. cach, A see bra 
: while j 
= i 


In Octobor Inst, the town council of Liverpool requested H . ree INBTIT! 
their engineer, Mr. George Deacon, to report on tho subject, { TIE RECENT DISCUSSION AT THE CLEVELAND INBTI 
Mr. Deacon appears to have visited Paris ant to havo fully ine | ° : OF ENGINEERS, 


tigated the cost in terms of i Oy rth of England correspondent, alluding, in NOTICE TO AMERIOAN sunsonivERs, 


thero has a 3 Ty to the termination of the above . ‘ We heg to announce that wo hare sppolntel Mr. Len 
Jeremiah 1 Smith, 239, Neoadway, ¥ Tp! ir. Lenox 
h resolution, proposed by a oat alth . : Nugutha in tho” Unilad Stators agate, arent, fot, Eat 













Mat tho ‘ning hours : Untied Bite eye and all subscriptions for tho | charm! 
0 first a great) ce will fn future bo peyablo to him. lr, Le 
was fn reallty from che Sve ate a Banlth ts ‘also ret to recelve aidvertlsementa for Ewen 
oe med ae ee eet sogaiiaa 
ag ha ‘ T° 
a th bi ug in the ae 44 payable feed te,! in 0 United States fe 10dols, U.S. currency 
Head had faite ‘ 3 
q this resolution and. q i q ~ NOTICES OF MEETINGS, : 
juvented, : 1 yell an the.three prec 3 8 Ixerirorton or Crvi. ENGINEERS “Trent, Fobruary ttth, at 
"Ttegulators,” writes Mr. Deacon, ‘supplied with electri. { | for n depression of ¢ : bia c oF TMeueaea kad Bandharat Water fappiy," 
4 Februa: i ects, Connell 


city by dynamo-electric machines, driven ateam or other | : so 12th, at 3 
‘| motive power, have been extensively us Lith in tho last ten ! tales ore sites this report Is inaccurate anil rotate : ‘ : necting at An Hin Oadlnats ot ot Clell Enaticare, Sganeil 
| years for lighthouses, for naval and military signalling, for’ t:3'| There wan onfy one speaker who argued decidedly in sky y He ee Yorkin of long Submarine Cables," by. Willoughby Smith, 
tidal and other engineering works, aud in certain industrial j the nine hours’ movement. ‘Two abstained from express ee 


ments" in clectric generators or electric regu 
establishinents, auc upon the efficiency of atich combinations , deBnite opinton for or ngalnat 5 whilst five dtatinetly alvo wate 


It became almost impossible to take up o nows- 



















+] most of the atatements laid beforo the public up to a recent lengthening the hours of labour. F lutions to am feta ie . : | paper that was not full of “The N red to th 
date, os to tho relative cost of clectrio lighting aud gas light. ae decision not to preas this or any of the resalutla “Bouls "| e K ro oie Maa 
ing, have been Hasoul Eottecly _ thou ad Soothes 3 eae ak by. the sounell provioualy.to the lene eta yey E G I N E E R IN G. gaa shar i Tamp, but thls 3 
. hay va Deen |  Hend's ow! " - a 4 Ss 
hava beau, the inferences to which they have led have been : ite on Me patent They tina been framed would have been ; . FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 7) 1879. yved-from * 
“It is true, for example, that the cost of light from ordi. : ‘Dit | achleved In the thorough whether for or against, wouldy » BE cannot’ be» 
nary regulators having nominal illuminating powers of from aot recalved, and thee whilst it might have engendered {11-4 if 


{8000 to 15,000 candles is, nccording to cirewinatancea, only | uy HAA ‘ANats MACPHERSOS, : ELECTRIC v. GAS ILLUMINATI 
from one-fifth to one-lalf tho cost at gos producing the samo. | tos 50 4% | oulalde, 1d Institution of Engineers, Seeretay Tue ilumination by el ans 
candle power; but in the case of the electric igh ee | Cleveland Insi ution f inh, 4 ion by electric li 
fnerenaed candle power is iuliepenaatie to: protec hoe Middlesbrough, Hel. 17th uous thi 


+ | degeee of illumination, as tho following considerations will ae 


show, 
THE INSTITUTION OF CLVIL uNGNEE 
ve Feb, 11th was “ On the am ele: < 
uilators: giv ‘ he secant paper rend Rustealia,” by Mr, Joseph rod, ‘ za 
: ha Brae ah at oe 1 town of the Mendigo go! Ig 
able place for the 0 moat favon Inst. OE Handhurst, He eee ot Melbourne by ayy: , 
centre of n circular ap I int [4 Laapes A Tho pnutation ‘Teal’ with In, the ates supply was : ye pplitlon of ; ! 
the number of houses 3 he mune eg ten : ; 
400, nnd. thero was 0 length of abou 0 mallee of Per o£ 
atrects. ‘The site. occupied high aroun tweet 
Cainpaspo and the river Loddon, and was . by 
1 T tion of the city varied from 700g, 
Penullge Creek, eo arin tiles at Afelbuurne. ‘Tho ay: 


rs wan 23'13in., rauging from 10°05 ; 

wenn tor eerie fall of rain in a single day, wine ,} 

‘ Bi) the month of February, 1871. 7 he Breatest imino ot a 30 

ly well ad . tlon from one of the reservoirs, observed in any single Fr 


! | ' i i i urrent 
= 4 (as | : bi ch Altencck machino, but the continuous c 
raat sed ina a abe gro Dac dy Ms Ls af Grammo machino of tho Intest construction follows; 
btalnedl from small mining dains by P 
see ea Jondaat about £3 Oe. per 1000 allons, | In April 0 : ‘ poe 
year the Dende Waterwt corir et of te Vic Pee see , mile fa 
on oO . : 

H seaenly Lol the aithot February, 1859, ‘Ihe original § porlodi 
im 
ud bo 













time, when: tho 
fon in the 


sive one for domestic and anining suppl: the pr 
a. ¢ : yan noo alten led to the ndoption of the former onl gee ‘ 
pt ilaminal : 9 | embraced a atorage reservolr with a capacity of 0,000, Nei 
should have y cwiskemutj and tho. neceasary: malns.ant filter: beds, on the” gravil 
wrinciple, ‘The reservoir was quickly filled in ordinary sey: 
Put became empty:in the drought of 1865, when: the: city: 
i supplicd with water by railway from the river Campaape.| Ea pay 2 : 
demand for water increnaing, the municipal counctl pu th purposce,.. ; 
ol the Bendigo Waterworks for 1:43,000,'and took possession ¢. 3 q ‘ Ee icshagereamrer rst 
| Int of January, 1872. “Tho: works consiated : of ‘one sl; c : 
0 ain offorts mado to sulativide SAIL Ons 
2 commencing with Do Changy'a invention fit - : 
1858; and guliinating in tho uso of tho Jablochkolf candles at 
tho East India Docks in 1877, aud their application to the 
illumination of the Avenue de VOpera and 
tic places in Pa; prinel, plo 


found by 
koff cand it in the horizontal 
3, sontant English 
Io candlo fe plac 
moter ;-whon placed with ite edge to tho pho! 


Ay 
Was somewhat fi I: 
iminations of 4 ity aatie abe, 2 


But it must not the fo; 
wah Gatien 

, Py . 
it ineriounly d tracts fre y 


tha 
Me’ hn at 
ransinitted -j 
gh be, edlueing tie 


10.178 cantons 
: bey AL at 


y he printed. 
setarned fir correction te recai 
: i“ m gr Ponte 











De ete rie serene HET: 







: ethan 
NL wee at tho two will horentter bo more clorely related. tl 
¥) ELECTRIC LIGHTING font tien “It has long been well -unders oad shat in He 
‘ To'rue EpiTon OF ENGINEEUING. utiliantion of fuels our present. civilisation moro hr 1 a 
§1n,-—-For rome months past tho cxperimonts with eles |] this bge than in any other of its arts, while the waste ‘ 
tricit: ana menns of iumination, have probally attracted || jiaterint and force affects alinost overy Industry. ‘ica 
: ore pa lar attention than any other single eubject in} |" "pists gront losa is of conrac mainly one of imperfect co 
7 fneclinnies chemistry, or pliysics. ‘fhe relentist las mao |! version, anid is chargoatilo chielly to two facts, viz. ‘1 
ni tho dificultics and. possibilities of the matter a theme for 1. The aolid condition of the substances genorally m+ 
“ Tecturo nnd discursion—n thonsnnd bright, inventive braing || yoyed to yield carbon, auicls na coal, wood, ker sien i 
dave heen working day and night at tho problem=—clitorial Pho Tact Usat thelr gasefaction and combus jn ara i 
eee aoe pens in vations lands hava heen awift to write upon every |] yeen accomplished fn atmospheric nir, aubject to t i 
Bieee Raes AOA Statement or ritiour affecting the question, while in-)) orcciative influence of the non-combuatilie nitrogen thervin | 
: wal : tl telligent people everywhere have eagerly listened to or rend | | Intermized with oxygen in the proportion of four to gn. ey 
orcry wont apoken or written npon the waicets A In tho dovelopment. of the wator-gaa methods a reat y 
What isthe meaning of this unwonted excitement re-| | rofcered to, while applicd horetofore nlmost exclusive! w 
ganling an invention not more remarkable in itnelf thas | the pnrpotes of illumination, it has heen demonatented th 
many that preceded it, and which have Iween-necepted with thelr value ta not to be measured by the marked success thoy 
phortdived surprise? Probably the mysterious nature. oN tary accomplished in that province. After a ntrogelo 
Dleetricity nnd tho marvellous improvements already | Saimost unprecedented in invontivo history, it is shown that 
wrought hy ite agency in telegraphy, de. coupled with tho |Cearhon inay be converted in an nti aphore of rteaut : i — 
Wuritianey of the light it promises, attach an wunnanal | © sconomicall ly, and tho difieulty (No. 2) mentioned nbove | ag i : : i ee Goes 
interest tothe oxperiment, ‘This hina been further heightened [° pyoided, nnd will then yield n pore combustible mixture 
hy the fact that in this inalance, tho inventor has do-| of much greater available calorific value than it has Leon 












Pen, 98, 1879. 

























i > wel 4 n 4 de 1a 2 it, or H . THE EDIS 
WW perately undertaken a feat declared by science to he im vossiblo heretoforu{eobtaln f nalio ame weight of ert ving, it, ON LiaHt, 
1 Atha popniar heart is niwnys stirred by 9 1. - f- Fe v ; ighti : 15196.]—Teas : ‘i 
vesinte attack n on it gnable points, ne intelligent 1m ri outa that a gan fucl poxtesace the : : loft te ch I Cine fous hanlly deseribatho diss pointment 
res Mt reg t K i on perienced when T read tho article in last week’, 
Undonbtedly, too, the excitement has heen, further | \prontest possible advantage in tho particulars of comfort, ‘i r} Eid arn : Mécitaxto on tho Ealtoon Tela geyaat week's 
stimulated by the fact that tho husiness of Hahting {arge | convenience, directness of application, efficiency, &e, and already. W otter things‘ta como. ‘Under “iiterent”" nome do 


communities tho world aver, has fora long term of years | now thnt proof is givon that this form ix, even in, real cost, tested hy gas, | +] pluine,"” I have described ian 8 lor 
Og : been  enbstantial mono i so conducted that tho AN- 1 cteaper than tho ernilo, its apecdy adoption dn inevitable. pea with tee Qiamallivn nr scnlte iMoviees tor regutsthog tomas Your Jourea! easious 
ff % {ogonism between manufacturer and consumer, almost} Sine it is only tho gases of n fuel that nro useful to the ‘ na with Suge's atti y . creasing resistance of platinum, carbon, Fee and 
inovitably resulting from exclusive privileges, hina not failed | vurchaser, whether he he 6 cook or nn fronmaster, when ' ntedsing rosiatanee of ‘nohertdeete es ae | 
to grow up. In this cage it hasnssumed unusual teres, ifoenn huy then in jut the condition Urst auitet to his i : , i Fi . j] stances at rising temperatures balance tach other: : 
‘V because the provocation has been nnusunl. Artificial light b | noceasities, delivered in pure form nt the very point’ of i "A real : i tuder the melting point of platinum, and eo reducing’ 
ia aboncon rymbol aud a prime necessity of civilisation, |: combustion without the Inbour of handling, nnilat n less ‘Hin geaaslightiny tho current tlowing through. tho metal, whilo sti 


and tho people have naturally expected ft to improve ln) | isice than he can procura cruito materials unanited to hia 


pra y : }{ using it to’ produce light; tho porcelain or other 
: quality amd leseen in cost na tho arts ndvance. ‘This ex+| | wants, lo will not hesitate long inchoosing. It in ovident | ' iy non-conducting aubstanco serving also to } th 

x Day has not heen realised, but on the contrary tho | | ‘ civilisation as tha distrilns i h Drilliancy ne eer SO 

oO, oF peaiat a pHa ieee ren mubtic Nan ted prizcely ithat a aystem so iniportant to civilisation a a intriln fi = rilliancy and increase the surface of the light. I 


‘ton of fucl a in not to be delayed but rather helped by a, 
f 


} i} was ine < 
franchitos bave pursued a repressive policy, keeping tho anecess of clined at that time to be satisied with this 


4 we cleetrio principle, for sliontd tho busincas of | r: : h v] | armingement, and t y 
atondard of illumination oa low and the price, therefore, n8 | | itominating by the didillation of coal bo cut off to-morrow, i 5 i pan : i tnonth. In "Decerber lilt neo Tie i 
' if business in Glasgow, sccing a steacription of this { 


fe 

high as possiblo, and employing the great profits y jekted hy enving the vast network of gas pipes empty, their owners : : y 
tho business to buy or kill off any genuino competition, t ‘have an opportunity by av intelligent and prunpt option . ij lamp in a focal paper, ealled on mer Lat remarked | 
Meantime this great industry, constautly ietaek i f tho now fuelgna principle to carry forward their oper would Hae o _ | before leaving, that the danger of fusion was not, } 
grenter proportions, ling Lecome n surprising ilinsten ton of} tions to an inuuensurally Ineger scala than ever before, source of y . i] in his opinton, entirely overcome. Within lilt az 
tho aggregation nnd, what is moro unfortunate, the ah ithe recent discovery by Mr. Strong, of America, that the ieee e . {hour of his teaving mo I sont himan arrangements’ | 
centration of n colossal capital. It will doubtless nator ‘now ayatem can utilise to tho highest economic advantage rene ew 2 : ou paper, of course—in which a plate of platinum | 
most readera to be informed that the vast mum ep 1 | cont lack nnd other foriua of carhon which bare hitherto i. waa suparated from the wire of the pew ile of “| 
gaalighting plants, all aver the globo, is controlled by com | ‘been deemed of little valuo, is very significant of the coming : a the Ininp by a substance such as rarefied air, which: | 
paratively fo strong Handa tg three 7 Hea of Jean en tehnnge. So also is Page unexpected dloveloprnent of i oy 4 ] ihe current cout only cross wheh at Nigh tension. |. 
ye ? 1 4 yet jor supply, Bo in excess of the present demande ol an i is plate was brought ve a { 

4] identieal with, is at least in close pympath with a second ipetrolount au Hint’ the markets are glutted, an. fimens : eer mn , } ry uicar a platoon the: | 
‘ 
' 










‘i wire of tl & 
one representing the owncraliip of certain bituminous coals, Joceumnation is stored at tho wells ant the ‘producers 1 he carbon side, and was connected metalli 





cally with tho wirp on thy xine sido of tho lamp. 
This double interest has cxtabliahod a policy which, a8): vor lesed and discouraged. ‘This new form of carbon, so” Hloctrieity be vote ates tho damn 
alrent atoted, fs nol only gonnerratice hid hin, Unk proven: -Ntinirablo for purposes of light, has been too exclusively : F But interyal ad wortecirentted tho idan. Mths wage « 
ve of it a Hes competit omy , bi ly ee rity na | wee in that department, aud now demands admission into a th only intended as a sort of safoty-yatve and warning | 
i fone a . ae ieean rae el 1 igh an a splint tho larger fick? of heating for which it has on even higher combined, palling attention to. danger which tho ; 
fy [Dn Aa ae 0 fiat aonly A en foro mY inllty of qualification, and for which it is perfectly adapted Ly tho I ‘oal towards which we shoud strive, -It wna, {hand could rectify. Next day, howover, § called / 
‘| gm a er accomplish Te oN aucthod in’ Lonton | {Bex ayatem of conversion. \ . ho adiuitted, impracticable, not ‘to auy impossible, on tho samo gentleman with another arrangement, ; 
al 


‘ho wellowners need wot be dismayed at thy prenent | to obtain in tho overyday practice of ‘common life 


‘le tanpenet howe terion powerful resistance jover production. It {sa temporary incident, and if they | Teaults ns good ns those obtained by 


ion, that the new water-gns syatem lias | | 


{which appeared in your own columns, in December, | 
(LX think, also in Ze Houde of Lith dartuarys Chav | 
will intelligently holp forward the predicted chunge in fuct : ances tho most perfect for develoy ping the full | also shown it nt different times to various :tentlemen. ; 






from this organisa unethod, they will find the araple market photogent : ih igre {/intore: 

i i * le markete they now Inck, 5 : Photogenio yalue of ‘the pna+ i/iuterested in tho subject. I shall shortly describa 
pullin threo or four i Stat past gained Such, favour ie \- “In view of tho possibilities for nt increaaluy Uusiners tulght by lone to dlocreane’ the reckon ey et tt it ie Will allow nic, and your readers Sau judge i 
nad weaken its stocks, ant tho electrio.exellement. foltene | ¢*t8 opening Veforo the gas companies, it is somowlat | Mahe that was certatuly going on. Ife had no heet« in, wie respect It differs from  * Ealison’s,”" aud { 
a ran sled AL dot atraao that the meters Of tho | {inusing to hear them complaining about the danger to ‘ ation fn naying that from £2 to Locanda power! s inight leo inform mo if by the Patent Law Tam { 
old mathed should betray the alarm ilustented by tho heavy iwhich tha progressing oxperiments in electricity expose lebarred from ubing it. 





; i 
{ ‘| ithoir vast property, the English interest in which } j i d I " Tho first form tho apparatus took wasn rine rod { 

a | degting in thele saree f wlint nn bi 4 hak i recently hen eat intel cat pie huudved milion. Tet - i bi O muning upthosileof thgianp, This zincrod formed 
oy conceal public teentd cite ota ert ee ns CHAE MCT them tke heart also, and by a vrompt co-operation with | a. a contitions in the an fin 7H [{part of the circuit of tholainp. When the current: 

:] general public shontd pivo tess aywpathy to thom thin to 4 ye F post aultable bumers; snd, aca-, H i i 

Tho invention i ithe ny fuel Hrincinto, white fs hound to triumph, xecura 7 i ing that it is sory juntkely Mr. Eallnon will “tay: ‘ contact it a siete aged an case me : 
‘thereby a profitahle ally, ton” his olectric Hebt for a few decades, I shoul: i tho dist iinproves. | 
: i A H current passed round the Lamp. ‘Tho first iinproves 
alboscarbon or cs ia aa ne ¥, ment waa tho sulstituting for the end af tho wire ; 
. 8. B.C, 















But the ren’ 








i 
{ Gro. 8. Div: . 
| | Stockholm, Sweden. Ho. BuDWwhourr 
\, lide 


dei betes, . - 5 





and tho platinum plate of two carboit block 
this apparatus I could keep a galvan 
needle at one point, however strong or weak a + 
}Jeurrent T sent through the system. It could bo ¢ 
arranged so delicately that the heat of the hand: £ 
could extinguish the lamp. In another form tho 
{zine rod carried a pleco of vulcanite, to which was 
attached a carbon or platinum contact counected by | 
a wire with the lamp. ‘Cho curront was led up the 
zine rod, and, ut any desired point, passed bya wire | 
fj te @ plato of metal in contact with the point 
carricd by tho vutcanito on tho el of the zing rod. * 
When the current heats tho zine roid over so fittla it 
expands and éretke contact altogether, not chute: 
it, ae tu Edison's arrangement. ‘Tho reason that { 
T did not shunt ft was that by having all the: { 
lamps throwing themselves: out _of tho circtit. 
the current would bo saved. Dy Edison's method. | 
thero is ax much electricity uscd when the limps } 
aro many as when they aro few. ; By my method i 
tho effect isis if tho battery was uot in actiona. ¢ 
‘f} fourth of the tino when a fourth of the Inmps-aro*4 
ural, Ihave soveral other néothoda of regulating. ; 
lamps, but this lotter fs already long enough, 4 
Jno, M, M, Munro. 


















RE eae’ 











ey 


as : 


TIE rs weeny 


1 [light by 


SES 


yh ge 


eee hee ae 
LIGHT FOR Tron: 
HOUSES, ETO. ; a 
T]HE. T 78" plan (lotter.16302,pago 564), + 
may be aiimitted to bo capable of precluey power 
- ‘enough to work a toy-light—such thingy belug:very 
i) much the fashion ot present, it may be tried but 
| perhaps it-would be just ox well in that'care to T 
‘| provide o back stroke, 4.¢., having anothe cistern + 
filled and raised by tho tile, which on being dropped 
at low water stored its weight ii: an accumulgtor or 
otherwize, : ert poate ta 
> ‘This would give an up and dawn réclproesting 
:)strokocach tide; in other worda “J.J, tather 
cumbersome plan could only bo mao to; produce; 
dlouble effects by doubling the enmbersome parts’ of 
it, i.e, all that could be realised would het strokes 
f 20 tons each every 24 hours=s80 tons in all, 
roughly speaking. ‘ . i eee 
“5.5.3.8 plan therefpre docs not go deep 
enough futo the real threefold questions involved in 
all problems of applicd mechanics to produce what 
nay bo deemed satisfactory results—eg., iu this 
case, wo ought at Icast to know— + 
1. For lampwork;-what modes of producing { 
electricity “ex: t-beaides clockwork nnd rotating 
mangnets or plates and porous cells, with thd relative ¢ 
cost and sizo of cach ‘soparntely nnd comparatively 
to cach other and tho two modes ubove indfcated 
also the'ratio of increase of coxt to power’ .. 
2,.A power exists in tho motion of th 
enters. 


' 


‘ery 
yet’ ho onsily; 
Imes a day 


tions into the abatract conditions of matter at rest 

and in motion, yet which aro not in common use 

in auy part of the world at present? * ‘ 
e: wee Mumbo. Jum’ 


ee EO Pare 


Electric Light vs. Gas, 
tise order to settle tho dlaputed question in regard to 
1h Taaty ofeleetrieity compared with gaa, the munt. 
ah authorities in Paris will, under their direct super. 
} baa have the Avenue do V'Opera, the Place do In 
a 5S and one of the market buildings, lit by electric 
a ‘ tame orice a Leh 6 sous (6 cents) fur 
] v5, Whilo tho yas company 

ee tho Ttue dt Quartre Soptembre, ihe pid de 
hatcau d'Eau, and other market buildings by an ime! 
Proved ‘method and superior gas, at’ a char; : of tl 
i ae than 1 sou (1 cent) per cuble meter, at 
= therieet pina: Mt ace 10 cubic fect, this ia} 
: per J, u t Coal ia certainly! 
not cheaper in Franco than it is i ae. 
fee who charga 3 on ioe a 500 | 
Sat aie ae necessarily mako enormons profita at) 

an ea the electric light excitement does nothin, 

han reduce the exorbitant price of ys ft 
iS, 1s 


NS, a8 ft alread: q 9 
: ' y Appears to ae it witt by'a Uleas: 
ee 


‘ How Gasttaur in Losr.—Computailong nr, 


together by P 
blot, entitled 





F = Quantitative Analysis of [White Light. 


is haa for het heen a problem walling tor! 


experimental decision, to. deterniine nccarately the} 


? 


roe tivo intensity of light In tho different -parts of the 
iMeolos pectrum, Tho priem splits up a ray of sunlight 
} Into'its component parte, the colors it analyzes, qui 
1 {tatively, but the question to “doit quantatatively Ia 
an open one, as since Newton no sefinite inquiries 
| have been made, but only estimates which usually 
+ tated that in the yellow light thero wav the groatest 
} quantity, and in tho violot-the least. Prof. Rood of 
' Oolumbis College, New York, haw recently taken the 
subject up, and frst tried to ascertaln the dividing 
line between tho neighboring colors, altempting, for 
- Instance, to determine deflnilely where rod ceases and 
* orange begiua, aid no for nll the colors, Prof, Reod 
thfoks that deflnite wtandards of color cannot be de. 
nied, and that artlets ayreo in this, but if we consider 
5 the very gradnal abading of the speotram eo that the 
| colors blend imperceptibly one in the other, and re- 
momber the {act that the improssion uf color In sub. 


“1 Jective nud not objective, that moans depends groatly 


Vupoia the fndividual who judges about tho colors, it |e 
{evident that the determination of the limits must 
;, Alffer in the individuals, and Prof. Nood's determina. 
: ton of the Imits would be moze reliable and anbjact 
| to verification if be had taken as bis limits cerlatn 


; Spectral lines, of which there are enough to sor 
} purpose of division, Having divided the spectra 
to'12 parts; he wultiplied the space occupied by 
each part, with the relative futensliy or lumlnosity, 
whon he obtained the following reaultn: red, 543 
orange red, 140; pure orange, 60; oranga cllow, 


“114; yellow, SL; greenish yellow, 206; yellowlshs |” 


preen, 121; green and bluo green, 134; °P 
ne, 82; bine, 40; It y russian 
pure violets. ultramariag bldlah violet, 20; 


Tho tesult of thease investigatio - 
| omount of Ught in tle wana colon” Can rorened 


: call them) is nearly threo times as great ag j i 
‘ “eold colors,” which Breat as it is fo the 
: shade.—NManuyf, ‘and Buitao ofa blue and ‘green! 
ene ntcenate rr er nee. aie 


en, purplo,” | me 
transpar. | 


~The Balson Electrlé Light. 


A VintT To THE LADORATORY AT MEXLO rank, 
QREAT PROULEM APPARENTLY SOLVED, 


mica} rystom up to the present time, and 
well adapted. for lurge -spaces, still they ore. 


j quite unfit for household use, Eek lamp in 


thiuayatem is Inrge, heavy, and full of mechon- 
jam, and nakillfut attendant is necessary for 
both amp and generator, which latter must be 
located near the lights, Edison has therefore 
strictly adhered to the incandescent system, 
obtaining the light by tho electrical incan- 
dleacenco of some refractory substance in a 


vacuous inclosed. vessel. If a Inmp of thia || 


kind could bo produced which Wild require 
no ottention from’the usor, would: give a-dif- 
fune light of not too great intensity, and would 
endure without renewal for an iudofinite tine, 
it ig clear that a rovolution in lighting would 


be: effected,“ provided ‘alno! that the cont. was’ 


modemte. “That such a lamp ix now produced 
cannot. be donbted, except as-regards tho 


questions of endurance and cconomy, for tho | 


determination of which timo enough iad not 


* R cae 


We nun “confess ‘that we left ‘Mento Park’ © 


mtich loss skepticism in tho advancement | 


ind success of tho Edison light than we had 
whon we entered it, It Is needless to say that 


many of the Inte accounts in the daily papors |...” 


have been so glowing and exnggerted, and 
sprinkled here and there with crrom regarding 


ad both the history and selence of Electric Light- 
iH ing, a8 to have given offense to, and raised 


serious doubts in, the minds of many of the 
better informed on this subject. When they 
co Edison's genorator described as “churning 
out the electricity and throwing » showor of 
electriv hparks over the floor,” as though this 
wasn virtue instead of boing caused by a bad- 
ly sparking commutator from some wrong con- 
dition or mal-ndjustinent of tho machino; aud 
when thoy sve Edison credited with being the 
Hirst to inclosd the luminous carbons in vacu- 
ons glasses, and tho frit to’ charge tho field 
ningnets of tho gonemtor: by a current derived 
from a sopamte machine, their confidence in 
tho rest of the system fs not hecessarily mised: 
Such crrors have boon dilated upon and held 
up prominently as original features of the Edi- 
aon nystem, ii connection with the reully novel 
points which have not been sufticiently distin: 
guished, while tho wholo has heen treated with 
lavish praise. ‘This course has tended to throw 
an aspect of charlatanism—an air of atock-job- 
bery; over the whole affair, and bas doubtless 
lod to many of. the sovero, and often-iniataken 
criticisms which have lately appeared: 
Edison, however, makes no elnim to what is 





The Edison lamp is small, neat, simple and 
utterly free from mechanism, It gives a beau- 
tiful mild, yet brillinnt, light, of precisely the 
deaired charcter for household se, ‘The 
lamp, which is shown in the necompanying en- 
gravings, consists of n glass bulb, not much 
larger than n hen's egg, from which a stem 
about two or three inches long extends, and 
into which the wires convoying the current 
rise. ‘Tho wires are sealed into tho glass where 
they enter the bulb, and are terminated with 
little platinum clasps of U shape, in which the 
ends of n little arched toop or *' horseshoo ” of 


not original with bimself, or is ‘not*a real nd. |. 


vancomont.. ‘The inaccurate reports which mix 
np tho old aud .tho now, the truth and error 
indlsoriminately,‘nnd which ho,-of course, can- 
not control, must not bo entertained to ‘his 
projudico, nor do thoy in the least affect the 
merits ‘of tho, actual advancements which he 
has mine.” ! ee at 


evar aaglatanla 
a losorvoa pr 
io groat ‘I 


ity, a I by roversingthe 
eving the Inmp: from the soc 


tems of air pumping. Such perfoet exhags! 
is of the utmost importance to the sy 
the light and constitutes one of his ste 


glass in not original with Edison, bil 2 
ns old as himaclf, / Sn 
But vory little heat fs 





jar of water fort 

yot the water n 

jet fully twenty times as much heat. .TI 
light is alinostabyolutely steady, mnch stendl 
than an ordinary gas jet, but not: q 
stead y"us the tlame of n good off | 

pulsation being noticeable which 

pulsation of the electric current. 

ever, is only observable by. critica 

tion and can of conse bo obviated. 

At tho thne of our visit there werad fifty, 
alxty of there Inmps in use, each equal. to; 
five-fect yas jet or sixtoon enndles. “Atl thet 
were in one cireait and at various distan), 
from the generator, the farthest being pro} 
two thonsand fect, ‘The most distant on 
penred to be alittle dutler, but not much 
the railway atation thervare three or four etras 
lamps fitted with the new lights and down of 
of thu streets a row of these Ininps may be see 
while in soveral of the houses on cither side 
the street wany of the lamps may bo seen 
the chandeliers, like luminous pours, diffusid 
a bright and stendy light thronghout the np 
. ments, . In the oftice aud Inboratory.the bu 
are met in great profusion all on the one ci: cy 
Thero is such an appearance of efficiency, aint 
pligity and beauty about them that the mind g 
once yields to admiration, . , 

‘The electrical resistance of the carbon tog) 
of tho Inmps is oxtrnordinary, being equal ;” 
ten miles of telegmph wire, or over one, 
dred oluns. ‘The current produced by 
generator which maintains the lights is tl 
fore one of great intensity, “Chis cure) 





conveyed by main wires, about onc-cigh 
inch thick, Inid parallel and conneeted 
Jnmps by cross wires, which are very 

‘The current is suppliod from twp géneratot 
of similar size, only one of which’ 
with the Inmps, tho current of th thor holt 
ttwod to chargo tho field nngntat the form 
Each generator weighsabout 1 
ia drivon by a five-inch belt on'n ter h 
toy at 600 revolutions aminttd,, ‘They aro sa} 
to nae five horse power enchs and whe : 
them, wero running very 
not spark much and did Nolp; On; 
any extent, It fa said, howers, 4: 
chines nro not run-up to their cay 
will snstain many more lamps, 4, 


scale, as nixty: Ughts: 


‘[triet of a olty sould -bo-na-nothing, 
con- | course moro oxtanslve testa must: be ma 


the stom of | fore tho ai 


q 


sor economy of this. systont 












Ne See Ec 
ELEOTRIC LIGHT FOR 


“HOUSES, ETO, 












(15197.J ET 0 plan 
many be adinitted to he capal: 
i} enough fo work a toyoligit--auch thins being: very 
‘|much the fashion ot present, it may.te tried) but 
perhaps it would bo just'os well in that ‘cas to 


at low wnter stored its weight in an accumulator or 
otherwise, rier? 
‘This would givo an up aut down 
_ | strokecach tide; in other wonta “J.J, 
cumbersome plan could only be mado to: produce 
doublo offects by doubling the cumbersome partwaf 
it, icy all that could ba realised would bo 4 strokes 
of 20 tona each cvery 24 hours=80 tons in all, 
roughly speaking, «°° * an 





enough iuto tho real threefold questions involved in 


caso, we ought at least to kiow— 

1, For lampwarks- 
electricity “oxist - bealdes clockwork and rotating 
magnets or plates and porouscells, with thé relative 
cost ant sizo of cach ‘soparately nuvi comparatively 
to cach other and the two modes above ind{cated . 
also the ratio of fucrenag of coyt to power’ 2s 









or produce its equivalent? 


wert, Which it is very well known Archimedes 
discovered and morethanmadeuncof inhisinvestigas 
tions into the abstract conditions of matter at ‘rest 
ant in motion, yet which are not in common nso 
in auy part of the world at present? 7 to 
. Mumbpo-Jumbo. *. 


ee cata” 





Electric Light vs, Gas, 


| the economy of electricity 
clpal authoritles in Paria will, unde: 
j] vision, have the Avenug 
{| Bastile, and one of the 







low figure, 
Mure than 62 


y 3 to 66 
and ruby glass, 82 to 89: a Per cent 











arenes 53 
(etter 16302 jng0 61), : 
hla of producing power |] 


provide n back stroke, i.¢., having anothor.cistern : 
tilled and raised by the tide, which on boing drppped- { 


“J.J.J.'6" plan therefore docs not go dey} 


all problems of applied mechanics to produce what ~ 
‘| may bo deemed satiafnctory renilts—e.g., in this ~ 


what modes of producing - 


‘1 2 A’ power exists in tho motion of tho tides, “ 







3. What has become of the other ;inechatticat! 





In order to settle the disputed question In regard to 
compared with gas, the munt- 


early 30 per cent; therg : 
» Other shades : 
Dor cent, Opa} 

§reen, Purplo,’; 


wer O74 per cent, Mareeyy (ranapar. 




















eas gory 


95 ittlo 





aa fr: 
i 
Quantitat vo Ae 
{ 


phan wen EY boen a problem waiting for| 


Sxporimontal declalon, to. determine acoarately the; - 
5 Atlatizo fntonalty of light in tho different parts of the 
@ “{Seolar'spectrum; The priem sptita up a ray of autilight 
 ‘Inlo'its component parts, the coldra it analyzes, qual. | 

itatively, but the question to “doit quantatatively is |. 
| Sn open ono, assince Nowton no deflnite inquiries 
have been made, but only catimates which ‘usually 
» lated that in the yellow Nght there waw the geeatest 
+ quantity, and in tho violot-the least. » Prof, Rood of 
Columbia College, Now York, has recently taken the 
aubject up, and firat tried to ascertain tho’ dividing 
line between the neighboring oolore, attempting, for 
instance, to determine definitely where red coanen and 
{' Orange begins, add ao for all the colors, Prof, Reod 
; Ubloke that definite standards of color cannot be de. 
| nied, and that artista ayzee in this, but if we consider 

the very gradual shading of the Spectrum to that the 
: colors blend imperceptibly one in the other, and ro. 
member tho fact that the {npression uf color in sub- 





















to resont tine, ond 
» BIL thoy nro. 








$ 
i 
i 
t 






ens. meen Meenas 


nada 
and sits 















































































fino light of not too ured r continuous 
endure withont renewal foran indefinite time, | glass is not original wi 
it In clear that n- revolution. in lighting would | a8 old a4 himself, 



















ith Edison, 

























Sew geen ap ag" amen Jootive aud not objective, that means depands groatt ‘ é My t 

. Which is practically limitles#;;s How can this powe: air - J ho: effected, 2 provided ‘also thnt. the cont But very little heat ia iy . 

The moat neetull ube yi ed into; Inbour-saving. ; Mpon the Individual who Judges about tho colors, it fa modomto, “That such a lamp jx now producod Amore eerily ‘olny Hs sahil me y ie 

* machines which shall not cither bo very cum! mo | ovident that the determination of the Iimlts must cannot be. doubted,” except ag: rej i ¥ B Apbrveintle by thyo,ko 
lor of very intricate construction, ort he oasily{ - differ in the individ als, and Prof, Rood’ ‘ donbted, “except” as regards ‘the | One of the lamps ‘had been pliced inn‘snta\ | 
) capable of raising 100 tons 100 fect 180 fimesaday}' —, ala uals, cof, Rood's determina. questions of endurance: and ‘economy, for the | jar of water fortwo. or threo’ days and night 










+ thon of tho limita would be more reliable and andjact 
‘to irri If bo had- taken os his limits certain 
“ speotral lines, of which there are enough to sorve a 
' purpose of division, Having divided the spoctrunt 
' pee part be soultiplied lke apace occupied by 
each part, with the relatlvo fntensit 1 

when ho’ obtained the following alte ety. 


determination of which tim enough “haisnot! yet tho waters not builing.. An ordinary: g 

me “| det gives fully twenty times as much heats: ¥ 
light is alnoxtabsolutely ateady, much steadi 
than an ordinary gas jet, but nob. qu : 
steadyhs the tlame of n good oil lamp, 9 
pulsation being noticeable which is di 







“che Edlson Electric Light. 





Fig.2 













A.NIBIT TO THE Laboratory AT MENLO PARK. Thy aligh 


e 


i 
44 
























Feaultn: red, 54; GREAT PROULES APPARENTLY SOLVED, - no to th 

orange red, 140; pure orange, 60; orange cllow’ : peers pulsation of the electric currents This, ho 
iM; yellow, St; greenish yellow, 2uG; yellowish: We muat confess that we left Menlo Park ever, is only observable by a critical exain 1 
: Rreen, 122; green and blud green, 134; Prussian much leas skopticisin in the advancement ton and can of couse bo obvinted ‘ : 
I blae, blue, 10; ultramaring bluish violet, 20; tnd succeas of the Edison light-than we had : i 


» At tho time of our visit there were4 
sixty of there famps in ase, onch. equal 
five-foct yas jet or sixteon ‘candles,’ All Lag 
wero in ono circuit and at various distany 
from the generator, the farthest boing pro 


| pare violet, 5, 
Tho seault of these 









s : G: A 
Scie! 
hang 


whon we ontored it.-- It is needtess to sny tht 
many of tho Inte accounts’ in’ the daily papers 
have been so glowing :and. exaggermted, and 
a sprinkled hore and thero with erron regarding. 


foveatigations Proved that the! 
(as palaters! ia 











agit 





















H shade.— Manuf, ‘and Builder. 

































































































































! lishe f ° market buildings, iit by electric ‘ : @ both the history and selenco of Eleetric Light- two thousand feet. The most distant on 
ight for one yenr, at a charge of 6 aous (8 centa) for . H ing, ns to hnve'given offense to, and raised Peared to be alittle duller, but notimneh, Ne i 
H serious doubts in, the minds of many of the the milwny station there ure threo or four atrag 
B better informed on this subject. When thoy Jamps fitted with the new lights and down of 
WV irorsl catheh ccs rimarket buildings by on Im: . p aco Edison's xenemtor described a8 “churning of the ktreots a row of theo Ininps mny be see | 
1 i hod and superior gas, at a charge of not ont the electricity and throwing n slower of whilo in several of the houses on cithor side ‘ 
yore than 1 sun (1 ecnt) per cublo metor, | & electric sparks over the floor,” as thongh thia tho street many of the Jampsx may bo seen. ! 
‘| Aan cuble meter is very nearly 10 cuble feet, this is! : j Yorn virine Instond of being caused by a bad- thy chandeliers, like Imninous pears, diffusir ; 
{at the rate of 81 per 1,000 cublefect, Cunt is certatuly vane *3 ly sparking commutator from some wrong con- a bright and steady light throughout the ap ! 
not cheaper in France than itis with ia; will Cues? dition or mat-adjustinent of tho machine; and rnonts, . In the ofice and Jnborntory..the:tnt., 
companies, who charga &3 on an averago per t bine «hon thoy see Edison credited with being the Aro met in great profusion all on tho one chren i 
cubic fect, must necessarily make cnorioug profits at; . Arst to ineloue the luminous carbons fii yncu- Tho Edison lamp ih Hmall, neat, simple and ‘Thero is such an appearance of cfickency, ain i 
that rate. If the electric light excitement does nothing i ous glaases, and tho fin to'charge tho field utterly free from mechanism, It gives a beau. | Plicity and benuty about them that the mind d } 
More than reduce the exorbitant price of gns. one “ : magnets of the genemtor by a current derived | tiful inild yet brilliont, light, of precisely tho | °¢9 Yields to ndmimtion, = : 
Us, as it rae Appears ty be dolog, It.wilt by'n ble 5 ‘ : from a kxepamte machine, their confldenco in desired clinrnistoy for ‘houschotd me, ‘Tho | ‘the electrical resistanee of tho carbon log) : 
toy. ‘ mand Uf : Ss tho reat of tho syntem is not fiecossarily mised. Intnp, which is shown in the necompanying en- {°F the Innps is extraordinary, being equal! : 
How Gastiour is i oat Canta sree ec! : Such errors have been ditnted upon and held | gravings, consists of a glost bulb, not much | te tiles of telegmph wire, or over one ‘h 
light by shades at ‘lfercan on Of the loss of | . “ - up prominently as original features of the Edl- Inrger than n hen's egg, from which n stem | ted ohms, ‘The current produced bye 
together by Prof, Chandler = have been brought | 7 won system, in connection with tho really novel | about two or three inches long extends, and | Benerator which muintains tho Jights is tl 
Pamphlet entitled “ton Hai bg Presented in a: pointa Which have not beon sufticiently distin- | into which the wires, conveying the current pear eam cel eee athe fai i 


tavivh praise, ‘This course lns tended to, throw 
an aspect of charlatautsin—an air of stock-job- 
bery; over tho whole affair, and has doubtless 
ey tcl to many of tho sovere, and often-mintaken 
ae eriticisina which Lave lately appeared. 

Edison, howover, makes no claim to what is 
not original with himsolf, or is not a real ad- 
vaucement. ‘l'ho Inaccurate reports which mix 
up tho old and tho now, the trath and crror 
indiscriminately, and which he, of course, can- 
not control, must not bo entertained to his 
prejudice, nor do thoy inthe lenst affect tho 
merita of the actual advancements which ho 
has nade, 

To all tho aciontific doubters, therefore, who 
boliove no truo pdvancemont has beon mado, 
wo now say, as Edison himself says, “Go and 
#co, ant investigate for yoursely: Thoro is 
y cortainly’ no appoaranco’of humbug about his 
‘catablishmont;‘ovorything is opon and abovo |: 

board, and. nll':the:opomtions can. bo tracod 
from ond to end; Tho. courtesy and intelligonco 
of tho sovaral nasistanta in tho: variona ‘dopart 
niente doscrv y 


thoy enter tho bulb, and ‘are terminated with 
Nttlo platinum clasps of U shnpe, in which the 
ends of a little arched loop or * horseshoe " of 


{amps by cross wires, which are very 
Tho current is supplied from tw, 
of nimilar size, only one of which” . 
with tho lamps, the cnrrent of thyothor bein 
used to charge the field magnotagt the forme 
Each generator weighsabont 1,900 pounds, 
is driven by a flve-inch belt on't ten-inch p 
foy at 60) rovolutions aminuté, ‘Thoy aro aa] 
to uso five horwo power each! and when wo sa} 
thein, wero running very Tuteqy Fr 
not spark much and did nov, ar io Fi di, 
any extent, It is sald, howe: that’ th, iad 
capaci 





FIGS 






‘ 
od 




























chines are not run up to their? 
will sustain many more lampa, > 7 f 
that tho lamps can be rin at aim ff 90 Bn 
‘greo of incanilesence, if desired, + Bhor ay 
light than that of an ordinary gaa jreal 
for, and Lenco there is a Jarge margyig 
dn the now carbon loop: whieh -tho {e 
wiro syatom did not. possess, and whi 
‘probably enable the now Jamp .to lant 
Himes? is d 
1,Tho condition o: 6 1 j 

efroult is indicated, rt, , : 

to thom as folloy By ‘ ( 
'.. A ‘reflecting galvanomoetor fn'n shunt , 
-nuatn ofrouit indicates to a‘conata 

{man at the whoel,” the. | 
latan, this in kept uniform by opera) ; 
: whoo}, and switohing moro or je 

Hatanco coils into or.out of. the elroult" 

{s.claimod that in:thia.way the Halt 









miro, Thoy are most! 


eannot, cortainly, onduro: such: conditions as, 
thes6,‘and:whilo.wo do not, of course, convlude 
that: tho success: of this'eystem-of. Nghting is’ 
yot nssurod,:. till, .. thate:it ; gt undoubted 
-promino of sitcooss, ns far. di, 
longer bo quostioned, ‘ 
h» Wo have /ito ond! aystomntio and 
onergetia.innnnor, : not :.to: say: tho : Ingonu- 








rT 








Q fow weeks ago in: th 
1 a few unecientifioc and 
Paper paragraphs, would, of necessity, be 
| by 8 great reaction, 
| claims had subsided, the inhe 
come into play, 


scares, Of so-called “now” 
tho night, only to wither an 
and experlonco, the electric onward, 

and surely asserting ita 

es, a4 the light of the 
locks in the way of the public taking a 
question, and which’ has u 


that 
conde 


itaininatton of dwelli 
pencipal advantages, No! 
ae purpose of Jaying him 
s interesting to notice how persiatent ia y 
Tight to purposes for which, ty ita piling tonicoes Pecriae 
Priste, not mora on account of ils cost than by 
fess)’ Similar objections might bo ralscd, for interent 
house apparatus for the reason that a first-order 
Blicable to the illumination of a dining-tnble, 
cause ‘Big Ben" could hardly, without iuconventence, take tho place 
j.dioner gong. Within ite Propor dowain the electrio Nigh: oa kal 
has no competitor worthy of ite steel, and although we wo 
| saying that electricity will never at any peri 
{ future, even for tho iuindaatton of private 
} Intents and Purposes o9 for of ay it wag ait 
bo little abort 
ca f bd shareholders nocd 
~S, Sore for & single, moment. 
other quarters, and perhaps iaptina 
“Hight and tising | 


‘no which enctoseg its 
mediate futury before it; its per 
t hols, theatres, and other public 
of abope, factorics, docks, squares, 


special 
-foct applicability 


followed 
and that when tao depressing action of extravagant! .- 


| height with w tranal 


ring about Peace {f they 
nces of a war, » 


1b” by the Albort I 
“gasophits,” 


yen, 
Suspended by conte fro 

and about 150 ft, from the floor, 

regulatory enclowed In glass Ianto 

'] Wu inverted cone, alightly cloud ¢ 

t, and surmounted with Octagonal ow f 
ree-iving the direct ayn of tho elect i 
6 Laut rag, reflected them downward, 


20 in. of carbone, whit 
hich, in order to red 


r operation fiself, and 


p= 
or againat puttio belly bo-1,, Bhat 


f yj 


clectrleity, as to ive thy 
purity, keepin 


shit, to say noth.| :- 


ud to nayal and 


absurd re} 


| mechanical details,- 


2b 
LOUIS 


Tis‘ report’ was instituted on: behalf 


' of Directors ‘of the East: Indian Railway Company, 
: ect being to determine: whether the electric’ - 
tre oe tone Yed'with advantage for lighting i 


light could be employ 
tho stations of the company. 


“48 


The questions which Mr. Schwendler set himself 
to answer by direct experiment were five in number, 
Ving : 

I. Quantity of light per unit of power, unit of 
speed, and unit of money (first outlay). '* os 
i I. Constancy and Regularity of the clectri¢ 

ight. Mace 
HII, How to put up the light—posttion and 


IV, What repairs are required in course of time, 
and are they of such a nature that an ordinary 
mechanic can execute them, 

V. Routine; difficulty 
superintendence. 

‘To salve the first question four different dynamo- 
electric machines producing a current in ove direc- 
tion, were tried, viz. :— 

1 Siemens’ medium or A size, 

1. Do. small or B size. 

1 Gramme (workshop pattern) C, 

1 Do. with two sets of brushes, D. 

The results of trials of these machines shows 
that they answer for the electric fight, but that their 
power of producing light has been orerrated, and 
the horse-power required to drive them underrated ¢ 
but still the light produced by any of the machines 
is at feast fifty times cheaper than the same amount 
of light produced by combustion. ‘This relation only 
holds foot, however, as long as one light is pro- 
duced by ee machine, z 

Machine A was found to be about twice as effec 
tive and cconomical as any of the other three 
machines, which * latter ‘were about equal in 
elliciency. : ; 

The favourable result from the A machine was 
due to its low internal resistance, and its low speed 
of working, i 

As ‘regards question 11, two lamps were tried, 
viz, the Serrin and the Siemens s of these the former 
was found to be the best. It was found that 
a. great cause of irregularity in the burning of 
the lamps was the want of homogenity in’ the 
carbons, 

Under the head of Question IIL, Mr. Schwendler 
fives his opinion that the division of the electric . 

ight is‘impracticable, except at a heavy loss. He 
considers the ‘best way to diffuse’ the:light is to. 
throw. it. upwards by means of a, sifvered glass: 
reflector on to a white ceiling or other convenient 
white surface. “a bey af ot . 

The. points considered under Questions AV. and 
V. were not -unfavountble_ to: the electric light 
system. The only repairs which seemed likely to. 
bo necessary were those affecting the brushes, The 
lamps were not likely to require ‘much or difficult 
repairs. . One. skilled. mechanic. of. rather high 
intelligence would be sufficient to look after the. 
machines and lamps at any station. é 

ndix;1., which follows the general questions 
considered, gives :a° “ General ; Specification of a 
Dynamo-Electric Machine ‘required: for use in 
India.” _ The machine recommended is the .\ form, 
the induction cylinder being wound with twelve 
separate sections of wire. ; T! hespced of driving is; 
to be from7oo to 750 revolutions. per. minute, and | 


of imanipulation and” 


roduced: shoul. not: be: less: than. that 


i the: current 0 
t givél by the following formula = +: ; 





THE TELEGRAPHIC JOURNAL 


| 


| at that speed, through a-known external resistance,': ; 


where... 
Cw current in webers; ee & 
Wy == power in Mog, Ergs.® required per second 
to produce current c 3 ae 
w= power in Meg. Ergs.°required per second to 
drive the-machine with the circuit oer; 
m ea internal resistance of machine, } ‘Doth in 


rex ofternal resistance *o ‘ttnits, 


The formula given allows a loss of 12 per cent. of | 


power in producing the current. 


The specification for ‘the lamp states that: the { 
the form adopted in the 
With 18 mat, carbons the lamp , 


carbon holders are to be of 

Siemens’ lamp. 

should burn cight hours. eeu 
The clectro-magnet which pulls the are should 


not offer a greater resistance than ‘o2 Siemens’ . 
units. It is to bo shunted: with another clectrus } 


magnet of the same resistance... ‘The. amount: of 
iron used in the electro-magnet should be such that 
at the mean distance of the electro-magnet from its 


Siemens’ - 


armature the magnetic force is strong enough to. 


produce an arc of 2°5 mm. against the mean tension, 
of the spring when employing a current of 25 
webers. The magnetic action of the shunt should 
be about double that of the lamp clectro-magnet. 
The object of the shunt is to give the regulation 
movements great quickness, the currents from the 
magnets neutralising one another, 

For adjusting the equality of the extra currents 
the following method is recommended :—~ . 

“ Fornta Wheatstone bridge two sides of which are 
formed by a mercury-rheostat,; each side offering 
about o'02 S.U. resistance. The: third side of the 
bridge is formed by the clectro-magnet of the lamp, 
tlie fourth side by the shunt. In one diagonal placo 
a.dynamo-clectric machine and about une unit 
resistance, together with a.convenient make-and- 
break contact, best done by a mercury cup, . Inthe 
other diagonal, place a Bell-telephone of: lowest 
possible resistance, :One end.of this diagonal can 


~ moved along the mercury-rhcostat.. Start the. 


dynamo-electric . machine, listen to the telephone 


and alter the ratio of the mercury-branches of the | 


bridge, by ‘shifting along the contact until the tele- 
phone.is perfectly silent. 


Then if, at commencing and:stopping the current. 


a strong click is heard, we know it is duc to. the two 


extra currents not. being equal, and as we further. 


know that the shunt produces the: greatest extra 

current,. we make this extra current sinaller, by- 

shifting along the two poles of the ‘shunt, an iron 

wedge until-the telephone is quict, when, starting 

and stopping the current. 
its 


fixed i sition.” 


+be less than..25: horge-power. The 5 
recommended is that of Napier. ..: 
BEES (To be continued)” ; 


$7466 Meg. Ergs. per second, equal 2 horse-fower per second. * : 


‘The iron wedgo is then : 


. . 
In-Appendix H., Mr. Schwendler considers the: 
special conditions and information concerning the in-:: 
troduction of the electric'light in India,” ‘The engine - 


Y driving four dyaamo-machines.is-not to; 
Seats 7 peed indicator: 














on Prof, Tyndall lectured on tho | 

electric light at the Royal Institution on Friday, January i 
17, to.a house crowded from floor to ceiling, and num. : 
bering in-its audience ‘many men.and women of mark : 
and. rank,.~As was:to be-expected it was a complete | 
success, for.no lecturer knows better than Prof, Tyndall ' 
how to guide the popular mind to an understanding of i 

| fence by apt words and well chosen illustrations, At | 
e commencement of the lectura’he said that his abject : 

ras to put before his hearers ‘a few solid thoughts" ree 


~ | gatding this question of the-hour, Those whoattended | * 


{ the lecture under the impressionthat the fate of fortunes 
| hung on Prof, Tyndall's words, and saw in this statement 

aconfirmation of their belicf that he would give the 
: law in the question of Gas 9. Electricity, were doomed 


i to disappointment, for the lecture was merely a | 


{ masterly exposition of the origin, rise, and present state 
I of electric lighting, and the lecturer merely echoed 
{what.all electricians conversant with the subject have 

held, namely, that the electric light would soon illumi. 


ate our strects, factories, and open spaces, and "pose 


sibly also”. our homes, In fact, Dr, ‘I'yndall said that 
* he had come there that evening firmly’ resolved not to 


. nee { 
| was first exhibited at 


jester 





lamp 


and it 
is ana 


: Siemens’ Ia 


P—This ‘novel lamp 4 


e described. “The 

with the negative 

ow cone of copper 

ter within it, An 

at the light 

ive carbon, so 

material, The 

especially when kept 

nent, so that the new 

economy aver the old 
in it of doin 

ep likely to be 


Tux Dyvamo-Etectric Paincipus.—Touching the 


recent controvers: 


as to whether Sir Charles Wheat. 


stone, or Dr, Werner Siemens, or Mr, Varley priorly 


i: discovered this pri 


?HIC JOURNAL, 


st 
SSS 


inciple, Dr, Tyndall, in his lecture on 


+ Say a Word that would fnfluence pas shares if he could °s- > the " Electric Light,” laid down the law that the date of 


help it. As regards Edison's light he was prudently 
reticent,.and toos:the position that as.it was not yet 


EDRUARY 1, 1879.) THE TELEGRAI 


blished he could not deal wit! hen, though ata 
ure, time he’ might.’ But, atl same time, he 
Bisted on the erroncousness of terming Edison's light 
discovery," as is frequently done by our well-mean. 
E friends, the newspaper reporters, Jt may. be an 
vention, but it cannot: be a discov 
pradall, for all the laws o} 


De M 


gtly, 
jormer ones, 


id 


not give a single flicker, lam; 

from the ceiling, 3 machine, lit up 
the entire hall du: except when gas was 
required for prod: call a dim experi. 
mental light, 

all the tigh 
sand being 


to. say al 
kind of side iu 
made no 
{ which nev 


eve, joined a 

In a few moments 

wire was lost ina 

minated the entire hall like 

The golden eflulgence excited the 

many thought that it was no 

ad been enthuslastic over such a 

simply beautiful, but the cost is a 

different matter, Ono aim of Prof. Tyndall was to 
show how much the rogress of electric I hting is due 
om he dalled a tsi 


if 


ublicity must ¢ 


* fusion would be the result, 


$ 


{ 2 ON January 
+ terestin 


etermine the priority, otherwise con. 


4th, Professor 


lecture on “ Ediso 


the Hulme Tow. 
which the 


transmitter, 


terferi i 
( Grleting with oth 


Ir i 


'S reported that Mr, 


country, 


council 


Seen in A 


reported 
merica 


f a discoverer, 


ery—and he (the lecture 
such i x 
i Falsed or lowered at please pend eee 


cron 
‘olati 
diminu i 


» Without, in any way, in. 


er electric lights on’ the same main 


Edison will soon visit this 


—~At a special 

cil recently, it 

Aty powers for light. 
id for purchasin the 
Special envoy Of the 
light: which ‘he had 
eee z 


saw at the 
free se tae 


unts of the electric 
Mr. Wilde 


To 
ation 





‘ip 





i ft 


fn 


:] vertically upwards, serveas a 


interesting lecture at Newpo: 
He recalled the ig the 
h ly, 1859, he lighted his“parlour with the 
ectric light fram two small lamps fed by a battery, 
hic light" was discontinued because at that time it cost 
{Gur times the amount oftpas, Mr. Parmer considered 
m very well lighted with one candle-light to every 
7§.cubic feet of space. As regards the electric lighting 
of; New York, he assumed, as a basis, cach person to 
have a to-candle light. Taking the population ata 
million, there would be required a total of 10 million 
Candle.light power, When subdivided, the electric 
light, he estimated, would only yield soo candies per 
horse-power, and therefore 20,000 horse-power would 
Bg required to light the city, “It would not be advisable, 
Re said, to have d; nhamo-machines giving more than 
$000 “candles eac! » for fear of them getting out of 
Tepair, Thus 2,000 machines would be required, and 
some’ 20,000 lamps. A new electrical corps would be 
necessary to superintend the fines and Apparatus, If 


the light was only to be used during an hour or two out | 


Of the’ twenty-four, the cost of interest and deprecia. 


lion of plant might excced the cost of Power consumed, ; 


In the course of his lecture Prof, Farmer ventured the 


More gas consumed than there is to-day,” judging from 
the stimulus which the electric light will give to im. 
Proved gas lighting and heating, 


LAs early as 1844, Dr. Draper used a strip of platinum, 
heated bythe electric current, to determine the facts 
thatall solid substances became incandescent at a tem. 

rature ‘of 977° Fah.,’ and thatthe light given out 
increases in tefrangibility and intensity, the order of 
fays emitted being that of the prismatic spectrum, as 
the: temperature rises, Dr, Draper also. proposed a 
“unit lamp,” which should consist of a strip of platinum 
one inch Jong by one-twentieth inch wi le, connected 
toa lever by which its expansion might be measured, 

is lamp would gield at 2,000° Fah, a convenient unit 
light. «It: could be ingentously kept at constant tem. 
perature irrespective of the source, and fractions of the 
uminous surface could be utilised instead of the whole, 
Mr. W. H, Preece has pointed this out in Nature, 


* THe steamers plying’on the Weser and Elbe are to 
be fitted with electric lights, When will some of our 
London shipowners follow their example? How would 
an electric beam, shot through our smoky atmosphere 

fuminous signal for vessels 
in the Thames? With such a device, disasters such ns 
thatiof the Princess Alice might be averted. In thick 


i foggy nights or days, when the danger ts greatest, the 


track of the light would be best seen. 
$e Sate m 


* THe Marston Rock Salt Mine, Cheshire, has been it 
by electricity, a Siemens’ machine and Marshall engine 
belng employed.’ The mine is several’ acres in arca, 
the roof being stayed by pillars of, salt. The lustrous 
effect of the ight on the white sparkling salt is ver 
fine. The arrangements were made by Messrs. Welch 
fand Scott, Manchester, - eed 


“ The Library of the British Museum is to be it by 
electricity, - °  - a es . 





“Tne Watcace-Farwer’ Ligut—=The parallel ‘ar. 
rangement of the carbons in this lamp were described 
And illustrated by a Mr,’ W. Gillespie in the Mechanic: 
Magdsine for May 26,'1849. “There is no account! 
however, of an automatic re; ulator for adjusting the 
distance of ‘the carbons; this ‘is merely. lone by 0 


clamping screw, 


i} 


Opinion ‘that “in five years from now there will be - 


© Street’ Gas-Liontino. competition of the: 
electric light has at length stimulated the gas com. : 
panies to supply better street lamps, The Chartered 
Company purpose replying to the Holborn Viaduct and ; 
Embankment electric lights by fitting Mr, Sugg's 200 
candle burners to certain lamps in Waterlao-place, 
With these burners the jet is formed of concentric 
argand cylinders of flame, as many as five being used 
in the soo candle burner, and the hot alr ascends 
through a ventilator at the top, while the cold air 
descends from the top also, and is passed up between | 
the flames, ‘The lamp being closed at bottom, the : 
flame is shielded from the wind, and hence is steady in | 
the roughest weather, The lamp will be screened 
above by an opal reflector to throw down much of the * 
light now lost in the sky, and no shadow will be fost 
by the lamp frame, These powerful gas lightsare econo. 
mical, for gas is* said to jield a greater proportion of 
light’ per cubic foot as ¢ quantity per hour is in. § 
creased, “ 5 





at 


COST OF THE HOLBORN ELECTRIC 
! Prons: 


pay 
ho object o 


opacity, 
without 
wasted uj 
of the Ii 


i 


wionors pro+) 
the work. 
and the gas" 
on gay not! 


shed, and di 
mAb a cost of 


i] pared with fp 
i 0 


tol, Allti 


fectual illumination 

is wo Ii iy bo hore remarked that the thin ginss 

lobes used hy Mr, Hollingshead with the Lontin lamp at tho [!; 
Gaiety Theatre whilo affectually proventin, unpleasant effect 
upon tho eyes, socure vastly mmore offectu: illumination than | 
those on tho visduct, and if theso had. beon-used. with al: 
lesa oxponsivo lamp tho difforence.in coat would shave: been’ 
cousiderable, as about two-thirda tho number of lamps, would 
havo sutliced... In. the above calculations of coat tho pital 
oxpended and interost thereon wore not. taken into coun 

om etentcheae ahcsetobidh rote Drenb nicht 























the same 





f of £1296, ¢ 
UI! had been further dleveloped by introduce: 
: reakclen! he dloptrte aj 
: hy era.) the chalr, the pap r real plted | -} sionera Hi Trish 
“ ns ¥ -- | to Lighthouse IHuminatton, De 


‘The author showed the 










ALTARCH 28, 1879, 
paratt Stenctnem of the THE ELECTRIC LIGHT YOR LiGHTiHOUsES 
1 been referred to for utillain; ae, . ; 
| igh Ha Tue intereating and valuable papor communicated to t 
Lighthouse, iperdeatg acs guy an tho nat meeting ef tho Institution of Civil Engineers by I a ttation 
iat 816 to 1. : Mr. Douglass, on, incer to the Co: aba t ; 8 trustworthi: 
i : House, “ On tho 1 oetria Li 

Of, coal gaa, and electrici x snination, oat cannot, : 

and without & firnt-clnas 90-4} ver airen oe useful in t 

inaximuin degree of Ughe 3 

intensity of the luminaries of 

Jettect electric lumi 





authority, 
ostablishm 
light, from 
i ‘a 
nary th 
dition to thi 
id the ofl j_ From expe rs 
: 1 tive to the pert- 36,000 hours 
the French “i Hone. i nte by i be bonetNs tl hb : tho’ lamp, and: 
light at Cape use, cone, With respect to 
a t % 
| iy visti at the 1 to ruport to the Eld i 
luininary at ite ck pi 


hat Professor Holm 
would be visible at 

wet frequent Occasions, 
. ith 


i first under F 
about 8} miles, : ? . F 
be visibt : : I 
wy Mr. Jam imih vie ngs of seventeen ie ‘ ok 


Aa 


o beyond any 
its principlo 
Its regularity in 
: casy, and je care L 
notice an article on the |: h eeere of ‘tho or 
ne engineering works . a a of | f 
nthe beam } tt . our alloseing me toy ma ar thet a 
» ‘The Trinity House ne: i athe power required » 
the Sout Foreland High and Low Ligh i to drive 6 staten that a twee F 
‘ho apparatus for the productios cylin 
te 1 [SO Tb., porate 















00, 
4 Light 











ig based. And we can under. 

reat chomist, who 

inj stroke, Yor ! anitarian than as a 
i isthe’ onstrated the prac- 
vi ‘ ; bserving tho noblo and 


tho lives of those who 
iorne:| 


wan £14,036, l ‘ me) 
first cost, a1 t "from the experience aoquired It 
oll Nyhts, It retires at lenst horse power for every 
‘| about. 330, 0 00 candles, il 1000. The following table of results obtained by ; 
alt Hight. | The relative chines, he of the size in question fa the best anawer to j 
a i 
bof the i Ata triat by Mens 








beneficont pur 
"go down to 
In. lows, and the 


ts, tos machine | 




















es v cons ine fi ' 

; fous t: . DE . parivy i tied to 

of dynnino-electric } "Taghthenes . "de J9H8 Opntttur v4 aq TIES 9 he ap 

: _ Hits aga, te He 8 f re if “ olyolete ay: PAT ae 

and Inferior type, Mow! ished by the Con te * 

ward of the shin, ; du Moncel, the: we hel AU, showing * ¢ 
tt a the substitue - * iB 

1876, of the origlt Pan fou a gna for both Nght. i Retual efliciency af thy. a 


Hi On 1s 
0 ed por 
5 if us 
Fanitne machine na now made t 
Pareunionn, rength, Itt, Nin 


i ig in general, 
0 ; ig sree ie eae 
breadth Sin; 
Ute, Bins weight, ewt. 1 ae, 28 fh, Horrereda te ashe ht, 
Tho author furnished in 


Director-General of the 






3 horee. bower absorbed, pit 
revolutions per 1 niute, B50 s Hehe produced in standard cand} y | 
} condensed beam, 6100 ditfuned begun 1000; Hyht produced per H 
electric lighthouses at Capo 1 d Grisnez, whera i horee-power, In wtanutard candles, condensed beam, MO; diffused 
Alliance im: bats been ! benny 1600, : 
ti ight in the j 







This reault is tore than 


wy 



















. g Woosapuvouy qt 40 
300 FUA Oy yu; 
of any of the machiien tented at | atu Lhtdrance | 8 quounentpe oy {PNA Uo opdiour 
nd {ft in “thus one-seventh the we lesw than half the | JOU sult tostpsr ayy IU qaossu op 
I Hight in the Pa {Power to drive it, an fecor t prices conte teas; Joe)! enfpu Tin Yona duane yur 
the Gironde, Bome j than the obs pe while hen tested. ‘The ‘present | i ‘ }. 
electric Ih MG & tern, th 


| i Ofqiswodiut g 
teated at the South $ I ou 
t arda the conmumption 
van engineering 
the agen : 5 
as on {Vi i f quugunter end Ca., of os 
0 house, tllar to those spoken ae 
ra of Irish Lights in ‘tun i fin tl . I i 1 *, with a vallery 30ft, cl: 
oven I T thee t 1 ro yards, freuck, that : Hoourp 4 h 
y He i to y igh they cannot ree the 
‘Tho ad ke H M x lirect Taya sco to do thely re : 
introduction of It, than in the daylight. 
maintenatico of th ty to atating that when’ the Qramno Nae 
cont, & 7 ‘AA put on, t! ‘lutions ‘of the cugino fell fourteen, |. H 1 ad 
sity of wr the extraordinary inefficiency af the sovernor, if it » " 
f gover id nagine roneenmgteeen would think much of auch a ; i 
» When an xtra 2: op! HORE 50" I" 
en tho revolutions fell pit ee Haren an the 


oyun 07) 
oa) 


0. i i . x 
a yd st 4 ; 





IVI Ga0sgu 0} su 4 

















fourteen, 
resent price of thy O00 i 





candle Gramme anchine fe £75, 


OF PINON quoLNd 
Raneurre Wa ; i NOM trotetivdxo Br: 4yor 
; 2 DELVE Wann; q 

al ud ao) Parllnmentatreet, Westminster, March 20th, Vay Aa “ 7 : 


LOO Of ot 





















att hy iva Zi BY - 
THE,BLECTRIC LIGHT, ; citchae 
— at CHETY.-LECLURE ny GEO, . BLINK ON 
‘ 2. ic 1.1 ‘. 
Z ™ abies sped Cutcago, Int., Jan 20. 
‘Tb the Editor of the Journal of the Telegraph : j 
igh Ml - Tie Chicago Etectrical Society held its wenty: 
rent In degree; and’ whenever’ sol matter’ has ninth regular mecting at rooms 3t and 32 Union 
imparted ‘to ‘it motion, of a. very high int mite t ge 8 ae: ! Building (olectrician Suuner's rooms) ; it having 
other words, when solid mat The ty high : eae ‘ heon found expedient by tho Executive Committeo 
hice . to make this change from the rooms of the Academy 
of Sciences, Our present location is much moro cen- 
tral, is easy of necesa, nnd the good. attendances at 
this session seoms to substantiate the yood judgment 
2 which dictated the removal, . , ae 
Daniell to be 980°, by Wedge Afer appropriate remarks by Viec+ a : oe 
ive may Approxi-- | ; Jonea, and election of two now momders, the Lake- 
al ti eageeee. FE alde Mato Quartette, composed of the eee eT one previously employed; there wero more lights In the ctr. 
greater. ratio :than the. erease as the square of the current. It. tlomen, P, Gleason, Warren Brow MGs. fee ae : cult, und the itumination was more brilllunt and satisfac. 
follows that if-in the one case-viz,, the are, the light. son and Geo, Bunker, favored tho Society . j tory, Comparison was made with gas light, and also with 
| Inereases.as the current only, and in the other ee : tpchoice selection, Mr. Geo, H. Wiss then delivered | 
4 
| 

























: ‘the Hight | 
v. : ade } Was glven in this city by the Dynamo-Hlectric Light Co, 
; Several improvement in details of construction havo been 
i made, but no mdical changes, ‘The chief improvement ig 
tila the bearing of the Upper carbon holder, to allow for ox. 
pansion; the lamp has also been made slightly. taller, The! 
) Hight extibtted waa soft, pure, and atendy, and susceptibte 
‘ of perfect regulation, Any lamp In the cirentt could be 
- turned up or down, from n dull glow to brilliant incandes- 
/ cence without affecting the rest, An important improvo- 
| Ment has atso been made in the swlich, 
t 
j 





































(Fenrvary 15, 1879: 



















The dynamo machine used was about half the alzeof the 
























the voltate are, clearly demanstrating the superiority of Heht 

. ont Heht, tl . re perlority of Ight |. 

4 lecture upon olectric light, ean oe by electric incaudescence for ordinary uses, Tho carbons 

3] voltaic are me hatte sghachleics the caintaca : used in the Sawyer-Man Jamp are now Proved to le compa: |. 

t experiments; he ha 6 Mp 1 tho Werdeman. /{" tively indestructible, Tf, however, the lamp should bef’ 

g [electric ure ght,’ the Edison and i , f the Wak. broken or otherwise infuredt by accident, it ean be as casily 

ig [Mr. Bliss guvo a’very clear sists aaa Talbicke jand cheaply removed and repaired as an ordinary gas-burner, 

2% tInce, Brush, Hither tira at date ps converting “AS regards economy, tests upon a large scale have not yet 

koft Hee, oe oafiahicdra 'The lecture was been feasible. With the Power at command the Indications 
mechanical onergy * 


ji 0} are that the production of light by this system will range 
feat, tho wubject being a popular one,’ Tags oe ‘ i 
eh healt close attention of the Inrgeaudi-. { betweep one-fifth gnd on hal the cost of gas, f 
lence. “At the conclusion of Mr. Miss" remarks, the: lL ANEW RM OF CARRON, 
‘a Lakeside Quartette ayaln favored ua with a beautiful 
y 


* ¥y vi ( silent taste. ¢ In describing tho Sawyer-Man clectric Nght, Inst Decem. 
i. wil give us" all’ the! 3 ely, od ih ; ; number, rondered in oxce' ait tis Chalr for the: | her, mention was made of the pecaiiar carbons employed, 
Nae reretanee oe may, thus ; ery the tere Ve iN ; | A committoo ~ oy Srione tho disposition | the manner of thelr production being a secret which Mr. | oe 
erate “ofthe ‘differen i8,-pethaps, . n reg bi Bausea ; 
loka go0® thataeie iF purpose of Sarah Mada iin ‘Treasurer's hands. Sawyer did not chooso at that tine to disclose, 
: : ‘of tho accnmulated f kw by Vice-Vresitent {We have now been favored with an exhibition of the pro- 
After some appropriate remarkg by ; Ce8s, and A very pretty experiment [t makes, Tho carbons 


: Ss. ' 
Jones, the meeting adjourned, 77 i r |. In question aru about hatt un inch long, with the diameter of 
—— : 4 














difficulty in ob. : +. 






he ‘effect of powerful currents,” Iridium 
{ that is known to do th and iridium 
t fie Purpose, 
me's machine : 
t be taken as: 
vision of tha 











oe: 
8 
z 
g 

5 
tt 

g 

Em 
> 
pay 






























































ps giving usa light of scarcely. 

; More than 100 candlos, “The light i 

‘in’ the, Tinies ‘office appears. to. be about. Goo candice *” 

| Power, and ‘the, Wallace light is 4 

assumed th + Fat Power, + In. these two instances six ights are used ‘in 
least of ti td "1 fone cireuit, "but. we have not here the subdivision of 

\ In fact, D HI ; 













= “3 74 oneeixteenth of an inch, Their color ts atecl-yray, and the 
Paget ; surface is hard as steel; within the carbon is ‘tolerably soft, 
i . t. In bis earlier experiments Mr; ‘Sawyer employed as the 
| ures of incandescence slender pencils of gas retort carbon 
i inan atmosphere of Htuminating gas, Tho carbons were 
slowly destroyed, but at the fame tinte they took ona super. |’. 
Helul deposit, evidently of carbon, but wullke in luster and}: + 
hardness any carbon that Mr. Sawyer had scen, Inferring |: 
| that 4 moro rapid deposit would he made In adenser hydro- a 
| carbon, Mr, Sawyer experimented With a great variety: of |) 
. | stteh liquids, Auding ollve off most satisfactory, Ila mothod is : 
id res; 2 » MAC d al ¢ etene! ., { 4s simply to heat the carbon to an extremely high temper. |) °. 
nine is, |! ried : bade oA ‘ ; ature, by passing through it an electric current, while it is 
bines, the : | Immersed in the ofl, Tho best results are obtained by the |; Te ae 
et Fuse of a pencil of willow charcoal, upon which att intensely {+ bef R 
i Part deposit of carbon rapldly forms ng the hydrocarbon is i 4 
" {decomposed by tho licated pencil, : 































It is, 
“the 
tr { ‘constant, -and ..we insert | 
additional lamps, then when. these lamps are joined up 
in one.cireuit, Kes, in series, the light vasies inversely as: 
5 ft the iquare of the number, of lamps incircuit, and when 4: 
eat ‘steadineses thirdly)! Ie fe arc the light diminishe: ! 



































































“tits ‘. Af yet b ed! which’ comb 
tise of, thie’ ele 2 | nee High 
At throws," a shee 





ae . | 
ue . t 

















| atthe ht due,t 


he speed of th H 
} machine, . In deivi, 











Sth 
asta i 
basalt 











THE HLEOTRIO LIGHT, 


By Wiuiwam Henny Preece, M1.0.B,, VP. Soc, ‘TE, 
a Electrician General Post Office. . 


(coNcLUDED FROM PAGE 155.) 


But the'use of permanent ma; 
netic field was supplanted 


ets for the production of a’ 
y the use of electro-magneta, 
Biemens, in 1854, had produced an entirely new armuture, which 
i cenabled clectricians to considerably augment the currents pro. 
iftiduced hy the rotation of a wire 3 aud Wilde, in 1863, found that 
was posible, by using the current produced in a small mag 
to machine to excite tha electroamagnets of a tanch larger}! 
electro-magnetic machine, to produce currents of electricity that]: 
aidcould be magnified enormously. In 1866 Varley, Wheatstone, | 
and Sienens almost simultaneously showed how jt wag possible 
to dispense entirely with any permanent maguet, and make nee 
fof the residual magnetism contained iif the i 
acting cumulatively, would produce c nts o: 
W'18/0 Gramme, in Paris, constructed a nn prin. 
eiple, in which continuous re pro. 
duced, and about the same v von Altencek, in Berlin, | 
improved on Sic ha way as to produce 4 
machine which nearly” perfect. In 18 
producing alternate ey ¢ 
t the wanta of new electric 
that have b 


table gi: 
sitrements of the y 

7 {{83 those partic: 
: hi Light, per horse-power, 


emer 1,264 candles 
753 


Geamine : 
Vallace-Farmer } America about 400 
Holmes (Aliance’ ‘ 

‘De Meritens ,, 


” 


‘| produce these curre: 

“4 the productio 

,} in America, 

iH} = Naw, it haa been stated that the heat generated by a curr 

i].can beutitined for illtminntion, first in the form of incandescen 
‘and, fcondly, in the form of the are. ‘Tho firat form of incan. 
descence is t het resumed by u fixed wire of given length when’ a 
current of given atrength is passed through it, th 1844 Dr, 
Draper, of 
been described in the cartier part o 
day to this the ) 
of the names o} 
principle by usi 

{| iridium, or carh 


these notes, and from that 
Mmerieu and EF: 


quiring 
Dr, T 
wire be 


|| deacent wires in fact, Dr, 


Goa .. . to 
Incandvscent Wire 1 to uy] 
- The are,,, cel to 9 
But the eno with which a wire can be maintained incandescent 
28 aay to believe in the possibility of tho extreme sub. 
division of the light. There is, however nodiMoulty in sho ing 


per fg raya, 


| 


ew York, utilised this principle in the way that hn i 


- vg 
Sacer ee 
ing to our presen 


4} 


oan rule, 
ry to waintain the un 
1, but Jablochkoff in 
erent direction, 
ite, sep 


er to all thy 

r8 tu confine 
y under trial] 

first, i 


Wrillianey ; secondly, great steadiness ; thirdly, duration. Th 
Serrin lamp has the first kind of excellence; all those lamps 7, 
based on incandescence excel inthe second reapect; the Wallace. 
Farmer light ia the only one that attains the third point. Tho+ 
Rapiefl is, perbups, that form which up to the present most: 
nearly combines the ‘three requisites, but in reality no lamp has Pte 
Jet been introduced which fulfils ull three requirements, 

‘The objections to the use of tho electric light aro — 

1, The deep shadows it throws, 

2. The indifferent carbon that hus hitherto been manufactured 
fur the purpose, which leads to unpleasant sounds, to great 
variation in the intensity of the light, and to waste, 

3, The difliculty in distributing the light itself. It is so intense} s 
and conflued fo 80 small a space that it does not lend itself tof: 
distribution like. the gas flame, which occupies n considerable 
apace, A as : 

‘4. The unsteadiness of the light due to variutiona in the epecd : 

ployed in driving tho dynaino machine, iy 
of Variation in the clectric are, and that ia, the’. > 
he are iteolf, 
ents both 


vies dire 

current ns ia ge 

‘ase of light raj 

80 a8 the square of th 
» Viz, tho 7 


i; ductor with a ar 
‘To powerful currenta, 


; that to produce th 
; to produce only one light. We know from absolute measurements 


| 


| ment lamps ‘giving usa light of scarcely more than 200 candles, 
H The light of the Tapielt inp in The Tones" office appears to be | 
u 





| cations, and new methoda may lead to new developments, 
}] Our present knowledge ¢ 


! “sity not yet.” Science itself ia ever mo ing, new discoveries 
{of oe pe Aplads amretant bane Re ey 


cme ETN 


and” "tid otner~ ease, 


ICO, as the ‘ g ae = : ay 

{square of the current, a point is reached when the li ht produced 1 New Reration nErween: Evectniorry el 1G, 
5 by incandescones will equal that produced by the are Pio difi- | MreJ.E.H. Gordon presented a short: Papor.t ‘A yi 
cribing a 


Gully, tnresoblng: tha ‘Point is the difficulty in obtaining a con. | go iety at tho mecting held on February 18th} 
t} 


rittaraPes Choe cunion 4 rena the effet Foxtension of tho ‘phonomena discovered by. Drs: Kerr. The 
i to do this, and iridium is too scarce and too dear to be used for j following ig an abstract of the Paper s “Lin-Novembor,1875, 
| the purpose, aa anes: Dr. Kerr dnnounced in the Philosophical 

nyt? multiplication of the light hy Grammo's machine upo the fie had discovered a now relation betweon electri 
i W'hames Embankment must not be tn en ns the solution of the pro-, mee ’ * * 
i istem of the aubiiviones of the light. ‘Theory showa winiatukeably Ho showed ‘that, when glass is subjected to aps hae 
sreatest cffect wo muat have only one machine | troatatic stread, ‘strain is produced which causcs thé 


f t like a crystal upon polarised light. -, On Wednei. 
that such a machine can be need to produce a light of 14,880 sige vane 5 aso Tr Ri eeriine at this. éxperiment in , 
candles, and it is ossible to produce 254 candles per horsv-power; ay, February o, 1649, i enieavouring’ by: sitcany of the” 
but the moment that we attempt to multiply the number of lightsin | the Royal Inatitution, and endeavouring, by: th 
ircuit this power diminiahes, so that we lave on the Embank- | electric light, Lo project the effect on'a sercen, in Preparation - 
for a lecture on the nextday. In tho Bilder as described 
i ind which wi vn plainly on the screen, on, 
H ndle power, and the Wallace light is equal to 800 | by Dr. Kerr, and which wag shown p! y Breen, 
atte pe Tn those two inatances six lights are aed in one | February 6th; tho light is oxtinguished by. tho Nicole, and 
uit, but we have not here the eubdi pion of the light; wo 


on the contra ¢ vhei il is sel ing. In tho projec 
iplicat: A appears. when tho coil is set going. t e 

Y, the trary, tho multiplication of the light, produced | °° 2 seutely’ bright Wilts: 

i the “increased peed of the engine, due to the insertion of | tion experiment a patch of moderately: bright white 


ve : : d 7 On Ore i diamotor, appeared on tho sereon ~ 
wditional lamps, alt is, however, easily shown that inn circuit | light, about three inches oF, c ee Bore 
where the electromotive force ia constant, and we insert ad. when the coil was worked, The images of the points inside. : 


iti , th hen these lamps are joined up in one circu i 2 inches apart. On Wednesda 
He mecmagt 10 ght varies incorea iy as thie aquare of tla number tho, gliss were about 1} ine P 


i i ad te 
lumpe in cirenit, and when joined up, agin multiplearo, the light :] however, the electrostatic stress was aeag raed 
shea ag the cube of the umber inserted. Hence the anb.! become strong enough to porforate tho glass, tmmedint 

divivion ‘of the Tight ia an absolute ignia fatung, | In the first bofore perforation there occurred the effects which’ are ‘th 
place no machine has yet been produced which is competent or 4 ication. Firat appeared a 
} ighti: J bject of the present’ communica pp : 

capablo-of lighting over 20 lamps; secondly, no conductor js: | subject o T ; soren inches al 
known but copper competent to convey the current required to patch of orange-brown light about Six or seven inche! ; 
meter. This at once resolved itscl£ into a serics of four or 


light these lamps, and copper is an expensive material, Thirdl 7, 
ne electris Hight has yet coon produced which combincs all ths five. irregular -concéniele. lugs darie uad orange brown, 
PA tothe conan we bs '] the outer one being, perhaps, fourteen inches diameter. Tu 
about two seconds moro these vanished, and were succeede 


ficien 


Say Soh ot 
As ‘to the cost, all that’wo have seen in print is’ problematical 
and one sided. Invariably the estimate of the light-producing 
power is too high, and, a8 hus been previously stuted, the expen 
diture of power is put at too low a figure, 80 that wo have not 
yet received authentic information as to the cost of the light. 
Tho electrio light is unquestionably a wasteful form of energy 
for the production of light, because we cannot utilise all the heat 
produced, but only a fraction of it. Under the must favourable 


»cirenmatances this fraction is but a half, and we can therefore 


aver utili than that. But it hug shown us what ‘a yood }~: 
light bation to be, and how it should be obtained.: 
a though the extensive subdivision of the light must be ranked 
with perpetual motion, squaring the cirele, and the transmutation 


of inetals, yet no one will say it is.‘ impossible,” but all must 


Tur Axno-Canuon Ltout.—This light, by which. tho 
enstern section of the Westminster Aquarium ig at 
illuminated, is produced by the combustion of ‘gas. which has 
7 been enriched by the vapour of # nearly, white hydrocart 
++ whieh, in the solid form in which it ia_aupplied, hast! 
167 || appearanco of sticks of eream-coloured séaling-wax (? nap “tt 

| aline), ‘Che vaporisation is effected in'a metallic chamber of 
sspheroidal form, fixed at a slight distance from tho burner, 
“go as to receive some of tho radiated heat, : The now light ist 
considerably stronger, brighter, and ‘steadier than ordinary 
gislight, and appears likely to bring w considerablo accession 
of strength to the cause of ‘gas-lighting, Fe fe 


7 f- WB 


FEBRUARY 22, 1879, 


are ever coming to the front, and although it would almost seem’ 
that in the electrical world discovery had cenred, nevertheless 
it is impossible to siy from duy ‘to day what the morrow, 
inny bring forth. New discoveries may lead to new Applic 
*, tet nit 
though wo hesitate to any it ia impossible, yet it would seen in! 
, fo thut electricity cannot supplant gas for 
onicatic purposes, or Highting large apaces, wor! shops, ware. 
houses, railway stations, docks, extensive areas where work ia 
eng conducted, for naval and military purposes, for guarding 
ships and fortresses by night, it ecome admimbly adapted. 
Whatever the clectric light of the future may be it will have its 
own sphere, While the introduction of gas in no sense or form 
interfered with the production of candles, go it is difficult 
ceive that electricity will in any way interfe 
on the contrary, rather tend’ to Itereage i 
Swing us a greater appetite for a better ligh 


wom 














oral authoritics, ry 





Conférences électriques de la salle Pierfe 
et Petit 


Phy La conférence du {1 mars a 6té consacréo A I'ex- 


! », Dosé d'un projet do distribution A domicile de Vélec- 


tricité dans une grande ville comme Paris, située a 
Proximité d'unc chute d'eau ulilisablo tello que lo 
serait celle du Niagara, ? 
Pon Apras avoir Mmontré comme on pourrait canaliser 
le. fluide Alaide de fils de cuivre isolés, Vorateur a 
‘ Indiqué Ia disposition du réguiateur automatique 
‘do courants quit a inventé et que nous avons dé- 
crit. Tl a ensuite oxéeuté une multitude Mexpé- 
riences pour montrer & quel Usage se prdte le fluida 
merveilleux, 

Nousavonssurtont remarqué un moteur eetrique 
de M. Mareet Deprez actionnant une machine & 
coudre avee une facilité et une docilits remar- 
quables, . 

Nous donnerons une description spéciale de cet 
/Intéressant Appareil qui est Appelé & montrer que le 

* réle de Mélectricité ouvridre est bien plug:fécond 
qu'on ne Jo supposed VAcadémic, gt 
» “La salle était comble, elles spectatenrs sont partis 
enchantés d'avoir Passé une aussi instructive ey 
agréable soirée, . , 


Liotit iN .Paiis—The Municipal |i 
Arranged with the Societe Generale |; 
fF light for another: year in certain 
Parisian-Gas Company to 
ig fora year in Certain other 
have sixty-two candles in the + 
ra, fifteen in the Place d 
lon des H G 


and si Tl 


wilth 


ec | 
Eau 
h 


~The chainnan of Ways and 
Vorpool Lightin; Bin 
itred Kayo) 
me Alto to bo appointed §, 
ven thus e 
pool 


any achomen f 

ion hand ® how far aud 

ned hy Big odes of Ughting should 
porations, other 


aa 


ens 


= thy re 7. : 

écessnires pour l'installation & Paris deta 

migre Werdermann ont enfln commencé et nous sonimes 

heureux. d'annoncer & 1108 lecteurs que M. Noaillon a.6té 

chargé «'y -présider, 
Quoique ect 
depuis quelque: 
aleurs reprises, 

tenies, In conata’ cet appareil. 
8 qut contirment de 
avons faites, ily a 


otro prochain numéro, le compte- 
ntations mumriqnes ansguellee 
en ce mottrent, 
éstrecaiont 


cur procurer lea c, inv as . Ctr nous 
scrions hetreux ae sutiafaire 
si} 
Jablochkalf a fait £00 apparition sur Ja lace 
dela Bastille i ¥.0 deja pres d'un mia, 

Ea quautité de tuniéee produite stant notoirement fusuf- 

sante pour éctairer Une superticie aussi vaste, I est ye. 
ritablement Incroynbte que les fngsntoura de In Compagnie 
n’atent pas ern devoir rettoneer i lenra opates, 

fa Compagnie Varisienne’ n'a Pont encore Viposts aux 
foux de Vélectricité, « ce du Chiateaned’Kae n'a point 
changé Wnspect, 

Ce retard mis A Tentrée ev tice eat interprsté dine fayon 
Den favorable, ear Ja Compagaia Parisienne n'a boint intérss 
A alténitre Varrivée Man autre compétiteur quine sera point 
long A cutrer en lice, 2 

Les essnis Méelatenge leetrique par ta lunte 
ko n'ont point été trés-henrenx de Yautre 
frofte a, ; 

Eerit que les Inmigrea aduicos 
Vout-point olfert te degré de rd 
fendait. Les interruptions Paraisee 
suns doute a cause de quelque vice 
suflisance des Machines, 

Cependant, tes directeurs de cet Stablissement tnodde wont 
point Frenoucé A Vemplot da Vélectricits, el, de Vaven de 
tons, In Suppression des tampes ensaydes A titre Wexpd- 
rlenee n'est point ditluitive, : 

en est de 
quat dela Tamia 
période indiquée 

En effet, la com 
mois quien dimit 
défi ne représent 

Si le 


long au 
Ha de tn 
répitd'an 
demanie et qui 
hours, 
Parisa été Plus générenx 
nt pas seule. 
isien, on 
‘i habile. 


i Venu une sor 
its publique, us 


| Malgré tes échecs cha systome Jabtochkotf, tn 4 Bos 
i itn re estique vient de faire Un pas ghee ds 

; , fulere cate de déteoit rie Ye pri 

Cian e Liven Brace & la noble initiative prise par 

: . En effet, te Conacil muntelpal de cette g 

} Mlve cité ayant demands an Parlement tau 

! Fer tout on partie de la vilte PV dleete; 

i de ta conn 
serait charys 

; Not-seutens 

} les corpora 


fe publique 


lomniées : Sf, Spencer 
ir Ughtred Kay-Schut. 


i... Les trots Mewlires restants Seront 
; ultérle 
i Dar te Comité de stlection,  - pie 


} Cette en wéle aura jeu Bec toutes tes Barantics et to join 
ti los 
ue te Partemeng ’Angtetorre @ this dang celles q'tla or. 
| re j : 


urement nommes 





“he 


a a 


des’ Arts et Métier: 


rvatoire des Arts 
i ubliquo & Paris, an Conse : 
caislors he le cours de M. Becquerel, La séane 


des ditféronts modes d’éelairage électrique, le sa- 
ec: 5 n 


5 us 
Il s'est’ parlicullérement appesanli sur celul q 


éclat juste assez brillant pour que l'on] puisse le 
contempler sans dtre hlessé, y 

Nous reviendrons, di 
Sur le compte-rendit 
M. Beequere) ayant bi 
nous donner les rensef, 
suffira d'ajouter que ait produite par 
Une machino |’. nnée par une des loco- 
mobiles des galeries, M, Noaillon-avait disposé six 
lampes dans fe voisinago de Ia chalfe, qu’éclairent 
une vingtaine de hecg de gaz, 

La lumiére Werdermann teg falsait palir de fagon 
& montrer qu'avec une installation permanente celles 
auraient suff pour éclairer vo yaste amphithéatre 
oit Non allume ordinairement une cinquantaine de 
bees de gaz, 

La foule qui encombratt les grading a salud de ses 
applaudissements Je savant Professeur, et s'est ro- 
Uirée enchautée dur Spectacle dont effe avait été ap- 
Pelée A jouir, : 


es. I] nous 


"Electvicité, du Temps, du Petit 
Paux journaux politiques, as- 


Voici comment le Temps rend comple de cette im- 
bortante experience ; . 


« Hier soir, & eur heutea, St, Reequerel abordait daus 
Fon coura que dt Conservatoire des Arts ot Métiors 
nirage Gleetrique, Le benit s‘étant 

Werdermann serait Pour fa prea nis al 
‘In theorie en serait faite, Je grand 
éaé par ine foule trop considérahte 

placé tout entire, 8 r= 

erdermann avaient été dispostes dana hd. 
+ Antone deta ehaive du Drofersenr, Elles cont att ale 
une prewi ecb ont brite a vegalarité 
pendant prds de Vingt minutes avant Fouverture de 


Pin eéane 


Bglotie, sand ett verre din 
FoiOnde pénant 


pf 


4 


Vtatey ‘ qul wétaiont entoures Wauenn 
lait paste me 
blanche et agréahte tt 
fous les systémes de régue 
hnparfait iiventé par Arche. 
gcutenses, mais mnalhearen- 
bar MM. Léon Foteantt et 
* appareils ont fonctionns 
Wane pile de ecinqiante. chmueuts © 
ungen, yeand modéle, Ia out donned Ia limidre shloniss 
Bue Von connalt; jal, malgrd son fa 
Be possédait. potnt wie erga 
Dyers We Hermann, lente B 
Miance,* petit modadto 
“en <alnnn les ‘galeries. 


Jn Tumis 
Le professuur ¢ passé 
Hers connus 





a Jumiére’ Werdermann a falt sa premitro appa~ 


v H 
du mereredi 20 mars ayant été consacréc a l'étude 


vant professeur a p cn revue tous les systimes. i 
ant f ura passé vue t l 


Ui gon. aoe . 

Le savant professeur a passé -ensuite on, a les syne 
mes imaginés par MM. Lohengrin et Régnier ct les hongies 
| Jablockkolf.’ Le premier s'est éteint Tapidement ‘apras avoir 
1 Jelé un éclatr assez vif; 16 second n'a Présonté qu'une Inten- 
| alt insigniflante. , 2 
{  M. Mecqtterct a - ensuite écrit to systamo qui format ~ 
Yobjet principal de sa legon et qui consiste & faira briler un 
pelit charhon butant constaniment contra un gros qui Var. 
réte ct reste pourtant inaltérabte, : 

Si M. Th. du Moncel, fe savaut collégne de M. Becquerel 4 
21, VAcadémic des scierices, w'avnit admirablement oxpliqué les 
onnanls effets du contact imparfait, dans tes mlerophones 
de Hughes, on les traimétees ot les inicrophones «Edison, 
on coniprendrait difMficilement l'éne et In régularité tle In 
“Wutuitre que M. Werdermann produit dans des coutitions 
identiques Warsemblage, 





ecteurs, déja |. 

I'Electricité a fait connalire & ses lecteurs, il znd, oe 
usi urs mois, et qui a fonctionné A quatre , 
re avec uno régularité merveilleuse, o 5 


% 
M. Beequerel a insisté eur ta présenre un veritable are 
Htatque qui tient au mode de réglement du contact, et qui 
utie essentictlement te syetéme Werdermanin de tons 
stémes A incuhdescence, 
Wn fait fonet Je cantre-poids, simple, ing 
puissant, qui rancne e charbon-combustible dun inn 
ide $45 nillimetres au aquasi-contact du charbon-butoir, La 


PRICITE 83 i 


‘ 
surface ite ce dernter est de vingt on trente fois plus grando, 
ee qui lui donne tine eonductibilité de quatre & nent cents 
fois plus considérabt 

La petit charbon est I geul qut se consume, On en hrale 
Hatre A cing centimetres par henre, Coux que nous avions 
Mit tes yeux en poszédatent vingt-cinyy on teerte de lon- 
ytetir, ’ 
ie eros charhon, qui sert de réflectenr, 1m s'use polut 
Pat éciable, ‘it devienne rouge. 
Wate fagon appreciable, quoiquiil d . 
Heciueret a ensuite abordé Ja question a prix Me 
tevient, Ha établi, & Vaide de chiffres resultant d an gran 
hombre daunces de pratique j urnalidre, atte Ia ee it 
tes Inachines PAdiance, employée vec un régulatenr Serrin, 


revient sept fois meilleur marché daus les phares que celle ° 


des Inmpes & pétrote, parce que Pon Peut utilieer art In 
foren éelatraute que lélectricité produit dans de pareiltes 
citvonstances, 
ie sera Ta proportion avec la Jemlbee Wertermann, 
'éelni rt ate: tits? 
pour Véelnirage des rues et des apparteny . . 
, Wane sera possihte de ta sennulnes a's la eile d ests 
i ‘ y Mais tous tos assis 
rienees nombrenses et | a.) : 
PU juger que Jes quarante-Intit hees de giz, Hirdlant ins 
de cing mttres enhes a hea, Seren we any: ruapleces 
Verdermann, ai te i 
aves avantage par la himidre Werder i cents 
foyers avaient été convenablement répartis dang tout Mat 
phithéltre, ee 
: En ferminant sa tegon, M. Becquerel bry ani 
Inne Forde! i ont bre " 
nner tes tapes W erdermann, qui / 
scons apres que fe savant professenr ge fut retire an milieu 
des apploudissements de son audiloire, » 


ole nn 





nate 











: a ar {f eapital required to'carr 
THE ELECTRIC LIGHT. are ; Do lighte cach enelosed i 


c * HY MR. LATIMER CLARK, day, whose admiration it 6 iny : t : yam ee trou 


: : ae i [| thia successful ‘ d. 
i h March Mfr, Latimer Clark delivered a popular lec: | a8 ng at Bi fers 
a feria above aubject at the Eyre Arun, in aid ‘of the funda | breakfast, ement ¥! Ly day, Inst, 
of St. Saviour's Church, 4” 7 : hib ela tx. _] do mo innel 
(We'are unnble to do: tnore than indicate the heads of the leserip. 
yarious subjects touched upon in this admirable lecture. It is ; 
due also to the autlior that we should say that the experiments ,Ineandescence 14 moat wasteful proeess, 2 ote 
Were very numerous and brilliant, the hall being successively | Prof. Tyndall hi those raya of heat and light pabliet th 
{ lighted up hy different aystems of the electric light,—Eo, u whie early 05 per cent, aro th lark : 1 
; he lecturer commenced by acknowledging the help he had are rays of light.. ‘Tho 1. Gas companica need! 
i received in various dircetions In obtaining apparatua and infor. | th NO proportion of light Ke P cent. of their: revenne 
mation epivel for the Pupeice ol the lecture, las bp Ging el Pe at 2,000 an jeale at : pga 
icity and magnetism are known hy their effects, by wh: ensely brillian j ad ie 5 per cent from. street lighting, | ian th § 
they ine ‘ one for Es although at rescit it is impossible for egies prods rien orine pan, The improvement that will ; F fae Wa eae an (SE, 
mnyong to i absotutely wat eesti tt i a ome . he demauded in future will fund to, inoreawe Aisi consuriyp 20, Fawealt-street, Tealelifo Gardens, 8 th Kensington, 
deal with tho phenomena due ne LY, ‘tion, and gas engines form one of the best source Y [We publish ate, arch 3, 1879, 


icity i . e mnriner’s . A “di » their capi 06 Thelwall's letter, but in the Intor 
tricity itself, “These phenomena are seen in the mariner's com the electric light, It was ridiculous to sce their capital depre patentee we te remarked get? atl Mh laterent of : 


2a, enabling the sailor to steer his coure with oxactness fy 5 or 20 per cent. in a fortnight at the appearance of n ‘something more shochiy 
toi tf And oceans, when ie be ie byes ihe asthe i it DY seas earch by auonymonst rain, dh merien, ‘The jin ‘nforation sapneed tobe eee od ts ei 
an eropton, fd npn st ea er peectentions [of gua, even when ured anigincers, who nre all of ong opinion, wore never consulted on] ("%* Periape Al teal wl esta“, "4 
covery, nnd to n daily in sing extent in our inanufacturen sideration equal illumina engineers, whe Bie a oe OS OF ti at ' a 
Electricity isonly now in ita infancy, its greatest applications | coat ahout 24 tinea that See ee tice hond, electricity has taken its place definitely and ut . GAS v, ELECTRICITY, 
have yet to come, and though : may have taken a very fair bite | Vinduet was stated to cos Bs t ud will continue to extend and be improved, It ia already !  [15166.J—Tim writer of tetter 1583, _p.-640, 
at our cherry, the greater portion is yet for the futire, The | gave 7 tines as mich ligh 2 firmly, a1 extensively and successfully, It gives off no smell. |; “| touches upon a point of great interest to gas-cone 
greatest discovery looming in the immediate future is the dis.’| distributed. ‘This relutiy uscd very: ! nid Hert n geen rant that you go into a house 
coxery of the mysterious fink which binds all the imponderable | 200 or 300° candle in lodgings ant fare Vetter humbe sie fen te live 
elements together, Heat, light, electricity, tmagnetisin, phy | lights of 5,000 cand aes persuade your auillaity that the increased light 
gical sore oF bai H what are they, and how are they conncetod oan gas. , palntings. There ix not the slightest danger of fire ov explo- toes not mean more gas burt, ‘Tho fittings ina 
utually convertible, we enn from heat o ain electricity, and, he tuchines used for generating the curren f y 


PP y feavatian eos, the chenpest 180 Aro usually so mada that the table i lie 
nt were next ry. jon, and, Inatly, it is, under certain cireumstances, th 4 ately below tho“chatrlclicr is ‘quite in ‘the shad 





vice verst (this was shown experimentally), we can boil water anid ferred to, and experimenta illustration i i wvery lorse-power produced by the combustion of + awhile the va il lin q 
obtain steam; we can enclose an electro-magnetic engine in an [As we have, from time to time, Glecused ak hot shows. Poa Nn gaint ‘pounds of cal giving the light of « thonsand i rl thc ar aide amor as 
air-tight globe, and thence obtain a perpetual fountain of foree, | moat unportant of these machines it is not necesaary to refer i 


C. readers a fer of the 
candles. All these facts point to a imugnificent future. i+ best burners, which any respectablo Hars-fitter will 


heat, and light, The quantity of electricity, ng shown by a gal- | again to them here.) How astonishing, then, are the wonders of electricity, How puply pa ie fmprovernent on tho ak syle was 


» hi . ‘ . PN jon i a ermitted to live in 
= -| The history of the stepe by which these resulta are obtained ie " fortunate | pew aetahiey hire being permitt “to-day with { waotber sort, a fineater dmprovenent ia 
Yanoucter, is not reduced at the opposite sides of tho globe; the 7 , : ¥ period | duced bya hole in a steatite disc, thromph which the 


* < : Gy : 2 
d ‘puly fe ts that of tension, reaeinbling lightning on the one ide, 5 THE ELECTRICIAN 7 © Scott's Magazine, ease mis miust pass, Tho upper part ty cnlarged |: 
Jnlnes Ce fou aud power; while on the oppositesside Vigour gives {| EE END : i a vem apes Fed ee er tho as {sf a mantir, | 
¥ v a *, el A : by ets id - ewan! on ® 0 

bs, peace dulness, he wilh steam, it enters an interesting, Electrical phenomena were known to the ancients » i fatter than nu ondary oe. ‘Tho buenersarecalkd 

1. , ready tod the same junntity Job 4,000 years nyo suya, *Canst thoit send lightnings that they MARCI 15, 1879. : “Hny’s Special Patent," and havo asa trademark 

‘Ae the tenia Hough Atrength to muy go, nud aay unto thee, here we are,” chap. Hs The old : touoking thd sins ee draneace other. Tho number 
it ia co on a the ae are Greek Sriters mention Amber, and the loadatone was well Knoven ‘what it was when many in this room were born—no gas, no steam: tain aunnber (say dea very useful sizo} burns less | 

falls it ie lik crted. into heat. He autelent times, Inn 1209 the mariner’s compass, the grandest 2) oneincs, uo cleetric telegraphs, no photography, no railroads, no sits tian he soprenponiing No. of tig old fort. 

cily may in them j of all discoveries, hnd its birth, We can but mention thy nates 2 Sletaalyiite, no telephones or microphones. How proud ought | f Sabout ial esate sta nin gives aigh 
ear of the inore modern workers in thin great field, Gilbert. made we to feel, tov, that our own little island has been the birthplico : rid ve bilenots’ are nieve Pui + tho leads’ Iie 
ith to night is j himself famous in 1600, Stephen Gray from 1720 to 1736, of most of theae wondrous discoveries which have 80 changed onde, Argand, in various sizes, is escelfent 4. 
tenes bis | Desagulier 1742, ‘The Leyden jar was discovered in 1744. In 1734 the face of the world, Science has, doubtless, great triumphs in ‘n reading-lamp, or for offices, &e,, and if used 

a tr coericity + GM, Marshall made the first el trie telegraph.® ‘The end of! store for us, but just as no previons generation has witnessed with a governor, which all hin Lirge sizes ha 


rs wheneve i : a eontur : oar id : é .. 5 or very iiener, 
Aine er It the ¢ igltewnth centiry gave bh th such advanece 14 ours, 80 it is not conceivable that any Futiive ‘well Sopiet tor toe eee rite 
i y ' Ta (aa the woudrows discover : generation can see such stupendous changes aa we dave wit is uleo malo by Sugg, ‘This is an excellent stentitg 
alternate lin i ] : ae a 1302 Sir HL. Dav. i ‘ nesaed. ‘he seeptre of the world has departed suceessively from ' burner with governor beneath. ‘Tho globe, ormoon, |. 
Vith two r nein Mor i u Jadia, from Egypt, from Athens, and from Rot ever travel. + is pecullar, and on a thoroughly goor principle, At}. 
q taic ure was eli F and it Hing weatward, aud itimay one day depart from Britain to travel - { so2ms to bo thought clegant to Nava the opening at |* 
{light by incandescence sree, The | our. telegraph itl fu ta O ttiuee But wherever it be found | tho bottom, by which alr is admitted, as sul ax |i 
“4 the gatvauie J; . t invention of ; i Bill furthe: to ibs the setting sun, uv H tae Py possitlo—about tio inches across, But tho inoous | 
4 ‘ure battery, Rewat on indue us long as civilisation existy, and as long as mankind lng a his or tho Christiana Luners have whto opentiyac: 
ly led lights, u yer, and k construction of inaehines tory, be it thousands or be it ten thousunds of years lence, men four inchesboth at top anit bottom, and there 
th Le ed to, and it it the ft + Tn 184h De Moloyny took and even chiktren will be taught to speak with “reverence of the : allow tho air to enter without wafting the flame 
ithe end ant Hc eaeaedencent napa nese wi Fan Drutenser ate Std | dag in which we now Lieof the age of the grent Queen Vie isang cata Robey Hehe bare 
oft! e beat kno fl This formes ais of t up, nt number of others, “Professor Noflet in 1849 toria—ant to point out on the map the tittle wen-girt island : ‘ nerow openiag. ‘The govern wakes eRe tte 
jomens, Wi otwn Tay ¢ Jablochkotf, 1 Mee | Constructed machines, Hotues in 1860 made hin improveme ; the northern seas in which these wondrous discov ul the: - | ution costly, Fut for these who do not mfad that 
lam Hea ide, &e, eae, tf and lighted up Dungences Lighthoney in 1862, some 6 ty yours ZB) birth. :, wore : ' they are oxcellent, ; 
: ‘ Points in contac after Davy. Wildy in 1803 increased the power of the machiie -- - : ‘ET may bo allowed, Fehould liko to say 8 wont : 
Space between th hy making the current of one Machine pass through the coils of : is i % ee their pi hia sei want fo harnee 
another, In 1866 Alfred Varley patented, and in 1877 Siemens «steady light the Iolo of the evening, no matter. 
aul Wheatstone deseribed publicly, the iden of making the cure ; ow many burners are lit, have your pipes amply 
rent magnetise its own magneta, This seema to have been pree a “Targo enough, nud-:fix.n.goycruor near tho meter. 
‘ioualy- thought of. by Hjorth in 1854, ‘The history is thus dhe HS ui aeconitaaslsl a falg waka 
8 brought down to the present day, in which the poorest among 
rf wired very n8 has at command powera which kings in former ages could not - 
, a nsion, two waya, F eae oe, : 
s Perfectly sitent and i 2 lave scen that sual lighta cannot at present compete with | 
aunt to from 50 to 10 rw? but not kas in price; in fact, these smaller lighta i hitherto Produced Ny 
M rojecte are not much chenper than Inrgo: ones, though we may expect | 
could he ;; Breat advances in this reapect.- Thore in another side to the 
rab ane me j{ucation Large light (5,000-candic ‘to 15,000-candlo) produce 
ony ‘alt much more cheaply than gus, , 


ths + Douglas, of ‘Trinity House raya in lighthouse work : Grae ctd 
" Ke ‘individual fea . Hpi uf conl producea nearly 20 times na tuet, light as if dis as 7 ; must apologive {or fie de tT halt keg 
nt in this he was for Qi f  ggttato gaa, 3 ; eat 2 . | letter has Rape ee i hich Nes in m, 
: ‘eatalled Mr. Schwendler, of tho India 0 se light: ce ~ 0, .. to give any further fuformation which 
“Jatyp.ne now shown, Tho_j |...can be produced 60 times cheaper tor Gass ae lara lights ig = : “ [power _ Fi Amen 


electri inna, thou, 











soeenite 











ELEOTRIO HIGHy FOR LIGHTHOUSES, 


4 05100.]—"T.3.T%a" iilea Getter 15992; p. 61) 
of getting motive power by the tile raising a woight 
isan old ‘favourite, but, still a, very inipracticable 
ond... Tho correctness af! tho Intter qualification I 

[will try to show. I do not. know, the riso of any 
particular tide to within half‘ a dozen fect or jnore, 
not do I know how many horse-patwer “7,3. 7." 
Would “royuiro to drive ‘his- electric fight. This 

belag tho case, I will simply snake uso of inits, the 
reault of which will enable us to reckon up the 
power of any sumber of tons raised auy nuinber of 
fect per 21 hours, A horse-power is: oqunt to 
raising 33,0001b, 1 foot in I minutes therefore, for 
cach ton each foot raised per ‘4 hours, tho tile 
would perform work oqutul to ‘000017 horse-power, 
+} which would bo tho limit of power extending over 
2t hours to be got out of that weight ant height, 
Tcaleulate it fue wo 


maiuntes In 
iso 5,0 Tt? 
Ty 24 hours, ho we havo 
“0133 horses: 


up 
ri 


necessary to | 

leakayo In at 
hero there is an] : 
ght rendy mada to | 


{he lors in storing and probable 
Tthink would render any ach 
power wonld be required for ¢ 


day, simply impractiéablo—at least with our pro- 
Bent knowledge, ? Ble Avot [ 


Tout derniérement M, Jamin a combing une hou- 

_ gle Sectrique dans le genre de celle de M. Wilde, 
dans jaqueito ‘fe point lumineux est constam:nent 

, Malutont A léextrémite des charbons par ta répetion 
Bur Vare yoltatque du 


Courant lut-méme, Le: 
conducteur passe au-dessus do cet are ot 56 replib. 


quatre fois sur tui-mame autour des charbons et! 


suivant une figure rectangulaire, De plus, M. Jamin’ 
Dlace devant Vare alnst produit un Moreenu de chaux 
quien Ihnite Métendue et forme en mome temps ré- 
“lecteur comme dans lun deg systémes Raplett, Les. 
harbons, dontT'un des Supports estearticulé comme 

_ dans Je .systume de Wilde, sont Maintenus légore- 
ment ‘inclings Yun sur Vautre, ils s'allument at 
restent dans les moines Conditions d'éeartement: 
Sots Notuence des attractions latérates exeredesi 
par 1es parties du cheuit métallique voisines des; 
chartions, Le courant peut dtre on effet coinbing | 


dans ces parties Gu circuit ¢ Mantra A Marcher 
dans ui méme sens Saye 1 UWhMa | 


. 


Marcit. 15): 18792] 


Motes... 


Ma 


rie E kerric  Lraur.—The experiment .with the. 
dlesiete Tight in Holborn has come: to an end, and the! 
City Commissioner of Sewers. have recommended the 


report thereon tobe printed... ; 


_ Ting lighting of the Niritish ‘Miscum Reading Room. 


by twelve Jablochkoff lights, on posts some'tg ft. abor 


, $5 another success, and: has.evoked the ap. ° 
fee one Last ‘week the room was kept 


Open for readers till 7 p.m, to test the light for reading 


» A very faint hum is heard from. the lamps; i 
Butat is soon disregarded, The smallest print can be.‘ 


ily read, and any flickering of the diffused light that’ 
there may be is mot at all troublesome to the eyes, 


Tue cost of lighting the Albert Hall, which is fitted 
with four Siemens" lamps hanging from the dome and 
four Jablochkoff candles mounted on posts in the 
orchestra, fed by Sicmens’ new alternating current 
dynamo.electric machine, is stated at 12s, 6d, per hour, 
exclusive of interest on working capital, 


Tue British Electric Light Com any have lit the 
Liverpool Landing Stage temporarily with electricity 
by means of, two: Gramma. machines: and two Serrin 
lamps, . It is expected that ocean steamers will profit 
by, this’ iNumination - of, the: Mersey, “Several of the 

avre and. New York steamers, now, carry a flashing 
electric light at the mast-head, es 


Mr. Latingr Ctarx,, who. to: his other gifts adds. 
that of lecturing, gave an ‘admirable lecture on the, 
electric light at the Eyre Arms, on March’ sth. . He 
was assisted by Dr, Multhead, and all the well-known 
lights. were exhibited.” In his peroration -Mr., Clark: 
declared his,firm faith in electric lighting as confined: 
to streets and halls, He concluded :' How astonishing. 
then are the wonders of electricity. How fortunate are: 
we of this generation in being permitted to live-in a: 
period of such progress, Compare the world of to-day: 
with what it-was when many,in this ‘room were born—— 


» NOt gas, no steam-engines, no, electric: telegraphs; no 


photography, no. railroads, no “steamboats; no: tele. 
phones or microphones... How. proud: ought we to feel, 
too, that our own little island'has been the birthplace 
of most of these wondrous discoveries which have so 
changed the face of the world, Science has, doubtless, 
great triumphs in store for us; but, just as no previous 
eneration has witnessed such ndvances as ours, so it 
snot conceivable that any future generation can see 
such stupendous changes as we’ have witnessed, The 
sceptre of the world kins departed successively from 
Indla, from Egypt. from Athens, and from Rome, ever: 
travelling westward, and it may one day depart from 
Britain to travel still: further towards the ‘setting sun, 
But wherever it befound,as longus civilisation exists,and 
as long as mankind has o history, bolt thousands or be’ 
it ten thousands of years hence, men, and even children, 
will be’ taught to speak with ‘reverence of the day in 


which'we now live—of the age of ‘the ‘great: Queen. |: 


Victoria—and to point out on the map ‘thaclittle sea. 


iscoveries had their birth." 


rae aan 
ee 


THE TELEGR/ 


girt island in the rorthern seas, in which these wondrous: fc 


. Europe; and stay two years, 


~ Atany rate, an expectant public has been looking for the 


Puoromermean Varun or Exiorma Lranr, 
that photomotrical experit 
Yalues of tha two lighta, 


" Asueticd ros Fun av. Epison—Mrs, Edison snys tha 

when Mr. Edison gets the clectric light finished, and one & 
other invention off his hands, he nnd the family will po to! 
Tt may be just possible, howe ! 
ever, judging from the Progress already made, that the 
electric light will “finish’* Mr. Edison before he finishes it. 


‘finishing " of the electric light for many weary months, but 
Mr. Edison seems to be about as muctrin the dark in regard 
to it. as he was at the beginning.—One of our correspondents | 
not long since suggested an appropriate motto for the Kdison 
light, “ Keop it dark.” Readera should take these sentences 
in the spirit intended, nor set down aught to malice. The 
world must Inugh; let it Taugh. Behold, then, what the 
Operator says :—* Kdison's sister tella a yood story of his 
boyhood. He tried to sit on eggs,’ she said. ‘What's that’ 
How? What de you mean? inqnived the listener, + Why 
he was about six, [ should think, and he found out hew the 
Hoose was sitting, and then saw what the surprising result 
was. One day we missed him, ealled, sent Messenpers, couldn't H 
find him anywhere. By and hye, don’t you think, father 

found him curled up ina nest he had made in the barn and. 
filled with geese and hen's egys—actually atti, on the eggs 

and trying to hateh-them ! itr ed : 





—It is rather to ho regretted 
nonts aro not te be made to determine tho tolative 
Not that moro candlo power, estimated in a: dark 
“Yoo, would give us nn accurate iden of the value of the electrio light, It 
“has been shown, for cxample, that tho light, at all ovents when enclosed in 


! 


JALopatine globe, will not penotrite n London fog so far aga single gus. |! 


burner of much less candle powor, Tho sanic thing hits been observed in 


lighthouses, Tt has been proved that the light givon by Mr, Wigham's gas |! 


burners is seen nt a grénter diatance in w sea fog than the electric tight with {> 


-out the interpo, HN ha y opalino shade,—London Journad of Gas-Light- 
ing. A aa 


heon'a dismal failure, 
experiment ; 


Edmondson will 400u minke thor 


don 
{ 


As wa wore 
light on tho Hf 
i dt has como to an 
farch 9th, and th 


Journat of Gaa-Lhighting, 


digg sqm 


Eloctrie ‘Taght in London, , 
t 


tished the day previous, 
givef careful attention to these lights, 
somo ovenings, and for the short pe. 
6 extended, tho light burnt remarkn- 


We want strength, diffusibility, and 
docs not Bive onv of these, With regard 


a] Embankment, from tho fow observations 7 


the results seo to be no bettor than those obtained on tho , 
The light, whieh would have pated before the display Messrs, 
e, ends with this week, Site fransit,—Tions | 


—_—_— 
a _—_ 


tlickoring oxhibftion of the electric 


As matter of fact 
months’ contract expired on Sunday 


Having to |: 


admitted that, on tho whole, the exhibition has : 
is exceptionally Well adapted for the | 
failed to satisty the simplest require. 7 


% 



















—_ recess cee 
Tho Futuro of Sroot Lighting, 


: Tho Lae which was thro 
, 228 companies, and Jablochkoff, hag Dear 


Prominent gas engineers in this and oth 
contest las bean 





—_— 












er countries ; 









THE ELECTRIC LIGHT, 



















Generally | pantes. As i SRR 
A VaLuante report on electric lighting has ro- fons Jamps ata timo; at |{t hae airendy’ nud M1 Compagnie Générale d'Electrieits 
cently been presented by M, Cernesson to the Muni- pial oumber being G2, 











cipal Council of Paria, Tho report contains so tions of aarantectn 
much information proviously unattainable, that we 
publish it in extenso. We tranatate the document from 
the pages of our coutemporary the Reewe Industrielle. a light, tho unit goncently {7 |e 
. og *, 
tof light than that obtained by f Prefet of the Sen anata fe ee Tey ats tha DELO ah) ot he comany tie ete ee fh root 
ressing ; aud the low stand, i : of Paris, tw proposition from the Compagnie Generale Pacing with this standard on it considers that electric lighting Is still inn atago of ox. 
lord of Ms, 4 110 litres (4.94 cubie feet) t, and ¢! is BO of ex. 
in England, w Hl d'Eloctricits, by which this company rerguustedl the con. Periment, an it requires ‘numerous improvements, 
anginnd, was such i ceasion for a period of threo yeara, for lighting « num. 


ys » Tho fi 

Ver of streets nnd other public placea by incans of + Jatt duration of tho Interruptions to the eu, ita increased 
gio dablochkoft system of sleetria Alinta fon, In sc co of polianees fer gaa iam. 
conlance with tho recommendations contained inn report re nsequently an excoss 
in this memoratlim, en ho Doth of November Inst, the of cost, For theso reatons tho femme almost baanl. 

Municipal Council authorised an ox ension of tho exist. ». | Toposition mado, 

ing triste with tho ele ung aie gat of danuary, Tae ae Eig taxes woggcrtel ani the terme demi 
1870, in anier to allow dart hee a -_ ithe, completion at lected | would acerno to the city if it turnbea Adrantago which 
an investigation on the subject of electri lc lighting in general, r 

Fo assist the committoa appointed to thia work, the tho complete suecoss of 
following information was at their disposals the very prace 
tical report of M. Th. Idvy, engineer to the first acction of ta if 
the municipal service, aul’ those of MM. Allard and Fon. yatem experimental] ‘fut 
tayne, Sagineer-In-chief, _ of M. FL ation, mas onal: H mnt er wiles 
neor, though thosa reports wore ver detailed, they cid A br 
not appar autliciently ris forthe new Work in hand, aad it Fathored from whint has been already stated that the Paris 


a 

[orrerfat Support from the Suniral Coun ince hat 
mths made payment: is 

t tints tian ahh, ahs Atsistanes | Tas ‘enabled thang 

red that a total immunity | ond they havo thus dered ot fhe mace i pelting, 




















: : sea to which it 
ss i od that the nece 
2} Darners in ordinary uso had not been p 





any uaoful-purpo. |; 
Thdoed, it may bo safely conolud- |: 









be expected. 






















; Which it supers 
; j It is needless 
- { belief has been confounded 


















































quite refroshing, 


© way in experimenta, | 
rger towna those who are able are will- | 
ernment; but, in casey like present, privato j 
steps in and proves to the 



















duce! ns far na po: 
pagnia Générale ¢ 


















































i t'Electricité atato that their attention | Gas Company appears desirous of entering int iti 
§ ered necessary to completo all tho information was directed to this point, nnd they trusted to succeed in | with the Compas Géncrale CElectricits and tee 
world tho utility of obtainable by calling intheengincers of the Villede Paris, the it. From the foregoing it results’ that ono electrio Ii he present system of lighting. ‘The position of 
1 by inventors « : Py ‘y of represontatires of the Compagnio Générale a Hlectricitd, gives on the ee Apowor equal to 12.1 
pied Wwentors 5 and in this way much has heey nnd those of the gan company, All theso entlomen re. 
Hl eleotricity mg as iin other matters, Wor instanco, when ; 


tho attention of thou 
ts land Proclaimed 


8 Cnginecr in London, 









ny is somowhat eticato ; on fmprovement In s 
sponied to the appeal, and answered fully all tho questions C0! din; 
made, ‘The inforswation tus obtained garo M. Cernesson Tee | a comeaponli 
the data upon which his present report is based. ‘Thia j 
ruport is divided into three parts: 1. An examination into 
tho various questions relating tocleetric lighting in ‘neral, 
atch as thet iption of apparatus, mode of work ng, ke, 
2 ns between the lighting power, or the 
ty of clootric light and gas. 3. A resumd 

of facts obtained, and deductions from them. 

Every inatallation for lighting by the Jablochkoff 
system comprises: 


{/When prop 
: eminent ga 
burner for 


asands of scicntiata, and 
the doom of gas lighting, Mr. Suge, the’ 
in ae developing and perfécting a | 
ns 8, tho first exhibition of which ste 
iter Tho publia had got tho iden drummed ie ae : 
game an And that if the cola ! 

lighting our civilization | 


must inevitably de, ; 
tite eee "prepared for the fact. | 




































































i} ‘The city furnishes the nn 
type. Th 
to ca: 





















of tho burners, orb: modifyin honrran enent of the lamps. | siring at tho same 





a. A motor for imparting a high velocity to the magneto- After having collected ‘and: examined all the necessary | benefit its private 
i “ cleeteis rane teste bi bination of auch | {tton the wb i 
i ity . 5 tmagneto-electric mac! ine, OF A cons! ation of auch 
sciontifio cambuati ogg ca bo obtuined from the anachinea, Bt 














¢. Conductora for transmitting the magneto-cleetrio 
currents of the machine to the lamps. 
«. One or moro lamps, 


of Paris ahould agree to Brant tha concession for, threo 
years sought by tho: Compagnie Générale d'Electricité in 
tho terms contained in the foll 

“ Lo tho Engincer-in-Chicf (Villo de Paris), é 
: “ Parla, Norember 19, 1878. 

sa bee 0 sub to you formally tha proposition already 

\ voto tho lighting of various parts of Paris bi c t 
tlecteiciig: the Compagnie Gtnérte wich I rq resent, exactly similar conditions. ‘Thus for street lighting, the 
would undertake to establish nt its own cost, ant in the} Arenuo do l’Opera Hluminated by the Jablochikel antes 
various places mentioned in the scheme submitted {Place | may be compared with the Ruo du Quatre Septembre li bd 
and Avenuo de l’Opern, Placo du ‘Théltro Frangais, Place | by improved gas, For public 9 aces. comparison font ib 
and Boulevard do Ja Madelaine, Loulovanis dea Capncines instituted between tho Place du Chiteau d’Ean and tho 
and Italiens, uo Virienno, Place de ta Lourso, tao da Placa dela Bastille. Following the eam fides in reference 
Quatre Septembre, Ruo de ta Paix ct Place Venddme), the | to public buildings the Committee recommend the itd i 
number of 171 Iamps being required for this purpose, | Centrales, two similar pavilions of which out Laight! by 
divided according to the views of the engineers of the surious | tho faina methods. Somo members of tho Comat teo 
sections, ant aubject to the following conditions : Wherever | would desire to extend the seope of these compara rolrisls, 
it in possiblo without interrupting the gas service; copecially to light by clectricity tho facade of tke ( este 
on the refuges at crossing places, tho matériel of the city | Deputics, and by tho improved gna tho front of the Made. 


already mado many exhausti 
tion,'and that they aro rea 
their orn cost. A 

Aathese gentlemon belicra thero is avery reason to hopo 
that thoy ean giro ata much lower cost, a light equal to 
that farnished 1; the Jablochkof system, the Committea 
think it ndvisablo tocomparo fully the two methods under 


‘ of satisfaction 
ation whieh had beon in 





















how, and has ; 
Bhfare in Lonion known ay Queen | : pa: 


tion, whero ! 
Mansion 





é 
& 
s 
r=} 
z 
2 
2 = 
S 
a 
~ 






























he magneto-electrio machines ‘produce by induction 
electria currents, which are then tranamitted to tho Inmps. 

















i in this viow, 
ld loyedd, and woul serre to carry tho electrical | Iaino, but tho majority declined to entertain t " 
Those employed at tho Avi Me arate tn places ‘where sutditfonal amps aro required, {and havo oven recomuicniel fiat sho iumination of the 
inachines, composed of an clectro-magnet in the form of a thiy woult bo furnished by the Society, of n pattern aub- | former building should bedisconlinued. 
ethi by an : ring, which transmita its current to a second electric 
80 powerful ig i ing marvellous, He also states that j 
whilo walking int it is possible to r 





machine called the machine ad lumidr 






i y ho comparative trials 
mitted to tho Admiuistration and accepted by them. Tho} Tho Committee recommend that t) i 
i ing at th I hour, that is to| shall be carricd out ns followe: -. 
ig *t Tightlog, co “flushing at 12.0 midst rou He A Place te Tess tines gol Avenue do VOnera 
y i » ‘Tho terns of the contract | and Place du entre.) . . 
would befor three ent dang from tho time of sal] Oe of tho pariins ofthe dials Centrica” 
T i urnish | Improv rd pt 1» 2, Phy 
fiutuitou’ ter the Seat ntteation required for tho }du Chateau d’Eau. 3, One of tho pavilions of the Halles 
fistaltation of thoengines and electric machines. Genorally | Contrates, 


. ret R bas 
King, theso locations wonld be, nmongst other places, Tho net cost. of the Jablochkof light per hour 
nsita on'the ‘proand lorel, Bonlerand Malesherbes, near 


ead a Newspaper 

TH out nightly to | 
light at the effect | 
hat so much 


\ ' » "ho speed at 
i which tho Gramma machine ia driven, is 600 *rorolutions 
per minute, and the currents transmitted by means of tho 

a eight coils are 8x 600=4800 in ench direction, ne 
1 . he conductors conrey the eurrenta from tho machines, 
and distributo them to different lamps, and according to 
tho requiroments of thu situation. Thoy conaist of n cablo 
built up of sven wires ald in a bedding of gutta-pereka, 
Covered with rubber, and then with an impermeable fabric, 
So made, they nro protected hy being laid in pipo drains, 


B | witness thig ex; 










; Cro: 
Perimont, aud there in but ond feoling of de 
companies to ni 

























































been ascortnined by M. Th. Léry for the 62 lights in the 
the Madelaine (in a kiosk), nud in tho basement of the Avenue de !’Opera ns follows: franc. 
the joiuts of which aro carefully comented, Bourne, ‘tho socloty would be authorised to oxecuto in Steam power... a0 
Tho lamp contains one or tho public atreets all the works necessary for laying the Coal for boil gt 
wires and establishing tho system, conformably wit) tho Oil, greaso, &e. 13 
tion of plaster and sulphate of municipal regulations, 1 would have, moreover, nlong the Wages 3 







haryta. By means of un armature placed ut tho base of | routeso lighted tho authority totako from the current formed 


i ixty-two candles at £0 contimes each w. 31.00 
by tho condactors, branches to feed any private establish. Sixty-two as 
ment desiring to uso tho tight. In such n case in order not 2 
to affect the fntereata of tho Municipal Administration, the light hour 1822 54.4 contimes, or 7h pene 
company would pay per Inmp thus led off a aum equivalent | or, per ght per hour @ ; 
to tho cast of au cqual light in gas jots. Tho company would carly. From this it will ho acen that if, as the company 
engage, morcoror, to unlertako at its own cost tho relight. i Th 1 ror rentiired can be reduced to 32 horse 
in rot ‘tho gns in tho event of tho electric lights being cx. | hope, the light, int dd of 1.25 horse power, a considerable 
tin ished, i Thenorer it may be found necessary.” ower per att bon cat ‘blo, thus? francs, 

‘The resulta of tho foregoing proposition, if carried into | iflerenco yi Possiblo, . 
practico, would be as follows : ‘The number of taps would Steam power ove we 
bo 171, nnd the coat of lighting would bo per hour 171% . 
CO= 102-60 (4.101), or for n year, reckoning 2073 hours, 


nica 
wee ehould Have s02.00.x207m2ts Boro (eat 
Lighting by gas asat present costs 35,347.56 1373.9) 






positive und negative currents pass to the points of tho 
tarbous, and produce a voltaic are, which plays between 
the two points, or thua produces a fight Joating as long as 
tho candles, and so long as thero is no atoppago in tho 
stoppage may bo 
produced from yarions causes, such as an accident to the 
motor, or to the maching, or simply through a fault in tho 
thon of the commutators, or, lastly, by a damago to 
Sie ee eid ea placo, the lights aro eit 
ene cued 8 stoppage takes place, the lights aro oither 
partially or wholly extinguished, according to which tho 
currenta are affected on ono or ‘all tho circuits, _ At tho 
Avenuo de l’Opera, Observations woro mado with great 
care ns to the number of interruptions, their duration, and 
their cause. From May 30 to October 10, 1878, thero 
Were 00 such interruptions, lastin from_1, 2, 3, 5 or 10 
* ‘This expenditure Appears excessive, siuco the Otto 
engine, inanufactured in this country by Measra, Crosstoy 
Brothors, consumes only between 206 and 22 ft. of gos 
Per horse power por honr at n cost of nbout td, 
+ Tho commutator servos to pass tho alternating eur- 




















































Coal tet 


Oil, &e. ao 


Wages, ns before wo 
Candles ae 
























8o that thoannnal loss by the electric ry . 

“Tigtting would bo we ne 178,012.98 (71997) 
Ancxambuation into tho eanses of this extra expense forma 
the points of doparturo for the following romarkas A 

If on the sue hai the city ad Paris if seston M ou 

i fempt, or any new A pose 
publiel ightin, | tn the hore, howoyer obimerical, of arriving Pe bore re ret alien tor the cane Hn eter 
one day at a more perfect and a ee ide are | coe ee teh centimes, ono petny each, should cove 
oconomical system, it should not, on the other pant A cai Te eae) cost easily, and Ah a tot of Se Franc a 
own cost oxtend unreasonably such attempts, and espec! 4 g nla Sead francs, which give tof 
lighting on terms which | rodnce flight and per ho 

anh Eas Pe pe to how lighting com ' 20 centimes, or tropencoper lig! ° 













87,118, Gpence. 
or por light and per kour “ee or Ope: 
qt akontdbe borno in mind that although this f4 supposed t 























~—AeTAURNAL OF GAS LIGHTING, WATER SUPPLY, & SANITARYIMPROVEMENT, (Avril 20) 1879. 

ai mig moat are aa eal 
Eom of eng aurea lac ha 
ee on lew fafoot of hae lo se se 
siete 0m il wh sk in sree! ema 
gat patos i i 160 gallnof gesolino por 1000 cub. ft, of alr. 


pein Tr10 gas = a 2 127 galls. of gasoline por 1000cub. ft.of gas. 
all, of gasoline = 4 i 
1000 cub, ft. of air after being carburotted = 1020 cub. ft., anil 1000 cubs, ft. 
of 17:10 gas after being carburetted = 1270 ub, ft. ren 

Specific Gravity Test.—The timo roquiroil to pass cquat volumes of ni fe 
gan, carburetted Bae ae enrburotted alr, tndor equal pressure, through 

ts hiléng's teat). 
inces, eater pone pie carburotted gas, 90 BecA.; carburetted air, 
That | 104 aces, ‘8 
DB, 


Gos 2. ee fig 2 0°34 fo nf 1-000, 


646 
{ his carofully-prepared pap: 
ie ot Tn coreentonoe: too, a tho inability 
hiin with the necessary machinery, he was una 
the electrical engino. He snceeetetl however, 
de 

rogting an pom io aa P Much nonsonse tas boon written aud suoken 
respecting the disuse of gna which would follow the introduction ot e 
tricity, - ‘Tho eamo was said of oil and candles when gas was introd luce 
; f both these inminants than over aro now used, The con: 

tustead of lessoning, will probably recolve an additional 


" raa-cooking 
sheated boilora, gaa-en figst effect 


ference to the now syatem of 
or a of tho makers to supply 
ble to ahow tho action of 
in making soveral into- 





















\ 0s 045 . 
i docks, Carburotted gas. is," 1-045 to air 1-000. 


04 
Carburetted air . mt = 1-396 to air 1-000, 


y netric Test—Tort on Hartley's improved photomoter, 15-hole 
Petunia (old standard), 7 inch x 2 incl: chimney, conanning S0t 
cubic feet per hour of carburotted gas a= 14°69 standary catllea, reduc: 
to the standard of 6-00 cuble fect =x 4°78 standard candies, ; 

‘Also with No. 1 ateatite bat's-wing, consuming 240 cubic fect por me 
2 1869 standard candles, reduced to the standart of G00 cubie feet 

USB dard candies. : 
= je cable foot per hour of carburetied nir consumed through Argand 
burner ex 16°62 candles, reduced to the standard of 6:00 cubic fret oo 23 70 


cre lity Test.—Tho durability of 1°10 cubic foot, A-tnch dame, 


Gan ce ee ee ee ee OG 
Carburetted gas... ee ee eee 1G an 
cs RES wre ie oo dee AVR cs 
have oxperimented on various forms of carburators—viz., cylinders 
une Timp-cotton, sponge, felt, arul wood carbon. “They are all use- ; 
leas nnd obstructive, nor do they yields high or rej lnc alight as alr | 
aspirated or exhausted through ‘gasoline, and charged into a gasholdor, 
from which it is supplied realy for use nt tho burner when re aired. 
Tcuble foot of air takes upand retains at the normal pressuro 135 kralne, 
the gas will lo quite costly cnough, without adopting other artificial 
means, which, if thoy do not add to the cost of the of), most certainly add to 
the cost of carbonizing. Alr costes nothing, and nearly very coal gas- 
making establishment largo cnough to afford an exhanster may connect a 
‘yeascl on tho wash-bottle principle to the lutet of oxhauster, and keop it as 
a carburator charged with gasoline, ‘They may then Ml their holdora 
with air gas of tho bent opal ty, oni aupply x an they i co ithe 
sar ‘erpriso, aclonce, and cconomy,. In my opinion, our authorities in | facts ought ta be known, becatise tho price of of] only, compared 
Bat wei do great ‘public nervice by yromoting such a condition of } prico pa ton of coal, will govorn the tiie when present gan producors may 
fairs in thia town as that existing in tho Metropolis, ns the separate sup ly the one or the other. sith er 
ply by threo different companios is not a system likely to sectiro a ihe gasolino I made the abovo oxperiments with coat 24. per 
supply of this groat necessary of our duily life in tho cheapest and most | gallon, ‘Therefore, 10 gallons nt 2a, 2324. for 120 cubic coe alr 
o FHtebte manner. ‘Tho electric light has yet many dificulties toconquer, | gas = 29°70 standart candles, And 25s, fur talsing 1270 cuble feat of 17°10. 
which will requiro au chormous ninount of onergy and resource, It is | candlo gas to that of 08°83 standard candles, 

* comparatively easy to kindlo a great light, and dazzlo the oyes of tho 

, multitude, atid the Intter hardly caro at presont what tho light costa, or 

z whether it can bo matte available for common tse. ‘Tho largo proportion 
f: of actinic rays in the spectrum of the electric light, which is closuly 
aliiod to that of tho sun, takes it aninvaluablo agent to tho photographer, 

. both fortaking portraitsand for printing opcrations, aud many ofthe London 

i and Parisian artists havo been so using it for somo timo past, If the electric 

light is hermetically enclosed ina glass vessel, absolute safety isensurod, 
aud willbe found especially valuablo foraubmarine purposes, and forlighting 
tho gallories of coal mines, nnd for manufactories producing oxptoniv the 
Pounds which can now only be carried on during tho hours of day ight. ‘There 
is overy reason to expect that great improvements will yet be mado in the 
Present practice of electric lighting, If machines, worked by engines, 
could bo dispensed with altogether, and a simple battery bo found which 
would bo freo from tho drawbacks hitherto nivepnralla from their ure, 
frst results would follow, the foromost being the introduction of the 
ght into private houses, though I think thero would thon bo still as 
much diversity of opinion as now exists amongst tho public us to tho 
valuo ani effect of gas, oll, potraloum, and candles, The electrie Bght, if 
used without shades, munt always bo cold, searching, aud pecutinr 
Ininant, only ploasing to a certain portion of the community, Ni "- 
hould it romain in tho satne stato na at presont, tho wholesome 
atie it has mado throughout the world will, in all probabilit , bo con 
ducive to atill greater improvemonts in the quality and prico of coat gas, 
Tndood, if its only reault wero the perfection which Mr. Sugg had attained 
by lis {mprovement in tho Argand burner, both for street and house ln. 
mination, the genoral public would have good reason to be thankful. 
«Mr, Parnce, af tho London Postal Telegraph Department, spoke of the 
ablo and oxhoustive manner in which Mr. Copland Tina treated the subject 
of his lecture, It should have Leen oxtonded to a series of three lectures. 
Tho result of his (Mr. npr) studies liad been to completely confirm 
Mr, Copland’s viow na to electricity having a field of ith own—that St did 
not in any shape or fori intorfero with tho function of gas, Ilo proposed 
a vote of thanks to Mr. Copland for his lecture. 

Mr, W. T. Diun acconded tho motion, regretting that the Jarge ainount 
of intoresting matter which Mr. Coptand had prepared for thofr edification 
had not, for want of timo, heen touched, fo hoped that that portion 
referring to clectricity would form the subject of a futuro lecture, 

Tho motion was catricd with acclamation. 

a rc 


ho follawing letter, uynedt © Wline yn 
: etter, signed Villlam Lyon," add: 14 of 
of Engineering, appeated in the Inst number of that Derlodical be Halse 


8ir,—Tho cont required to produce the clectrie Ii ht is not 
ghtained, but enough {6 at Jrenent known to condomn tas too apent es 
‘or commercial uae. But the cost of carhurctted alr or gasie tndisputably 
confirmed by practleal experiment, ‘Therefore, I hoy to submit the con- 


ee of carburotted air or. gas, with gasoline, at the market price 


Practical Teat—Bar, 


clatern, aud foul water running out of it, ao tho gus consumer has {6-candlo 
gas passing through his moter, and somothing like 10-candlo gas belug 
consumed at his burners. Cannot tha gaa companies help hin? [ thin 
thoy might, or, rather, I think thoy must, ‘Tho uso of gas requires to bo 
‘popularized. ‘There is no need to mako gax of higher illuniuating power 
than 16 or 20 candles, but this quality should bo aupplied nt a lower 
price, in a atato of greater purity, und with moro offective pressure. ‘Tho 
Bentdoates Gas Act, 1876, liinits tho sulphur compounds to 80 grains per 
1100 cubic feat; ammonia, & gming por 100 enbic fect, ‘Tho nut six months 
yo—sulphur, 27°63 gealur, mean; mtomouia, O47 grain, mean, In 
niion, a goneral amalgamation of gas companies ts taking place, and I 
‘Dolieve ft in tho opinion of. persons who aro well nblo to judge, that the 
resont moderate prico will soon bo brought lower. Tho gas companics 
Pave weapons nt their command, if thoy will but uso them, Theso weapons 








DIOYTRIC APPAR US IN LIGHTOUSHS FOR THE 
ELEC AGH, i 
“Altho Meeting of tho Institution of Clvit Engineers lant ‘Tuesda; Yr ® 
paper on tho above subject was read by Mr, Jasuen T. Cataxcr, ALGE, 
Mio author bricfly premised that in the Freanel or divptric system, the 
sourco of light occtipiud the central poutin within a structure of glass 
zones, or annular segments, by which the incident mys wero condensed 
and dirceted on the sen; and that there were two Brincipal kinds of 
Mloptrio apparatus, the fixed and tho revolving. Ho then proceeded to 
mal 
aatnall radiant like the elvetric arc required from Uiat which auited an 
ordinary flame, In the Intter caso, ns far as it concerned aoa-lights, tho 
object was not only to parallelize all the rays emanating from. any point 
of tho luminary, but also to reduco tho vertical divergence due to the 
height of the flame by increasing tho diameter of thy optical inetrumont. 
On tho other hand, the smaltnoss of the clectrio are afforded the oppor. 
tunity of ubtalning from tho dlopteic zones or other elements, hy sultable 
generating sections, whatover divergence, whother horizontal or vertical, 
imight ba desired. It was also pointed out that the source of light, in the 
caso of the olectric ave, could not bo ontirely depended upon for tain. 
taining the samo positfon In relation. ta the focal horizontal plano; and 
tint. consequently, ninco tho vertical divergence duo to the liminary 
would move upwards or downwards with any vertical displacement of 
tho radinnt iteclf, tho mariner could not by abaotutely secured from failing 
to ace thu light, unless a special vertical divergence wore given by tho 
dloptric apparatus, Independently of that caused by the sizo of the electrio 












‘Thomas 









£0'8, temp. 66 deg.s tho weight of gasoline 665 


















wi was obtai : Int ‘ 
\ deen ak esa Gi Hehe of Ol fot al of 8 chin ts bree sion and the Bocits Gantrale qecee a Come 
from any one of the aldes of tila lane dena thagegenr ot tho beam Issuing i Tendy boon full : 


© nome observations concerning the different optical treatment which . 



















ste nL m0 Stas TPE. 




















we ara not Prepared to 
t present, and 
the purposo of 
report of Mr. William Mayw 
Cotamissionora of Sowers, 
The arrangements ontered, 







sisted of a fixed third-ordor light. encireting 1 : 
octagonal drum of tho samo height surrousdieg ae : Bach ae 1 f 
this dram, comprising threo-panela in hel, ht, was composed of vertical -{! 
re racting.prisins, by which tho light, radinting in azimuth from the inner.‘ 
xed apparata » Was compreasod horizontally. into a boam of 7° B diver. i; 
gence n addition to that duo to tho dinmoter of the eloctrie are, ‘This was 


ono in such a manner that 
-dlvergenco of the ano sy fd Al ae ayant dndopondont 


a 
Wo only refor to the nab. 
calling attention to the 
oot, the ongineor to th 
on tho resnit of tho trial, . 












































of. the observor at sea, its brilliancy would, from fied to Ere Aho oy j 


‘fF changod, as distinguished fronthe w iT . 
+ "| ordinary rovolviuy Tights conse See aulas appearance of tho 


night bo visible, tho intorval of its duration would bo tho memos fiat 


fon was also directed to the valuablo au; ‘ontions 
mad alr. i. 
Doueinss, 8 That Oo, the incerta the ent Havee ta gaasa 
nward homisphero of th 
this eteatrle are, t  Broviite ws beam siiich shoul bo mato ieee eee “t 
low the main Hight, in orde 
dangers in Sunderland Bay; and it was stated that oro pe arti 
rearward homisphora of My nt had beon thus utilized. . 
s; Tho two fixod lights whi ich wore inaugurated at the South Foreland in 
“ anuary, 1872, wero described. It was oxplained how the wholo of the 
cal : 0} trio Zones—Loth upper and Jower—wero in hoth lights mato to 
para 7 iz0 the rays in tho usual manner, ‘Tho ght, howaver, incident on 
: 10 ro! racting portion of ench light was distributed over the sea from tha 
horizon to within nv short distance from cach tower, by a succession of 
incrcasing angles of yorticat divergence, so that the illumination of tho 
soa becamo gradually diminished ad tho ‘distance from Iand waa lossoned. ted ie \ 
Tn each light thoro waaa rearward aro to »: are, and this was turned to i ; d | 
. valuablo account, .from 67 to 71 per cont. of ‘hits fight boing collected and 
é acted. upon by. optical agonts, which were partleularly dleseribod, and 
preteby lstributed uniformly ovor tho front azimuthal are, xo ax to 
nly tho illumination o 
butte ee of ie hearer ca tof the horizon and the di atant sea, 
was mentioned that the two Lizard lights, which were both fixed 
wero _ exhibited in March, 1878, lint optical arrangomentsaimilarin aad tho cont 
ze poet at _ adopted at tho South F reland Lighthouses, with a slight per Jamp per ti per wight, or ‘ta, Od 
: a jon‘in the refracting portions, arising from tho circumstanco that eludi nt uy mp on tho Viadnet, in. 
exist ing apparatus had to be turned to account in tho construction of Tt fi 8, and cleaning costa 
: ; t 4s alight 4.900 honra a 
A tablo was appondod, showing the condonsing powers in tho direction! Ack Ebene ae 
of the Horizon of the lights described in tho Tear, distinguishing atten er dd, ‘Thocont facet ae uae 
optical portions which paratlolized tho ‘incident light from those which: thexo wint : cctv ae 
BAvo to it special vortical divergence. According to this table, upon tho be 1f t, rectticlty rool 
Assumption that tho diametor of the electric ate was 12 millimetres, tho 
condensing powors in the sca-lorizon direction wera na follow :— 4 
Souter Point—royol vin, 


















With regard to tho 
writes as follows 












































out £3,072 
at preseut 
lear ay gay 















As against this incroaso in 
of course, n vory considera! 
lity of light supplied, 
a8 follows : 


id. table was 


ep st liffarant di 
; 
Hour: 






ri + howovor, thero is, 
Fevt can lo tnereano in the quia. 
- —_——< and on this point the Teport in 
5 ho Eloctria Light on tho Holvorn Viuduol, 
H __ 

Tho trint of tha electric light on tho Holborn Vin. 
duet has now been Dronght ton clone, tho immediate 
result, 80 far na tho public aro concorned, boing that 
thia modo of illumination has at presont been found 
too costly to Justify its continuance, ‘This ja the 
atatoment prt forward on behalf of tho Gommission- 
orn of Sowers, who aro rospousiblo for the lighting of 
tho thoroughfare in quortion, aud woe aro quite pro- 
pared that, under tho circumstanvos, thoy could-not 
woll, porlinps, have adopted any other course, But 
wo repudiate entirely tho Iden that tho electric light’ 
on the Vinduct haa proved in any Ronse a failure. Wo 
Naver auppoxod fur a momont (at tho now Hight 4a 
nigde of lighting one public straote would at onos bes 
colo h permanency, Tho experimont was undertaken 
with'a view primarily of demonstrating tho practicas 
bility or otherwise of tho oloctric light for such « 
purpoxo, and wo havo no hesitation in saying that the 
*fresult has proved oven moro Gralifying aud enconra- 
ging than ot first wo were at all disposed to antici. 

[ate Less than twelvo months ago wo wore told, 

with nll tho confidence in tho world, that tho lighting |, 
| of ons of the maln artorica of the City by this eans 

; was somothing imporalble of accomplishment, ‘The 

fact fa that tho Holborn Viaduot—one of tho widest! 
F | thoroughfares in tho City of London—bas actually! et ho 

been lighted in this way during a period of throo. i given off 
months, and of tho quantity and charactor of tho; whilst the 
light aftordod probably tho great bulk of one rendor: feoblor ligh 
havo had an ‘opportunity of judging for thomaelyer, ; 




































































GUch Castration Lawud Uivieva i 
Pen q a 
; bo rensonab ®, wtid the resulta given mat. be takew i 
fe. Hf approximate only, Eveh olectria Jamp is anid 
Pe ied ioe pele 100 14 burners, anch ag 
Pals 0} “ris: those br 
Foason to think, consumo about tho wend qandlte t 
ras per hour a4 those fo the streots af the City of 
i tidon, Tho iuminating power of the London gag 
RB oqual to té can (London atandard), whilst Pots 
B08; by the samo standard, has a power of 12 candles 
OF 26 per cont, lower then hat of London. u these a 
assumptions bo correct, 16 electric lan should iv 

Hight equal fo teat FE L200 of the City gas Tampa, and 
| 4 there are 86 yas lamps is ’ 
| be, with tineovarud Tights, al ree Tea aal i 

light given by electricity tl i 
Blober, which encloso the : 
gbstruct 60 per cent. of ¢ 
report I took 60 per cen 
had batter adhere to 










































































Stronger, 





ypear therefore 
fauluot fe abort, 


tion, and - 
AThe Ale 

























‘Prins aro, no fower’ iimn 23.Dills beforo. Palins x 
ment from compnniesand individuatunsking't for pow: 4 
eruto work tho oleotric Nght. They. are to be Foferred | ce 


ee ee re 
‘ovtilar e Afalatire #revolving i bi tthe’ Brash) 2 : ton special committe 
strata of about O10 ravdluti tat ; i epotr sera ete 4 a 



























u vestigation. ‘fate thoir 
reapective morita, and it’ ts indicated that, 







of in. an; 
ayn fal i concessions mado regarding ‘the uso: of. itho® fsa 
of : Hier wer : “BS Plumipary, tho vostud interests of tha gas“companics 
ie ie tg Basta if : will be daly conaidorod. | 'Tho information is of im. 
o thie® + 






‘ portance to- cor; tion 
aati here, thors I ‘po noe who ari 


t : 
poner ver eas serach” : Tho’ report of: thos Thunderer - Committe hina 
Rniianeny Seneca he os “| fficentwtt “af com sen tne cea ms 


a Me productlc tho alter turret, which wna coupled -up ‘olectrically 
' _ a} with the other three g guns, #o as to bo fired from the |! 

atheretiy,: 7 j conning tower, also: missed fire, ‘Tho committeo|; 

paguvss tee . 1 the fs hp aj state that “a considerable proportion of inissfires 

; | an 43 tako placo when broadatdes nro fired 



























3 “Tho bill recently tntrod rdteehonar a 
} The current of, electri ‘the. |! fo : SAW lames | | ee) 0 bill recently introduced by Senator Burnside, 
S ‘pa Panta nd oroue ole. | ann Ret i mage Coilan : “To authorizo tho laying of n tole 


graphio cablo from 
the mnin Jand in the State of Rhodo Island to Block 
Island," propones to approprinte $15,000 for that 
Purpose, to be expended under the direction uf the 
Chief Signal Ofticor of the army. a 
i “if introducent in accordance wi 


‘No other? wenton bias ever ever 
iplabed: bed this an itis a featurecof;.the 
portance in « 









i bes Cut pit ja! 
print sfides.\? AOblof Oldsjtoneab trees? and ight,’ af aah aesfs 
ee iwies a auelyt paty:five foot. gas :b ate ened a 
‘salsa pho k ae 


‘T merce of Atlantic const citics, 


the cable being de. = 
signed not only for tho oriin 


aty purposes of the 


























Tee signal servico, but also for the ¢ insi 
a r; Bail Zon famzucth elretis aud; Musmission of 
7 kes burn ary entered abby raking i the” rine has bee io ethes these rong marino reportsin regard to incoming vessels, &e, 
ahts, “Bahia ogtive,| the ‘ighti Se 
Las wese: o alls the phd for ite amotio 7 har ae pine eal call oft a re 
ped with TCD, oe . SS Trost net pbaed Igega unibers of Ii .f} oH ELECTRIC LIGHT OX te 4 Tiikims EMBANKMENT, © 
iene Tel " h Bup=: . ; iden fa -th ‘ we Tho following report on the éxperiineut of lighting tho Victorin Embank. 
” i city~] oft at *tO*.t F < ‘|] mont by means of electricity wax presented to the Metropolitan Board af 
be id tnd thats 10 y a Works, at thule inocting on Friday laat, hy their Ungineer (Sir Josoph 
‘} Bazalgetto), and their Consulting Chomist (Mr. 'T. W. Keates): . 


We beg to zpos shat we liad an Interriew with Mr. Head, of t 
Siiny, anit Head, on the sth inst. 








he firm of Tanscmea, 
sand then arrange! with Lin, according to the ine 
structlons of the Huard, that the ateanecngine driving thi 
- > [ on the Embankment should be allowed to remain for nn ade 
oni : b rer Page she Jeth dant 2 for a rcs sie of £190, es cont oF Bringing the engine from perch to 
‘ect ib as Hye b cas ~ 2p ponMon, ant of re-veonreying the same to Ipavich when the experiment is campleted, to 
Park: Brush ; bars he borne by the Hoard. “Measrs, Ransames ani Co, have addressed a letter to the Clerk, 
yea; and wulaioeeatic in “dated March 25, comprising the above terme. a 7 
hi We further bey to direct the attention of the Board to the offer af the French Co 
pany, fo bet up two additonal dynamosetecizic machhies, anit ta light up Swenty m 
o} Hghts on the Rinbankment, eu cattring the electric li: ghtlog up ta Blackfriars Bridge, 
[the Company to charge Sd. per ight ber hour, tnelive of all current charges 
Perbaps the Hoard would authorize us toe aut t posal, 
‘Tho required authority was given, BLOB we ae 








ynama-eleetrio machines 
onal three months, from 









: y minute 4 DN eek ; 
Be WHO, W at ae antag ioe jection —™ e arent | ac a ie 
bt ‘o'clock! Was our" ht, sweol 

iat tint etre Fate, ai = 5 Grand sare a a 


Belection= = 
ths s th ae ee 
ts es mnother-in-lawas eyoung: 
ae and their ety sand the:old role a and ie 
‘small ‘bo: ind ‘not ,a.faw. hood! 


" 
, 


The Park Muiltnation add 
«| of the beautiful: uf ore aoe 
g Hee meee 
| a BO 
ractica 
Pe ereneone 
;introdaction: to!the readers o 
to do-homa; id ‘He nd 
3 (ieee 


hyetued sr 
sthes President's 
Pratt wcunenve tite: ‘brutin, yo pial 
CTED. 3 yeu 
ct i hai a fk table: 

‘pously a a || {aeeri-In the’state pied ie n 
hin Ite + fre at 

f th ach, ot, jto-day. In .both of these; | i na sue va 
Rigor bi seer se teal itt 4 brat vy tat be bas’ been{ gh OF. 4 "td-Rhe shade,” ren! 
t rl vee 8 a former): 
chek to mt eye, signa a Ae a stertiy dae ora” stem, a 


{Sablochkott pean died, 





ions on ie 
A gape iB) y eae 
hed Tat uty rd pant 0 create a 


light equal te, 
itu thelr e ea totetros 
‘ton of the Kendgtarters an on t! ean oe 


yen au 
[HUSA at ad oe = ee 
‘eal, somo stupid, not a ow ar ee etitnew ry 


t-tat 
intelligent, ‘an 
{merits Z 


ta the: 
hibit . 
eee seitfuie ly, dal oe BUR’ foeidion 
pussy 
ec 
{ee faiedial! tig ties?” yt De 
he Gerth ee 
the era atelier oot poy 
: perfeating someth ae 


es electric light in. tha! 
alt, 





aoe gagabou 4. 
the hous ernsegus pe mps aout [tot clown,” 
Old emen .triedin Wain sto rake 8,up. from 
ry storehouse, some. reminiscences, of 
their early. days with: which td: compare.this 
starting Inugration; ‘bus | Save it ups mad Joined 


eral ex; resatons of ddnilrationo tre | 
beats alerape all Weller” thoy agreed: Litt |. sh ia as | 
obi reer lapped" their hands at ve dal; ht, acclty: ae 
bes, tn acm, stretched | aoa ds Fi toe hati ig and on only 
fad met rf a ie ia i biel ae reland 


arta “tio Been 


s at 
‘ers Monten 19) 
ra é . horas OT Be; Po' ton pitas 
itripl fi ¥ a ra t a nrenchons 
ripla Humfnator. (i ‘ ; rete 
ee ane ‘ continu Pee 
§ ud «on: 
ee t ioe f es 
abe is : when ie ued 


bud ‘ae i 








’ corresponding "woak 
“ha has discovered 


3 
AS tly sloctric | 
ie usea te driven 


ho ot] adago, 
days makos as ap. 


uos of tho- 
two Juventions; ono boyond |! 
hin .tho charmod® circle of 


coment of @ succcas 
‘wo Dowildartug cumplote entered into the calcu. 
atlous of no oi Jaton otto with ‘the man} ——— 
:Vellous revolations of Edison comes from Enyland 
1Moannouncoment that the Uroam of nages h, been 
Mize a 


chomical works 

» manufacture’ bo 

& socrct transcending tho {ransmuting 

‘o€ plilosoptera tolled. anit 

wn olaimod alall havo boon 

bo iiotod’ ag not te Joast 

rons foaturo of those'at 

bon=the coi: 
f'ah tobject so hi 
fa Beh 


‘Aqconiing - 494 i 
iyth, aa well an MES 
ar) rataln to, 


rie 
H{tinpratabio vet 
ds resorted to, 


ers 
ter bub toe: 


antl the natu 
7 wilt) Tevelations® 
laillard, 


ar, 
v7, tad Lavotaae 
5 


be "4 x 

a be erected F714 ut 

orgies 
s . 
Ald not. 


Ue roportor if 
1 it $n fron the I od atl '2 +k 
outs ho qt 


Mer aoe af 
to while 
q 


ecoKs). ain 
aid tha’ Professor, with a 


sie 
ff 0 
end enable 


ot 
it tz 


uadoratang,.t 

Off cours sie 
‘olcetricity < so t! 
Of course 


mont wilt 
ou, will &t not 
be productlyo: of 


SOME MODERN LIGHTS. 

Ry “Isca.” 

is moro than probable that a sim) 
tik rer ce bing ray notion that the world is, 
tampa et near with great darkness, and that the nee 


some- 


f things Is 
"Porta i of any system or order o J 
: Fiabe eeceeel ty cana of poise that can be imate erg My i 
i ‘ing ies yar ‘ Fle bai the toud timbrel quite 
‘ i 1 may, . ’. 
: emits: regen amy Teale, thoy, at all events, rejoice in 
; 80 


i id on * 
“ the consolation of the fact that the public generally still depen 


7 blo to judge, 
c al that, as far as they ore al 
oes id public cede the usual amount o! chronic grumbling, 
thleeatiy well satisfied with the provision already 
ighti iments. 
Ae Be tar pleciis tee to supersedo gas appara to bo tho 


i f novel syatems © 
in the minds of the advocates o : 
i of atideial ightiows Why gas should be so snperscded is not s0 


ista in tho friendlteat 
jatly in viow of the fact that it oxis t bonualieat 
bm vith all kinds of other luminanta ; yot the desire to turn 

{ 


gos, ond dismiss the companies who manufacturo it, with all their 
q 


"seems to bo the . 
j Sharcholders and dependents, SGscnrer ee thinke that he has 


; ich, i 1, would 
: ighting, which, if at all successful, 
, | probly bo ndpted j gern ti qualities, whatever they might 


j ruling idea of every ono who has 


1 
But os there are no duplicates in nature or art, and overy know 


i fal field ‘of * 
i factures or science has some spec ‘ 
: Peller rer a eT ia peculiar] A tines cepen no aube 
| jund,” anfo 
\atitato can bo found, it is perfect ; ) lat gas would bo 
{no oxeeption to the general Fale ut’ that tbere wou! gee 


fe 


Which is well 


ver who might chanco | 
vir oe scientific journal, | 


dl of i 
ial ost 
me contrivance for the purpose of material enlightenment is mos | 


a 

they mi 

in co ns to Ji 
th 


ould 


I 
clocks, wi : ation th 
in the dark, havo been ree, duced. 1) 


& source is to proceed tho I 
“happy despatch” 

lucifer’ match, 

Noverthelesn, 

remarkable 


calcium (Ci 
gas minnagors in an im 


purifiers, may bo obtained by leatin 


Correspondence, . ; 
urealy Ble f r 
bys Mie Pt ker the opinions oxpre 


THE ELECTRIC Low: 
ION IN PARLIAMENT, vt ent 
formed 


eolings 
© notice has n; 


Bag undortnkinge, and of these ti 
statutory Powers, and 1200 without. 
necesaury, however ie: 
to aupply n district wy th 
to havo poy in all places wit 
own distria ca of any part 

tou of tho disttict con givo tho 

re time, withdraw ity 

nother, and so broventany oxton. 

sions, tlinament is irrovocablo, and Por. 
ninnent, anil: ho 

foundation witt HK tho utroote at Mecrotion, it fg 

ght it may not bo absulutoly novel: 


an equal 


The mixture is 
covered with a 
ed to cool. ‘Tho 


Tt is evi 
chemistry O reward 
tical applica get 
looked upon ns a merc Curiosity, 
upon for over a century; but! 
such property of matter is 
development 
means of re 


would, | atereating to 

nents of the ab 

Measuring tho durability 
pxPosuro to n known power of light, 

een known to retain au b very dark 

ig been 5 This is a 

red into; 
eck could 


Pure oxygen gas, 
ther and better known sphere of inventive acti ity, that of 
produced by magnetism or clectricit ys the reductty ad absurdun 
+. bpear to have been reached by ano of the latest American 
devices, It is in the form ‘omp, complote with battery, 
coils, and Geissler tube, fe for carrying in the waist. 
ond its use that of enabl ng the time to 

trible troubleand annoyance 

Wy a light ‘he happy DPosscesor of this beautiful little 
Apparatus hh a button, and lo! the enchauter is at hig 
service, and of light Penetrating space to the 
thaps even more! ‘The arrange. 

ono attention or renewal for a year; but 

night be the stato of tind of a nan who 

4 pocket-battery, when the Avemonth 

sh materials were not to be had, ese things 
and inight lead one to paraphrase the celebrated 


. fet 
Dut 


ily wollive in 


Our oc 0; a b 
ant bsisten 
"Nhilation v5 from m 


supp! 
advantageously as hy h 
power iy nover oxore! 1, 
of their: respective districts, 
therefore, not only advantagcou 
necessity, for without it very: 
aupply 5- but ns the principlo ‘of inenopolies ig 
Tawa, customs, and inutitutlona of tho 
safeguard to tho public, always 
granting auch Powers, cortain ye: 
penalties in the ovent of 


sono oxtont a 
uid be abla.to pot. 
Topugnant to all the 

y rlinment, aan furthe 


with -heayy 


ions aro-ay Pe 
follow: i 


ertal 


ying tho maximum 


reduction of tho that tho bh carly. 


form, ratoad, 


1 Of necessi 
would not bo 
to make it at available, 
or in any 


td, of nee rot! 


A nuisance, 3 
rately sninll - 
domonstratert . 
s Oxcopt within 

no necessity for, ‘and 

ntary powers to opon tho: 
Person can now aupply hingolf with: 

ied by other Persons, nut (hero ig no 
ore Necessity for parliame: tary powers to supply it than there ig for - 
cantles, oil, paraltiu, or ay other of tho numerous articles now in uao 
for supplyityg tight. 

None of the applications for bowers to supply elt, , 
either font local bonny or RAK companies, show an: pte, 
ever of the diliculties of. the aubject, 

Fegulation or control of. 


Taaes 
cited 





or, having 


iB cnn be established on a solid | 


tho companios, when’ 4p 





g = sak Correayondence,. 

= 7 teen ci * 8 of Dr, M, We do not hota 
wing WEG Tete aaa ) coe H ; a iw (Ve do not ho: Ourselves anenettle fer 
dlecoverod pl 4 ssi é : ay . 
, set d about the 
THE PRESENT Posi 

QUEST] 
F. 7a: 
at at 
wrod in 
ower in 





inquiry, 
it will, Thave no d 
7 considori; i Parlianiont 
as A ‘ : : i : which p self: ity | Ns pt to aupply 
clone : : Wg i dark, are been recent} luminosity Nigh h ting 
verlon may be tr Bye £ : : ¥ BS! with a compoun endowed wi 
arene dopart: 20, : eas : a -<. gence in an eminent de, Virtuo of whi 
ta Ut hand to na ee ‘ , timmer, t of the moon in a fo, 
atlons may Wiitated. On the rgenee ‘ ad : en exe 
_ aloe mann: Hoople thought at frat : 
¥ says th t sou tonilaat to, ectatio: 
MRI oer Tear eaTnD ilies de thie tine ne ine & source is to i is to admi 
plause. “Altogathis, iny- f : : oh 
th such evidences wy j . 5 ako th 
would tot bo xg lou : 





Power grantod by Pa 
manent, antl honco, as no untlortakin 
foundation withont Power of oponin, 
unquestionably desirable, 
sary, to have partin 
t has bean prov 
$ i i i rt conjec. tint it fs not bonetie 
o ‘ : . kind to tt different tho rovers, t 
now invon. . eo ie Open tho at 


ished oy 
tiscrot 

not bo absolut 

count for 


1 aupp 
ni¥antagvously ag by Ini 
Dower TH never oxercixod, 
of their respoct 
therefore, Keo! 


1 MnO oxtont a 
Receasi out it vy 


bln. to -got-a, 
repugnant to all tha Ke 
rliament, as n furthon. 
on tho ca 


lours may be 
different pro- 
aragonite, &o, 
fee “de hachete ie : : r 84 - Tt is evid 
‘s OME MODERN LIGHTS, a : rie pout hy be 
Tho oleetrlo ight be By "Isca.” an looked unen ai 
be paintin to tho i te than probable that a sim from the very ji ity 
Hicks a gan it be nia ae i to th Gree a fen recent numbers of ‘ 1 in any quantity 
Haht ne clon le 


os from the tig " i 
. ' r a 1B within certain distan 
id tht it f go city Iiko ; Would beeomo possessed with the notion tha ! level F to domauud a muppiye tha : ; 
tions in which : ; 4 ‘ je Jnid on nt tho oY ond abatt iv 
trtelty might be ; ; Wever, b di i | bo limited, yi i tho further profits | Ey 
a ; nents with sume of the Li ic og that tho half.yearly. 
z a) 8. measuring the durability of their y i ally undoratvod, 
Que pin: 3 know F ii 
: wenorating olectriclty In larne exposure to a know 0 power a ‘ 
santo au cating turoby"e dutrit been known to retain sullielent 
4 cond dy to aupply eactt hi tea Wish A machine, . " 
any Tbetlova ho tne scat Hot the apparatue that room after having been seclud. ; 
a Hurd plan ts possible, and that af te have = curious and im, red into; 
because, if the eck could 


le 
machiuo- wherbyor dt i fauted—t each room If of 
peraeie H given off in would be something available & 
pee damp Persons requiring it, or in a 
atmosphere, All theae matters woul, of. neceasity, fh 
of tho partios undertaking the supply. aN 
Eleetrivity mny be soncrated anywhere, without causing a nuisances ? 
American | and probably moro economically for the conaunior in inodorataly small 
th battery, | quantitios thanin largenawith gauss nnd it hs been clearly Tomonatrated 
ng in the waist. | that it enannot be eupplied through pipes in the street, except. within in’ - 
£ the time to | very limited distance. There. is, thereforey ny uccessity for, and 
7 + d ink, wit B nothing to justify the xranting of parliamentary powers to open tho 
eat eee | : q streets for such purposes, Any person can now supply bingolf with , a 
shar " the clectrig light, or have it supplied by other Persons, nnd there is no ir 
Hy More neceasity for partianentary powers to anpply it than thore is for ; { 
a a gelisn canilles, vil, paraftin, or any other of the numerous articles now in uso 
0 inet for supplying light, * : H 
tated to eee Nono of the applications for Powers .to supply tho clecteia. Nght i 


nib 


t produced 
id 


would appe. 


SE RR 


ae o think what ! ce fram Ten banels.or yam cauipanien, ane dng eye ceeteS, He 
» Spplicabilit iN had got to Jove and trust hie cher ct the ditienttion of, Mio subject, bevy wal for tho 
‘ stitute can it is perfect] Ba i wire BG fied expired and fresh materi r regulation or wy thocicee eee: ainn weny, aad boot to Lie. 
ae i y Het bathe tame comdltione ue thoy how supply etretto Hck ficee An tha suman 
Siren 053 domand a supply of the elo eae nn ho gay 
“Jet Fenve us all ser seaaentsion tie, ae either or both ‘always: rendy for Cees 
live in parlous times, When it is proposed to abolish | & ‘: 
wreviding our dwellings with self-luminous wall byt i is 
vrv.an electrical machine in our Pockss ge te us 


ae alibgige Wall gr’ 
Tee 2 nett fo 





lation, 








"Nom 


i a a ET 








has 
the, recent. experiment :in. lighting: tho 
Viaduct. by ‘electricity, ».He- states that: the 
| total-cost of the experiment up to the:18th,of February 
(64 :nights) was £785. :- The: sixteen ; electric: lamps 
wete;lighted from sunset to. midnight .at a.charge of 
f-45! per:night,idveraging soven.:hours, »'Tho cost per 
Jamp:-per:hour.was- over 10d.) A: gas lamp.on: tho | 
Viaduct, including. lighting, /extinguishing, iand:cleans 
ing/cost' £4 175, 6d. per’ annum; «It was. alight 4,300 
‘hours annually,:and, the cost-of ‘each lamp .per: hour 
- was but little:aver! one farthin; ‘The cost, therefore, 
'y Of. lighting the whole Viaduct during the winter. months 
Fi by.c! setrclly would be 143, 
‘ er. ho 


. Poe 5 ed 
: Temperina The Etgctric Lictt.—It has occurre 
toa Frenchman that.as clouds temper the brightness 


of the sun, so an imitation of clouds, by wadding ° 


U f:glass fibre, would temper the: electric light; 
mae Sing: screens of - glass: wadding instead. of 


‘Sopaline or clouded shades he reduces the loss of light 


4; from go to 25 per cent, . 


We have received Mr. Killingworth Hedges’ pamphlet 
entitled "Useful Information on Practical Electric 

:y Lighting." (E.and F. Spon, publishers.) It is designed 

as a guide to the unscientific public, who wish to make, 

vd, H use of the new illuminator, and is the be: 
} we have seen, yz 

Mr, Episox has exhibited the wor! ing of his in- 

{ candescent light in the illumination of his laboratory 

i and factory with excellent results, furnishing 14 of the 


new lamps, each from, 18 to 20 candle er, on One: | 


circuit, giving a steady white light, muic uperior to 
the carbon, and equal to double the number of gas jets. 
The generator was an ordinary Gramme machine of 
- a}-horse power. Mr, Edison states that he can now 
supply light for practical domestic use at.less than half 
the cost of gas, but is experimenting for’ further: im- 
provements in the lamp and. economy in'the generator, 
—Daily News, March 28, wo : 


tof its kind .:; 





ighting at these charg 

as dearas’ gas lighting. 
Colonel Haywood estimat 

t seven times that'of gas, 


temporar 
expresses 


3 

absolut rought to | 

a white heat wi rupted | 
owing to fusion..;- +; 


THE PRESENT POSITION OF THE ELECTRIC LIGHT 
QUESTION IN PARLIAMENT. 
S1n,—-Tho House of Commons on Tuesday last appointed tho follow. 
+; ing mombers ns x Committeo “to consider whuther it is desirublo to 
): authorize Municipal Corporations or other Local Authorities to adopt: 
+) Auy schomes for lighting by electricity, and to consider how far, aud; 
; under what conditions, if nt nll, Gas or ott public Companica should 
‘bo authorized to supply tight by olectri viz, Lord Lindsuy, Mr. 
Spencer Btanhopo, Mr, Bri Earl Perey, Mr. Alfred Gathorno-Murdy, | 
! Mr. Mardeaatlo, Mr. Hoygute, Dr. Lyon Playfair, Sir Ughtred Kay. ; 
> Shuttloworth, Mr. Adan, Mr. Mitchell Meonry, Str. Christopher Talbot, } 
and Mr, Arthur Mooro; and on Friday notice was given for Monday to i 
; Add tho names of Mr. Paleaton and Mr, Rylanids to this Committee. 
As tho House will ndjourn on Monday or Tueaday until Thursday, tho 
as yet been givon for the first mneoting, to choosy 
Chnirman nnd armnyo course of proceeding, nothing can be done untit 
soino timo after the House mecta again, 
I will therefore defor tho romarka I intonded to make, ns to tho inex. 
portioney of granting statutory powers for lighting by electricity, until n 
t lator period, W. Livrany, 
Gas ant Water Companica Association, 6, Victoria Street, 
Weatminster Abbey, 9.1, Aprit 6, 1879, 


Tue Metropolitan Board of Works have decided to .' 


continue the Jablochkoft lights for three’ months 
Bag longer on the Thames Embankment, ata reduced cost, 


Javtocnkorr’s candle was tried on March 1 in the 
heatre of the Royal United Service Institution, as p 
ig means of illumination for facilitatin surgical opera- 
tions and examinations in dull weather or after dark, 
Mr, Balmonno Squire, Senior Surgeon to the British 
Ho: for Diseases of the Skin, exhibited a’ 
remarkably small, light, and portable hand-lantern, 
containing iv a tube projecting from the back of it 
(which tubs:served also as a handle for. the lantern) a 
ablochkoff candle, By means of a screw contrivance 
itted in'the tube the burning end of the electric candle: 
; could be advanced forward into the lantern’ as the! 
candle gradually burnt back. ‘This, with two connecting | 
screws forattaching the electric wires, formed the whole! 
of the apparatus, “A minute window formed of dark. | 
blue glass placed at the side of the lantern formed the! 
2{ Means of ascertaining from time to time the exact posi.‘ 
‘tion of the buraing end of the electric candle, He, 
advocated its uso as a means of affording a powerful 
“and steady light in the dark cockpit of ships of war.; 
He also advocated the use of his electric. lantern for! 
; Similar’ reasons in military ficld- ospitals,’ where the; 
; Same conditions present ‘themselves ‘during a night 
: encounter, and pointed out that, while for milftary pure 
poses the necessary electric and steam engine conveyed 
on the same carriage would be far lighter than “an 
: ordinary’ piece of field artillery, yet for nav: 
: the requisite steam power was always on bo 
: most war-ships the necessary dynamo-electrical machine 
, Was already in use for eléctrical’ {tlumination against ‘ 
‘torpedo practice, The force required to generate the’ 


‘light he‘placed at only one and a half horse-power, and, 


{the apparatus £1 a 





Aeunaetuiegiee 


a 
ee | 


4 


Fuller, a Connecticut Ya 
culty was active from 
great deal.of t 
industrial ‘pro 
in pa, 


qui! 
and a 


He was 
worker, and he 
mathematical 
, electrical scien authority 


n, in this 


: pany of this city for practical 
4 telegraphy, The company named has over a thousand 
machines in different parts of the city, upon which are 
i Printed cvery few minutes the quotations of stocks in 
| Vall Street through the. business hours of the day, 
+ The Fuller magneto-clectrie machine was adopted to 
; Operate the wire connecting with these stock and gold 
{! indicators, Fuller has studied ever, since to improve 
| his generator; but when he had once obtained a 
:8enerator of reasonable power, . he returned to 
yexperiments with a, lamp. -He shunned publicity, 
‘and inthe obscurity of his little shop -he toiled for 
‘years over his lamp. He was the man best fitted in 
the United States to attempt a solution of the problem, 
This inventor evolved a whole system of lighting—the 
Senerator, a lamp, anda meter, . He proposed to use 
{wo large street mains, one of them insulated, dis. 
connected at the outward ends, The positive main 
as to throw off abranch wire wilding to be... 3; ° 


118: THE TELEGRA 
EEE 


lighted, :the. wire. entering the meter, performing a: 
certain service there, ‘and: then returning to the street . 
to the negative main, The main current was not to'do! 
the lighting, but'it was.to generate another. current in 
a series of induction coils, and gach lamp was to.be 
lighted by the current; fram one of these coils. :An% 
alternating current-was to-be used, The induction 
coils. were thus made :—Two Magnet cores, - are 
ranged parallel to cach other, were connected 
+ magnetically at the ends,- Around the centres of each 
of these ‘cores was a soft iron head, and at .a proper. 
distance from this a‘head of insulating material, - The 
outward ends, of the cotes were coildd with insulated : 


‘ copper ‘wire, and, so connected togetherand to the ; 


fineness of which w 
{ To one of the iron 


rr 




















organised’ Ycompan 
last ¢ Decemb 







‘ani, with ape. 
bo nisintained Ae 


- tb 
+t began be troubled with insomnia, 
*{ advice oF is ends he strorked: a te " - 
Sf} until it was finished. “In the act of tightenin; up the’ 
| last screw he fainted-and felt to the floor of fis shop SCIENTIFIC NEWS 
| entirely exhausted, completely worn out with ‘intense i 
mental application and lack of sleep, He was carried 


to his residence, A week afterwards he had recovered Ape correspondent of tho Daily News in? 
80 as to be active again. His busy mind had, in the. ; A lo for tho following statements, | 
i meantime, discovered a new: idea in induction, He. mtnie errom ef tho telegraph anil Proaa, if any :—? - 
ay’! Sent over to the shop for his man George, the foreman ‘ "+ Mr, Edt ng of 
















1 


—~o¢e 








ron has exhibited the worki hin! 
| Of the works, to.explain to him the ‘new idea, «The: incandescent Hyht in tho Hlumtuation of his! <2, 
“| two men sat down together, and: Mr, Fuller lescribed : 


"this idea with’ much ‘minuteness—the $ pe of ' the: |. 
"4; Magnets, the size of the wire, the manner which the 
ire.was to be coiled'on, and so on, motioning with his 
ance to illustrate Nia'meaning. When Mr, alles had 
inished, he said, : George, do - ou understand: that Ps 
is foreman replied that he a Now," sald Me, |! of 24 hono-powor, Mr. Tilison ataten 


can now supply light for practical ‘domostlo use bs 
atless than half tho coit of gas, but ts oxperj.’ 
menting for further Improvements in tho lainp‘ 


and oconomy in tho Reuerator, Wo has die’ 
; > : ; covered a now alloy, platinum and irldium, by 
nderstand ‘that, George, fori ‘tho uso of which ho inereayea tho number of 
then he weat.over the matter! *Tanps por hora. 
hole fdea, with the: 
. -Whea h 
ind time, lie .sai 





















iPHIG» JOURNAL; 




























ptr. Sawyer has disc hat hi 









J \ ithe ings tube, 























A cmist or t of ¥ 
ay Or, two ‘that. th superior carbon {4 thus obtained at 
tha a Ih 
ined by the ivriter, teonsiderable, aud, when added, tthe cont 
ee with pure nitrogén, seriously 
ed ceonuiny of tho system, 
















moyed ins Paris, nd will shortly bo tried therein reet ian a 
“querel oxhibited it during sericg | 


mservntotry, 8 y 
2 WOR not a purely inenndoscont a Tue ease 


but had 9 
. amall'are, which i " , 
incandeses “ pon ened the raanay of: the 












escribod 1 system 
t iwhich tho Société 
upparditua fy! Compotition with ti 
# COMMON Ch pei a 
HF open until the end | 
Vreeco has consented 
ural lecture, "Tho counel | 
nition of all who can nastat, og 
render the exhibiti Historically. 
lustrative of the entire subject, OL 79 : 
: « 



























4 


























; a April 15 1879. THE JOURNAL OF CAS LIGHTING, WATER SUPPLY, & SANITARY IMPROVEMENT, 
THE REDUCED CHARGE FoR vIn 


ELECTRIC “about six times greater than with the ne mi 

ve LIGHT, What “could” bo dono is, perhaps, doubsfat’ i 

UA FALL of fifty per cent. in tho price charged for tho electric | sill that what is netually. bese eee (eae 

light represents a bold attempt to contain the market, We from ho atetenne: a cettally ma Sans ers, enonnou 
Are not awaro that any preat discovery has been mado whereby 

electricity can bo obtained at a very much cheaper rato than was 


from tho statement just quoted. Mr. M, Radeliffo Ward, why ee 
writes the letter to The Tines, may have a very wonderful lam} |: : 

practicable six months 4g0, yot the Société Générale d’Electricité ‘” 

are reported to have mao an offer to the ‘City Commissionora of ‘ 


to recommend, and unquestionably, if ha can do what ho tality 
about, ho will eelipso both the Jablochkott candlo and gas itse 

Sewers, a faw days back, reducing the charge per Jamp por hour 

from a rato exceeding tenpenco to ono as Jow as fivepence, Ono 


He has only to produce tho results which he has promised, an 
ho will speedily find Patrons, As the caso now stands, wo: 

of the Comunissioners thought the offer a very eligiblo one; but 

nobody olae thought so, and the electric li 


that gas will pivo the light of cighty candles for an hour’ 
ight has acconingly 


iG ont of Alera ’, while und like conditions, the Tabloatt 
4 vO lamp wi y give the light of fifty e . ee be 
not been reiwwed on the Holborn Viaduct. ‘The French Com- Tho a 08 ot the cleat OF filly canes. 


Tho advocates of tha electric lig! 
are dealing unfairly hy the Jablochkoff lamp, in not estimati 
the absolute power of the light, independently of the opaleseenty 
globe. But wo answer that tho light which is intercepted i 
lost, and as the opalescent globo Appeara to bo a necessity, y 
cannot take account of that which is thus deatroyad. It m 
happen that, by somo modification of the present globo, a batter’ 
reault will bo obtained, But wo seo that tho effective Tigh 
toust be brought up to 400 candles for tho fivoponce, in ordor t 
establish an equality with gas, and this fivepenco must: coyar 
evorything, excopt a small amount corresponding to the cos é 
of lighting, cleaning, and repairing the gas-lamps, To get the' 
light of 400 candles hy the Jablochkolf systom, tho quantity i 
interceptod must ho reduced to thirty-six per cont., instead of 
being, as now, sixty per cent. ‘Pho nid of reflectors;we may{ 
observe, does not affect this part of the question, as“gas may. 
assisted in tho samo manner, Soo, 

Jt may appear to somo of our rendors that if the cconomigyt 
margin between gas and tho electric light is no moro than thq Hl 
diflerenco between eighty and fifty candles, or botween an inter 
ception of sixty per cont. and thi y-8ix por cont, tho “contoat 
is becoming rather close. But wo would call attention to two. 
points—first, that the charge of fivepenco does not really covers 
all charges ; and, secondly, Uiat nothing Appears to show a suffiy 
cient warrant for tho lange reduction in prico which: hag. justi 
taken place. All wo have heard of in tho shape of cheaponing $M 
the tight consista in a reduction of about a Penny in the coat of i 
tho “candle,” which would re; present n saving of somothing like 
that amount in the course of an hoitr.. An im rovement nd y 
also beon cflected, whereby a Jablochkoft eandtc is re-lit, on thee 
restoration of the current after tho light has beon. oxtinguishod! 
This is the moro important, seoing that tho extinction of on 
Tablochkoff candle in a cireuit is tho oxtinction of all, Formorlyy 
tho candles that wont out by any accident wore rendered prac4 
tically useleas. “This now can bo avoided, simply by adopting’ 
a modified form-of tho insulating material. But it will.bo soon 
that the saving ropresonted by these two itoms can only Justify 
a slight reduction. In tho trial of the Jablochkoff light at West. i 
gate-on-Sen, tho carbons cost cightpenco per hour for cach Inmp, i} 
Lho price now, if tho oxperiments wero carried out in tho sar] i 
way as hofore, would bo at least sixponco. Wo aro, thoroforgy 
ata loss to understand how tho French Company can afford: to ; 
supply tho lights on the Victoria Embankmont at fivepence por, ‘. 
hour por lamp, “ineluding all current charges.” In respect .to’ | 






































angomen| 



















































































pany had previously been more successful wit) 
Boanl, New terms were affered to the latte 
Victorian Embankment waa to be iNmninated with the Jablochotf 
light for three montis, at a charge of fivoponeo per lamp per 
hour, this charge to include not only tho price of candles, but 
also “all ourront charges.” It was subsequently resolved that 
not only should the experiment be thus prolonged, but that 
twenty additional electric lights, on’ the Jablochkoff system, 
should be erected on tho Embankment, so as to command tho 
entiro distance between Westminster and Blackfriars Bridges. 
As a spectacle, the effect will he a fino ono, but the practical 
issue is one of cost. In order to maintain the twenty oxtra 
lights, the Fronch Company will have to introduce another 

Tammo machine and its excider, hut the present steamengine 
will suflice, thongh, of course, with a proportionate increasa in 
tho consumption of conl. 

Doubtless, the French Company are quite at liberty to lower 
thoir prico. But it would be moro satisfactory if we know what 
waa tho real cost of. the light. Unless, as we have intimated, 
thero has Leen some sudden discovery, placing at command a 
much cheaper. modo of producing the eluctric light than any 
hitherto known, one of tio things muat be inferred—cither that 
the Company changed too much hefore, or thoy are charging too 
little now. “In the next place, supposing the present price to 
havo a fair commercial : Dasis, wo havo still an clement of un- 
certainty, seoing that w6'tlo not exactly know what is tho oxtent 
of tho burden which will‘have to bo borne by tho Metropolitan 
Board. It is pretty certain the fivepenco per hour will not inelude 
evorything, oven in tho way of current- expenses, apart from 
mattors relativo to capital, We are not asking that the special 
coat of Mr. Keates's experiment should be included in reckoning 
up.the oxponse of the alectric light ; but, at the same tito, it is 
requisite that overything essential to the production of the light 

should bo ropresonted in the account, The question at issue is 
8 vory important ono, for wo may reat assured, in tho present 
state of the Monoy Market, that if there wero a fair opening for 
investors in tho formation of companies for working the clectric 
light, there would bo a rush in that direction. Tho fact that 
tho public atand aloof from projects of this kind atlords tolerable 
ovidonco that tho prospect of a handsome profit on electric 
‘lighting is by.no means clear. , 
inking uso of such facts as como within our reach, it may 
bo woll’ to ‘consider tho cconomic aspect of tho clectric light 
as it now presonts itself, ‘That fiveponce per Iamp per hour 
will not coyer everything, ia ovident.” But, taking this prico, 
We will proceed to compare it with the charge for gas—a com- 
modity which is considered by somo peoplo to yield rather too 
large a profit, Measured hy the standard of gas, wo ought fo 
have for fivopence as much light a8 that of 38f camtles, This 
is on tho supposition that wo aro burning sixtecn-candlo gas, 
with an apparatus capable of yielding the statutory lighting 
Power, the price boing 3s, Gu. por thousand feet, ‘Tho burners 
dovised by Mr. Sugg are capablo of giving this proportion of 
light, if not more, ‘Tho large burnors at Waterloo Vince, eon- 
suming cannel gas of twenty-candlo quality, costing 4a, td. per 
thousand feot, give tho light of 409 candles for fivepence, tho 
total boing 8680 candles for Bs. Dl. per hour, It might ho 
fuir to say that for the eum of ropenice, London gas, as applied 
to stroct illumination, will yiold the light of 400 candles, Tn 
comparing this with tho electric light, wo muat inquire what 
is the lighting power of one of the Jablochkoft Inmps. Woe 
havo Intely ostimated tho light emitted by ono of theo lamps, 
when covered with tho opalescont globe, at 250 candles, and 
wo.do not think this will bo found to be Aunider tho mark, Ag, 
thorofore, the cost of the Jablochkofl’ light unqueationably oxceeds 
iivepence por lamp per hour, oven at tho present reduced mto, 
the ditleraneo is largoly in favour of gas, A gentleman recently 
writing in The Times has mado a very bold statement, to the 
effect that Waterloo Placo “could he lighted by five small 
“Grammo machines at a less cost por hour than 3s, 64d., 
af including all working exponses of; tho ateam-cngine, attend: 
Sanco, carbons, &e., and the total amount of light would he 


ht will perhaps say that 
h the Metropolitan Y tine 


r boily, whereby tho 










































































































































































lighting power, tho photometric observations at Westgate showed 
that the average amount of light emitted by each covered Jamp 
was rather uuder than over two hundred candles, thus showing 
that our estimate of 260 candles is tikely to he in excess of tho ff 
fact, ‘The power of the uncovered light could not be ascertained f 
at Westgate, owing to the interfuronce of the wind, which i 
agitated the light. But the eflect of tho opalescent ‘globo in. 
protty well known, and, taking tho interception at sixty per ii 
cont., wo got a total of no more than five Imndred candles on tho 4 
basis of tho Weslgata experimont. If tho interception Pad less 
than sixty per cent., tho result id so much the worso for th 
light in respect to its absolute power, - ae ee 
Tho report of the City Engineer on the lighting. of tho i 
Holborn Vinduet, despite tho defects of that documont—for | 
which dofecta it would bo unfair to hold Colonel Haywood { if 
poraonally responsible—iay perhaps bo taken as showing us! fh 
protty clearly what is tho cost of tho Jablochkoff light, ‘Taking 
tho data thus furnished, wo can scarcely put tho cost of tho 
light at less than o shilling per hour por lamp, if we aro to. 
include overything, In tho Westgato oxporimenta, the working 
exponses amounted to soventeen ponco por lamp por hour. Tho 
reault there, as worked out by Messrs, Bennett and Vaton, was : 
ludicrous, the cost of the equivalont of London gas being simply | 
equal to that of the fuel, oil, and water consumeil in the produe- 
tion of tho Jablochkof’ light... Messrs, Bennett and Valon, in 
their reckoning, do not give the London gas tho full bonefit of 3 
its atatutory lighting. power, yot thoy show that on the moro 4 
basis of the working expenses, tho cost of tho Jablochkof 
systom, reckoning light for light, is five times that of gas, Esti- 




















































Ese 



































vans 


tap gene 
; + we 



































bg) t3l0 of ono dollar (four g 

















a [April 16,187 9, 










ye It charges, both for ‘8 lant, rather: than “on tho authority of Mr! i F 
rking oxpenses, the figures-work ee bile aonomieally 3 Edison himeelf, . “But wo aro finally assured that tho price of the 
still ‘tho ‘cost of the clectric light, without allowing full | olectric light “ will cetlainly he one-thint or one-fourth tho cost 
power for tho ‘gas, is nearly four times as muuch as the equivalent “of gas, after tho syatem is perfected.” | As the comparison is 
Of light from gna'at London price, ‘Tho cost of the Jablochkolt | made with American 18, it does nab show such a yery erushing 
Night is thus reduced to 9 little under fifteen penco per lamp cheapness, compared with tho Toulon gas 9 
ver ‘hour, How the fivepenco is to bo maintained in the face of 


mpply 5 and, after all, |: 
Wo have to wait until “tho system is perfected.” Can Mr 

hese figurea we eannot undorstand, oyen allowing that only the 

i : and that a portion of the 


Ellison gave tis the date} 

iurroitt- expenses aro pride a —_—_— 
fRpenditure is defrayed from another source, EP ' 
Tho probability that any system A TREATISE 































































H ON ‘TIE SCIENCE i ; . gf 
H ’ j P THE MANUFACTURE AND 
an the Jablochkoff cantto will ho AND PRACTICE OF : 
i difficult to catimate, We cannot sa: DISTRIBUTION As COAL GAS, 
hievementa of selence ; CLXXY. 
Very much cheaper thar 











THE TREATMENT 
ery much dearer than yas, E 

unde to yield their Jight a 
ch lamps will not bo at 





TF RESIDUAL PRODUCTS, 
FB (continued), 
for 


tho operator, there Iways dangor 
dd of preparing nitrobenzono is now 
neecasity for giving a detailed description 
of it. 


—_—— 


















Mr, Edlison, Asttine (Cy I; N), 

n, aul we are now This alkaloid, which ts now the pivot upon which a colossal 

which is fi yo forth from industry turns, was discovered in the yonr 1826 ¥ Unverdorben, white 

erful still 8 tho delay investigating. the products of the destructive diatitlation of indiga, 

crtul still. Ha delay | ito noticed ita property of forming readily er stallizablo salts, and, on 
perty 8 y 

orld, that Mr. that account, gave it tho name of crystalline, It has at different 


periods received tho names of Kyanol, Bonzidam, Amido-benzene, 
an 
trie light fro 
















which has ww: 
Ip lison has d 
jhigher than 

















Runge, in the course of 

tn separated from that substance 

‘ ” isthe property of ylolding o bluo 

i ' ; Aary 7 ] tion of chloride of lino, and, not knowing that 

{ ; i i Unverdorben's eryatalline, gavo it the namo of 
. yanol, 


Subsequently Fritzsche, while oxamining the products of tho distil- 
lation of indigo with Potaal observed 


ipal portion of the 
orse power, | distillate to consist of a asic oil, to whic! 
forward to | from anit, tho Vortuguese namo for the {i 
ower; but time Zinin distovered tho important fac 
, nitrobenzene, by treatment with 
volatile oily alkaloid, to which ho 
The relation of tho substances 


to of | cach other was not understood unti 
Jamp for | son of the 


Love sources, 
the light | and d I to Hofmann that 
hat “tho | ¢ ight upon the con. 
i enrches wero not 
only of the most } r but the-brilliant 
eet ope Y i aturo of ormanio 
alkaloids gen vice, not on 
ero precision of langmage be pet ch Ino to i es 
© abstr mnge. Aniline is now prepared on a largo scale exclusive) from nitro- 
, poms Particulars are Biven ag to the plan on which the now benzene, and almont aleaye by tho procesa of M. Déchamp (Compt. 
tb erbage st be ,aupplied 7 sige fonts, and many persona will Rend, ie VAcad, pikes =“ Which yields it more readily and ceo- 
borhapa tor captivated with the idea that % nonucally than any othor. 
\, ABB at liberty to keep the ole ib all nigh) tt? te 


y q ndeed, it fv not too much to say that the 
» ke erie Ininpy ali commercial production of anilino Colours would nover have urrived 
» from year’s ond to year's 


at its present paguitute but for this discovery of M, Béchamp. Tho 
oinis to { Process consists {t 


eet 4 nitrobenzene by ferrous teetate. ‘The 
Nature of the reaction will be evident from the annexed equation— 
ClLNO, + 6 FeO “+ 10 = CIN +E 3 Fe,0,, é 









has heen 




















































ight all night and all 
bextra charge, But 
ho fact that tho Current must con. 
1 or other, whether it is utilized or 
© roady when wanted. Also it ig 
f tho curront hag tobe continuous) 





“Sid, withou 


























Aniline, 
the full power of the light ia required, ee not enter into the decomposition, and fs, 
Xpenditure Ins to ho Inaintained, even On thel tted from the equation, 
fall to itr We confeas there |. 1 € tho nitrobenzen 
i varying ith current withi i ; : 
py finits, and demand inf the day ought ta be eet : Paget, mamalantaro 
sistont with great reduction in electric po 














. 1 . cnst-fron cylinders of the form §, 
bo charged for tha supply of the electrig wane iis tay tic to a 


;  hadan Oxs,ce, passing through 
of irrent is to be at tho | it, bb. Aw Originally mnde, tho Intter was 
no f hillings) por year for cach Durnor, such | trned by manual it i 
Urner giving tho light of eighteen candles, Sup nosing it res ng. f VOWer, Tho hori 
the srateah the light going “day and night all i Gh ea 


ho ye 
* thus bo nt lenat fort: ti t cheapie te 
Yory much cheaper atill in comparison with 
we may oxpect light to becomo 
pated with gas, Consumed in tho 
dl that the Edison ’ ‘i 
oe the gas of : 7 i 
y tale, : 
of ‘the lnrgeat mus of a i 
he ‘is cautious! ‘nol ne Ci : = i 
vs, in To! per yi 
this figuro is to low.” 










14 now invariably done_by uteast 
aft passed Uhrough a stanly bo: 



















Lf 
5 | RI 





ft 
C5 


low, of 
that theso 
manner of the 





COs tf i 1 
E ae Batchelor, Mr, passed the pressure tcrows Th " oper Pat though mi eae i 
i : j 7 vk 
| 
i 
boa , 

























"Light Items. 
teading-room of tha 
will be continued 


ex, 
a 2 10 
he Commiseton ener ss ot) “Aliorgor, 
eck of Bi posal ratrnye: bot 
a 8 causes of their: 
i 08 judged ‘from 1 | @ toconite to" 
On) a8 seven gns-; 2 4 he groune. LBADRIt reporior walk-|: 1 light Is wenerally 
tlie original: cati-'| a nto-< tho: Koyatono glass works a inj increase of first: cost ten 
ts) ‘per, candla: por ; tow. ovonings :aitico and observod : tho This important result has been brow, 
‘ a : mon draw ty tub anon oe H nak i the best Nttings.to be piven the double Ip Devastation, now 
2 E 7 : 4 a . ; ame i 1 ‘f 
a a : qonal thoy ore intoniad, the «foraman ote aes at Ea mits but the PTA thaba be introduced into 
t the nitria } ‘ : ‘nuswero Don't :, know; wo havo wweet see Aes 
t < gat tha- contract <to: furnish the glass] 4. : 
zh Se ‘and at fe all wa enw about it.t! ¢ 
, z weet ho fs thotcontractory.. 2.3. : 
ee ver. NOTES AND MEMORANDA, eas : . we namo ts: ColonolAlborgor, from 
havo Bunsen cells to s : f. Tasty has produced an electric candle, differing esscntially ; Piitadol pita, ‘and ~ ho: stops -at the Sov- 
i those alrendy beforu the public, but from which vei enth-avonuo hotel.’ i 


wveon athe ¢ Ko: 00 even wh 
this Solty, and sa il ast the'prod 


pcat patt-o practical 














hilng Mr. Tattmer Gi 
ch has led to the elects it 































.* 29 ee : i To tho pinco designated: did tho ropor. 
lta havo Heer obtafned Bell ean eee ME gt , S torre ia; wiy. and Found vin tue in 460 
; 2 el a young man eparely built, but |: yen jar was 
- . ~ vt pfolonel ayaa Koon ayoun ina hot, and: ‘ discovered in 1744, 17 jo the first | 
NE 7 SRP r reer espe pal te : An oxprossion on-“hie countonanca’ that. bai o te egraph. Th hi gave birth 
7 New ‘Light, | } botokonou :him. w ehrowd business nian rile yalvante atvery lscoveries 
; \ M4a-4* ow hight: { os ‘ag woll:asan-Snvontor, .~ , " ~{ | that followed tn ite wake, In 1802 Sir If. Daw experimented 
; ar et Hil faite ¢ = Pagit: dotwn,!.ho: auld, Sind Twili o with 3000 cells, Sir Franels Ronalds wrote in 1810, CErated, in 
; Tho English papers are largely discussing ‘a ae plain with, ploasuro, though I want you 1810, tllscovered, su fn 1820 published liscovery which has 
now light,” which isnaw, howaver, only in tha . § to aay that Whon- Tveatno to Pittsvurg 1 ite our al raph atrumenta, In 1831 
fact that it is an intensified alight: It is by i “mot With nothing “but‘robutts from your ig currents, 








somo called “the albo-car in light.” "This “glass. manufacturors,’’ hoy :doomod it] | Cveries known when they we 









: ne f machines by Pixit, Clark i 
Hight conaiats in tho uso, as an auxiliary to come ane: mposslble to wold! ylase, fron and docar- Moleyne tock ie fiat tars P LD 
mon gas, of some propertios of pur whito'care i bonizet sige Sar ae ee natackucat : by Starr and Ki U th Professor : 
bon in tho solid form of small: oylinderas not - Ua that the Peas bs tho aianulncturo’ | © | Nollet in 1849 constructed m 





inuch unlike in apposranca to a stick of puro 
i] white canily, ‘ 
i}: Tho machinory required to adapt tho feeder 





i h 
f these - glass; tubos, of an Inch ox- 
tarnal dtunetor, and i ot an dnels holo. i 



























; ‘ ‘Thoy aro cut into longtus about fourtaon 

aud enricher to an ordinary gas burnor is ex. : Sock long. Attor tho tube ls complete n 

tremely simple, and can casi ly bo adjusted by - ‘ + Mecarbonizou stool wira: fs insorted, 

anyone akillful cnough to fill and trim an ordi. : } Pho campound tubo ot poset ee to Aj 
esate, the light couli nary tablo lamp, Albo-carbon thus atands in: : } dupe wit the wieo is shippod in boxes : 
% 


juite cheap, OG Rk 


favorable contrast with the elaborate machinery i: 3 rom hora to MokKerosport, whoro it is 



















































4 ;_Jnvorted-into’a -spoclully “propared pipe | = 
= fhm ee 7 9 : ; or tube of irom. Tnon- tho. entiro: are . 
fe i (5 + Bs rangzomont of. tubo, wire Jana. pipo- is : 
A Portablo Elec! ta the quality of the pe & ‘oS placed :f11 a hoathig tuenaco,: eatod ton * . 
Paris Cattlo an it involves no chaugo in maina, Meteraor piping, ” . 
adjoining groun ds test or.the general Alparatus of gas’ sorzice, In the w | 
carried * iY ‘case of aingle lights, tho apparatus consiste of a 3 “ 
motallio chamber of spheroidal form, fixed at a " 
flight distance from : e garnee, in this veasel | ; 1 curronts, 

; ! ie albo-carbon is placed, and tho substance, “ z “t9. telogruph-* Lok 
trae " 2] becoming liquefied ty heat, gives off an inodor- . i Pa Rea ere RT ae ay. 

Hustrated ous vapor, which mingles with the gas made to on: -Tho-wire boing porfectly. ‘Insulated from : oh 

Oia. TALEK +f Pass through tho vessel, and Produces a combi- “ye Pond “ta -ond,- and” “protected: from nll. * . eas 9 

IS ac nation of i uininating power vaatly superior to ren outatdo Influence by Rs metals: coat,” it Sj 
-# that of common gas. The enriching material is ost : 39 capable of working toa highor capacl- 

pondon) Journd 8 form of naphthaline, and is clean, portable, : y an elt avnGiet nn than “any \ , 

at hb Mow do vous rocced. to ‘connect the i 

wire? f a a oe fF 

7 : “A troneh is dugof any dopth: demred, - i | 

electric | cost. of + sand a battory attached: to Hirst: pleco | . 
heretofo ride ! 4 


é OF pipo lala 
markab) 0.» This nas , of gns-lig f het th 





















‘ PO. ay 
f by: the re- nce tuder heat, i “s Ra : 1s : i 
Hay i hat the 10 ight near London, io, Mi ’ 
lamp i ; 0 26 gas-lamps: so that, } vari 0 i metric testa: wero - : 
igh ir ability te ee than gas."——The Low. i ; 
c teh | i ability to compete with the 
which arra 


nt upon EI eters, 

Mr, Edison's Paton is : Ne old plas 
istered { ‘Stent for Bleotrie Li : - 
q ted in Oilleo “or Venting was Te. 


ussings, Aryand Qurnony Lt eleetric | 
a vast inp purners with re 





















cithe London Pa 4 
i Times tent Ad i ‘ which con. 
! eponds ete it contains nothing now Mone ‘lay. Tho {] trasta ao atrongly with the moonlight brightness : 
tho details of 2? both for ite vatue and ite 2ypelple, and of the clectrio- light, Gaslight, enriched by painted ‘coa 
: known toe of application of facts which 4 validity, upon | albo-carbon,. is a warm, sustained, and .ateady te led. -* Now iti ‘re: y. to, 
{SSB 10 every practical electrician, Ais oe long been ; light, not; however, calculated to: fatigue, tho ‘woar and in-.not. aul hieet {0 the 
: : eyo; but ite value waa mado known moat read! ily shies Maat ay 








-the spectators 
eastern section to 
ding : Mumined: by. 
resented > 









yy iotved cconor 
frat ic i] 
rat Fcoat pin 


pila fro boar 
tlio: tiro'alarin olticun, Fries 
eHowsnitich of your-Nioe haw: bi 
ured horo?: ARK 


‘aro 


i ; = 


inpotitors, ay Prd 
ho‘tins natok 1h 
range hinat Gite 


Fit 
‘ato! 
arurilnco, 


Pion 'dra¥itho wir 
asthe aus, 
a AGO, 


Gi 20-titrd,' 
RSP 
H iivgats oto! 

Foniiris’ 


wa 









































RBURETTING ‘AIR, ze : Ee : _ ms mig 
Ton ae oP Exorvernixa, . : ELECTRIC LIGHTIN G. Arf, 
Sit,—Tho cost required to prodiico the electric light is To THe Entron Sa EMER TER. «“Btectdhe 
oR Rin padres "at the which peared ereeunsneleon the «Fle 
a vi al uso, al a i is B ; } 
consleran fa too expe ates for fndlaputably confine hy thew stated! that the rena of power 2 2 i 
ac i oy fore, I heg to submit the con- ‘nllace- y ic _— . 
Hines exrariment, | There or gos, rath gasoling, at the quired by ‘tho Grammo or Siemen 









in San Francisco: 











wer per 800 candles. I think it vil ! : 1 ° Tho Western Etcetric Light Company nro ‘quietly maturing their plana : 
arora tg Dian ne 29.8, temp. S6deg. The weight ha following that. this iin tea 








y and laying tho foundation of an oxtonsivo bustuess, They are about secur. | 

tho-ifrial of the d H deine hola 8 hero thoy will pl I 

y » Therefore, he itrial of ha dynamo-c! : 4 a large building on uttor Btreet, where thoy wil Inco. a two hundred - 

aoe pa oP enn 8 rao, aa spy aor ee nt the South pe pnor shales and all the necessary Siighenees i lighting any dosir. ! 

7 ihe erate oF hn rata of otis containing 1000 lest Siemens cand ' ed portion of the olty, or for distributing light motive power wherover it: 
Feptene of Favuline, tho tuba maintained at Bin. seal 7 r led . i may be needed, A large number of tho Grammo machines and a great 

tho Liquids acl tea bolt ae Hea i ‘oxperiinent on , - quantity of Werdermann cauilles, which have be n described in the ; 
Tenbie foot of 17.10 candle gas, which took np 585 grains. J "Chroniclo,' aro on their way frum Paria, nud will soon be here ‘the Wor. 

peepee LOO cable fect of air will Siar se dermaun eandls has been brought to. such adegree of perfection that it ‘ 


585,000 grains of gasoline. can bo wanipulated like an ordinary gns-burnor, can bo placed on a bracket i 
. F rkahops of Mcaara { on tho wall of a room and turued on or of at pleasure, ‘This dos not | 
1000 enbic fect of air =16.0 gallons of gasolino per ns a 5 


: 4 c 1 it, on Gramne tne| imply an absolute rogutation of tho Amount of light, which can be softened i 
1 gallon of ‘gasolines 1000 cubic feut of air ines a tho following results werd obtained, in other ways, ‘Tho company wll improve thelr globes, having them tesa 

1000 cubs, ft. 17.104 =12.7 gallons of gasoline per ere given hy the Comte dn Moncel it ia work | ee frais ; a 
+1 gallon of gasoline= 45,850 1000 cuhie feet of gas. on electricity na an appendix to the Sonth Foreland triat | Opaque, or with the lowor part of ground or trauslucent Blass, aud the ; 
‘1000 cubic feet of nir after being carburctted = 1320 cuble {table which only refers fo the obsolete Gratame mahi f Upper part, Above thy lovel of thu eyes, of clear traniparont gligs, so that 
fect, and 1000 enbie fect of 17.10 gas after being carbur Diuensions \ of the medium, Tho company bas 


Price, Oreo power abtorbed 
7 enbic feet. lenptli 1 ft. U1 in. breadth, 1 fet hee height, 1 ft, 8 in, ; {| 20 light will bo lost by tho imperfection 0 
7 b J Contract with the proporty owner on Kearnoy street between Post ant 
























a ight to be Letter informed, 
figure, viz, 759, au the duty of 














































































tr . 
Specific Gravity Teat.—Tho lime roquired to pass equal! weight, 3 ewt, Iqr. , : 
wot cise f air, aly earburetted ah and carbnretted 1 daight produced » Standard 


wir under equal” pressure, through the samo npertura; 3 j beam, G100; diffused beam, 4000, 
(Shilling’s test). 










L Caniltes, » Contloused 

















































Olay, to light stroots and storey with tho olectrio light for the entire distauce, 
. Light produced in fandant Candles. per Horse | They expect by the Int of Juno ta have in place atleast soventy Jablochkoff y 
Air, 83 recs. ; pa, 58 secs. carburctted gas; 90sec: r% Telit Tengneteell beara, im pop hoe i jand four hundred Werdormaun candles, ‘They are confident that thoy + 
carburetted air, we Beces 182 et is moro than 300 canulles per horse power in advance of any could, if ullowed a few months fur Preparation, light tie entire city with 
HP uf 4 of Gas Ggim “134 to air 1.000 “Z| machine tested nt the Foreland, |] Slectricity, at n saving to tho taxpayers of from $150,000 to 820,000, They 
: Carburetted gas ©. 1,015 fen Fone ofeaent sereaut, Wanp. 5 ,| rogret the grent haste in Frenewing tho contract with the &8 company, 
| BaF 3 AL, Parlininent-street, ‘Westminster, 8," . ae : thinking that it would bo no More thin honest 
%s alr 101°_1.390 f nee rs 


and decont if the boant of 
font least a yenr, ponding 
v octricily, und ihe thorough test. 
y iu wsee—%, FL Chronicle, 


PASE poet. 
Photometric Test.—Teat on Hartle "s improved photo. “Re ‘OR} 
meter 15-holo argand burner (old atandand) 7in.x2 in, “fieaunsron igor::Ja 
chimney, constmning 2.04 cubic feet per hour of carburetted N 3 
gar=14.09 standard candles, redaced to the standard of ~ : : 
6.00 cubic fect=35.78 atandard candies, PHIC JOURNAL; CApai. 15, 1879: 
Also with No, 1 steatite Latwing, consuming 2.40 cubic < 15, 1879: 
fect per hour=18.63 standard candles, reduced to tho e_—_———— 
standard of 5.00 cubie fect 33.83 standard candles, htip fa 
348 cuble fect per hour of carburotted air consumed : small att 
rough argand burner=16.58 caniles, reduced to the poe Ls ‘orm, 
standard of 5.00 cubic fee ; Mercu 


.70 canitea, 
Durability Test.—Tho durability of 1.10 enbic foot tin, 
lame, 


B eedil “s te Ep 
F's’ CANDLE.—The, 


supervisors would Hinit the now G48 contnicts 
BLOC! 
a sim if lag F keeping thes ii 


improvemonts in methods of lighting by 
ing of the udmirable appliances natread: 






























































min. sec, , lower extrem 
Qase  eae 545 1 ro ween th 
Carburetted gas i), 1G 28 le and act j 
- " DIP oe ea HM 2 To ther floats, .: 
Thavo experimented on various forms of earburntors, | t diminished 1 hy 
viz, cylindera containing | pongo, felt, nnd! he fetid 
Wood carhon. ‘They are all usctess nnd obstructive, nor do PCUTY and raise orm which ‘they carry until the 
they yield ro bigh or regular a light as air aspirated or : 





exhausted through gasoline, and charged into n gasholder, 
from which it is au plied ready for uso 
required. If 1 enbie foot of afr fakes up ond retaing at the 
normal pressuro 735 Brains, the gas will bo 
enough, without adopting other artiGeial means, which 
they do not add to the cost of tho ofl most cortainl: 
he cost of carbonisiug, Air costs nothing, anc 
Overy coal gns-making establishment Jorge enough to afford 
; fn, exhauster may connect ® vessel on the y 
{ principle to the inlet of exhatater, 
| plrator charged with gnsolino. th f] 
{holders with air gas of the beat quality, be 
j Huey do coal gas. ‘Theso facets eagle to bo known, beeause 
| the prica of oil only, compared with the prico per ton of 


j coal, will govern tho timo when present gas producers may 
1 Stpply the ono or the othor. 







be ts old postion gn Z¢ t 
Bd Faas a Ee EE at rt i 


























experiments with cost 2s, 

{ lon. Therefore, 16 gallons at 2s,=998, for 1920 

z{ Sable fect of niy g0s=23.70 atandard candles, And 253, 
{ 


for raising 1270 cutie fect of 17.10 cand) i 
38.83 ataudard candles, a Pane aes to that of 


5 7 Yours tru: 
April 23, 1879, Witttaae Lyon, 







i 
| 

















M started with tho idea that to provent tho 
plarisation of tho zine plate, 


to bring t 
1 intervals i contact with a fresh p 








a Tht Leeper a . 
electromotive force is saved, nnd Been it vars ann premier 
downwanls, so that tus of a company an? the actual sims deman 
‘te ei ee ie obtained, whieh seated moro than usta, The Tr the customers, Thera is one thingy, however, 

i ti f [light is no longer violct, but white; with limo it} which scrvea to show that all is not yet settled with + 
eet her | look i the eap of | the Edison light, aud that is that ‘a nop generator 


every portion of 


y i looks somowhat nish yellow, anc th 
gifon, eal they {harcore ere eine Time nt least tri wie the brightness of tho light. Tho} is required. It has been di a f na, that 


tho cell. 


inking a contrivance for raising tho plates indeed, tho lime must n 
¢ solution aud again lowering them at short 
kfils, has not been attended with success. 


ic jet is very high, and, | the Grammno machine takes 
ae cleats Sprought 0 near tho | stated to bo necessary, and 
point, elso it is fused. Mf. Jamia points ont, theres [thing better has to be d 


e ‘pipe’ w lay i tting the new 4 tho dis. 
fore, that wo hayo heroa kind o} blow tH po vile be y ofa ian te He Tee La enent 


‘An attempt, mado’a fow years | temperature o! 


FaCamacho's dovice of forming a battery in| is probably the most powerful of all, : ‘ 
g. Hy ji i i t msensus of opinion that the Edison li is very 
fib arvangonient and Keeping the solution ae a Pigzeiats an cece ae rtisined manageable, very benutiful, and all {tho other 


through all of tho cells in succession must | describe cra 
dered as a decided improvement. 


Balter one 
AEC 


long son J at 
ith it.” ficulara nbova given secm to bo| ‘verys,”” but you will perhaps pormit\|ine, os on 

bie Mat the Mniter thinks of ar Jamin’s dia- | old boy, to express a very frave doubt whether wo 
‘afew details would be of far moro valuo, | ara any nearer toa general usa of the elettric light 


hattery cous job tay mumbo. of cells fins St Jamin’s paper been ‘published, and is it} than wo were in the days of Starr and King. I 
ihe 


und quart jars aro very good for tho | Has 

_ The inner or at cells should bo rather | illustrated ? 
fil capacious, A carbon-rod or plato forms 
of tho negative clement, and it is packed 


3.G. [know that the electric light ia suitable for 
inating large areas and for lighthouse work, but 
Ldoubt whether oven Mr. Edison hna succeeded iit 


EDISON'S ELECTRIC LIGHT. ita domestic servant. I ean look without 


puagon all sides with conrse pieces of pas-rotort= | (5555.1 Denixa the past week we havw been | tinking at five naked Jablochkofl candle; T have 
Bid. Tha carbon sl shoul invo aeaden top| aired iy tha. American. corespondeats of the| stood within n few fat of nix Weallaca lane at 
on into Toren anh i mre at ent | daily papers tliat Mr, Fallson has at length com | sentched the vagaries of the carbons, and [ know 
trip has becn enat, Tho negntive clement | road his wonderful electric light, but that it will] that the alleged photomotric values of many of the 


roduced offers a very great suriaco for action. 


still bo a few mouths longer before lio will intro- | olectric lamps nro‘all wrong; I theréfore protest 


Internal resistance (independent from that) dico it to the public, Looking at the way in fnat any farther Dl of the ‘bubble. 
o liquid) is thereforo very sinall, and wal which, Mr, aise rushed into Bat and charged rae pas 10 light oad Neusat cont, and then wo 


pxiee a oblate 7 Suet ot ree 
peentity.’ i) ive clement is a zine plate 

ion cylinderit for a Taund cell, or like tho | Merophono), and 

Jfor w squaro cell, Tho porous cells nr0 |i atrno authoritative statement from Menlo Park 

j A swith ation Treats sulphuric as to what has actually been accomplished iu tho 

Sireeesizo vessel containing tho eolution for 

outer celle, viz., water 10 parts, sulphuric a 

deid 2 parts, and potassic bichromate 1 part, is kept thoy havo been told, and wo nro oxpected to believe his plan, The vessel drew nothing at t 


laced as shown in the illustration, and con- 


Mr. Hughes with. pirating his invention (re the] shall be able to fudge. Jonathan Oldhead, 
‘Mr. Preece with breach of faith, 
T cannot but express astonishment that wo have 


THE POLYSPHENIC SHIP, 


+ ; 5350.—ON the 7th Jime, 1853, Mr. Frederick 
ter of the electric light. Instead of having our " A 
information first-hand, wo have been com nelle to | Lipscombe patented a form of vessel with a aloping 


take it from those who obviously repeat only what bottom, and proceeded to build a snail sachet {inen 


very sharp and curious corner for the water to 


yh ling higher than all the battery: cells, which that Mr. Edison tins at. Inst accomplished what | Shout 6 or 6 fect near the stern, where thero was.n 


jegtedl by menna of siphons. When tho stopcock 
tho highest veenel is turned, tho liquid begins 
rculate through all the cells, and os fresh 
solution continually pass the ¥ 


by 
to prineiph 
genious . wa) 
I. Jamin. 
} patel The ett 
wa 
| eee 


has hitherto’ been regarded as impossil 
over the lucubrations of tho gentleman ho ocene [FOUN Ho issued: cireulars about his wonderful 


pies tho post of Naw York correspondent of the insgution, cum really expected soit all the cuna 
$n hour, and had onlyone good quality, which was 
Rati the fonn A a hago me tock tho 
) ' each very comfortably, Mr. mcombe had a 
I be found that the sezitencn fron cle Intest (at the anpect Nit fo) cone Chancery sult over it, ia which, thd Inwyers got no 
BY Gh HAE CtB THE | Sneaking af the Hate froin the Fallnon lamp, he |Mmall Venefit. ‘The patent 1s No 1990, aad of tho 
i De. ex« 2 on Mr, 
hand tho Ny, but T- 
fanss nein through 
lescription in well 


‘Rote Daily News, Vecauso thero ia in his communication: 
abundant internal evidence of his incompetence as 


s current of temath a critic in the matter of electric lightuing. One 


in; aud so pers 
requested: Mr, 
int gentle. 

; and I consiter 


‘and 


8 rectangle of wiro 
‘bons, and traversed 


» and should 
7 pecially Atlantic 
attinglon-streot, Loudon. areal 
12th April, 187 


fanko tha ‘candlo’ entiral: 


tf 


: fd tho nro desc 


‘both carbo 


ho rectanglo in 


Bi beyond the poin 
{ flame, with atro: 


erdis then a 


tarbons aro rendered movabl: 


000 cul 
told that 
000ft., 
Edison 
ol., 
iter, | thy 


a gaae 
ft Nar. 


tion. 
impinge 
ana ae wT ig ayain fro: 
. & ental rockeb- floats: the- propeltin, 
3 errr sy ey nO} 


‘By: 
a 





ee, 


ae — 
moO RAPHIC JOURNAL, 


“ Kenite" Core— i 

of its inventors the heen feisty 
of Mr A. G, Day, of New ¥ 
affected by extremes of heat and 

any climate, nor by length of ex; 
phere. ft will endure long contin 


intervals as 


injured by the 
Butte-percha, 

ictally upon it; whi 
effect’on it, Mineral pgs 
asis known do not 


ama, hav 
favages of the whit 
wooden poles, - K 
by the U.S. nay; 
Ments they have 
Years, and i 
Cities of the 


exempt from the 
kes short work of 
almost exclusive: 
he torpedo experi« 
on during t ¢ fast three 
been in use in different 
t, in: Egypt, and Canada 
excellence were awarded 
ce of its insulation and 
iladelphia_and Paris Ex- 
talogue of the virtues of 
also to know what are 
less there will be some, 


3 probably. mm ° 
aetabber uch lower than 


Luasxous Diats, M R 
LM. don, 
manufacturer, makes known the f ‘ 
act that for two y. 
fe has constructed watches and clocks vith luminous 
i n a plan, patented by him, which does not involve 
aes use rtf phosphorescent substances, Ttconsists in 
sin Peet sare ch sake — h'a Geissler tube filled 
the battery, one of Trouvé's thin af loc 
oo Uh A imbl 
jo. With a small Induction: coil, hung af the ates eee 


°F the dint & spring completes the: eltcait and illuminates 


a Parisian clock 


Peau Liontxixa.—A flash of lightnh 
NING —, btni i 
; wa eT eprie fame, pad on the horizon pp 
ok I fainter. aureole, 
ithe Province of Rio Janeiro, Bran” vga: @ 


os Tey. Patents—187 : * 


175.“ Electric canilles. J. tinwav, (Communicated | the same time as magnetic carrents. ° (Net preceeded 


“1181, “Tron telegraph posts, I. CG, Guasea. (C 
Suskcind by J. Raue Dated Marchage SO™ 
i ~ achinery for coating. th fs ax 
‘other moulds with lack lead fof electro eng “EoAL =| 
: iets < J. Batey. : Dated March 26. 

2207. “ An improved: method of and fi 
Producing - electric ‘lights, whereby such. lig ts can be 

ned tay siaibated and ‘economically main. 

a! ee 
foe bated ince: bene private houses. : TAA 
‘ Improvements in apparatus for ralsing ships’ 
telegraph cables, and other submerged po: 


leminaries from wood and 


perty, such improved apparatus bei; 


to other purposes.” Hf. W. He: 


ing also avoli 
Mareh 28, Prats 


MSWORTH. Dated 

‘Iago, T 

wacte Electric telegraphs.” E, 4, 
1347, 

transmitti, 

matter by 

beneath the 


Cowper. Dated 


- Je H Dated 


lectric telegraph apparatus 
‘d ship and 
a Dated April a ie sie 
mprovements in- dynamo and 
ject machines for generating electrie canes 
pro ne a ut ps Blumination and for electro-plating 
a : Purposes: useful in the i 

improvements in machines Or appa and pigeon 
noses, and processes connected therewith.” A.W. 
. Ccomminaeated by N.S, Keith). Dated April & 
397. “Improvements in or aratony ‘ 
plating.” H. Kaupp, Dated Apa. ere 


—_— 


ABSTRACTS OF PUBLISHED 
SPECIFICA. 
TIONS—18;8, one 

2316. “ Magnetisi: tances, 
Patcnery nD Pigg patie 
ting chambers and tsited 
O give strong teleabonie 


* E. A. Oxacu. xy 
This consis:s in forming are 
Bg carrents of diverse 
cail on a frame so thas its 


to the needic may be varied, 


57. “ Galvanic batzeries.” 
H. ve Hicetss. Dated August ag tet 
cribes the use of an amalgamated surface of ison, ime 
mersed in amalgam, instead of the zinc pole in a 
battery. (No! proceeded sith) : 
3428. “Ship telegraphs.” J. S, 2 

August 30. 6d. Teo ones tae es, pate 
connected, and, by a sz, 

the receiving dial is ma, 

on the transmitting dial. 


3528.“ Magnetic appliances of games ” 
Witsox, . Dated Sept. 6. 2d. TES relates 


tes to im. 


provements in. ma; H Je 5 9 
Thereby "in eheseeruc Bats spial bands be, 


Corrents are kept circalating at 


oe Generale de I'Electricite,) Dated | 4 


“Proceedings of Societies. 
THE INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, 
25th of March, Mr. Batemis, 


the Paper read a 
‘pbcbone ee «FE 
CE. 


the progress of Ligtthor: 
coal Ere to the iatsSdacee 


























: Cosss ae aie SSI eR aareaote a ; 

DISON's : Ei Io Liaut.—M: nis working on a new generator, }.. . — ar ace a 
- peeking to secure greater sir pics i d effectiveness, Some months will 3 Ee he Stot is 
probably elapse before the light will be ready forcommercial use.“ There : PEy oe sh0teS, 

ara UR ig bee things ”.Intely romaciced My. Edllson FS in connection with} hi ates : Ce aaa ¥ 
the electric light, and: the uire time, +, Edison appears to con- ; a: 48 superseded > Z F 
template tho iso of double sinned “glass” globes, contalning alum water, 4 ‘ aA ES ed gasin the Place 
or other bad conductor of heat,:so-ns to retain nenrly tho. full heat Eg e three nation 

of the flame, ° For. turning tho light off or on, it.will eiinply be neces. F 

sary torovolve, wholly or partially, a elrcular pleco of metal attached to 7 ; 














tho under part of the lamp, The precise arrangement of the circuits has 2 | 
not heen fully determined, Letters continue to be nddreased to American i 


ly eleva h water level 
an. 2 : i er level of the ocean, 
aud foreign journals adducing facts-to prove that “Mr, Edison was not the 4 A ht will a 


.Ma. Appresarti, who first introduced to London 


































ri ed, with the us 
the Jablochkoff, and‘ afterwards the Rapieff electric first to determine the divisibility of the electric light; but ho hag never of spare ‘machine fn thick fogs, The ‘ti i 
ight,is now again to the front ‘with x new system, | : claimed this, but simply that ho has discovered: the ineans b y which this. 
\ viz.2'one’in- which a thermo.pile is used, and which: j capability of division may be beat 
bers tke name of its inventor, Jigas. 
: : ‘“ 

: ——__= 


placed about 120 feet 












ight veil ‘be 
u will com. 
put to account, each lght being ren- ry minute, 
the clectricity accurately regulated, M qual 180,000 standard candles, 
J me t. Eptson di 7 : 
5 ; electric light onecthrd the ye tas now made. his 





E Sire “9 g _ dered = spendeng of al/otyers, and 









| Peg, B. 9g 











i 
rT cost of gas,. The. Ment id : é 
sch on ight arene by 16 tse ah ies | 
equal a ; . 
: consiats of a platinum coll ia epee ets, The: lam torium, 
tue Etkcrric Lidnt.—La Lumiere ‘Electrigue is.the - F ‘ ‘ 
4 title of anew periodical which. has just been.started in 







: Paris; under the scientific direction of.the distinguished: 
: Count du Moncel, The first number is comprehensive 
| and well.iNustrated, and promises well for its ‘success: 
| We welconie its appearance asa sign of the permanency 
Laf.electeintiohtine |” id Teseesk : 












sen and very stril 



























lerstood of all 
ative applause Breeted hi 
: Two electric lamps.are to be fitted up in light-houses i ig. is remarks, ‘ 
off Navscilles and the mouth of the Gleond Met - ig. H se It the different | 3 H 
“Dp. Lyon Praveatn has’ been elected Chairman’ of 

























‘HEHIG JUURNALS", “[Ma¥ 137 £879. 
OO and self-posses~ ' 


veatative of collisions at sea, was strong! advocated 0 many diverse 
by Dr. C. W. Siemens ‘in his examination before the ic subject “te, Oe Lamps, 
Parliamentary Committee. But although it was solely i Mr. Preece skilfully pit with aS 
duc to the electric! Hight carried by the Faraday that.a. ! way culties which w if i oted his 
most disastrous and fatal accident was prevented, the» fe wow have over- 
Board of Trade objected ‘that. the Faraday had. com. 
mitted ‘an illegal act in exhibitirig an ‘electric’ light at 
Sea, Theré is'an objection to the employment of. the : 
new illuminant, on the ground that it may give rise to 
serious mistakes,’ the light carried by a ship being taken 
for that'of ‘x" lighthouse: ‘Through this appre ension r 
the Board of Trade have issued regulations prohibiting 
the usé.of ‘the electric light for ships! signals, - But for 
these resttictions, it Is said that al the Atlantic ships 
would u the light for signalling purposes,’ oe te 

Str Joszrn Bazacazrre, the engincer of the Metro~ 
politan Board-of Works, has reported on the, electric. , 
lighting of the Embankment. , The cost of the light is 
5°78d. per hour, and to produce an, equal light by gas 
would cost, in opal globes, ad.: per hour, and In frosted 
globes, 3'sod. per-hour. He considers the electric light if 
to have established itself; :but:.to. possess defects.at Partly fo 
present for general illumination, «0. Jang Siemens 

ee eae : of the 


and in this he |; 


mselves, It re~ - 
the Select Committee appointed to consider the subject 


of lighting by electricity. : Scientific witnesses from ‘all 

- parts of the count! ill be summoned to give 
evidence, Dr, Tyndall has been already examine 

» OE ; i ee. TNE ced 

Tue Albert Hall exhibition of electric lighting. 
| apparatus will be opencd with a lecture by Mr. W. H, 

. |} Preece, on Wednes lay, May 7, and «remain open until 
: | the end of the, week. There will be some:navelties. ; 
shown, : , fe? PVT EERE sai Geeaih ony 
















































. «We hear that. Werdermann’s gyatem of: eldetiie: 
ighting has been bought by a Parisian company. > 














a 
Passage of soundey 





































: Thi 

believe, cre fo: 
; healthiness of ¢ 
: allowed to telt 






* was preferable 
: and softness, a - 


| 


' 







yet 

requirement, oxcepe 
n jum, 'whichiwas very scarce and ex. 
i ensive. A fine display of the iridium incandescen 
ight by the Anglo-American Electric Light Com 
“pany, exemplified these remarks.. In ‘conclusior 
Mr.'Precco alluded to the growing application o 
the electric light in ‘lighthouses, ships, forts, an 

Jarge workshops, and, while admitting the sco; 

: there was for its improvement, did not hazard a 


' 



































Soraya ane reenact cane nn nan tae ay en ef nae 








a 











: + \* 
THE TELEGRAL ; 





PHIC:JOURNAL, > 













h ‘gh expressed-his opinion; | 
at for ‘naval,.purposes,- such.“as. the avoidance of } 
‘collision, or.discovery of torpedo boats,‘as:well as for | 
: light-house illumination, the electric light would be ; 
of- great ‘service. : al 
The ‘illustrative exhibits” in- 2 
“hall consisted of a great variety of electric machines 
from the carlier forms of Saxton, Holmes, arid ‘the 
‘Alliance: Company, to_ those’ of “Wilde, ‘ Gramme; 
‘Siemens, Ladd, De Méritens, and Schuckert. There 
was here also a. very fine Otto Silent Gas Engine, 
of 33 H.-P., exhibited by Messrs, Crossley Brothers, 
and driving a Gramme machine and Werdermann 
lamp. There were also a large number of electric 
lamps, including the Regulators of Sicmens, ex- 
hibited by Messrs, Siemens Bros, the Dubosq, : 
Holmes, by the Trinity House, Chapman, Serrin- 
Jasper, and Suisse-Hallé, by the British Etectric 
Light Co., the Rapieff, by tho: National’ Etectric 
Light Corporation, the Serrin-Lontin, “by: Mr. 
Harding, agent for the’ Lontin Company, tho ; 
‘Wallace, by the Anglo-American Light Co., the 
Sautter, by the War Office, the Pyramid, by Captain 
Brain, and the Krupp. A row of .Jablochkoff - 
candles were fitted up round one of the balconies of 
the hall, and lit with fino effect. The candles of 
Wilde, shown by the Electric Lighting Company, : 
of De Méritens, of Rapieff, and of; Mr. André were 
also shown, A Reynicr incandescent lamp was ; 
exhibited by Mr. Crooks, and there were samples of ; 
the lamps of Werdermann and Higgins, together ' 
with the mining lamps of Trouvé and André, | . 
‘Messrs. Carré and Sautter, Lemonier and Co., and 
‘Siemens, showed specimens of : their improved 
icarbon electrodes, ; 
' Besides these principal exhibits, there was an ° 
interesting collection of photometric apparatus, 
(including. the , photometers of Bunsen:and Wheat- 
‘stone. ‘The Trinity Houso exposed a fino light 
house dioptric apparatus, and Messrs. Sicmens 
Bros, exhibited ‘a holophote, -or. projector, of 
the electric light, a powerful moveable reflector, by 
which an electric beam can be directed to any part 
of the horizon or sky. This holophote will enable , ! 
: a ship to scour the sea for 2} miles around, or a fort F 
to.explore the surrounding country by night for the 
‘enemy, or'the sky for balloons, The War Office 
furnished a specimen of the Portable Electric Light | 
i apparatus, known as the “Steam Sapper” and Mr. 
rouvé displayed his ingenious instruments for 
, adapting the electric light to surgery, which havo 
: been described. in'the ‘fetecrarmic JournaL for : 
; August 1, 1878, 






















1878. 


machines were also exhibited 


this Journal. 


May 15, 1879] 


























































our profession, 









1877; Schuckert’s Machine, a 


Sy 
t I 1, 1879; Jo 
koffs Candle, Jan. 1, 18793, Canale, 


c's Candle, Jan 


‘Lighting Apparatus, which its im: 

ra design, if possible, to make historically Hustratlye of the subject, 

fonriéunced: by our English ‘exchanges to be opened in 4 Hall(Lon-.|- * 
n)on Aay.7th, and to continue open for one wéek. (Tey . 

. Aa Titaratyen.. Min VMiie tne. nf + 








been so highly d 
ill-disguised smile, 









rr once ec neetnenee tan ear meet 


months it has developed 











1879 ;- Rapicht's Lamp, Aug, 15, Sept.:1, and Nov. 1, : 
1878, Feb. 1 and .15,:1879 ;.Werdermann's: Lamp, : 
Nov:-15; 1878 Lontin's Machino and Lamp} May-r, ; 
1879°;. tho >Wallace-Farmer.-Machine : and’ ‘Lamp, 

Nov. 1, 1878; the De Meritens'. Machine, 


%-Steam’ motors, for *‘ driving ‘ dynamo-electric 
’ Messrs. Robey ate 

& Co.; Wallis &. Stevens,;. Messrs.. Ransomes, : 

Sims & Head. That of.tho latter was illustrated 

in the TeLEGRariic Journat for March 15. 
Otto Gas Engine appears in the present number. 
Having now given a general review of the ap- 

paratus, it remains for us to treat in particular those 

exhibits. which we have not already described in 





“THE TELEGRAPHIC JOURNAL AND 
| “ELECTRICAL REVIEW. | 
1 V+ Voby VIL—No, 152. 


“THE ELECTRIC LIGHT.’ 
‘Tue Electric Light-has had a jubilee ; not indeed’ 
onc ‘of thoso silver weddings or golden, weddings, 
which ‘are 30 frequent just now among successful, 
sovercigns and public men, but 2 coming-of-age 
festival, which stamps it as a practical necessity of 
Civilized life. - For it is in the light of a jubilee that’ 
‘we must regard the magnificent exhibition of electric 
lighting apparatus of all nations which was in- 
augurated by the Prince of Wales last Wednesday 
evening in the Albert Hall. Mr. W. H. Preece; 
who from tho stentorian power of his lungs, and 
his well-known facility as a popular expositor, was 
both mentally and physically well chosen to deliver, 
the opening. lecture, and the President and Council . 
of the Society of Telegraph Engineers; deserve the 
hanks of electricians in general for.concciving the’ 
exhibition and carrying it out to’a successful issue! 
The Prince of Wales, in consenting to preside over, | by the gas companies: i 
it, gave it a dignity which otherwise it would have’ T 
lacked in the eyes of the people,’ and, by thi 
courteous act, has helped to ingratiato himself with! 


‘Tho past year has been an important.era:in the 
History of the electric light, perhaps the most'im-, 
portant it ever experienced. . Hitherto the electric; 
light had led a dilatory and tentative existence, with : 
occasional: spasmodic bursts of vigour which: as 
quickly died out again. “Bit during the last twelve 
nont} 80. rapidly that, instead of 
being a thing almost unknown to the world at large, 
© subject: of every person's talk, and: the 
illuminant -of tho future. ‘ It has estab- 


i The gas companies haye now 
: fallen into a habit of utterly repudiating the electric 
light. . From panic: they. havo -oscillated to. sheer 
scepticism, and, secure in the failure of Mr. Edison's 
system, they ignore ‘all others, - 
rifer than ever about: the poor ‘qua 
the unprecedented number of cubic { 





The 





ormatio x ie 
,about to bo:tried on:a largo: scale by 
E to ba introduced.{a that nf. Brigh2and 
tiat tho municipal authorities have concluded a'contract for. 
vost n large portion of ‘the city. Tho lamp-poata which aro de- © 
aeribed as being very ornamental and 20 fect in height, aro mreaiy crected,: | 
and the lamps, it-is said, will soon bo placed in position, . As this will bo 
tI tho first effort in this country to introduce the electric light for the light. 
ing of streets, tho result of the Cloveland expefiment will bo awaited with : 
mach interest. - Let us hopo that we may be able to record better results : 


havo been attained abroad, Payebrtae tc g i e 

nee Edison ‘Electric Light. They meric Gus Light ournal, ef 
™ ntaine, © 

last issue, publishes the opinion o' lyto Fo Nalt as described in 


: « , “she discription of tho in- 
: “April 26th. M. Fon- 
b) 









































“ed up in the state- 
“andeavoring to 
“sro defective, 
“ar inferior 

tor, of 










THE TELEGRAPHIC JOURNAL. 





| body has been’ burning of Iate. ° It is as-if tho’ gay 
- had taken upon itself to be revenged for the scare 
which the new electric light gave it, and had played 
tricks on the meters. But gas directors ought to 
: know that itis as unwise to pooh-pooh the electric 
light ‘now: as: it was‘ hasty: to dread it. before. 
Jablochkoff's system has been tried in London for 
, Street lighting; and found to be more expensive than 
; gas; but that is a very insufficient basis to condemn: 
an enemy upon, © Jablochkoff's ‘system is only one ° 
of twenty ‘different systems which havo yct to be: : 
tried for street lighting ; and, further, cach of these, 
‘including the Jablochkoff, is capable of improve- 
ments, which. only suggest themselves when: the ; 
apparatus is put on trial: ‘The electric light is pro- 
gressing in ‘the strects of Paris, and it is being 
extended to other cities in’ France, notably Lille. 
“In France gas is dearer than in England, hence the 
difference in cost is less marked than with us, The * 
beauty of the electric light also enliances its value, 
| in Paris at least, more than in London, where the . 
brilliant beams, ‘instead of lighting up beautifully 
‘sculptured boulevards snd” pellucid air, only un- 
. mask the hideousness of our dingy brick thorough- 
, fares and murky atmosphere. wort 
‘That the electric light is no longer to be despised 
i is, amply, proved by; tho 
statement made’ by 'Dr,é-Siemens' before -the 
Committes on’ Electric “Lighting, now sitting 
in’ the “House of ‘Commons, to. the effect. that | 
the fitm, of which “he is the head, had manu- ; 
factured « £57,000°' worth. of: electric: lighting © 
apparatus -during -the’ past years: ‘Factories of all : 
kinds, in “different” parts of: England -and the | - 
continent, ‘arc adopting ; the “electric light,..as : 
being: not only superior. but, cheaper than gas- 
light. - That tho’ ‘electric ‘light ‘when ° produced 
by’ a’ few. intense. sources.and properly diffused 
$ far: more economical than gas for the illumination 
of large halls. and ‘workshops, is proved by the 
ordinary lighting: of the. Albert-'Hall, ;whero five 
Siemens’ lamps,’ costing: £2 ros. per night ‘and 
yielding. a light. equal to ..45,000 ‘candles, have 
Superseded somo - 3,000, gas burners which formerly 
Cost £7 per night in consuming 42,000 cubic fect of 
‘noxtous gas.” Elect “and hatls 


Lon 











































































\ 










































EXPOSITION D'APPAREILS | | 
ais ELECTRIQUE A ROYAL-ALBERT-HALL 2 
M av 


OT cg Fd ny /{ 


Louverture de cette exposition, qui renferne des sptcimens 
de presque tous les appareils déclairage Mectrique connus) 
jusqu’d ce jour, a cu lieu mereredi 7 mai, 3 huit heures. dis} 
soir, sous Ja présidence du prince de Galles, et en’ présence 
d'un nombreux auditoire ven pour dccouter ta confi c 
inauguration faite par M. Preece, Véminent dlectricien 
anglais. iy | 
Une exposition qui n'a jamais eu sa pareille dans le monde, 
une salle splendide, des experiences magnifiques, faites dans | 
| un esprit tres-pratique et qui nous est complérement incon 

ay fae eee é re 































going com- 






















i Cheney the 
h:his ow 












Complaints are 











in time 
acertain 








Spe 





/ 





vy ee EAL wa Tle TER 










ey 


THE ‘TELEGRAI” 


fo domestic pur-| 


i 


?HIC. JOURNAL, 









1879 }-Rapieft’s Lamp; Aug. 1S, Sept.:2, and Nov. th: 






















\ 
i 
| 
bee So iL 1878,..Feb.1-and. 15,:1879 ;Werdermann’s: Lamp, :- ea te vie - s 
ressed his opinion: {| Noy, 15,1878; Lontin's Machine arid Lamp; May:t, ; ‘wo aro told: tlint:the muntcipal auth haye concluded a contra 
{| 18793. tho “Wallace-Farmer-‘Maching: and’ ‘Lamp, °° tho lighting of a largo'portion of tha city. ‘The lamp-poats which are de- ; 
i) Nov. -1, 1878; the De Meritens', Machine, Lo a seribeil ag being very ornmnental and 20 fect in height, ‘nro already erected, 
(1878. , >a! see ae ae : and tho lamps, it-is anid, will soon bo: placed In nogition.. As this will. bo 
+Steam > motors,’ for: ‘driving  dynamo-electric . tho first effort in this country to introduce tho electric light for the light- .. 
mies ate Teo ariel by Mase obey FD ing cly the elt of theca Yon er nal 
q i jis &: sens, Messrs... Ran 4 2 Wimuch interest. ~ us hoy int we may : 
& Co; Wallis, & Stevens,. Messrs,. Ransomes, Much ave been attained abroad, : 






Sims & Head.. That of the latter: was illustrated : c * oe Fad Beton : 
i LEGRAP Ni i). pho Edison Electric Light.—The smerican Gus-Light Journal, of 
in the TriéGRapinc Journat for March 15, The Martens publishes the opision of«I, ifippolyte Fontaine, Editor of La 















orp See ow aes i ‘ Nature (Paris), reviowing the merits of Mr. Edison's light. og described in 

and dri paratus, t remains for us to treat in particular those + his Fronch patents, ant stated to be thre eal pa tlie escrine of tho in: 
ibits whi ? ‘ i vention which appeared in the New Lor a 25th. Mf. Fon 

lamp, There were also a large number of electric oh abies witch we have not alrea ly described in wy Taine’ opinion PH Tnfavorable. His criticism is summed up in the state- 
this Journals ae : . ‘ “Timent tliat Mr, Edison has committed the enpital error of endeavoring to 







lamps, including the Regulators of Sicmens, ex- 
hibited by Messrs. Siemens Bros, the Dubosq, . 
Holmes, by the Trinity House, Chapman; Ser: 
Jasper, and ‘Suisse-Halté, by the British Elec 
Light Co., the Rapieff,’ by “tho: National: Electric 
Light Corporation, the Serrin-Lontin, ‘by Mr. 
Harding, agent for the’ Lontin Company, the 
‘Wallace, by the Anglo-American Light Co., the i wae ‘ his -.w 
Sautter, by the War Office, the Pyramid, by Captain H extent sat; least, :make, good. his 
Brain, andsthe Krupp. A row of Jablockkott « B sanguine; but ho.is also persistent’; 
candies were fitted up round onc of tho balconies of e hh: but hevis very tingenious ;-morcover, hor 
the hall, and lit with fine effect.: The candles of # oven Lapeer declared foc of the gas companics, 
‘Wilde, shown by the Electric Lighting Company,. : 4 is young, and the declar ‘so, him. -; Half, ofvhisi 
of De Méritens, of Rapieff, and of; Mr. André were 1 therefore, let them: not Lc Veneanua Aare EI 
a reputation: depends y on. his success::1n's © 
it 


ay by associating two principles which aro dofective, 
and expresses himself as of tho opinion that it will give results far inferior 
to nnchines now in use.’ The public, which is soon to be the arbitrator of 
tthe nterite of..the long-promised invention, and that has ex nected much 
of Mr, Edicon, will doubtless be quite indifferent (o any thing but the . 
facta afforded by a demonstration of the iny; apn in practice, which, can 
not now be long delayed. : , - 


‘Terente a good machin 


THE ‘TELEGRAPHI 
























‘ords. sHe; isi |) ty 
ho; is probably! id 
\e 


1a 

















iio ‘showa, ae Cornice incandescent lamp was , failure'thus farto’. |} 
exhibited by Mr. Crooks; and there were samples of * ting sand, ite his scemIng failure’ thus . 
the lamps ‘of Werdermann and Higgins, together ‘ a raiment ss eeamot but, tink: that: he: 

with the mining lamps of Trouvé, and André. | i render. At practica™s fa truo inventor.in seizing 

‘Messrs, Carré and Sautter, Lemonier and Co., and has.shown.tho'instinct of) a truc so Wiehting for. |} 

:Siemens, showed specimens ‘of, their improved pon: the, incandescent mode .of,clectric lighting Tor): (1 

jearbon electrodes, 7 . domestic, purposes,.and abandoning the voltaic are! |\ 

= Whteating eoeiion UCOHR Ie Ree Whether Mr, Edison boauccessful ornot, however,” |p 

ig collection of photometric apparatus, according. to latest reports,; ho, himself. states: vi 

hero.are hundreds of ather inventors of: [i 

et M ' y ! 










































{Including the photometers of Bunsen:and Wheat- » And, ace 
‘stone. e ‘Trinity House exposed a. fine light- . that ho.is,,t . 
‘house dioptric apparatus, and Messrs, Sicmens ; ° ‘| tried ability :at,work. upon tho :problem . of clectric. 
theelesie ih s orerul maveabin tees bs . 4 fighting; and, that, their, success, thus far, i8\no; |” 

1 A powerful moveable reflector, H Uae eine ai rby: 1 
which an electric bam can be directed to any art | mean ono, yas, been: amply, demonstrated; by;.they |: 
of the horizon or sky. This holophote will enable . a recent aplendidexhibition at the. Albert : 

7 std 





















a ship to scour the sea for 2 miles around, or a fort 
| to.explore the surrounding country by night for the . 
enemy, or'the sky for balloons, ie War Office | 
furnished a specimen of the Portable Electric Light | 
apparatus, known as the Steam Sapper” and Mr. : 
rouvé displayed his ingenious instruments for 

. adapting the electric. light to surgery, which have 
" been described: in' the TeveGrariic JournaL for : 








cimn 
sigue 






















: August. 1, i878. Nor sulle we forget a rich | u : 

» variety of clegant electric lamp posts,-with opal and thie last few years, 't 

, ground glass shades 3. and samples of different kinds © ne eeplain: hero: how: i 
} of conducting wire and:cable used in conveying : nin contrary: |! 





' the currents from the machines to the electrodes, i 
-As nearly all these objects have already,been | ine of the hist 
fully, described ‘in’ our ‘columns, wo ‘append the | Hort’ “outline of | the | A 
_ following Hist i back numbers ‘which illustrate aC eort et ott & jo ym set 
em : as i ‘ 
Pee ‘ jane hs,:may: 
The Gramme Machine,’ Jan. 15, Feb. 15; * . of ‘Austrian: telegra ‘\, 
Sept. 15, 1874 Be 5). Feb. 15; of; duplex, | ayaa 























a eee 









VEXPOSITION D'APPAREILS 
cope ELECTRIQUE A RO} beseeeassd a 
J 

wv 


a hi 


L ouverture de cette exposition, qui renferme Ges specimen 
de presque tous les appareils d'clairage dlectrique connu 
jusqu’s ce jour, a cu lieu. mereredi 7 mai, \ huit heures. du 
soir, sous la présidence du prince de Galles, et en présence! 
d'un nombreux auditeire vena pour ccouter 1a conférence 
Winaugueation faite par M, Preece, Péminent Wectricion | 
anglais. ar 

Une exposition qui n’a jamais eu sa pareille dans le monde, 
ung salle splendide, des expcriences magniliques, faites dans j 
un esprit sp peatlan et qui nous est complétement incon 


Narre os 









eae! saat nite Rois worcuie,. 
Exhibition of “Electri Lighting Apparatus, which’ its ‘mané¥]3/: flows 2 Ly 
Assign At possible, to make historically Ilustratlvo of , tho: sub 2 in : 
junced by our English exchanges to be opened in 4s ‘Hall(Lon " d- 
May 7th, and to continue open for one week. |.‘ y . 


antifin, Titavatime... (Min Waeeamen oP. bin 


ee 
































| 
| 
| 
| 
| 






Lenk x3 - r 
‘guarded against 
pana preserved 











"Thus the receiving instrument wa 
the influence of the sciding curren! ‘ 
free to indicate’ the'reécived currents! -. 

i-1n 1854; Gint!’s method was greatly improved ‘by: 
MerrCar Frischen, atelegraph engineer, at Hanover, 
who made the receiving instrument, i fer 

in other words, instead of Winding i 
Sinilar wites-as Gintl’ had “done, ‘he’ 


tre aes 






















eee 


< 


ot 


Bam 


Bae Seibee 


Bln voyant te petit Hombre relatif de 
EGlectriques exposdes (aucune d'elles ne 
Element), il semble que ces appareils aieny 





LA LUMIERE ELECTRIQUE 


cn.Franee, avouez qu’il y avait I tous es dléments d'une 
reat attraction ; aussi le Tout-Paris de Londres avait-il tena 
a assister 3 cette premitre d'un nouveau genre, 

Le but de Vexposition dant multiple, c'est-dadire devant 
Ala fois vulgariser les procédés genéraux de Meelairage 
électrique et faire connaitre aux savants et aux hommes 
spéciaux Vétat actuel de Ta question et fes voices dans fes- 
quelles de nouvelles recherches pouvaicnt dtre faites : 
espoir de succts, il fallait absolument deux conférences, 
complétant Pune Vautre et en rapport avec le public spe 
anquel chacume d'elles s'adressatit, M. Preece s'est charge de 
1a premiére et s'en est aequitté avec un grand talent, sane- 
Honné ailleurs par les applaudissements unanimes de la 
nombreuse assistance, 

M. Shoolbred fera vendredi prochain une confixgnee spé- 
ciate ct technique qui n’offrira pas un moindre interes, 

En attendant cette conference de nature & intéresser plus 
Spécialement tes lecteurs de la Lumnitre électrique, profitons 
de fa grande liberté>qie nous Iaissent tes habiles organisa- 
teurs de cette exposition, MM, Prevee, Cole et Shoolbred, 
pour passer une revue rapide et methodique des appareils 
exposts avant que leur installation soit complites c'est fe 
mneifleur moyen pour les bien voir, 


1° LES PRODUGTEURS D'tncrricrnt 


Les nombreux Appareils qui produisent le courant dec» 
thque sont exelusivement des machines dynamo ou ma. 
Radto-dlectriques, 

Les piles d liguiites ont ete Fepoussées comme ne consti« 
tuant pas des appareils Pratiques ct usuels, et bonnes seule. 
Ment pour les experiences de laboratuire et quelques cas 
trésespeéciaux, 

Les. piles ermodleetviques wont Pas figuré non plus. La 


pile Clamond, dont on parle beaucoup Londres, n'a pas 
td expddige 4 temps, 


Machities magnélo-dlectriques, — On voit figurer le premier 
appareil de’ Saxton, pitce historique tres-ancienne Prérde 
hy Royal Institution. 
Se Ne . 
Les machines ‘Siemens A hobine et te nouveau modéle 4 
anneau y figurent aussi, mais seulement comme madéles de 
laboratoire, de méme que ta petite machine Gramme a 
elmant Jamin, ee 
Les machines magneto-clectriques 4 courants alternatifs 
ONT reprdésentés par Ja grande machine de lAllianee et ta 
pouvelle machine de M, de Meritens, 


machines mapneto- 
fonetionne experimen. 
semen), UL I t fait leur temps, 
¢ qui Sexpliquerait Par leur grand poids et leur prix relat 
vement dlevé pour une puissance donnees les g aaes, 
qu'elles présentent sur les machines dynamo. ‘lectriques ne 
compensent pas, dans fa pratique, les inconvénients que nous 
venons de signaler, 


Machines dynamo-dleectriques, 


— Ces appareils sont repr’ 
a é appa s eprt. 
sentds A Vexposition par un pr 


‘and nombre de types, Parmi 


Ala -Partie.supérieure ou A ha Partie 


_fonctionner deus ares voltaiques, Van 


les machines 4 courants continus, signalons Ja machine Ladd, 
une des plus anciennes, avec celle de M. Wilde. : 


La machine Gramme, bien connue en France, et unemo- | 


dification de cette machine due A M, Schockert, employant 
nn anneau plat et utilisant te miagodtisme des dlectro-ainvants 
sur les faces de Tanneau au lieu de utiliser sur la partie 
eylindrique. Le rendement serait tins) augmenté, Nous ver= 
rons bien, 

La machine Siemens, tres tiployée en Angleterre, y est 

Hide par des types de puissances trésedifferente: 

Liiridiun-light @ exposé une machine Wallace Farmer 
dont te fonctionnement parait aussi trés-bon, mais attendons 
pour apprécicr le wcrite respectif de toutes ces machines 

Les machines 3 courants alternatifs sant représentdes ptr 
quatre ies tres-employ Lontin, Gramme, Wille 
es Sitmens, 

La premiére actionnait des régulatcurs Lontin, 

Ja seconde atlumait des bougies Jablochkoff, 

La troisieme alternativement des bougies Wille ex des 
Jampes Rapieft, 

Chacune de ces machines s'est fort bien acquittée de ta 
fonction qui lui dai attribude, 

Notons la machine Wilde, qui emploie une partic de ses 
bobines 4 exciter tes dlectro-aimants fixes, ce qui dispense 
employer deux machines stparées comme dans les systémes 
Gramm et Lontin, : : 

it] ya, dans cet ensemble de machines, wn strienx résultit 
aequis et 4 quelques contitines prés, les rendenients doivent 
dtre dquivalents, I suflit Seulement de faire un choix de 
chaque systéme en Mapport aves Vappareil auquel on doit 
Vappliquer, 


2" Les Conpucriurs, 


Peu de chose & dire Sur les conducteurs, Les couloirs 
les galeries et les. saus-sols de Royal-Atbert-I all sont en. 
combrés de fils: se croisant en tous Sess on se demande 
comment les appareilleurs peuvent se reconnattre au ition 
Wan tel neh, tremtent, Les conducteurs ‘sant exclusive. 
Ment en cuivre dont hy Brosscur et lisolement varient aves 


Ja nature des ‘appareils qui y sont attaches, 


3° LES Lasers, ELECTRIQUTS, 


ae Appareils dare tollaigue, It n'y moins de ving 
cing systtmes de régulateurs ou fy are voltatque, 
I suftira “de nommer les appareils bien connus ade 
MM. Siemens, Dubosy, Serrin, Lontin, de Mersanne, Suine 
Krupp et Jaspar, icy 
~ Mi Crompton xpose une dispositions 


‘ W fort originate 
Tegulatcur de MM, Serrin, Permettane de hatin 


placer les charbons 
inferieure de da botte 
ppareit peut meme fire 
en dessus, autre en 


contenant fe meécanisine, Le meme a 


dessous, 


M. Wallice expose des lanapes a ch 


trbon ‘plat dune trése 
arandy Mupde s Ses appareils sont tres 


rUstiques ut conviens 








draient parfaitement, 4 notre avis, dans tes applications de 
Vlvctricite A Méclairage des chantiers et des travaux agri- 
coles, 

Signalons aussi les lampes Rapieff A trois ou quatre charbons 
qui présentent une trés-grande fixité de Vare voltaique et qui 
ont etd consacrdés par ta pratique dans fa grindy salle des 
presses du journal le Times, 

M. Mackley expose une lampe a are voltaique forme par 
Ja répulsion de are sur luieméme qui resemble furieusement 
A une lampe frangaise imaginge depuis vingt ans déjd et dont 
le nom mi'échappe, 


2° Bongies dlectriques. La bougie Jablochkoft n'a pas eu 
Londres tout te’ succes qu’an pouvait esperer. Hy a cu deux 
extinctions pendant ta soirée, ce quia produit une ficheuse 
impression, Les 23 bougies placées en cerele autour de lt 
grande salle ctaient loin de produire Velfer des 5 répulatcurs 
Siemens suspendus au miliew "A la fagon des lustres de 
thdltre ct enylobds dans une vaste poche en mousseline 
prodvisant une semi-diffusion de ta himitre et an effer (ort 
satisfaisant. : 

Les lougies Wilde out donné de bons résultats, Elles ont 
Vavamtage de se préter automatiquement un rallumnage 
instantane, ce qui est trés-précieux. Iya lt on systéme de 
beaucoup U'avenie et encore trop peu connu en France, 

M. Rapief expose aussi une bougie présentant de nom- 
breuses analogies avec celle de M. Wilde, Je laisserai de 
edte la question de prioritt, car c'est une veritable tour de 
Babel, 

Cette confusion dans le nom des premiers inventeurs se re- 
trouve A un degeé plus marqué encore dans les Jampes a in- 
candescence, et répetais les qualifications que se donnent 
mautuellement les iaventeurs ou soidisamt inventeurs de tel 
ou tel systémie fh... 

Rapieff a imaging aussi une disposition trds-habile pour 
maintenir fixe le point Iumincux, employer des bougies trés- 
longues sins augmenter leur résistance, et pour obteuir un 
rallumage automatique et instantang en cas d'extinetion, 

Toutes ces dispositions et bien d'autres cucore placent 
M. Rapiel au premier rang. des inventeurs ingdnieux... et 
pratiques, 


3° Eclaivage par incandescence, M. Reynier a exposé quel- 
ques Lampes, mais ne tes a pas fait fonctionner. ; . 

M. Werdemann nous montre cing lampes alimentées par 
unemichine Gramme, qui ont donne une lumiére fixe et belle. 

M. Higgin expose une Limpe a ineandescence dont le. 
charbon plonge dans du mercure et est appliqué parla pous- 
sée sur un disque placé Ala partic supérieure. Quand nous 
serons J dix, nous ferons une croix. ae 

Lisidium-light Co a fait fonctionner une lampe 4 incan- ’ 
descence dont la lumitre trés-belle et tréseixe drait fort 
agréable, ene 

A. défaut de mesure photometrique, i nous serait difficile 
Ke Prononcer sur la valeur cconomique de cet éclairage. : 
1~“Nous avons cherché en vain ta plus petite trace div systéme 
‘Edison, Le physicien de Mento-Park est rest sourd aus ; 


demandes que le Comitd d'Mbertel atl lui a adresstes, Hl nous. 


JOURNAL UNIVERSEL D’ELECTRICITE : 35 


a’ 


plait de mentionner ce rte modeste, le sent qui. convienne 
aux veritables savants...... et A ceux qui mont pas réussi, 


4° APPAREILS ET ONETS DIVERS, 


Lexposition, pour ¢tre complete, devait rassembler tout ce 
qui concourt 4 la production de Ia lumiére Gleetrique. 

Les moteurs étaient représentés par fa machine A gaz 
Otto, et les machines locomobiles de MM. Robey ct Ran- 
somes, les machines demi-fives de M. Marshall, Wallin 
Steevens, et la grande machine fixe installée A Albert-Iall 
pour le service special de son Gelairage dlectrique. 


MM. Reynier, Carré, Sautter Lemonnier, Siemens et Ia; 


Cie de india Rubber ont envoyé des charbons prépards ct 
Hisés, = ie 
salons aussi une collection dé photométres, de veloci- 


mitres, le galvanométre d’Obuch's et les régulateurs de cou, 


rant de MM. Hospitalier et Siemens. . 

On voit, par cette rapide cnumeration des principaits objets 
exposés, quel intérét s'attache A une semblable exposition, 

Nous aurons,\ revenir sur quelques-uns de cvs appareils 
mal connus en France, etd examiner en detail les systémes 
et leurs applications, En examinant la date A taquelle chacun 
de ces appareils s'est produit, on est frappe par la rapidité de 
leur développement. La premitre application de Mélectricité A 
Meclairage des phares date de vingt ans A peine, les machines 
dynamo-dlectriques wont pas dix ans, et déjd les résultats 
obtenus et mis en tumitre par cette exposition frappent 
dadmiration te monde scientifique. 2 

Ldlectricité vient A peine de se montrer A nous, elle est 
loin d’avoir dit son dernier mot; en perseverant dans nos 
recherches, nous parviendrons & Jui arracher ses secrets et 
fixer exactement som rdle dans la socitté, Méfions-nous la 
fois des critiques jalauses et des admirations exagérées. On a 
dit bien pour cette exposition; dans quelques: dundes, espé- 
rons-le du moins, une nouvelle exposition plus complite dy 
Méclairage cleetrique qui ne pourra manquer avoir lieu 
Paris fera dire trés-bien. “ 

E, Hosprrauien... . 


teh madrid. 


OR ae 











En am orant Ie. sys ame, de tirage par 1’ ‘adjonction & la" 
- base de chaque-béc ,d’une double, vasque.en.verre laillé, 
: Pair. circule plus rapidement entre les'deux parois ot viont ~ 
- enveloppor oxtd: 


SS OTE aac gg ere eet 


DE LARUE DU QUATRE= 
~ Miipecine : Eph mie de:varicelle’ou petite vérale 
Acantuix: Le nouveau brateurdlectrique de M. Jami ‘men sans. 
In“cométe de 1867. Remarques sur Ia force muse l ; Wéclal On 
1 découverte de sépultutes ” 
‘Ie’ Zootrope. ‘Les ‘athires ‘du * 
le Japon pittoresque, — 
FIQUES ET INDUSTAIELS Lendiguement. des fleuves. “hh 
‘ontriste simultand des couleurs, Le biscuit de mer..Le plus 0 Cen? fest pas: impunément, pour, Ja.si 


erger’ilu monde. Contre tes rats, NS. Ne | tion deg lanternes jet, surtout.de: leurs, parois de,verre qua 
i Yon. bralo.en une heure,‘dans un vespace:.des. plus, réduits 
: mesurant! do: -trente-cing :d:quaraate, 
métre,:l’énorme quantilé de:quatorze: cent ‘quaranto litres, 
.decgaz,!:suffisante., pour. tira ‘bouillir, prds..de cent litres 
P . eau. en: uno! houro:*Aussi. ast-il-fallu. prendro, cerlaines, 
de‘ a rue ‘dv’ Quatre: ‘Septomibr | { précautions pour ompécber:la: température intérieuré do ; 
5 Pon : ; la-lonterne-de i9’élever outre’ mesure. ,C’est on activant, le: 
“ebuis tin temps assez’long déjt; In po ulation’ « lirago ‘do Ia :lanterna: do ‘telle: manidro qu ‘en, une: bal 
rigienne altendait ta Sieeel pop ! douze mille litres d’air, peuventy passer, que Fon a oblen 
faites par In Compagnie du gaz a la. é i ee *éaullat::Ces douse! ae Gialr-sarrent 6 eats 
i le"Paris de préduire un éclairage A le fois: moins coute a eae Sites a 
i eee oe plus ielecant) aus’ Véclairage a In |: _ empécher bis se déformer ai d’éclater, * 
ré électrique. “ nyu 7 
me Lt xpérience vient d’dtre: commencée et ello'se’ continue: 
sur le-parcours de In.rue du Quatre-Soptembre, «!: 7 ( 
{ cette rue, ilonguo de 832" mbtres, large de-douze; pr. ; facile d’obtenir‘une lumidre aa vette ; 
tant: uno! surface de 6,654" matros, est: éclairé par’ : ; 
62 lanternes ‘disposées: sur'lo bord de chaque trottoir. L'i 
urination : ést sans: contredit: tras’ bollo;:Ja" lumidro: est a 
f¥peu pros blanche, d’un ‘éclat et Dour bien. een 
i jeans fatiguer la:vue. oc tare he de ni gi : ot, 
Ce résultat ost blend! ats moyen du gaz anitinice de Jaz fo, va Vie palo quinze cent waneeant't 
‘ompagnie,puisé dans ses’ conduites souterraines, mais. | | (su PP O heared, nous’ constay” { 
rdlé'en quantité plus grande ot d’une maniére:plus.com- ; sdinaire dSpense par séanco’ 
léonu-moyon-de combinaisons spécialés. ‘Tandis que le ; : oat! ayelme- brdte la’ 
ordinaire, de: ta‘ville:de Paris; celui que nous:voyons.. |: gees oe. Siti igt ir cite don, ‘pa 
fuque soir. -répandre | sur: lor pavé t une lucur enim dé- rai u 


a 


2 pail d’huile:par eines — beo choisi comme unité. : 
lyps pour comparer les différents modes d’éclairage, ;—:; |; . 3 sta i sete 


mn 


Chaque lanterne du, ‘systome nouycau répand une quantité ‘ido économis’ pout ‘un point 


f dolumidre égalo & ‘celle de treize lampes carcel; m is dé- 


Hi peaso 1,400 litres de gaz BA | Wye ‘heures’ Hit pour’ latméms dé- 
;Co.n’était pas un problémo facile & résoudro que celui de fei Eocene a ‘ouniall qwvune turare =e 


el blanc! : 
Be cate in 6 a mat’ lone. ves do dix'ou onze bees Carcel. : oo 
HY stds ‘pro 














ASE ET Liat 3 after 





Hegutegs in 
* Hro'a 
Tea 
feta ta 
i mined [ ecient “ d tg a : aussitot que te courant commence, se tiennent A distance 
tuo asim oy UVR PC ‘ ; tant quill continue, pour se rejoindre toutes tes. fois 
SS oe } T, qu'il césse. En résumé, c'est “une , bougi¢  entitrentent 
automatique qui n'exige qu'un support -trcs-simple; Fallu- 
mage, le réglage A Ja distance voulue et le maintion de [ace 






























aro! made» powermt ae 
hoy oe tat on’ i : 
eget ANOTHER OBAT MAN GONE.’ ; 

‘a For alx montlie tow, sono of tho moat roped i aux deux pointes résultent spontanément des forces tlectra- 

avo. heey : nagndtiques, quise chargent de tout le travail, If est dail- 


leurs evident que ces forces sont proportionnelles au carré de 
Vintensité du courant et peuvent toujours ctre rendues sufli- ° 
santes : cest une question de construction, M. Fernet avait ; 
dgjd propose de placer les charbons sur le prolongement « « 
fun de autre ct de profiter de leur repulsion pour les st-| 
parer, Cette repulsion dtait faible : dans ta solution que je! 
Propose, Iaction est plus énergique ct devient efficace, » | 










blo newspaper tn Now York clty be : 
Hs notorloty ono wittlomn 5 
euounclug Thomas: s 
tender, and ‘tls 
biiahod 

Ay vi 









(Eatrait des comptes vendus det Académie 
des sciences} 









‘boon deaupted fn 
:] thie : goramoreial <I 











hing % 

"hr lle perscoutlon (ifs mosquito cnn 
nersecntton flat It wae AE: frat Sonredl 
Jonlo Park had beer dectuatod; 
ahortly revoatod that the ‘victim was. ono Jr 


onso witts Lib. 4 
Btevle, who boartod in tho aamo bi ees Ta A ‘ 













SYSTEME THERMO-ELECTRIQUE 
C. CLAMOND 







‘Tho atory of Dr. Steelo. quit other, 
dn tt ideanoe” Bawyer was in tho habit of 





Itivdtid to" lony 
Uo does notivat 
¥ xu) 











RATEUR A LUMIERE 





Nouveau GENt 






Aveun bruit n'a dtd fait autour de ce nouvel appareil qui 
nia que quelques jours d'esistence, et cependant te public 
1 commence A s'en préoccuper; les bonnes nouvelles © 
s'apprennent vite. 













. 

Hawyor npoko to Sra. Btoele rudely about It, 

Peat Mie ea ttle fea _ 
4 fOr. 

eee ae a itracduatle: It Basar Hf 


‘ ors to 
apologized, and left tho house. nN 
















Un de nos délégneés techniques a été admis prendre les 
mesures les plus complites, de sorte que dés que nous y ; 
serons autoriss, il nous sera facile de satisfaire ta legitime i 
ss curiosite qui s'attache a cette question intéressante, 

Certes, les madestes debuts des applications thermo-tleee | 
triques étaient de nature A acerdditer Lopinion que 1 thermo- 
Glectricité n'était pas, destingy A dtendre son domaine hors 
des petites, intensités et devait se contenter de ta propridté 
exclusive et précicuse qui lui permet dlassurer a la force 
Electro-motrice une perfection de constance absolue. 

En tout cas, rien n’antorisait A compter dans cette voie sur 
ine solution aussi complétement pratique ct industrielle de da 
transformation directe de chaleur en dlectricité. 

On sait que M.C. Clamond, qui occupe une place des 
plus distinguées parnti tes dlectriciens frangat it, Py at 
quelques anndes, établi des piles propres A la tele 
ta galvanophastie; mais, de Ha pouvoir aborde 
Ja tamiére, et la fimitre cconomique, il y t, nous ne 
dirons pas un abime, mis au mains ung trés-grande 





ronid In front of bis wutagontel, apd aliob him H 
in tho facet Ai eyor tite ran, Tia tee! i 






« ropin: 
Bale 
nox # not 

TOW? nt wor! 


08.08 ta} 
uronie 








— 






A af 
0 Bie 
omonny. 
fe 31 ison says yo li 
Tien and, iy 




























distance. : 
Le nouveau génerateur est ta meilleure des preuves qu’un 

tel objectif m’était pas ttmeéraire. 
Sans doute, personne, en Europe, n'etait micux prepare 

que M. Clamond 3 franchir cette dernidre ctape, puisque, si 

nots comptons bien, il aura consacré plus de dix anndes d'un 

Favail constant a’ résoudey un aussi difficile problime, . r 


















4 


La tumiére électrique & bon marché. — Ne dépenser | yo : va Electric Mpht, : | : 

~ que 9 kilogrammes 1/2 de coke 4 ata Liana wel { Mr. P, 1. Burtia, Su -sakeains of the Obicago’ Gas Worka, doew not 
allumées qqualee James slectehaes ae cB. le saalial “? think a gront deal is to como of ‘the ‘muoh-talkedcaf electric light) In-a 

comune vingt oH rea LR 0M. Clamond, |{ Paper rend tho othor day beforo the Wostern Gas Association, lie gavo’ tho 

bh a va ue fa cis herind oct quo dont |. Nistory of the Jablochkof candlo which he examined about aix months ngo, 

sh ida — is realaliage antimonin-rincique |! Ho bad found, on visiting tho Magazin dv Louvre, whero tho light Is in 

: soudée 4 uno lame de foreblane, Soixantesdix A quatre | | operation that they are still obliged to uso mony gas burners: Ho bad 

: Sy vingts do ces éléments sont accouptés sous formo d'una;| | noticed that tho lamps, both in the Louvre aud Avenue do VOporn wore not 
oN oe de 1*,50 de longueur environ et cette chaine est , Steady, nnd flickcred badly, ‘Cho cost wax tho most important thing to gas 
ASRS iplement appliqués sur ta paroi extéricure d'un calorie |) men, Ho Lad found that it wan almost impowtbte to get any prnctical iden 
fere particulier, Rien n'est plus simple, comme on vol, cl | nate cont, boyond tho figurea given in the psnphiet of the Inventor. ‘Tho 

tout annonce que nous allons assister & une nouvelle révo- | carbon points cost 1 cents ench, or 10 cents por hour for aaingle light, 

lution dans eelto industrio si rapidement progressive de: | ‘Pho cost of the single carbon point alone, therefore, nt their own figures, 


| - “ L'Exposition’ ouverte le soir & l'feola des Beaux- 
Arts est éclatrée depuis un mois environ & la lu- 
mitre Slectrique (systtma Jablochkol;. lo résultat 
a cté assez salisfaisant pour quill’ paraisse certain : 
que Ie Salon de 1879 soit sur lo point d'dtre ouvert 
le Soir eb, éclairé & la lumitre électrique. Espérons 
(ue M, Turquct tiendra & attacher son nom & uné 
innovation de cette importance, nr 


Veclairage électrique, 


Edison's Improvements in Electric Lights. 
:} IN another column we give an illustrated de- : 
‘| scription of the recent inventions of Mr, Edi- ; 
son, whereby he expects to make practicable : 
the subdivision of the tight to any required 


extent, A 

Te will be seen that one oft patents covers 
broadly the principle of thermostatic regulation 
of the strength of the current through a lumi. - 
nouscoil, by the action of heat derived from the | 
coil itself, “The other patent covers a pecu- 

| Mar kind of thermostatic regulator in which the + 
action of the heat is made to expand air or | 
other fluld contained in an enclosure, which | 
expansion acting upon a diaphragm and mech- 
anism connected therewith, ‘ short-circuits” 
the current or a portion of the same, thereby 
reducing the Intensity of the current in the coil 
“and permitting the latter to coul somewhat, or 

‘ ‘at least, not to become heated to any greater , 
intensity, | 

The theory of these devices is sound. We i 
apprehend, however, that the application of it | 
will be found difficult, except in the hands of i 
skilled electricians. The margin between white | 
heat and the fusing potnt of even such a re- | 

| fractory metal as platina is probably very nar- | 
row. The fusing point of platina has nat been 
pecueatel determined, but it will undoubtedly | 
be found that to render the expansion air. 
chamber device effective will demand, as did 
the previous one, a very nice adjustment, and 
it is this consideration which leads us, In the | 
absence of ny attempts to operate the device | 
under the ordinary conditions which must ate | 
jtend Its general introduction, to fear that the 
:&eneral run of those in whose charge the in- | 
ivention must ultimately be placed will not 
lossess sufficient skill to use the light to ad- 
vantage, 3 ‘ 
+ The departure from older devices fs not so 
‘Wide as from the originality of other of Mr. 
: Edison's Inventions the pulilic was ted to be 
slieve it would be, The expectation of the pub- 
Mc was also much raised by the highly colored : 
{Statements regarding the light put forth in ad- 
i vance of the publication of the later invention, 
j There is no greater inventive genius displayed | 
Jin this last regulator than has been exhibited tn: 
ithe improvements of more obscure inventors, 
: This, however, will not detract from its value 
should it prove serviceable in gencral use 
which we deem still problematical, 

It was much to be hoped that Mr, Edison or 
some other inventor would succeed in over- 
coming the difficulties heretofore met with in 
attempts to render practicable the production of 
electric light by incandescent conductors. The 
light obtained from such a source is far superior 
to that produced from carbon points, as fs ine | 
tensity isnot so great, It is, Moreover, capable 

tof subdivision to a far Sreater extent than is 
{ practicable with carbons, 


, for forly-cight hours would be $4 80, With gas at $2 25 per 1,000 fect, 
“the gas burner of equal power for the same time would furnish gos for 


$3.24, “This is n saving of 32 per cent in favor of gan when considering 
tho cost of the carbon points alone, In conclusion, the spcnker likened the 


) eleatric light in its present condition to the notion of perpetual motion, 
:and snid that he had no foars that gas companies had anything to fear from 


eketricity within the time of any stockholiers now living. 


CHROMIQUE DES —GRES DE LA LUMIERE ELECTRIQUE 
umIER 


ra) 
La sdance de lumiére électrique dont yous avons 


rendu compte dans notre numéro du § nfai dernier, 
a déterming, comme nous Favions annoneé, le eon- 
sell municipal de Paris & autoriser essai de Ja lu- 
mitre Werdermann sur la voie publique. 

En effet, nous trouvons ce qui sult dans le compte 
‘rendu de la séanee du $ mai: 


M, Cornesgoy dépose int rapport sur une demande fernce. 
Stre autotisé A éelairer a la tue 
Hlecteique (system Werdermann) le boutevard Pots" 
ronnidre, ; ‘ 
La commission estime av'it sy a dieu Taccuvillir cette de 
Mande etale faire un essai i Fun des pavillons des Halles, 
Elle propose, en conaéquense, de renvoyer Malfaire a’ VAd- 
lnistration, avee invitation de sowmettre un projet dans ee 
eens au Conseit, — Adept, 


Nous lisons de plus dans la Lumidre destriyne que 
les bureaux de la Socidté proprictaire des brevets 
Werdermann vont étre incessamment éelairés avec 
Jes apparcils qu'elle va mettre la disposition da 
public. Nous indiquerons, quand il en sera temps, 
Jes moyens d'assister A ces expérivnees. 


L'Echo du Nord annonce que la plage de Blanken- 
berghe sera éclairce a la lumlére dlectrique. 


On nous éerit de Washington que lon trayaille 
avec activité & Gtablir sur le Capitole un puissant 
éclairage Glectrique qui enverra la Jumitre datis 
toutes les vastes artéres aboutissant Ace magnifique 
monument, ‘ 

Grice a ce véritable soleil électrique, on espere se 
dispenser de Ia nécessité d'avoir une série de lu- 
miéres remplagant les anciens candélabres du gaz. 
Nous donnerons des détails sur cette expérienco 
analogue A celle que nous avons suggérée en propo- 
sant de placer un fanal au sommot do Ja colonne de 
a place de Ia Bastille. 


Nous avons remarqué sur le qual de Douvres un 
fou de port éclairé aia lumiére électrique avec unc* 
lampe Siemens. C'est In promiére fois 4 notre con- 


nafssance que ce progrés a été réallsd. 


La Compagnie des eaux de Cussot-Vichy va faire 
Gelaiver son bétel A la Jumiére lectrique d occasion 
Mune fete qui va étre dounée dans quelques jours 
dans cette ville, Litclairage aura lion avec les régu- 
lateurs Serrin, moditiés par M, Suisse. 


Dans la séance du 2 mai do la Société do phy- 
sique de Paris, on a donne lecture d'une lettre do 
M. Rosetti, professeur & l'Université do Padoue, & 
propos d'expériences exécutées pour déterminer la 
température des ¢lectrodes de charbon. Avec une ” 
pile, Bansen de 80 éléments, le pole négatif avait: 
2.400 degrés ct le pole positif 287 sculement, envi- . 
ron dix fois moins, La température de lare était. 
plus considérable que celle du charbon positif; | 
M. Rosetti I'évalue & 3.800, j 


Au moment de mettre sous presse, nous appre- 
nons par l'Engineering que la compagnie Jablochkof 
a conclu avee le ministére des Gnances un marché 
pour éelairer le Palais des Champs-Elysées avec 
250 bougies. Nous souhaitous que cette nouvelle so 
réalise, ce serait certdinement uno grande victoire 
pour etrielté, Eile feralt honneur au gouverne- 
ment aussi bien qu'i la compagnio & laquelle alle 
serait due, Elle serait accucillie avec joie par tous 
les électriciens, , i 


Plusicurs, personnes nous ont demandé pourquo 
nous u'avons point encore parlé dela bougie Jamin» 
dont plusieurs journaux fort répandus ont fait 
léloge. Nous répondrons que la maniére dont ces ac- 
tictes dtaient rédigés nous a fait une loi de rester 


. sur ia réserve eb d'attendre des expériences publi- 


ques qui ne sont polit encore venues. 

Une trés-intéressante lettre de M. Jablochkoff, in- 
sérée dans le Figaro dedimauche, nous montre qu'll 
faut en rabattre beaucoup des meryeilles qu'on nous 
avait décrites, et que la nouvelle bougio ne sera pro~ 
bableinent appréciée, comme M, do Parville Va fait 
dans Je Journal des Débuts...., quit “l'Académie 
des sciences. a : 


























































































‘application du systéme Lidbert 4 Véclalrage 
x” des voies publiques, théatres, eto. 





Sean 


? 


i Rs eee ce, 


“Dans notre dernjér numéro nous avons parlé d’une 


ie 


Glectrique a lay hotographie. Ele consiste princip- 
“Joment A diffuser la Jumidre par la double réflexion 
afin déviter les ombres porlces violentes et les du- 
relés qui se prodvisent toujours lorsqu’on projette 
une lumitre artificielle quelconque émanant dun 
point fixe sur une personne on surun objet desting 
& btre reproduit par la chambre noire. Nous di- 
stons que lo systéme employé suecessivement par 
M. Ligbert pour produire des portraits remarquables 
de douceur, de models et de netieté, avec un temps 
de pose trés-court, ct par conséquent sans fatigue 
pour ja personne qui pose, pourrait Lrouver d'autres 
applications utiles pour Yéclairage des voies publi- 
+ ques, des grands Glablissoments, des gares de che- 
« min‘de fer, des théatres, ete. 
nous paralt intéressant aujourd'hui de revenir 
{  gur-ce point que nous n'avions fait qu'indiquer, Nous 
nous goinmes retidu compte de la puissance de 
Jumiére produite par les appareils de projection de 
‘M. Lighert, qui reflétent sans aucture perte tous les 
rayons do are voltaique en Jes difusant, et qui ont 
en outre la proprigté trés-curieuse de transformer 
en rayons violets, essenticllement propres aux opt- 
rations photographiques, ceux qui, dans la gamme 
du prisme, remontent vers le rouge et lorangé, ab- 
solument inactifs sur les sels Wargent; nous sommes 
convaincu qu'on réaliscrait une économie considé- 
rable tout en produisant uno lumidre beaucoup plus 


Easeicwer: 


Intense, plus douco ct plus agréable i la vue que 
celle qw’on a employée jusqu'd ce jour. 

Avec les globes cn verre émaillé dont on se sert 
pour entourer Pare vollaique et rendre Ja lumidre 
électrique supportable 4 la vue, on perd 50 0/0 de 
Yintenslté Himineuse; la partic supérieure de lat- 
mosphire absorhe in moitié du reste, ce qui fait que 
78 0/0 de ta lumidre produite par la machine magné- : 
to-électrique sont absoltunent annihilés. 

Avec lo systéme do M. Litbert, Ja somme totale 
des rayons lumincux renvoyés par un disque dans 
Vintérieur d'un grand réflectenr blanc bleuté, de 
formo clliptique, est ulflisée par Yellet de cette 
double réflexion sur une surface mate avant darri~ 
yor en rayons paralléles sur le point é éclatrer; on 
peut done estimner, sans crainte erreur, qu'un cou- + 
rant Glectrique de méme puissance, projeté par les 
appareils de M, Liébert, donnera woe projection lu- 
mineuse incomparablement plus forte que calle 
qui aura A passer par les globes émaillés tels qu’on | 

les voit sur la ploce de l'Opéra, & Vilippodrone, cte., 
el cette lumiére, beaucoup plus adoucie et diffusée, | 
pourra néaumoins dtre projatéy & des distances plus 
considérables, eb ombrasser un espace beaucoup ; 
plus grand. On se rapprochera des conditions d'un : 

soleil artificiel. 

Nous ne parlerons pas ick de l'avantage que pro- - 
: duira co genre d'gclairage dans les thédtres, par 
| example, au pointde vue de In chaleur, toujours 
“} Insupportable en été surtout, que procure le gaz ° 
: \ avec sea mille becs qui brillent tristement dun éclat 
vo Jaundtre; mais qui, a titré de compensation, étoulfent 
i empestont atmosphdre que respirent les spoct 
eure. i, a peoensh ta Sk 

Nous espérons blon volr prochainement une intel- 

: Mgente application de ce nouveau systime ‘d'éclal-, 



























* grand établissoment do Paris. Il est A désirer qu'll 
: ; soil appelé, Ini aussi, 4 falre ges preuves au point de 
as vee économnique eb comme puissance d'dclairage. 
= Sil tomphe, nous profiterons ecomplétement de 
‘celle invention nouvelle appliquée exclusivement 
: jusquitci & la photographic qui n'est plus tributaire 
po. gommne autrefoly des cuprices du soleil, grice 4 
ae Vinitiative infatigable de M. Ligbert, le pholographe 
7 progressiste de la rue de Londres. 











JL. 





Mu. Faunia, electricinn, Southam 
a new composit 
1, will Dura more Drilllantly, 
at, and combustion ts 
resent enrbon penells used 
yufnetura of Fabrig’s | 
be made solid or 


2 ; 4 pereien tn producing. 
. a - - vwhich, when- sultably stapes 
: Mrae } ' give ait no smoke, produce ‘litte her 
j slower than in any of the p ; 
5 : ran + rringements are now made for the 
nouvelle applicajfon trés-ingénieuse dé la lumiére | ay apeaition Witt, my ney ean tte 
Wy 


rage sir Mune de nos voles publiques ou dans un ~ 


ton, England, has suc- Mi 
on for electric lighting, |: 


| 
| 






































































| M. Edison luiemdme a renoncé & lespérance de ré~ 








~ENQUETE PARLEMENTAIR 


SUR LA LUMIERE ELECTRIQUE 

































Dans un de nos derniers numéros, nous avons 
donné quelques détails sur la déposition de M. Tyn- 
dall qui s'est laissé égarer par sa sympathic fort 
concevablo pour M. Edison et quia parlé en faveur 
de la lumiére d'incandescence. Mais, il paralt que 


soudre lo grand problime par cette voice peu pra- 
lique. En effet, un article du Times nous apprend 
que Nhermite scientifique de Menloo Pare a inveuté 
une bougie composée d'un grand nombre de ma- 
litres que lélectricilé est destinge a briler. Nous 
ne croyons pas cette nouvelle route plus fertile que 
celle que Minventeur du phonographe vient de dé- 
serter, mais nous ne citons en ce moment cette par- 
ticularité que parce qu'il nous parait intéressant 
‘de constater le démenti donné par M. Edison lui- 
méme au principal défenseur de son systtme. 

La déposition de M. Siemens a été beaucoup plus 
jntéressante. Le célebre ingénicur a abordé un point 
do yuo économique qui est de naturo a frapper es~ 
prit des membres du Consell muinictpal de Paris. 
En effet, il est constant que les machines 4 yapeu® 
destinées & faire mouvolr les machines dynamo- 
électriques pendant les heures d’éclairage sont inu- 
Ulisées pendant le jour. On peut doac les employer 
Adistribuer la force motrice dans les bAtiments du 
yoisinage jusqu’s une distance égale ala portés du 
courant pour !"éclairage, c'est-A-dire sur une surface 
dépassant quatre kilomdlres carrés. 

It est facile de voir quelle révolution heureuse 
serait introduite par la distribution de la force & 
domielle dans une ville comme Paris, oii les petites 
industries ont un développement si prodigicux. Un 
gouvernement démocratique ne doit ricn négliger 
pour aceélérer Vinauguration d'une ére de travail 

altrayant, facile, économique, si admirablement 
adapté au génie de nos artistes; aussi sommes-nous 
persuadé que l'administration préfectorale fera tous 
gos offorts pour liter fa réalisation d'une union si 
heureuse de la lumiére publique avec la puissance 
motrico privé. 

Nous reviendrons sur cette conception avec tous 
les détails qu'elle comporte, et nous examinerons & 
ce point de vue lo parti & tirer des moteurs ma- 
gnéto-électriques connus ¢t expérimentés jusqu’d 
ce jour. 

M. Hopkinson, quia été examiné apres le docteut 
Siemons, estime que 87 °/. du travail mécanique déve- 
loppé par la vapeur est transformé en chaleur dans 
les machines ¢lectro-maguctiques. Mais il estime 
que 60 0/0 seulement de cette quantité de chaleur 
,Peut dtre employée & échautler les charbons et & les 
porter & lincandescenco, Nous nosavons sur quelles 

_ expéricnces s'appule le docteur Hopkinson dans ses 
_ assertions, mais. il nous 





ion do la lumiére, ot que 


'“gonérale d'électricité, Interrogés & leur‘ tour, 


sera permis de faire re~ 
fon du charbon jouc,.un . 










































étant lo moyen do provoquer d'énergiques combus 
tions chimiques dont on profite pour l'éelatrage. .. 
2 MM. Berlioz. et Vivaret, ingénieurs de la Société~ 





- ont appris que le nombre des bougics Jablochkof 
allumécs & Paris est de cing cents. On estimo qu'il y 
on adeux cent cinquante dans Ie reste de la France 
cet onviron hult cents dans lo reste du monde. 

On apprendra, non sans surprisc, que quelques- 
unes brilent dans des régions qui ne sont point 
ordinalrement habitées par des amis des lumiéres. 
Ainsi le Shah en consume lous les soirs dans son 
palais de Teheran ott te régne de Mélectricité de- 
vance probablement celui du gaz. 

M. Shoolbred de Toltenhann court road, proprié- 
talre d'un des magasins de nouveautés les plus im- | 
portants de Londres, a déclaré qu'll avait éteint, ; 
avec 20 bougies Jablochkoff, 230 becs de gaz qui lui 
covtaient 17 fr. 80 en hiver et {2 fr. 40 en été. La 
lumnidro électrique no lui revient pas plus cher que 
Yautre, . : 

Lenquate continue ct les dépositions recucillies | 
par in sténographie seront publices dans la collece ‘ 

tion célébre des Parlementary Papers. ( 

































































en 








< Les bougies Jablochkoff A Londres 


i 
Le Metropolitan Hoard of Works a chargé M. Nalzagette, ; 
son ingénicur, du faire wn rapport sur les vingt bougics Ja- 
Mochkolf qui éclairent le bord de ta Tamise entre Waterloo ¢ 
Bridge et Westminster. On s'est arrangé pour faire marcher 
les hougies cing heures et demic par jour pendant dix : 
jours consécutifs, sous fa surveillance des Jngénleurs de Mn, ' 
ville, Les mestires tes plus minuticuses ont 16 prises pour 
déterminer exactement Ia vitesse de rotation de Inunchine | 
Ia température de lent, etc., cn tn mot pour ne négliger 
aucundétall de natured faire avancer ta question technique, 
Les résutlats économiques ont cites suivants: g ‘ 
Charbon du pays de Galles 4 21 fr, 75 les 1,000 kilog,, envi- 




































TON 230 Kibeseeesoorsees vee « fre 4.70 
Charhon pour lallumage . 0.90 
Nols. ..eeee . 0.30 
Iluile...« ‘ 1.95 
Deux mécaniciens . 16.25 
Denx aides assisleurs, . 12.25 -; 

Totthecsccseaceeccseeee  fte 36635 


Par 29 hougies, brilant pendant: 5 heures 1/2, soit 110° 
heures de hougie, co qui donne environ 35 cenlimes par 
bougie el par heure, 
























curet machines Gramme. I}. Pont de Weat- 
tale Charing-Cross, D. Pont do Waterloo. | 


A. Machine 4 yap! 
=> Courant © Hl 


er. C. Pont! 
want du Temple. F, Pont de Blackfriars. 


de Ja Tamise. 000. Dougies Jablochkolf. 










“pris (Ger =. 

M. ‘ S at i 

anid Tha réunt-dans:un t i = 
, eu 

















sence thee ta 














th 
SED bnnedy 
OME BURL Ieee, 
Meg eatnasy, 
MME Bah rrp 
; A SULT 
sertuntana) shoaetatiae 































-Noug avons remarquésun .appareil : équilibray:: 
analegue jusqu’a un certain point & celul que nous: 
avons imaging nous-méme etdont to jeu so com-: 
prend assez bion pour qu'll no soit point nécegsaira 





fet'total ost suffsamment régu 
~farité de chaque membre du ¢. 
' quelque chose A désirer, 
Wtéelat est supéricur -& celui 


























i 
1 alga med ttt 
SH AZT A da 







4 fad (ahem 











mo ; apt PSE satan oy 
*apporte, en outre, sa teinte: serail wate 4 ‘ vs eas y Atte 
ip 7 PUG Babe gob iy, HEF Ntiene " tne a “Gi ft d'insister A cet 
2 alae SS ug mene re ahs acre te My, ‘ 1 Preberants ry . 
4 ‘omime on lo voit par ees notes rapides, les élec : 
Rauch i Comr n | it pa ‘apides, if a 















pd oa 


US deeeas, 


Y \-celle.des rayons du soleil, AU symone 
r Je succés est complet, défin{ “shan gy 


ried, 


{riciens ont brillamment répondu & lappel qui leur 
a &té fait, 















k © techoique. “MNT Jip 
7) West incontestable que les} ;3*"*! hae ene j 
ty snip fat ate Tout le monde a quitté Albert Hall avee la con- 


viction qu'un grand nombre des appareils présen- 
: “s és trouveraiont une place honorable dans la pra- 
tarderont pasa imiter Vexer anda t ‘pew eompliqué, ma che] LER DMaOL partigts tates Glide: eqalaara 
i: I ro a oniiveaiunetn re le : . testablement partagé centro plusicurs systémes 
Lesiianildiaiersieauiad inane hs etal od oF ye : h ayant des avantages parliculiers inhérents & \curs 
fans ddnad bien stot "tteliac ae i 0 nd : a os principes constitutifs. Il y a certainement place 
wan chek que Piydreageed” , Shediag ae s ' pour tout le monde dans la grande réyolulion in- . 
aa | dustrielle qui commence ct dont I'exposition d’Al- 
Af * bert fall peut dtre considérée comme un des plus 





i 
', nifatene Rapier, 
me, ine 
ome 


‘ munes en Angleterre, telles t .siy ps 
bua, la salle du Free Trade, 2 "9 
Mouse, le Town Hall, de Biry 






















sor 


pee 















, 


Rovere sah maenens git PME ca neeect at 















; ren,.et.son emplot représ¢ Han hf, dam 
| Von peut évaluer & pros de} -a@sptacion me hoa ph i ; | 
: otnatiqum ‘importants preludes, | 
-_ ; W. ps Fonvigtuz, iy 


En effet, lo prix du gazes’ ang er 
j Soltée, tandis que le total; 4 Arig 
gull lovaco gommeée, par | — “ammies de"r ru} 





ee ee 
‘allumer deux, 
Appareil, dang la “pratly . 

Ie, car. | Alhert-Hall, — [ey 






Exposition Uéclatrage électrique de Royal ‘ 
position sans précddent de loyal 









































devo ‘coma 
av O08 nencer 
ian divisio . | Mbert-llall avait réuni, & Voccasion de son ouverture, loitt : 
if Ke, ‘ee quit porte unt nom Londres dans le ‘mondu dela poli- | ff ‘ 
shale. . eLappare * tique, des arts, dle Pindustrie et de ta science, L’éminent ¢ fe 
§0 content Gleetricien angiais, S. Preece w exposé avec an talent ct 3 
tes les prineipes de I'échairage i 


Yune simplicilé remarqu 
| Glectrique, son lat p 
bent par te conférencier montre combien on peut 


nl et son avenir; le vif succds 





7a idih i h : 
ba sosSiplarahles” esp 'seteostet, Tes Aleta ah 









AR Lovet 


le 7 
tee dé Oren T sons 
WMored yy o rendre allrayantes les choses tes plus abstraites en tes. ; 
n oi . | présentant d'une fagon habile, Le 9 tai M. Schoolhred, : 
| se plagant it un point de vue plus technique, a cxnming, - : 





“Ee 4 ee ve 
| dans une lecture aussi intéressante que Ja premitre, les 







78, ROMDre: 1 Place i wath a Hear : 
ere Prt ‘ at N | Appareils exposds nu point de vue de leurs dispositions * 

oi a essuntictles et de leur fonctionnement, Ces deux lectures 
se complétaut Pune Fautre ont permis aux nombreux au 









diteurs avoir une ide exacte des procédlés de Péclai- 












i 
. rage Gleetrique dans ses 
Presque tons les inventeurs avaient répondu aux ivi 
lations die Comité dorganisation, aussi te nombre des }'f 
' appaceits estil tres grand, Comme picees historiques, nos |” 


é 





Sip rests ichigo et PS 
CUNT tle i 
‘tants § ; 
; ie Londres paicr, icines el dans ses procedds. 


fers.du:prix des cont -if105.2) 
ies 
es 

QTX 


» D. Dieu teu! ay 
yee fournaiit. t,-p tT 
aa MM poltrang ‘ont itt ee 
, Wenn, Ittgutatone 
Sttmens, 








vee dad I Lei 
re dang leqnel ‘cite 
Sle dean, bitame 
‘i Seay 






























“dire environ, onze.cor -“4) 




























» tmpogait :2 nos. voisiz . eT 
Par métre cuba, Péeo condone a Pbarells ‘fntdfessants “prési re voyons figurer les appareils constenits par Faraday pour : ; 
} électrique sur une se: ‘Oat the %, Nous davons clter an » Presentes é ‘ ses belles études sur Vinduction, la premiéra machino de | \ 
& ML. Siemens, Le cope ta Jthpe Saxton et le régulateny constrail par Chapman en 1852. | ' 

Les exposails frangais sont représentés en grand nom 


:. de 480 francs environ; 
C'est A ces résultats 


real supérigure Fy 

de ey Harrison et bre ainsi quo lous tes systéznes essayés en Franco jusqu’a : 
Cuivre dans! jour, 

adtene tries lequel ce Jour, 7 
it ta chaleur i" A ; 1a machine Granume actionne des régulateurs Serrin, | 
; La machine Lontin et te régulateur duméme inventeur, | 
les régulatetrs Carré, Serrin, Hallé, de Mersanne, ete, la 


Ue aye, 
” ! : 
: ericure un Pt - 






Cin 
ts BMS80 thy eee 
Bure qieiyg att ea dp 

i : Se. ; 
ced Produit, 


te ade 






































aby 
’ 









mettre A Mappréciatic «19. 





















d'éelatrage, ila été d 
Yenteurs afln de me’ wes te i dampelte ¢, Werdermann, elles bougies Jablochkuff, sont | 
aussi représentés par un owt plusieurs appareils. : 


Les systtines encore inconius en France et qui ont ; 
fohetionné devant le publicsont : la fampe Wallace-Farmer 
avce sa machine, bonne pour | airages qui no te- 
mandent pas une: grande fixité de bo huniére, thais uno 
certaine rusticité dans les appareils; ta lnupe Napielf qui 7 
donne de tres bons résultats au Times; le végulateur |! 
Siemens avec les machines dynamo-dleetriques di inéme if | 
nom, \ 
Signatons tout particutidvement ke machine vt les 
bougies de Wilde qui ont parfailement fonetionné et pa- 
raissent dovoir fire une séricuso concurrence & la bongic |} 
Jablochkoff, Les accessoires do Véclairage électrique |. 
Glaient aussi représentés par des pholométres, conducteurs, 
compteurs detours, régnlateurs de courants, e'¢,, ele. 
i Uno énumération compile des appareils nous enleainerait 

trop loin, 
4 | Hn some cette oxposilion, qui en appelle une analogue 
ROLES? ac wane : A269 - | 4 Paris dans quelques années, pour jugec des progrés ac- 
~ cinema comiplis a rempli un but utile et obtenu un suceés (ui 
dépasse les espérances, : 

Elle a parfsitement marqud Pélat actuel du $a question, 
montré les voies ouvertes aux chereheurs ct celles dans 
lesquelles il serait dangereux de pevedvérer. Aco point 
de vue, nous no saurions trop féliciter les promoteurs de 
Vidée et les intelligents organisateurs MM. Preece, Cole ct 
Schoolbred. E. HL. (Londres, le 14 mai.) 


1 Cotte grande questié 
T'Angleterre. En eft 
Institution, que te: 
“mitre étincetle a 
dans‘lo-conrant de 
Lonires, et ‘dans’ 
Humphry Dayy 7 
que prend lalumi 
entre'doux morce 
‘¥nfla, dl no fay 
tt Londros ce-queé 
“qnlernattonato n 
Padris‘doit én 

fle mination) miles 


Nous 
Prendrong 
¢ las 
© que nous ayo, ae 16 de renvoyey 
#°° Co dernig 










































hanks 












fn ip 

























: ausface of the water, : ‘This wo.notteed idle — 
f obta ‘ ( t was 

3; Hlustrated desc Ipiton of a few ‘dovicce “mmagnelo-electric machine, and thus obtain the electric |; ue shascupele Slated ae Fessret ee el 

ave an ustrated descr! a le Ane M c 5 a R ‘ ia cots. : met ct : : 

0 , ‘ } t developed by the revolution of f{s co : 

ented by the editor of. this pe ud the rrp a : The: iat ‘practical application ‘of this iden was at tapected, that navigators maine cr loenticient sa 

cae at ‘tke tee sittin OU taagbete aa Lislaiad: tempted in. 185%, when oxperiments: were: mado at |—no better, or porlinps inferior Pe 

jecity, by ( dl: 











































































Y . 1 ove ; visited the great 
: rae I by. the sec: | tho fact was that the atrong beam of. light passed 1 alte! the 
aia the further appliention:of the currents Alas: ae Soy tee 8 which | their heads, as coutd beat be seen while ascending the : all that the 1 We mean 
nerate ond improve 5 U 
generated for olectro-plating, electric light, ignition of 










tower ata time when the alr was allghtly foggy ; then| FF 
the beams of light could be. scon shining all around 
not alightly downward, but slightly upward, in a dl 
rection several degrees above the harizon, while they 
ahoutd have been directed on the aatorry and oon | % 
below, ns this light was intended to guldo veascls at a he | : 
hort ‘Siatanca caly, Tho result wana retardation fn fF q nally and 
Je acceptance of the clectric light for light-louse pur- ; i 
ses in this country, ___ 


Duboscq tainp was attached, originally intended to pro- 
y c uch. ct ight by means of a voltaic battery of some 100 or 

{J enl rovlow of tho npplicatton of sich currents for alec.) duce lig 
tile illumination, Fd which it will bo seen that this |; moro cups, These oxperlinents, showing that the most 


i y » :* Tellable and cheapest ight could be produced at the 
aren ee Mr ic a eae Jenat cost by tho appllention of nicam power, wero'so 


; q : far successful that on the 8th of December, 1858, the 
ea ee pi lat Miteenn 2 ae first electrle light was Hvacticaly een bagel 
ago; Sir Humphry Davy, with the Inrzo battery in wie by Muminating the 
Tunes ke se ye cuisine cn : ‘The conclusion was very rece aay apse! 
was only the expense and trouble in Preparing the .; placed on deeb eaatoryn - hcalie i" ae 
Jnrgo tattertes, and Keeping them In working ‘order, surplus Power oti “e cee pe arora his poses 
at provented tts usa; only on except{pnal and apoctal ©. Muniination all'sround, would 5 ; y) ; 


tld: say it fa 
oxplosives, ele, In this article wo will gl Histort ; 
































the Mightiest geniuses whose |; 
veiled the mysteries of na.|' 


: Having paid this sincere tribute of a a 
uon to the brilliant Benlus of Mr, Bagi: 
| are just as free to xpress the opinion that the |: 
ee ; i fnterviews he Permits to reporters of the dail 

digon'g most recent | Press, more articularly the New York Sun, wiil 
TY opportunity of seoing’ - ; Mot fail to place him tn a false position before 


he text and the drawings of his} : cs TIR Ic NE Ww “ 


| 3CIEN 
the scientific world, Profuse promises do not 


Yours with respect, = Y, ! 
8 : { even in the event of the most brilliant Success,! 
pril 25, containing the increase the merit or ent: 


hese Inmps and this system. of ed to it. 
iy worthless, 

















a Moinating by means of electricit: 
in reference to the novelty and practicability of Mr, or 


inventions, MM, Fontaine ling evidently lind eve 
Mr. Edison's French patents, including ¢ 
lamps and dynamo-clectrio machines, 







occasions were such lights used, and then more asan bdertae Lined prague pra Ala brisy : 
exhibition of the power of-clectelelty than: for any ; , trom England to ane 
practical purpose, Nolther fs the aubdiviaton of tho '{ tion in Canal street, near Brondway, The editor of 


te i $a company with’ 
| vthing Doct clatmed by some . | this Journal inepected it at that the 
perch alien verte rake hee , | Me, Colling, the owner of the American ateamalip line, \ \ 7 





















Nowark, April 95 ] 
such a light forty years ngo ju Boston, Mr. Farmer | | (which ccnsed to exit soon afterward), but the light » April 25, 1879, 


exhibited was deficient nnd unreliable, partly on ace 
but only repented experiments performed some thirty ; | count of the bad cede of - museline aut 
-{ years before that tine by Humphry Davy and others‘ | Partly from the Ignorance of those Re. ' ia 

in England, Franco and Germany, ‘ : | Collings was urged to buy the machine for one of his 


PS. Ihave just seen the New York Herald of A 
himeolf will not. pretend that he did Anything now, Geacription of Mr. Edison's Inaps. It is these 


\ighting thot M. Fountain cousitera practica 


‘ BT ett CI nme mene permet 
erage Qrmets etmeecomen ana 2 ae : 

























' 1. 


‘| tered, itis ma 


























: : ‘THE EDISON Pnocess,” the exaggerate Hog 
Tn 1830 Faraday mado experiments fur the Trinity © | stermeliips, but of course did not do It, ales Be “ We have at lust 2 Z prointiess . i 
Hotiso atthe Orford Low light-huiise with the Bude | {machine wag aferward on exhibition In the Cryata : Ve have at lus been able to look into the French patent of Mr, Edison, +] The interview purports to have been sought| ‘ : 
light, which consisted in tha pnsenge of an olectric cur- ; | Palace, but its deficlency was mnie glaringly apparent : and, far from retracting the impression produced by reading the Sctentifie i{ with reference to an article published in the 
sak pealuood i A valane tether through small | ‘by Mr. Vergnes, who lind an clectromngnetic wotor : ' American, we are more than ever convinced that the syatem of electric ae Faye ain ee nine he a ae iH 4 ‘ 
! A i. 7 ; 7" j ighti : ; | had failed in his attempt to produce an electe' ' 
dexcenting Jet of moreury, ‘onclosett tn n gloas.vossol; * ; 00 exhibition, driven by a Inrge yoltate battery; when ‘ lighting of tho savant of Menlo Park is far bulow his re; Gabe len ee i 












putation, and that 





id 4 lowed ‘its Nght, Mr. Vergnes 

y becamo white-hot and.evaporated under : | te English machtio s , 
i alaitns oa theee tetas ‘slits ight, Tho ox. ; connected his battery toa Duboseq amp, and his old. 
periments, howover, wero only partly successful, asthe |: fsttoned electrlo Hight totally eclipsed the light pro- 


5 é One of its averments strikingly lus. 
nothing, absolutely nothing, in the now patent, should havo stirred up the trates the imprudence of intrusting to the aver- 


panie whieh has taken place among gas sharebolders in Europe = eee ey ceporter statements involving techni. 
ica, Tt is truly a great nad regrettublo mystery, ee {eal and sclentific facts, necessarily more or 
























. ne : ’ less couched in technical or scientific terms, F 
Nght was unreliable and its production very expensive . duced by the English co eae ee nt i ‘Let us say that, from a theoretical standpoint, the apparatus dovised *{ @ language which is in general very imperfectly 
ond laborious, In 1862.0 hydro-oxyyen lime light was Weonen light producer was tact * et a Mg ie iby Mr, Edison is far from being abaurd. The patent coutains ingenious quderstood by gatherers of news items for the] . A 
trled at the South Foreland Nghthouse; but nalther {it would eleetro-plate, a stoc! company was formed to 
















daily press, 


details, and certain urrangenents that are original enough; but, from a The 7imes’ article referred to says: "The 


i hariaeie faa point, the ouly point that can intercet the holder of gas | amest that he (Edison) paratee Ss accomplished 
stuck, averything is inte thay - as been to maintain yoo coiled fron wires in a 
a on Ped pyrene ehildtieh; or not to be realized. We would Dot tite of partial iineandescence with a sixteen- 
» spoken of this patent, if the elaimunt bad not had tho extraordi- horse-power steam-engine, The object of this 
nary merit to invent tho phonograph. It is necessary, above all, to combat experiment was to ascertain the number of 
the errora of great inventora, beeatso they are the most dangerous, Tho ' Sells wisely could be Hare this a3 meat 
patent of Mr, Edhson containg nearly thfty descriptions ; we will only pub. H thet Sie ule basta ‘his claim ‘that he could 
Hish those that contain the germs of the invention, and will pass by the nu- | maintain 20,000 lights burning from one elec- 
merous varintious which do not present any real interest, | tical station with o io norme-poner engine,” 
“As in every complete system of electric lighting, ao this contains a gen- Messer vagtateen that he over 
erator of electricity and a regutator Intnp, f 


made any such extravagant statement as Is 
After deacribing the Benerator, und the principle upon which Mr, Edi- contained in the last sentence of the paragraph 
8on jutends to construct it, M. Fontaine sums Up, saying : 


did this answer the purposo, which waa to furnish a clectro-plato with tho ati ie aid ih sae 
steady, reliable. fllumtnation from sunact to sunrlse, Were readily auld nt that timo; ashowy e! : tone ng 
~ | night ater night, and go’ nono of these arrangements catablishment was erected in Mercer street, but there 
“'\Wilto adopted. fie i; Were no dividends, the value of tho: stock gradually 
In tho meantima it. was becoming evident to many , ' fell to $0, and the affatr collapsed, 
Winkers that as steam is the cheapest agent we have ‘This 4s only ono apectmen of scores of almilar entor- 
! for producing power, ft was an absurdity to attempt. prises we havo witnessed, (the Keely motor, by the & 
tho production of power by means of & much moro ox- j . Way, being one of tho most recont),: :  &F 
pensive method, such ns olectric currents obtatned from © On the Ist of February, 1842, tho Trinity House ox. : : 
Voltalo batteries, and that therofora all inventors, aud © ‘hibited tha electric light permanently at Dungencas : 
would-be inventors, of electro-magnetic’ motors, and’ | Nght-houso, with Holes’ magnoto-clectrie machine 
improvements on, them, were Working in tho wrong ondlamp. The intensity of tho electric luminary was 
direction, It becatne mare ‘nnd more ovident tnt if, about 12} times that of tho oll lumbiary ; the coat por 
electric. currents and power’ wero fransmutable, ono Unit of light per hui wag, for the oi, 0,1165¢,, and for 
Into the other, it would be ‘moro economlnal to trans | the electric Nght, 0,1204¢, Frequent falling off of tho 
form power, cheaply obtained by steam or water, into Tatler light occurred, and the ofl ight lad oceastonally 
* Jelectrio curronta than to do tho Fovorsn, and transforin , | 66 La substituted, Shortly aflerward tho French Hight 
‘tha olceteio ‘currents obtained from exponslye voltaic ; * house authoritles established the olectric light at Capo 
of 4 E i ; batteries inlo.power, ns: electeic batterios can ‘néver | | Ja Héve, with tho magneto-clectrio machines of tho 
compete with ‘steam or Avaler power in regard to cost, | Alllance Company of Parle, In 1808 tho same com. 
In foct the conviction ‘duvvned upon the minds of alf |: pany sent ane of thelr machines to Now York, whero 
Hvho Jooked Ante the eutject with a clear eye, that the | ; the Duboscq lamp was Placed in the Ight-houso at tliat 
Cheapest way to obtain 4-powerful eloctrio curront was 


 ; Unio existing nt the southern polut of the Battery, but 
the apparently roundabout way of birrntag coal’ fn a’| «ence removed as uscteas, — ” ee 
ifurnace, t 


i 
make tho heat evolve steam, tise the ate ,; ‘The magneto-clectrla machine stood, on the pier be, 
oe at nat ie teed omanio | ows! next to the ateam engine driving it, while the; 

1 eleetele, currant evolved Was conducted by two stout’ 
copper wires upward along tho ontsldo of the building 
pto the cupola, from which ‘the. ol] lamp ‘had been ro. 
moved and replaced by a Duboseg Jamp, which ought 


BS 



















































































jauoted. Yet we fect quite certain that it was 
“4 a : somewhere published at teast in substance 
‘Cousequently, it is not necessary to experiment with oa machine con- as part of a conversation In an allege 
atructed upon the preceding principle, to be ablo to allem that it will give [aterviev vt at Edison, it ne aesertion d 
U ii aris y ij », DAT *. lenics as gained currency abroa as coming; 
aa far inferior to those now in use. ; Mr, Ettison puts forth the singu- from Mr, Edison, he has only to blame the im- | : 
ar pretension of creating u good machine in associating two principlus prudence he either willingly committed, or Was} 
which aro defective, ag is known by wll the word, It is 4 capital error, urged to commit by cager packers i faaking *. 
: +08, : . 9 a e . a . 
mid ono which would nover have originated in the brain of a practical Terance state Wally news peti "gat Tor pul | 
aman, “We are of those who believe Mr. Edison will! - 
M. Fontaine then ons on giving u description of Mr. Edison's lnmp, aud sooner or later succeed in carrying the electri 
criticises the same. He concludes as follows ; 


























light to a degree of perfection it neyer before ; 
“ ‘, A F; -. | reached, but he can no more do impossibilittes ! 
t Decidedly, tho holders of gus shures may steep quietly. The invention than men of lesser genius, and we do not be-; 
that will destroy the value of their property has not yet been conceived,” \ | Heve he males the astounding assertions attrib-; 
. Gab — uted to him, : wy 

ce : ia : |. For instance, in Mr. Edison's remarks upon} 
the Zimes’ article, he ts reported in the Sun} 
to say that his device for regulating the current | 
Ito prevent the incandescent wire from melting | 
i(which device substantially consists in a bar‘ot 





























































= lenses which corresponds wit] 
the surface of the water tn Uho'li 
Hight on ‘this surfaca;. liuwever, bi Iguoranco, care. 
4 lessness, or intentionat neglect of tho person in charge, 
oo! the light was placed altogether’ too low; so. that tho 
“surrounding set of revolving lonsés'thiew tho’ coiicen. 
trated Leama of Nght Anto'tl Tustead of on 


teal, 


} | 
é r metal forming part of the circuit, and which, | | 
to have beon placed s0 that fts light woutd have been FA : 1 pen th of Rute “the caren ete i 
at the same hight whore that “of tho oft lamp was— : Jvas asserted, by th er tovhave failed in i 
namely, ii that focus of the surrounding revolving e aie ! 





0 rays coming from 
80 as to throw the 






















Tabet be ie 














































\ 
i 


Yh 


i 
i 








a 
Loser ae 


eee semen. 





ractice) is *‘one of two hundred ‘metnous ;~ 








Reaving it fairly inferrible, in connection with ‘i 

other F vinria: That it is one of two hundred Tho Electric Light. 
methods of regulating the strength of the cur- 

rent Invented by him, We do not belicve Mr. ! 


Edison means to publicly assert any thing like - ‘Tho London Journal of Gaa-Lighting, of April 29th, speakstpf the elee- 









this, There is a tone of extravagant puffing: . trig light na follows: oo, 

about these reports, which we are very reluc- ene ‘ 

tantto think Mr. Edison imparts to his state- “The electric light continues to b6 what we may profanely call a bughenr. 
ments in conversations with his interviewers. It has, of course, ite uses and recommendations ; but when gas shareholders 


However, there are some promises made on 
: this occasion as coming from Mr, Edison which 
‘we hope may be fulfilled. It is asserted that, 
so far from being discouraged by failures as 


look upon it with alarm, they betray much kimplicity of mind. All authori- 
look upon it with al they betray h kimplicity of mind. All authori 
ties on the matter concur in expressing an opinion that gas ean hold its own 
Nr agninst all competitor, We ure alive to the facet that great improvements 
Feported: in: the rates a depron: of success may be made in tho distribution of electricity, by whieh means advantages 
plleations for Grea States patents have teen may bo gained, which are not now attainable, in the lighting of closed and 
allowed ; none have yet been rejected ; eight divided spaces, Such discoveries, however, nt the present moment, look dis- 
awalt examination, ~The quality of the lightis tant, ‘The gentleman who was to revolutionize the art of iHumination has 
asserted to be good by Mr. Edison and those re ane rahets fa : i 
who have seen it, and is admitted by even the NOW issned his English patent, and that most bitter encmy of gas companics, 
adverse critic of the London 77 
“* beautiful are the light of & morning-star, pure, 
brilliant, and mellow,’ 
Mr, Edison promises, if we may credit the 
+ Sun's report, cre-long to keep five hundre 
Nights at Menlo Park going night and day ti 
the stockholders are fully satisfied. But we | 






*In the presence of n apecifieation whieh esn thus be summed up, it seems 
tolerably certain that the proprictors of gas shares niy possess their sons in 
pence, und that the general introduction of cleetric lighting must be deferred 
until some moro golid progress has been aceamplished.’” 
‘are forced to take this report with many grains Tho policy of gus companies at this jnneture—we cannot eall it crinin—in 
‘of allo rane, as there are sonic inconsistencies oe ont, eee — the ee el gna Hi ee = il- 
contained In Ic ot mminating purposes. Although, a8 we have repeatedly said, gas has nothing 
blusders ot, ae een, joer instance: ibs to fenr, in its chief citadels, from the competion of the electric light, even in 
the homes of the masses it is susceptible of a much more extensive uRe, and 


The one we propose to use will not melt 
til it gives out a light equal to three ‘nothing but encourngement is wanting to make it the common domestic 
' fuel.” 


We shall not force more than one ¢: 
each lamp," ctc. Here it is plainly implicd : - 
[Lho wonderful reporta, reeently published, as to the wonderful snecess of 
tho light in Cleveland, Ohio, are evidently drawn from the lively imnginn- 


that when the lamps are forced to three gns- 
jets there is danger of melting the lamp. But 
tion of thoso connected with tho daily press rather than from absolute 
fact.—Ep,] 





































a little further along, It Is asserted that a 
light equal to three gas-jets ‘' fairly warms 
them (the lamps), and that {s all, There is 








:| scarcely any perceptible heat.” In another 
:Jpart of the interview Mr. Edison is represent- 
ed as saying, ‘ With the regulator I use, it 
would be contrary to the laws of nature to ' 


1) of 28 1b, hour, M. Clainond has succeeded in inain- 
4 Hes toh elockate Tights, each having an illuminating power 
equal to from 200 to 250 standard candles, ‘his result, which is 
said to bo vouched for by M. du Moncel, would tend to prove 


May 1, 1879. . : SS +e 
: ‘ N rtictes orf electric lighting, we have first suggested 
Ee eee ’ ant subeciuentiy referred to theuse of therino-electric batte (ea for 
| ' obtaining the electric light. It naw ecems that hy an expenditure 
\ 


melt it.” that our anticipations n to the freat Importance of thermo- 
WE jimse! araded clectricity in relation to electric lighting were by to means exng- 
ate dies One evi chieee Ort: he crated, * the Electrician considers “that M. C. A. Fauro ts inn 


fr way of even surpasaing the above result, His small pile of 
i sixty. couples, intended tar produea tho effects of n large Bunsen 
‘T cell, i n remarkably compact and practical piece of apparatus, 

iving an electromotive force of about three volts, and having an 


must expect to be personally misunderstood, 
especially abroad, where the true inwardness 
‘of Interviewing as practised in American jour- 


jnalism fs little known, We believe that public : internal resistance of about one-third of an ohm. His large 
faith in his electric Hight has been far more battery for the electric light contains sume 3000 elements, and Is 
* jshaken than strengthened by the alleged Inter- j] sald to work at full power with an expenditure of 60 cublo fect 
views relating to the Invention published from ‘lof gas per hour, being suite equal te fifty Bunsen slementa of 
‘time to time In the Sw and other daily pa- very Inrge size.” Details of rome of these Hhepmo-elect le 
pers. H > | Datterics will be forthcoming shortly.  ¥s 





Tot mmanand naimmiuntontion ta tha Btatarian Anatamls the awbant 






; . BoLaneaiin 
i Heatte Mii mm i The inaugural lecture on the fencral subject of 
: junction with the 


I of the Royal Albert Mall had aranged in con. 
IL. Vreee, the chief 
ednesday evening—the Prince of Wales 
‘ag crowded in every part, and on the Hat. 

yal Highness Prince Christian, the 


ee Mat, 4 has been achieved 50 { 
——— —E—————_ 


4 
! 








mes to be! Phe Tima, admits, after a fair deseription of Mr, Edison's apecifleation, that, |! 






























| Professor expressed an Inay I i 
{there was little fear of aa being driven out of ; "for ty T would 
I the field, for even if tho : 






_] an illustration, we need only inention that, sinco greater woul 


cully perceive and distinguish colouis by daylight or paslight were mitch aided by the cleetsic Hyht, 
and the visual perception was abso much strengthened, Lofessor Cohn conelu tes front this fact 
that clectile light would prove exceedingly uselul in places where it is d 
be secn at a great distance. ‘The engine used was Gramme’s electroemapneli 
tutates 6co Unies ina minute." Mr. C. Woodall, engineer of the Phvenis Ga I » 
weites respecting our San a evilencs peor the Select Coniinitice ve A House af — ogival in tho iinmediato neighbourhood of thy lamp, 
Commons,—" I atn sepresented to have ‘admitted the superiority of cleetric ity for liphti ii aier 
ateas.’ Such an almigsion would lave been ditectly opposed ty fact and my own experience, and bo eutight on a retiector something iu the shape of 
was never made by me. I know of no space, large or small, that would not be hytter aya 

cheaply lighted by gas than hy any application of electricity at present available” ey a 




















Se oe Andes LEPTRIC LIGHTING. E 
May 2, 1879, 0° a Ss" [beillianes and eoneezed to 


form: es) 
SCIENTIFIC NEWS, 


{| FPVHE Select Committco on Electric Lighting 
commenced its, labours on Vriday lint by 
‘fexamining Prof, ‘Tyndall, who traced tho history 
of cleetricity from the timo of Volta to the pre- 
i May 20 fn, of = my 7 It related to light- 
i NCS, rof, ‘Tyndall: expressed th ‘ 
opinion that n 10,000 eandlo inachize could not . " niaton to ik ites 
be mnde to yield te: lights of 1,000 candies each remo ight fora 
and though there wero great di in tho 
way of Edison successfully dapting the clectris 












Tight to domestic purposes, it could not be wai as in atrect lighting. ° 
M 2 waid 4 aap ng. 
that he was incapable of overcoming them, The . Tho dition otaight overahorizontat plane, 


emphatic opinion that - as been auccessfully dealt ith, 40,10 












olectric light supplanted. oe Erould Propose to throw up, by means 





















4 real ead pal ir tur, avortical oylind es 
mrs ening at” Yo "97 : icing Se oer med 
df s A fa 4, catch then! 0 form of a po . 
Edison's English patent was cpr plefed Inst. . hig 1). | It is obtioun that the greater thei : 


weed ne genet pater . te frow tho lainp of tho mortion to be illumi 
. have alrendy yiveh detdils and 4 be the amount of Tilt throm we 
sellectar, ie., within tho limit of 


@ sections of the 









the application waa filed, Mr. Edison has ‘made 
considerable improvements, ho Times, how- lighteoyli r i i 
ever, thinks that tho «pecification embodion all rato to parabolas, nd wand Te eee 

that haa been done, and ia naw kind enough to ht would bo thus thrown on the houso-fronts; 
inform its render that “it seems tolerably cer- this light would bu further nsdisted by that which 

tain that -the propriétorn of guseshnres nay woulll escapo betweentho top and bottom roficetor, 
posess their souls in peace," formiug a sort of penurn tyra, (Fig. 2), arr 

7 e + This is a diferent problem entirely, 

H rit says tm" Professor Colin, of Breslau suggest that tho eyllutor or au ee ined Sos 
s with the electrié light on the eyes of a number of persons for i] thrown y ) to an ogivalsheaded reflector, thy ogitul 
con visual peteeption and the sensation of cotour, Ie hag | t0 bo so described us to throw no light on the inviee 
spots, and colours ate perceived at a much greater distance Urengh the mediam ‘ 
rttic tight than by day or paslight, ‘The sensation of yelow was incteased sixlyfuld compared 
light, of red sixfold, aud of green and bluc about twofold, Eyes that could only with difie : + 











































diate neighbourhood ho lamp (Fig. 3), Hero 
again tho greater tho distance traversed within the 
radius assigned to the light the greater, tho q 
tity of light thrown, while se sinall n point of ti 
r would be presented to the cyefrom any vives point ; 
esirable that signals should.‘ on the plano that I fauey no unpleasaut glaro would 
paratis, which be felt. 
ithe Company, Tauggest that no light should be thrown by the 



































mall The penumbraclike light before alluded to might 
ic 








a lamp shade, bu: rbotic in section, und utilised 
Ymore for Total purpores,U ge 4). , 


FIG FIG FIGS FIG 
be : No, 740. May 30, 1879, : Ua ay ert 


| 



















Sir W. Thomson hos given evidence before the 
Eketric Lighting Committee, and is reported to 
havo sail that’ “Thero was a pratigiouly 
greater economy in the transmission of incehani> 
cal forco into energy in tho caxe of the eleetris 
light than in the cuse of gas.” Ifo deseribed 



























the now Siemens’ water-pole regulator ns enpadble : Tt ix obvious that what can Le done by thir d 

of yielding n steady, aa, ort quict light. eatoptric system tight be done tele if not | ; 
Electricity produced ‘by the power of such falls better, dioptrically, Iam confident thatby proper 

as thoso Mf Ni: : ight be conducted. fe study a light, evenly diffused, soft aud plensant, i | 
j niles by ane oper eenidiac may be obtained for Hluminating large spaces, 1: y 





torsof a tubular form with water flowing through { once. ‘Thomas Caason, 
them ;and every drawing-room in London, at 
all events moderately largo rooms, might bo 
economically and ndvantigeously lighted by 
electricity, © Sir William thought the efforta of 
the Cominittce should be direuted to sinoothiag 
the way for tho coming invention()hre4y 74 is 
- eww wee . oa set 





t 
{hundreds of miles, by menus of copper condic- do not pretend to say that iny systan will do it at | ph 

i 

i 












































“| aupply lights, 



































. 


“| who are ready to figure. 









peas SPE bieye: 


= 






_ 












gpecember 31, 1878 
‘ [Continued from page 200.) 
RLRCTRIO LIaHT, 









tin dying tho past few yenrs, 
Th 






_Tesent century, 
















Inboratory oxpcriments for many yenrg, 


it in any way effective for lighting purpog 


we 


cs, 








that gas companies ‘can: re ir p 
then orn ‘redoee, stil! -he ‘can’ furnish “electric Sah = 
himself or his company., 
cheaper at 0 great profit to Pet Ori 
i he matler in an indefinite shape, 
of expressing it leaves the m: z 5 ne 
1] nature that comparis 
the terms sed are of such a general ‘ puri 
¢ \ Jess, we can not say that the ass 
precluded, . Nevertheless, c Se ceaablae: Oo 
regard. itas probably g) 
Speedy {to sce the prediction filled 
the cantrary, we may rather expec see ee 
Edison is the. most origin: 
tothe letter, We know that M@ at ous 
ical i i y livi We know that his facilities 
electrical investigator now living. Vek maa 
i igati ded in any part of the world, 
for investigation are not exceed I 
introduction of the duplex 
We know that by the successful introd : 
he syuadiplek system of telegraphy, ie sees pee the 
ical novelties, he has bee 
carbon telephone and other electrical | i é 
p ssessi F which income is 
placed in possession of a heavy income, 
industtously devoted to new investigations. a know that be 
is not hampered’ by any routine. of collegiate instruction, 
because he’ was not technically a 
reason we know that he does not have h 
apcuel Jaw of some ‘prom ‘and grizzled professor, whom 
demonstrations of laws the student is instructed never to loo! 
beyond: We know that the task he has undertaken docs not 
lend, even to the average uden 
titer impossibility; and lastly ; , 
dasonable excuse for. Mre Edison to express an opinion unless 
he has reasons for it'that have been built upon the results of 
his own original investigation: and’ practical experience, 
Hence we are ready to assert in advance of the event that Mr, 
dison will successfully light up the.village of Menlo Park, N. 
‘Joy by eleciricity.on the night of Christmas eve. But as to 
comparative costs we have no data from which to draw con- 
clusions, nor are they necessary for the time being. The first jon, 
thing Is to demonstrate: this will establish’ a fact, and after th 
fact is estabtished there are hundreds of American capitalists 








(+ Lanvieer 
——— 


Dopartmont of Public Works, 


Reronr ror ‘ran Quarren Expina Deormnenr 31, 1878, 


Derarrstent or Punta Wonks, 
Cositssionrn's Orricr, Room No, 
: New Yonk, February 25, 1879, 
onl ‘anp Coorrn, Mayor of the City of New York : 
fn accordance with Section 27 of tho Charter, I havo the honor to 
ijerewith a report of tho transactions of this Department for quarter 


Direport for the quarter ending Dee, 31, 1876, Lintimnted that prob. 
sbly Uj time was not far distant when our streels and public places might 
‘boligi}-d by other methods than those then in uae, I then had reference 
tothe fectric light, which lias attracted covsiderable of the public atten 
ight, although called the now light, is not entirely now, inasmuch 
5 itfwas first produced by Sir Humphrey Davy in the eatly 


It is only within tho Iasi] b 
r8, howover, that any practical results hovo beon reached toward] ix 


ee eer 





10, Crry Hann, 





Light Houvaat, 


For the same 
ing in his ears the 


the forbidding look of an 
¢ know that there is’ no 

























compored of 































1 












































the apparatus or n 


i! 








> 


Edison and other aciontiata 
ablo for purposes 







hon, and an intensely bri 


ig 08 tho distance between 
8 08 the electric current 


tric light, 


light consist of ny 
















small senle, 





a, by the nid of stenm or 
nerating machines of yar 
tin this country, 












and even lig 


heing used in Paris and other European cities 


inuous and powerful current of electricity 
0 two carbons for ench Innp, 
ined (one is called tho positive aud tho other 


tween the carbons; the hecessary copper wire for con. } 
nt from the Generating machine to the Inmp, 
has, no doubt, been presumed by somo t} : 
nd in the manner ordiuari 


10 battery is used, nor zing, acids, or othor chomical agents employed, 
ugh it can be so obtained for laboratory ex; 













nt Italian physicist of the Inst contury, “ 


uid parses from tho pouitive to the negative 


the carbon points is not too grent, and go 
This is what is termed tho 


highest importance that the engine employed 


© magneto-electric machine, for Generating n 
3m lamp containing tho 
from which the light in 
the negativo carbon) ; 1 
constantly maintaining a 


hat the cleatric force is pro- 
ly employed by olectricians, but it is not #O, | 


periments, or for lighting i 


The electric current required for effective electric ium. 
in magneto-cleetricity, and is obtained from th 


other motive power, ° 


6 machine, aR before | 
ious kinds avo been devised in Europe, and 


the American machi i i 

OA Sn expan ee icing being equal, and in sono 
* [their inventor, 
upon.the same principle, ‘Th 
Enropo are the Gramme and t 


. They Benerally bear the name of 


nasinn navies, In 
hLansen, the Weaton, tho Fuller, tho Watneo- 


‘ering or fluctuations, or wo might call i 


May 16; £879, 


Va 
















to propor size and shape. It waa found, however, that this mnterinl con- 
tained somo objections ; it ducs not possess a uniform donsity ; it is quite 
brittlo, and hence is liablo to splinter and brenk ; it contains foreign mat- 
tora, and these produce considerable variations irbrilliney, A very good 
carbou is now made from tho best coke, whieh is pulverized ton fino 
) powder and mixed with some suitable gm 


: : ny Bubstunce into a paste, then 
: Pressed in moulds to the proper form and baked, and sometimes covered 
i with a couting of copper, 


i of copp They aro in shape goncrally cylindrica! or 
rectangular, varying in sizo from A quarter inch to ono inch, and uro of 
various lengths ; the Wallace Jamps sometimes uso earbons in tho shapo of 
: blocks one-half inch in thickness and from two to ten inches in width, 
From the foregoing deseription all technical phrases hays been omitted, 
ao that an insight ean be obtained as to what is required for tho prodte- 
tion of this so-called « wonderful light,” whieh is promised to revolutionize 
the whole field of artifieial ithuuination, During tho past year the public 
i has Lind frequent opportunity of seeing it in operation and witnessing its 
effects, Tt has been shown at Manhattan Beach, whore three lamps were 
| lighted by the Hochhausen machine, run by a ten-horse power Baxter 
> engine, It was used ontadiy of Gilmoro's Garden, tho Cathedral Fair, 
Macy's, aud Lord and Taylor's by the same parties, aud with good eflvet, 
; thonnaked light being shown at theso places, It is now employed at the 
i Equitablo building, where two “ Muxim lamps aro used, in ground gloss 
globes, for lighting the basement hall, nnd fed from a Wallace muchine, 
It was exhibited at the Into fair of the Aurican Institute, at which plie 
twenty-five lamps wero lighted, all in opal or gronnd glass globes, Of 
these, twenty-one were supplied from flve Wallace machines, and four from 
one Brash machine, Nineteen of the Wallace Jamps were in the amnin 
building, and inelosed place 285 feet by 135 feet, and the four Brush 
i lamps were in Muchinery Hull, Iu addition to the above twenty-five 
: electric lamps, all the gas burners were kept lighted, although the gas was 
slightly checked ut the metor. ‘Phis was a wise precaution, becanse, first, 
the eleetrie lamps did not aford suficiont light, and, second, to guard 
agninst the risk of the building being placed in darkness in caso of aceideut 
to the engines or machines, 
With a view of ascertaining whether the uso of this light can bo mado 
available in any of the public buildings or places over. which this Depart- 
j Ment has jurisdiction, I have frequently oxumined all tho lamps and 
michines shown in this vicinity, and have given the matter enreful consid. 
« | eration, I have looked at it from various standpoints, and, haviug studied 
its merits and demerits, L know that it ennnot be used with advantage by 
; this city, Ionm also free to nesert that tho cloctrig light, a8 at present 
' constituted, cannot compete with g08 as wt economical, convenient, aud 
rolinble iluminuting agont for tho ordiunry purposes of artificial light. 
When cousideriug tho adoption of this light, aud entirely dispensing with 
gas, the question of its reliability for general use should certainly bo taken 
iuto necount, and wo should seo whether it can be depended upon at all 
times snd under all emergencies, without interruption or possible fail re, 
for furnishing perfectly sure and steady light, We know that electri ty 
ae cauuot, as can gas, he stored for future expected uses, but that it niust be 
generated or produced as and when needed, Wo nlgo kuow that artifteiat 
light is required, more or tess, at all times of tho twenty-four hones of the 
doy, ‘The uevessities of some parts of a building may require artificial 
light during the day, while other parts may need light only at night ; some 
parts may require a few lights of small volume, another part many lights of 
largo volume, and theso requirements may frequently vary, During tho 
wiuter montns a yast amount of artificial light is required ; during the 
summer, comparatively little, With gus the supply can bu regulated and 
the distribution insured, and a slight accideut at the works need not atleet 
the consumer, In summer but little coal need be carbonized, and bit fow 
retorts kopt nt work, It is not so, however, with the cleetrie light ; na for 
this, tho samo magnoto-cleetric machines must be used in tho summer 
\84 in the winter, and the varrying necessities of n house caunot well be 
own, PP eae ‘ 
To produce tho light by the clectrio current these engines and Suielines 
ust be kept constantly aud inecasantly at work, and the machines moving 
# the rate of of from 800 to 1,000 revolutions per winnte, there can be no 
f censafivn, not oven for an instant, for the moment tho engine or muchine 
7 stops its work, tut moment-tho eleetric curront ceases, Now, all Persons 
having nuy knowledge of machinery, particularly of the steam engine, are 
Well aware of its linbility to wddon derangement; how, at any inopportune 
moment, when least expected, and when it ean lenst be spared, something 
nity give out, such as the oracking of a erank-pie, the loosening of a screw, 
Or perhaps some more serious mutter, aud when such things oveur, out 
Goes the light, and nv more ean be obtained until repairs have Busi saad 
or other motive power of muchinery supplied. It would evr, therefore, 
moat essential that in order to provide for such emergencies, aut to insure 
an almost continuous and pormanent light, it would bo neceasary to have 
and oxtra ongine or machinery ready for immediate Use. 




















































































































day, and with 
advantage, 


Of courso, 
advantage, 


mains, 


uext deende, 


Europe: 


Iu tho foregoing 











price por thonsaud feet, ete, 


tho view of showin 
I do not me 


subdividing this tight—that is to say, 
two or three thousand candles, givin, 
amall focus, varying from six to twe: 
enormous loss of electric force, 
manver—thero is not much pro 
to goneral household illuminat 


Th lighting mines, 
be an excellent sitbstitute for th 
Jump. For lighting 
river steambonts, oc 
surplus motive powor ia nt hand, it might be uw 
might also be mado available, 
Central Park, whero it ia not 
Tn cases snekt as thes 
lighting world, na g 

No doubt tho demand for gas may. 
now light might be snbatituted, du 
way can more than be made w 
effort on the part of gas mann; 
poses other than those of illumination, 

Lot the gas makers of the workt take. advan 
iu the method of its mamufucture, so that its 
its quality improved, tho residual products 
bution economized, aud the leaka; 
manngers eudeavor to educate the pe 
tained from its further use, 
gne, instead of being diminish 





if not yer 


Vory respectfully, 
8, McConucx, 
Suporintendent of Lamps and Gas, 


remarks I have referred ouly to tho oloctrio light of \ 
ig that this city cannot uso it will, 
an to nssort that the futuro will not bring fort) 
Lettor results, but I do say that intil some practical method is devised fo. 
instead of giving ono intense light o: 
g an equivalont number of lights of 
uty candles, and doing this without the 
and in an economical and perfectly roliablo 
ability that this light will over bo applied . 
ion, 

there aro many places in which it can now bo utilized with 
by incandescence and in vacuum, it would 

0 feeble and sometimes dangerous miner’a 
large yards, factories, lighthouses, lnrgo excavations, 
ean steamers, steamship piers, avd other places whoro ; 
aed with good effect, It ” 
ry economical, in a largo park, liko 
deemed expedient or desirable to lny gas © 
tho electrio light will havo its sphere in tho 
u8 will hold its own placo, 


he following is the Exhibit E" referred to in the report, being a table 
showing the mamber of lamps, size of burner, 





a 


-bo lessened in somo places whero the 
t what business might be lost in thie 
p in auother; for by proper aud earnest 
Bers tho uo of gas cin be oxtouded to por: 
tago of evory improvemont! 
production will bo cheapened, 
utilized, ‘tho expense of distri- | 

ges reducod to a minimum; thon let the. - 
oply ag to tho advantages to bu ob-t 

and I venture to say that tho consumption of | 
ed, will be vory largely increased during tho: 


uumber of hours burning, - 


+ in the various cities of this country and 











Otry or—~ 


Albany, N. Ma 


Balthnore, Md 
Brooklyn, N. ¥ 
Boston, Mas 


Buffalo, N. 
Ciucinnatt, O. 
Naph. 


Martford, Ot. 

Fluid, 
Havre, Frane: 
Liverpool, 
Louisville, K; 
Manchestor, kin, 
N. Haven, Ct. 


“N.Y. Gity ... 


“ Napbtho, 













Varia, Trane... 


Piltaburgh, Pa. 
Philudelphin, P: 
Providones, 
Richmon 

San Prancive 
Saratoga, N. 
St, Louisa, Mu, 


Wauhington, D, U.... 


Wheeling, Ya. 
Wilkesbarro, 1 
Yonkers, N. Y. 








Naph. 










A518 
O8t2 
rd 
ah 
toby 
9000 
PPS 
tH 
Patty 
1o000 
2h 
8601 
8nd 
AGL 
21057 


Sto 


omen 
















Sizeof Burner, 


Te ih he de ade Es Ss 


Seen eneeisn 


* Pricon shown on paye 193 


WE 





No, of Tours 
ig Der 


Burnin; 
Year. 


2500 
20 
Moon, 





SR 
sng] 
B83 


S749} 











20, 


Muon, 


Moon 






i) 


iP 


Price per Lam 
per Year. 














Nothing. 
Bae uo 
470 
a7 00 
86 70 
17 28 
36 Ob 
3300 



























$e 
§ 
ge] ERy 
re ee 
so eBh 
33 ges 
Es - 
a= | 
82 60 
St ue 190 
2 60 
180 ]}) 3226 2 40 
180 /f & 3 00 
125 225 
WW 225 
133 
187 
125 | 32 26. & 2 560 
160 100 
20 27% 
200 Pree 
ua 140 
180 100 
200 
mo 
JOO 
OU 
100 


100 











for the year 1 
tobe in a coi 


is not astonishing, sceing tha 


colours bi: 


fi 85 fre, ¢ 


examplea inl 


Pp in oppositio: 
nothing can 


generally ap one moreover. 
aiderably below that of the tlectrio Went, 


Tur Errecr or tre Exncrnic Liant ON Tir Evrs.—According to the 
British Medicat Journat, Professor Cohn, of Breslau, has been lately | 
making experiments with tho electrio light on tho eyes of a number’ | 
Persons, for tho purposo of testing its influeuco on visnal perception and , 
tho senéation of colour, Ho has found that lettors, spots; and colours aro 

erceived at much ereator distance throneh the medium of clecttio li 

han by day or gnslight. Tho sensation of Yellow was increased sixty! 
compared fo a fre 


nylight; of red, sixfold; and ‘of 
light wera much aid 


daylight or gat 


‘SEL D'ELECTRICITE v 3B 


LA LUMIERE ELECTRIQUE WERDERMANN 
DEVANT L# CONSEIL MUNICIPAL 
Mac aed 

Leshan fs marquant de “ha dérniére quinzaine 
add Meclairagé/des ateliers de la Compagnie  parisienne 
électricité par le systeme Werdermann, en présence des 
conscillers municipaus de Paris, qui avaient temoigne le desir 
de voir cette lumitre, afin de s'en rendre compte par cus- 
mimes, et d'etre déjd cdifies lorsque viendrait devant eux le 
rapport des ingenieurs de Ja Ville. 

MM. Castagnary, Cernesson, Dujarrier, Manet, Parent, 
M. Spuller, député, des officiers, des représentants de [st 
presse, M. Leblanc, vérificateur du gaz de la Ville, sétaient 
tendus A Vinvitation qui leur avait été adressée par la Sosicté 
Ppropritaire des brevets, 

Les membres du Conseil presents ont manifesté leur grinde 
satisfaction en constatant fa fixité ct la bkincheur de la lu 

ins} que Je maniement simple et facile du systéme, 

Leffet produit a dté de tous points excellent, indiscu- 
table. 

Depuis un mois, on emploie journellement ce systéme, en 
S¢ servant d’une machine moyen modéle a 4 disques. 

Dans le but de montrer aux invités des lumitres dont 
Vintensité ct ta fixiteé ddpassit celles de Péchairage que la 
Compagnie du gaz inaugurait au méme instant dans Ja ruc 
du Quatre-Septembre, on avait & a salle par 4 foyers 
ayant un pouvoir total de Goo bougies, 

Nous trouvons, a ce propos, dans te compte rendu du Con- 
seil municipal, stance dur 8 mai: 

«M,. Comesson dépose un rapport sur une demande 
formée par M. Pellorce, A Veffet d'etre autorisé A éclairer A 
a lumitre eetrique (systéme Werdermann) le boulevard 
Poissounitre, 

« La commission estime quill y a lieu daccuciltir cette 
‘demande et de faire un essai A un des pavillons des Ialles, 
Elle Propose, en consequence, de renvoyer Paffaire AT’Admi 
histration, avee invitation de soumettre un projet dans ce sens 
au Conseil. — Adapté, » 





‘EEFRCT OF THE ELECTRIO LIGHT ON, 


1878.4 Shi French Gas companies ‘aré/reported 


ifs | those issucd.nt 500 fre, [16527.)—“"Neato" (lot. 15601, p. 185) appears 


think that when the electric light is diffused aud 
fected by whitewashed walls and roofa, there mn a 
tara" which may injuricusly affect t! ie 
sy Tho fact is that the light is not concentrated 
Dut diffused by reflection and vo reduces the glare: 


yi 110 n bright sunshine. 
Peasant ely ae cel ee cre 
it may bo taken for granted 


fem 8, fes, 195 {rani 160 fr5., 
] jotert, la financial journal Z,, 
in’ adviaing its aubseribérs/to embark’ their capital in there 
rities/ remarks {h AVO now no longer any com- 
oclight, aud that there is in storo 

there app arun on gas a nn a oe folate, ancuet iat 

eB; and consequen' 

to-be easily obtained, This, faye the Moniteur de tindeere Tn Gee 
¢ theso shares roduce dividends 

of rom 6 to 16 per cent. while exampl ere even as much 
£5.80 per cent, has been pafd, However lectric Hight—which 


1 have no means 
*) quested, but 1 thin ho 
that the pupils of any cyes did 
powerfully I should 63, 
candle had been held near. 


than if a bright 
‘The intense brilliance 
examined — closely 


with tho naked cyo 


py ordinary light can be 
sine pag) Cayeicnse no ain: 
i king at five naked Jublochkoll candle 
eee ae cit, and after a little practice coutd 
stant close enough to a Wallace Inwp to wi ea 
tho effect when a soft picco of carbon was renche . 
‘|The are then assumes un intense violet or po 
colour, at times flame appear, and a "cavity a 
quickly worn in the edges of tho electrodes at 
cause ja undoubtedly the presence of an impurity, 
1 found the sudden plternntiows 
from tho violet colour to the pure brilliance uf the 
unalloyed are,to be more trymyg than u prolon 
Took at tho arc iteclf, 1 uved scarcely rm 
tho brillimney and power 


before objects illu 
again eet atinetly 


5 


en and blue, about two-. 
fold. E, Ra ctink (could only vith dinteatty farcoive and distinguish. 
r by ( led by the electric light, and 
tho visu: perception was alao/nuch ftrengthoue |. Professor Cohn con- 
cludes from this fact that cleofric light wou 
Places where it is desirable that signals should be seen at a distance, 
an ‘ 


in the carbon. 
id prove exceedingly nseful in 


of tho ara vary throu, 
1 do not imagine ee 
. Serrin regulstor worked by the 
look closely at u Se gu rea shin re 
kK: ere intended to show ‘that the lighting 
pesiee The iampes alluded to could not possibly be 
so much us atated, unless, indeed, my oye is rome- 
thing very a i of the Cary 
fact I am myopic, 1 ; 
Jronkeeiglited for the bright giure ofa suunmner's 
nun distresses mo considerably, At the eame ae 
Thave no difliculty ‘i alin io erases Pete 
Evi y ie ite a I 
ita et stand vast daberwo bean of 
ht, but shrink before auantity Horhayes me 
sive porvonu! ne 
her readers will give porgoual expe nee oa 


full power of a 





The thanks of the meeting was then tendered tu Mr. Boy apart aa ae 
read the second and concluding one, by Dr. ‘John Topkitione nese gb ets anit the Sceretary 


. ELECTRIC LIGHTING. - 

The author said that he had undertaken the present task beeanse it is tte: 
the various machines can do with varied and known resistances in the cirey 
specds of rolations and what amount of power fs absorbed in each case, J 
interest, whether a machine intended for one light can or cannot produce twodn the 
and if not, why not; whether a machine, such as tle Wallace-Farmer, intended 
lights, il rive scouninieal sonal hen used forone; ant so on. He 
ments with a number of interest OR diagrams, and in concliston saitl 2 y i 
quantitative experiments with the electric t, but hoped shortly to a is a the gen! Ad 
reniasked that, as the Jamp is usually adjusted, only half the energy of the current ap nears in the 
are, or 44 per cent. of the energy transiniticd to the machine by the strap, Serena in ‘the 


Mr. Piecce sail the first thing that struck him was that up te the present mo: 
was aware, electricity had not formed a part of the education ofa wRechantedl ena Gras ie 
electrical subjects Deen brought, to any great extent, before the members of the Tustitution, He 
was, thercfore, well pleased tolisten to 2 Paper so well prepared and so fult of valuable information 
as that which had just been road. “In all jnventions the aim was to attain economy, and that could 
only be secured by the Proper comprehension of the laws on which e7 invention was based. ‘The: 
had had a great many schemes forthe application of clectricity to lighting, and, asa practical clec. . 
trician, he felt grateful ta Dr, Hopkinson for having: produced figures which Were true, and which 
showed how much of the power of a steam-engine wai converted Into that cnergy which took the 
fonn of light, Electricity was a very subtle agent. It was now removed entisel from the 
category of subtle tluids, and shown, like light, to be a form of energy, a form of motion—of the 
molecules of matter. Now they had always wanted some mode hy which the power of the steam. 
engine should be first of all converted into an electric ctirrent, and that this electric current should - 
then be converted into heat, and the heat tender Incandescent particles of carbon, Dr, JIopkinson : 
had shown the work perfornied in horse powers, and all that he had now gat to show was the quantity { 
of heat ani light that would produce. When that was found they would pass from the region of * 
conjecture to that of fact. It was proved that the Siemens machine utilised 90 per cent. of energy, 
which was unexamipled in chemical science. ‘There were othermachines which ran very clase to (ate 
There was the Gramme machine, for instance; and he hoped Dr, Tfopktnson would apply the 
same inquiries to those other machines, ‘Theoretically, Mr, I'reece continued, the Siemena machine 
should give Chem more than 90 per cent, of horsepower, and hie had no doubt whatever that 
the inductive effect of the. magnetism of iron, studied out, would enable them to eliminate 
the cause of the disturbances referred to hy Dr. Hopkinson, In his experiments Dr, Hopkinson 
measured the electricity and not the light; but they were ouly able in the light to utilise 44 per 
sent. When the clecttic fluid was uscd to prodice light between carbon points, there was a 
{reverse current set up,and the effect of that was stilt further to diminish the energy of the 
machine... What the force was which caused that they dil not know ; but It was one of the points 
lo which he hoped Dr. Hopkinson woukt pive his attention, The means hy which he had 
measured the currents was very pretty, and hie (the speaker) believed It was very correct, Ife had 
been trying: curtents in the saine way, and found it the only way in which he’ could get reliable 
results, 

Some remarks on the paper hy Professor Adams were then teat by the Sceretary. Professor 
Adams considered the experiments described by Dr. Hopkinson as very important in their beating 
on the best form and arrangement of clectro meter, and suggested another form of curve as better 
adapted to show the results of these ex periments, 

*rofessor Kennedy asked how far Dr. Hopkinsoncoutd rely on the quantitative results from 
his dynamometer. It seemed a very simple machine fh that form, but the results came out come 
paralively indirectly, and it woutd be well if they knew to whal extent he considered them reliable, 
and whether he had checked them in any way. : 

re Hopkinson replied. He thanked Mr. Preece for the way he had spoken of what he had 
done, and for the help he had given in the Way of exposition, Mer. Precee had expressed surprise 
that an clcetricat paper should he kindly teceived at a meeting of mechanical engineers. His (the 
speaker's) own notion of the work of a mechanical tnghicer was, that it was the application of 
any physical science {o the use of man, and he thought that electricity was now tising to the rank 
of a mechanical science, With respect to Professor Adams's Proposed curve, he preferred his 
own, and gave reasons for the preference, . As to Liofessor Kennedy's queries, he re plied that 
there was no uncertainty in the dynamometer due to the indirectness of its indicatlons 5 but 
there was some little difficully to the observer in the constant motion of the initial potut of the 
index; yet that could be reduced by a simple device. ‘There was'a dificully, too, with the spring’ 
balance, the finger of which also swung about alittle Beyond that he did not helleve there was" 
any serous objection to the instrument. Dr, Hopkinson Added that the dynamometer used fora 
couple of years by Mr. Parsons was very like his own in principle, Bee 

4\ vote of thanks was then unanimously tendered to Dr, Hopkinson for his paper, and to the 


f : : 
ile to know what . 
nd with varled 
question ‘of 

same cirenit, 
a it i for man: 
iMustrated his expert : 


t Institution of Civil Engineers for the usc of the Jal jand the Chairman having again stated the 


yurangements for the Autumn Mecting, the proceedings terminate yay 












































































ao 















y @uxrayons leur pro- . 


priété photogénique 
ct augmenter leur 
action sur liodure 
@argent, par a 
transformation deg 
rayons rouges en 


~ fayons violets CB. -, 
. Sentiellemont acti-. 

niques, L'appareil.0° 
est suspenduau pla-' - 


fond par ‘un syste. 
me do poulics, de 
leviers et de contre- 


Srande simplicité ot 
Wuno veritable élé- 
fanee, 4, aide’ des- 


Ser Ja lumitre sur 
le sujet, do manitre 
4 faire ‘ressortir de 
1a-fagon laplus heu~" 
reuse le. jeu de Ja 
physionomie, ainst 
que. celui des ‘om. 
bres et des lumiéreg 
Aussi tes dames, 
8@ rendant yiye- 
Mentcompte de cet 
avantage, préferent- 
cliog ja lumiaro élec- 
trique A cello. quo _ 
fae envoie Jo. 80- 
Les deux char- 
bons cntre lesquels 
afllit l'étincellesont 
placés Preaque 4 an- 
gle droit; l'un est 
fixe, Pautro mobile, 
ATatde de vis que 
‘on mancouvro & Ia’ 


main avee une facilité et une 


carcel; pe 
tant’ la: yi 






Yénlents qui ont rendu } 


& 2 mdtres do dia- e: 
le moddle en. train 
qu’aprés une double 
la diffuse ct lui-donne ‘une 
La surface inté- 
Un papier stuqué, 
te choisio avec le Plus grand 


d'autres ap 


de chemins do fo 
Pprojetée par. ces 
grande puissance, tout en ét 


poids d’uno tras. . 


quels on ‘peut dirt.’ 





Apparait Photographique A Ja lumidre électrique de M. Li 


tes documents résultant de 
nous suimmes 4 méme det 
avee plus de pré 
dernier articte, 


Is plus, en augmen- 
de Ja ‘machine, Le 
a {uolques *secotides ot 
ute radiation’ calorifique 
‘mes tes’ plus délicats ou 
stbles, aucun ‘dos. incon-' 
& lumidro’ électrique inup- 


Vitesso -de''la rotation’ 
‘Pose “est réduit- 
e'de cette puissa 
t sur les épider 
ux les plus sen 





s'étonner quo lea atel 


ingué sofent 
~Gégante.. F F 
- Co nouveau. systémo Peut avoir,. cro¥o} 
PHeations utiles pour l'éclaj 
voles publiques, des grands établissemen » gares 
r, théAtres, ete., car la umitre 
ingénicux appareils est d'une 
ant dune douceur qui 








Shert, 











oit't tout prix’ cousteuird: Io ‘pluta 
tatlon:: te : 





Nexplo: 
sision que nous ne 
nir sur Ja nécessite de réjoin« 


En effet, nous croyots 
svoccupe ddja de come 














ge} des 


ne fatigue pas la 
vue, 


rn D 


Le Télégraphe en 
Afrique, 


Notts avons reeu re- 
lativement & Métnblise 
sement d'un chemin de 
fer A travers le Sahara 
plusieurs articles dy 
Journaux et une fort 
interessante hrochnre 
flout nous ne pouvons 
donner fe résuni sans 
. Sortir de notre spécia- 
lité “Nous voyons de 
plus dana MAksbar que 
Me de Lesseps vient 
Waceepter ta présidence 
dun comité four Ja 
construction du Trans 


* continental Mfricain, et 


que M. Duponchet a fait 
it cette socitté nn rap- 
port Glablissant quit y 
avait liew de commen 
cer prochainement tes 
travaux, 

Cette agitation ne 
peut atre que favorably 
4 Vétablissement div té- 
légraphe destin’ & ree 
Vier VAtgérie au Séné- 
gal. Eu effet, commute 
Vitustre erdateur du 
canal de Suez fa adie 


Tablement compris, 
cest.le fit Sectriquequi 
doit servir avaut-gor- 
de au rail, 


apres les études 


auxquelles nous nous 
sommes livrés depuis 
notre dernier article, et 
ration de M. Soleillet, 
werquer te iracd de cette ligne 
Vavons fait dans notre 


















ot I'établiesemont —- 
raverse Ies cols de’: 


nd 












‘aris tune demande a:lette 


+ trleité;'a fait'au' Conseil an 
" periencesstl'écldirayg ‘stir: 


ulsrisition de faire “dea ex 
"publiques, ainsi qu 
Jablock hull et ‘phis réeentitenti-par!lal:C 
dans la'rue dit Quatre-Septumbretss ity tte 









guic de I'éelaivage électrique Alliance, Un grand sombre de 
Conselllers municipaux et 
taicnt A la démonstralion. . 
Vimpression a dtd des 
frappé les assistants, 
sion beaucoup plus 
In puissance veritable 
a est automatique. 
"Au cours de cette soirée on a mon| 
nictise apportée A fa fampe par: SIM! 
j ulfication est a’ 
inattendu. apy 


plusienrs personnages officiels, assis-. 


plus favorables 
c'est la fixité absolue ni 
complite que dans les appareils tnteric 
ment sttpérienire des foyers dont] 


3 ee qui ‘a surtout ; 
ela tumitre, Ia dith 


tré une modification ingé: 
Hemet Noaillon:: Cette mo= 

itne grande importance; car elle-a pour résultat ., 

roduction: dela lumitre 

charbon. En effet, MM. Hem et 

fa | placer le disque au charhon,'s 

mi par un disque en cuivre. La ¢ 

mm du cuivre permel, tout en: 

| M..Werdermann, 

mitre beancoup plus petit." 

Les Parisiens seront bientot a 

nous avons, plusieurs -fols «dj 

aurait: Navantage d’ 

la Compagnie du G 


électrique avec un seul; A 
Noaillon ont. cu Video de rem-..: |! 
ait le charbon supdricur et négatif 
ondtictibilité beaucoup plus grande’ 
ete principes posts par’! 
disque, sans qu’it sallére, un dia- 


ppelés A juger'une ‘Jumitre dont 
i, entretemna nos ‘lecteurs,::et, qui 
Gtre beaucoup moins odtense que celle dont - 


42 8 le monypole. + 


































ELectaic Lianr In Chevietann 0 ~ Monn 
F ‘ 1G. LAD HO, 
Tighted by Seetricity fer the first time ‘on the beer brels 
tThe te inclosure was flooded with f 
Ras lamps’ appear very sickly by Hive Pode 
r ly by comparison, 
Print gs et Halt furnished va mie than gone 
a Yu hte 
used. ‘The cast of fuel to sir Pie Ns 
which is 10 acres 1 
furnishes a Hight e 
of the light avai 
The totat 
msiderable 


the most sanguil i 
Mm Ine expectatio 
electric light, y me 
o Wret'av Seam he ren, 
SL ee ee 


Cloveland to bo Lighted by Rlectrictty, , 
Wo learn that the authorities of Cleveland, Ohto, have |: 
made a contract to light a large portion of the elty with the} 
Brush light, .The lamp posts, which are very ornamental, 
and twenty fect high, have all been Crected, and it is ox. hy 
Peeted that the lamps witl be placed in position. in a short : 
me, The results of this gencrous experiment tn electric |. 
lighting wilt be noted with great Interest by the publi if 
Several and electricians tn particular, ty ? a "y 


of Ahe Fronoh 
"uean ‘f 4 hotel? 
four Reynt illuminated 


iT) 
h 
hte largo-nized G. 
resularity: uf the Tigh te 


ut th i 
compared ty amp unitate Dower wa small 


an siuple. ich oxlibit tho are pura 


' 


Nous avons entendu Prononce 
rayant-hier, sur le 
refugo qui faitVangle de la rue du Quatre-Septembre 
et de lavenue de YOpéra, le mat de ta situation, 


Une dame élégante, :Gtant descenduc de voiture 


pour examiner co curleux Spectacle avec Vattention 
qu'll mérite, dit Aja Personne qui Vaccompagnait et 
qui, croyons-nous, était un des plus forts action- 
naires dela Compagnie Parisienne : « Vo 


nation me démontre ce dont jo m'états toujours 
doute, c'est qui force de coudre ensemble des lunes 
eh nombre quelconque, Diew lui-méme n 
au ble a Pal ie Un Morecau de soleil, » 
A main, finement gantée, elle 

interloenteur les gerbes tte gaz, ale Taig 
sudelabies dans lesquels 1a Compagnio Jablochkoff 
sea Opales, ct ta ealdche disparut dir! 
iene \ Madeleino, emportant rapidement jes: 
Sux Iterlocuteurs qui ne tarddrent point & disp: i 
raltze dans les Onbres du gaz or inaire, a 
dag ? ? . 


90 A year, which 
The test exceeded 
city to adopt the 


prior. last Weel, the secand car qwollen, 


tro_ilumi-_ | i 


@ parvien-! 


ent Iter felne Plaine 
0 wire ¢0 voreilig, 
Ietheit erlauber gu 


Ohne den Werth des bis jest Ereeidjten vere 
Heinert gu roller, midfjent wir jedody daranf, 
anintertian madien, daft Coijon’s patentirte 
Grhudungen int Princip wiht sew find, sd 
Das, wad ex ale die Saupterrangentdatten 
{einer Yirbert hinfellt, {dou tange vor ander 
dractifden Rhylifern file thre Yipparate ft Mine 
{pritd) geeonimcn wird. Gayon tn Yanre 1838 
eehiclt Uw it Fugtand-eln Batent file eter 
thermmoftatitcyet Regulator, bet rweldient, in 
hntider Weife wie bet dem fog. Sompenlas 
tionspendeln, die veridiedene Susdehning vere 
fchiedgier Weetalle bei bemfelber Higegrare 

{bast bernie wurde, dte Stellung der Mohs 
lenpifte einer clectri{dyen Lampe gu requliced, 
WSdifow's Patent Canter daher ane flr Ynwene 
dung deffetben Principes auf Lampen, welite 
burd) Wetfqtuth deo tettender Drabtes Lidjt 
eryergen. Diefe Mire der clectrildjen Lidjter aber 
wwirde {don vot (Faber uno Madera fert dem: 
Sahre 1859 verfurheiwerfe angerwendet,indemt man 
Olune Platinplarten oderHrdhte durdy dere etece 


trifden Stevo sum Weikglaben bradte. Cots 
for Intlt, are diefent Prinerpe feft, obgteid) fat 


‘alle anderen der meneren pratittcer Woyfiter, 
‘tule Qadtodlofj, Loditin, Sawyer, Waltac 
{Mann mit dem Kohtenttdte experinentirten nud 


Soft 
dau 


‘dheles:: - Licytes, 
Sacugiutg “ded “2 
eines. verhaltulgintifig- fduvadhent 
-Slromes “und die Cyellbarteit peffetbeit--avird' Es 
dard) fogenaunte MWiderflandodrdgteauf einfad) 
with fichere Welle erreidye, qoabrenp Cau) 
felhaft bleibt, ob :die: medani{djen: Bore 


“Men, Weldye Sditon gurMegutlcarys 
Ug ded Stromes Hee suites a 
{ubtil_ (ud; ant seine igemedte -Minvendurig, 
| Slite oft tothwendig werdende- Revaratutren; gt 
Rate Tine sweitewidtige Grageinsple, 
Seamirgall bund sble Wertheltung i 
-betmefachtctberbetts Ebenith eal 





alles butd 

gegeniber'b Y rit, 
went mar dm/Stande jt; diesverhAtted fusing: 
billig: hergufteMende, auf elnent; Puntee concen. 
trivte Qeuchtlrafe vow Canfenden von Wasffarnt 
tren ohne Berta auftaufend veridicdene lage 
vertheilen® faint." ue ven’ ober angeflibstert 
prottifden Berfudien Werdermann’s geht sun. 
hervor, dag elite Leudstraft vou.640 Mergen anf 
10 Lampen pertheilt, Lédpter vom 40 Kergeundrte 
iprobusirte, Olfo berielbe electrifdye trom ue 
nod) Die Loudytlralt von 400 Serger hervore 
beadite's cit Berkel vow 240 RergerMarte, 
Glle dear Hancgebrandy wf ater, in fart atten 
Allen, cit Lids vor eta 16 Kerzenfldrte ant 
rollufdencwvertheltent, follen wir nidt geste 
iden wwerdert, Dew ally flarkese lary puri 
iSehirme 2c, gt dDAntpfen, alfo feuctratt 
an vergenden, Dermitady hatte die Leudpttrate 
(oer ged. urtpelingtiden Liter anf etwa 40 
damper vertherlt merdert meltffens da titn jee 
od) der Berl arm srake in vied {dyneterent 


erhitindffe gunimint, als. die Thetlung forte |! 
Geleyt wird, fo wiirde cine foldje Yertherttag . ; 


Yo grofe Berluite mit fid) filren, dag die Were 


dertanwyde Betendytugomethobe estfdjteden | 


hiegt file Strahenbeleudyermng ac. amvendbar’ 
Wed volibe, Db 8 Edifon gelurgen. ift,. diel 

Uebelftinde gu vermeidert, ift tod) mice ane ents 
Jchetoen, jedenfatls aber find. gelinte: Sreifel , 


| 


ae 
if 
Me elt: 


‘ Sonftructionert Werderntann’e, die mut {port 


tit Sah und Tag befanut, dod, in wnjerene 
Rettalter frrnetlen Fort{dirittes, teinen mectlie 


ubt, wenn fo bedentende Yntoritites, wie Men Cinfing anf dte Lirwendung deo Lendyts 
sierntt er 3D. fie. file aunvermtetbtidy {gafes ansgeitbt haben. ee} 


erhidst haben. « ‘ 


J ber felbft nad) Moning diefes Problems-biele, fey 


bert nod febr groge Sdweerigteitest, welche auch 
‘vor Sorjou onen anertannt werden, fo geiif er | 
Tardy aut feist fyeint, fe {dittefitidy beriwinden ut 
tdrnett. Diele Sdywierigheiten egen haxpt{ad- 
Hedy ate der Hilligen Verftedustg flarter electrifder 
GSirdure wd ‘berets fFortlettang. auf. weitere 
Stree Cdifor und Werdermann haber bis» 
Her die Gramme-Diafdjine angewendet, docy if 
per’ Exftere, obgletd) mart vielfad fdjon audges 
redinet fat, day das clectrifdje Midjt file devs 
Hausgebrandy ty eliva dreimal {o i) wie 
astride fictlen wilrde, Damit umadii befhiife 
Ligh, crise electro dynamifde Diafdyine gu cons 
rittren, dle mit geringerent ufvande. vor 
Damplteaft cinen Pdrterent Strout liefert. Diele 
J cinfadke Ehatfade berveift, dag der Erfinoer fic) 
toll bewufit ift, den Sieg ither die Gasbelen 


werfunig elted Planed fie oie Centralflationen, 


die Gripe der git verwendender Dlafyinen, dte 


we toy uldyt erforjten gu haber. Die Cute 


Muedehnung ded vost einer Statiow gut verfor. |! 
geben secectoriam bedinigt mod) eine fo 
dtoke Sahl pratrifdjer Verfude,’ und die ants ; 


Urditeie” der ViseOflihrung Berube fo voll tdind 





jauf Die ody ps madjenden Ue fabrungert, dag jede : 


Bae batten Toe, 


Dox parens 














LigPd Sabmerctk 
Guz ELECTRIC LIGHT fur “iv 


‘THE Committee of the House of Commons appointed : 
to inquire into the value of the electric light has : 
completed its labours and has issued its report, Thereis ; 
no doubt that the evidence given before it, when pub- 
lished, will be very useful, and that the report itself isa 
careful digest of the facts clicited, but it is questionable 
| whether the results of the inquiry, or the conclusions of 
the Committee, will satisfy anyone, Our readers will 
find. in it nothing new, Gas enginters will find in it 
their extermination calmly contemplated. The gas manu- 
facturer is told that he has nothing whatever to do with 
electricity, Gas, and nothing but gas, is his ware, Though 
he was incorporated to illuminate a city with the then best 
known illuminant, he is not to touch a newer illuminant 
because he will check the development of the fresh 
source of light, and his present mode of production is 
quite different to that required for the new commodity, It 
is as though a wine merchant who had a large sale of | 
sherry were not allowed to sel! beer, or a dairyman were 
not allowed to scll asses’ milk because he only kept cows, 
The enunciation of such a proposition in a Parliae 
mentary Report is sad, Worse than all, municipal 


authorities are advised that they can ruin all the gas 
interests without the distribution of any compensation 
whatever, Surely the enormous capital sunk by the 
public in gas enterprise deserves some consideration 


from its representatives in Parliament assembled. Are i 


our vestrics and corporations so immaculate that they 
are to have entire control of our supplies of water and of 
light? Why not-give them the supply of food and of 


heat? The line must be drawn somewhere, and it is well | 


that Parliament should hesitate in'the complacency with 
which it now thrusts on irresponsible communities the 
distribution of vital necessaries, 

The only sphere in which electricity has made itself 
useful and practical as an illuminant is in our lighthouses, 
and though it is eminently adapted for nautical Purposes, 
as ordinary ships’ lights, or to illuminate the sails of a 


ship, the Report is silent on the point and on the absurd ' 
restrictions which have been placed by the Board of ; 


Trade on its use at sea, 


The statement that the energy of one-horse power | 


when converted into gas-light only gives 12-candle power, 


and into electric light 1,600 candle power is startling if ' 


itrue. Without the evidence before us on which this 
statement is made we cannot well contravene it, but it 
seems based on some fallacy. We remember secing 
somewhere, but cannot recall where, a somewhat similar 
estimate, but it was based on the assumption that the 
whole of the coat was consumed in Producing gas, and 
‘no allowance whatever was made for the coke, tar, and 


; other products of distillation. Is it so in this instance? , 


Though 3 Ibs. of coal consumed in one way may give one 
horse-power, and in another way 12-candle light, it by no 
means follows that one-horse power is equivalent to 12- 
candle gas-light--for in the case of gas we do not know 
the remanent energy. 

The report fully confirms the opinion we have fre- 
quently expressed that the electric light ‘sensation was 
duc to a scare and not to any real progress or new dis- 
covery made. ‘The transmission of power for mechanical 
purposes is forcign to the inquiry, and the stiggestion that 
currents used by day for mechanical Purposes can be used 

. Abnight for illuminating Purposes assumes what we only 

" Wish were true, that there is no mechanical work done in 
“England in hours of darkness, 

‘The general conclusion arrived at is that we can do no 


i-More with the electric light at present, but that we must |: 
do nothing to restrict its development. We did not |: 


require a Par mentary Committee to tell us that, 


See eee td aap ets 


IMPROVED ‘Ii 


: ie eb 
The experim i ting which have 
been gohig on some months in’ London and 
Paris have resulted unfavorably for the common 
use of that mode of illumination, simply on ace 
count of the expen: The trifl_ of three months 
iJon the Thames Embankment and in Che Holborn 
| Vinduet, was sutticient to satisfy the municipal 
authorities of London, and they have declined to 
tank rangement with the Paris comps ny" or 
encouragement to-others, In. Paris, 
periments are contined, but chiefly at tho 
xpense of those interested in furnishing the light. 
Statementa differ as to the cost, ona 
vagueness in some of the factors in theed 
-thut the lowest estimates place the expense of 
lighting by electricity, by nieans Uhus: far ene 








mination, Thata far more brilliant light has been 
obtained nobody questions, and that its use iaevery 
way practicable for outatoor spaces and large : 
eatabllahimiente has been sufficiently demonstrated, 
Asuperior light may be had by those who a | 
! willing to pay for it, or for purposes which render 
i the additional outlay worth while; but so long us 
sas will funish all the illumination wetually needed, : 
ata auch lower cost, it is. sure te hold ita 
ground for all -ordinary uses, both outdoors 
and in, 
But the experiments: provoked by the various 
inventions for utilizing electric currents for li 
ing purposes have nut been confined to the ne 
process, Tho gas companies of London have been 
startled from the lethargy induced by. a secure 
Monopaly, and have bestirred themselves to prove 
that the defective If sliting of that city, which was 
in itself a powerful’ incentive to the inventors, 
was due to thelrfailure to make the beat use of 
theirown material. ‘They have latterly exerted ; 
themselves, under the fear of a crushing rival, 
and have shown that gas has iltuminating re. 
sources heretofore untried, They have proved 
that all the iMumination that can reasonably be de- 
sired for publie thoroughfares can be hind from that 
article, j proper means are employed for extract. 
| ing it. Three important experiments have been 
Made, the resulleof which ma y be stated in general 
terms, The means consist elt efly In having more 
and better lamps. The posts have heen shortened, 
Uringing tho light hearer the surface, old-fashloned 
frames that obstruct the mys and cast shadows 
have heen abolished, and opilescent. reflectors 
have been placed above the frame to throw down. 
ward the light which has been heretofore diffused 
foward the upperair, But the most important 
improvement hus been made in burners, and it is 
found that there is hantly a fimit to the amountof 
illumination that may be obtained from na current 
of gas. The old lamps on the thoroughfares taken 
for the experiments, sive a light of twelve candles 
enc) mie of the new ones have n 200-candle 
power and it can easily bo raised to 500, This is 
effected by the simple expedient of several con- 
centric cylinders of fame fn the same Jomp, In 
the arrangement actually made, the lamps yary in fi 
bower necording to situation and the occasion” for |! 
Agreateror leas brillianey of Hlumination, The result |) 
has been pronounced altogether satisfactor: *, fur. 
hishing all the light that is deemed destrabte, or 
course, there has heen an ineréase of cost, but it ix 
not in proportion to tho inerease of light, for the 
large lamps with the improved burners afford 
more light to tho cuble foot of gas conaumed, It 
hos been calculated “tat eix times the ihiuina- 
tion formerly enjoyed involves four times the old 
cost, including 40 per cent. on the outlay in butting 
Up lamps and fixtures, 
i An experiment has been begun in Paris which fs 
: still more interesting, Inasmuch ng [t proposes to 
bring gas and electricity into direct comparison, 
both aa to illuminating power and cost, ho gas: 
compuny hing entered “into an arran ment with 
the munfelpallty for tho improved lighting of: the 


t 
ployed in Europe, at four times that of gas illu-! 
| 





~ } Armature that will give Instantaneous flashes, 


| Stood by them, would be invaluable in war, 


: Yery small balloon and send it up a few hun: 
, Ured feet and flash its despatches out from the 


) and read as far as the light could be seen, 


i duce alight which may be scen for miles docs R 
Not exceed one hundred dollars, Mane 7? 


Se » While! satan anglo’ 

» from the Avenue del’Opera; w! here the Jablochkoft 
© Iamp sheds ita full’ effulgence. “~The Iamps have 
been increased in number from,20 to 80, and. the: 
new ones are of tho improved pattern, and each 
consumes seven times the amount of. fn. The 
illumination of the street is said to be 82° times as 


junction of the Rue du 4me Septembre and the 
Avenue de lOpera the gas-lighted street presents: 
the more agreeable effect. The yellow Unge is a 
relief from the white glare of the e vic-lights,. 
while the Mumination is, forall practical purposes, 
equally good and more evenly distributed. - The: 
«question of cost has not yet been determined, . 
It is. n curious fact that: while .t] efforts are: 
made in the leading of Etirope to obtain mer 
and better light, seareely anything Iias yet beens 
done in the save direction on this side of | 
Atlantic, if we except Che somewliat mysterious 
activity of Mr. Edison, an inventor as prolific in 
slowing announcements and rosy promises as in 
ngentous devices that prove more curious than 
useful. Perhaps one reason why so little has been 
itone to test the foreign modes of electric lighting 
* is that he has been’ constantly threatening to 
eclipse then and render useless any outlay for 
their introduction, While he has kept off Jabloch- 
kof, Rapietf, Werdermann, and the re until 
their methods have been proved too expen 
ontinary use, the pas mmpantes have seemed to 
rest casy in the assurance that he will never come 
out of his mist of dreams a 
them with anything pract 
far obtained nothing in th 
mination. It has been proved elsewhere that wo 
may have it at any time and for any purpose, 
either from electricity or gus, but only by paying for 


it, More light may be had for more inoney, but jolectric-light question is reported 


hhree-yi 
greatus before, and to one who stands, at the: i fhrvesyen 


statement that. 4g 
nevitable, bu 


int, i Which the world 
Lance practical useful- 
rn science, appeara nt length to 
d soured on the electric light, 
tho lntely-published announce 


nil Electric Light Com 
auber of 


18, Was estimated ¢ 


iw statement that 
ner adoptio The Thames 
that tho electric light cost 2d. 


a gaslight of equal power,——Tyndall 
reat improvements in: 
¢ that gas has such general: 
aten out of the Held by electricity. ——Pro- 


lest investigators in the fleld 


succeeded in constructing a dynamo 
wed power.——The agitation’ of th 
to havo bad a very beneficial effec! 


upon the gas lamps in the prominent thoroughfares—the gas com: 


ENGINEERING NEWS. 


he real benefact 
and better at the 


¥ re 
or wottld be ho who ¢ Are 
annie orless cost... 


aoe i 


{panies having, with the ai 
Teatly increasing thei 
strangers ure said to have ae i. 
of many cities on this sideof the water where 4 similar im- 
: provement In the duty of tho street lamp would not bo 


‘Jatso the restdenty “ hardly recogniza ity though the stranger within their 
— tes has never been known to mistake it for't citric 
an i find at present, is the city to which the friends of’ elect 


Sa bd f 
22 ant 
“We know 


of u new form of burner, succeeded in 
ir brilliancy that peonle hardly recognize it, 
tually mista! 


en it for tho electric light,” 


he electric tight.——-Clove- 
ic lighting for 


publicservice may look ‘without discouragement, and oven in this caso 


i] their satisfaction inust be temper 

. . prove also to be 
tho regular Ji 
began at 8 0% 
the place of one Inmdred 
tion was much more efter 
is contained in the stater L 
under contract, for $100 pe 
formerly usec 


The Electric Light Telegraph, 


Mx. F, Pevrarn, of Basking Ridge, N. 
while giving his Telephone Phonograph E: 
bitlons tast year, used a small vibrating el 
tric light to explain the coming light of the 
ture. The thought occurred to him that by plac: { 
ing a finger key in ‘the circuit, so that the cir- 
cult could be broken or made casily, chat this 
kind of light could be used for telegraphic pur-! 
Poses at night for war vessi vls, forts, cic. When? 
the current is on, if the key be touched at each ; 
ispression it tna corresponding flush in the; 
light. which can be Scent and read miles away 
(in fact as far as the light can be seen); in this 


Way each letter of the alphabet can be flashed | * 1 eo) 

he place of the dots i jm 
and dashes in the Morse system. For govern: lth 
ment or private use a secret system could be iing ¢ 


out, the flashes taking t 


used which could be read only by those hold- 
lng the key toit, The advantage to the admi- 
ralty of given secret orders to oflicers who may 

miles away, and which can only be under. 


‘he garrison of a fort could attach a light « 


light under the balioan, which could be seen 
The light used Is of a vibrating kind, with an} 


and the cost of an appatatus sullicient to r+ 








lock, April 20th, 


rig MEM a aa eee eweee Le aay 


Lighting Committeo of Parliament has lately had before 

' it a number of eminent men of science, to have tho benefit of their 

: opinions, and among them Sir William Thomson, who is reported to havo 

> enid that there was a prodigiously greater economy in tho transmission of 

mechanical force into energy in the cascof electricity than wi 
confirmed tho assertion that electricity 
: falls.as Ningara might be conducted Hoa 

conductors, and claimed that ev 

it be economically and advantageously fighted by electricity. Ho 
he that the efforts of tho committee should be an to smooth- 

je way for the coming inventions.” Yue 2 





red with discretion in its utterance lest it .. 
premature, The news from that city is to the effect that 
liting of Monument Park ‘with the “Brush clectria dight™.| 
‘Twelve electric lamps were used to 
1 ten gas-lights, and report says the illumina- 
The most interesting feattire of the report , 
that the electric lights are furnisled to 
r’ year less than the cost of the gus 4 


ake 


amiss, and where . 


ith gas, Ho 
produced ly the power of such: 
Miindreds of miles by moans of |. 
drawing-room in London 


: 


























ff LA LUMIBRE ELECTRIQUE 
f 7 — 

"Nos lecteurs savont que tout co qui'se rattacho i Ia lumigre 
dlectriqne a toujours été pour nous uno grande préoccupation. 





nouvelles qui so produisent. it’ co sujet. Si, ces temps derniers, 
“nous nous sommes abstenus do parler do divers syatémes présen- 
tés au public avec un grand étalago do réclames, c'est quo, on 
vérité, ces systémes no nous paraissaient pas capables do ré- 
Nsckety aux exigences' sériousement, pratiques do Péclairage dlec- 
Tiqu. |. Bs hon GaN 
St comma nous avons ou raison! . : 
Depuis des mois, on nous promet des exptricnces sur telle on 
tolle lampo qui, d’aprds les réolames lanc es, est tovjours unc 
¢ invention’ merveillouso.» destingo & résoudre le problémo de 
J ‘éclairago. par l'dlectricité - ot surtout lo grand probléme do In 
chan 8 naa gt divisibilité do In lumiére électrique.” eae 
: oc“ op CEH Fy] i On a dorit des articles“ boursouflés dexagération, on s'est 
HIC JOURNAL. 203 > inéme donné In peino d’éoriro des livres pour proner des systémes 
—— dont lo principe est fonci’rement faux et complétement imprati- 


Mr, WILSON then read a paper on the Divisibility\of 
Electric Light by Incandescence. By Joule's law, ee 
amount of heat developed in a circuit of resistance 
by the Passage of a-currentc = c? Rr, Where x ist 
resistance of generator and connectors r, added to tlle 
resistance of the light emitter or incandescent wire p, 


‘Therefore since by Ohms law c = we have 




















From this equation the value of » may be also deter. 
mined, c*» is the amount of heat developed in the incan- 
descent wire, We see from it that the smaller the mass 
of the wire the higher the temperature generated in it, 
therefore the mass of the wire should be diminished 
until the fusing point of the metal is almost attained, 
The question of divisibility resolves itself into our 
being able to divide a single incandescent source into a 
nuntber of smaller ones, giving the same total illuminas 
tion. The author concludes that this can be done by 
: ageanging the subdivided sources in“ multiple arc" or 
parallel circuits, provided the total mass, length, and 
sectional area of the united sources be the same as in 
the orlginal single source, -The.objection that increased 
radiation from the various sources would diminish the 
first total of light and heat can be met by making the 
smaller wires still smaller than is theoretically required 
So as to generate more heat, . The author regards the 
j‘tvoltaic arc” as probably fa ing under the same law : 
the mass however being smaller in this case, ., 
Mites wee ernest 





. | Ces experiences nnnonedes A Paris n'ont jamais en lieu ct n’au- 
ront jamais pe remarquez.-lo bien, qu’en présence de quelques 
pee comptnisants, “bien ‘disposés it exprimer leur admirn- 
n. 
A Paris, comme it Londres, du reste, tn seul systéme a pu 
chaque soir, depuis plus d’ fo, fourni I Af: 
q » Cops plus d'une annde, fournir des prouves éeln— 


tantes de sa supdriorité et do sn valeur ti ir ainsi 
‘dos droits do cité indiscutables. Pte seen a 


‘ Cest Jo syatéme do S1. Jablochkoft:' 
coepas Vinvention de cetto bougie, qu’a-t-on fait de mioux? 
On se souvient avec quel enthousiasme — enthousi 



































ont accueilli In bougie du savant dlectrici 

nicuse conception permettait: de produire par: 'électricité 

i had @une lumiére trés belle, trds fixo ot trie pousiaits i boa 
d barrassant du mécanisme ot des incony ; 
los plus justemont apprécids, 


du moins, le mérito d’arri : 

aul « hkoff n1 40 merito d’arriver d'un: 

soul ‘trait A uno simplicité surprenante. Tl a eu, de plus, lo non! 
igrite, que les amis: do In scienco ne sauraient ou- 

* provoque un ‘mouvement considérable dans la con- 

at plaice des machines magncto-dlectriquos, ar- 

‘tivées, e nut sitects'do sa bougie, a’ u i 

fection ee enol do, gie,d un certain dogré de per- 











plo pour pro- 
mnement plus: 
as In valeur de’ 


“que probldmatique,: ‘ot’ qui -certeinement'n’ont p 
M. Sorrin, par oxom-: 


ec régulateurs on usage, celui de 
le. 4 as, Sag APT ad ES yt 
- Co quill ya de plu 
‘Volles reposent toutes “su 


ate : : a 
inguliér, o'est que les‘inyontions nou- 




















Nous les avons constammont*tenus au courant des inventions | 


Poteet ate cs 
T'lo'principo dit « & incandescenco oe ie 















condamné par tous les physiciens dopt 
apparition “de la bougie Jablochkeff, 





longtemps, bien avant 
tt 


are . 








‘ous cenx qui so sont occupds do Ie lumidro ‘dectrique n’igno-" 


ront pas — ainsi quo noiis lo disions dans notre numéro du 
21 mai ‘dernier’ —.quo vouloir produiro In lumiére ‘¢lectrique, 
sans are yoltaique, en chauffantlo charbon ou tout autre corps 


{| Jusqu’s Vincandescenco est, au point do vue pratique et surtout 
| au point-do vue économique, uno veritable utopie. On a fait de 


trés sériouses expériences dans ‘cette voie, ot des praticions 
éprouvés, comme Lodygine, Konn, Bouliauine ct autres, n’ont 
jamais pu 7, parvenit. Tous les systémes imaginés sur lo principe 
do l'incandegcence ‘n'ont donné toujours que des résultats négn- 
tifs. En effot, ces systémes réunissent tous les inconyénients des 
régulatours ordinaires, sans en avoir les avantages, car Ik, co 
n’est plus un mécanismo plus ou moins compliqué qui fait: mou- 


voir les charbons, et o’est lo déplacement méme des charbons qui _ 


deviont alors désnstreux pour Ia lumiére, en In rendant d’un 
éclat terne, inégal ct incommode. © . cae 

Nous lo répétons, si, depuis plusiours mois, nous uvons ura 
devoir nous tairo’ sur_cetto question si importante ‘ct si intéres- 
santo de ln lumitro dlectriquo, la raison on est dans:lo pou de 
ivalour pratique des systémes annonicés nveo un fracas de réclames 
isi dnorvant, es veendind cade, oat 

Aujourd'hui nous rompons Io silenco, en présenco des attaques 


, injustes et souvent déloyales dont. est l’objot le seul systemo-qui 


ait tenu co qwil no toujours promis ot qui nit donnd, sans 
discontinuer, les résultuts les plus satisfnisants, soit dans. I’¢clai- 


. rago do la voio publique, soit dans I’dclairago des locaux d’uno 
‘ certnine amplour. ; ; : ‘ 


Le systéme Jablochkoft, poursuivant toujours sa marcho vieto- 
riouse, vient d’obtenir un nouvenu sticcts qui’ est bion indénin- 
ble c elui-li 1 nous voulons parler de I’éclairngo do In splondide 
salle do lectixro du British Muséum. : ‘ 


Aujourd'hui, 1a chambre des communes d’Angleterre est snisio | 


d'une proposition tendant 4 donner uno ‘grando oxtension i I’é- 
clairage des rues do Londres, i l’instar des grandes voies do Pas 
ris, par In lumitro électrique et soye2 bien perauadds quo cotte 
proposition viso assurément la bougie Jablochkoft.: a eat 

Nous connnissons le résultat des expériences faites 4 Londres 
avec les autres systémes: aucua n’a donnd, pratiquement, les 
résultats comparables & coux obtenus aveo cette brillante et pour- 
tant si simplo bougie.qui a prouvé surabondamment sa valour 
par ’éclairago do avenue ct do Ia place do Opéra, des maga- 


sins-du: Louvre ct do Ja Belle-Jardinitro, 4 Paris, des quais de Ia ; 


Tamiso, du British’ Museum, ote,, 4 Londres — pour ne citer que 


' les principales expériences fnites- dans cos deux grandes capi- 
+ tales. 0. ty teas eae 


Ch. V. 





—_— 


EGRAPH ENGINE 
























fe Pape 
a 
pes of machines and Inn oa 
ese that we cannot do 
most remarkable results 
Bolton's researches 
Patent Office, The 
Soon as a pamphlet, 
_. The earliest mention: o 
7 Jaenrelectric machi 
jaufl’s patent in 
described the me 
Scientific Soci 



















204 


atented by Edison, The currents of Varley were, 
jowever, to be used for telegraphic purposes...) - | 
. The first patent of the Wilde type of machine 
shaving a disc of bobbins parallel to the axis of rota- 
tion’ was due to’ King in 1846, ‘The Lontin ‘type 
having revolving bobbins radial to the axis, was first 
lindicated by Allan's 1852 patent. .. ” 
An incandescent electric lamp was first patented by 


‘De Moleyns in 1841, and in 1848, a platino-iridium. 


wire, enclosed in glass, was also protected, 

’ The first patent for “ flowing electrodes" of mercury 
was taken out in 1853 by Binks; and the first for 
flexible electrodes by Scott, in 1878, In 1853, Binks 
also patented a vibratory clectrodc caused to approach 


and recede from’ a fixed electrode as in the plan. 


|recenth devised by Professors Houston and Thomson.. 
| Disc electrodes were first patented in 1845 by Wright; 
multiple electrodes in 1846, by Greener; non-conductors 
associated with the carbons in 1849, by Pearce; ‘and 
carbon candles in 1: 


described in our issue for April 15. .. Lamps regulated 


by clockwork were first patented by Staité:in 1846; . 
tho: 


sc having a fixed length of arc, asin the Wallace. 
; Farmer, by Roberts in 1852; those regulating in. one 
;direction his the Dubosq), by Jackson in 1852; those 
Vregula ing cither up or down’ (as the Foucault), by 
| Staite in 1847. + . : Ce 
j In 1853 also, Staite floated up onc electrode ina 
fluid; a plan which Mr. Higgins and M. Ducretct have 








{bodies to produce a white light. oa 











» by Werdermann, to produce 
flame for melting rock in boring, as in:Jamin’s candle, 


also devised. In the same year Binks patented.a pro-. 
cess for impregnating carbons. with metals and other -° 
ony 















j 







































ee 
































wtroe bab teva Heke TELE 








ee ae see essaers 
3 SUPPLY, & SANITARY IMPROVEMENT, 


has been tried out of doors i 09 prove 
in cortain : 

foe) or Tess of a failure ;”- but they. cs eaten 

it oe very clearly shows that tho: olectric light on. tho 

gal E mnbanianent costs nearly sixpenco per hour per lamp, 

oy equivalent light from gas would: cost only twopence, or, 

lie roe instead of the opal globe were used for the electric 
ight, : @ equivalent of gas would bo threopance halfpenny. ‘The 

— seg for ite stone light on the Embankment is five- 

amp per hour, but the Motropoli 
to pay for the hire of the engine. See ame Davee 


(June 24; 1679; 













































ae % , ¢ Mintxa.—The first elvetric 
Tight oe nar sone in S niaing elim was placed on thei The Sel 

! er Creck placer claim of the Excelsior Water Company ati cree Gammnlteo oy considorablo streas on corlain state 

} Smarteville, on the 10th of lust April, A. 12,000-eundle : papier “transformation of onorgy.” - On-this -point. 

power Brush machine was put in operation, and three lights : . uote eee of the evidense chee 


Mr, ‘i en a rf 
of 3,000-candle power each were placed in prominent positions |. a : bet tho, Cera ait Wills cuenta ts penis The 
| f Lae 


The Electric Light in ite Practical pplication, By’ : soar 4 " UR 

Pacer Hiecs, LL.D., DiSe. Leen E& rf LA LUMIERE ELEC I RIQUE . 

N, Spon, Price gs, 7 , a 
Dr. Hices is well qualified to produce a book.on U (AU SALON CGS : 
the subject of the Electric Light, and ‘since his MANA St 
translation of Fontaine's work 13 ‘out of print, we ere 














































ladly hail this original, treatise of his which em- oe ‘ Coa ee ‘ ‘ni: sha 2 . 
Bag y dae iginal ‘ as Bi i‘ the baital Liechairage lu palais de MIndustrie est um duecés, fe pu- ar upon the claim, Although the night was very durk, the lights |; “ energy which is actually used in the production of tho electric 
the later forms of electriclampsand machines. ‘The. blic s'y porte deja en grand.nombre et tout annonce que shed v brilliant light around, and enabled the miners to “ are is about one-horse power per two thousand four hundred, 


work ag readily as during the day. Until this experiment the ‘, OF oven more, candle power, according to the dimensions and 


first chapter deals with ‘the voltaic arc and incan- Patfuence ne fera que s'accroitre. Cot empressement nous 


descence ; the various lamps and machines are then  ‘: other circumstances of the electric arc, 


One-horse power of 


















t ¥ i r “alt entitrement justifié alats atnet HMantet ! ines had to shut down during the night, but now the « ‘ 
described: followed big etal naneiderstion vat _ Parait entitrement justifid. Ltaspéct du palais ainsi illuming nunes ia UBS, Hub tow the conte |: oon is 4 io i i 
the mneclanical eflicteney of these machines, witht est agréable, pany expecta to work both night and day, Nevada and THE SELECT COMMITTEE ON TIE ELECTRIC NY | “ ree! ahs combustion of gas produces about twelve-candlo 
sufficient mathematical data to enable, the reader to’ La sensation généralerest celle d’un jour diseret et un peu: « Yuba countics have many hydraulic mining companies, and LIGHT, ; Ta the report of the Sele Co sa “he sethantes is 
judge of the merits of the machines, ‘The question adouci. ; several of ‘them have announced their desive to use the nuw’ ’ Tax report of the Select Committeo of tho House of Commons’ | following form :— A aati tae the alectn light 









of cost is next discussed, and-the applications of the 
light, both odd and common are clearly described. 





Dans les galeries de tableaus, 1 ‘light if the Excelsior Company is thoroughly satisfied with: |" Electric Lighting may be received as a document which is | “ that it produces a transformation of energy in a singularly 


eilet est complétement 




























































































































Final chapters are devoted to current regulators, satistaisant; les globes sont places assez haut, lear Jumitre z their machine, As Mr. Law las received several telegrams not likely to err on tho side of antagonism to the now modo of | completo manner. Thus the ene ry of one-horse power mo; 
and to the manufacture of carbons. - Dr. Higgs has est concentrée par des réflecteurs sur tes paroiss on oubtie i from the company, which state that it is working well, there Sree pearing Without saying that the Committes wore at all | “be converted into goslight, and "Yields o Iuminosty equal 
fas corre tie Lisson Higbee farther back volontiers Mheure et Fon se livre & Vexamen des peintures | Q can be no doubt that it will be adopted, ‘The three lights wens at ieee ial tortie pees ih Np may suggest that they i to twelve-candle power. But. the samo amount of energy 
than any other writer except Colonel Bolton, For avec Ta meme quiétude que dans Ie jour. Dans le jardin, oit : ; cyst bre company about 10 cents per hour, and with interest, wag perhaps somewhat diferent, re poesehy as feline “ peat ne i the See leh, produces one thousand 
cxampley he Ce and Edecards he sont les statues, la luniére n'est pas tout A fait assez abon- i wear and tear, &e., included, the claim is lighted for 16 cents that the mode in which the inquiry wos eonlactod: coarsely given before the Committee ge ane de ties ee 
arbon lamp (p. 9). weve unately Fe ral que le tne crait autreme . he any’ ily cles i i ‘i : id Li ng to 
auee De Ae, 2» aes, fi sheng ae po bse i le vrai que le probltme etait autrement complig C5 i per hour, ‘The compiny ‘a daily clean-up is from 500 dollars at . a full hearing for what may be called tho old light. | Lord Lindsay; With regard to what I said as iC tei . 
King’s as the first. The Messrs. Spon Rave made a nef immense, point-de plafonds ni de surfaces réfitchis- to 1,000 dollars, and, by running nights also, the yield of tlic It might be said that this was true of the evidenco for the now | “ thousand four hundred-candle electric light being produced 
handsome volume of the book. santes, Mela lumitre & distribuer pattout jusque dans tes mine can be doubled.—Nerada Transcript. at also, | In all cases tho Chairman of the Committeo naked | “ by one-horso power, that would be onc-horso power net, 
, : derniers-recoinss le résultat u’est pas parfait, mais il est cer= uy eae | cei sjucations as ho thought fit, and it is quito possiblo that’| ‘ after taking off what is required for tho friction and heating 

_emtent remarquabte : ot Sure a / a : roe Aiea bE agt pene ay 7 bl mild, “ rs se iergrieee order to give ns accurate a view os pos- 

Bip 775 * . t to Americans havo nt last commenced to use +t a mmittes have a Bill beforo them, both sup- | siblo of what Sir William really intended to say; wo quote 

ELEC TRI QUE : tha lect Tet tortie KO Weta Tal, boat appeal by sunk, the ersten of examination and | another passage in his evidence. After stating That in one 

: , . i ; amination serves to bring out all the points. ‘This | experiment he mado use of a very feeble electric light produced 

a a ae eae ; : e t 4 nde use ight produce 

Ghakinie gs ae Toatitetions be ‘plisels assiatanco is wanting when a Committeo sit merely to | by a battery, Sir William went on to any: “I have made 

ques remarques particulitres peuvent ctre faites sur i * Ohio, Monumental Park is’ now lighted by conduct an inquiry, In tho present instance, tho Committee | ‘several measurements, with the assistance of Professor Tait, 

cette experience & grandes proportions, ; B yoveral ir wero naturally desirous to learn all that thoy could in respect to | “ upon a much moro powerful electric light produced by ‘o 

Elle nous semble démontrer gute la lumitre w'a athe q : te ae 100  Hollare per wun tho aie light, and it is not likely that they would “ Grammo machine driven by a gas-engine. Allowing tho 

eblouissant et exagére qu'on lui repproche quelquefois. Les i lamps aro said to bo equal to 2,000 candies, nud ‘ated * ob oi basen Pigea y gy Se te | auine angst eee ae EA Te ke 

globes du jardin sont 4 meédivere hauteur et ne genent poi tho Humiuation is very satinfnctory, “At. the posed to bo connected with tho Gas Companies. How- | ‘the engine to produce one thousand tio hundred candles, 

: Nous signalons particulidrement les f zs 6 m genent ag i fue York poat-oflice,: too, five of Maxim's “ over, Wo necd not quarrel with the issue. It is’ well that | “ which has been realized, I estimate that one-half of tho power 

‘Vier Warrivee au ae Fi t es foyers établis sur Te, pa~ j Jampe, ened of 5,000 eunllo-power, are in uso in |; tho now candidate should linvo the best possible chance, | “ goes to the electric are, and one-half is lost in heating different 

Mhomme; o le R foie a Presque 4 hauteur " &§ room and tho cost fs sald fo be onl y about bed A fir opportunity has been given, to, tho advocates of the | ‘* parts of the machine. This, then, gives two thousand four 

{ + on Tes regarde cn’ face de trés-prés et personne ; cents per lump per hour, ‘Ther are, no doubt, electric light to say what they can in its behalf, and wo may, | “ hundred candles per one-horso power.” - 







Pes 1 ti 3, . : 
wen parait incommodé. En compensation, les scintillation gone ‘errors in theso flynres; and yas iu tho]: 









consider that they atated their caso to willing ears, go that no | | We must say this appears rather a lamo way of making up tho 




















































st les changements de couleur de La lumitre sont trés-appa- i Slates ix about twice the price It fy here. So]: * injuatico has beon done to their sido of tho question. candle power of the electric light. ‘To our mind it entirely fails 
rents, Dans les galeries de tableaus, cet effet est cul sensible, ’ : Haterued enhamod in concerned, {ho sum men- |. On theso grounds we feel justified in saying that the report | to justify the statement in tho report, which declares— A 
soit que les couleurs memes dela peinture 3 bel ae The mest important fact Ip thut ‘th light een. of the Committee may be held to stato tho ease as favourably ag | ‘ remarkable feature of tho electric light is that it produces a 
apereevoit,, soit que les selobes peinture empéchent de , : lable, but Mr. Preecg cannot Huda a adapted | ¢ it can bo atated on behalf of the electric light. In that respect | “ transformation of energy in a singularly complete manner.” 
leurs lumitees i oe = Be es Plus rapprochés fondent a to our post-ollice, eerie y : nothing can be added to the report, except it be that, since the } According to Sir William Thomson, “one-half tho energy is 
jase, Ptnuplecange 5 moyenne plus ¢gale; mais dans le : |. ‘Tho electrio light, in various folms, was used |? inquiry closed, experiments have been conducted which show | “Jost in heating different parts of tho machine.” How, then, 

yf Wuplicable blincheur des statues ne faisse échapper _ &§ dust wel: at the coureraazions of the Horticultural {1 that the olectric currents can bo curried to a greater distance than | can it be said that the electric “light” oxhibits a “ complete 
ea In Signaler aucune des plus petites intgalites et il fut ie pay finery horticulturists apparently think |: - was formerly thought practicable. Looking, therefore, into this | ‘ transformation of enorgy?” Tho completeness oxtends to 
ici avonter qu'elles sont assez fréquentes, F Fac Mar ee a official document, in order to sco how far the olectric light has | one-half, the other half giving no luminosity, At the utmost, 





2 7 H . Messer. Siemens and Halsko have, it is stated, | ved ful find it stated that, *C lL wi . i ‘ ol} 
empre: i eet lake : ry 4 : proved successful, wo find it stated that, “ Compared with gas, | the one-horse power applied to the production of the electric light 
pressousenous de reconnaitre per iieahtiTih snethodt te eceeteients : the economy for equal illumination docs not yet appear to vo | is equal to 1200 aati, according to the evidence of Sir William 
fait le plus geand honne ‘ By means of what is technicully ealled a" dif- “conclusively established.” ‘I'he Committes say that, although | Thomson, while the Committee put it up to 1600 candles. To 
lont exteutées elle montre une Hh ile ontear. a Cel qui : erential lamp,” they have, whilu employing in- | in somo cases tho relative economy for equal candlo power is on |: make matters still worse, it is stated, on tho authority of tho 
attendre de la lumie tect ne fois de plus ce que Ton peut ‘ fboudent regttlutory, “ succeeded in dividing tho sido of tho electric light, “ yet in other cagcs gas illumination | same gentleman, that the energy of one-horse power converted 
acedldner be eae tere Clestrique, et ne peut manguer den : eer AS BAD nee wok Bitieco Known. of equal intensity has the advantage.” Hence we are told that | into gaslight is only equal to twelve candids. According to his 
© progres, ou : “ unquestionably the electric light has not made that progress | own modo of dealing with the problem, Sir William may be right. 

Seley 7 “which would enable it, in its present condition, to enter into | But we venture to propose another kind of calculation, which at 

BG, , “yonoral competition with gas for the ordinary purposes of | least possesses tho advantage of being plain and practical. Wo 

: “domestic supply.” “ So far as we have received ovidence,” say | take o ton of coal as capable of producing, by its distillation 
tho Committce, “no system of central origin and distribu!.| in a retort, as much as 10,000 cubic feet of sixteen-candle gos. 
‘tion suitable to houses of moderate size has hitherto been | Of course, to do this, the coal must contain a certain proportion 
“ established.” of cannel, which, in the case of one London Company, is about 
It will thus bescen how far the clectric light falls short of the | nine per cent. In reality, the gas has a lighting power exceeding 
» sanguine expectations entertained in some quarters a few months | sixteen candles, but of that wo take no account, In tho expe- 
: ago, Admitting that the electric light is in a progressive stage, | riments on the Victoria Embankment, as reported by Sir J. 
thore is yet no definite promise as to the future. It has proved | Bazalgette and Mr. Keates, it appenrs that tho consumption of 
‘itself available for lighthouso illumination, though wo ‘believe } coal per indicated horse power was four pounds per hour. For tho 
"even thero it ia not wholly relied upon, some other mode of illu- | nominal horse power the consumption of coal must have been 
* mination being kept in reserve, in caso tho electric apparatus | higher, but wo will simply take the four pounds. This quantity 
‘. should fail. ‘Tho Committco also say tho light is ‘fitted to | of coal will produce, in round numbers, eighteen fect of gas, 
oe : © jMlumine largo symmetrical places, such o3 squares, public halls, | equal to 67 candles per hour, But, as a matter of fact, moro 
“ milway stations, and workshops," Wo are also told that, | light could be obtained from the coal if the Companies eaw fit to 
« & Many trials have been mado for stroct illumination, with greater | got all the light thoy could out of it. It is simply 9 question of 
‘vor less success.” The Holborn Viaduct, we presume, is not a } economy, whether the coal should be converted as far as possiblo 
4 . ' enge in point, nor evon Mr. Hollingshcad’s display outside the | into gas, or whether tho process should stop at a cortaim point. 
fous teal tL a. . 5 | Gaiety. ‘ho Committeo might havo said that tho electric light * Some of our readers will remember the process devised by Dr. 
: : . - a t : , 3 Danses : w Shae dela anneal 


Malgré cette petite réscrve, 
que cette installation, laplus vy; 
eucore en lieu clos, 










‘aste sans doute qui aig exe tentde 






















































































































: q "June 24, 1879.) THE JOURNAL OF.GAS LIGHTING, WATER SUPPLY, & SANITARY IMPROVEMENT, 969 
: Eveleigh, which Ied to tho catublishment, for a time, of tho Jamps'in 1877, so that we may a reckon that tho total for all 
Patent Gas Company. © Dr. Eveleigh’s plan was to uso up not | London is about 88,000. Mr, Keates has ‘calculated that the 
only the coal, but also the tar, in the production of gas, nud in twenty electric lights on tho Embankment could take the place : : 
that way ho obtained a largo additional oe of onl Hower | of cighty-six goa limps, At this nile, 13,500 electric Inmps : | 
from a given quantity of coal, Economica Jy tho plan did not | would be required for all London, and wobably nore, taking iE: ees 3 
+ answer, aml it might bo almost Tilerally said that “the game was | into aceaunt the courts and alleys, "whiel? have to bo lit, where a is THE TELEGRAPHIC JOURNAL, 


“not worth the candle.” powerful light would be partly wasted. In computing the hore : - . 
Tho fallacy of the comparison made between the candle power | power requisite to maintain auch an iumination, it is only fair | “Notes 3 Per hour, and‘to produce a light equivalent in ga: 
. 


189 ° 


Raa ain A i i t 
of gas and the electric light is this Apparent, when we consider | to observe that the gross horse power should be taken, and not pence cara boy aa par har Soar Heoatet 
that in the manufacture of gus there is a large amount of | werely the net. At all events, we may reckon that a total of i , —" There can be no doubt that electric lighting has now 
“ energy" which takes the form of residual Products, 1 might | 13,000-horse power would be requisite fo maintain these lights, 3 crric Ltantr.—Mr, George Livesey, C.E., | established itself as a light which, under particular cir. 
please x philosopher to convert all the energy ina pound of coat | There is not hing impossible in street lighting by electricity ; but BEE Mito the S. Metro politan Gas Company, in  fumstances of strent lighting, or lighting of great 
into gas; but a commercial enterprise ilters somewhat from a Fitself it doe. 0 ap bsiaiae tices “the. ¥ mace before the ‘arliamentary Committee, interiors, railway stations, or similar places, will be 

Lo gas 5 mit 2 f 1 : It ont of itself j does not seein to aller a Promising iny extent, at least it in his opinion the gas companies should not used, but at present there are defects connected with it 
sciuntifie exporimont, and shareholters requira to seo a certain | where gas is cheap, as in London, Tlailway stations may take to undertake the business. of clectric light. that must prevent its adoption as a general mode of 
amount of “energy” represented by dividends, Iho experiment advantage of the electric lisht, but many practical points hayo lo BB sagas did not possess the necessary plant, and lighting competing with gas, There is, in our opinion, 
must not only look prutty, it must also pay. Tf'a yas eompany were | hy got over beforo any decided advance will ho mate, Expori- pecai ae alivert on sijeeten atone ame no prospect at present of any such general competition, 
compelled by Act of Parliament to gel all the caudle power thoy anents will abound, lights will como and HO, and much A vions suoplying pas, WAS an engincer he Tne illumination of Messrs. Crocker's drapery estab. 
could out of their coal, without any regard to the value of the | tine will inevitably be expended ere gas can suifer any material * Gthat the electric light was suitable as an illu- lishment by Jablochkoff’s candles has proved very 
petit Peotiats the lesen would be ae to cate © | displacement. While this process: in going on, other changes ; by fi pent, and thought that facilities should be satisfactory, A 2o-light Gramme machine, aiven iy 
pier price for the gas. Wo can-assure Jr. Playtair and Sir will bo taking place, including, in all: probability. an enlarged BB ts introduction, oe a Tangye’s: horizontal high-pressure single cylinder 
W. Thomson that “energy” is not lost when it takes the form | demand for aie in various dirvetions, Mt the Gas Craipauien ' Kat of the Board of Trade, sakd the si: steam engine of 16 horse-powver, and 20 burners the 
of coke, breeze, tar, and ammoniacat Hiquor. When power is | ar wise, they will be active and enterprising, without being : ave it au all the salient points of the prcsopar ira Sethe premises will not require 
applied to the production of the electric light, the only market alarine ‘The idea that they ate to act as tho provilers of ij iit is already established at the South Foreland, to te lit electrically during the summer months, every- 
ablo result is the light itself, ‘ho heat brings no money to the light, wholher in the form of gas or electricity, must bo held nt between Newcastle and Shields, and at thing will be packed and ‘covered until next autumn, 
exchequer, though Sir W. ‘Chomson has suggested that when | vith noderation, ‘Thery is no need {to dispute’ the opinion of | ane fishermen ri a pons Feast were when Messrs, Crocker will be ready to usc it a moment's 

Nii ‘ 2 . veltie machi a 1 . rnc f eg ot o! ight; a ice, 
Hi Same le aoe to ire dynamo-electric machines, the Seleet Committee, Oat “Gas Companies have no special d ve boat had complained’ that ithwas s0%,| neues 

ho waste heat should be turned to aeeount by creating a flow | “elaims to be considered as the future distributors of the tAgehe could not properly sec before him. On Accontract between the Minister of Beaux Arts and 
of hot water in the conducting inbes. ‘This is something like | electric light.” Bat, on the other hand, the Gas Companies | Shunt it might be dangerous for vessels to use it the Societe Generale d'Electeicite has been signed for 
yyflooting Ningara,” aud wo can only say: What woxt?" ought not to be absolutely slut out from auch n finetinn he electric light ina lighthouse would cost lighting the Salon," or annual Exhibition of Pictures, 
Will a future generation do invited to take shares in the though separy Sond hits sutiaites a ‘ More than double the outlay upon an all lamp. and also the whole of the Palais de l'Industric, Two 

i Lough separate powers might be requisite, so na to Keep the 


. ae Tita 7 4 ne “Pi fia tical ae v wen be : ineer in chief to the Mersey Docks in that estab- 
“ Electric Light, Power, and Hot Water Company, Limited 1 (wo undertakings distinet, ‘The argument that if the electric IB er "Hoard at Liverpoo}, said’ in thelr new qyundsed and forty lights willbe Gited up fn which has 


In comparing the two lights, it should also” be .taken into | Jight w i y j ; i , 
H I : ul Mso° be tak we Wery committed to the Gas Companies, they wi tt - s, the clectric light was better than anything the Jablochkof system of 
consideration that, in producing the elcetric light, there ix a silly give it “n slow development" is plausiie ari minal tc ee aif that it would be of Sreater value to the port athanded the Hghting up by. the, Jabloct is under the 
consumption of carbou in the lunps as well ag in the furnace of | the popular prejudice, but uel would depend ‘upon the terms a olon the dockhead in order to allow large management. of the same ministry, and where 24 


the engine, and the cost thus incurred has much to do with the | of the concession, Ef these were fairly arranged, the Cas cue Homestar the Salford Cor. | Jablochkoff candles are burning. 


financial result. Moreover, as a inatter of favt, one-horse power, | Companies w ind i ir j 

‘ sa dt Cait naar panics would find it to their interest to make the very Gas Department, argued against private enter. 
as applied to the electric lights on the Victoria Embankment, | heat of the electric light, presuming the new illuminant to Ht : i ! allowed to compete with corporations in 
has barely given the light of 400 candles, subject 10 9 further capable of commercial development, Hgiting. 


j vi al or . rately ss ag . incer of Liverpool, refer. 
reduction owing to the use of opal or frosted globes, A little prophesying is evidently requisite with regard fo the Br cos: borouy engineer 0 effect that electric 


Whatover may be in the womb of futurity with regard to the eleetrie light. ‘Ihe ( 7 ‘ . 4 , 
fee Hoht. thet vee eek Heelvic light. ‘The Committe say that “many practical wit. & Reonductors could not be laid beside telegraph 

electric light, it is evident that at the present hour it is dearer | 4 posses” seo serious dificultios in ihe apecily alaylation Of the Bl witessunder streets, said that the latter wires were. 

than gas for the purpose of street iHumination in London. ight, to useful Purposes of iHumination; but, on the ‘f jUdfa on both sides of a street; and that the elec. 

This may nob continua to be the caso, and it is evident that | other hand, the  seientilie Wilttesses " believe ‘hat in the jBh gop ee: om be ald along the enoccupied 
i every effort will be made to compete with gas on equal terms, | ature" the electric Tight is “destined ken leading part’ {E Tr pinion that the 
+. aud, if possible, even ata cheaper mite, But, while hopeful as | ¢ jy publi t privat min nat wie a 1h erp lat id tht sho rtomsoe das me tras possibile say y 
ne, awe eee aia ee p A ‘i 1 Mul private ia ion.” There i idey t ced as hi s e— e . 

to street lighting by electricity, Sird, Bazalgette and Mr, Keates the cleetrie carat nish Was: dine to Trani Gai 65% fet—for outdosr illumination. He anticipated D'ELECTRICITE EN LUMIERE 

state ab the close of their revent Teporl ttl, as concerns the chanical jurposes durine the day, and lord tient using UB tYdture for it and its use in every case where a : DESIDERATA Nustdniques 

electric light, “at present thers aru defects comected with it a 7 ws oar, out during BR Is required, whether in large or small rooms, 


that must prevent iis adoption 08 A veneral mode of lighting diss eons cee ps leaner bee luring the dark {es or other places bo Way Beane branes 7 c | 
THAVALL DISPONIDLE 





‘ . " ; Tho choive ini sometimes lie betwee: § ly used ii 
“competing with gas.” “There is,” aay these anthorities, #12 Tho choice might sometimes fie between that electricity would be largely used in 


rae working j : Ik sind line ie Sane . ti vere SIEM TICLE, — 
our opinion, nu prospect at present of any suelt general cum: | Thing thas a ul rk, or kindling a Tight and doing nothing. olive power. j DEUNIEME ARTICLE, 


tiostp tye bs re J current will render important ervicu j ‘ti i i lori( lir 1 
t petition.” It is diffivalt to know what valuo is to ho attached tho tranani ° ver jf . Hb pete Ric Liat AND Viston.—Professor Cohn, onditions numérigues que doivent tioriquement remplir les 
to the words ‘at present.” They scom to suggest w lurking nore rapit peal Malt oe. wale ie iis ean face ‘ is thou nthe medica ot the chou [ résistances extéricures exploitées pour pernictire tle recueillir 
expectation that Dy-and-by the state of the ease will be altered, regan to the application of the light, § "arikin esa . gas or daylight, ‘The sensation of yellow un certain travail ou le maximum de travail laisse disponible 
Nt the by.aud-by nay be a Jong way oll, and the words may Brower ee eetking results ‘ dans un temps donué, par un générateur électrique donned om 


f : . d the trinanission of the eleetrig power have Deen obtai g Go-fold compared to daylight, of red ! é 
only bo fntemed’ to gnant against a temcte kely cone | in Pranee : _ eels puwer have been obtained i and blue a-fold, -He concludes as 
tingeney. At jrescu a e oe le ite ona ee ae Me . igi . qe atecithon # more earnestly directed to this “a bb] alec de ‘light Py to be preferred for distant | habit ssn Lert Mectriques dont les fore 
carrying the mails across the Allantic 5 but we need not eamnit its assumed th see i electric Hight witl prolubly lose sume of ignals'to-any other. seiieat te Fa a 
oureelves by saying there is absolutely no prospect of such a Reates Ane: tpl Tue) Eteemrc Licur on THe Ewpanxuent.—A j Le rdle d’une publication scientifique périodique cant dvi- 
thing being accomplished, Tf, by naking use of waterfalls, the fo f atest ‘i otat.eeport war seccnth presented to the Metropolitan emment distinct de celui d'un ouivrage dont le nombre de 
advocates of tho clectric light manage to gel their motive power : joard’ of Works by ste Joscph Bazalgette, engineer,’ pages n'est pas limite, ou de celui du professeur qui peut 
for nothing, they will save coal, and, so fix, gain an nlvantage fhe ih Keates, consulting chemist, with reference to | retouveler :b volonté Ia surfice de son tableau, nous pene 





n . E lectricity. * fy 

over gas, At present, wodo not see how to make a8 profitably ne lighting of the 7 anne Eenbariemont by olee other sons que nous ne devons pas entrer ict dans le détail des: 
gntot water, whether it comes ina enseate or int a Rowing stswani, Bl raatters relating tor the-electeie machines used,-the calculs fort simples qui conduisent aux conditions de maxi- 
pit the waterfall question involves the further consideration ns ay report entered into a comparison of the cost e siecle mum dont i! s'agit; ce serait d’ailleurs sans utilité pour 
S tio distance to which the electric current can he conveyed, |: : {flight as compared with gas.. In opal globes the elec es lecteurs compitents auxquels s'adresse cet article. 


On this point some very hiterestiny exnerine . f | Pight was equal to 15 candles, and in frosted globes to ¢ 
: : ig eXpertinents have heen ‘per. ‘ eq 5. ; 98d, Fi : eae 
{ formed with he Grammo inachines Pus Jabluchkott Tight on ; ; Alfa: candles,:‘The cost of the electric light was ae Nous partirons done des, forniules salves que hole 4 


t the Victoria Minbankment, It has heen found prueticnl ' 
sustain the Tights at a distance of two miles icone the : 
é rating inachine, ond there ia no indication that this is a final {| 
i mit. Further eSPeriments are pending, for the Prpose of 
; trying a longer distance, ‘Iho condueting cablo ding roinained 
= ame tered in: size, notwithstanding thy extension of the cireuit, 
: on these results it 18 naturally argued that the lighting of 
ig oe and railway stations from un electric coutre ix a possible 
Street lighting, wo may observe, offi I‘ ‘i 
i D ina , Ollers a tolerably wide field 
for tho cleetric light, if the Intter is able to oveupy it, Not only 
is there a considerable distances to bo traversed, but there are an 
immenso Humber of lights to deal with, AL tho close of Inat 
irae Chartered Company had 46,387 pulitie Inmps in their 
rie the Phanix, 6064 5 the London, 6227 ; the Commercial, 
; be 3 and the South Metropolitan, 4207, These make n total 
OF, 95,641, Who Surrey Consumers Company had 2087 public | 


{ 
i 
t 
1 


SSE ee 

















= Sees 3 


LA LUMIERE ELECTRIQUE ; 


TABLEAU DE FORMULES PROPRES A «1 
ELECTHOMNOTEUNS ET NES NESISTAN 
% nombre d’éiémenis électromotenrs, 
f, résistance oxtéricura 
En employant tes untids it 


CONDITIONS communes 
A 'établissement 
des cing formutes 
formant Broupe, 


CONMITIONS PaRTICUMERES 
& M'établissement 
do chaque formule, 


Sa 


Résistance et sérlation de. 
i; terminges, disposition 
en lenston, 


ar 


Résistanceet scriation dé 
terminges, caractéristl. 
quo différente do x, 


Un seul cirewt.et uno Résistance dat 
2 a lerminge, 
seule résistanes A la trouver ta sérlation qui 
ferre aprés ung résis. donne te maxtinun de 
tance extéricure r, aval méenniqne, 


Sérlation Udterminde, trou- 
ver Ia résistance qui 
donne lo maximum ite 
travalt mécanique, 


Trouver In résisinnce et la 
striation qui donnent Ip 
maximum de lravall mé- 
cantque, 


Réstslance et strlation ae 
lerininées, | disposition 
en tension, : 


Résistance et nrtation dik. 
lermintes, varactérlst{. 
que différents den, 

ey oul clreult et Bf rt. 
terre apn ane hilt ( Tésistanee iéterminge, 
tance extéricure r. i trouver fa sériation qui 
. donne fe maximum de 
travail mécaniqne, 


fa sériatton quil donient 
Je tnaxtmum de travail 


; ingeantyne, 


Résistance et strlation at. 
terminées 
@n tension, 


a ee 


Résistance et striation ut. 
terinintes, caractirist{. 
que différenty don, 


| Trouver ty résistance et 


disposition 


iN elreutts com; ronnn| 

{ ghacun M pie! tances 

rivées & ta terre oprés 

es resistances ext. 
Houres r, 


Résistancs 
trouver ta 5 
donne Je 
travail iieantyue, 


détorminde 


Sériation déterminge, trou. 
Ver fa réststance qui 
donne to waxtmmn de 

ntcunique 


rd) 01 OOH 


VALEUR DE CHACUNE 
des 
risistances exploiiées 


yf av Sahn | 
rasta Put E40) 


P=Ma(en +f +4) 


ATIONS DES ELEMENTS 


MMECANIQUE FR ECUEILLD 


ent. — a, nombre des éléments en tension, — 
exploitées, — ¢, résistance & la terre, 
ites do Weber, le cocfficient K reprdsente 


mbtre). 


SENATION 
des dectromoteurs 
dénentatres, 


ee ae 


TRAVAIL MECANIQUE 
développs par seconde 


dans 
chaque résistance exploftée, 


KEta 
(ne EEE 


————_________ ||: 


Fee 
(e+e) 
Kis 


lll 


—=== 
a rhe 
“= V alate 


7 ? i 
atrata) | 


es | 


t 
; 
H 
i 
1 
i 


Cmpruntons au recueil publié 

des sciences de Cherbourg (1), 
. Comme Iindique Je tableau, Nauteur a voulu, pour chacun 
des trois groupes’ et pour la commodité des applications, 
tapprocher les expressions des quamités de travail déterminges 
ou maxima répendrées par unite de temps dans les résis- 
tances exploitées, lorsque ces résistances vt les accouple- 
ments des générateurs elémentaires sont fixts , lorsque 
les résistances sont seules dsterminges, ct enfin lorsque les 
accouplements ni les resistances exploitées ne sont déter- 
mints. 

On voit que les quantités tlectriques crant exprimdes en 
unités de fAssociation britannique, c'est-Addire en valts, 
webers, ohms, les formules donnent les travaux mecaniques, 
disponibles, par seconde sur les exploitations, en unites 
(kitogramme — deged) ou en unites (kilogramme — mitre), 

En faisant ¢ = 0, on retombe sur le cas des circuits com- 
plétés sans Ja terre. Il va sans dire que ces formules com- 
Prennent aussi toutes les combinaisons dans lesquelles m résis- 


mnuellement par la Socitté 


tances en tension, égales entre elles par exemple, constituent - 


chacune des résistances exploitées p dont il cst question dans 
le tableau, La valeur de chacune de ces m résistances est 
alors la mitme partie de celle indiquée pour ,, et le travail 
recuvilli sur chacune de ces m résistances particlles exploitées 
est lui-ménie Ja anitme partic du travail total recucilli sur 
chacune des résistances exploitées du tableau, 

Sans entrer dans la discussion compléte de ces formules, 
Nous pouvons remarquer qu’elles nous montrent de suite : 

19 Que te travail qu'il est possible de reeucillir sur un 
circuit total, exploité dans les conditions de maximum, est 
egal au quart de I’énergie du gendratcur resultant (en appe- 
Jant cnergie du générateur te 1 développé sur la résis- 
tance intéricure reésullante du générateur fermeé sur lui-méme 
Sans aucun circuit extéricur); 

2° Que si les résistances totales exploitces sont partagées 
cn plusieurs résistances particles (gales entre elles, par 
exemple), le travail total recucilli se Partage en un nombre 
egal de parties, quet que soit te mode de division employe 
(en tension ov en dérivation). Ce qui montre que, théorique- 
ment, le seul fait de la division prise en elle-méme n’en- 
tralne aucune perte du travail mécanique qu'il est possible 
de recucillir dans un meme temps; - ; 

3° Que pour correspondre aux memes conditions de rei 
dement, et en particulier aux conditions de rendement 
maximum, si lon remplace une résistance quelconque 
exploitée par m résistances particles égales, chacune de ces 
résistances particles devra étre la miéme partie de la isis. 
tance totale pour Ja division en tension, et chacune mt fois la 
nsistance totale pour la division en dérivations, ; 

De plus, il est intéressant de se rendre compte du degre 
dimportance qu’on doit attacker A ki réalisation des condi- 
tions de maxinium, 


ee 


(t} Ces formutes ont servi de base a un travail de M. patency 
officler de marine: Asal de determination des conditions rationnettes 
de fabrication et de mise en feu des amorees dlectriques fonctioanant par 
incendeacence dene les disposttife ite tir dee mines sous-marines, 





“JOURNAL UNIVERSEL D'ELECTRICITE 


La comparaison de ces formules conduit facilement 4 
Vexpression suivante, qui répond d'une fagon trés-claire A’ 
cette preoccupation : 

A étant le rapport entre Ia valeur de Ia résistance totale 
exploitée en réalité, et fa valeur totale exploitde qui convient 
aux conditions de maximum de rendement, le rapport du 
rendement réalisé au rendement maximum réalisable est 
donné par la formute : 

4 2 2 
—t —_—_ 
i T t 
A+ he rr ee 
- A F VA ya 

Cette expression ne variant pas lorsqu’on remplace A par 
1 - 

Fr Montre deja que fa perte de rendement est la méme 


pour te méme dcart proportionnel en plus ou cn moins par 
rapport a la résistance totale convenant au rendement maxt- 
mum, 
On peut d’ailleurs dresser Ie tableau numérique suivant : 
La valeur de Meare Proportionne! de chacune des rdsis~ 
tances totales exploitées par rapport A la résistance totale 


. ; t 
correspondant au rendement maximum étant de yo 2, 


LU 1 t 1 1 1 
7 3 OH ly OU §1 ~G~ ou 6, = on 10, > ou 

1 t 1 1 I 
iy, Tr ou Bs ou 2435 ott 26, 55 ou erg ou 
34 + ou 385 le rapport de chacune des valeurs du tra- 


vail total, qu'on aurait pu recucillir par un choix judicieux de 
a résistance totale exploitée, Ala valeur du travail recueilli 
en réalitd, est représenté par les nombres ppt 
35 31 by 59 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, . 

Remarquons en passant que la pratique a souvent montré 
que pour des lampes d'une résistance lectrique donnie et 
une source dlectromotrice donnce, on augmentait te pouvoir . 
tclairant total en augmentant successivement le nombre des 
Jampes jusqu'd une certaine limite. La formule et le tableau 
des travaux dlectro-meteaniques comparatifs en rendent trés- 
hettement compte. 

Pour se rendre compte du degré d’influence nuisible de la 
résistance extdricure r qui relle le gendrateur résultant aux 
résistances exploitdes, il suffit de remarquer que Je tableau : 
nous indique que : : 

Si nous désignons par ¢ et ¢' es rapports de deux valeurs 
différentes de la résistance r A ta résistance intéricure résul- 
tante, les deux rendements correspondants sur les résistances : 
totales exploitdes sont entre cux dans le rapport indiqué par 
la formule : 

i+e rendement ¢ 


“Tse ~ “yendement ec" 


Ten résulte que si Von considére un rendement corres- 
pondant A une certaine valeur de ¢, augmentation de ren- 
dement, que l'on peut réaliser en diminuant de plus en plus 


neni bat eve Dede, 


Fa 











le coefficient ¢’, tend vers le produit pare du rendeme 
initial correspondant “A la résistance extéricure ég. 
ac fois la résistance intéricure. Les. formules montrer 
ailleurs que l'on peut tendre vers cette limite de la bonifi 
cation de rendement possible de ce chef, soft en augmentan 
fa section ow Ja conductbilité quand la distance est imposte, 
soit en ayant recours A des conducteurs distincts aboutissant 
aux divers groupes d'exploitation, ce qui peut présenter cer- 
tains avantages spdciaux avec les génerateurs qui se prétent 
cux-mémes au fractionnement. 

On peut done dire que, si, en prenant la résistance inté- 
rieure comme unite, la résistance extericure non exploitée est 
exprimde par: 

100, 10,1, ey 

Cs angen eu 6°778" 9 - TO foo 
les rendements bonitiés du chef de la diminuson de cette 
résistance extéricure non exploitée tendront vers les valeurs : 

Tol, 11, 2, t4 5 +54 2, 


to ott 101 
9 10" too" 


Ces valeurs limites des rendements bonifics étant expri- 


Pin moe 
The Electric Light in 1 

In_ tho colebrted: Billingsgate: Fish Market, “in 
Lonton, the electric light proved a comploto failuro 
for the unexpected reason that it waa too good. Bua 
{ness at Billingagato begins nt 3 o'clock in the morn- 
ing, most of the bargaina being atruck by gaslight. 
Whon the searching oloctric candle waa turned on, 
its brilliant whiteness litermly showed tho fish in 
euch a new light that the trado was domoralized 
outright. Soles that would hnve fetchod a shilling 
a pair by gaslight looked denr at sixpenco, while 
turbot fresh from the sea looked a week old. 
The reault wasn gone! outery. ‘The copious and 
ornate dinlect of the locality was enriched by annum. 
ber of notablo additions during the fow days of the 
new light; and for fear of n rovolt among the 
*“bummarecs,” as the fish ealesmen aro called, the 
corporntion was obliged to restore the fainiliar yol- 


low gay lights, / | 


mees en fonction des rendements initiaux pris chacun pour 


unite, 
Test entendu que ces Femarques et ces ¢valuations s'appli- 
quent & toutes les resistances particlles exploitées comme 3 
toutes les résistances totales des tableaux, 
Bien qu'un tra disponible dordre calorique représente 
exactement son equ t théorique d’ordre mee 


point que l'on congaive des machines approprites 4 Ja trans- 


formation d'un ordre a Vautre, il n’en est Pas moins vrai que | 


Videntité cesse d'exister si lon a recours aux modes usuels 
de recucillir le travail Gleetro-mecanique. Nous traiterons 
Proshainement cette question des tendements des pengrateurs! 
tlectriques sous forme midcanique proprement dite. 


Gesstt, 


The Hlectric Light Telegraph, 

Mn. F. Pevranp, of Hosking Ridge, N, J., while 
giving his 'Colephone Vhonogmph Exhibitions Inst 
year, used n small vibrating electric light to explain * 
the coming light of tho futnre, The thought oc- 
curred to him that by placing a finger key in the 
clrenit, so that the cirvuit could be broken or mado 
easily, that this kind of light could be used for tele~ 
graphic purposer at night for war vessels, forts, ote. 

{When the current is on, if the key be touched at 
etch dopresaton, it makes a corresponding flash iy | 
“tho lghtwhich” cin be seen and read miles deny 
i(in fact nw far ns the light can bo seen) ; in this way 
“yeh letter of the alphabet can ho fushed out, thy 
@ahes taking the placo ot the dots and dnahes in thd 
Ties system, Vor government or private uno ¢ 
Perot system could bo nacd which contd bo read 
tly by those holding the key toit. The advantage 
tho admiralty of giving seerot orders to ofticere 
sho may be sites away, and shich van only be 
nderstood by them, would be invaluable in war. 
“The garrison of 9 fort coutd attach a light toa very 
sinnl! balloon and send it up a fow hundred feot and 
flash ita despatchea ont from the light under tho 
balloon, which could be seen nnd read ug far ns the 
| light couht bo keen, : 





+ Mune 16, 1879 


the light sed is of n vibrating kind, with au’ 
armaturo that will give instantaneous flashes, and 
tho cost of an apparntus suficiont to produce a Nght 


which mny bo seon for iniles doca not excead 


‘hundred dollars, os 


shoe BS teat pone che 


rique, d tel | 


The electriy 

et is now 
icture: 

Lures, es and nowws. 
This may 
nt of the 
Mg not far 

8 a lingo Teflector, | 
walla and pictures, 
Unlesa the yisitor 
he cannot obtain 
gle, all tho other 
Tho painter's 
toke of the 

80 effective in 

ed. Some are 
The illu. 


lights, 

from the pictures 
intended to concer, 

' {Tt seems to effect 

stands immediately before a 
4 good view of it. If he 
pictures are said to bo bhurre 
work is ut too distinetl 
brush appears to he 


Thera Appears 
statuary, 
“kin 


sallerica nt home, . 
substitute the 


i houkl menti 

sees it fon that more 

ona fs Werdemployed, and that the dynamo-clectric Mahion 
latin ae ba ae Hy oe gin of 300-horse power, ‘Thy 
eps, ead, are furnished with eight Tablochkott c: 

ely of which burns for one hour. They are said ti weg ta ‘ 
piece, Bo the light Gunot be regarded as an economical ono, ‘ 














THE ELECTRICL 
NOTES. 


Vouustrrr Camrina axo rin Ennerrte Ltour—the 
British Electric Light Company have artanged to light up 
the camp of the 8rd Northamptonshire Volunteers at. the 
eud of the present month, 


Tur Syoxey Exiracrios.—Lhe works ure being actively 
continued, At night the electric light is used. Jt is stated 
that the opening of the Exhibition is to be postponed from 
September | tu October 1. 


Enectitc Lrautine ix St. Perersnuna.—Tthe Municipal 
Council, under the presideney of M.le Baron Koff, in its 
sitting of the 80th of May, decided on erecting elvctrie lights 
by the Jablochkoff process on several points of the city, par 
ticularly on the grent bridge of Citernayas 14 


ee 7 q 

Toe Eeectnté Liane ix Prerunt Gatesrimes.—Mr, John 
Leighton, writing to n contemporary, judiciously criticises 
the effect of the electric light, as applied on a large seale to 
the illumination of the Paris Salon on the 7th inst., upon the 
pictures and stutunry there exhibited. According to this 
authority, the illuminating power was too diftused and too 
near the pictures, each lamp having « reflector behind w , 


~jerystal sphere of glass, which, unfortunately, east a mottled + 
‘flight upon the works of art and the walls, and a glare 4 
althat picks ont all the bits of burnished gold. The light 


in the saloons was much too intensy; there being cight 
globes in the larger rooms .and six in the amuller ; evel , 
jglobn containing eight candles, ‘The reflection from the sur- 
iface of the work’ was annoying; the manipulation of the 
painter being apparent, ns also the texture of the cunvas, and 
even the strokes of the brush and the underwork, The blue 
and white tints told out in an extraordinary way, whilst the 
soft yellows and greens suffered terribly, Distemper and 
water-colour, and the monochromes, stood the light best. 


@50 THE ELECTRICLA 





“The great hall,” says Mr. Leighton, “should have been 
lighted from the roof; then the effect would have been pers] 
fect, and some of the shadows so essential to seulpture tutte 
tained.” “The electric light,” he ndds, hus many advan 
tayes, and doubtless will hereafter fend itself more ate 
colour even than now; at present it is a giant not easily 
controlled.” We understand that some of the suggestions 
inde by Mr. Leighton are at the present, moment: being 
ateted upon, 











ares 





tie 





















through’ tho carbon 
brush discharge, 
phenonenon 






ght over tho 
h appears to” 






THE ELECTRIC LIGHT AT THE Generator tho cost of 
KENSINGTON MUSEUM, er proportion hi fof tho gas lamps by 
Writ the object Of ascertaining the extent to to traverse + With, however, an. 
which clectrio iumtuation ig Applicable to the lights t rendered moro hi tho syatem there can 
ing the picture galleries and art collections at the ; : Producing a nomical point of view, 
Kenaington Musoum, 1 number of oxperiments up for that! ctric light on this sys. 
under the direction of Major Festi: RE have 
:| recently been carried on by the Committes of Council 


as superior to gas illumination as ft un- 
: doubtedly is for Perfection of illuminating power, 
‘}on Education, and on the eveninga of Saturday and w 











































































| y| The ilepartment is entitled tad tho highest public 
‘| Monday Inst an ex critental lighting of the Art 3 H support anda probation or their acienti jc enterprise ; 
Library was made Mrhich was ton cortata extent of 4 i in taking oa Jead in making such intoresting and 
8 public nature, from the fact that tho trinls were i ! 
made when the public wag admitted to tho 


valuable trials, and wo must congratulate Mr, Wer.: 
Museum, / : j 


dermann on the success with which his system ap. 
and when the library wag open to readora, ight 


ho syatem which ts being tried for. tha 




































pears to triumph over what might havo been thou, 
Purposo | { mauperable ol! atacles, A sperm ich fale isn 
that of Mr. Words th es erdermann's aystem differs from other | its proper conditions are not fulfilled has the beat. 
! elects havo fig ae hog nd oe : i Aystems, sub-dividing the electric light, in two other of excuses to offer, but one which qucceat not. 
‘faults, It is dificult to imagine a moro Bovere test | important points, firat, in tho arran; withstanding the most serious ‘de tture from its 
‘T for pny syatem of illumination than that of a public : circuit when two 










reading-room, moro eapecially one devoted to tho H 
study of art. For any sort of reading it is nbso- 
lutely indispensable to have a steady and efficient 
:|light,.the slightest flickerin , fluctuation, or inter- 
mittent character of the Tight would be intolerable, 
reading is necessary 
to a still higher degreo for the consultation of worka | 
of or upon art, Ono atudent may bo studying tho 
| delicate gendations or balancing of light and shade, * 
another tho subtle qualities of tono and colour, a. 
third may bo examining or copying elaborate designs 
uother may bo making 
‘J tho object of his study the breadth of effect and 
harmony in colour which havo characterised tho 


prentent masters, For each 
u the art tronsurcs at South 
Kensington, n good light, in every senso of tho 
word, is absolutely essential, and wo think it tinny oe Lino th 
bo taken for granted that a light which will stand P , tho machine he 
the teat of a trial in an art reading-room, will be f is tho Inst on th 
especially applicable to picturo gallories and cols’ ; 
lections, such as form tho wealth of tho National 
Art Musou, by Me. W, = 
Tho lampa arranged Mr. Werdormann for this > ing |- 
experiment differ bat littto from thoae usually em. I tho ettrrent that. High cleaee : 
ployed in the Werdertann system, which may be oe sideman 8 great quantity, |, 
looked upon ng holding an intermediate position fr. Werdermann em nloys for his electric 
botween the syatem of lighting by incandesconce and areal what fs called Fy quantity" thachine, 
thoso of illumination by fhe Steatrle fre “eho Shae : generally one of M. Grammo’s construction, ae : 
consists in the Very great dilforence fe a ea ‘as ia made for i be age alawerstg aon Lion 
the negative and pos tive carbons, 


requiremonts is entitled to somot 


ing more than 
commendatio: 















connected to one 
y, with a act of aix 





































. #& duces far more economical results than : 
‘ ; tho former being : a of higher electro-motive forco connected 
a flat horizontal disc or plate of carbon against the } to tho Intnps in a differcut way, 
centro of which is ‘pressed from below the point of a , . § 






The Art Library at the Kensington Museum 
consists of two nioing, in cach of which are fixed four : 
Werdermann Isnips, cach mounted on a brass}: 
‘ standard or lamp put about 8 ft. from’ the cor, 
@ . ‘Lhe direct light is shielded from the eyes by aamall |: 
rectric currant of ; : opal glass * dish,” auch as used with the well-known |', 
suflictent strength ia tranamitted through thig appa. she argon buruer, aud abovo the lamp ia fixed a 
contact fe ta carton 1 ariel ts in large citcular diso of paper, which, catching tho 
canteocanca ae ¢°4 ie ppl tegen seater att of the luminous rays that wonld bo loat 
Soldat peta wire wont to producing A iy being thrown upward to the ceiling, distributes 
9 soft, ateady, and brilliant light, and this is farther them ag a soft, pleasant, and purcly white light over 
Irbich is formed ; : the tables aud ook-shelves with which tho rooms] 
both aro and in- : ‘ 

















, sr cry 

Principal causo Bee ite generator employed is ono of the » — DUMTERE BLECTRIQUE 
of the great atendincss of tho Higut roduced by this carly and obsolete Gramme lightin; smachinca driven | A Caren aay 
systom, and it may, wo thin 1 be explained as | by one of Crossley's very beautiful Otto silent gas’ : COMPANAISON DES sysTEMRS A INCANDESCENCE 
follows: Tho end of the small positive carbon, i , engines of cight-horae power, of which it absorbs’ BT pes SVSTEMES A ANG VoLTAiQue. 
which {s continually being burnt to a point, | about four aud a half horse power, and consuming: . 
is of too small o ‘acctional area to ‘ach ns aj : about 960 cubie feet of gas ‘per hour, Nothing: Il nous, paratt utile de préeiser les differences 
conductor for the wholo of tho current, and tho : could be much more disadvantageous for demon-| Th aang anbcentes: les lampes & incanttescence et 
exceas can only pass by Icapin away from it in the atrating tho Werdermann syatem thau tho generator. . Yu existen bi le bien établi vest 
forin of an ara or bruab, that which ty actually trana- ‘ employed, and which was the only apparatus obtain.; * + eelles A are voltaique, de bien lablir ce que c'es 
mitted by this carbon producing tho incandescont : ablo for the experiment, In the firat instance this! i : 
light glowing within tho are, The mutual balancing : inaching, intoresting chiofly for its autlquity, is very 
of tho two routes for the current, namely, that , 








. low in efficiency, absorbing far moro power in pro- 
i ; : ducing a ives current than the moro ;potfec 
inachines of Siemens and of Gramme, and secon ly 
being a lighting machine it is ill fitted for w - ng 
@ the Werderannn ayatom for tho reasons given a ares 
aud as it does not produce electricity in pullicien 
uantity to illuminate tho lamps in several derive 
circuits, that arrangoment has had to- be dis Honea 
With, and the Intpa are all- connected in ser 8, 
ich thelr ilumiuating efficiency is much impaired, : 
With all theso drawbacks, however, tho lamps on ‘ 
both occasions of trinl worked admirably, shedding ; 





















rOUUULUTUUR Magen hes eh AGT A 
apace ot 


"4 





RENN 


























LA NATURE, 


qu'un are voltaique, & quoi on reconndit son exis 
fence, et dans quel cas on peut alfirmer qu'il 
u'existe pas, 

Yoici ce qu'en dit M. Jain, dans son Traite de 
Physique, 2¢ dition, et que nous ne voutlons en 
rien changer, ; 

« Les rhéaphores opposds dime pile t on 
géndral pe de tension, ne donnent point’ d'étine 
celle quand on tes rappra is ils on produi- 
sent taujours une, A Ia ver petite, quand 
apris les avoir réunies on vient A les sdparer, Si 
alors on les maintient dune Htclite distance et que 
Venergie deta pile soit consilérahle, Vétincelle se 
Wansforme en une lumigre continue que Ion 
homnne Vare voltaique et qui le montre avec on 
grand delat entre denx clectrotles de charbon. » 

Waprés cet exposé on voit que pour qu'il y ait 
are voltaique, if fant une distance entre tes lees 
trodes, 

Une des propricids tes plus caracteristiques de 
Yare vollaique, c'est quion y observe un transport 
dans les deux sens; transport de la matidre de Ie 
lectrade positive A ta négative el inversements on a 
ttabli ce fait d'une manisre irréensable en om- 
Ployant des dlectrades de matitres différentes, Ce 
phénoméne est capital, paree qu'il fait voir quit y 
a dans Pare une chaine conduetrice, qui danne Ia 
continuilé an cirenit, meme quand Vare est pro 
duit dans te vide de tt machine pmeumatique, 

Enfin, M. Edlund, savant physicien suddois, a 
dtabli, par des experiences ddlicates, que lare volu 
laique présente non Seulement une résistance pis~ 
sive aw passage du courant, comme celle qu'oftre 
un fil plus on moins bon coriducteur, mais ans} 
une résistance active analogue 4 celle que présente 
“un voltamatre placé dans un cirenit ct qui est 
connue sous le nom de polarisation des cleetrades, 
Cette potarisation parait like avec te plénoméne de 
Ja combustion des charhons dans Pare voltaique, 
Combustion qui marche deux fois plus rapidement 
sur Tun que sur lautre. Quoi quil an soit, an 
reste, de sa cause, Je fait est sulmis Fir tous les 
physiciens, et M. Edlund a meme évilud fa foree 
electromotrice de polarisation 4 20 wits environ, 
soit celle de 19 Bunsen & peu prés, 1 résulterait 
de Ji que Mare voltaique ne peul pas dlre obtenn 
avec une pile de moins de 19 4 $5 Rinsens et que 
sion veut mettre deux ares voltaiques Jans un seu! 
circuit, it fiut que la soureo ait une bree clectro- 
motrice supérieure 4 9% Bunsen, 

Avant de quitter ce sujet, i} faut tappeler en 
core une expérience et un appareil fort intéressant 
de M. Fernet, fondé sur le Principe d'Ampére de In 
repulsion réciproque de deux léments ‘conligus 
d'un courant. Me Fernet suspend tr’ Hibrement 
deux eharhons, un dans Te Prolonggnent de Pane 
tre el se tonehant par leurs extrémitd; au monient 
oft an courant suffisant jhisge dangces charbons, 
ils s'éloignent Pun de Fautee et I's voltaique 

~varalt entre eux, M. Fernet fit. aifi den 


eens 


ft fois; dahord it furnit une onstration exp 
timentale du principe Ampe a seule satistni 
sante qu'on ait eneore données et ensnite i] réalise 
le plus sinple des Appareils automatiqnes do ln 
mitre dlectrique qu'il soit Possible dima 

Cotte expérienee in inte a été repri 
M. Reynier quia combing une lampe fondée 
tement sur ce principe et tres jngdnieusement dis- 
Posée, mais abandonnde depuis pour d'autres solu- 
tions moins imples en théarie, mais moins déli- 
cates en pratique. 

La répulsion, en effet, dont nous vertons de par. 
ler est extvemement faible et on s'est trompe quand 
ona ern que ta tunpe de M. Varley était baste sur 
ce principe, . 

Most on se servant d'autres tifices que M. Var- 
ley a voulu combiner sa lampe. Gest ce qui résulle 
indiseutablement de son brevet frangais du 19 juin 
1877, dans lequel on lit ce qui suit : 

« Dans certains cas,-je. constrnis To disque, de 
charbon en? plusienrs Morceanx distinels, chacun 
Gtant isold de ses voisins par un-isolant. convenalte. 
Dans ce eas, Pare vollaiqne se forte quand Te ba 
Sutette-e charhon passe-sur les parties du disque 
Sccupées par tes fragments isnlants. Quand’ onen- 
ploie un disque de charbon plein, un’ léger mouve 
ment de trépidution doit dtre communiqnd a da 


baguette de charhon par un moyen queleoniue afin §: 


assurer de temps i autre ta séparation des deux 
condueteurs, » oe 

Ainsi M. Varley n'a pas songé § praduire un‘ are 
voltaique entre deux points sans distance entre eux, 
ce qui cut etd absurdes et il n'y pas voula fai 
ustge du principe de ta repulsion, sans doute prt 
qu'il le" jugeait imprapre & une application pr: 
fique, 

Les appareils d'ineandescence sont tout autres; ot 
il ost fiehenx de tes confondre avee les precedents 
Nous avons entretenn tes lecteurs de la Nature tle 
fa lampe a elarhon incandescent s‘usant parte 
hout, imaginge par M. feynier et nous aVons pas 
4 veveniv sur lt description que nous en avon 
donnte. Nous voutlons seulement insister aujour 
hui sur ee fait que cette Lampe est bien i in 
descence et qu'il n'y a aucun effet dare vollaique 
dans sa fonction, (Ce risulte de ce ene Te erayon 
est poussé vers Ie hutoir par un poids ot contre. 
poids assez conside rable; de ce que te disque de 
charbon qui sert de hutair tourne sous Vinfluence 
de tt pression exercée obliquement par fe crayon, 
Celt résulte de ce que la Itnpe fonctionne aves ix 
éléments Bunsen , foree électromotrice trés inlé. 
ricure 4 celle qui est nécessaire au minimun, da. 
pres M. Edlund pour Ja production din are -vol~ 
taiques-Cela résulte de ce qu'on nobserve pas de 
transport de matidre du ehlyon au disque, quand 
on se met dans des conditions convenables pour da 
constater, Cel; tte de ce qu'il n'y a aucune 
diffrence app He dans Maspeet de ta Jumpe, 
que te courant aille de haut en bas ou de bas en 


_* WUSINE A Louie 
DU: PALAIS DE L'INDUSTRIE 


L'événement scientifique ct économique de lader- 
nigre quinzaine est Youverture do YExposition des 
heaux-arts pendant la solrée, Il n'y a qu’d parcourir ° 


les “galeries. iMuminéos: de‘ deux ‘cont: cinquanto, 
six bougies Jablockhoff pour se convainere quo le; 
suceés est complet & tous les points de vue, 
Jamats les complaisants, les actlonnaires ct Jes amis 


du gaz n'ont été aussi complétement hattus. L’élec- : 
ticité a conquis sa place par un service que, par: 
imperfection de nature, le a2 No saurait rendre, On . 


peut dire qu'elle a vaincu sans avoir employé toutes 


5cs armes, car les soixante hougles qui versent leur * 


lumiére dans les jardins et sur }es statues du rez-de- 


oe NS Ay 


USINE A LUSIBNE ID PALAIS bE L'INOUSTIME 


i i achines & Iumitee, 
Yue générate des dex grands moteurs faisant murcher douze excitateurs Gramuie ct douze mac 


ténuent si prodigicusement leur éclat. 


Lour splendeur soralt bien plus écrasante aaa 
actiounalres de Ja Compagnio panelente as ae 
verres perfectionnés des salons ayaient baat oS 
dans le parterre. Elle ne laisserait aera ats ‘ 
tout en restant parfaitement supportable a nie 
les globes étaient en: verre tout 4 fait diap! , 


comme celui que le gaz emploic dans nos rues. 


filés cherchent inuti- 
uelques artistes non médal 

oneate mettre sur ie dos is la einer calhives 

r mal 
le peu desuccés de leurs toiles, ne 
1 : és que celles des 

n'obtiennent pus plus de suce : 
nalistes sympathiques aux sénateurs dela ruc ae 
cet. L'impression de ln foule est définitiveme: 


is que 
Il e alement impossible désorma ; 
rigspoatuon en acle ices appliquées n'imite pas: lo 


‘Exposition de: 
K eet, 5 = 





chaussée sont encore enveloppées des opales qui al- 


grand exemple que le gouvernement vient cette fois 


fi x ’ Vusine & lus 
de donner A J'initiative privée at quo : 
wiles du Palais de I'Industrie ne fouctionne pas jus- 


qu’‘au mois de novembre prochain. 


gageous du reste chacuy de nos lecteurs 
a ae Palais de I'Industrie pour so former 
par lui-méme une opinion, raisonnée. It importe a 
tous les amis du progrés appliquent le suffrage a - 
versol & lappréciation des résultats acquls us 
d'unoannée apres la cldture de VExposilion, sl fies 
marquable par le dédain des merveilles do 1'éicc- 


fd 


tricité. 


Car nous croyons difficile de trouver un meilleur 


‘ ar Vinau- 
moyen de juger de Vimpulsion produite p uisjotile: 


guration du gouvernement définitif dont Bo 
sous enfin. 


Tusine 4 lumiére so mauredi cele opposé a - : 


‘ 











Mest éclairée par six foyers, pris sur trols clreults dif-. ° 
‘téronts sil en résulte qu’une extinction sc produl- 
CR sant sur un circuit, Insalle ne serait. pag absolu- 
ent privés de lumiére ‘et que quatre foyers, ou au 
‘mnoing deux, restcraicnt toujours allumés, 
i Nous allons maintenant essayer dc donnor une 
dé de la masse de lumidre que I'électricilé verse 
“dans lintéricur du Palais. 
, Il résulte de nouveaux essais photométriques que 
ja bougle Jablochkol’ brilant & feu nu équivaut a 

Dees de gaz. Ces #2 becs sont réduits 446 par le 

assage de la lumiére a travers le verre niollé, ct a 
132 & travers Vopale. Les verres opales recouvrant 1/3 
H environ des foyers, ct les deux autres ters élant re- 

-couverls de verre niellé, on peut estimer que Ia 
quantité totale de lumiére produite est do +1 becs 

‘de gaz par foyer dépensant chacun 140 Htresou 8.710 

litres, 
i Lusine & lumidre produit donc 206 hees représon~ 
tant une consommation de 1.470 métres cubes par 
heure, 
%-"La dépense de gaz serait donc par heure de 
} 441 francs au prix des particuliors ct du 220 fr. 10 au 
prix de la ville. : 
~ Quelle est Ja dépense par houre do lusine Jabloch- 
koff? 

340 Kflogrammes de houtllo, &  Icitogrammes 

@huile, un mécanicien, deux chauffeurs ol in sur- 

yoillant. 4 

Les deux tlors de 26s hougios, soit ensemble : 
423 fr, 40, ; 

‘Quelques chiffres fort curioux médritont d’dtre 

P mentionnés, at mettent en évidence fa raison do la 
supériorité tto l'dlectricité, 

Si J’on chercho quello est 1a quantitéd do charbon 
qu'll faudralt distiller pour proditire tes {.470 modtros 
cubes do gaz, on arrive A reconnaltro qu'll faudrait 
distiller environ U,000 kilogramines decharbon, c'est. 

dedire 17 fole plus de houille qu'il n’en faut pour 
alimentor lo foyer des quatre machinos. 

Tl faudralt, on oitre, brdler880 kilos de coke pour 
produito la distillation. 

SI, au Houde prendre quatro machines, ce qu’on a 
été obligs do faire pour arriver vite, on s'était 
adressdé 4 une soule machine de 20 chevaux, on sc- 

‘ait arrivé i chauffer avec un maximum de 250 4 
260 kilos de houille par heure. Ajoutons que le gaz 
nécessaire pour remplacer les 286 foyers électriques 
donnerait une telle chaleur quo les visiteurs du Pa- 

“Tais de I'Industrie seraient suffoqués; de plus, il est 

, Sl {mparfaitement bralé qu'une puanteur insuppor- 

‘table ferait déserter Ja fournaise & ceux qui auraicnt 
la fantaisie de la braver. 

Stl'on établissait une usine & gaz capable de pro- 
Quire 1.470 métres cubes 4 Phoure, il faudrait six 
mois pour la batir. Elle occuperait dix fois plus de 
torrain. Beaucoupd'usinesde chefs-leux de départo- 
mont ne pourraient y parvenir; {1 faudrait au molus 
20 cornucs de grand modéle fonctionnant nuit et 
jour. Le prix des gazométres scrait plus éleyé que 
celut des moteurs; les tubes codterafent dix fols 

“plus cher quo tes fils, ils serafent cent fois plus 
i}, diffictles & poser, 

En outre, les tubes peuvent donner Heu & des 
fultes difficiles.& boucher, nava¢abondes, puantes, 
langorcusos & tous les points.de vue... | =. 

0 saison. M4t6.améno; une 


midescenco dans Ja 





corts ot ies catés-chantants, La raison ‘on 

les salles sont.rendues inhabitables par ladis 

on du gaz qui les change en étuves sous le fi 

prétexte do les éclairer. a oe ww 
La salubrité ot Phumanité suffiralont pour justi- 

fer 'Intérét que le Conseil municipal apporte A 

cotte question vitale. Mais, comme on le voit par co 

qui précéde, co genre de considération n'est pas lo 


_ Soul qui milite on faveur do l'adoption de Méclairaga 
+ Gectrique. 


Au point de vue de son installation définitive, lo 
suceés du Palais de IIndustrie est d'une inpor- 


tance capltale. 


Cot événoment artisthque et industriol. montre 
qu'une using & lumitre employant millo chevaux et 
plus pourrait dtre installéo au milicu des plus 
Clégants quartiors de Paris dans des conditions d'é- 
conomie contre lesquelles Je gaz no saurait lutter, 

Car, le prix des bougics est bien pou de chose 
auprés de si grands avantages, ct luisméme est sus- 
cepublo d'étre Indéfinimont diminué, comme nous 
l'dlablirons lorsque nous aurons A traiter do nou- 
Veau cetto grande question d'actuallts. 

Mais, avant do rovonir sur co détall, on nous per- 
mettra de nous occupor do Ja transmission 4 distan- 
co dela force par Iélectricité, En effet la solution 
de co probldme cat lutimement ido A eelul de In 
luniéro cleetrlquo comme celui do In vente du coke 
et des sous-produits to fut A la propagation de 
Yéclairage au gaz, ce grand progrés si lestement 
accompli at st rapidement ddmoddé, carla génération 
qui vit naltre lo gaz n’aura pas ontidroment dispa- 
ru pout-dtre avant qu'on chasse des grands boule- 
vards ses derniors lamplons, 


Les seerdldtres idle la Iddactton, 
el 


Liexplogion d'un paratonnerre 


L/oxplosion du paratonnorra do Laughton-cn- 
Morthen a cxcité, do, Vaulre cdté du détroit, une 
assez Vive émotion, facile & concevoir. 

Kin effet, fa été constaté que lapparell qui avait 
refusé Ie service d'une fagon si extraordinaire était 
en cuiyre, c’est-A-dire construit avec un luxe qu'on 
ne nict pas toujours dans son établissement, 

Mais lexamen auquel on s'est livré sur place ex- 


plique trés-bien comment accident s'est produit, | 


sins que Je principe de la supériorité des paraton- 
nerres cn cufyre soit le moins du monde entamé, 
Le clocher que l'on ayait oii Vintention do proté- 
Ber avait 8 métresde hauteur, Le paratonnerre 
Gtait formé par un tubo de cufvre ayant 21 milli- 
mitres de diamétro extérieur et dont I'épaisscur 
était soulement de 3/f, de millimatre. Il pesait 


environ 600° grammes ‘par mitre courgnt, It se, 


composait d'une série do petites pidcgs, rattachées 
les unes aux autres par des écrous, au licu d’étre 
soudées directement. Leur surface étalt en outre 
complétement oxydée. 


Lo conductour, établi d'une ‘fagon ai imparfatto, 
si dérlsoire, n'était point en: contact ‘avec. I'édifice,- 
., mais tenu A une distance do. 00,millimdtros ‘environ 








j to use the now light If the Excelsior company Is thoroughly 


{three lights cost the company about 10 cents per hour, and 





! WELECTRICITE 


x 7 is or ov n 2 aan oo - bs = Soces: = ma 
Pee ag Z : 

Re SL Sie ae TEAC 

| cw A eal enone en ME 

ow fa 


U¥INE A LUMeNE DU PALAIS Dg L/iNDUSTINE 
Entrds de Ja passerelle par lt porte de Orient, 


Electric Light in Hydra lic Minipiee 

Tho frst electric Hight ever introdiived Ina nfntig claim 
was placed on thy Deer Creek placer claim of the Excelstor 
Water Company at Sinarisvilte, on thy 10th of last April, 
A 12,000 candle power Brush machine was put in operatton, 
and three lights of 3,000 candle power each were placed in 
prominent positions upon the claim, Although the night 
was very dark the lights shed a brilliant light around and en. 
ubled the mlners 10 work as readily as during the day, Untit 
this experiment the mines had to shut down during the night, 
but now the company expects to work both night and day, 
Nevada and Yuba counties have many hydraulic mining, 
companies, and several of them have anneuniced their desire 


satlstled with their machine, As Mr. Law has reeetved seve- 
ral telegrams from the company which state that It is work. 
ing well, there can be no doubt that it will he adopted. ‘The 


With interest, wear nnd tear, ele, Included, the claim is} 
Hghted for 16 cents per hour, ‘The company’s datly clean- 
up is from $500 to $1,000, nud by rumting nights also the : 
yleld of the mine can bo doubled, —Nerade Transcript, 





— SSRIS | LTéKORUT pT pam 
; as 





an! 


SL Unione 
ai ak 











sfércr 
sant 
; men 


YEW YORK, JUNE 21, 1879 


electric light Is'anevide: 





years from a mere ex 


; IGHT, 
PRACTICAL DIVISIBILITY OF THE ELECTRIC Li 


e Inst three or four 
Alectric. has advanced fn’ the Jas 
ae imental stage toward the practical 


and useful solution of the great problem, 


‘The desirability of the electric light has been generally 
admtited, and its sanitary noes le Tae 
f vhile tire freee 
rven by tts opponents, while Its en : 
eae iin Is not the least of its advantages. Acconmee 
fttie opinion of several eminent experts, it can ic mm : a 
on a lirge seale at prices which compare favorably 


those of gas at its cheapest. 








4 the 
The daily increasing uso of uf 
in nett 80 far, however, it has been Dy 
HMlumination of large ro ae it has been ge 
ved that its application to house! rosea : 
is it ai be subdivided, is ecretne ly ue 
if not allogether. impossible, There are certain oe ih 
i dividing the electrical current, #0 03 2 m 
of small lights by means of a slugle sone a 
ty*of inveritors so far, and 
earns f subdivision ia) the 


difficulties in 
luce a numbe st 
Pihich have bafiled the Gin 
which must effectually block the progress e TS et 
I this direction, unless some new principle ts dis ; 





uh 


ah 
ly 
WAY 


Ned to 





nce 


1 
the| be produced, t lt 
ig | Pesca! ae arateatel in our engraving, Messrs, Molera mall loss by the absorption’ of the atmo- light, as well as its, tntensit 

Tn the system Hus 


Hold! purposes, or to other aieitengineers) 


uit} & Cebrian, 
e ted the dire 
ik perhmnirivancest leaving the current Ww 


vay with expe 
vided, doing away W 
ine with lamps or re 
lighting ts to he utilized, ct a smaller pipo branches out of the | cannot bo mentioned. 


fg atated that no matter ho 


Dares non city may be provided with one or more 


S 


SSS 


S 


peat affecting tho light supply of the other rooms, In 
the Jeft hand rooms there are at m i! m'" cords or handles 
emcee by. cords or Wires to the prisms or reflectors, 
Ww ps being pulled or turned more’ or less, will slide tho 
eae ated in this Way the light may be Perfectly, 
‘lle ° 
ian cd with less effort than’ ig required to turn gas 
Tho secondary lenses, which ari 
i, e shown In detail in Fip, 
‘ and 6, nre made Movable, and aset of twoor more of ne 
8 supplted to'every room, These lenses fre moved by th 
cord, P, which ig Connected with ono of 


the handles, m: 
p] Moving the handle cither of the lenses may. be Genet rie 
© line with the beam of. light, ‘These Tenses wilt ‘live 7 


light more or less according to thelr curyn 
minate a part or all of the floor, 
much of the walls ag 
Tho lenses, in ad 
swinging 


PRACTICAL DIVISIBILITY OF THE ELECTRIC LIGHT, 
(Continued from Sirat page| j 
A singlo clectric Tamp placed 
Ssupplics light fora building 
rounded by a aystem of Ie; 
Chamber. of light, as Trepreso 
l#es concentrate the whole 
ceoenenipeemssentt a! (oro are 
ay be pro; 
i, ee medical exami 
aise ate une many. ntclic, 
ie Airing: aylight, which could 1G CO! 
ee bow chest tthe Precis dn parallel rays and ts means of the condensed light. ae 
{tie loss by 8, its Intensity remains Unchanged, | “Another advantage in this system 18 that the color of. the 


\ Cal, have at- nieanis of colored el in at) any bo readily modifled by 

San Franclsco, Cal., vl colored glass slides; ‘This ig especially conyente: 
of 8a They employ optl- eae at light a box or pipe | in photography, wiicre lights of different cars and ecru 
ndisturbed and undi- swan iscen ie eae Theso pipes) are | fering actinic Power aro required. ‘This feature will ulso 
lectrieal conductors, cate ii ny 1 in the larger engraving, | render the light’ valuable in treating ophthalmic diseases ‘it 
Ng the walls and floors of the build-| homo and in hospitals, ‘There’ are MM uses to which thts 


system of lighting seems adapted, which, for want of ’puce, 


ct division of the light. 


nsive cl {ich 
egulators at poluts Where 


[Continued on page 389.) ir Junction there Is'n reflector, which, | As to economical advantages it will bo no 
Stn pede Ven ton, will divert into. the side street any | lutors or lamps aro entirely dispensed with, 
——— 71 Mloontire tight. By means of this de: | nnce is consequently not required, H 
Another important feature is that a large genera lec. 
dn amount of light that is always con- tricity may. beemployed, thereby. greatly rallies 
hanging tho position of the reflectors, | the production of the clectrical Current, 71 
ty be compared to valves and water quent upon the use of electrical conductors is entirely avoid: 
‘ater distribution, j ed, as the single lamp needed! is located near the generator, 
‘om the street pipes to the lump posts permitting of} tho use of a short and thick conductor eying 
Mnd'at the Intersection of ihe service | practically no electrical resistance, 5 
Pe Coe alee of A great advantage in having only'a single lamp for a large 
ght sup-| system is that a vacuum may be maintained in the chamber 
Ie of light without dificulty, thereby preventing the rapid com: |) 
§ shows, at.T, the strect main pipe} bustion of the carbon, which always occ rs. when theelectric 
$:is'n reflector or totally refracting | are is maintained in air, The cost of the carbons, as well as 
orton of the main beam of light into | the Inbor of replacing them, which, in the ordinary. clectric 
Which, inthe present Case, supplies | regulators, is something considerable, is entirely nyoided, 
Utho building. Another reflector or|\ Besides being adapted to the illumination of large and 
bnjof the supply beam upward into | small areas, this system of lighting appears Peculiarly suited 
ical beam strikes a reflector of suita-} to certain applications for which other lights are totally un. 
8the light ns may be required, the fit; for example, mines may be safely illuminated without 
sniling of course on the form of. the | fear of explosion and without incre: ing the temperature or 
vitinting the air, In Wwarchouses, storcrooms, powder works 
ream, B O, reaches the vertical sup-/and maguzines, chemical factories, and the like, this system! 
g§ the wall of the building, and the | can be used with perfect safety, It is also adapted to the} 
of. these two pipes bends the beam | illumination of ‘railroad tunnels and similar places, j 
Messrs, Molera & Cebrian exhibit some very flattering | 
other reflectors, cach of which, ac-] figures based upon an expenditure of. twenty horse power, 
position, will bend horizontally the | which, as we havo already learned, is not suflicient to ob. 
ed for each floor, ‘Tlicse sminller | tain the most advantageous results, Thoy claim that they / 
igh pipes laid along the Moor joists, | are able to produce by their system 195 lights per horse 
7, is partly intersected bya reflector | power giving a light equivalent to 1,058 cx uidles, and that 
zand’a portion of the beam which | the cost of lighting is less than one twenticth the cost of gus, } 
trough ‘a diffusing lens (@hown in} | 'The lamp used in connection with this system Is 80 clearly 
led by the inventors a secondary | represented In the engraving ns to require little explanation. 
t in any predetermined direction, | Fig. 2 isa Perspective view, and Fig. 31s n vertical sec: 
Wcurvature of the lens, ‘The re- 
‘am passes on to illuminate other] Chamber G, before referred tons tho chamber of light, is 
tbove, which receives its portion | surrounded on the sides and top by lenses, I. At the bot- 
tom there 18 0 concave reflector, If, and! at the center two 
scribed is duplicated on the other | carbon rods Converge, These rods are supported by pistons 
‘orm to the varying requirements | or floats in inclined tubes, J, which are connected ut their 
i lower ends by a horizontal tube communicating with the 
Sributo light to rooms not in line| spring neted bellows or cylinder, K. Tho tenston of the 
le reflector may be used to divide spring that draws the top of the bellows down, may be 
6 lateral ones, which will illumi: changed by revolving the small windlass, 8, 
rooms, The top of the bellows is tron, and abovo it is supported 
(lof the rooms inn building may jan electro-magnet, which is in’ the electrical circuit, Tho 
beam, and that the light may be | carbons pass between conducting surfaces, and are also in 
dx8 Tho reflector, B, controls | the electrical circuit, The tubes, J, as well as the horizon: 
ntiro building, and the amount] tal/tube and the bellows, are filled with w suitable liquid, 
it may be shut off altogether by | As tho current passes from one carbon point to another the 
tke manner the reflectors, DE, | coro of the electro-magnet becomes magnetized and attracts 
Ir respective floors, If they are | the head of the bellows with more or less force, maintaining 
light for each floor will be con-| a uniform light by governing the distance between the car- 
‘arranged to slide into and out} bons by displacing the liquid in tho tubes and throwing the 
y the amount of light supplied | pistons or floats up or down, according to tho strength of the 
the oxpense of the other floor. | current, 
eet8 may. bo Increased or dimin-} Should the current ceaso the spring draws down tho head 
ie reflectors aro sometimes ar-| of the bellows nnd the poluts of the carhons touch. When 
ng) to increase the light or.de-} the current ts too strong, the top of the bellows is attracted 
‘or oven shut {t off altogether! upward, und tho carbons soparate, 


ticed that regu. 
and that attend. 


The loss conse: 





























JUNE 21, 1879, 





-Voyons:maintenant les. classes de mineur$, 
tot '!'Ecole’ des. mines, ‘dott’ sont ‘sortis: Chestakow, 
Soubassow, Sicydlow, héros de la derniére guerre, 
Elles se divisent'en deux sections; 1". 

Un cours pour Ics officiers et un cours. pour: le: 


EDISON'S ELECTRIC CANDLES, 


lish patent, by T. 


i a oppement de V’éolairage électrique en 


Véoole des mines de Gronstadt 


Inn recent En 
Fontiro of the in 
ston of the elvetric light. M 
of a slightly tapering hollow ie : 
cept at tho upper end, 2 
uniformity ant comple 
clectrle etirrent passed 1 
the base of the ¢ 
the electric cond 





A. Edison, the special ° 
4 to the candle for the diffu. 
edivon’s candle fs inthe form: 
Hnder, divided vertically, ux. 
urmingement he claima that 
iepeuieg ure secured as the * 
nd down 
whieh ix enlarged eka = 
i uctors are connected, 
which has been deserthed in an 
dd, ig atinched at the bottom of 
hot, Hf the current becomes 
Ml, aul, consequently, ¢ 
8 Into contact with the 
apparatus, and there! 
on in the light, 
he materiuld of compusitia 
the light-giving Ha Ret a 
sarily its puwer to resis 
passage of the current, 


etals or -oslnes nt petals are made use 
vely Intge ent f 
ole Inetndenent ts alee 
tial having a high mel 
wall arthy muteriata, raclva 
oxides, or magnetic oxtde of 
are with diftculty fused, ‘Th 
{ained by chemical pre 
dle ia moulded e 
Ure, "The fine yu 
rluthinum, or other metal 
at patentee then details 
cuses Where Us 
jwith the fine metal wae ca 
und uniformly 1 
ence suck particles t ke; 
rial, and cannot thes are ke 
j Ides themselves are ¢ 
extent, and hence ma 
the particles of metal, 
moutided and pressed into 
and if the particles do not 
yar, tar, stlica, or shutlar su’ 
ng the candle into sha 
latltized by the heat, 
highly incandescent 
are also rendered ] 
























Chaque officier de-marine a le droit @entrer dans 
le premier. Mais, comme il n’y.a que. vingt ‘vacan 
ces réglemontaires, on préfére ceux qui ont. fint.1 
cours de l’Académic de la marine, ainsi ‘que .les: 
meilleurs élaves de l'Ecole des marins,.. Les . étu- 
diants ne sont plus tenus.de vaquer & leur service’ = 
ordinaire; ils recolvent une augmentation do leurs 
émoluments et cent roubles pour des livres d'étude. 
Aprds avoir fini leurs cours, ils deviennent officiers 
mineurs sur 1c3 bAtiments de guerre ct comman- 
dants des bateaux a torpilles. Le, cours entier duro. 
depuis le 1** octobre jusqu’au 20 avril, cest-A-dir 
presque huit mois, oxcepté seulement les proraier: 
jours de.No@l et de Pdques, Les occupations journa-. 
Heres durent ordinafrement de neuf & deux heures, 
du matin et de quatre a huit heures dusoie, do sorte 
que chaque jour il y a neuf heures d’occupation.. . 
Lo cours embrasso les objets suivants, ensoignés : 

par des professcurs particuliers ; fe x 
1, La physique (le magnétisine, le diamagnétism 

Pélectricité, le galvanisme), ve 

“pour ce cours de physique sonl destinés bs le- 

gons et 00 travaux pratiques, qui durent 2 heures. . 

; etdemie. Cela fait en tout 225 heures obligatoires 
pour chaque officler. : 
9, Lachtmie théoré 

“ §, Matitres explosibles 5 
nes; 6. Le mai 


Lréslairage Slectrique n'a commencé’ 4 so répan- 
dre en Russie que. depuis l'année passée, car avant 
que'le ministére do la marine ne se fat chargé de 
cotio affaire, il ne so trouva personne qui cit envie 
risquer, ne fit-co qu'une petite partic de son 
capital, pour easayer ce nouveau porfectionnement. 
On était d’accord qu'il faudrait mettre & I'épreuve 
Lutilité do’ la bougic Jablochkoff, mais tout le 
mondo reculait quand il s'agissait do Y'allumer. On 
remit done au gouvernement te soin de résoudre 
cette question, Mais: lo gouvernement ne pouvait 
pas non plus entreprendre uw: 
préféralt attendre le résultat de Vintroduction de 
Véclairago lectrique dans d'autres capitales de 

















aA thermal cireult ’ 


8 8O arranged t 
the regulator becom: 
4s to bring a movable sprin 
screw of the Muminating 
scurrent and lessens ffs net 
Mr. Edison epecifles t 
method of manufacturin: 
essential condition of which 
ry the heat developed in the 

























ne affaire risquée et 










nt resistunice to ; 
ly divided metal or | 
gh melting point ara enused t6 
puch a8 magnesfum, or zircon. 
ron, or otter substances that 
es of metals may he ob. 
otherwise, aud the enn: 
i try olst condition h 
jetal may be platinum, iridium, 













Une fois convaincu des avantages de cet écliirago 
Les premiéres expériences 
entreprises sur une grande échelle avec la bougie 
Jablochkoff ont été faites sur T'initiative du 
d-duc Constantin, en automne, l’annéc passéec. 
Elles avalent lieu d'abord dans I 
rauté, puis dans le grand édifice du manége Michel 
endant lo diner arrangé en Vhonneur des régi- 
o de retour du théAtre de Ja 










ither Ina dry or m il s’y jota avec ardour. 












jhe mods of manufacture: 
Ls earthy mater} U 
ea, such yrtieles a renee 
dings before itis me 
PL sepanite by the earthy mate. 
and the metallic ox. 
rs toa greater or less 
necs be used without 
$ the substances ure’ 
powerful pressure, 
er dulllelently, ane! 
be used in nionkd. 
tances may be vo- 


es ateliers de l'Ami- 

















leetric conducto ments de la gard 





rionces ayafent un caractére tout scicn~ 
r but était principatomant’ de/com- 
Jalumidre de la 
ifférentes espéces de 
Nese contentant pas de ces essais ct 
jon de Wéclairage élec- 
est encore loin de sa 
ernement assigna une 
une chaire spé- 
Jectrique dans I’école 
oii on continue 4 appro- 












tifique, car leu! 
intensité ct la constance de 
Jablochkoif avec di 


niement des lorpilles; 7- La-fermeture 
Les mines automatiques; 9. Liappll- 
draulique aux mines; 10. L’éclairage 
électrique, pour lequel sont destinés {6 lecons et. 
: $ travaux pratiques, auss 
et demlo chacun. En tout 33 heures. | oe 
Quant aux détails du programme, nous les places : 
rons ci-dessous. 
“Le nombre comp 


and — subs 
@ metallic particles 1 

4 re 
sand the earthy substances ny 
uinfnous by the” passage 


ie patentee declares (1 
J 4 in 
ny far lear form in wl 
herwise khaped, but it relate: 
" uch candies, whereh babe 
aasnge of the electric curre 


In tho statemen 
r Edison Fels forth as follow 
torn ort it clatmned a8 the fy 
‘lights, in which vatttelae oe 
| moulded into a m: 






cation de I'by 
















s'étant apergu que la quest 
dans sa phase actuelle, 
solution definitive, le gouv 
cerlaine somme pour fa 
clalo en faveur de I 
des mines de Cronstadt, 
fondir cette question. 
Nous communiquerons aprés le 
établissement et son progran 
dant, continuons notre cour’ 
ment de I'éclairage dlectriqu 
Les premiers bitiment 
de 1a bougio Jablochko: 
de Saint-Pétersbourg, le cli 
tadt, le palais du g) 
Gasting Dwor (le pr 
bourg}. Mais, maint 
dja & envabir les Fr 
Saint-Péterabourg, 
ques villes de, prov! 
Il s'est déjA formé, & Saint-P 
ciété acllonnaire d’écl 
gon que 8¢3 affaires sou! 
mais nous ne ‘sommes ce 
ne se cotant poi. te oncord & 1a Bour! 
Safin, Jablochko 
Ot-Pétershourg, 
pparells nécossal: 


this Invention “ty not, 





















#6 to the muatertels 


employed Ins 
188 Is adapted to: 


let des soldats no dépasse, pas ; 
cont. On les cholsit parmi les meilleurs, mateldts.. 
Leurs occupations ont prinel i 
pratique, mais on leur apprend aussi quelques lo 
tions; on les famill 
sibles, de’ physique, | 
Peéclairage slectrique, 
télégraphiques. 
Lo cété matéri 


ppended to the specification | 

Secured by these tet. ! Se 
ng boly for elcetric 
metallle oxtdes are ! 
Passage of the clectria 
sume, substantially as 
—=—: 






dm avnlaptet ena t récit du dévoloppe- 


fg adapted tothe 
iminous by the 













plies éclairés & laido 
ff furent le grand thédAtro 
ub dela marine de Crons- 
rand-due Constantin, 
incipal marché de Saint-Péters- 
enant, cel éclairage commence 


el de Pétablissement ne inisse rien, 













ues ct les places 
ot sintroduit méme dans quel- 
Inee, comme Moscow et Odessa, 

étershourg, UNC 50- 
airage électrique. 
t dans un élat prospire, 
tains do rien, 8¢s actions 


Saint-Pétersbourg, 
YAcadémto des ingén 
sur Ja physique et la chimie, 
goivent régulitremen! 
tives, 120 roubles (580 fr.). 

Les cabinets sont remp: 
mont porfectionnés, 
chines dynamo-éle 
: chines are Te a 

jo'diverses 

eon: ‘ies machines de Grammo.avec Ie couran! 
tous les régulatours, 
_Aigiorontacwbatomevven-at dvnamngiae 
















t établi mainte- 
dé un atelicr do 
ur J'emplot de son 
iL développera 
jiera & prouver 
‘Otra , prophiote dan 


fl. juiemémo s’cs 










































































tique; 3. La chimlo analytiques wi 
5. Un cours général dos mi 











{i d'une durée de 2 heures , 


pone 






palement un caractéro ° : 





arigo avec les matfdres xp 
io maniement des. torpilles 
Ja construction des apparell 














t pour deux stances conséc 
















lis appareils nouvelle- 
par exomple Ja section.des mi 
triques contient do grandes m 











do Siemens, ct do, Halské ot ie 
menstons et de divezae,cons: ¢ 



















quelque peu re 


Se CITA 
tate ost al oa 
an d 








<a Cimeibint 
1050 me : 
St Loute, détirnat of Comitierees 


Flectrie Light in St. Louis. 
or 


4 YAW 


ABt. Louis electrician hna brought out a light/ which promises to vio ° 
with those of castorn invontors in all casontinl points, Mr. Chartes Heisler | 
of this city, the faventor, gave an exhibition of Lis machine Inst Saturday § 
night. “ With the Hght at au clovation of titty feut ubove tho ground it was ; 


visible for miles fround, and fluo print could bo read a block away, Tho 


ight, whow placed ina room, was eo brillinut n& to dazzle tho oyo, yet, | 
j whou shaded, i> has n soft, mellow lustre, and is Dlensaut when tho oyos | 
aro not gazing d'rectly upon it, ‘Tho light Is produced in the following . 


inapner: An ongluo of four horso-power, requiring a bushel of coal per 
hour to generate tho stent, sets in motion a dynomo-clectria machine, com. 
posed of metuti—copper and zine being the generators of the eleclrio 
current, A copper wire connected with this machine Passes through a 
steel oylinder nbout a foot in longth, inclosing n maynet and series of 
wheels called tho “regtutator."” Imwediately under the cylinder ina lurgo 


glasa globo which incloses tho ight. ‘Tho eud of tho copper wire connects 


with two “points,” or square sticks of carbon, contcd with copper, hori. 


zontal in position, with the ends nearly touching. One of these carbon 


points receives the positive, and the other the negative current, the unfon 


of which produces tho light. As the light burns, tho points, which nro’ 


about eight inches long and half an inch thick, aro slowly consumed, and 


one of them will Inst about six hours. ‘Tho regulator in the eylinder, by i 


tuoans of the maga t and wheels, holds the puluts at the Proper distance 


from each other, so that the light is steady and uniform. ‘the whole of 


tho machinery is simply onough, but not easy to describe without a 


diagram, 


» One of theso lights is equal to 1,000 candle. power, or 100 of thu flicker. - 


ing flames of tho ordinary strect lamps. One light will wake tho distance 
of four or five blocks almost ns light na day, and asingto ono will ilhuntn. 
uta tho largest thentre or all. For outdoor iluminntion the new Hight 
inay be pronounced a success, It will require some little chango to make 
Kt oxnctly suitable for dwelling houses, For Mumluating a largo halt, gar. 
den or street, st can bo produced at less coxt. than ordinary gas; that is, 
tho samo quantity of coal will produce about twice ag inuch 


olectrio light 
48 cau be mado from gas. : 


—_—_—_— 


| oo Notes, vA 7 
as been 


Tue Evectric Licnt.—Werdermann’s lamp I 


modified by M. Kreiger, Paris, so as to make it operate 
‘a any position, The under carbon is Pressed against 
the upper electrode, which consists of a block of com. 
pressed magnesia, by means of a spiral spring under 
“its base, , Two or more of these carbons may be placed 
: side by side, as. in Wilde's candle, and the are esta. 


iene their points, against the underside of 


A novel system of clectric Ughtiog is announced from California, where H 
ho inventors reside, Only one tamp (with carbon polnts) iy usd to illu. | 
noica‘e a large number of apartments, ‘Tho Inmp fs placed near tha gare ; 
erator of electricity and surrounded by lenses ond reflectors, forming 1: 
chamber of light. ‘These lenses aro to concentrate tho light into ax many | 
‘\ beams of parallel rye as may be requ'red, which beams aro then carried 
through pipes {a tho s'reet or hovso to the Dinces to Lo, iuminatcd. At. 
ho bonds, réflectors are arranged to change the direction of the beam, aud 
Where light is wanted for ononpirtment, ned the beam still bas dlut 
1) Perform fu an adjolning room, only a part of tho beam is bent in the fi at i 
i apartment, ‘Tho inventora declare that they havo produced 199 “separate | 
lights with a twenty horge power enging ata cost Jess than ong.twentleth 
{shat of gas, ee ee “Pitan ements : 


ly to, 


"fea ee 
5 trys ; 


. exhibition In’ Burli 


RUNS WISE. 


G«- FLASHING 5 Liaits.—MM.. Richet 2 
Antoine Breguet find from experiment that thee one 
becomes 


b britliant,ti 
electric spark, this time is not appreciable, but fui the 


Feeblo: lights, lasting ; 
a second are not visible at all Fi but theyean born wet 
of the light or its 
least 50 times a second, 
ind always appear 


certain. inert‘ period , befo: ich : 
sensible of lights. : If the teat aoe i 


lights it is observable. 


.50 cither by increasing the intensity 

duration, or by repeating it at | 

Coloured tights obey the same laws a 

of their proper hue. 
t 


Compared with gas, the economy for equal ilumina- 
tion docs not yet appear to be conclusively established. 
Although in some cases the relative economy for equal 
candle power is on the side of the electric light, yet, in 
other cases, gas illumination of equal intensity has the 
advantage. Unquestionably the: clecttic light has not 
made that progress which would enable it in its present 
condition to enter into general competition with gas for 
the ordinary ‘purposes of domestic supply. In large 
establishments the motors necessary to produce the 
electric light may be readily provided, but, so far as we 
have received evidence, no systens of central origin and 
distribution suitable to houses of moderate size has 
hithertn heen established, . 


baffle 


Hotes, 


Tue Evecrre Liaut.— jablochkoff candi 
Set up at several public parts of St, Petersburg. as 


Ir is proposed to illuminate the Falls of Ninga: 

p 3 z ra by 
night with a number of Brush electric lights. The 
Spectacle is expected to be very weird, and embellished 
with artificial rainbows, An attempt will also be made 
to light up the falling cascade from behind, 


ind gray stands out 


from the ceiling, 
metal reflector, \ 


* S$, 
Success of th the 
Royal Aca 


Ington Hor 


Aiea teeee sey 





on " 


ndles are Suspended. } 


The general nature of the electric light has been well 
sexplained in the evidence of Professor Tyndall, Sir 
William Thomson, Dr, Siemens, Dr. Hopkinson and 
others, It ts an evolution of scientific discovery which; 
has been'in active progress during tlie whole of this. 
century. Essentially the electric light is produced by 
the transformation of energy cither through chemical or. 
mechanical means, ‘The energy may be derived from: 
a naturat force, as for instance, a waterfall, or through. 
combustion. of a material in. the’ cells of .a’ voltaic 


battery, or of. fuel in-a furnace, ‘The energy ‘being? | 


converted into an ‘electric current, may be used to 
manifest electric light by passing between carbon 
points, or by rendering incandescent solid bodies such 
as iridium, “A remarkable feature of tho electric light 
is, that it produces .a transformation of energy in a 
singularly complete manner, ‘Thus the energy of one. 
horse-power may be converted into gaslight, and yields: 
a luminosity equal to 12-candle power. But the samo 
amount of energy transformed into: electric light pro- 
duces t,600-candle power,-. It isnot therefore surprising 
that while many practical witnesses seo serious: diffic’ 
culties in the speedy adaptation of the-electric light to 
useful purposes of illumination, the ‘scientific witnesses’ 
sce in this economy of force the ‘means of great. ine 
dustrial development, and believe that in the future it 
is destined to take a leading ‘past in public and private. 
illumination, | There is onc point on which'all witnesses 
concurred, that its use would’ produce little of! that 


vitinted air which is largely formed by the products’ of: ° 


combustion af ordinary illuminants, ae 
. Scientific witnesses also considered that in the future 
the electric current might be extensively used to trans.’ 
mit power as well as light to considerable distances, $0 
that the power applied to mechanical purposes during 
the day might: be madd. available for light during the 


night. ‘The committce only mention these opinions as | 


showing the importance o allowing full development. 
toa practical application of electricity, which is be. 
iieved | by competent witnesses to have future important 
bearings on industry, to wel 

So far as the practical application of the electric 


light has already gone, there seems to be no reason to : 
doubt that it has established itself for lighthouse illu-- 


mination, and is fitted to illumine large symmetrical 
places, such as squares, public halls, railway stations, 
and workshops, It is used in Paris for lighting shops’ 
which require a light by which different colours may 
be distinguished, and has recently been used in England’ 
for the same purpose with satisfactory results, Many 
trials have been made for strest illumination with greater 
OF Ince ernprarn 


Pa) ar) 
a a uly EF 
(bh. Gru 7 i caAe se 


i dg by-3 
a vscope has been re-invente 
y Ta ee otacton named Nitze,- and termed “4 
yrdoeco ce. It consists of a platinum vin cP ass 
to * air electric: current, and enclose in a set 
Wall dis designed, to illumine the -cav' ies al 
ods “Messrs, Coxeter and Sons also 3 sing 
S samilar apparatus..at the conversasione o 
* er . 
: graph Engineers. : 





THE TELEGRAPHIC JOURNAL “AND, 
: ELECTRICAL ‘REVIEW: : we 
ae Vol. VIE—No, 154. So 


ELECTRIC LIGHTING. 
Tne general report of the Select Committee of the 
House of Commons, appointed under the presidency 
of Dr. Lyon Playfair to consider whether it is désir- 
able to authorise municipal corporations or other. 
local authorities to adopt any scheme for lighting 
by electricity, and to consider how far, under what’ 
conditions, or if at all, gas or other public companies 


should be authorised to supply light by means of - 


electricity, have“now, issued the following’ report, 


which, if it contains nothing new to any one who | 
has studied the subject,’ has at any rate formulated ‘' 


in plain terms the present state ’of electric lighting, 
and decided that in the event of that mode of illumi- 


nation fulfilling its present promise it will be wise | |” 


to keep it out of the tentacles of the gas com- 
panies or any other large business monopolies.» It 
will be remarked that the Committes do not urge 


* any definite parliamentary action until the m 


lighting have been still further improved, for inva 
system which is developing with remiarkabld} rapidity, 
it would be laientable if‘there were any’ legista- 
tive restrictions calculated to interfere’ with that 


development. . They, however, recommend that 
docal authorities should have full powers to test and 


aid in the development of the light. Summer is 
now here, and the sun ‘himself has “scattered the 
rear of darkness thin,” so that for the time: being 
there is 2 cessation in the demand for electric light- 
ing apparatus ; but on the return of winter we may 
‘confidently expect a renewal of the activity in this 
direction which marked the same period last year, 
Mr. Edison obviously made a mistake in sending 
his famous cablegram on the 4th of October ; but it 
was unfortunate only for his own sake and that of. 
several timid holders of gas shares, His own inven- 
tive “thunder” indeed seems to have vanished in 
the flash of that fatal message ; but it has had the 
effect of firing hidden mines of ingenuity in others 
which have given a great impetus to electric light- 
ing. The report runs as follows :— 


(bier Joby 191476 


THE ELECTRIC LIGIUT. 
By J. Jaan. 


nical economy, 
doutled; augment 


OTT re 1 2 


ZF, 








i ELECTRIC LIGHTING. 
eo of the House of Commons, of slic Me 
gen ors Shatrman, on Thursday concluded their gee le Hoa 
peat promoted by the Liverpool orl ageing ane ied 
F lic and prival ases. | 
Penh and Senn Ha gear Fading of this ue That le 
dee tteetd d to appoint a Committee on, the Benera : questi : 
dliowt ant introduction of electric lighting for pub ley urposes 
Pe nd this and numerous other Dills of ite _ sind 
a ‘h PCommittee had reported, ‘The ‘report 7 is a Rahal 
intl the ‘on the whole, encouraging ; but it te t oper to dal 
Boots sints which might create serious difficulty 1 a porn: 
ceria red electric Ranting, Ly virtue of _ ex sting powers 
, tay the Public Mealthy Acts The Liverpon’ corp a ati flan 
ee ee Ales paeets and this Bill came before the Comp ies 
teak It originally asked for nowersy, Ha os & unly 
releetric lighting, but to buy up the ean erp Gas: Lah 


Company, and a Talse 40/000 dropped, but the Gas Company 


i ue! 
| eettaned against the til and wets stony resented Ay 
i i .C., Mr. .C, Med 
Frc op Te of any im ortance were doiged. | The 
les Yo were represented by Sir 12. Beckett, Q.C., 7 T. ope, 
ae “nd Mr. RS. Wright, who put before the Comin ies 
Tone vid i ort of the Bill, , le ". 
‘Seme a pligectes “ike gas company did Bot give evidence) 
‘Me Apollo apn eta he roesed kane the 
j com eS ae ee male in the preamble, the eter et hich won 
imi f the Corporation f 
bi at ed {be ot and not allow Them to make it A Coramercioh 
saermaktng for purposes of profit, or to compete with the gas co! 
ny. Amendments were proposed 


4 direction, and the Committee passed the Bill, 
i ae POMC ee 


bing Mecho ie,feby 4/89 


FFECTS OF ELECTRIC LIGHT ON THE 
: E 


15870,]—Ts looking over somo back numbers T 

siesi Fone Femntks on page 212, whieh 
eiiuded mo of little personal experience of my 
own. In the past winter [had made a serics of 
experiments at iny works with ono of Sicmens 
small dynamo-clectric genorstors aul their nutas 
matic lamp, giving it is sald a power of 1,200 
candies, 

{n making adjustments for the are T generally 
uted deep bluc glass. On one occasion (New 
Year's ovening) I mado nt from ono of tha 

+] Upper windows of my residence for nbout two and 
@ quarter hours, aud, having it indoors aul un- 
covered by glass, I took pho apport vot mutipus 
lnting for various lengths of arc, making experi- 
ments with a direct vision spectroscope, and did not 
take tho usual precautions. Next morning I awoke 
with cyes much inflamed and rinning with water, 
oud so painful that for tho first few hours 1 was 
nearly blind and could not bear the daylight; 
towants afternoon the effecta passed off, and’ tho 
next day Twas comparatively free. 1 nm fortu- 
nately blessed with good oyesight, although over 
fifty years of nye, and have been used to strong, 

; Plight both for desk work nnd, in my younger dis 

ith chemical experiments, but nover olerve 
similar effect beforo, excepting onco when work- 
ing under hi h pressure vory long hours night after 
night by gaslight, and then tho irritation was only 

tilling. Forrum Primus. 


4 by the Corporation in this . 


WA peetay tobe ius e 


Edison.—From information that continues to reach us 
from the other side of the Atlantic, it would seem that 
Edison is still devoting almost the whole of his attention to 
the subject of electric lighting, and, if what we hear be 
correct, with most encouraging and satisfactory results, 
We have reason to believe that the true nature of these 
results may not transpire ‘for’some time to come, pending 
the completion of the experiments that he has set himself 
to carry out; but that real and substantial Progress towards 
the desired end, far in advance of what has yet been made 
public, has already been accomplished, we have good 
grounds for saying is a fact, and, for our own part, we are 
content to wait with as much confidence as ever the termi- 
nation of the investigations that are now ‘oing on at Menlo- 
park, The following telegram appeared in the Daily News 
of Wednesday, last from the New York correspondent of 
that journal :— 

Mr. Edison has obtained a dynamometer of sufficient deli 
to measure every one-hundredth of horse-power. With this instru. 
ment he can calculate the cost of the electric light to the minutest 
detail, He has ‘demonstrated thet from 80 to 90 per cent. of 
cnetey is converted into light, and that six electric Tights are supe} 
plied from one horse-power at one-third the cost ofgas. He main. 
‘tains that the problem of applying the electric tight to domestic use 
has been practically solved, but admits that n Great mass of detail 
remains to be worked out. He‘has satisfied himself that platinum 
can be supplied in large quantities so as to reduce the expense, 
Recently he has been working on the electro-chemicat telephone 
exchange system, which is: now perfected for introduction in 
London. fle will now give his time exclusively to the electric 
light, and is confident that his system will soon be in perfect order, 
We cannot, of course, Say anything as to the source from 
which the information contained in this telegram was 
obtained ; but if our informants be correct, while it is quite 
correct so far as it goes, it ‘does not at all state the present 
position of the subject, so far as the investigations of the 
Professor are concerned. 

Electric 
of the New 
the systems of electric [i 
It gives the preference 


:results obtained as being 


quite remarkable, It appears that in the Equitable buildin 
New York, two Maxim electric lamps sive three times the 
light that was given by 

Mt cents per hour, agai 

establishment on the Bo 

four electric lam; 

lated from reliab! 


gas their bills 

The result of 

imps claiming 

ly, Edison's, 
with one com: 
Tvernois’), and 
Mr. Keith. It is 


t'thatcof purely 

cy may be. driven’ from that 
loses, Madison:square-gardens, 
es, is to be lighted by means of 


2 sae Bale RS, z 


four clectric Jamps of the Fuller patent, for.a term of three 


months, cach of 2,500 candle-power, for three and ‘a-half 


night, at a cost of about 8 dols. to the proprictor 
ee ‘the Pace.” This, it appears, will be about one-fourth the 
present cost of lighting the garden by gas, with from three 
to four times the illuminating power ‘of the gas. he ear 
curious fact,” says the 7imes, “that, intense as the cat: 
the electric arc is at the point of the positive electrode, it 
radiates scarcely one-tenth the amount of heat as the sams 
power of gaslight, While, for instance, the arc si re mee 
the point of a knife to vapour almost instantancous! y whe 
placed at the point of the positive carbon, one can lig te 
cigarette at the blaze without a sensation of eat in he 
hand, This tack of radiant heat is believed to be one 


the great advantages of the electric light for suminer-night . 


i i i sgarden will 
ts, and the illumination of Madison-square-gardc : 
be the first extremely favourable test of clectricity for 


popular uses.” : 
te, AICTE. La 
He pli re £0 gj Cty 


| |, The Providence Press of June 20 is hard on Mr. Edisoi 
‘ And where is Mr, Edison? Where’ are’ hi discoveries? 
Where is his electric light for the million it says, and 
then gives the intelligence, that ** Meanwhile Rutgers Col- 
lege has bestowed upon the famous graduate of the baggage 
-gar_and telegraph office the honorary. degree of P 2D" 
This looks as if Rhode Island was jealous of New Jersey. 
Had Mento Park. been. in. Rhode Island, perhaps ‘the 
PhD," would have come from Brown University,” Rut. 
bers stands up for its own State, : 


~The offer to supply Reading, Pa , with as, which has 
‘been chronicled in our ‘Meterites as having been made hy 
New York parties came from S, A: Beers, CE sand asso. 
clates, 45, Liberty Street, New York, They offered: to 
supply ga¥ at $2 00, with 15 per cent, discount to the city, * 
Reading turns out its street lights at midnight. The regu. 
tar company offers to supply as at a cheaper rate if the | 
Jamis be Kept burning all night. “The company has thirty. 
nine miles of pipe, and 5,000 meters out, On the evening * 
of June 16 the annual election of ‘officers tovk place; Mr. 
E.D, Smith was elected Treasurer and Secretary, and Mr, 
David Fox, Superintendent, 
Mr. P, M. Laws, of Newcastle-on-T’ vnc, has been exe 
perimenting in photographin g by gas light, Specimens of 
(his work have been exh! jited at the meetings of the South 
‘London Vhotographic Society. Mr. Laws has used a 
jtwenty-cipht jet and sixty-four jet Wigham lighthouse 
rburner. With the sixty-four jet Lumer an exposure of 25; 
Seconds for a cabinet picture, and 15 nds for a cabinet : 
small “was''sufficient, ‘This iniicates the remarkable 
actinism of the light... Mr, Laws’ burner pives a light, of 
1,253 candles, with a consumption of 16 feet of cannel 
gas, or 8.7 candles per foot—a very high result—tell illus.‘ 
trating the scientific construction of the Apparatus. Part 
lof the jets are contained in extra Segments, connected by 
[mercury cups to the central frame and supply, 


E, & FON Spon. have issued a pamehter by Join Ty | 
Sprague on ** Electric’ Lighting :-its state nad Progress and 
its probable influence on the gasinteresis,”: It contains the 
results of a visit to Paris lo inspect the electric Hight there, 
{The writer arrives at the following conclusions . 
| n lighting railway stations, in large factories where the 
vitiation of the air by gas-is an important consideration, 
probably in picture palleries aud libraries, and in some of 
the larger hotels, the clectric light must he expected tu cume, 
{into use, but its introduction will be gradual, and its ut- 
mast effect on yas consumption can only be to, somewhat 
diminish the regular annual increase of consumption, This 
might diminish the need. for increasing ‘powers of produc. 
tion, but as the dividends are earned by actual - production, 
these would not be affected, even bya coniplete stoppage of 
the increase; it ishowever inuch more likely that, by the tse 
of gas engines and other employments as yet und eloped, 

ting increase will grow rather Winn diminish.” 5 


OATE ANTS: 





EDISON'S ELECTRIC LIGHT. 


NV Saturday last Mr. Edison's agents 
final specification for his is 


on the subject of the electric light. Tis pabeae 


ey 
for dev 


mag 
and in apraritcs 
Thos #0 is 


ee strip is 
certam, £2- 
mesal oz 


sith 
otherwise, to decompne the #2 
deposit of the oxide upon the wt 
t the burner i ate at = 
being insulated is woand to: 
cylinlee of lime, or infasible 
when the burner ia pliced in an eleeti 
the circuit closed, the 
entire lenzth of the wire of ¢ 
it to incandewenes. The = 
pytoinsalating cost 
the wire $9 as to re 
the same time pre 
posting: om Cha 
eats 
Wires" If the b 
the same + 
other, so tha: 
nes$ a 


Z 


reby cana | 
2 travel the enti: lensth of the: 
the curreut to travel rate 


The rip mil, The spiral oe 
yn? ani 


considerable length ia 2 24 


‘helix thus made is pyroiasalatad as sfarvast 


then compressed into 3 comp 


act eylindreal tor. 


Sometimes the prroiaselasing magerial placed as 
a laver between tke coils of the spiral or 


The thermal reculazors 


Hence erent by ‘ 
ing 


several hands 


orth in * Edison") 


ont borne 


tt quantitasireiy in mnl~ 
$ repairing Linge maiz con~ 


of the said barnes, the resistance deity bese 


proprtion to the beat. 
Another feature of th . 
arrangement of the main cv 
obtain a complete metallic bg 
time take vee oe of the oy 
earth, so that the ay 
ductors may be reduced. The eas 
ductoe serty a! 
for the insulated conductors. 
Another mr of the 
for storing the elec i 
may be used as requ, o 
i the use of secondary ba rich. sai 
duvices deseribed for shitting the cur 
svondary battery to another | ath Ke 
“one may be in use while the otaer b 
(from the main citvuit. 


sae 
in one of the oun} 
pee Ere and muevtallic' 


i : nr. 30 
erie curtyat oF yaersy. 
se. 


"Phin is ofeetend 


ened, 


¢ the same fiate af 2 peoteecun. 


invention retates 99 vans 


thar 
thers ars 


frum une 
ly. so tht 


2 the invvetie relates to thy | 
Cau wires, $0 43 00 | 
aS they ame f 
vity of tha! 

















Gu, OLLIG 
; rae Electric Lighting. 


" ‘The Belect Committco of the House of Commons appointed ‘lo consider 
whether it Is destrable to authorise municipal corporations or other focal 
authoritics to adopt any schemes for lighting by electricity, aud to cou- 


7 


Baer ae z Fi cae 
pubilo uses of tho electrio light, Your committéo think “that ample power! 


“THE « COAL.‘ TRAthoue be given them for this purpose, There seems to be gome conflict of 


idence, na to whethor.the oxisting powers aro suMlcient or uot. But evea 
in regard to local authorities it would Lo. necessary to impose reatrictions| 
ppon placing the wires too nenr tho telegraph wires used by the Post Office, 
the transmitting power of tho Intter would bo injurioualy affected by the 
too close proximity ¢f the powsrfat olectric currents needed for producing 


sider how fur, aud under what coud tions, if at nll, gas or other public, BH*: 


agreed to the followiug report: 

“Tho gent ral nature of tho electric light has been well explained in the 
evidence of Professor Tyndall, Sir Willinu Thompson, Dr. Siemens, Dr. 
Hopkirson, and others, It isnn evolution of sclentifie Uscovery which 
has been in active progress during tho whole of this contury, Essentially 
the electric ight is produced by the transformution of energy, oither 
through chemical or mechanical moans. ‘Tha energy may be derived from 
® natural force, av, for instance, a waterfall, or through combustion of 1 
material in the cells of a voltaic battery, or of fuel in a furnace. ‘the 


energy being converted futo an electrio current may be usd to manifest y aides, though gas companies aro likly to bonefit by tho eupply of gas to 


clectrio light by rassiug botween carbon points or by rendering taconite engines which are woll suited ns machines for producing cectrie light, 


cent eolid bodies stich as iridium. A remarkable featuro of tho clectri¢ 
light ia that it produces a transformation of energy in a pinguiarly com! 
plete manner. ‘Shue the energy of 1 horso-power may bo converted inta 
gaslight, and yields a Inminosity cqual to 12 candle power, But tho came 
amount of exergy transformed into eleatria light produces 1600 candl 
power. It is not, therofcro, surprisiug that white many practical witnease: 
Feo serious difficulties in tho epeedy adaptation of tho electric light to use 
{ul purposes of illumination, tho scientific witnesses seo in this economy o} 
forco thé means of great industrial dovelopmont, and belfeve that in. th 
uture it Is destined to take a londing part in public and private itlmuina 
jon, ‘There is one polut ou which all wituesses concurred, that its usi 
pul | roduco littlo of that vitinted air which is largely formed by thy 
ducts of combustion of ondiuary illumioants, 
Scientific witnosses also considered that in the futuro the electrin cur 
night be extonsivoly used to transmit power as well as light to con 
blo distances, so that the power applied to mechanical purposes 
Ing tho day might bo made availablo for light during tho night, Your 
mitteo only meution theso opinions ne showing tho itmportanco of 
ing full development to a practical application of electricity, whick tt 
ved by competent witnesses to have future important Learings or 
istry, *. 5 
So far ag tho practival npplication of tho electric light has alread 
ne, there scoms to be no reason to doubt that it lias established itsel 


r lighthouse illumination, aud is Atted to illumiue a syminetrical 
8 arahalonsyier thiwoy watlons, aad wcsione at full doyolopmnent of electricity as n source of power aud light.” 


aces, such a8 squares, public balls, 
used in Parla for lighting shops which require a light by which different 


5 u : : hi 
companies should be authorised to supply light by electricty," have, Gas companies, tn the opinion of your committee, havo no spectal 


claims to be considered as the future distributors of electric light. They. 

‘Possess no mcnopoly of lighting public streets or private houses beyond} 

that which js piven to them by their power of laying pipes jn streets. | 
Se haa F ! aes 


Electric light committed 1o their caro might havo a slow development, 


tho goneral proceeses of gas manufacture and supply aro quite unlike those 


neoded for tho production of eluctricity as a motor or illuminant, 

“Your committee, howover, do not cousider that the time has yetarrind 
to give goneral powers to private electric companies to brenk up the streets, 
unless Ly consent of tho local authorities, It ix, however, d:atrable that 
local authorities shontd have power to give faciliticn to companies or 
private individuals to conduct experiments, When the progress of inven. 
tion brings a demand for facilitiie to tranamit electrici'y as a source of 
power and light from n common centro for manufacturing aud domestic 
purposes, then, no doubt, tho public must receive compensating advantages 
for a monopoly of the uso of the streets. Ag tho time for this las not 


arrived, your committeo ito not enter into this subject further in detail this 


to say that in sucha cago it might bo oxpedient to give to the muntelpal 
authority 9 proferouco during a tmited pericd to control the distributicn 
aud use of tho electric light, and failing their nce ptance of such a pre 
ference, that any monopoly given to a private company should bo restricted 
to the short period required to remuncrate them fur the undertaking, with 
A rovorsionnry right in the municipal authority to purchase the plant and 
tachinory ou casy terms, But at the Present tine, your committee do not 
consitor that any further specific recommendation ia Necessary than (hat 
the local authorities should Lave full powers to uso the electric Hight for 
purposes of public illumination; and thatthe Legislature sbould show it 
willinguess, when tho demand arives to givo nll reasonable powers for the 


—_-----—— 


colors moy Lo distinguished, aud has recently bo:n uxod fu England for 


tho same puiposo with satisfactory resulta, Many trials havo been mado 
forstrect illumivation with Brenter or Iss success, 
., “Compared with gas, the economy for equal illumination docs not yot 
Appear to be conclusively established. Although in somo casos the rela. 
tive economy for equal candlo-power ia on the side of the electric light, 
yet in other cases gas illumination of equal intensity bos the advantage. 
Unquestionably tho olectric liyut has not mado that progress which would 
enablo it in its present condition to enter into gentral competition with 
. a8 for the ordivary purposes of domestic supply, In largo eatablishmonts 


tho motors uecessary to produce tho «electric light may bo readily provided, |; 


but 6o far as wo hava received ovidence, no rystem of centrat origin and 
distribution suitable to houses of mod rate sizo las hitherto been estab. 
lished. 

“In consideriog how far tho Legislature abould intorvono in the prisent 
condition of elocteto lighting, your committes would obsorve generally 
tbat in a system which is doveloping with remarkable rapidity, it would bo 
Jamentabloif thero were any legialative restrictions calculated {o futerfero 
with that development. Your committee, however, aro not In a position 
to mako recommendations for conditions which may h:ronfter arise but st 
Present do not exist, ng to the distribution of electric currents for lighting 
Private hourcs from a centr source of power, No legislative powers mo 
required to ennblo largo establishments, such as theatres, hals, or work. 
shops, to generate electricity for their own uso, “ 

“If corporations aud other local nuthoritics havo not powcr undor exist. 
Ang atatutes to take up streets and Iny wires for street lighting or othor 


Whilosrn 
in 





wn _hy £1674 


sCTRIC LIGHTING IN TY C. 


10" 
Know dge he could onty la 
and such assumptions based 


claimed for it hy the Société Geéndrale « 


difficulty in accurately estimating the amount of Hight 
they might be obtained, 


tesulls, how carefully 
approached the truth near ciiough for practi 
Bound were, Colonel Heywood believed, the 
authority, it might be desirable to set 
on the (olbom Viaduct, calculated from 
« ordinary —hatswing burner, consuming 
that cf about fourteen sperm cand! 
» Which was sity “ 
+ to 378° sperm candles, and when enclosed in 
. of opal glasses being ab 


obtained its own engine, 
the Embankment cost 5 


in three 
, Was ready, 
: formed, - An en 
‘what he asserted. 
asas safe as in his | 
ere to couple on. Th 


| fashioned br I 
i vest-buckle was fou 


z 4 Colonel Heywood, CE. 
misstoners of Sewers, in a report’ to.them lately issued, observed 
to the result of the experiment in lighting Holbom Viaduet by clectricityhe adapted the HMuminating 
imed for it by the Socitté Générale d’Electricité, stating that in the absence of a 

before the Commission some very general statements: on th ill 
thetcon as appeared to him to be reasonable. | I 
made to the Metropolitan Board of Works by its engineer in chief and consulting chemist 

_|- Jointly, on the experiment with the electric id 


light “on the Victoria 
photometrical observations made hy those genitemea 


fore the commission what the amount o 


jar to that on the Viaduct, w: 


7 Sot Gece 
» he engineer to the City Com. 


4 ¢ New Sysritat or E Lier 
that in his recent. remarks as f oF Enncratc Ligitrin 


novel s} ystem. of electric lighting fs announced 
trom California, where thie, faventors reside, 
nly one Jamp. (with carbon Points) ts used to 
luminate a large number of apartments, The 
lamp is placed near the Rcnerator of electricity 
and surrounded by lenses and reflectors, form- 
ing a chamber of light. These lenses are to 
Concentrate the light into.as many beams of 
parallel rays as may be required, which beams 
are then carried through Pipes in the street or 
house to the places to be illuminated, At the 
bends, rellectors are arranged to change the 
direction of the beam, and where light is 
wanted for one Apartment, and the beam stil! 
| has duty to perform in an adjoining room, only 
a pat of the beam is bent in, the first aparte 
ment. The inventors declare that they have 
produced 195 separate lights with a 20 horse- 
Power engine ata cost less than one-twenticth ° 
that of pas, at 3 
Mg. Epison AND THE ELECTRIC Light, — 
By telegraph from New. York on Tuesday we 
learn that Mr, Edison has obtained a dynamo- 
meter of sufficient delicacy to measure eve 
one-hundredth of horse power. With th 
instrument he can calculate the cost of the 
electric light {o the minutest detail, He bas 
demonstrated that from 80 to 90. per cent, of 
energy is converted into light, and that six 
electric lights are supplied from 1 horse-power 
at one-third ‘the cost’ of pas. He maintains 
{ that the problem of applying. the electric light 
! to domestic use has been Practically solved, but 
admits that a great mass of detail remains to be - 
‘worked out. “He has. satisfied himself that 
platinum. can be supplicd in Jarge quantities 
So as to reduce the expense. Recently he has 
been working on the clectro-chemical telephone, 
exchange system, which is now perfected for 
‘ introduction in London. He will now give his 
j time exclusively to the electeic tight, and is 
Soniilelt that his system will soon be in perfect 
order. ed 


Powe 8 na 


rate 


rom a recent report 


embankment, he found’ that 
much less illumivadng: power-than was 
They Stated that there was very great 
n off by the clecttic are, and that such 
ete not exact, but that their observations 
purposes, As, however, the experiments of the 
deen made ia this country by official 

i light was 


clr 


the Board's data, 


sixte if aked, 
les, ht on 


ponst+ 
Grawme 
Boart 

ic Light on 
hting on the 


ts 


PLSD G . cnrann ve mang ttn granny 
ve Jd, [4a76, Euecriue Liownisy, Re Boluer=Dated 6th November, 187% 


. . 76. 
IL. Thoweon Dated Sth Sorta | (Wot proceed seth.) tk : 


Lanspe in sticccss: 
o current 
igi ven cod Ly it ay 
presi Wath AD 
rranatcs Fon lropucixa, 
KcTnic LAGHT, 
Acarbon stick plas 
y micreur} 
i fta_con! 


\ pint 
tctataee 


ee oman nat 





he arm of 


a ig diso in connection with tho source of electricity bears a) 
it while reason wyaluat the (nterior eurface of w ring to which: o 
rabor of wlres forming diifcrent circuits aro attached, thus dividing 
ho current as requirod, An clectric lamp is deacribed In which a number 
of candles nro attached toa disc, and a4 ono candiais consumed the disc 
i} 1s partly rotated 20 ns to bring the next candly 11 poaltion, tho disc bolny 
presentod frut turning until cach camille fs cousumnod by inoans of n peg 
on tho cauulo bearing against the dlse. A weight or spring actwtes thy 
Vee wan ’ 


Sek 4 . ‘ Fe Gyo Dated Gth 

3 weaTUs For OpTainixa ELECTRIC Laan, ay : 
ATS ce, WTB (NOt proceeded wth) ctor saute to rovolvout tho 
Ono of the clectrodos covalent oily, atid tho otter Ls au ontivary carbon 


‘I sat St ia so! 
Fanie nE pLatlonary at aalight dlatce frou tho faco of the 


MISOELLANEA. 


2s eerermonere- sig geen 


Propucion or Exzctnic 
878. ue. 


! ~ 
it Tis Werdermann syatein of electrie Hghtin, 


ion or lighting the botanical gardens at Bordeaux. 
ont | ee Oe: ares 


Me Teen ae 














Pighting tho Capitol by Eicetricity, 

The arrangements for lighting the capitol huitding wilh a 
now electric hight aro nearly completed. | The experiment 
has ‘already been 
made in the hall of 

=the House of -Re- 

” presentatives, and a" 
single Hight placed 
on the front row of - 
tha reporter’ gui. 
lery and over the 
Spenker'’s chair, . 

made the whole hall 
so Vight that print 
cottld be casily rend 
at the points fur. 
thest fram the burn. 
er, The plan fs to 
pince four dights in 
the ball, and ft Is 

now belleved that 
they will bea very 
great Improvement 
upen the present ar: 

\ mangement of gas 

burners, . 

Three electric ma-* 

chines ave heen 
+ purchased underthe 
: appropriations — for 

lighting the interior 

of the building, and 

it is In contempla- 

tlon to place noth. 

er In position for 
Gs, the purpose of sup 

” 
plying a Neht of 

) Vast power upon the . 

Nopofthedome. Ut iselained hy the inventors that s burner 
can be constructed there whieh shall bave a very npprecia- 
Ie effect upon a large area of the city, It is claimed that 
with the steamy power of the heating and ventilating appa: 


ratus fo euch wing of the building, a dynamo-eleetric ma |- 


chine of 175,000 candle power can be run, 
Tho Rlectric Light In Mining. 

Tho first electric light employed in our Western mines was 
placed on the Deer Creek placer claim of the Excelsior Water 
Company at Smartsville, Nevada, on the 10th of Inst April. 
A 12,000 candle power Brush machine was put in operatlott, 
and three lights of 3,000 candle power cach were placed In 

‘Lpromtnent positions upon the claim, Although tho night 
was very dark the lights shed a briiliant Hight around ane 
enabled the miners to work an readily as during the day, 
Until this expertment the mines had to shutdown ducing the 

fnight, but now the company expeels to work oth night aud 

-fday, Nevada and Yuba e 
fig compantes, und sev wm have annoiinced their 
desire to tse the new light If the Exeelstor Company is 


thoroughly satistled with their machine, ‘The cost of light- - 


ing the claim by clectrielty Ly eal 10 be 16 cents an hour. 


have many hydpuutic min. } 


lar, and please mention the Jaunwat or Citeauisriy. 


(L1G 


oe ioe  €he Smoke ofan Riectric Tamp. : 
_ At our meeting in December, 1878, Mr. J. W. Sivan ex. 


, hibited an electric lamp, onthe Incandescence. prinelpte, | 


; Which lind broken down in consequence of the electric force 
: being too great for the cylinder of carbow through which it 
lad to pass, One of the points of interest noted was the ap. 
peanutice of a sooty deposit on the inside of the glass. The 
task de contained the carbon pencil and Its platinum | 
conta Paaving been fled with nitrogen and exhausted | 
with g-Byrengel pump, was supposed to contaln nothing © 
which could act as a carrier to convey by chemical means 
any onda from tho incandescent poncll to the ceoler sur- 
faces*In~its nelghborhood., The phenomenon appeared to} 
be such as has been spoken of under the term * volatilization 
of carbo)” Me. Swan having placed the lamp at my dis- 
posal forexamination, FP have now the pleasure of Urlnging 
under*your notice the results. Under the microscope the 
smoky ¢ i on tho ghiss showed numerous bright glo- 
Fond: platinum, and more ininute particles of dark 

matte yebulous asder a quarter inch objective, A frng- | 
ment he glass being exposed to nn oxidizing heat, the 
artinily disappeared, still leaving the glass slightly 


dark sublumate ot a little distance above and below the car- 
bon penal, but not ia fmmediate juxtaposition with it-gwas 


prtion, so that the conducted heat might set upon: 

it without the fear of the blast carrying away the 

ich was very loosely atinehed. In this way the 

deposit was burat off without the mechanical action of the 

© DEBS the heat to which it hnd been subjected being that of 
Meee A piece of the glass was then treated with; 
agua regia for several days, ‘The deposit was dimintshed, 
, but far from being entirely dissolved; the solution gave un! 
* bluc reaction with yellow prussinte of potassa, and no color 
+ ation with tannin cil afded by vapor of carbonate of ammo 
nla, when the usanl purple color of ferric tunnate was de.” 
veloped, There js thus evidence of the deposit containing 
: platinum, carbon, and fron, Probably the senttering of pla. 
j Unum globules might result from the disruptive discharge 
; Which took place at the moment of the lamp breaking 
. down. —JB, S. Proctor, in the Neweustle Chemical Suciety’s Jour- 
‘nal, 


nn al a re 


Tak Amenican Exvevtuzen. — This ingenfous 


‘little instrument, advertised in ourcoltnns by Messrs. 


Vetter & Ovhmen, 369 Bowery, New York, supplies’ 


a want long felt inthe medicinal world, namely, an 


{ electric battery, cheap, powerful, convenient? durable, 


ant easily managed; and the fact of this helng en- 
dorsed by a number of leading phystetuns of New 
York is o ouflicient guarantee of the usefulnees and 
popularity of the machine, and the low price at 
which it fs aflorded (six dollars complete) brings it? 
within the reach of any one. Send for a cireu-; 


: {ORE Rh apr ieee aa. 7 
A i * 
ww Fi FSS 
vo, Platinum ‘and the Electric Light’. 
{<The high price of platinum is‘one -of the most 
:| formidable obstacles -that ‘Mr, Edison: has had to 
,| Contend with in doveloping the electric light. It 


;| 1s said, howevér, that platinum 1s more plentiful 


in this country—in -the: mining districts. of the 


| Pacifle coast— than was supposed, and tho price, 


may, therefore, very materinlly decrease in a ‘short 
time. Inthe meantime the great cost of platinum 


:{ Will probably interfere for n time with the intro- 


duction of the electric light for domestic pur. 
poacs. Tho part of the electric lamp which is 


;| rendered incandescent by resistance to the electric * 


current is made of a spiral ribbon of platinum, 


‘| and no other metal has been found which can be’ 


substituted for it, It has been found possible to 
alloy the platinum with iridium, which ia also 
hard and infusable at a high temperature, but the 
cost is still so great (some $10 or $12 for each 
burner) as to place it far above common use, Pla- 
tinum is the heaviest and most nearly infusablo 
of metals, Cast-iron melts at 2,000*, gold melts 
at 2,262", and the best wrought-iron passes into a 
liquid state at something like 8,200"; but plati- 
num, with its expensive alloys, is the only metal 
yet discovered capable of enduring the fervent 
incandescence of the -electric current. It seems 
obvious that (leaving all other difficultics out of 
the question), the electric light cannot be gene- 
rally introduced for domestic use till the indi- 
vidual lamps con be set up fora fraction of a 
dollar aplece, instend of costing $10. If the 


| standard furnishing every electric jet were worth 


$10, burglars would certainly thrive for a time, 
and the ‘number of practicable lights would di- 
mnjnish with great rapidity. It would be about os 
attractive to pliferers as a gold cagle tied to every 
gas-jet with o string. Mr. Edison's now problem, 
then, is to make platinum cheap, As it will 


‘| scarcely grow cheaper by the creation of a new 


and almost inexhaustible demand for it, the only 
hope of the inventor is to discover some great bed 
or mine of it in placer or mountain, This white 
precious metal has never been found in large 
veins, and when Agassiz picked up a lump as 
large as a pigeon's egy in the Ances, it was 
thought sufficiently remarkable to be placed on 
exhibition in a European museum, To find plu- 
tinum in large deposits is just what the world 
hos hitherto failed to do, but as Mr. Edison has 





accomplished several things that the most inge- 


| nious men had not succeeded in doing before, 


there is no saying precisely what tho hundred 
miners whom he has: set to work may or may 
not achieve in tho effort to reduce the cost of 
platinum from the price of gold to that of 
AGT. : 
se a ones) 


rp cnn pa ete in 


Progress of the Electric Light, 
Tt 18 annotineedi by ‘cable from England that 


) Mr. Edison's London patent agents have filed tha 
: final apecification for the third and most important 
English patent on the subject of the electric light, 


which relates to an clectric’ lamp or burner of, 
platinum, or of an alloy of platinum, Mr. Edison 
is atill busily engaged on the electric light, and:, 
expresses himsclfas much pleased with his pro- 
gress, When told that the {public is disap- 
pointed at the delay in the development of the | 
new illuminator, he replies that he never promised 
to complete it in-any given time, and thinks the 
public is rather unreasonable, Mr, Edison has 
expended a vast sum of money in experimenting 
with the electric light, The wherewithal for theso 
experiments, however, is furnished by “The Edison 
Electric Light Company," whose incorporation, j 
some montha ago, we chronicled. Ina recent in. 
vestigation into the progress of electric lighting 
by somo visitors, Mr. Edison said that he had 
demonstrated to himself and to his frienda that 
he had accomplished all that he ever expected to 


"in the matter. : 


“T haye supplied,” he eatd, “six electric lights 
from one horse-power, ‘These cost me Just about 


‘one-third as much as three similar gas~burners 


will cost gas manufacturers, I claim ‘that this 
solves the question,” Mr, Edison, then explnincd 
the generator to the company, and said he bad’ 
“got it pretty near'right," but there was a good 

@eal to be done yet in computing and establishing 

proportions so ns to construct alt parta of thecom- 

pleated machinery so correctly that the work 

need not be done over ngain, An intimate friend 

of.the Melno Park inventor informs us that ale! 
though Mr, Edison's annual income from hig in- 
ventions amounts to an almost fabuloua sum, he 

expends it all in experinionting, and is. really a 

poor man, Not unfrequently, the friend adds, 

Mr, Edison finds it as-inconvenient to pay his 

ordinary grocery and butcher bills as do’ the 

smallest-salaried of operators, 


i 













is 1S74 


Electric Ilumination. 









AS 


Ftehi tee ramet 
















of 


others, Sir William Thos; 
ural Vhilosophy in the University of Glasgo: 
low of St. Peter's Colle, , and Ja 






























attention to the special problem of electric Mi 


nation; and probably there is no living sazant 
carry greater weight upon 


<whose opinion would 
this subject, 
He deliberatel: 





romise in the actual 
men in the present 


Te also asserted that the electric are could be 
proluced of the power of 2,400 candles for 1 
Horse-power, or even more than 2,400, according 
to the dimensions or conditions of the are, In the 
case of gas, 1 horse-power of energy woul! pro- 
{duce a power of twelve candles, “The result of 
experinuents made at Messrs, Siemens’ Works 
at Woolwich, and of ex periments at the Natural 
Philosophy Class in the Univenity of Edinburgh, 
was that allowing the Practical estimate of ¢ ho 
-, ypower applied mn driving the er 
produced 1,200 candles of actitay 
ight, half the gioss energy went to 
electric light, while the other half 
theating different parts of the machi 


wires, 
He spoke ‘in terms of hi 
jmens Regulator, which he Fae 
‘previous to his appearance be! 

" This regulator py: 

Hig, He blew it 
relighted itself, 















ible electric 
Produce the 
Was lost in 
ine and the 






























ter than anyt 
en. It was a wi: 


to say, it had a coy 
er flowed, ‘Y 













he top of 

to time, 

carbons, compelling t fie 

utlet, and so Causing flick 

mushroom frowth Was ent 

ie Siemens wat 

i pon, but it di 
jong ths, of course, wa: tages red 
Hasrit, Svocates an elevat position of electri 

Hamps for stieet iNamin; ion, dnd also the gate 

saway with the so-called opal tlobes, which alsorh 
‘Mom $0 to 60 per cent, of the r For tong 


ight, 
raked passages he suggests the Use Of mnie. 

































Tors for reflecting the | 
_ hot accessible to direct 


N connected with 
fon. ‘This is theo. | -- 
all attempts. at sub. | ° 
ble toss o} Aggregate 


The hopes excited by Mr. Edison's 
nts havenot yet been public 
hey have really been reac 
2 AS Was stated by 

do not Lelieve this part of th 
tily solved by empirical ex; 
search and much experime! 
Fecensary; these are not Hi 


this swhject is economical 
sible; but, so far, 
¢ resulted in nota 






ALTHOUGIT the practicability of the generat in- 
‘|troduction of electric illumination vis by some 
1] still doubted, our faith is strong that in the fullness 
Yof time the electric light will be as familiar in 
ery houschold as gas-lights are now, Our faith 
strong, morvover, that this consummation is not 
‘very remole, It is true there are yet unsurmount- 
‘Jed difficullies; but the end is so desirable, and its 








his interviewers. We 
ie problem can be has. |! 





nt will sloublless prove 
ikely to be wanting, 


‘Wolucee athe 3h VET. 


Cononet. Paris, the head of the Paris fire brigade, has con- 
cluded his report on the destruction of the Printemps Establish: 
ment by proposing that large warehouses be compelled to Tigh 
by electricity, ‘The burning of the Nice Theatre, which was 

“| occasioned by a gas explosion, has given a new importance to 


is reached. The select 
tish House uf Commons, ap. 

ed to make inquiry upon the subject of public 
lighting by ¢ tricity, has had before it, among 
n, Professor of Nate 


iy |. 
tely President of 
the Royal Society of Edinburgh. £ haps no man 
of equal ability and attainments has devoted more 


» with which the motive power is supplied to the 



















ee 


Sites, 


Sos ica 


Sd 


t Which had | 








. 
He 
| 













Roport on tho Exporimonts with Elootri 


‘© Light on tho Victoria 
Embankmont, 





The joint official report of Sir J, W, Bazalgotte, 
W. Keates, the consulting chomist of the 
has recently beon mado public, and is a 
should he, 

For tho first timo in tho history of tho electrio Ii 


illumination, wo have a sories of data nid bofore us about whose aecnraoy 
there can be no doubt, Hitherto such reports have emanated from either 
Gna manngers or electricinns, whose intereata—wrongly, we think—hayo 
been held to be opposed to each other; hence the singular diserepaucica in 
the data which have been issued up to the Present time. It must by per: 
fectly understood that wo intend in no way to make the slightest impntation 
agninat tho honor ef the authors of these reports, but when one sido tells ug 
that the electrio light is cheaper than gas, and the other that gas is cheaper 
than tho electric light, wo can Only account for the discordance of opinion 
by supposing that the reporters must liave beon unconseionsly influenced 
by their anterior convictions, Tn tho present instance we have tho conelu- 
sions of two eminent public oflleials, who haye uo other interests to serve 
than those of the community at large, and who aro wholly independent of 
the ndvoentes or opponents of either ayatem of lighting, 

We regret that we cannot follow tho reportors through nll the elaborate 
series of calculations which they have Inid before ta; wo can only gather a 
fow of the reaults of their carefully conducted experiments, Ono Rrent 
point which has been decided on tho Victoria Embankment is that the 
steadiness of tho liget is ina Great measure dependent upon the regularity 
electric machine, In the 
present case this uniformity of power was scoured by tho use of a specially 

constructed 20-horse power engine, provided with om automatic governor of 
extraordinary sensitiveness, the whole being supplied gratuitously for three 
months by Messrs, Ransomes, Sims, and Head, of Ipswich, ey 

The experiments upon which Messrs, Bazalgetto and Kentes’ figures sro 
founded began on January 24, and were continued until February 5, Bu. 
days excepted, or, in other words, for twelve nights—the engino being 
driven for 6.5 hours each night, tho whole 26 lamps being lighted. ‘The 
mean daily cost of working the engine, including wages, was found to be 
£1 9s, 84, or B.24d. por lamp per hour, ‘The cost of tho wholo plant was 
£1,280, but a smaller engine would be quite auficient for the purpose; the 
capital required, therefore, might be reduced to £990, 

“The acenrate estimation of tho amount of light given off by the electric 
are and ignited carbons is,” say the reporters, “ n matter of great diMiculty, 
so much so that the best results which have been obtained can only bo 
looked upon ng fairly approximating to the truth.” ‘This difficulty nrises 
from two causes: first, from tho difference in color between the electric 
light. and any standard of light at our command; second, the fluctnating 
chnincter of the electric light. ‘Uho photomottical experiments made on the, 
Embankment were, lst, on the naked light; 2d, on a light with an opilino ; 
globa; and 3d, ou a light with a granulated globe, Tho measurements ' 


tho engineer, and Mr, 'T, 
Metropolitan Board of Works, 
model of what auch a report 


ight, as applied to strect 


* were made with an ordinary bar photomoter, fitted with a movable sereen 


with a stur disk, . 


The standard unit of light which was nacd was a sperm oil tamp, specially 
constructed for the purpose by Mr. Sugg, and fitted to the photometer bya 
peculiar balance, by which the necessity for removing the Inmp during the 
course of any number of experiments is obviated. ‘Tho unit of light given 
by this lamp was equal to 16 Parliamentary standard sperm candles, 
‘Twenty readings wero mado on each experiment, both with open and shaded 
lighte—thnt is to say, 160 on the naked light, 24 with the opalino globo, and 
16 with tho granulated globe. The following are tho main results obtained 
in thes experiments: 


Naked light..... seeeees 378.1 sperm candles, 
Opaline globo..... sate sad 
Gmnulated globo...........ccccecee ees 268.0 


Tho loss of light produced by the opaline globes is 69 por cent.; by tho ‘ 
granuilattd globes, 29.9 per cent, 5 






Taking the abovo data ns approximately correet, the gross output of light 
from the 20 Jablochkoff candles amounts to 7,662 candles, nestly 60 per 


i f the opal glass in| 
ther sortees of loss—first, from tho grentor thickness o , 
the lowerthird of the globes; second, from the fact that the most favorable 





i i t value of the}. ” 
ble degree without diminishing the apparen : 
espn i siwaila The Weatmipater and Waterloo piroyjts-cthat is to 





the total length 
ing at the Westminator end 


es, but atill without 
Wo boliove this is the longest circuit 
alternating current machine, and the 
very important bearing on the general 


© cost of a plant necessary for working 20 
0. ‘The interest on this at 6 per cent, would be 
t 10 per cont., £99, wo got a total of 
ig Which the lamps aro lighted in tho 
10 hours a day, the cost of use of plant for each 
To this wo mnst add 8,24d, per light por hour for 
light, and 2d, per hour Per candlo, making a total 
ur all the year round. 
0 cost of gas with the } 
as given above, is in round numb 
and in the granulated globe to 265 candles, ‘To 
125 candles, one of tho larger Sug, 
per hour, while to produce a 265. 
The cost of the fo 
of.the lntter at 8,51, or, 
The cost of the electric light ia, 
Gas equivalent to electric light in o; 
Ditto, frosted globv...........cecceseseesees, 3.60 
Wo have therefore, at Inst, n series of 
which cannot possibly bo doubted. 
them lave been carried out with the 
been taken to render them so correct that all fut 
will bo avoided ; the outcome of the matter boin 
possiblo manner, the amouut of illumination in b 
electric light costs 17 times ns much as g0a,—Chemic 


lochkoff lights is £99 
Wear nnd tear al 
£148 10s, Takiug the whole time durin; 
year at 8,600 hours, say 
light per hour is 0,490, 
tho cost of producing the 
of 5,78. per light per ho 
Let us now compare th 


latter figure, Tho light in 
the opal globe, 


ers equal to 155 candles, 
produco a light equal to 
g burners coneumes 48 cubic feat of gna 
candle light we should require 88 enbio 
mer quantity of gas may bo taken at 2a, 
to put tha matter more plainly— 


sreceveeees 578 por hour, 





figures on this important subject 
The experiments which have yieldod 
and every precaution has 
ure cayil or controversy 
ig that, used in the best 
being equal, tho 


| 


“tone ted na a 












cent of which is absorbed nt once by the opal globes, ‘There are also two |Re ae 
t 











RE 
PEE gs meray 





“Phe arrangements 


itis reported, 
he plan decided upon 
ngs 


(Brush system), 
completed.-“'Th 
lates for {he present the plac 


these shall have 
practice, other 
similarly 
“dynamo- ach: i 
out of the appropriation made for Ji 

idling, 
ball fy. the American Architect, 
‘another in position for the purpose 
ing alight of vast power wpon the 
dome, which shall have an ap) 
upon a large area of the city. It 














heating apparatus in f 
a dynamo-clectric machine of 175, 
power can be run.” 
ISON AND THE 


















sumers, 

nol be improted. 
trie isset fee in 

and cighty2worisalelive 

of tea ae "aK U h 
the wire the gencralor has twife 


wire. Mr, Edison's latest exper 
seven gas jets per horse-power, 
to increase the number to ten. 

platinum burner is a settled thin, 
as he secs his way to getting more 

the horse-power, he will continue 
ments, He expects to perfect his 
within four weeks. 





J 










-nuinber of sinall lights by means 
gene ' 
Messi 


almei 
undi: 
distfibuting the light, le 
laced near the cutrent penerator 
Te a very powerful onc) supplic: 
building or astreet, This lamp i 





by 
chamber of light. The lenses co: 


the light-beam. These pipes are 1 


ings. At every site street a 

branclics out of the main one, and 

I oh PF tion there is a aciector which di 
ft : side steel a percentage of the 


reflectors). = The arsan 
pared to valves and water-gates o! 
water distribution, Service pipes 


« fusion of the light when brought 4 
: of aroom, of 
G 








} reflector or 





I are dispensed wilh. Messrs 


claim that they 
i} system 195 ligh 
{) Mptit eft 

i] cost of lighting 
cost of gas. 


his per 

















“Tie E eCTRIC Liour AT WASHINGTON. — 
Nic for lighting the Capitol 


‘Bui i : Hectric 
Building aty Washington with the Re Nege apilly 


in, the 
House gLtepresentajives df Agur djyiits, 
itis poh oer ascii ase to ie é 
ren peeipcen tested satifactorily in 
ortions of the building will be 


provided with electric lamps. ‘Chrec 
areetric machines have been 








and it is even contemplated, says our 


claimed that 


vi steam power of the ventilating 
eit te Mi each wing of the building, 












motor force of any other maclfine! y f 

Kight-ninths of the current is used for thedight, 
and one-ninth is lost in the machine. Other 
machines may turn as much horse-power into ; 
current, but only deliver half as much in the 


and he expects 





Dikecr Division or THE ELectRic Lic# 
4 —Every one is aware of the difliculty of divid- , 
ing the clcctrical current so as to produce 


asystem of lenses and reflectors forming a 


whole of the light Intoas many beams of parallel 
. ; ; raysas there are faces in the chamber. From 
. ad if gt cach face a box or pipe projects which incloses 


streets and along the walls and floors of build. 


(coutrollable by changing the position of the 
wement may be com. 


tors) Iead from the sircet pipes to the lamp. 
posts and the buildings. The manner of dif- 


| » is determined by the form of 
ms employed, and the colour of 
| ¢ ' the light can be modified hy means of coloured 
} E ‘ i glass slides, Regulators and lamps (besides the 
j One referred to) with the attendance they requite 

tera and Cebtian 


are able to produce by thei 
jorsc-power, giving o | 
valent to 1958 candles, aud that the 
is_ less than one-twenticth the, 





ELECTRIC LIGHTING IN PARIB:=: > 


| ‘Tu electrical Mumtnatton of the Palais de l'Industrie, In 
{which 
‘Ttirely on the Jablochkoff system, and the whole Installation 
was completed by the company in a week, 8 very short 
apace of thne, considering the Inrge number of‘ candles 
(250) and he amount of. power ¢ 0 hh. p,) required to drive 
the machines, In the absence of comparative dimensions, 
the maln building of the Palais may be considered about as 
‘Harge as tho Agricultural Hall, longer, but not so wide. It 
Is provided with sixty Jablochkoff candles, inelosed in the 
ustial opal globes, of which about half are standards, and 
the rest pendent from the galleries, It must be confessed 
that, though the IIght Is perfectly suited to « 
bition of plants interspersed with statuary, exercising no 
injurious effect on the Intter as gas would do, the number 
of Sights was insuficient for perfect Hhimiuation, In the 
galleries above, ‘however, where the pictures are hung, the 
resulé ix far more satlafuctory. Here pendent Hghts aro 
placed about S0fect apart, and the globes are frosted, thus 
allowing probably 90 per cent, of the light to penetmte 
them, instead of only SU per cent. ax with the ordinary opal 
glot In nddit ion to this the rays are confined, and to 
some extent thrown on to the pletures by metal shades, 
For the motive power and electric machines .a_ shed has 
Deen put up on the south side of the Palais, containing four 
ines of the Sociité Centrale de Constructlon, Pantin, 
. The sheet tron stacks, afording mutual strength, 
are led ogether above the wmnnin building, while the ex- 
haust steai 80 much of It, at least, as is not condensed in 
n feed-heater—ts carried up by a pipe in the middle of these 
stacks, The engines are of the compound semi portable 
type, two of 100 and two of 80 hore power, Each small 
engine drives two Gramine electric-light machines with Its 
exeitatrice, or ordinary Gramme machine for magnetizing 
the Inductor of the former, and also for intensifying tho 
alternate currents, The two Inrge engines work with two 
pulleys and belts, cach on toa main ehnft, pulteys and belta 
‘from which drive twelve electric-lght machiucs, with thelr 
ercitatrices, Each dynamo-electric machine supplies elec: 
‘trleity for four circults with four candles each. 
A great improvement hos quite recently been introduced 
into the method of changing the candles, In the Avenue 
de Opéra, a man hos to go to each Inmp when the candle Is 
nearly consumed, and, by means of 2 sw! turn the cur- 
: rent from this toa new candle, Now, however, 0 switch or 
{commutator fs placed in the clreult near the operator, by 
means of which he can momentarily Interrupt the cur- 
rent, thus shrowing ont the candles burning, and then 
immedintely re-establish the current, obliging It to pass 
through whichever of the remaining canter in the 
Tasnp presents the least resistance. In the armngement at 
the Palos de Mindustrie all the commutators, which are 
Hittle disks af wood with metal connections and blndin; 
screws for the wires, are arranged on a board and numbered, 
“so that the operator can renew or extinguish the lights of 
nny clreuit he pleases, By means of a small key Inserted 
_ inthe center of the disk he turns the switch so o8 to break 
contact, and then fmmediately re-establishes ft, the Interrup- 
; fon Jasting only a cto of n second, 


ight |. 


, conteinpry 


Mall of 
ayhich, |i . 
fo 


urchascd 
ighting the 


“ to place 
of supply- 
top of the 
jatile effect 










000 candice 













iments give 


Je says the 
jut, so long 
light out of 
his experi- 
experiments 


of a single | 


electric Jainp 

{which may 
s light for a 
is surrounded 












While on the subject of the electrte ight it may not be 
suntss to conclude this article with a fow deinils of “the ilu. 
intintlon of the Hippodrome, which afforded interest to 
many Paris visitors last year. ‘Two 100 bh. p. compound en- 
gines of the Socitté Centrale, named nhove, drive twenty: 
four ordinary Gramme machines and three multiple-current 
‘Tmachines, Theso latter, with three of the former for thelr 
creitatrices, supply the current for sixty Jablochkoff candles, 
V white the remaining Gramme machines (one probably being 
1, It reserve) actunte twenty Serrin Ininps, ‘The lights are ju- 

dictously disposed, and the effeet is all that ean be desired, 
; Although there are a great many gas jets In addition, they 

serve rather for effect than to.increase the Muminating 
power, All the lights are arranged so that they ean be got 
at easily without the use of Indders, The twenty Serrin 
;| amps or regulators, ag they are called, with reflectors, are 
jnelosed in trucks made to slide in and out, for cleaning, 

e., on the nenrly flat portion of roof over the spectatura, 
| Twenty of the Jablochkoff candtes are ‘carried by brackets 
i pivoted to the columns fupporting the main girders of the 
| buitding, and capable of being swung round within reach. 
| Twenty more are hung between these columns, and may be 

lowered to the floor; and the remaining twenty are disposed 

in clusters of five ench on the four large columns that sup- 

port the girders on which slides the movable roof, The 
:} whole cost, including malntenance and interest on capital, 
"| at $00 fr, for'n performance; that is to say, 100 
tH hour, which {6 revanted ns cheaper thin gas, 
far more convenient. ‘The Jublochkolf system 
Ja also used for tho illumination of the exhibition of paint 
ings by onclent masters and at-the outdoor. instrumental 
concert of the Champs-Elysées, 


nicentrate the 


aid along the 


smaller pipe 
at their junc> 
tts intu the 
ight received 








fn systein of 
{with reflece 











jo the cciling 





















fi 2 
ie! 


















i 
\ 





subi 


of anexhi- | 


the Horticultural Exhibition was lately: held, fa en- : 

































tions “for conditions, 
» but nt present do not 
of clectrio currents 


them, 
bulky blue-book, 
with interesting 
{ siderable value t 
2 anilet 


{ 


at present 
ight. ‘Th 


Uaco-Farmer niachines, and';* 
1 Jablochkoff and tho Rapicif «ystems of 
electric lighting, together with somo other mat. 
ter of inte: a cunnestion with 
Gd, 
















tion of energy ii 
‘Thus the energy of one-horse 
verted into guslight, and yi y 
«qual to I2-candle power, But the same amount 
of energy transformed into electrio light produces | 
F 1,600-candle yower. Tt is not therefore surpris- 
‘Jing that while-many practical witnesses. 990: 
“d] serfous ditticultics in ‘the speedy adaptation of 
tho electrio light to usoful purposes of illunina- 
tion, the scientific witnesses seo in thin economy | 
of force the means of great industrial develop- 
ment, and believe that i the futuro it is destined 






Possess no monopoly of lightin; 
private houses” boyond that 

















3 
; 
i 
4 








ny 

howover, do not 
et arrived to givo 
lectrio compauics to 
























i a \/ 
eneral powers to private cl ; y 
break up tho streets, unless by consent of the | 
local authoritics, 1 is, howover, desirablo that 
local authorities should havo the power’to give 
fncilitics to companies or private individuals to 
conduct, experiments, When the progress of 
invention brings a domand for facilities to 
transmit clectricity as’ ourco of power 
and Light from a common centro for manufactur. 
ing and domestic purposes, then, no doubt, tho 
publiv nust receive compensating advantages for 
i monopoly of tho uso of tho strvots, As tho 
timo for thin has not arrived, your Committee do 
not enter.into this subject further in detail than 
to say that in auch n caso it might bo expedient 
to yivo to tho municipal authority a proferenco 
during a limited period to contro tho distribu- 
tion and use of the clectric light, und failing 
1] their acceptance of witch preference, tint any 
monopoly given to a private company aliontd “bo 
restricted to tho short period required to remune 
rate them for tho widertaking, with a reversion- 














HOS, 








Sat gga 





NTE ae ti ale 


ary right in the municipal nuthority to purchaso 
he plant and machinery on ensy terms. Dut at 
tho presont tino your Committeo do not consider 
that any further specie recommendation is 
peconenty than that the local auth # should 
havo full powers to uso tho electric light for 
‘purposes of public Humination; and that the 
‘Legislature should show its willingness, when 
tho demand ariscs, to give all reasonable powers 
for tho full developinent of electricity ns a source 
of power and light. 
' ‘Tho report was drafted by the chairman of tho 
Committee, Dr. Lyon Tlaytair, and, after a fow 









i 


petertworversced 

















shed, 
In considering how far the Legislature should 
“Intervene in tho present condition of cleetrio 
{ {Ughting, your Committee would observe, gener- 
ally, that in a system which is developing with |* ‘qmendments had boon mado, wi adopted as tho 
senarbatls mapitlity iY it sould Abs Lapin eran ‘ roport of tho Committee, who dividod twico only 
‘thore wero any leyislative restrictions calculati ively: 
* -to jnterfere witht int doyelopment. Your Com- poe the m,n. sautterd of “comparatively: 
tilttev, howover, are not in a position to make]: . 


_ ; 














Eo ee 















aaa 


co's 


ra, and 


aera 





sR 


i cette: disposition: les tables ti NN) vant d’dtre urgentés a ivre- doivent suble: " eetricit i uf m0 aa propo 3 
i S io cuivre: dove! ‘ ang, and meter or ot! meecity or other 5 4 mi 
=EN' waht , pr other fittings, or to let meters or other charge tho borough fund, a8 proposed by the Bil,” but the Com. | motors had inada tn tho preambl th i 
nble was the omission of the worda 


sass 


< 


a 


eee Fed 


—_—_——_— 
—SSSS SS 





; a que pour éclair 
wae Sizras ottide | seater |}: Ajoutons que eon i 
eanued ppotivons que nous-ranger aVavierde sad He ; : % atbme-Jab ko! ea 5 HIE LIVERPOOE 
; rjumitrs électrique: App que fluide “électr a Scents “tng: fore’ ‘Tux report of the ceatire NG BILL, — 
«des offets de + ‘Actionnées pa es. machines & vape ; electrio Ughting, although weatfon of | £2, faellittes to t ‘i: By iMr, Agemnatte: ‘Ther 
Torée;"par'suile aprodui tublenuxdes' o iaino-: |i total -de 270 chowuux vape AO toa dl compar aera Taaoas 
-color i reolument imp avu8 gb que'n’avaient cortaine-* |: ndant! Exposition i ; newly possessed all ne "yt | authorities | p id not interfere with the treats, io eet 
spuances ba ° 2 to : a ing this method resort”"—would de] ‘ 
: é seed «iaes a U industri, est montée sur ” : fc he various cn pend ‘on the reault 
i . . edltasumisre |; @ ppliquées.t ’ anléri n 2 Pood : ir porn supplying churches, ‘Th poration conte 
étaient exposées Iles aBuvTes dig ta sculpture, ne si us des Ch Son aspoot erent ‘aire que | f , We Laverna tet in lagen of publte resort, 1°) WON Hinkt the'supy to bond fe « 
wig ineufigante 61-4} Fats Woe fantastique, el Von pout ons public authori advised the Corporation that it 
* ina Te im silo ces engins, ceu qu’anime lacvapour.? fae 1g plus ra: q thia kind, this Bill because thoy requlred power ter tena eeeced with 
10 oop ne cae’ do lumi ont:encore difficites vf eo loetyaligor aqui-travaillere lg plus Fa- Y 
us firtetmiltences de Legeranabennn re défauts:d’homo-~’ Vélectricité, semblent rive 2 1 Would bo eateat bo get, xpress powor to break MP nlrcetn ke 
-Sviter; parall-il; Lanes oot ani |) geusement : volants el pouli burnenyement. snetallique a Pera pe necessary for th 
: 516 dang:la matiére des ora. * ‘ 1 cece tee te tpes,. € Rraasey, and M . AsptNAtb: A. place of public resort 
; Seal voy moins rougedtre de la lumidre, jprockde : ‘cal ou claquent.Jes uncs contre les.nutres,, cl - they met on Mont is matter, and there }, must | public had access to th iniatone Ent Ce 
«trop bleudlre eu presque mie s-qui.errent gh at li: poration ll 1 ted ta clo this than that of 1 Corporation in Inelide then in the a eee “vont coat he would 
ere ane : phar s 3 whl i petition was not. 
. ; niernyons’ do ‘ va. an enwoirait que tout ce Moy idder, QC, making this experiment 
 Toration 2! ‘quand Ja: fabrication des Mee cles pivols; on ervirall quer : + AC. an Li it w ‘ (supposing it to bo only Wwaya and coaches, which we 
lioration 2 espérer, ds‘ et’ surtout ‘quind foyers ou lubrifle ia que ‘puiseance diaboliqae- oe. tated iaatight | Q. was clearly for the benefit of the country that fe neriment), |. Dhid closed the case for the romolen reeled by the railways, 
; ; + ‘ ° . ns powers were given to th 9 long ago aa 1866 
ese trouvern en mosore de four 8 Nt et de ax, Lanse on Kees ta Ba day ar ey ctl peg 
gis 5 1 ‘un 7 Ss powers were given it, surely it ght, it would Iho wrong and ginlation upon clectric 
Lité suffisante pour yépondre 4 es y it was rij b ng and unfair to the Gas Company to 
The Gas Company alleged , Hehe 
+ : : to the Cornontt in thelr p a ir undertaking, The Committ 
qualité des produits. ae : : a dot | i Da wet of the exclusive and other powers 0 Rranting AXt the close of Mr. Asvinsty’s address, the cee 
La diflérence d’tclairage’ des ‘tableaux! proven i i competition and would be unjust to your petitioners ;” nt he preaebi at the aut mn Comuittes nd decided to pass th 
1 Pee fate, ears would tg . i" nble of the with certain amondmenta which ¢) 4 
trotivail uni appareil constitué par: le: double ‘crayon Pro ve : anil experimental ompany. ‘They alan aald, “Tha undertaking | punto the Corte toed eat ce captcha of pall wy cs 
rouval 5 i Lace Salo o ‘ ati ona se pa ae . «l experimental character, and 4 pa thee ent of public lighting 
t ir‘de:lumiére et par ‘on -réflecteur'de forme vearréey H co ae ‘Papretive: ability 3" but the ight had been oe pubttal ati and practice { “Tho Committeo then adjoin vo’ 
ducteur ‘de unr panneau teomplet. |} pécapage dé rép : ralne 2! j ig cnouzh in lighthouses, | tunity of consflering the vaca te givo ‘the parties an oppor. 
i i } ve Irpos “ine te , ents, 
hee eee uu dorés: les objets en themselves first of afl perenne at . auuin, The Conan Jonger ong of doubnl practicability. ‘Then, | | On Thurad: 
Liva:sans ‘dire; quey pa ent trop ‘beu-' es : well by agreement to any fh ‘ompany alleged that “this was o schemo for the} tion of the Bil, orang the Commtttee resumed thelr considera. 
ods :juste en ft ta lumiére se trouvatent® Ree RS cuivi n composition a i 
placés juste en face do la g{: cuivre ou ¢ bs absolument:indispel ! ent aking the Carorton ible to eae ft na righ to 
s Ty teat he 34; = eee ey ati it any future te (Averpool, there was a surpl v 
désagréables j que ceux plucés un'peu , ees - Biren sable, celle ‘du décapnge.t °* aeyiety caren cal jon on tho subject, ant it was proposed to inmerbatouar lees Mr, Miciiar observed that this aarp ad not point to the pre Aer tiy leettie lighting. Thts alteration, ho argu 
ey : ove étaient ‘conv ue 1 * atest -Tonéralion qui ‘a pour: . . supply of gaa hy the Cai horenf pe ch is » rather than o restriction, of the posedd 
au-dessus ol nU-dessous des-foyors,' CN + On désigno ainsi Vopera THEDY of yaa by tho Corporation, aa Ifthe Corporation did that, | "Th Si hnol 
{ peting with tho company, and thie th that | The Ciratnstan asked wh inent of the Cammitt 
a : @ they bad AN nsked whero was the propoal in tho BU to] the refectionf thagrecbh ee? He accordingly axked for 
ite as ar [gab des ombres? “ ned dergruvase ou d’oxyde qui thought determine on. the right : Sir EB of the proamble, 
‘Aifait-inguffisante;: de 1h;:des reflels afer : srussurit de toute: trace gras 4 tl " » rightness or wrongness of thi Sir E. Becker replied that there was = : 
toutid fia 3 vent curiduges;‘mais: non}, peach A ace ou'le teenies TT dat-nécussnice, pour # iv consideration of how far it complied with the Te et by wena oily the proposal to raise £50000. AE chee a there one, CHauatas guated that the Cemmitteo Ware decidedly of 
: rts : : getal déposss Report, but, in somo reapecta, fell sh 1 had no right, quid C + ration should only be allowed to make 
youlves: Il nous paralt’A peu pr ; . In’couchs d'or, argent ou: : : prrtant conductor of thet ecard are OF Tee ihe, first ins |v ht, qui Company, to say anything nganst that, for ft | competition ¢ 
‘ Boat ‘ upack. que as , rr a cot: ‘ N hat Committee was this —"'S, was an established practice that ci petition or interfere with the exi 
tationida hombre des lumpes aurait remédié ae? me i wh sur un ubjat métallique: soit cadhérente; 5 eS ahi méiali Temi aon to tia thst ae ina nivendy gone there Sir te ik rk ae alo a Cinpraton feet Bl inthis vay. tithe lending cous Iter Deaton to mpm ran ean aed 
sucebbit ig : y 5 joube that IL Haw established ftaelt for | erthe breaking wal The meee toe ate Go i unsel for the Corporation wero not 
: A ‘ tho breaking up of the streets, unte: 2 Company to object | an adjournment of a few hours was ordered, present, ond 

e Quant Wk grande: nef: du texto-ch Oe a wae 1 Vai allinge amené'h Pétat de purelé ipeierenerh mietrical places, auch a4, aqninres, public halls railway stattonn, | prereeyete ho peation caieaeae shi danger a pe te a expiration of 
‘ ne lai lecluewx; : ; Sm oalgth uivre lerni,; ou Conve! with workel " jon :—""'The passing of the propored work | degrec of a speech which was in so 

Jwiaculpture; léclairage élaitabsolumen | paserelief, une statuette en cilivre : . h workehips In any generat sense, though they sout if 1 rk | degree n reply {to that of Mr, Asriy, ne 

: ‘ ht os hi 2! ALL On Afonday: tint. tho 
; need in Paris for light ; position of life), witt : i 
c : ees ; dome , 3 4 “ ms shting shops which require a light by w of life), without conferring any countervalli: 
Aénorme: porte de Jumidre résullant dela Lacon - . qu'im purfaiteme at hi couche Wor ou d'urgents diferent calours may be distinguished, and ias recently belch Me Ua Cen sparngraph from a supplementar pet cant ih the Corpetnageion of expedicney, flea are it to be expedient that 
votdu manquede réflexion parle vitrage qui:luisse raverse err premibra phinse ame purposs with satisfactory results, Many’ | scheme for mapas uel that Fartament shut authorise an at and for a Hmited period, rm el for the purpose of expert. 
are , A i ¢ Pd vera for vid 

Jesirayons lumineus; ‘au tieu'd i ; fond de aiecess, Compare with gaa, tho economy for equal illumination | or other local authority or public if ‘ 4 ration | probe ‘Pho they propo ta amend th mention Bat pot for 

oe pes a cone ore ‘les snions de, |, eee Juides company ; and then invited the | such manner that { 

Cetvinconvénient Tie''s'est! pas prisunté dang ies Sie” : mains; goit:de celul ; not gu into the fast point, but the Re = ’ er that tt should declare it to. be Taw! , 
ete ile {blunche gorvait“en fe du contact de Lvanoplustiques ov i © Although in some caves the hs nel pabeatieny Ripa tha beyond the recommendations of the ucts Cees ies at t hath from the Int of Septomber, 1870, and forth P uring five 
intube ‘S16 qual candle- | did, these t| lighting streets and pl purpose of 

ae ‘ie ‘gorte:"de reflealouir; pour Fenty dye ea terre Ia Nus |! quels ont oO ravail:ides soudures-quat pies in un the nef tha locke ‘ did, they would not pass it; but if it did not, then they would, pore, for the Corporation “o aus let {ie no other Dur 
elque « i re ) 1 : ‘ ¥ i mnsity ins the advantage.” ‘That paras . igh Surther, to 

chy iia nin dth : xraph was intended to linlance betw its Paras | Hvidence In support of the Jil! was then taken, y 
it u ee dorer ou a:argenter a ‘ ne Farge pace con ‘i between the evitence that ina} Mr. Deacox, the Liverpool Borougl en sineer was the first Breer ey nd neatted an Interpreting cana decoding 
olBnaftn: Praeeeey emer itt; ea : ca ates enuyeyadyaty ee ieht had tho adva ‘, | ¥ nO ASW > 
“enti dispeition or real; sino impos: | a cramps oh Alo ei ha at | a aa ne mets feel Hele oe Gl al Cane a reel 
gurun vaste! espace“ rer dg Mente; B lectric Hight waa required not only for the neighbourhood of | Harbour Boar; any railw: on or the Atersoy Docks anil 
oo pS Men , - rt ‘ tation, public slaughter! 
pour Stre avanta ae indiquéen arlant: dia bronzage;'¢ H H +4 ray "a a uf hterhoure, and 
. nous VavonsHindiqu ‘en pl 7 tes dere: competition with gas for the ordinary purposes of di i 
» anvechuraitida: venir d’én hat ive ‘ ussiér de charbon deamouttes a i aupply. In considering how. fi 7 domestic | Jamps, each of which would give a power of 1200 or 1100 candles, | added tl 
Sail mis Jes muvre sur unifeu ‘doux de poussi€ ld na how far the Legislature should | and in that way they would fo able to replace fifty of the present Corporation froin changing’ more “tha the a the 
, s : ; v cost of the 
gr dtules enlley | leveloping with remarka it Ww i 
i ‘ nns Val dadiccate Tor! le isa! , i Soret i eritativs to rapity, it would re Inmentable if | with tha gnslights, ‘Tho engine in St George's Hall would] Mr, Aspiva 
“Malkjequelles'que’ soient les critiques quel ‘onialt puitor ‘ aidétruire Si lesobjotsusont deli that development. Your Committee, hi niveer " Ai labarlote with | suffice for this purpose. His concluston was that the electric accordance INALH again naserted that tho preamble was not in 
f pas ; vily a'uany Io tentative corps ‘ony des poudures ficllement Tusibles; 1 to make recommendations for conditions wi nel tnay? a poedtion Hight pet ae be more uulvantageous and cheaper than gas in large | refection, but beaters athe Committee, and asked for its 
fulteedtty anindetan 8 réuhis ‘par des ‘BOW is arise, but at presont do not exist, na to the distribution of clectric neoustle ant sin interiors. ‘There were also sanitary and] ‘Tho Comunittes, attor a brio consultation, parsodl the preamble 
petit oh edd se'-hy soleil! i - pawer. No legislative 
progrds'rdnlisé stir le’passe: Autrefois;t0 soloillcauché; iy sonpnt .Vimmersion® . nt Titments, much an theatres, halla, See ara te neneten ae ree eee! engines now hind to be used nt a great cost. With 
Ce:bain;lcomposdida'dixparlivs.¢ cnt poe tricity for thelr own use,” Uf, Sit B, poaer yl tom mirtend bree ig pone crea act 
é ’ poration wero the proprictors’ of hathy, for instance, it would be |" Mr, Dracoy was cross-exatnined at considerable length by Mr. 
. ‘i rien au yi H1agsrapideme: 
Salon du soir ne le cédera en rien ou presque. ri ‘ontrd diaulant pluszrepideme | h 
Salen ad aoenaee rebioperd © ‘ren dns des djages da coe pore and there yea be no breaking up of the streets | expensive, he was inconsistent fn now taking the view that it 
alon du jour. (doit dtra‘conte 1S : that leniedistely proposed oe at n wires or gas pipes. But what | would be economical, Mr, Deacon explatned that the aystem In 
: } 1 dy was to use the electric light in | the Aventie de Opera in Paris was an extravagant one, and onc 
tent il’ it rien, unc lumiers. - sntients(gondt 
cir-mig quelque chose Ih ot il n’y aval healer at ontient (gone! i es gieesustess inc th n 
; oan UT OSI a‘ou re noit bres abe abhi RA * dott ¢ steam engine in Geo ‘o's Hall, which waa required for | in contemplation, the electric light would be eh: than ge 
ut-Otre mais qui-cxiste la’ ve aes sgouvercid afiniWomwnp i § other proves in tho day, could be economically tied during the | Tho promoters wonght power wo supply, Itaces af ube resort, 
Fen ERS 
: used for sending the Ight across the street to the London nnd | music halls, and possibly restaurants. Ife did not thin 
Ya shiares, but that 
os to make the Postmaster-Cieneral | for driving electric machines, and also because he t 
andalsoto guardagainat | public would demane better {Ilumination, and alao because he waa 
of heating, &e. 
The Cintas observed, upon this line of cross-oxamination, 
ments in Liverpool, he did. not think the Committee had to gv 
into the effect of the Bill on the gna shares, 
the existing companies. 7 
ra {The CHansax said tho only protection they had to consider 
The C ful th i ] tection they had t fd 
This point was further anmied, without any distinct result, am 
Mr, Deacos, in answer to the Committee, said tho engine at th 
itt al lights in the Ticton Reading Koon 
dlsteibutors of t “y Rclent there would be no iticult 


) 970 lampes 
. qaboratems' En “efit; Ia slurmiere ité;.ello s’cst ‘souvent yaient sleir . Hori. Again ;—« 
‘Péclairago du Salan 0 manqué “ ng | ¢ ur. Lusi lumi : 1 expected, was nat muillle have been compani 
{sur les lk iL dcaterehenl . x ‘question whether or not important 9 tag h city fo light thelr own buildinge Deletes fillway 
né-lesiurtistes.’ Dans lo grande hnofy! ob continuor do fancier ee aon 7 Of te gl bab oS pean al 
aE : z w a x jot think the Co: 
> ment’ pas’ cherché es! are 
lon of Liverpool resolved H vosition of th Mr. Ray 
ty : ra : 1 » Rarnen, ‘Town Clerk, 
per : : " fonclionne ‘cous quiengendrent = t / egeaetained Ly Mr. Pore, sald ho hind 
-eAnquoi ont-lonu Tes ddfauts re chase the services of ongincers, and money to pur. 
: a “cass a for other pu 
virnent avec une v! : 
rset vain’ tho Postmaster-G. ho protectl 
y souvent ‘ 1-Genernl, jon of 
; In-coloration; Sot verligineuse, font. entendre ,U ah and | whieh [people anluht wo without spectal vermt a 
; mu : i y jal permission, and if th 
, Beas gonienth z £ OG, and Mi ned iy 38, 
6 awa! otasune' grande amé- |. . ‘pour -charger les » and Mr RS, Wright ‘ape, n Py 
" .de-la mime ‘causes Wy a'donc do ce cot 5 5 n’étaiont jos ouvriers qui,erren po »y was willing to take up that position, and pent Tee te i. rightly used in this case any more than it would be in rd to 
United Gaslight way 
ae . . aa ? mule by a wealtl: 
. aura fait'de nouvenux progres” - 5 test Pauvre de qu ealthy public body, Besid Mr. AsPiNALL proceeded 7 . 
charbon acla fois uno:quan vemeon' les, an long ag a 18 v led to nrgue the case for the Gas Com. 
: 3 : tre Ia pool should have them now, seeluy wl a6, Ang ver- | this isolated Bi! , 
demandes, sans pour, cela négliger en aucune man" | : Sit Ee I ° ol tn the ties Fy ToT eee as the Company lind for ao tong fait 
ha ings ees a 1 the nal ; , 
compe ‘ in would subject your petitfoners ta unduo an i by ond afters Jong conference the partes wero readinitted. 
forme ct:'du'-nombre i des lampes: “Dans ‘chaque -galon: #0 s - aintained that there would be no conipetition between the Cor. 
i a): Proposed to by . . 
e authorised by the said Bill is of an entirely novel by electricity, 
A BIN now 
. - A t ani quite long enough ta 
cagsez. large pour. ‘la: renvoyer: sur ig enough to justify the Corporation in saying the 
places of public resort light i} carrying 
eas! | pues aul meters produced by ‘el y vi out of which the Corporation ought not to be allowed to| Mr. ABPINALL stated that the only amendments which th 
to en Pg at thie et uvais: et: A cae! nf tho jirposes of this ah ‘ pany had no righ ay anything iments which tho pro. 
talement‘éclairés ct! présentaicnt: des sreflets, mal ie une opération préliminaire is section. ‘I'hero wasalso a | healed le: 0 right to way anything about the borough funds; and| “for public and private purposes "in the passage pre a 
‘ for protecting tha gas com ox, : argue 
or aie eget a mmpany against the manufacture and | fereattcr of theexperiment, hut to theclarges that mightbemade | powers, and was, therefore, not in accordance with the 
Ta haxitiat ‘Vétaientd'uno : A r Uiqué:d: tecouveirs 60] & Wie naked fer 
Aa? ‘dataien a nétall 7 ¢ 
ment éclnivés; mais que Jes nutres't n parfaitument propre Jn surface 1 i\ no tight and didnot propose to do, ‘The Committee would, he charge this on tho borough fund; and Sa con 
tl sequence of a remark by Mr, ASPINALL, 
des altérations do: couleur gou' Irie feneral Committee. In bis opinion it did not go bey: course the charge would fall on the ratepayers 5 y 
as certain qu'une augmen- de Loutautre m ot go beyond that he rat epovers 3 but the Company | a sctentific experiment, and should not be ‘allowed to enter into 
ive ene ‘ i +e 0 
i nconvénients. be ; * urface de'celuizci soit comp: lighthouse ilumninath i q 
de ces 1 tivssée; consucréd A |} objet; que Ja sur mt itary mi jon, and t+ fitted to iumine largo sym. thereby ta thelr show damage | tho interval, 
: 1 wark: Tho C 
de-luti ‘ieait win en Relies he Corporation did not propose to interfere | would inflict very great and unnecessary loss on th holders | Ce 
a ape : ‘ int ‘de-: : Fi Aer i eal w te ow! , i he sharcholders | Corporation i} 
A 1 te ombra: Lro! reatreint ‘de-luinpesy . cor a rail; ab gurtoul ne rotion a deal with thelr own shops, ‘The Report cont ht power In your petitioners’ Company (many of whom a inado further amendments in th |. ‘They 
plusieurs causes!: le: 1 p {ouvert de -grisy ne receviail; a ‘ nue -—" Te ts re in an hutnble proposed first to make the paragraph df the preamble depts 
du déeapage a. pour trlals have been mae for street MMumin 
A a 4 ation with preater or | 
lo les: renvoyer vers le ‘sol, «te asuvrent les objets et: tor Jena | purpose should he conferred on them, and not Ci ' 
of Jes corps! gras qui couvren | , es Fi ddivea nul yet appear. to be onichustvely i a on any Corporation | protit.. ‘Then they proposed to amend tho fi 
her ory Ls - tad onclusively establiahed.” He would | Comittee to consider this shuple quest! to he Tavrfat during va 
% kun faux :plafone © “fesidpreuves + ' 
Iheu au : ; ; - ane ip “objet i: i pavrer ison the wide of tho electric light, yet in other cases yaa | he thought, necessarily pass the BIL, avol bigull 
I hres autres; soit! ea nts i y void -ambiguity o4 to. the mean! a j 
midre'dispersée'en huuleurs doar &é- composé de plusieurs fragmit™ ange place which could be iMluninated by one light the electrte | wi interpreting clans, dosti 
dedo:stattes répar' ies i ic} witness, Ho repeated rome of the ovidence he save before the} Act, while a place of public resort would be any premises bel 
sien ye" fTanit “ Unqueationably tl oy Docks nivd 
fj “Losddgriissage sopbreen chuw es ‘ Unqueationably the electric light lias not wade that progress | St. G 
Ltda acs tel aor Pear cdoi ' cesta which would enable it in ite present condition to ress | St. George's Hall, hut alsa for the landing-stages on the river, theatre ; 
ssiblé, 1a rénlisation d'un conde na at ‘ntenkité sul ne jon toenter into general | In front of the St. George's Hall they would ba able to fix three Usrernnant Board might fo tie Paiteyiea ed te Leal 
». Mr, Port 
iy ot : us se : nit | intervene In the present cond { electri % 
3 diins tinjour comparabled A at ata dont Ja temper! : ent condition of electric Hghting, your Com | gastights, : ‘ 
Me ar 4 Pais ratelt ‘ leurs ‘auteurs neur, do-braise‘ou' dans un four: dont Ja tempe (he anittes wauld observe, generally, that In ting, your Com | gasiights,| At the darkest point botween two of there Iawupa | experiment fh tlie Dincer above defined, and elt 
cali tu'dilés avitient! regu duns V'atelier do leu! . Jévéo pour braler tesigral it i gen power of Msty-lour, as aga twentsaoven | Caeporation tha they had now te the Wishes of tie Gomme 
* * ? ui Ce 
rrivibs, il hren est pas moins'vrai qu et dé: sdulpture!:un irentiplico KRY i 
t; (uettresn ipginture et dd) in dai MIRO 2iOnireniy \ currents for lighting lc advantages In the electric Hyht, and it would be very | a8 uy 
iiton de'pel an la: chaldure rpaut: ii pane on 8 sta ree currents for lighting private houses from 1 central source of | vatuable as n distributor of force to warehouses ‘and other inces inquiry closed. me inuass were.then gone through, and the 
ied ea fev re RE “Phot nous! pouvons® dtre 
‘Shlbndevait'se fernter,) aujourd'hui,’ NOUS! pon eg 
Shs ahd ata edi nethi gl! . jou: dloigné;: 1d : ta sfacitomiont 1s 7m 
certains que; dins'tin ‘tenips probablement yp uslique, ddgrnisse tres* i we quite true that they would requlre no fresh legislative powers to | Brnneit, mainly with . 
? apply this light, because the works would be entirely on their Report aly with 9 ew Pt erin Tari ne 
rosteee= pit cand progrés déji: que d’a- rare ih Voxeluaion! desifuicne $m Pa 
est-ce-pas, du reste, Un & progres déjt eh Vexclusi vale aitieda jal the St, George " tial, cha I 0 Library, tho Walker Art Gallery, | which he would not recommend the Corporation to adopt; and 
lomeéntr duce a eatin; im, and for that purpose the existiig | contended that under certain conditions such na those at present 
night for genorating the requisite electricity. It could alao be | and that definition ho should think would mean thontres, station 
North-Western Hotel, aud the Alexandra ‘Theatre, if they were | would depreciate tho valuoof tho Gas Compan ie th 
In that case they would go near { thera would be large Increaso in the demant for for engines 
fought that the |Saampiies 
satisfied that when tho Company fount their 10 por cent. waa not: 
no easily earned, thoy would find other uses for yas intho way’ - 
thatthe Committee had nothing todo with this question of thegas 
shares, If the Corporation nsked for powers to make Improve. 
‘Mr. Brppen contended that that lad everything to do with the 
uestion, and that i¢ was tho practice of committees to protect 
o 
i cl h | was that of the exlating rights of gas companies, 20 that ther 
id | should not bo unduly tauched. see - 
St. G Ye Iiall was of about 10-harse power, and i$ woul 
the neces power for the three ug be had mentonec 
bie al ve rere 
and in reply to Mr. Pork he ev 
's Hall and its nelgbdourbos - ¢ 


gas 
her elevating, 


not be necessary, tf 
kL have ta: be placed nearve tot 
Db experbvents 


net crveexamlued, but ba 
wv should advise that the 
oukl by at au elevation of 


















ar 


LA CORRESPONDANCE SCIENTIFIQUE tah 





-intdreseant-de connaitre Ja 1 
+ nef"etidans Io buffet 
Ventréo et dans 
“éelaird par 2,” 
L'Eleetricitdajoute quo toute cette qnantité do foyors_lumi- 
noux est alimentdéo: par.18 machines Gramime,: mises en mou- 
vement par doux locomobiles, . 
« A chaquo machine h Iumidro correspond une excitatrice, co 
ui expliquo In présence de vingt-quatre courroies, Mnis l’instal- 
ation est organisée avec une symetric. si -parfaite que: Von-n’est. 
point choqué doa multiplicité do ces organs, 
fils mérite uno attention toute spdeiale; 
quatre-vingts commutateurs qu’ont lien les 
igics & distance ct sans sadéranger de Pusine; 
aque machine & humiére sortent dix fils. Huit de: ces fils 
amidre (quatre pour l’aller ct quatre- 
deux i Pexcitatrice (Pun pour aller et Pautro. 


¢ Larrangoment des 
crest at moyen de 
changements de bor 
«De ch: 
sont destinds aux circuits Ah 
pour lo retour) & 
pour le retour), S ree “ 
« Loa commutataurs portent des parties ettivre et des parties 
isolantes, et il suffit de lour imprimer un simple mouvement 
angulairo do 180 degrds an moment ot lez bougies en combus- 
tion touchent & leur fin, pour provoquer Pallumage immeédiat 
d'une nouvelle série dob 
« Cette opération 
deux ou trois mim 
des machines, Chai 
trois circuits diff 
duisant sur un of 
+ de lumiére: et 
) toujours allumds. p - . 
, Notre excellent confrére a raison de faire Véloge de Vinstalla- 
tion, du Palais do l'industrie. ‘Tous les ‘spécinlistes, cn effet, ont 
été frappés des combinnisons ing¢nicuses apportées par la Sucidté 
générale d'électricité pour arriver bk produire un éelairage si 
parfait, surtout lorsqu’on sait que toute cetto installation mul- 
a 
lectricité continue: son 
4 non moins intéres: 
* fairo une idéo exact 
 parldlectricité, 
ces chifttes pos 
jour nouvenn, 
Ctro-aujourd’hui 
entre I'éclairage 
quo nos lectew 


és 


tn 










n 


grammes 
n’en faut 


« Si, au low d 
obli sé do faire pou 
machine de 280 chovaux, on so 
maximum do 250 & 260 
lo gaz nécoseni 


a L'éclairago du Palais de !'Industrie est fourni par 16 do ces 
machines, co qui représento un total do 256 :bougies dont il est 
épartition...On en‘allumé 68 dans Ja- 
3172 dans le salon du’ premier étage, 144 
| les escaliors: Enfin’ la. sallo. des machinos cst..|. 



























ngies, 

» dune simplicité incroyable, est frito on 
ites par deux hommes employés au chauflage 
quo salle est delairée par six foyers, pris sur 
rents : ilen réswlte qu'tne extinction se pro- 
reuit, Ia salle no serait pas absolument privée 
{ue quatre foyers, ou du moins deux, resteraicnt 


a été réalisée en quelques jours seulement. Le journal 


ec une compctence indiscutable, sont 


étude, en donnant quelques chiftres, 
sants que les premiers, qui permettent de. so 
c de In masso de Inmitre, ver. éo, chaque soir, 
dans Vintérieur du Palais deVindustric. De plus, 
ent In question de éclnirago électrique sous un 
cest-h-dire sous son vrai jour, telle qu'elle doit 
envisagéo, lorsqu’il s’agit de faire un paralldto 
par. lo gnz ct Véclairage par Mdlectricité: Ainsi 
rs: vont en 
entés par I lectricité av 
ne loquence trds frappante, érés saisissanto : : 
« Hi résulto de nouveaux essnis photométriques — dit notre 


Juger, les chiftres et. les arauments 


réro — que la bougie Jablochkof brillant & fer nu équivaut 


ay crres opales recouvri 


ABL.n dépense do 
rticuliers et d 


“SB? bees do gaz. Cos 52 bees sont réduits 446 par le passage 
Blumitre § travers le verro nicl! 










gue 
Gite par 


56 bees représentant une 
ar heure, 








© prendre quatre machines, co -qu’on a été 
r artiver vite, on s'était adressé 4 une soule 


rait.arrivé 4 chonfler avea un 


kilos de houill j 
re pour rempinacr ee lo par houre. Ajoutons que 


G foyers électriques don- 





neraitune tello chaleur que les visitenrs du Palais. do Vindustrig, 
.Soraient, suffoqués; do. plus, il est si imparfnitoment braté quwane, 
puantenr: insupportable: fera 










it; déserter Ia fournniso & coux qui 
nuraient In fantaisie’do la brav : j 2 


24 Fe ° \ 
-@ Si Jon. dtabligsait ?uno% usin.’ gar “capable do! Solaire’ 
1.470 métres cubes & heure, il faudrait six mois pour la batir: 
Ello oceuperait dix fois plus de terrain. Beaucoup .d’usines “do 
chefs-lieux de départoment:ne pourraicnt y parvenir; il faudrait 
au moins 20 cornues do grand modéle fonctionnant nuit et jour, 
Lo prix des_gazométres serait plus dlevé quo'colui des moteurs; 
les tubes cofiteraient dix fois plus cher quo les fils, ils seraient 


‘eont fois plus difficiles 4 poser. > 


« Enoutre, les tubes peuvent donner lieu-d des fuites difficiles 
iboucher, nansdabondes, puantes, dangercuses i tous. les points + 
de vue. > : . ae 

- Thest certain, aprés les expériences si décisives {nites ccs benef 
derniers, que Ia lumiére dlectrique est absolument et définitives 
ment implantée dans nos habitudes : l'année prochaine, on ' 
pourra plus concevoir le Salon des beaux-nrts, sans la séance ¢ 
soir, avec lalumiére dlectrique; il est: certain également quiun 4 


. 
grand nombre d'dtablissements, tels que les concerts et It ~ 
d'dté, les cnfés-chantants, ete., ete. abandonneront lo gaz, B 


sa chaleur incammode, ses ¢manuations asphysiantes, pour ¢.. . 


ander h Pélectricité s He ct vive lumitre. 
mander i ldlectricité sx belle o E. Vonelle. | 


Sur la réapparition daz Phytloxern dans les vignobles 
soumis aux opéeations insecticides (4), 


Jai eu deja Poccasion d'geriro qu'il me semblait convenable 
dattribuer i plusieurs causes la réapparition du Phylloxera, si- 
guulée au mois de juillet dans les vignobles soumis & des opéra- 
tions insecticides culturales. Sans doute Ia migration des aptéres 
ordinnires, quittant it cotto époque do Vannde Tes racines de la 
plante pour errer sur les organes agriens ou i la surface du sol, 
est susceptible, avec Taide du vent, d’occasionner des invasions 
nouvelles dans un champ entourd de vignos contamindes, mais il 
est certain aussi que les individus issus de Vout Whiver, et sur- 
tout que les insectes épargnds par Pagent toxique, jouent un rdle 
important dans le phénombne. J’espére pouvoir montrer, en ren= 
dant compte de Ia mission que |'Académiea bien voulu mie con~ 
fier, que dans nos contrées les _aphidiens de nouvelle géndration, 


racines dés te milion du mvis de mai. Je rappellerai: les petits 
aptéres purticuliers soumis en-1876,4. examen de M. le profes- 
seur Batbinni, et jo mentionnerai quelques notyelles observations 
relatives aux mémes phases du parasite; On concoit facilement- 
qwun délai de_ plusieurs mois soit nécessaire pour que quelques 
insectes descendus sous terre at printenyps so multiplient au point 
que leur progéniture occupe tout lo systéme radiculajre, La mig; 
Tomarque s'applique aux pucerons hibernants qui peuvent échap-' 
per aux agents insecticides dans Jes opérations simplement cul- 
turales, oh : 
Lo terme de réinvasion, par Iequel on désigno lo phéuomdne du 
mois de juillet, a. été surtout employé & propos «des. viguobles 
submergés. Il a été dit quo le procédé do submersion, dont les 
bons effels restent indiscutables, deétruisent totalement chaque 
annde les Phylloxeras hibernants, ct que les colonies qui se mon* 
trent en juillet pro,viennent uniquement des foyers voisins Inissés 
snus traitement. J ai cru pouvoir mettre 4 ca propos, ct ou dé. 
verses circonstane®s, des doutes qui se trouyent aujourd'hui par. 
faitement justifi¢s par les résultats des recherches quo nous: ye 
nons de faire, le 4 juin, M. Faucon, Mf. Fotx, te moniteur Lipr, 
taud ct moi, dans les belles vignes du mas de Fabre. Le paragia, 
‘eat cortainement trés rare en co moment dans:-cos terrains, s00- 
nis depuis de longnes années A une submersion bien régulided, 
imais nous avons trouvé ccpendant dans une tacho deja aneierjge” : 
située aux abords amémes de la formo. Dans une vigne ‘voising,. 
'dépendantidu masndo Martin, submorgés convenablement depuis 
idoux ans, Inprése co de linsecte in été dgalement constatdo. Il 
convient de remayquer que, tandis quo dans In propriété: Fon~ 
taino, siso dans la méme région et abandounde sans. traitcmenty. 
les pondouses son; déjk entourdes de leurs pseudova, les Phyllo- 
- Xeras observdés das les terres submergées on hiver et encore pett 


(1) Lottro adressio ti M. Duinss, scorstaire perpétucl, ct commulquégs 
VAcadémic des zeltces dave Ia eénucy du 16 juin, 5 









~ Fi 










tonjours trés raves ot d’une recherche difficile, sont réunis sur les’ - 















































Meme Deke TPL oy ane : arr 






Sr cease en 










128? : 

















UR toud 
“La Inmteré Aectriy be 
" Nous avions raison de di 
suceds’ du Salondes beaux-ar 
parla lumiro ‘électrique dnl 
rance. Le chiffra - officiel des on 
p 320,500. porsonnes ont visité lo § 
3 C est-a-dire une moye; b: vii 
3 c'est un bean chiftre ! oe ne ee . 
a Lo matériel et tonto Vinstallation’ faite 


d'dlectricit ir mai 

a abate May aldet dnd pour servir maintenant a] éclairago 
: installations de manidra 4 ouv 
: _ Nous pourtions, en véritd, 
miquo spéciale dostinds & cnr 
huniére dlectrique ; il no se 


‘prentons pas un journal do Paris ou des dep 





LA SCIENC 





met, 
iv 


{ 











Vinauguration do éclaira 
iterranéen par -Ies bougies Jablochkoff. On::avait appliqué co 





ingénicurs do la Compagnie des docks do Marseille ont donné dos i a 
| + résultats parfaits ; 1 dclairage dlovtrique des magasins et des cales a on 
i facilitent lo travail duns uno trés large mesure, sans compter qu'il , 
bear toute chance do danger : incendie ou explosion, 4 
Algo at pocomnte ut balton captit qui, to soir, eat dolaird 
Pp yers Jublochkoff. On punt dire que les voytiges adrions 
‘ du colossede M. Giffard ont conguis un attrait de plus, car rion 
| - West curieux comme uno ascension de nuit. Lo panorama-de S . 
Paris se déroulo ot so dévelo npe avee des aspects trés pittozes - me 
ques. L'éclairage des rues ot des magasins, puis les lunternes des \ 
Voitures qui apparaissent commie une série de chapelets Iumineus, : 
i donnent ila grande ville un mouvement véritablement fantas~ Bi 
i tique. Tous les points dclaires par Vélectricité, les Halles, la place \d¥ 





mtn 





do la Bastille, Avenue do l’Opéra, ressortent dune facon beau- 
| coup plus brillante ct. surtout plus tictto ot forment un contrasto , 
a frappant avec les parties de In capitate éclairdes an caz, 

, Landis que les installations des bougies Jablochkoft so mul- 

tiplicnt sur tous les points du globe, los ingénicurs do la Société 
gendralo d’dlectricité continuent leurs expériences at Jours recher- 
ches. Aussi, nous apprenons que l'un d’eus a fait des dtudes sur. 
fa longueur i Inquelle on | sonia transporter I’électricité ; cos , : 
oxpériences ont porté sur des circuits de plus de 6.000 metres, : 
Saus que Ia lumiére produite fit influencdo par uno pareillo lon- ae 















gucur, et il n’est pas dit quo eotte longueur ne soit biontét dé- Enea 
passée. Co sont li, au point do vue scientifique, des experiences Ay 
extrémemont intéressantes, quo nous ‘suivrons toujours avec ao 
* plaisir ct que nous curegistrerons, aussitdt que les résultats nous |. - 


scront.connus. 


ay 





as 














‘ews telegraphs - ; 


is electric light 









used for the light, and one-ninth is lost in. the mtchine, Mr, 
Edison's latest experiments giveseven gas jets per horse-power, [/ 
and he expects to incresse the number to ten, He says the |! 
Platinum burner is a settled thing ; but, so long as he sees his 
way to getting more light cut of the horre-power, he will con. 


tinue his experiments, He expects to perfect his experiments 
within four weeks, : 





















hatinti" the globe around it. How this result was at Inst 
attained reads moro like'a talo of Action than of fact, and 
inna exciting na anything in‘ the annals of great inven-. ‘ 
tiong or, discoverica.. The very simplicity of tho means 
to be used is the moat marvolons of all.” After exploring 

‘| tho continent for a anfiictent supply of platinum, and { ae = | m - 
oxhouating all known nicthods of treating that motal; it ' ; ? ‘ $ yates " aa : 5 ay. \ 
is at tant abanitoned, and n nimple cotton thread anygestr. | 5 A Z . A ° 4 , 
and proves the solution. Accompnnying-this discovery, 
and 88 A hecesRary complenient to it, is Mr. Edison's in. 
Yention: for inenauring the amount “of electricity con- 
juméd: Ik is a wonder of mechauteal nivety and 
ingenuity. eso 

It is now in the near future when electricity will #Uper- 
kede oil and gas for illuminating Purposes. Is it too 
tuck to expect that within a fow years, nt most, the - 
equally important problem of tho Bubjection of tho olea- 
ittie fluld to the user of locomotion may not bo as thor. 

“| oughly and sxatinfactorily solved, that:wo shall yet seo 


ry and our steatnabipa tan hy electricity 2° 
aa 


































































sed ee 

+ far + Edlson’s Electric: Light. 

._ With reapect to the cost of ‘Afr.-Edls , 

ron's -olectric light. system, "Tho Daily } 

News (London) remarks that no calcula. 
tion on: paper can .be ‘worth’ much, als / 
though-his investigations ‘will no doubt j 

“| holp on‘the final solution; But it is tho 
“mans of dotaile” that must‘be Brappled | 
with'before.that solution can’ be -hoped { 
for; and the mass of. details_aro not yet |: 
even fully anpreclated, let alone BIAp. 

: Ted with. Ono oftho most ‘Important 
‘ol'Sheso i undoubtedly the ‘excl wy 
aoything like ¢g ° 

torial or. appa 

fampe that are: t8 

tog machinery m! . 

tu aiway costly; bu the actual lamps or 

caudles, or whatever’ they’ar6™ to”-be: 








he called;‘must be almple aud’ cheap.:: Mr, 
oe : + | Edison ‘bimeell,» howeve: 


‘{auccoss, “He writes from’ 
‘Too. Tribune that ho has 


for: Ioead Price’ w : 

‘vould afford ‘effort find 
ly hy tlie dgsiro 
le coat, a Z 






=. 








a 


QUE Srna 


= 

















mn 


fect will scarce) 


fo the light-pivin, 
‘he Production of; 


Pp 
et! at least, laid’ api : 
jigbe more promising . and more, Batiéfn: 
Mrton, “Not /'tho. carbon , so” fatb 
‘town in connection with: electric lighting, 
ofsita new article having different quolities, 
remarkable both for be'simplicity of 
‘ir® FBrocess by which: 
Cyuuiency asa ligh 
to iceandercence by 


* The 
for thi 


“1 
In makin 


: ee 2. + Te welll he gb 

|store, wi tes 
hein ] 

the process of carbonization, ou? Guring 


t. 


and thy Ia 
necfed with 
wiroult 


rd} nary carbo! 


Itéile eatbon|t 
i ld at Bt, its 
imple, Tho px 
mY. ies inthe nee tal 


ta fon of the Sarrent seduced 8 
itter‘of “ysrylng the Intenylty 
elle field. ta if} ‘th ature 


Mrsue* paper in ahallow! 
2 Weighted flown. with thin) 
bs, pies at 
aad placed’ 

sed to i 


Mslinglevas 8 candle, and, candle.) 
be-taken from ‘its. socket and 
dons while the cur- 


Ths construction’ “of tho socket’ which 
ef natruction : of the 
png Ute -tomap ° vel bo underatcod by 
grits hag tached to‘ity electrodes 
‘pllpat of fc 

ringa a 
“Jal ‘there 


vacun‘may/be 
ad Of:the 45, th 
‘hoine' ofttudh 


wed easier than n gas 
t requires neither lghtiog nor 


ing supplicd 
ach lam: i 


nied 4 


#8 certainly 
58°, plete? oft economy? Hin 
Tot in atlvance of not. excepting gas 


ayn. that: the 


nips withstand the t 
he has Unquestionnply solved ; 8 vere 
‘question, aod has proditced what'the world }! 
has long waited for; that int 410 economical f' 
and practical system of clectrle lighting 
adapted to the wants of the masses, 

The details piven above were obtained by |i 
uadirect from Mr. Eifion and hin naatatania[: 
during o nt visit to tho Mento Park-1 

gorator: : eee 


er, 
tween and: con: 
M » Hallson hes 


The Beant 


Bright ‘an 
| New York Horatt.3 


+ Mesto Pang; N. J... 


: Notwithstanding tho faci 


has clozed his ‘laboratory 
Public, admitting vinitors: 
mil. only, hun 


ba: crow 
hth a dozen 


¢ f which nre kent douatanilys bil ning, 


Ii-hts in the Awellings, which are hi nearly 
every part of the village, literally force 
their way into the Jnboratory. and “almost 


{ak vd natnie of the: 


5 


¥ 

Jamp or anything clee,.° ke 

“  MCHKS- THAT AIS AT DARE! 
' Among these’ numbers‘ ard n 


thelr own, ecek every opportunity, to Bh 


| eious persona, who, for’ somo v 


out 
Ecard the little 
ty 
aod ti x 
Bd | 
alli elma xt 
pRhou 8:at: Bonlo by 8 
mod ration *in': Now York 
oraeshoo ig'¢ 
On. atmosphere .h 
by tho, M'Tead 
ad te" electric : 


idaal-Iampa, 16-1 
is “100 ohne Te 
id, tha 


‘ ‘or main: 
| bapeuratel i 
vanm 


light 

‘oring. or, 

: mates 

ison Highs ‘at. Monto! 

ks, stroo. Jamps,.‘alao; 

making it available for i 
() {s‘naed, I dite 


OIENTIFIC Bp 


hike D 8 
Edison's Hogeie Bent 


Tho methods anf steps hy whch Me. Eason 
claima to have accomplished thu undertaking | 
that had its incoptiun in the electric shops 1, 
Antonis, Conn,, is now for the first timo made 
public... ji 

Win Mr. Edison received from Ansonia tho 
Wallace dynamo-electric tnachine, or tho tele. 
machon, as Mr. Wallaco calls it, ho at onco bo 

an his. oxperinents, Tho amount of power 
recovered in the second machine was a0 ine 
commensurato with tho original powor applied 
tothe tirst machine, and transmitted by a wire, 
Wit both. machines woro cast aside. Then 
alison experimented -upon tho-Gramme, 
rush, and the Siemens machines, ‘These 
potter, but atitl the loss of power was ex. 

Mr. Edison at onco left tho beaten 

pon which scientists have been toilin, 

r years with unvarying results, and struc! 
ott into: fields altogether new. Instead of ex. 
citing the field magnot by tho current from tho! 

‘} armature, Mr. Edison charges tho, felt Tagnot: 
by means of a separate machino, ‘The batteri 
of- these Renoratora aro charged by means of 

Fi Ttdoes not require more than: 

tho immcenso magnets, Tho 

he armature is only 4 


: ic mach 
8 minute to 
internal ‘resi 
a 


on Ota Enki Dtdey 


Siemens, B: 
eld. magnets 


nig 
t cores are 
inches fi 


ught. 
high and seven inches 
wound with threo layers of 
ered wire, the enits of 
binding 
two bloc! 
tho bearit 


cylindrival 
el 


mutator eylind i 
by, tho aid of 


seen, Ms 
i 


expressed himsclt’at the tim 
altacious, ‘Tho'losa’ of power. 


compiete} 


‘offering very 
of tho current i 


4n cunco | 
$7 anil: $8, + 
V furnish tho ' 
ndeacenco, . aro ao | 
ight they will not'cost more 
than fifty centa apiece, . 


‘| howover, to make 





at 
peters One A, Moaza, Menlo Park, N 


*. the workmen 
fire, made ‘of ' chi 
i ie, or. by. the steel |! 
‘| mill, though this ‘docs not’ afford ‘such entire 
+} security from Injary au the charcoal lire.” ‘. 
“This acknowledgement contains a gorm of 
prophecy, Had the immortal discoverer of the 
aro electric light and the safety-Iamp lived till |; 
now, he would have seen the fullest fruition of 
|| hia scientifio and philanthropic hopes combined 
in ono invention, which I will take -pleaaure in 
showing you to-nig 
Those of us {an 


ht, - p 
T recognize many among yon 
who havo guided your stops by. the .“‘blen is: 
who have een lazzlod, soiled, confused ani 
distracted by. tho flaring lamp, hung on the 
breast, head, or thumb, know how great tho 
want, and bave been frequently reminded of it/ 
while picking ont devious .paths over heaps. of 
dobris, or whilo examining.the faco of now and | 
iinportant cuttings. Thore are many hero who, * 
besides this discomfort, have felt' the’ presence; 
of tho: apirit. of death: burning ‘blue in: their 
lampe,, and: who, ~ perh: have seen it: fly 
heavenward from tho month, bearing,¢! 
souls of men, "~ : : 


his first duty in to. consider the’ aafety of the 

employe, : : 
E It. should afford an abundant, clea 
white and penetrating light. 





ure. 
th. It. should: be 
source of light in all’ v: 
‘tmospharo, 


Heoun dai 






well to enumerate, in the ordor ‘of their intro. | 
to fairly stato their advantages and di 


or less protected, and burning’ oils and fats, 


i 
should bo an axiuin with the mino owner that‘ ti 
U whole, half, third -and- quarter‘Iamps, - which 
‘are, ‘rospectively, Qf. 16,8, Gh; and 4-candlo 


3d. It should not heat tho air, nor ronder GH 





mag BP) 


jodified by Museler and others,.wi 
ute*plasas forthe: wire gauze ‘immedi: 
ad tho fame, it bee been. m i | enpron < 
iB entire! 
much ao that in ‘a en em ee 


‘This lamp ‘may atill 
i P indicator, but more 
uch. as»Ansell’s, may be used 


Geis 
a 


ie! 
Ente since from 


carefal moasarementa made‘ by. Bergrath Latt- 
ner, it would take at least 25 of thom ‘to’ equal 
a standard candle, it will scarcely evor find em- 
ployment except in localities ‘rarely . visited, or 
attract attention except aa a scicntifio tay, 

Sth. The hermetically ‘sealed voltsic arc 
light, haa been employed by De Ia Rive, though 
it wae first auggested by Louyat and .Boussain- 

autt, Iie pro to usoa hormotioally scaled 

Joon containing two carbon points, a portable 
Pi nd coppor wires acaled to the balloon in- 
closing .tha., carbons, . Mechanical diflicultica 
prevented this system being tested, 

, Oth. Tha voltaic aro has: been:usel asa 
source of light in open cute and other workings 
adapted to utilize ita enormaus concentration; 
but evon when subdivided ita application ia ex. 











ino: 
Mr Edison makes: what "are known as 






Tho electro-motivo force ‘employed in 


wel 
Eis ayatem is standardizod at:110 volts, and: hi 
lamp gt 120 ohms resistance, Such a combina. 
porfectly roliabl Fry eae le ging) plana reve el 
roliable. aa a; ‘tiple aro, ordinary 
ying conditions of tho| Tei reached for domactis tron Lyin 





intended for domestic purposes, but is far 


‘ :too powerfal for tho nocosaities of ¢! . 

6th. It shoald be availablo as an latent! arabgement in which four ply lrg 
ager . aa H i 

boas di ne gas e leiteiaia: Jaap. th aad bo ohms resistance cach, aro united in scries, - 








ers admirably, 





‘Tho method to be i : 

duction, the systems which are or have been in| Edison light to maleate tay pe a 

genoral une, or which have been suggested and |run direct from tho dyndmo-electrio machines 
jaadvan. to tho difforent workings, supplying light to 





ites 


tages, S - ‘| tho shaft on their .. Ea ii . 
j Ist. Tho open light of various forme, more | sired, bs immersed tn water, ord ge her 
rom fracture~ by i een,¢ 
') Theao lamps, in mines free from firo-damp, have connections. a os Truade ‘wader wate, oe 





all made under; water, and 


| only found favor on account of their cheapness, | thus jamps may bo put in or out of circuit with. 


They are offensive in odor, :inauillciest: in illu. 





{) minating powor, and in use most” inconyenie: 
Preserving” the’ forms of. antiquity, .they are 
their own indox of: the want of progress in this 

‘ important imploment of tho mining art, 

2d, '-The : phosphorescent’ Iamp, containing 
substances luminous after exposure to sunlight, 
which we have recently seen revived by certain 
visionary inventors; jwaa: auggested by Davy, 
who before deciding to employ . the’ wir. 28 

i] envelope for his safetyslamp, experimen ith 

:| Cantor's phosphorue, Ho does not do more 
than merely mention thia method as. being tun- 






t the 





it le ee 









rermaioa for considora- ’ 


ighteat danger from the electricapark, | 

















Ww 








Menlo Park Scrapbook, Cat. 1013 


No. 11C. "Electric Light" 

This is the third of nine scrapbooks containing clippings about 
electric lighting. It covers the years 1880-1881. There are 106 numbered 
pages. 


Blank pages not filmed: 1-4, 85-86, 89-106. 


a ied 


se atone en 














- STROMEYER'S STRAIN INDICATOR, : 

“In Juno Inst, when noticing tho annual conver? 
aaziono at University College (seo 
last volume), wo mentioned an oxcecdingly ingenious 
apparatus for determining by gptical means. the 
extension or compression of materials under strain, 
which was exhibited on that occasion b: 
 Stromoyor, Engineer Surveyor to Lioy 
Since’ the notice just mentioned appeared, Mr, 
Stromoyer hag further doveloped his invention, and 
wo now. propose to describe the apparatus in its 


with it tho two 





's strain indicator is in principto an 
inatrument for measuring vory slight variations in | §' 
th, mado visible by means of tho so-called 
“ Nowton's rings,"* os they appear when homo- 
geneous light falls on two alightly curved and trans- 
arent surfnces placed op; 
ns consequent) 
abscnco of any friction. 





osite to each other, “It 
vantage of tho entiro 


gating the strains wh 
and in exceptional positions ashoro, aud if 
bo ablo to make auy cxporimonts on strains of this 
ost happy to publish tho results; 
uso, in our opinion, to which the 
putis the determination of strains 
when loads aro passed over 


naturo wo ahall bom 
but a more general: 
instrument can be 
produced in bridges, &c., 
them. ‘Chus applied th 
Ho and suro-check on all calculations con. 
with the structure, Mr. 
ortinity of applying 
lo under hydraulic test at tho works of 
Fraser, nt Bow, ‘Iho results wero 
ig and showed the inequality of atrain in the 
ue to the influence of the en 
,| on of tho rivetted jo’ 

ment also the strain: 

portions of the atruct 

atraing not being dote: 
may add in concli 
been describing i 





Messrs, Fraser and 





ONE good result o 


the means of burnit 
anics wero undisp 
lumination thoy we 
conguiners ag to, th 
product which thoy 


esiro that themost econ 
iinproveme 
urner 
passing through it, and 
ng tha pressure in tho 

uantity desired, whatever 
Pressure fn the iain, An 





ustion of tho Iatter, 
{materially affects the rato of 














that it remains vertical foran: 


~ To make on observation, for instance, of tho 
straina in somo part of a ship whilst. it ia leaving 
tho Inunching ways, tho open sido of the box, and 
ins ¢ c, aro pressed against a 
plato stringer or framo of tho ship, 
the launch that particular plate or bar bo strained, 
tho rings will be seen to move, Should 30 of them 
have vanished and 20 have afterwards reap; 
which can casily bo ascertained by counting 
thoy pass the mark cut into the black glass’ for 
that purpose, this would represent firatly an elon- 
ation of ribo in,, and then a contraction of wffiain, 
in 23in,, this being the distance between tho two 
ping, and:there being about $5,000 yellow light half 
wave lengths in an inch, If the modulus of clas- 
ticity -of tho iron is 24,000,000 Ib., that articular 
plate would haye been subjected to a tension strain 











of 2000 1b. per squaro inch, which was afterwards 
reduced to Y701b., ench ring 
97 1b, per square inch.® . 
Wo underatand that Mr. Stromeyer constructed 
tho instrument. chief: 











to five-tonths, that slight rise Increases tho conaump- 
tion by 0.6 of n cubic foot per how 
$327 hours gives 2506.2 ft.; au 
gas as in Edinburgh, at-4e. 2d, per 1000 cublo 1 
fect, wo get an increase of alightly uader 10s. 10d, ipa 
t In Glasgow, with, ay’ 
is-under the number, the ectora 
be 70314. 7a, Gd,” 





y position of the instru. ? Exec Liguria, 


ling Room of tho British 
Tic lamps wag rejumed for 
October 18, Four new 
M1 in placo.of the old once, 
io are with brown japanned | 
ht down upon the floor and 


which multiplied 
taking the price 


















per Jamp perannim 
say, 13,000 Inwpa, whi 
difference woul 















uo actinic rays 
eas of the light. : 
of the City streets no | 
n come to'ag yet by tho 
Y are giving the 
ferent competing’ 

















importance of tho burner in conjunction with the 
pressure is apparent when woleara that Dr, W altace, if 
tho Glasgow city analyst, has found that a N ) ob 
adamas-tipped union jet of Mray's make, burning 3 
five enbic fect of cannel gas per hour at 1} in, prose 
sure, only yielded a light of 8.8 candles, wherens 9 = 
No. § jet burning tho samo quantity of the gna at Bpec 
Lin, preasuro gave a light of 32 candles,“ Between trond B 
ordinary working limita-of pressure," saya Mr, Wale ik on'tho <C 
Ince, “and with equally good burnera, we have ibarklo, 





Tn London it is, 
ing the Charing 
District Railway ;: 





ployed in light 





representing about Liapplication of,it recently reported 





thore for servico against the ‘Tur-|' 


for tho purpose of investi- 











h occur in fron ahi 





Mation of Jablochkeff's, Siemens’, | } 
OF systema in foreign enféa and shops | / 


ven quantity of gas, giving Inthe one 
and in the other §.8, or in the pro- # 
027}, ‘The loss of light hero shown & 
amounting to 724 per cent. of the whole Is ox. | 
ceeded whon still higher pressures aru used,'and it ia 
greater with cotumon than with cannel coal." 

provements made by Mr, Willian 
my on burners ary known to all, 






portion of 100 t 


ee sen amen rms me 








Sugy and Mr, 1 


0 instrinnent would form 















ints, By tho aid of the inatru. 
on some irregularly stayed 
ertained, these 
cterminable by calculation, We 
usion that tho instrament wo havo 
Ing mado by Measrs, Swift and 
street, WR 


Ure werd nac 














1GA8 AND ELECTRICITY AT GI, 
f the competition between the 
Bas is the better att 
ng Bas. So long 

uted masters o| 









n sakes 


ac 


onry 


th 





Both of theao manufacturers exhibit at the Glasgow & 
@ antartistio variety of lamps and 
Hae, both plain and ornaimenta 

n apecial dine, that of 
bat of tlat-flame burners, 
urner not so well known is the Peobles needle 
own iu operation at atall 9, 
rs in tho market it ia automatic, 
jow of yaa in such a manner that | 
r. takes the trouble to note the 
ra during which his gas has been 
tinble check upon the indi- 
Each ts regulated to deliver 
eetof gas per hour, aud what. 
pressuce in the main the cor 
ly pay for the quantity of gas his 


Besides theac indoor 
display of the: p 
Sugg, by Bray, and by Wi, 
ears. J. Ediitindson and 
atreot, Westiniuater), 
produce auch laups 
street Hlumiuation, and ho formed th 
rgand. rings with tho 
ed the acparnty a 
haw attain the same end of pro- 
Had flame by arranging a number 
combina them with a great 
gbain's. burners have 
su purposes since 1S74, 
nlentin, of the Royal 
usington, acting under 
‘yndall, recommended 
ince to the Exhibition 


tromeyer hag already | ! 
the instrament to a | jets for houscho 
Sugg excelling. in his ow: 


yand, and Bray in his, ¢ 


vernor burner shi 
nlike other burue 
and regulates the fl 







number of how 
burning ho will 
cations of the moter, 

from two to five cubie f 
cver tho variations of 
sumer need onl 












burners there is also a fing 
t burners patented 
gham (represented by 
Co, Great Georg 

» Mr. Sugg was tho first to 
8 8 rival to the e! 







air drawing up 
has come, howover, 


companics will be 
if this respect, and to 
1 burners should bo 
takes two directions, 


Bray and also Wig! 


of aopnrate jets so 
iucrense of total effect. 
ed for lighthon 
ato Wrofessor V; 
Colleyo of Science, 
irection of Profeasor 
them, At the north-east entra 





which allows the alr so to 


"F 


largo towns of high and low.1 


Usual catimnte for a publi 


‘| clono togotitr as half 
represont about half n ton f; 






peal 
inch on th 


i 



















trumont the 
an inch, and 


1 





grounds there ian Wi 
arreat. the attention 
though there sccms 
the upper part of t 
Cconomy. It js, 
having 103 jets, 





hain lamp which cannot fail to 
id powerful effect, 
jo much faring in 
ee consistent with § 
Wo believe, a No. & W' 
nd consuming 308 cub 
Ita illuminating power is 
Bray's flat flame burners 
with Sugy’s argands, and 
t the North British Rail. 
Company hivo adopted them for their now 
At. Quedn-atreot, Glasgow. 
© crect thirty of Iray's bi 
dio power, ten of 100 candle 
of 60 cautle power, 


roduce the complete 
no pressuro of the yas 
consutnptions and in 
lug districta, it varicn 













stated to be 3923 candies, 
compare very favourabl 
it is worthy of note tha 





Innterna, ten of 
power, and ten 
For the platforma of railway B 
owerful yas lainpa are, in default of 
t, very well adapted. 

ure nud simple, that of Mr. 
iam, with ite “fimperishable’, 
phragm nnd brass framo, is worthy of note 
of from 15 to.30 per cent, of: f 
rdivary.consumer, without diminution 

© workshops, inills, 
ly, one governor being required 
Another usefttl regulator is that of, 
‘odo aud Co,, Usunburgh-atreet, Regent's: 
his apparatus ia tho original {nvention. of, 
lato Mr. Samuel Clegg, but it has been 







ina can bo shifted ns fe 


rater, mayen ge 971b., butit 


Ry. porsquare inch, 






in., each ring then ropre. | P 














ny cribs tad na be TELE 


C LIGHT, : 
charactoristic pe aodern éxprees loco.f. : oeey - 4 : . 
ie ough tosses gatentiab ae. oo . 4 qu'nne teinte ydnérale un peu trop riche en rayons 
| di F construction tho | - : LES USINES ELECTRIQUES DE PARIS Violets, Cos défants adinis — et il ne faut pas s'en 
; ¢ my ‘ A va Xi Vimportanee, — recounnissons que da tne 
{ im imilar dove! Le Salon de Peinture. — Mavgpue de Opéra, niitre électrique pouvait seule, dans l'élat aetiet 
aa a a Balint. £IS FO) ile nos connaissances, remmplit le rile qui dui in 
ro-would tend : Nous devons, pour compléler elude qué nous eombait, et si [on considéve les difficaltés aussi 
; clectria machine ‘ avons faite des usines électriques du Louvre et de | nombren que nouvelles qu'il a fallu surmonter, 
: dee ot tho ‘currents it 3 M'Hippotrome!, dire quelques mots — un peu tar | on peut affirmer que ative qui vient d'etre 
that delay and ; . nt the outset ‘ifs, i faut Vavouer -— suv les installations de tu faite aon un sued «Le public a dailleurs 
tho long-promiscad i ayatern. Io i Hectrique du Salon de peintare ct de laventie tontred ‘ ement, qu'il appeceinit 
» gven confesses that ight of aciontifia | ; tle POpdrs cot éelainag pintves y NCHS 
hst him, and he! 1 Le Salon de peinture. — (i ae ada Salon sont yu ei irés plus longtemps. Un 
aid cette année, comme Van précédente, | grand nombre de personne: Mi ne disposent 
u exchusivement: & Taide des bougies Jablochkom. {on effet que de leur soiree etn ent jammis 
audoned ire fone anaes : Winstallation de cet éelaivage n'y eu tien sans | visité le Salon sais Véchairage dleetrique. It ya 
prepared from inci. fi ae 4 : les dilticultds ; le jury, si wet ae point | done en, en réalité, profit pour lout te monte, 
his loop pa eeatoe form, In. : \ ienti 4 tle yuo exelusif’ de Mart, Wabhord opposd, (usine dleetrique, placde dans im hatiment en 
HY ¢ “On peut reprocher ada hon blochkoll quelques hois sur le edtéda Palais de Mudustvi qui_regarde 
d, then ont i I er this snay seintillations, des chang ene d Gelat ut de colo~ le quai rent suixunlte-seize hui 
ent. to t ; trial al practical 2 ration trds prdjudiciahles 4 Pellet artistique, ainsi | dont quarante ée! 
reed | hi these glow. 
glass 


Pi 


‘00, and now own, 


¢ to bo enor. ‘ ee 


he 1 TA PANG 
+ ones 


h roposed 
inca,” and thal 


Flaw de Vinstaltation des fosers Glectriques fonctionnant avenue de VUpéra, A Paris, depttis la place da ThéMre-Feancais 
ti. La force motrice dlait: fournie par six mas | toutes les machines dynanotleetriques & conrants 
, oF wh : chines : : alternatits, on emploie an apparel special pour ex- 
called dyuamon | . . x Png Je Deux machines de 100 chevanx chacune, me- | viler les dleetvo-aimants qq constituent te eharap 
Magneto-ule . tnt chiteune huit machines Mate wuto-exeita- 
rene i vives i courant alternatif ( ! hougies ; ans les inachines ditus auto-exeitatrives, it ya 
x chaeune, mee | bien ausst en réalité deux appareils distinets, mais 
ebune ma- | ils sont reales, anontes sue de meme batt, et les 
considera. ine e3 i rée de vingt foyers; pidces mobiles imontées sur le ndme arbe regui- 
; ppointinent wea | #° Deux nie tines de a5 chevaux Wuie, cone | vent leur Mouvement par we seule et meme pone 
ty for the ates Generalities arg . Mt une nichine de vingt foyers A excitatrive lie, Novésulte de cela un uplitication dans fe 
nent: of 


Of ascerta i el tthe petite attuexcilatriee de quatre éeanisine et une solidar 
actin’ Up the ceonomtg ies ‘ ini ! 


against gag wy ion i ‘ : 4 yers, soil six machines & vapeur dane foree totale de tourner teujours 
(1) Becattao the total . . : de 820 chevany, pouvant en évelopper a0 8 il : a pen de cho: 

fn equal quanttt: of ‘ dtait nécessaire, eb mettant en me nent vingt> { disteibution de ta fumiere dans les salles. On pete 

F ’ quatre machines dynamo-dleetrinn conrants al- J remavyuer tontefvis que le par foyers 

Proportionately To F 4 ternalify atimentant trois cent soixante-seize hous res sont infdrieurs aux ges par bouquets, 

liuary gies. sque tes foyers sont x ut trop prés des 

, “ Nous voyons figurer dans celte application an peintares, if ¢ sulte des rellets irés desagréables. 

grand nombre de machines auto-vxcitatrices. Voivi Nous sonnnes davis, avee M. Franek ¢ tly, dans 

i on quot eousiste te prineipe ie enlace. Maus § Voir da tescription des machines Lontin, Gramme et 

Siemens & courants alternatifs dang Lt collection de da Nature 


4 


j af Voy. da Nature, ne 302 dhe 8 nai 1880, p. S50, (aundes 1878-1880), 


: Juduatria} 
machine ier alone y ny Gencratin, 
tote ” Cay at a profit Butlicle 
Dae of runniug tha 
iS electric 
t certainly 
must be taken 
mn of Sanguing 
pears 
t some 


































course, much more ornamental, and the fact that ney also give 
be hold to 





A letter by Mr. W. LL. Preece, in The Times of the 28th ult., 
on tho subject of elec: mil in collieries, comes very oppo! 
tuncly after our remarks in Inst weck’s Jourxat on the danger 
of the present forins of lectric lamps. Mr. Preece is President: 
of tho Socicty of Telegraphic Engincers, and can, therefore, 
scarcely bo considered ng prejudiced against the extended use ; 

‘| of clectricity, yet wo find him stating that “it cannot be too 
“strongly insisted that the absolute safety of tho electric 
\) “light is x popular delusion.” Jn the commnnication in ques- 
tion Mr. Preece chiefly addresses himsclf to refute the argu: 
‘wents of certain persons, whose onthusinsm in equal only to 
their. ignorance, and who haye Intely been distressingly per- 
‘nistent in advocating the uso of the electric light in collieries. 
Upon these enthusiasts Mr. Preeco throws enough cold water 
to extinguish utterly their feeble and uncertain. glimmer 
of suggéstion. IHis exposure of the risks incurred in the use 
“Of electric Inmps is rather startling, yet. justifinbly so, in the 
light afforded by recent experience, “He points ont the 
danger of igniting the gas in mines by the intense heat of * ss 
the electric nve, and also tho linbility to loss of life and to oN 
firo by imperfections in tho conting of the conducting wires. a 
According to this authority, tho difficulty of keeping ordinary 
telegraphic currents in their proper conrses is very great, \ 


| 





| 





















c 
o 
x 
nd 





) | and any faults in the insulation of the wires cause loss of 7 a 
‘| electricity to earth, attended with hent, and occasionally => 
fire,. He states that ordinary telegraphic offices have, 62° 
; } to his knowledge, beon set on fire in thie way, in New York = 
and Boston, and expresses his bolief that tho recont fire nt tho 7 
' Manchester Telegraph Office may have arisen from auch a Ss 
| jeauso. Tf this bo so, how much greater must be the danger ¢ 2% 
“| *| of firo from currents many thousand times moro powerful 





than any used in telography, such oa are those necessary for 
tho devolopment of the electric light? Mr. Preeco's letier is 
ominently caleulated to disturb the equanimity of the custo. 
| dinns of the library of tho British Museum, who have Intely 
adopted the Siemens light, after having consistently denied 
admission to gas as being too dangerous, It is to Ve hoped ¢ 
that they will not lave canso to regret their action, for the = 
reason declared by Mr. Preece to exist in such force as to Si 


ontiroly preclude the use of any known form of clectric lights 
in mines where inflammable gas is found, poe 


























Herrer of *Pailadelphia, |: 
qa: of. the’ value . of 

-tho pow Maxim Nght frga Incandescent carboa, 
peptide Barker ueids't Zbero ie ny doubt fa my 


questioned | Profesor: 
ccnctrniog| his ° 


Sabto tho value of Mr, Maxim) roniarkalledioow: 
Fop yeare I have been an-adrdiror of Edie. 
n'B seurch for Lho trud solution otithe electric’ 
‘ight problem, aud I cada teetity to hisunremitting 
‘thorgy and tho oxbatsttye nature of bis search, | 
Lut another man found {6 a wet 
*! 1 do not say that Maxim fa‘n better electrician 
“thaw Bilson, bat! ho. has ‘i 
aurpasser, I believe, 
waek Profemor. Uroper., i 
Jawpa‘and Invited Profemer Morton and me to ga { 
ia 





Dacemner’ 15, 1880.) 


‘The construction of the commutator is best shown 

in figs. 1, 5, and 6. In fig. 6, one of the metallic 
plates forming the commutator isshown separately. 
Uhese plates are mado straight upon the edge to- 

ward the ‘centre of the commutator-cylinder, but 
V-shaped upon the side forming the circumference, 
and cach plate is made-thicker upon the outside, so 
that a cross-section would be sector-shaped, The 
double spiral or V-shaped arrangement of the plates 
at the circumference is best shown in fit. Py1, 
are the metallic plates, and K4, K’, are divisions of 
insulating material between them. Each plate has 
an arm, 1%, projecting radially, to which the coits 
are electrically connected in’ the usual way, As 


oe. 


ied f sles 
G Post yeatorday: 


ig Morton nnd Dreper. 


mat et ee oe 





invented a lamp which 
son's dreams, # Last | 
several of Maxtin'ss 


Fi 
ween 


co ee 






x 
mae see Ne 





the brushes overlap several plates of the commu. 

tator when arranged in this way there is no danger 

of interruption or.weakening of the current from 

the brush leaving one plate Before making contact 

with another, and the plates do not work loose in 
a+ ~ their clamys or wear unevenly, 


pe 
: 





Te American press in speaking on this subject is 
so very amusing that. we give a few quotations 
from some well-known papers of that country. 

‘The special correspondence of the Chicaye Tribune 
of November 13th contains the following :— 


vie ee. The visionary dreams of four years ago, 
the boundless expectations of a sudden ‘and complete 
revolution in houschold illumination, and of conse 
quent accession to enormous wealth, have been given 
tip; and the periods of alternate excited hope and 
i) Strong reaction of a year ago have also come to an end, 

in their place there are! now an intelligent comprehen. 





, THE EDISON ELECTRic Lights 


tones ED seme 


se nr at eee: rm eos 


; reenter eesnmaprarntrtamtonasanpetrnancsnumemaneneaastentametaat ont tn atTCaAIA rt a sitemeter eatin mnt mame venennermaie 
THE TELEGRAPHIC JOURNAL, 


i —_—— ee, 
— 


A en 
ape | 
2S ae 


iS 


ee TT 
Yon Wl 












ts 














| sion of the difficulties of electric lighting in households 

| y of obtaining a perfectly durable 

i tion simply to mage the most ont 
of the invention already completed, such as it is. Vast 

| week fully a hundred men worked literally night and 

| 

' 

{ 

| 

t 





and of the impossil 
lamp; and a determi 


day at Edison’s shops, in the manufacture o| lamps 1, 
and in the work of experiments; and on Thursday and 
Friday nights the whole force were up nearly all night 
taking elaborate tests on a scale hitherto never at- 
‘ tempted. When I visited the spot Saturday noon, 
Edison, Bachelor, Upton, and the other principal men, ‘ 
, 


; were all still in bed 


| bis appearance until about 2 p.m, 


, himself ont, and came up to the laboratory, looking a 








Ss 
N\ \ esses wen 














Puts. 


clow which fits into the chandelier, 
part it is about three inches through, 


of sixteen candles; 
the incandescent 











pics inn cals Spann 


131 








se meats 


not having recovered from the 
fatigues of the previous night, Edison did not make 














little pale and used up, but smiling in spite thereof, 
because things had gone to his satisfaction. 
‘The lamp now being tried ‘isa slight modification of 
he vacuum horseshoe carbon lamp. — It is not different 
fa principle, but only in form. It is longer and larger, 
[he glass globe is in the form of an elongated lead : 
plummet. [tis about six inches tong now from the 
point at the top to the end of the tapering portion 


perpendicular loop made by bending double a filament 
six inches ony. ‘The increased length gives increated 
resistance, ‘The light of the lamp is no longer that of 
three gas burners, but of one £45 burner; that is to say, 

ower, Like all previous lamps of 
lass, the light given by it is beyond 
criticism. [tisa gleam of pure and mellow sunlight, 
It ia-as lustrous as the morning star, ‘There is no 
flickering, no dazzling effect, no dark shadows, and 
little or no heat, Complete purity of the air is pre. 
served, a fact which is now relied upon as one of the 
strong points giving it commercial valuc. The catbon 
is no longer made of the Manilla fibre, as that in last 
! winter's lamp was, but of bamao, which is found to 
serve the purpose better, ‘The filament vaporises in 


pene 






ot substitute for * ee 
‘an Electricity 2 

cast-iron crank, 
and thus for the 
aman clectricity, 



























He then dragged 





































































In the broadest 
‘The carbon is a 








('s experiments on the relative difusive power of 


: Ne obular’and ‘square lantorns,.2 br 
<8 


Sy 


Hunt has add yy 
. experiments, Mr. Hunt. states th 
with ‘the round form, partly on: 


ivon to.the members: of tho Midland 


open spaces by gas, wo shall a 
moro particular comment on his 


A lotlor by Mr. W. IL. Preeco, in’ 7% 
on tho subject of clectricity. in collic 
tunely after our remarks in Int week’. 
of the presont forms of electric lamps. 
of tho Society of Telegraphic Engin 
seareely bo considered ns projudiced a 
of electricity, yot wo find him stating 
“strongly insisted that tho absolut 
“ight is a popular delusion.” 
tion Mr, Preeco chiefly addresses: him 
qocnts of certain persons, whose enth:: - 
their. iguoranco, and who havo: lately, | 
‘aistont in advocating the uso of the ok 
Upon these enthusiasts Mr. Preeco thro: 
to extingnish utterly their feeble. ar! 
of suggéstion, is exposure of. the 
36f electric Inmps is rather startling, ‘ye: 
Majight afforded by recent experionce.: 
r-of igniting the gas in mines by 
Rgirio.ave, and also the linbility ‘to 
fections in the coating of {ln 
"Mig authority, tho ditticulty « 
pit their proper cou 
lation of the ~ 
id “with hent 


= stolegra 
ae 


‘| rem 
ontiro) 
in mines 


f necount of which was 


iat 





n2 Soe, 


iG THE TELEGRAPHIC JOURNAL. (Drersner 15, £880, 


eS prarparanasaenarssanenenrennenas rar seeaca ENS aae 





= one 


time, just as all its predecessors have done; and the 
interior of the glass bulbs of Iampe which have, in 
Menlo Park phrase, “ busted,” is smoked dark with the 
fumes of the volatilised carbons, [But it is believed by 
Edison that he now has a filament which will last for 
six months in ordinary use, ‘The Manilla filaments 
laxted about 700 hours, It is claimed that one of them 
fasted for 1,700 hours; but only one did that, The 
bamboo. fibre carbons are expected to stand about goo 
or 1,000 hours when perfeetly made, or say six months 
in ordinary practice, “This is now the Himit of Extisan's 
claim in regard to the matter. On first sight a lamp of 
stich small durabi ceme of no yereat vale ; and, in 
fact, the protsab a sudden revolution in lighting 
by menns of such an invention seems remote, Nevers 
theless, Edison believes that the lamp is ood enough 
for use in business houses, and-dbat.the time has come 
to make an effort for its infroduction, 6 6 + + es 
Edison has by’ no means abandoned the search for 
material for a bette filament for carbon, ‘The bamboo 
carbon is a remit of a voyage to China undertaken hy 
aman intha=mploy of the company, who was sent ovt 
to sce what he could discover, «t competent scientific 
gentleman & now hont to go to Rrasit to make a 
thorough regearch of that region in the interest of the 
company, With the sanie object in view. Edison has 
fonnd that'tt. is the class of plants called endogenous 
which nfforll the best fibres, and these are found in the 
tropics In their best development, Far the expedition 
to Brazil hls has secured the ‘services of Mr. Branner, 
of Cornell] College, who was the assistant of Prof, 
Hart in mbking the famous geological survey of Brazil 
for the Ghvernment of that country, Mr, Branner 
made his {firewells at Menlo Park on Saturday, He 
leaves at pnee for the southern continent, and will 
begin worgat Paras...) . + While the new light 
ishelieved to have commercial value, even with all its 
imperfections, its value is not so yreat as to lead to the 
extinetion uf the sus companies by any means, It is 
not easy yel ty see how it can be supplied much more 
cheaply tha, yas, 6... It iv ascertained that 
Shea ate te 1,099,000 ys burners in New York city. 
son's tight number lighted nightly is 500,000. Edi- 
facture ont? be supplied the most cheaply it iol 
introduced throughout the citys fe You ft cost hs toliuws . 
per year 
Coal. Three pounds per horsepower, 
giving six lights, 140,000 tons 
per year, at 3 dollar: 
Vabour.—Kive men at each central at: 
Nons twenty at main offic 
200 for repairs, inspection, & 
jut 20 dollars each per week ... 
Famnps.—Three per ght per year, at 38 
«SEALS ye if a 7 
Depreciation, taxation, and tepairs—ts 
Dar ceale at Haatthe plant 
fut Costing 10,000,000 doll: 
Dividends, 8 percent. pi me "“footooo 


§25,000 


" 


oy 
Total + 3,671,000 dol, 
It would thus involve an ex te 
counts yearly to produce and m: 
a moderate estimate, as the probability is that { 
go over that sui, as there would be ry si Be 
in operating a system of such iy. 


in r novelty and com i 

whe ot a Hight per year would we 7 sols, 46 cane 
7 cr yas-light per year, at rates whi 5 

panies can afford to concede, varies tteh orale 

cents to 9 dols. 25 cents, according as the consumer 

a large or small one, ur of 


a 
pendituce of 3,671,000 


aintain 500,000 lights—s. 


‘The advantage is in favour of; 


the cleetric light, but the difference is not what has 
always been claimed, The claim which Edison used to 
make, that his lights can be supplied at about 3 dols, 
ver year, is utterly unfounded. ‘The above calculation 
isnot altogether novel to men engaged in the manu. 
facture of gas, but there are inany private citizens 
holding gas-shares, but having no connection with the 


practical part of that industry, wha might he thrown § 


into. adden and unnecessary alarm were they not 


warned beforchand about the cost of the electric light, 


and against the demonstration about to be made at 
Menlo Pack. 5 


The Mea Yort deraéd of November ith 


‘A visit, to: Menlo Park found the unweary} 
Edison cheerily superintending the entry into his work. 
shop of a four-ton bed plate for the new Porter engine, 
which he has heen expecting some tinse. Baaeaed, te 
The new factory was not working at its full force} 
beeause of a. leakage in bis mercury pump, which 
supplied the soo vacuum pumps. ‘The leakage caused 
the salivation of a number of his empiores, and oblig 
him to suspend operations until a& new metcary-tight’t 

Lump was procured, . Asked about th 
Xraxim lamp on exhibition. in New York. Mr, Edisor 
said that he had not seen it, but his friends had. Hef 

sa clean steal from hislamp. Hedid no”) 
a.carbon vacuum ; he smiled at the} 
vacuum with wax, [t would bey 


They te aly 
stock.jobbing operation to float clectric arc stock, 


Pack, the American Pach, has also an article 0 
the same subject, from which we extract a fowl? 
paragraphs i— E 

As we thought it about tine for the long-deferred.; 
iNumination af Menlu Park to take place, we desi 
patched a few uf the members of our artistic and litess 
tary atafT to Mr, Edison's establishment, in onder thal 
womight learn what progress had been made in Mr.} 
Edison's experiments, . 

Mr. Edison received the ace delegation with muck | 
cordiality, and, as he was busily engaged at they 
moment in perfecting the “ Panto-Debagulator”=9 
a nachine for preventing trousers from bagging at th( 
kneese-he desired to be excused for a short period, by, 
requested that the gentlemen would make themsel 
quite at home and look over the works as they ple: 
tle would afterwards join the party and explain aay 

shang, haat mint hot ue clearly understood,” a 5 

Mr, Edison afterwards explained that he had eatisesg! 
rejected carbon points for the electric light. He b: 
discavered that there was nothing equal to a tallo 
candle wick, provided it had a full supply of tallow est 
circling it... Experience had also taught him that ai 
old-fashioned. tin, candlestick was the best kind 
receptacle for the tallow candle. 

hae the topic of the electeic railway it also $a) 
that— 


Mr, Edison had found that batteries and ather pard 
plernalia that ‘ate usually: associated with clecte 
ocammotors take. up toa much, space. Huw was 
obstacle to be surmounted? . Many long nights 2 
weary days did: Mr. Edison pondee: over this problea; 
Sometimes it appeared as though he had solved it~ 
others. as. ifits. solution was: further. away than 
Ho. had almost given up the: subject in despair whet 


cnemarerenne ete ea a aE SRR URE 





sudden tight bu 
artificial gener? 

By putting & 
the Fetded motiv 













NoLO-ANERICAN Bit eetuc TtunT Conronatio 


.CIRCULAR CARBON ELECTRODES. 








































































































ane ar 
3a 
: gery 2 “ ; 5 PVT irrevn x anennaerddtes eee weet eecaee e, a - 
‘ ‘ d uncer this title, with a | S. een a eee Sana ncn : } a thoroughly representative One. y= pa: 
i i A company has by Mycrne 4 hs Sir Hen os ee ae o . a STK 
A eae te SB Nn il . |. ELECTRICITY, TELEGRAPHY | Grorawe Ky gg. : 
a by ‘er | have 'yler ks the chal D f good men, ‘Then * ee 2 LAT —S SEES 
Str,—I beg to forward you 8 copy of a le Asie hee Ty coateanan non oF § We few cine a ; on } 
Klectrique, sit has pear on the prosp nf the Anglo-Asm 7 : : ; 
sent to the eater of pueemes which Appeared in inbhy is form potaks OAabtitied to tntyouce Mn Brust’a : ‘Tue EtxcrricLtanr on Stramers.—The Great Fasten THE BRUSH ELECTRIC Lieu, 
reference indir bliged by your giving pub- Jompany, which was gy which lias been fully described In our Railway Company is about to Inadee the woe light on ince 
ur last issue, I shall {eel obliged by y : ayster of electric light! white learn from the prospectus that F alls Ay Feombany isa ‘Continental steamers: i iL ‘mee ant had oceasion to speak of the merits of : 
icity Mn etOe oat truly, ea nu ontenalg actory how een Tease ing FoR “THe Execrric Light FOR Erournousess—The United been mate in extending the er gonaterable he dice iss 
| poe. Be ihe iin I Bridge and j Board have recommended an appropriation : company whic! 
CHARLES, F. HEINRICHS, in Lambeth, near thY’ Waterloo anufactured by acme of the States Lighthouse Boa: is working the Brush Patent in. this ti , 
7 fc lighting appa. country, The former : 
i m ‘ tions, and fitted x9th machinery 1 a 3a large supply of \} of $50,000 for the purpose of placing elects association, as will be seen on rr vertish eae 
i To the Editor of "La Lumitre Eleeirique." ee alia and(Qyerican engineering firmus; a large 21H yand \ tus in the Navesink lighthouse, i columns, as beon reconstructed one the ay udvertising ee 
©} Sim_t have noticed your remarks in the Is : dynanonnachlne Mowe conderas extension of matafectoring \ ay LAYING Canes iy ee SprRiG, Taam Daring th y LiAtelos,Amertean Bush Electrle Light Corporation. 
: yl ha j bject a! the buildings wi ‘Tho terms upon which the comp recent operation of laying the 3 i Limited,” and new names hav b ded 
af re heigl fe facilities from thing to tine, | The tert follows :— iN fthe ship was lighted cach evening by means H n ‘e been udded’ to the Hist 
: _ a x to the corporation ar an fo! the after part of the 5 as Ue! j of directors, ~The capital of the now co i 
armature, and also your\itat! latter, t lertaking iH pany £100,000 in cash, and \ f two Serrin lamps and a Granime machine, | be £800 in B 1 ES mpany is to 
ion” of the Dubos regulNtes, } att if ing to pay to the compan ‘whole of the patents for | ol te SOUTH-EASTERN RAMAWAY.--The directors have { insueae tearing 0,000 shares of 410 cach, the first 1 
| f . Cube \ ft ok s AViwm Lt i 4 a f £400,000, It a hat the * 
‘a beg to call your attent Tag fats, vi . uly pail up ahares, Hiax, Now Zealand, ant ¥ fat their Chating Cross Station { He to the amount of ‘ pears that use 
teat last semainer whe leasufe of an inter. ; into, nis, ho, Australien for vinitar rights | y Catt he daead nally Mahe thet Light, ben the Cannon ! sad ima oct, a hae wie os tend ra 
: | it é Some p xtende: 
the Cape o pain, Vel Street Station hy that of tle Bhitish Electele Light Com | Heats, Tnare ait 9 eo widely end 
ee orosen New ATLANTIC Tecraramt Cantes.—It is ' aye The coal rik garger capita, has become necss- | 
Hanan tated that subscriptions have been obtained for the total United Kingdom? Tretia oe Austra :N, patents for the | 
aiming 4 capital required to complete two Atlantic submarine tele= |, the Cape of Good Hoyer ent ators pcr and | 
: Is; that there has Q graph cables and, that the manufacture of them will be agtecnent to acquire trian ane, How weitere Jato an 
i ils snmenced immediately. i uugary, Italy, Spain, Belgium nit Sweden, age ! ‘ 
with nia garth, So imp corny Euvernic TAGuT Av Tanpixgtow.—The Great those Whtett hate Been sprite fe an es a well ag | seat 
ri f th Hd Freation of circular f Western Railway Company's station at Pa ington wi I Norway, ‘The corporatiah thus embraces it its natenty 
y of the applica ‘ lit up next week with the Hrush clectric light. hirty-four contracts dynamo-machines lamps, and cater nine 
carbon pencils belongs ya, me. t cs ric lamps will be distributed inside and outside the 4 the complete system of electri lightlag known 
Mt is therefore with surprise that I read your state. ! tions s (4) contracts with corporations electric amp oanhion Brush matey vate hh has becg lighting known as the 
ent, but feel sure that your attention being called ‘ et eantbate becltce atl wide private tiresa and inetd RR) station and His approaches, Tauine,imipiortant varus depart at ee, ete and eiepted by 
jeeeats pts vie i sianiee tome, make the autcoma “tie Soctery or he tient att otal euros (tins have been made lately on the Rhine, in order that ofLondon, aswehave j P 
‘fissue due amends for f 
of inadvertence, . " 
Your obedient servant, 
% CHAS, 





vipr led on at night by means of the 

presh t Pane Ta hoped that soon satisfactory ewults weil 

F/HEINRICHS ang entlenert : follow whlch vil probably develop an entirely new phase 

_ iv ne : 

Heelys i Mt ‘4 "Swan's PATENT.—The mystery of Mr, _ Swan's 

catbons Is, according to the Lvectrician, at length disclosed, 

‘They are made of vegetable parchment—commonly called 

parchment paper—cut into strips and carbonised ; they are 
then bent to the required shape and fixed inside the | 

exhausted globes in the manner publicly described by Mr. 


alteady announced, have catered intoa 
Contract for Blackfriars Bridge, New Bridge Street, Ludgate 
Hit, St. Paul's Churchyard (north side), and Cheapside {to 
King Street), to be lighted by this system, It is in regular 
use at various railway’ stations, and it has been Supplicd to. 
several large firms, who hav v 


ve ¢ expressed their high approval” 
ofit. In America the Brust system has made great and 


tapld “progress, It is used ina humber of large works and 
factories of all descriptions in the United States, The 
number of lights alread ly sold for use in the 
















3. Cutler, 
ter, Mr, 
Light, and 


aes 
—= 





















States, accord- 
f ing to a letter lately received, is 2509, some of which are of 
Swan, The so-called vegetable parchment is paper prepared, 3ooo and the remainder Of 2000 candle-power, Besides 
ee with sulphuric acid, whereby it becomes exceedingly tough these a large number are in use itn Great Asritain in similar 
Oe en ame aaa er arr i and compact. i 
E MECHANICAL ENGINEE 








establishments, Numerous testimonials have been received 
48 to the great economy and many advantages of this Yght, 
A suitable ant extensive fietory has been leased and estab: 
Ushed in Lambeth, near the W Aterloo Bridge and Charing 
Cross Stations, and fitted with machinery manufactured b 

some of the best English and American cngincering firms; 
a large supply of dsnamo-machines and of Jamps are in 


course of construction, and the buildings will allow of con 


siderable Cxtension of manufacturing facilities from time to 
me, ‘ 


————— 
New Travg CatALoaur.—Messrs, Taylor and Challen, 


of Biimingham, have favoured us with an advance copy of 
thelr new catalogue of “Stationary Stea 


ITING IN LiveRPOOL.—The Corporation 

: of Linen tee the Act of Parliament obtained. y tlhem 

recently, have now decided to make the experiment o ght? 

| ing a large portion of the city by eleetele ty, and they have 
‘ 
! 











































ly invited tenders ghting all the important 
tncroahlnae including St. Grorpe's Place, Is! lington 
Market and a part of Williain Brown Strect, Lime Street, 


commissioner hus been sent to Brazil in 
search of fibres suitable fur the carbon loop of 
Edison's now lamp, ‘ 

;, In the hard bark or rind of the bamboo Tying eorge 
‘immediately bencath the outside glaze has been Me, oN 
found the substance which most satisfactorily, 
thus far, meets the requirements of the carbon 
loops, But even when the utmost caution is!! 













J, DaleStrect, Castle Street, Lord Street, Church- 
kpndonsten Street, Ranelagh Street, and the open s aces 
near the Pilnee’s and George's Docks and St, Nicholas 
Church, ‘The new fighting will begin on the tst February 
next, 















ant 














































































4 m-Engines and 
hla wae aot 
. | . 
teed in shaving off this rind, so us to avoid tho} ' ; WWitng : : : 
‘soft pith, slight Portions still ndhere to the little | +’s fi pou / ane No relents. ~The Commissioner of Public 
strips to be used ng loops, which are only wf; 3 i | introduc ht nia city, Ins granted Mr, Edison a permit to 
,Mftioth of an inch in thickness, and these par- ecard { thls ct ois system of electrle lighting In the lower part of 
poles Mite been found to retard the missage vt IR Tvarq eg | city. toe " 
le electric current, and to lead to the speedy | ¥ : Va cente” 2 presi: ak 
destruction of the loop, Brazil abounts it tbe | Sloce ih Chviirece,. 
trees und plants of endayenaits growth, from raowt, We & bake | : : ; : 
, Which 1 most suitable fibre is most likely to be}: ieee pnapeetion OF ELECTING rounication.) Oy | ; an, 
obtained. Specimens of everykind of endog- 13840. ole th May oral rei anv ear TSR _ | : 
cnous fibre will be collected und forwarded tof - of Tho inne atauure of fine, ailies, 20, og? 
[Mr, Edison, who will experiment with them, . Eg stam, snag Darl 









Tho commissioner is expected to be absent oS 
‘about a year, L ian 











SS ee 




































Hest soe memeemeee mma ORE ULE - - oe 
2 Fecuvered,’ ° 7] . 
Tin lee ixhibition and Congreas will be i . 
H ,: ders an shown in the cine Hrrfected, Mloctrtt ae on the ‘iat of August noxt, ] i * 
* cap tang lek of plata Tommetiraes pertnand Ch : and will close on the 15th, of November, “Germany lina agrees ae 
» fe ‘ho pre claims #@ thee oval i to taka part in tts Go aun eee dT #0 
ait PAReAgot’ snaking cont ‘Tair passages... 
the modo of Me ctions, C witli, 





2 G 

t Jann AM arrinatine at alnta alineey vrourletors hil on Wednesday, at 
con! Yisnrd, |: 

. Lorene fev rein Bepeniwa Aven TW ESTING 


AAs Morey 















he 























































Fig 4 shows, in ‘eeti 
auch acell, Prof, Bell hus also Uner 
which the selenium filled anly 



















4 ° 
i fay oe sre A ‘apie Bit 

: ‘THE ELECTRIC LIGHTS ON BROADWAY, EW ee i 

i In our issue dated December 25 mention was ae le = cite 
vey fons going ou for the experimental lighting of a : 
4 Pe rowdiray wilh electric Jumps, The promlsar the com 
y rst — Electric Light Company, 
4 N acti aero re aco twas of the time 
i] fe —" peal : 

; fixed, aud on the. night of December 19 the ea at 
‘T between 14th and 26th streets, including a por! ; a ae: 
- are, were lighted by sixteen lumps on a sing : 
{) pon Buta vero already jn use tn this city, in 
eit. Aluhough there wero already i Beat 
+ vate establishments, something like a hundred Brush 
yeas eee was the first application of thent to street Ihghit- 
i fee and the expertment naturally attracted much at- 
jeitlont ‘The company proposes to continue the exhibition 
; af the lamps for a month or more, keeping a careful La 
‘bof the severn) clements of cost, so thatan authoritat ve de. 
\elston can be arrived at touching the economy of the system 
and Its ability to take the place of gas in the lighting of our 
streets. That the electric light is very much cheaper than 
gs, quantity for quantity, is already abundantly demon: 
strated and pretty generally recognized; the question to be 
determined now is whether the vastly brighter Mumination 
demanded when electricity Is used, and is really needed for ( t 

{the satisfactory lighting of our streets, can be bud ata price ans ns changementdes ebarhons, sans diran- 
Veetiteh the public ts Willing to pay, gement possible, lin Jampe omportant.ancun tec 

The difference in the degree of Mumtnatlon obtained under M nisthey vst ‘en effet FAC piscien ‘i TS 
the two systems fs far greater than ts popularly supposed, rLa lampe do Me Swan priorité sur fa i 
In the section of Broadway lighted by electricity there are lampe Edison, mais rie n'indique Jasin ici sa auprrioritd, “ 
austeen Iunps—cach of 2,000 candle power—each having at|{ La conférence de M. Swan est reinplie de promesses et " 
least twice the iuminating power of all the gus lights despérances, elle dont pen ou paint de hiffres. Nan: 
{hitherto used there, Anywhere in the electrically iWuml- devant fa Socitté des it 
nated district itis possible to read type of the slze used tn 
: 10. AMEtICAN, and the light Is purer and more 
Steady than any gas Hight. Yet the popular impression at 
first was that the electric light was a trifle dim, and that the 
{lamps should have been placed nearer together, 
1 ‘The company making this experiment was organized under 
tho Jaws of this State some time Just fall, its fleld of operation 
|being Iinited to Manhattan Island, Asalready noted, the 
” 1 Brush system of lighting had been adopted ingquiten number 
of our larger mercantile establishments, and many other 
merchants nnd manuficturers favored tts Introduction, but 
did not require unps enough to warnint the purehinge of If 
keparate generiting tnachines. ‘Phe success of the aystem 
elsewhere made It probable that it would be as favorably 
received here, and that its general use night be extended 
not only to the larger shops, warehouses, facturles, ele, but spat eee SR ESATA : 
also to the public streets nnd parks. Accordingly the New que le ‘ _ ov ee eee BIE aegs ee Ho 
York company was organized to develop the fled, ‘The'! Jviden ma ih uae i ail NS : ance t ie re 
district selucted for the first central station includes n large | Hiquides consti ‘ia'lG is Hart ae ‘ tonite ° 
number of prominent-hotels, clab houses, theaters, and other 4 be: ene uf ane lle atten aa © fo vade claren 
plices of amusement, and covers what has become the eblet Ta telinnge We ile hn tr cat’ vat GAL neeannt 
shopping district of the clly. Secing the favoruble Issue of hoa Saadetink icHt pics ee lonnt de le vonvidever 
{io first strect experiment, It Is safe to infer that the future | ° hiewtot ature? It hichon hat Pree * seal Ell I 
\{ Progress of the electric Nght in this clty will not be slow, |) MeMOl cotume: tin fait accompli: dconomiquenteat. Balls 
Atthis writing the wires have been set Up ns furns 34th street, 
1{ and It Is expeeted thatthe company will be ofleially invited 
“Wat an early day to submit a bid for the lighting of the 
1) Square mille of territory nround the centrat station, 

Atnple preparations are making at the preliminary station 
for tha extension of the system, Already half of a double 
Corliss cngtne of 200 horse power hag been set up, with 










| ee 


LA LANE dLCrRIQuE A iNcannescenee —./ / 


DE M. SWAN 



































On" fait quelqua bruit en Angleterre, depuis deux 
inois environ, "ane Jampe sleetrique eal 
pure, présentéa & la Socitté delittératury et de yi teri 
dle Neweasile, fe 20 oetobne, par son invent ur, MW. 
Swan, On désigno sous Io nom de lampe 2 incanfeseenee 
pure, les appareils dans tesquels il pas mati sen- 
sible de la substance incandescente, ce les difffrencie a, 
( ON se rap 
ja découverte le 
MW commerce 





























































aula 


- Fra. 4, 


par Mannoiice 
harbon de papi 
a présente ann 

presque sunssit 












tor with the brass disks. Tutt 
jient was in no way prefernblo, for in practice 
| itwas found that inoistare was apt fo penetrate 

it the surfiee of the 














tes nombretises reekerel 
jusqo'tel pour sar lion. . ; 

Un appareil qi, pendant plusieurs centaines heures, 
Tal par ke mneayee Cun eonmutatenr, 
































Fia, 5, 
effect, Fig. 6 isn diagram which simply ina. 








































































M. Swan avait alluné ca jour-li trente et 
re le courant fourni par une machine 
Hit quittre chevaus de force sur un nu. 





nato dinky, and, secondly, that the current ean. 
; Hot go round the telephone, 


tte de ascigee Aittess / 






























, 

courant de 1 weber Y 
re 150 orbs. Lorsqu'on Ss 

caleule Ménergiv électrique dépensée par. teatampesscules 

s ces conditions, en négtigeant: les ‘conducteurs, ta 

wice propre dela inachine, ete, ete., on trouve, N 








fat IS MGs 
The Peril of Elcetrle Latnps, 
Upon this subject Engineering remarks that 
not very long ago a perion was instantanconsly 
| Kilted in Mancheater by inadvertently touching 
tho exposed conncetions of an electric lighting 
Apparatus, and the public doubts as to the 





qu'elles dépensent ensemble 471 kilogrammétees, s0i16,32 








chevans, e'est-iedire en plas de huit chevanx, My 
a lide telles divergences que nous'ie pouvons accepter 
les fails annonets sans vérilicalions ; tautes les réserves que ’ 
nous avons faites au sujet dela kuupeEdison, s'appliquent * 
aussi dt fa lampe Swan, quine parait avair sur ta premidre 
























event created will probably bo reawakened by | 
tho news of thy recent fatal necident on Dourd 
the imperial yacht Livadin during her trial 











on Saturday, the 16th fnat,, one of the stoke 
of the ship wat asked to holil an electric dunp 
which was being awang upto light the stoke. 
hole, ‘The nn, being ignorunt of the danger, 
gmiaped the hump by the brasa rad whieh runs 
round it, and nt tho samo time ineautiously 
touched one of the bare wires whieh supply the 
electric cttrrent. By thisact he interposed his 
body in the tmek of the powerful: current, 
which was, in part at least, diverted from 
arm toa across his vhest. ‘The shock was 
wufllcient to strike him down del, all efforts 


























Hf Spaces hetWeen’ dinks, thu intermediate spaces 
being ocenpied by mica diske of equal diune- 
his armnge- 


; safety of the new mode of lighting which tho i 


oN pe A a cern 


AL cells in probably be paid to the sate 
tho alternate | tus. Baro Wires and tori 


bare mien, spoiling the 


trates the netion of the selenium receiver, ond |! 
shows, firtly, the way of connecting the alter. {' 


4 trip from the Clyde to Brest. It appears that | 


on, the construction of bright 


harmntesa na ordinary 





three dynamo machines, each capuble of sustaining sixteen 
‘amps of 2,000 candle power, Foundations are belng pre. 
{{ pared for half a dozen more machines of the sume size, and 
Jone 40-light machine, With the latter type of machine the |! 
gf Power, required ts four-fifths of a horse power to cach 
Gf lamp; with the smaltermachines ft Is n Uittle more, though Tt fies 
Is catimated that the completed engdne will bo able to supply | 
250 Iatnps of 2,000 candle power each, | i 
The lamps are of simple construction, 
pearuice, relatively inexpensive and casy t 
| The street lamps are provided with two sets of carbons, ench 
{good fur eight hours’ burutog, and so adjusted that when |i 
one set fs exhausted the current shifts to the other, 
No clockwork {3 employed In feeding the curbons, their 
{movement being effected hy a almplo automatic cleetric 
{Armagement, which secures W Constant adjustment and a 
remarkubly steady Hyht, - 
It Jy evident that the contest between gasaud electricity 
for the lighting of our streets has vow passed from the | 
theoretical to the practical sta 


to resuscitate him boing unavailing, Nor was 
thu effect duo to heurt disease indticed by the 
f blow, ns ik sometines tho case with comparn 
tively slight shocks, for it was fond next dny 
that the Usaucs of his body hind been disrupted h 
to such a degree by the discharge that immedi. 
me cto burial was resorted to, ‘Mhere von, there. | 
fore, be no dunbt that the electric current feed. | 
B ing an ordinnrily powerful electric lamp of the 















very plain in ap. 
oO keep In order, 






Yadia, or the other types of Siemens, Lontin, |) 
Jamin, ete, iv quite capndle of causing death 
toany penun who ta unfortunate enough to 
Comoe in contact with It so ov to “shunt” the 
current throngh any of hia vital organs, In 
Passing from one hand to another, the current 
is forced to traverse the breast nad Ings, not 
to apenk of tho henrt and apinal cord, For this 
reason it ia absolutely Necessary that great 
care whould he exorcised in Lanling electric 

































Jamps aa they aro at present constructed, Tne 

s deed, it should Le amnde a rule that these appa. 

that popular sympathy jag a decided leaning toward et 5 tus whould never bo entrusted to any unskilled 
tricity, It Is tu be hoped that on the score of cost the teste: : ‘ 






will result ag favorably as they have in respect to the" 


Person whatever, ‘There is no danger at all 
of tho light, 


short of actual touching with two distinct pnrta 
of the body in wuch a manner as to discharge 
the current between them; but na Vorson ignore 
ant of the nection of the lamp any commit tha 
Ulunder at any moment, for olcetricity In ine { 
visible, and there fs no sign to be seen of the 
; deadly and anbtle power whieh may be lurking 
in the metal-work, Something more than care 
on the part of those using the eloctric Myht 
would secm, however, fo be necessary, ‘There 
is room for reform in the construction of elee- 
tric lamps, Ilithorto tho attention of inventors 
} has beon ehietly directed to the propor work- 
ding of their devices and he instrance of a 













poerery 











light; but henceforth some regard will oy . 

ty of their appar. . era 
inala ought to ho 

Buarded from navel. 

lectria Janterns mado nx 


off and gay Jamps, 
—— OP @. 


abolished, or at any mite, 
dental touch, and ¢ 





1926. Arranarva rok Pnopucixa Eueumuie Laur | / Wy 










lonion.—=Datat 4th May, 1880, ' 

sie dodiohios eprliod tho discovery of Mz. Hpatlae 
pertains et thet rag ta 
Meeteine construction of nN tmp oe {neunlos, 
ca ae eR eiich anter the crimes 


Pipe for aa et ates Ge MG da wh cbonite plate carriod 


D De Band Garg aurround 
Bea OY Ato by and to I are Axed arine KY bo 


41836) & 


Cee /f Tey ro, 





Abbey 


ded 
f fiich tho timp ta ettaperiy 
een eerie Wires ih kobe tt or didi 
een ny ayeeana ry tho oats FIT, tho Ane urate 
mao oats HOI connectett walt a bn crete 

thocoll by wines tt eatt fiscot knobs, when the 


wears _ 
ta fale eacate  , NS 
nearly Luty contact, o! nee Geta ace 
peer ae ee orn portion of thorccontary >) 


Oo-caniile or two of £0, rina 
Hung ot iron wires, tin, diameter sud, 1$in- Joni, 
Hire Ot Tnattated“osbe wire. waa OB, 
tied Bene wound on an ineulathig Hh ae 
Meat | iallo OO7TSIt. wire covered four bs 2 a 
atic, wand fn 60 diss, . Tho claiina aro the cor 
gil womaachine, coll, said epecial fort o Bn 
1627. ‘Honaeaiox Nate Hone ace) . 

“ 1860, 

Upon or near anon of “aframe te mounted rigtdd 





Jablochkott type, such ns is used in the Lie atts 








preeoreaee 






























































































































ue Husorne Liaw: ov Boan> Sreaxinare—hn ex / a Ge SE Tan ELECTRICIAN, | EGER “Duet, 


ied by tho Great Enstern Railway ‘ 3 = 7 : 1: 
ut least, of their continental steamers, , é ; Genoral, has been trying the effect of magnets in his practico |: CTRIC TER ANG IN IE CITY AND 


the electric light for the purpose of river naviga- : ok for @ couple of ye r 80, and is convince at the magnet To tite Eoiron or ENaiEentna, 
6 tpparatus was fixed on board the steamer Avalon, j is really capable of oxorthy Ro stroneshysiological influence lee ati we wy, me clvie ae gut Hi'or con, 
2 A * ‘ _ 7 ; Sent, consented! nO Brush Electrie J.i 0} 
j but no trial bas.ns yet been made, ‘There can bo no question iy ok e and that there are substanti sons for believing that it |" |to Uo in tho position of ono who, meng ere “noet 
; that, to an. oxtent, it. will prove of great assistance on the z may be used to advan in medidivg. He has tried itin anita pai aed ee mgany Me wed 
‘Dutch, Belgian, and English coasts, espeeiully during the { ; ae cases of neuralgiesthorea, and paralysis, sometimes with Jndger aria, te compat will wate tented, | Aro wey 
“as aps 2 eee es : S * seriously required Hove that the very clomentary con- 
: winter months, but it is doubted how far it will be successful : : strong evidence of beneficial effects, ‘flitions of ‘a tain trial recited in Mr. Montgomery's tee 
as regards tho lights exhibited by other vessels, ‘Tho gervico & a Gonpow’s Execrntc Lap Wo believe wo ef em aver in danger of boing sepatted from, te an extent 
’ . rary aes ~ A : wh ds — YO are correc! . to seriously vitinte tho resul by tho judges at Glaagow ? 
it will render in distinguishing the course to bo steeréd by i in stating that no authentic description of this lamp has yot |__| fnu it hard tobelioves nnd cangot Holp thinking, with the |} 
; the steamer will be valuable enough, the only point open to AY : x b . ties Peete | ye “‘n Mr. Crompton,” go tightly esteomed by the Mee Monte 
{ i . . aap Lo : Ran ; ecn given for publication, A contemporary in its haste to {somery, that the Brush people might havo scen other rea. 
question being as to the influence it will exercise over the ~ f : doseribe the lamp simpl rushed to the Pat on son for preferring a trin} later rather than sooner, Atany |, 
side lights—red and green—of vessels travelling in the faire \ ; \ : b i py ‘ ‘tent Office, and |, rate when n body of gentlemen take so much pains to pros 
pees : iio ; “S- abstracted a patent specification, without, howover, hinting in moton public object as did thora who first got up the 
Lway of the steamers, go as to avoid the danger of: céllision + gil the article how its information wa: btained, A gee 1 exhibition at Glasgow, and then did thoir beat fo institute 
‘throngh mistaken ideas as to the “ rule of the road." Ono : ee was obtained, A second 8 {nir competition for tho general advantage, those exhl- |: 
‘of two things will probably ha ither tt i t 2 & i i patent, wo may say, has been applied for, and the inventor |. hilors who shoaao to jolt. aloof anil, naturally suffer 
x Y ably ppen—either the s ermer's ‘ * : hier —s! content to give the simpla oxplanation |! 
rf I ly apy may find it necessary to apply for w third, ‘The abstracted thal thoy how their amie buses Toate of ianation | 


side lights will be obscured by the power of the electric light Q ’ , Specification will duly Appear in nuother column, and as soon the judges aroincompotent or unfair. Neither is it wisein 


which she carri e clectrie livht wi ‘eo the : ’ 2 2 t! tthe “atatua of tit ho did not 
2 im Nah i eg, 7 the peur bie tee Inyo ie effeet of ag details can be made publie we shall deseribe and illustrate fue the teial, and who havo prosted thereby—an {belive 
(neu cine ae ours ot the side ights carried by the ap. the completed invention, which will probably includo a gene. the Crompton Tigh _ one, ling profited, cs ally in f 
i q ry —} , i aay y . A ve en ed 
. proaching vessel, Bat Anglian Daily Times, : : rator ag well ag a lamp. [or tie reliable date which overy one expected Xo renult 
Hutu.—aA meeting of the Lighting Committee of the Hull /] 
Corporation was held on the 26th ult. “to approve and put 
Pinto operstion the Electric Lighting Bill obtained by the 
@ Corporation in the lust Session of Parliament.” Tho borough 


a from the competition, and havo still to be content, ao far 
Goon ror Cassa REHOLDERS.—Mr, CG. E, Davis, F.C,8. jas regards the lirush light, with a rechaugée of Amorican |) 
in a paper read before tho Munchester Sciontific and | ipors, If the publio any nee ot be areaetee ge : 
Mechanical Society last week on the « Utilisation of Re. this Jongtng far n ira aul their atrong sense Of caution, 
* A ‘ ; ite? "i a shyloet her tmight be simultaneously yea’ fica ey took a Ieaf ou 
engineer submitted plans providing for six 6,000 candle. J san ne rtrd a favour of electricity i the bock of another “great Arrican trad lng company, and 
Mlight-power lights, one 2,000, five 400 for street lighting,and = 3 ach betting agent, and contended that the objections lin which, ns_a01 think, thoy might porsbly get ate . 
so one of 2,000 eandle-power and two of £00 for tl Teen 8 : F which had been raised by the Opponents of oleetricity, namely, |. “obtained sere glory by giving a prize of 10002, for the 
\ ? Seether ee OF £00 for the Town : Sy JS vfirst, its cost per unit of illuminating Power; second, the |’, best light, in wn trial over which thoy could preside as 
Medal. Tho proposed clectric lighta would’ supersede the o> . ane: : i ! : reais ; , ; Jindges, no both giving the Glasgow gentlemen a lesnon in 
iting power of 105 } C16 cam i % deep shadows it proditced ; third, its tendency to pop out thoart, aud themaclves a really graceful reaton for standing 
i : ei + suCssry, ales . oht, . m i. ‘out once more, would be only fair to admit to the com. 
guting p Gits-lamps o! candle-power. Mes im ddenly'; and'fourth, th duet { nitro I t Tt would be only fair to admit to thi 
eemens Brothers estimated the cost of the requisit v suddenly; and'fourth, the production of nitrous vapours hy Petition the gaslights ut Liverpool.stroct Station, which, 
Plant for th ic light} ee : its nection, possessed no weight. Mr. Davis thought there |’ | by the maceoantable way in which they maintain their 
[plant for the extent of the electric lighting described, sp sapec tess . existence sido hy side with the Brush light, have, In some 
Bneluding steam engines and boilers, dyn amo-machines, “© would be fur more profit from gis distilling if conducted and ' peopto' opintony cstublished nm girfoul foie sha ee 
) v ’ 


i i i hy H y , j j y for’ (deration, Ono word more. Your correspondent Mr, hil, 
leading. wires, masts, brackets, liups, lanterns, and. Ls) : : considered ng a purely chemical operation, and solely forother A iy 


ry aS) due lingworth Nedges is not the ouly person who thinks largo 

a insulators, at £3,700, in addition to which the ens Sy Ng, Products, not gas. * Epurca, Fehta ad ree ana bing ay Crome 
jgine-house and site would cost, say £1,900, making the S Evecrnic Trout at Season Warentna Pracea.—An ton says, tho apparont costlincas of the Crompton system | 
and they estimated the annual maine : oD official connected with the Corporation of Blackpool writes at a ait ees pene canted honestly, in some cae 

t lamps at £672, and the carbons for tl EN 8 : that, while reading with pleasure in the Daily Telegraph the nro held whiok shalt enablo the public to obeck those things 
51d K C on the : sf te b to bo tak t Brighton ¢ vo th tiv for themselves tho better. A present we havo the mero |: 
O3d. per hour for every hour the whole . Pen step about to be taken a righton to prove the practiva- assertions of partisans, which fail to cstablish their own 


th respect to tha street lighti : bility of the'clectric light for street lighting, the important | eause, though powerful to ajuru thelr sirale and through 
r ighting, therefore N\ yor : i y . : , lighting. 
er annum, ‘ Lancashire watering place, Blackpool, is the town in which | {them tow pale pppanects of Jour dee enn 


the sum of £0672 p plus the firat.cost of ph ; 
: : mM 
SSE EOE vat, would : ; : ; tho electric light was first used on any complete scale for Lian, 

| produce lights ¢ : : public lighting, and that in the two past seagons (1879 and : : : i 


r ° qual to 40,000 candle-power xs compared 
with 1,680 candle-power for the 105 as-lamps ‘to be dis- |b 
placed, nnd costing £420 per Runum, whilst the same appa. 

ai 7, Talus would algo provide lights for the entrance hall, reception 
f+ Foom, and council chamber in theTown Hall, It wag resolved 
} to take steps to make trinl of the electric light for twelve i 
“month, 8 Exectnic Lrawr any Foa.—A contemporary, describing . a) 
; ; tho late fogs in London, makes the following curious observa. : . Purse at ea 
tions, which, if true, point, we think, to the desirability of |f - : BTREMTS, DRAINAGE, ET. 
correcting the colour of the electric light by menns of guit- ep aratereniae mat Meir Ana dni 


pry Hl Ife. A ~. 
Q woerve | oH ably tinted globes :—"" Last night's fog. was & somewhat un- Sawyers heotshs te A) : 
g 
~ 


1880) the parade and the seaward ends of the two piers, have| or ee es 

been in this way sucecssfully ituminated, the lampa—nine || >. ? ELECTRICITY. . 

in number—being pliced ata height of sixty fect, and cach , uinet Ig wow snecosafulty lighted bythe, 
lamp having an illuminating power of 6,000 candles. ‘The , 

effect at night near the sen is delightful. 


. common tone of grey. If it was one of the blankets of the Imeont moctiny of the 
if Minéyare u j dark, it was a blanket not yet washed, and with no yellow gailudelphita, and “way 
HMagnetle Com, , ' shade ag yet brought out in it, Perhaps it was the peculiar expr aly iia 

saineeelit Hi . f nature of its tint which made it especially detrimental to the Tinont was all that en 

: : ; > electric light. Along the Embankment tho orange specks’ of 

‘gas ninde ‘themselves somehow apparent, faintly Beaming | 

‘od ‘Street, : through the dimuess ; but the pale silver grey of tho fog! 

ere ; . seemed to ussimilute the sheen of the electric light and | 


absorb it.” 


to bo 





whut Mr. Fallon t 
for some time, $a find out, and what: 
2,. 188t. | otoxbibitat his demonstration the othereven- 
Ing If he uns found 3, out, {a the powor ie 
:} to contro! (he lights, to turn out ona of moro |; fa ; 
without affecting thors still burning, to lower : 
4 or tesson a light by turning lt off partly, as 
. F=——S} | turtles do thelr gastights.. The electrician 
x Bonnar News publiates 9} | 01.9 ena edo tis hus solved the problern whieh ji 
{| sill kil) the gaa companies, has made hisown 
fortuno,: and aa made the. clectele Izht |, : 
M Pest the Ight of | the future for dywellln, 1 


thereby causeit io eee 
i nie 
joe electricity may he elthor at induedigemt 








or 









PALTIMORR, BUNDAY,” JAN. 






© proximity, = 















ced W 
og | : ; n aut ti 

x shops, factories and offices, to sy Brecy has nae ‘ igi tee cue 

q ete gus In Sta greatest atrongholds, Tho fact f° . : Becky inp bas ron ‘i ho eure 

y that Mr, Edleon didnot Musteate his poswer |! < dlong to ia oen ie oes 

mh s9iIne one lamp does r 


control ‘bis Hight as well as dbvito it, but : bunt 
, tatented himself shioply with dagzling his : : pe lator in | the Seto od 
: the demon-|| ‘gucsta by alternate sainples of ylaro and bi Hl : seats we 
attriluited by Madam Rumor to the here |} gloom, is to onr minds concluslyo that he haa A it, 14 horse-pow 
stration at Menlo Park « few Garren, Ro of |. achieved nothing pracilcally valuable that ls 
pve ey not ulready known. 7 
‘The divisibillty of the'electela light fs no 
‘Unger a problem, ‘The News ofllcs te Mlu- |; 
ined nlghtly wlth clectric Ughta, “and 
vo cat rin one Heht of 16,600 candle power, |: Night 
or threo lamps ot over flvo thousand candle ‘pany 
power cnch, or we could ron ono thousand 
lamps of over rixtcen candic power each. 



















to sen rh aquare 
rie Light Ce pny of New York. A talle 
. ah biske, David L, Einstein, W, 
The ditiicully would be In the fatter caso that Si ~ oy deat ee oma Dolan, 
when the elevitic generator atarted the wholo 2 ra, ew peli ; ie a 2 
one thousand lights would faghup elmuttanc- We erqervtese Feedba *s 
eo 7 = 












: 
[Ponies ay Geshe” AMS aw ge aod ed 
















meee tee 
Wm IY Whew tate ten ee, Manthinag: a, J : 







ously; and when the machine atopped all would Z ae 3 ae oak r : ; 
go out. If nine hundred of these were cut o Yo ee Bo eRe ction ores eas fl, 
the whole forea would be thrown on tho re- CALS oes TI  Clinguntn, Soh cig Eat aes 
ted amet + AE SS ence, h OS ie OF 
i matutng ono hundred lamps, and their poser oie of Sa eee Cae be 





would be increased from sixteen candles to} 
ona linndred and elxty candles ench; and ff 
990 of the Hghts wero cut off the one remaly- 
Ing would be equal to 16,000 candle power. 
If Vrof, Edison, ns bo Jed bis vialtora atong |: 
the plank walk between tivo rows of lights || 
that gleamod like diamonils on either side, |; 
had turued of every alternate light Jo]i 
his progress without affecting tho yol- i 
umo of those left burning, be would 
have given an exhibition that would |; 


N. D0 | Eteerme ticur is a Quantz M 
a Na fir. 

S x Butte (Montana) Miner saya: On Monday? Get 
xt ing the city council and city oflicials, together 
‘ with a largo number of other citizons, semo.ac. 
ZZ compatied by Indies, visited the Alico mills to 
Witness tho operation of tho olectric light. 
Notwithstanding » violent snow-atorm was rage 
ing, tho cntire. party was treated to n most 
beautiful sight ag thoy approached Walkerville, 

On top of the hoisting works appeared a ligh 
which in the escaping steam, secmed like eh 
















on 
CON ah 
Ported on each akin ser aero MAiNoA, Thin rence AFECOLS oF te | 


, vider metal conzeeted ante compen of platiaun, tra 


Emayircanringe Care| gi eae 
2, " 


ies have ruached, or what his ingentilty bas 

; accomplished, But this wo do kuow, that if . 
ho Las achtoyed nothing bettor than what he 
dleplayed to hls pleased and astonished visl- 
tors on the Imposing occasion referred to, 
M tho olociric ight is atl} a long way from be- 
A coming he “light of tho future,” in the sense 
a which tho expresaion is commanly used, 
nd gas stocks will pay dividends for many 










f : 
| ab the pulne, of contact "poly at ono polnt, oF 













Bears to come. f ti Ming i i 
{ Prof, Filson’s dis-} | Have ercated a profound and lasting eonsatlon of fito rolling in the heavens, whilo through ta nal completet, in Outer coating of : : 
i tay sat on a oeatokabta triumph the fact | { ud scaled the early doom of the gas compa- tho windows of tho mill the light shone bent. ‘ pedi Which Is therefore Drolected trons eon te, Meum ule : 
\ Bint he could, by tho morement of a Tover,; | Mica? Whou be can do this there will be some S tifull slistiaet: and, shectful, Tho party was iho ninae, ary pralucnl by passing electricity thea 
; jl show of the electric light gottlng Into private mel Mr. Ruthrauff, who cacorted thor 1 mee neccesary f oo Alot contbuatior By 
PMustuntancously fiyht up the grounds, and, by | ; pul ¢ is P through tho.mills, showing tho operation of the Oibe letratlon i tn the meee the carbon to supply nd sed { 


Bb a plathnunt wires or ping ant 


i wore 
Heat at irtetent dlevetionn tar adeea eae ate Haan through the 


veralng that lever, as suddenly alroud tho} :feiliences, where no light can ba conven- 
heat ag dtitterent rolut, (May 3, 1880), Meck the anount of 


Paco in darkness. To any oe who Kuowet ‘fently aud permancutty established uuless St ' o>. lights and oxplaining how tho electricity was 


y -Yonenated aud manipulated, All remarked on 














Muything about the electric Nght this aston-} ean bo tsed at will, ralsed thigh or reduced . 1 ‘Ny i seen Se, | 
Tuing foat Jeo source of ne astonlaliment} ‘low to ault the comfort of tho family, extin- . a ciprenonena ins ie ae i TTMBOne fam Gninntne ase ener 4 
Bw listover, for euch au ono must know that, galshed in re room without affecting the ‘ members of the council particularly were ‘uiitne : wT FR oot tee ae sete seewveges pune: i 
hen the machine wus started, oll the lpbts{ Volutuc of light fn another room, sud be imous in oxpressing their aatisfaction with tho Peri mystery of Mr. Swan's carbons { " | fi 
gould finnediately appear, and when It was{ : tirned on or off without regard to the con- - power and brilliancy of the light, and. Mayor \ msi iiteien is told, at length disclosed. "They ae | i 
atiton says will probably report unanimously ractable pareliment~commonly called : 


opped tho lights se quickly ceased, It]; duct or habits of thy neighbors, At present 
8 as alinplo as starting a steam en-] this cannot bo, id, 10 cur disappoint. 
luc oud stopping it What would havo |! ticat, we have nothing In Mr. Edison's 


v. 


porehment PAper—cui 


in favor of i i The li 
or of its adoption by thacity, ‘he lights no are then bent to tho tequired shapo and fixed 


‘J aro now being run at tho Alico all night with 
*  perfeot success, 












Hf becn astonlaling ty an clectriclan, however, |{ “wonderfal” display that iudicates any pros | j cote aoe | | 
would have been a demonstration by Mr. gree In that dirdetton, ~ . ek ii aee! we So nieiy, micny ,cleceiagg merw'se ba NLU bud oh rier ; Eke seme aa rae 4 | 
Edison of ils power to light and turn off at ‘That the clociric tite will some day atiper- commenced on Monday Inst, ebb BL we ned bebo om Metaac A Hecomes aeeedingty tog an come : i 

I peoent eatery” was fully described on p. 3 
ps 


will any number of Hyhts tesa than tho whole || eed gns for atreet lightlog and for itluminat- 
number attached to lis machine, or* baying || Ing lnrge halle, we do not doubt. Indeed to |i ~ 
}slurted all his laps to have oxtingulshed }/ such purporcs It cin bo nud le applled now. 
tany ounber of them without affecting the. | Lurge works ute carried on by ft at 
Antony of those remaining Incandescent, | mae B) Yor company has bocn 
: jad he glycn such ah oxhibition succers-; Ing-ca. couple: of squares wy Broad- * . 
‘fully, there would Indeed have boon somorea- | Way with. [;~ senesnlghily vet of Baltl- x Frat eee tthe tatter shoul be aalunitted fo aris 
son fora panic In grax stocks, But fea bave | tnoro treet with our Weltoempu 1Seutas Wo taken to light Wristol with elesteic Hohe Ao 
sven no mention of oven au attempt at siteh | fu existence, and wa lighted up tho Masonle ‘ lengthy discussion the committoo were authoriacd to ti 7 
van Mustratfon, His. display was almply of | Hall during the sesalon-of the Grand Lodge experiments in tho way of lighting tho atrects with eles OS 
‘the divisibitlty of th light, eomething which | Bud tho Fair fur the:bencft of the Houso of trlelty, at n cost not exceeding SOU. 

‘bas long been known sud which the Weston | the Good Bhepherd. Wherever all the Hes | Suen ue ae fs 
company: docs every day, Thls Ss nothing { can be turned on or off nt onco—as In street 
uew. Indeed, our readers can: enslly wit-) Nyhtlug, yhereatl tho lamps should be light- 
{ness “an exhibition any ovening| ed ats certain hour’ and all ‘extingdlehed at 
ilu: the. week by, ‘coming ¢o the News} cortaln hour—the -elecirle light will 
ofico and. looking at our ‘oleetric Nght. | bo the Iglt of the future, and will jo 
{We have threo ‘lamps, among which the} time, no doubt, hurt tho gas companies to 
clectile current tg dlylded, and we could di. this extent. - But, unless greator progross In 
jvido It among ten or twelvolamps, or concen- |. tuo reglons of electrical‘ discovery “is made 
trate It upon one if wo savy. ft, pen ‘thao bas ao far beon demonstrated by olther 
in annerenooees eee rAnes-<*, Mr, Edison or any ond oléo, the: gas compa 







Electric Lighting in Mristoh—At tho wookly meett f Of our prose: 
fy 7 e t 
tho Bristol sanitary authority, on ‘Thuraday, the commitien \ Present volume, 


S 
eR tho atreetlnnpes cea; ea eee comuany for EQN ; Song hik Duotone Invels 
Q 
~ 
Ss 
s 











forma were too high, ant that if the company decline to 3 
3 





if 
mended tht it bo not acecpted. ‘fhey considered that the i ‘ ‘ 
i a wa te 
i , Cttnear dee S/S 








































































of ench one, #04 
of work dono #* 
will bo of value. 
ther developmen: 












ELECTRIC 


I) Poste aro bein: 
streets for the 4 
fect of street ligh! 
ing done at the ¢ 
that they will be” 





f | ‘I'he Commissi” 
: to n decision on t 
of the leading the 
Streets Committe 
duly reported to | 
\ tances of three 80}. 
y tractors, for the t. 
x diviled, District” 
Ludgate Cireus, ] 
x ng King street, is} 
(the Brush syateir 
\\ 







months, at a cost. 
AS fixing, and subset: 
oe total cost for tho tw 
. placed is about 150, 
3 ceived for this distrio, 
1 Slemens Bros, being ¢ 
7 : : 


: 3 


' 


Zappos ony 5 2 


Ut sozOUt 61] / 
pre ‘ymod ze 



















n 
edu og pos, 
‘osodand s1q}: 

vi] pow ‘Sinquye . 

|] symoasno on) fy 
Buysvorony 207, 
PUT sou yom 


*U] 20J ovttodxg 
stios Lav qsoup, 
Lyanpar sud Cary 
pasvorouy oy worz 
Wy GoouvapL ou, 4 
“TU T7LM gzO}OUr OHO] 
“uyfaa ‘dvayo o¢ 07 uuors.’ 
+= WUBI ox0T1t ana ‘pogn_a! 









i. 


a 
7 
ONES. 








= 













~ PLQUANA ne 
| . PUBLISHING (} 
cc wesnannlaeae 

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF ILLUMIN. 



























rae "NEW YO 









A.M, CALLENDEL & CO., Propricturs, 


Q, WARREN DIBESSEM, €.33 





forme of Subscription, Including Postago.—For the Unig 


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Pepenaeens to be made in zavance, Single coplea, 15 pats : 
ld bo made either by post-ofice order, regiag 
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York, ara agents for this Journal. Nowndealers will send ord: 
Colloctions nro invariably made directly from this office, for 
advertisements, cto. We havo agents to rollcit the sane, buy 
authorized to recoipt for money, 
Corrospondenco,—Wishing to mako this Journal a gazeito of 
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be sent 0. 0. D. 





a CONTENTS. 
Ub 


g’ 82" An asterisk (*) denotes an illaetrated articte 
EDITORIALE— 
{ Gaa Engines, 
\ Blootrlo Streot Lighting in New York City 
‘ Electric Street Lighting tn Londo 
{ *Tho Lowe Process... 
Tho Eighth Annual Meoting of tho American Gas Light Aasoc 
Denth from Gas.ssssssceressesseeseesrssessvssseresssseseseees 
Blowing up a Gas Moter at the Old Municipal Works in New 













City... eeesnesctcecascencoseenasees 


GASB ENGINES. 





ATION, V 
















°, 
& 


























» Dro. 25, 1880 


ENGINEERING. NEWs., 
- ee . : 
K\en -ORDIONS HOHE. ee 
N EDISON'S LIGHT, This wi 


ork §# proceedin quiotly, Inet it is astonish. 
: ing how mach has a dud y heen accompli 
ity, and Large piles of mips, bound nto books, have heen 

ry there petntulated, showing the exuct shape of every 
lectrie light lovk in the city, unt each building inthe block 
ard to thy | aNd speeifying the number of pag, ighta burned in 
08 some talk | each one of themzand the work fa togoon until the 
not gure but] Whole city ha thus heen delineated in detailed . 


ovie + charts, The city ix divided juto § stricts, in; 
of tho moving mind of that ndw cvlel hh of which there wi ‘ niteal athe: 


i 
to divert the’ public uttention from fe | Ut facture i A ici 
the elec! e munufacture f elec rh 
Q light, and to secure to Menlo Park the maet an nthe district bi the part of thecily has he j 
g 
3 
N 





aN Mento Park is the scene of great activ! 
N the whole force of the shops mid inbonite 
‘ 
4 
nN 
o 
v 















are working night and day on Om) 
Nothing hag been done lately: Sage 
electric railway, of which there 

last sumine: and, indeed, we are 
that that dovice waa an ingenious i 


















































e 













repose needed for resting experiments with the | Ficeted for the Hirst experiment, and ite twa 
Maht. owever that may be, the electric lamp is bird flocks have been mapped inthe 1 
how absorbing attention. and a large force of mney | MHOve deseribed, A new factory has bee 
is tow working under pressure in the maniac. {Ht Menlo Park, out of sight o 
ture of Tamps nnd of apparatus for an extensive [© duarler of a mile away, 
experiment, y 
Edison hing never bee: 
Jane W ae by any more than a shade of differ. 
ence, fe line, howeve: ; shat ho ro peganls HSU! forced to, Myr, Edison expects Shag ee fee Ne 
1 ater eet sts nsention Jannary the men will have become sy expert ag 
i net. Uthte tmuanufaxture 1,200 laps a day, Engines and 
other Mpparatus ure preparing, also, snd after the 
peta Brunt « So alraion at Mento Park, about the lat 
1 {Ol danuary, work in New York City will le} UU 

Te bs al se it He iw in tended, ee 

le the F 





ity or 
nner 
nm put up 
f the inain khops, and 
eand there, under cover 
Of the greatest seerec hard at work 


ing glass, Innking carbon + testing lamps, and ‘ 
Ul 
















blow 
I P 

n ubly to beat the Inup of Kener Preparing the material for the introduce 
tion of the light into the district i 






























incandescent 
The Jight is Pure and 4 
uty to dnt of 
shine, he; the lig! 
hot concentrated into a speek, it is nots da it 
The kainps of last Winter burned from 300 to 
soues One (and only one) Justing: 1,700 houra.~ Edie i} i! 
son believes tat the baniboo faments will Inst jit Fost. will 
six inonthy; aml although the tong glass globes! where th 2 light fi ie Sark, 
are not halt go comely ng the litle round ones of tal i? ic leght Me i i 
ast Winter, and, aceordingly, will fad their way Me decttio lett af 
slowly into household use, he is preparing to intros | hom oc ie ee wh 
- duce thent in New York City ona large scale, City RR Ty 
ut first an e ensive testis to be mmutent Mento yearl f ire : ma ‘B 
Park. Posts 10 feet high are planted in long rows | folly : : 
Conte the atrects of Mente Park and out into the teal, 8 ten tat ; } 
country, cach one of them supporting one uf the | O38, Glee te te a 
now style of clectric lamps, Cite Of conductir yy hathon, Bane See Senden « : 
prired airy tall in french: a tis shop to the} “ones, 
arias, Me erection of rows of lights is to. go on], Pee 
. until 7 or 8 nites of line have bees nistructeld and pane ee it Dy and ienaies ta i 
f00 of 00 Hishts put in position. Tt iv expected that | iamgansy eaaton and penal : ‘ 
this will all be done before New Year's Eve. A ivkten # por cou 
thorough experiment will then be mundo to ascers Total 
tain Che nunberof lights which can be maintained eae 
per horse power and the average number of bre Z 800 Tights, an 
dgesof kumps per night, I td he required 
been niade ind the scientit | E Rut gas 
demonstration cay 
It is an interest 

















th» 





phere ef a room. These : 













































200 for eepalrs, nape 












eet to Jarge 

\ ge of 8 to all. This}: 
would require close management, but it has been 

done and contd be agai a\t those rates a gus 

light. would cost from 87.00 to M12 0 year, whieh 









erting bin 

There lis been yr 
» yea ago the 

ar anit was the 










Ive to depend on 
fey of histight rather than 


been disciplined 
wnent, and he ts 
ting his own 
ims, He no 














Free Occastonen ny Execrnie Laiant.—La Lumitre Elec 
trique reports thata fire broke out in the LafayetteTheatre, at | 
Rouen, the other evening, in consequence of some negligence 
in tho management of ono of its electric lamps. Since this, 
accident the lamps have beer 
to those protecting gas. 
; Tue Cuna Susmarise Tennonarn Comraxy.—The nun. 
iber of nicssages passing over this company’s lines during the 
month of November last was 1,906, estimated to produce 
/£1,900, against 2,772 messages, producing £3,110 in tho 
‘eorresponding month of last year. The traflic receipts for 
ember last, estimated at £1,800, reatised 
ee 1/ YEFO 
1 Pants.—At a recent meeting of the promoters of the 
Electrical Exhibition to be held nest year at Paris, at the 
2; Ministry of Posts and Telegraphs, unde 
(AL. Cochery, it was stated by M. Berg 
‘sioner of the Exhibition, that the voluntary 
jalready exceeded the 500,000f. de 
“guarantee fund. 
Marniace ony Yrnxoraru.—Tho United States Law 
‘Journal warns people against the growing 
married by telegraph. 

























ncloged jn wire cages, similar 


: Marvin Green, 
v 
a ATCe an 


the month of § ‘There are thirty-tw 
‘the mon o 


t 81,600 for 800 niki 


r the presidency of 
er, the head commis. 
subscriptions 
minded by the State as a 


e 


LT LIM ER Ut. 
“i 


custom of getting 
That the warning is seriously meant 
is proved by a statement ina recent anmber of the 
‘aph, from which it appears that “ several of such 
aken place, and unless the practice 
ill be likely to follow." 
Rounp-Anour—It is wnusing to notice the str 
soe papers are put to for information. 
fre aware, gave a long abstra 
 Bleetric Light,” read at New 
commented on the 


and train men, 
station, nnd tho w 





‘is checked nuny more wi 


We, as our readers 
act of Mr. Swan's paper on 
castle, The Ameri 
information then give 





tte cee sit, 


1, and now some 


eo 


Ei 


tn 


as the Electric Hlumlanting 
with a enpital of $1,000,000, 


Tho expense of the city of 3 
atrevt-lamps ix $105,000, | If th 
ner lanip, which is asked by thi 
lowed it will add 870,000 to that atnor 

The clectric system -of ium 

he Readiug Ironworks with satisfactory 

pani ge 5 “donble Janyps.” and it is 
esthuated the cost to ran these por night is 85, or a cost. 
ghta, a very grent saving over 
gaslight, bosides furnishing sutlleient light for tho men 
jo work with the utmost satisfuetion to themselves ant 
fieir omployery. i 
‘ ful olectrie Hght of the Brush system 

a4 Jat tha Bondo works of the 
An; osAinctleait s me Light Company, q 
of the ordinary Brad . 
or. aU rey of the current wasso strong 

in diameter. and the energy Fee ie wanes eenats 
ensratal by a UW-leht 
power af the tight fs suk to 


pe, envries carbons 


4 were False to nw 
Ths currant w 
The photometric 
he $7,000 standard candles, 


house and switchins 
nded dn the yard from h 
r 


CTRICITY, : 


w York for gns for 
wv Incrensed ‘price’ of &i 
e eas companies, fs al- 


ation lias been intro- 






glits are used It the passen; 
ule Humber to he tsed 









English papers ‘have just woke up to the 
{ hasdonesomothing, obtaining their 
: sources, but without acknow 
Mn. Swan's Parenr. 


fact that Mr, Swan 
information from American 





bune Building, 
—The mystery of Mr. 


we are told, at length disclosed, They are made 


ENGInerrRinc WN EWS.) 





New York: City. 
EO. H, FROST, Phornirron, ] 





parchment—commonly 


paper—cut into strips and carbonised ; they are then bent 


Caen {| 


SATURDAY, ARPIL 23, 1881, 
=—— 





~ 








to the required shape and fixed 
globes in the manner 
so-called vegetable 
phuric acid, where 


inside the exhausted 
ibed by Mr. Swan. ‘Lhe 
parchment is paper prepared with sule 
by it becomes exevedingly tough and 


publicly deser' 





Tunowina Sroxes ar 
Petty Sessiotis four little 
the insulators used in cor 
belonging to the London 1 
less: than seventeen insulators had 
yed in consequence, and it 
block system, 


Insutarons—At the 
arged with dama 
legraph wires 
Western Railway, No 
been broken, 

was found alm 
The lads, who we 
ceive six strokes with 


nection with the te 





sible to work the 


» Were ench sentenced to re 

















“Tue Paris papers havea new electric light which 
+ for simplicity and power fs to discount all at present 
} existing or in embryo, Very effective experiments 
have been made in the presence of Dumas, the 
eleetrician, A stripof platinum one centimeter in, 
: Width, and several metera in length was rendered” 
: luminous by an apparatus not larger than a hat 

box. It is the Invention of two French engineers. ; 
“A Belgian banker, Philippart, whose atupendous 

htock operations were before the courts a few years: 
‘ ago, is at the head of the new enterprise, which is 
: termed “La Foree et la lamidre,” and which 
; Promises to do away equally with small steam 
» engites and big gay companies, 


































lighting—unle 
the Brash ligh 

[r. Crompton holds ou 
session of tho details of h 
uselesa for me to comme 
been much more 















place the 
Company 























light was under-esti¢na 
Brush Com 
fourth the 

on to a: 
the pale 
dita on which your 
will therefore tite 
recent exhibition 1 
Company, 
















testify thu 
under the ¢ 

J Yer 
T 







Measurement most 


Brush light ....,. 
Meneurement most 





i) 
ground, My lights we: 
ground. It ie partof my syste: 


nee 








N THE orry, 
ELECTRICIAN, 
our issue of No: 


' THE ELECTRIC LIGHT 1 
EDITOR oF THE 


he remarka made in 
ortant subject 
‘pected that he will 





Upon the aboy 
course to be ex; 


own electric In fe of his 


0 Way connected with any 
ve I may be considered un. 
tig: 


Crompton, I am in n 
Company, and therefo: 


light in Amerien, w 


i nd upon areeent G. 
jortunity of viewin: 


visit to Glasgow ig the Crompton gy 


tble notices given in 
led to expect 





our publication from 
great was my dig. 
T refer to tho, 5 
all clockwork ¢ 
not surprised g 


time to time, I wag 
appotntuient at the 
disagreeable flicker 
lamps, and so long 
ae te Brush light 









which I have experie 
aa thie remaing unreme 


with thea two # 


i yatems of electric 
ttereated—canni 


ot but admit that 


t a challenge, 
r to the City Com 






this point; but it y 


sitisfuctory if these figures bad been given in N 
¢ Commission did not 8 
f£ the Anglo-American 
ent would have been 
ed the enormous 


nly one regret, 
whole undertaki 
3 for then, I thin' 
tore successful, and 
Bum of 1 


hich is, that th 


have cconomis 
on the preaent contracts, 

your columns, anit. 
yet understood go well 
sand Tcome to the 


ably vem 
by English ns by Am 
conclusion that theae re 

Bowdon, Cheshire, 


TO THE EDITOR oF 

Smt: Mr. Monty 
Which it uppears t 
ayatem of electric 
member the gi 


ctric lighting is not 
ian manufacturer 
marks are judicious, 

0. Cuannes Liver, 
THE ELECTRICIAN, 


dressed to you a te 
e3 a6 the champion of 

Your readera will 
to be that, either th 





onery has ad 













i Derlupa, rae 
@ power of the 
000, or that mM Gramme 
les, I challenged tho 
twa as much ag one. 
Afr. Montgomery 
laces them beyond 


ist of my Ietter 


tud nt 4,000 ennd 
pany to show that thei 
power of the Gri 
tthe absurd 





ity of iy figu 
By this manauy 
readers could pasa their o 
impt toaupply a few data m 
hvee of the exhibitors, 
ys and myself lighted u 
bition for i football mate 
of comparing the 
Incing the sta 
y own judgment, but obtai 






the Lontin Com 
of ground adjoining the e: 

this favourad) 
with the Brush 
slindows I was nol 
| the ussiatane 







wer of mylights 







e und opinion of gs 
Theee gentlemen will, I hav 
t the stuff was placed as fi 
iveumstanees, and that the 


28 could be done’ 
possibitities of error were 


wo of ny lights were compared wi 
and left of them, with the fu lowing 

. arr Distance of staff Ratio of 
Diatance of ataf,’.! vohtinie 
frou Beush light, frou Orompton lighting 


ith the Bruel li 





Crompton light... 
Meanof all measure. 


in ground glass globes 18 fect from the 
lear glass lanterns 50 fect from the 
m1 to use large lights, and I bang 














GA 


LIG 


VOLUME XX = NO, 
Whole No. 517, 


AcM. CALLENDER & C0,, Proprictors, ” 
t7 fi G. WARKEN DRESSER, C.2B.y Edhtor, 
aaa ERRRNRInRmeiiemmsmnmmmmemmmmmes ree 
Torms of Subscription, Including Postago.—For the United Staten and 
Canada, £3 per annum. European Countries, $8.60 (15 shillings—18 francs). 
All payments to be mado in advance, Single copies, 16 cents, 
Romittances should bo mado elther by post-office order, registered Totter, or 
bank draft on Now York, payable to the ordor of A. A. Caltonder & Co. 
Tho Amorican Nows Company, Nos. 29 and 41 Ohambera Streot, Now 
York, aro agents for this Journal. Newadealora will send orders to them, 
Collections aro invariably made directly from this offico, for subscriptions, 
advortisemonts, ofc, Wo hayo Agents to solicit the sano, but they are not 
authorized to receipt for monoy, . 
ernal n gazotto of intelligent dis. 
may wish to gain or givo information on 
the subjects to which its columns aro dovoted, correspondence in solicited for 


publication from ali who make the stady of these anbjects 6 ploasnro ora 
Profession, ‘ 


SS 
. CONTENTS, 
Cw" “An nstorink (*) denotes a0 illustrated article 
Evrrontuats— 
"Eighteen Eighty-Ono....00. 
Progross of Eleotria 


Now Welding Proc 
Tho Eighth Annual 
Sanitary Survoy of Baltimore, 
Natnro’s Big Gas Tanka..., 
Contract fur Stecot Li, 

ity... 


1 2 to to ee 


EIGHTEEN. BIGHTY-ONE, 
Truly, tho year 1880 may be ald to’ have loft us ‘in ihe: 
turned prospority, On ovory Land tho sig; 
ont, and wo bogin tho new yont + 


tanoos 
uring tho yonr 
mado 


“| year to you all, 


ENTERED AT THE vost oFricn AT x1 yor; ne wi, 
AN SECOND CLASS MATTER, . 

re 
provements ja there not only n saving in tho firat coat of manufacture, but 
humanity is benefited by the release of tho stoker from tho most arduons 
of tho Inbor connected with retort house work, viz, the clinkering of fires, 
and tho drawing of hot coke from tho benches by manal labor, ‘Tho stand. 
ard of purity in coal gas muy bo said to be constantly improving, as more 
caro is dovoted to condensation Gud purification, while itis believed that 
thero has been a uniform improvement in illuminating power, accompanied 
by a yiold that was largely in oxcess of what was obtained a fow years ago. 
Tho judicious mixtures of conls in tho larger works, aud n moro constant 
watohfulnees over tho minor detiils of tho retort house, havo conduced 
greatly to this Inttor result. For many of these minor improvements thero 
is no donbt that the causo may be found directly in tho meetings of the va- 
rious associations of gas engineers which nro held throughout tho country, 
whoso proceedings fn full have boon In{d before our readers in tho yerbatin 
reports published in this Journal, . 

If wo havo been tho vehiclo for tho transmission of uscful information to 
tho gas maker, even in a slight degreo, wo must over ackuowledgo that it is 
for thif purposo that wo oxiat ng 8 Gas Liairr Jounsan, It is not for tho 
purpose of informing tho G08 world of what little wo onraclves know; butte 
convoy from all to cach of tho fraternity tho free and honest expression of 
fnote obtained in tho dnily practice of thoir profeasion so that each may ben- 
efit by the exporienco of others, In gathering from ontsio sources such 
information as wo aro able to obtain it is always onr effort to give full eredit 
to tho source from which wo derive our statements 3 ond if wo are unable to 
publish all that might bo of interest to some of our readers, tho fact muat 
bo borne in mind that our apaco is Hmited. ‘Lo those who have coutributed 
directly or indirectly towards making the Journal what it is we return our 
sincerest thanks, and not tho least among these are our friends whoso names 
Appear in our advertising columns, It ia a fact which wo fully appreciate 
that our efforts would bo in vain, wera it not for their aid, and, while wo 
believo and trust that thoy get full yaluo received for the space they 
pay for by tho Permanent and dircot attention their cards must attract 
by boing regularly put into the hands of those whom they desiro to reach, 
atill it is with plensuro that wo acknowledgo onr obligations to them, For 
tho years to como wa osk'tho continuance of the hearty co-operation of all 
interested in gas manufacture, 1 trust that wo may ever bo found sonnd, 
roliable, fair and Unprofirdiced..* With ‘rotiowed speiity, with increased 
businces, with improved processes ‘and : maohinory, i gh an happy now 





JOURNAL OF GAS LI 


GUTING EXPERIMEN 
HE OITy. 


3 “Gas Companies" wo hav 


pion of tho Commissionors « 
}earry ont their long-proj 
iting. There are, howeved 
m, cortnin other consite 
ion. It will be seen that tl 
reparations for whieh aro 1 
ié important and ambition 

r from desiring to tind 
City Authoritios are ps 
avo adopted a wise, if-not 
ia means for nore effectu 
‘ca, aud that the money tq 


*aussubuzy v9) 
‘Kepaniyss ‘Kyorsog ywoyrdoroyyty, 
"HT AT ,S8OUgIE tty BUD OY 
IC OF Af ZtoruNsyany Moy 


09 WE SY ZoZOIT AY cOTMANOdT: 
yyy aut yo ofuynoor0d on) Uy 
pny ‘pjoy Aum put fosgyysuo8 
Sf O20TT, *3} 0) BHOUGAWp OLY 
«.19,020)0291[) Pav "3807 uojenqe 
0 uy {0 ‘oanjusod9y oy] 8 
Of 3y0 "pau svd so anyxyuT yVO. 
sud Sianienautos TEA pope 
Nuvy B uodn oyyvarorqo iva 2 
radus Suroary say 
{nb pooF v ai ap sdunnp-aay J 
40) Snos or) By favF opquene 
] OY} 2aA0 prrrasqo duo snowy 
i i 


jm smoosed ojquummnyut 40 9 


~ Lowwoyput Jou op ang ‘aye ot 


qd ways you Coy, suronoaly 
ty paopon Lpruavaz ‘qosuy ‘ay 
say JdA0 RSVH 4tF3] Jo WON, 
A Jo suopjwarpur ayy equating 
‘asrsordxa Spy Hip ey prow ofuvyave gu 
isyaaa aad g ata paxiu ate oraydeowy 
4 ynoqu tty ytaead ofoM prov oytogzv9 
392209 U jt ‘sv ysauut su tang BU o1qry 
YI 299)9p OF [ITY plnow yuounsysUy Bry) 
+Sfapaoaay pasivs oyou ony yo yard 
codes qpuy dul ou) ttrosy saauar oy yostpAr 
OPfOF 24 “UN;sUoT yoy ae (adyd O43 Jo 
78ua] gauss ofp) prs ‘umneparte ayy yo £19 
pospasony #1 Punos Jo LyJoA ory UOT] AL 
7 paydnynta Sonanbayy os oy ponba sy 
DopIA:04} ‘epson aayio Uy faye uy punos 
‘oper v qu ana ary to Aeaypry 


ats 


a en Ra 


ae ee 


£06 THE: 
—— 
all debenture stock s0 is 
Years from tho dato of ig 
an annual appropriation, ¢ 
Returns as to the operat, 
furnished annually to th 
revenues of tho tndertal 
the working and enpital 
mnprovement and extensi 
surplus to go to the gene 
the price of gms is more tt 
frat application of any d 
reduction of the price to t} 
to chur, om maximum : 
within tho district of Hine 
elsewhere, before making: ' 
the district fund, The Be 
lands compulsorily, for th: 
therein, and may also p'. 
lands in their district, not 
Poses of their undertaking 
or residual products, 
bulk to the Sanitary Av - 
their own, — Fourteon-car 
usual pressure, to bo teated 

Tho Lincaster Corporati 
which relates to gas and 
acquisition by tho Corpor 


_ Lancaster Gas Com pany, bi 


the Company and the Cory. 
Company obtained a apecir 
tho lntter Avt containing t} 
to, The present Act mal 
this agreement, ‘Tho Corp 
for purposes relating to gus 
On payment of the specif: 
agreement, the Corporation 
gas undertaking; and the’ 
the Company is to be prodi 
missioners within threo 1 
mortgage debt of the Con 
interest from July 1, 1880, 
revennes and borough-func 
the _Comonnsoo 











sere 





























entitled to great credit for their liberality and their thoroughness in thia 
periment to show jnst what tho light may do, The wholo affair was at 
expense of, tho oloctrio light company, and waa gazed at by many peoyt : 
but if tho company were to undertako to light all and every ono of | " he 
atreots in this way it would probably add n far greater amount to the 

expenses than it would subtract from tho exchequer of the gas compnuy 

Tho one fact is ever prominent, viz.: Electricity cannot bo stored and re 

for uso whon ranted. It must bo genorated at tho time, and any one 


inant, ‘They acem well-adapted for spcdin! localities such as the vaulta of 
kg ies Deposit Company, in the Equitable building, whoro thoro aro said 
to bo about 150 of them burning, some of which have Jasted two months, 
Tho amount of power required to generato them ia not staicd ; but tho 
possibilities in tuis respect haye been quito freely demonstrated, and tho 
result in practico will not vary greatly from 100 candles per horse power of 
ugine, : i . 
. On one evening of week beforo last, Decombor 20th, a special train con- 
veyed a paity composed principally of members of the city government, and | hundred possible occurrences that should interrupt for an instant tho be 
representatives of the press, from New York to Menlo Park, where Mr, | tinuous flow of the current causes instant extinction of the light. Tho 
Edison oxhibited quite a largo number of hia lighta in operation. Every- | velopwents in the practical application of the electric light to purposes? 
thing is reported to have worked very well, the lights themselves were soft} which it is adopted during tho past ycar certainly show progreas, but ¢ 
and mellow, resembling somewhat that of a good kerosono Tamp, whilo the] ils aphero isa separate special ono becomey more apparent ns it ia moro 
collation supplied was bountiful dud excellent, and followed by some apecch | tensively used. . Lhoro is room for all; the darkness of this world eno) 
making. ‘wo hundred and cighty-sevon lights were in full operation on | be all dispelled by gas nnd electricity combined, Each has its appoir 4 
posta scattered about through the flelds surrounding tho shops of Mr, Edi-| work to do, and the duty of every ono is to neo that the ono he is nsgocis*} 
sox, The number of horse power of engino omployed was said to bo 42, or| with is doing all it can for the comfort, improvement and good of mankiy 
6.8 lamps per horse power, Tho iNuminating power was said to bo “16 ——_—S__ ‘ | 
enndles,” but as thero was no means of testing this, the oxnct illuminating (Orrictan Noricr.] 
power of each Inmp could not haya been determined ; but: if thoy were of Tho Westorn Gas Association's Spring Nooting, 
16 caudlo power the result would bo but 108 candles per: horao powor of a ‘ i 
sngiuo. “The carbon loop -has been "somowliat. lengthened a0 as to present Tho noto of preparation for the noxt meeting of this Socioty, in 3: 
1881, has been sounded, and in no uncortain or halting manner, 

















niore surface, aud the form of tho Glnag bulb is clongatod to correspond with 
TaN Gry, Sad ay en Selmi by dcfloatin, call “ forward,” and thoro is no doubt but the ranks will bo full, 
sibilities of the light. It ia expectod thnt the 
months whon thoy aro to bo replaced by othe 
enjoyable ono to those who wero there 
was introduced into tho Byard of Alderm: 
izo Mr. Edison to apply his system of lig) 
the part of the city bounded by Spruce, 
East river. 

‘The right to lay the wires under tho 
application was roferred to tho Corpora 
of tho Dopartment of Public Works to 
may continue for a year, a8 such a pe 
Sear, and requires tho action of tho Board of Aldermon, - I 



























Boing, under our rules, 
tion, at its annual meeting, 
of intercat, I havo instructed tho Scere 






ion a8 may Lo decr, 
scheme : s ; pad to embody tho following aubj 
in circular form for your information, and carncatly re uest that you 
carnestly oped that thoro.wil! bo no mizing of Accounts, and that the pub- Preparo yourself to participato in their disoussion midline orally oe by ; 
paring a paper upon any or all of them, 
It is of the utmost importanco toa full And intelligent discussion of 
subject, that full and ncourato figures and memoranda should bo kept 
presonted, as it is only by this courso that we can render our ‘procecdi 
valuablo and instructive, It is not, howover, intended that tho oficial ; 







it appears that ‘tho 25 or so feotof gas burned in tho ongino ought, if burned 
in proper burners, to givo at lenat 100 candles of light and bo fully og cheap 
og it would be after ita energy had beon worked up, absorbed and somewhat 
diminished by converting it into clectrio force, and again transforming. that 
force into hent, and thereby making n light from a pieco of incandescent 
carbon about the sizo of a conrso horachair, . . 

While the Aldermen sero enjoying the suppor, wines and segara at Menlo 
Park, there was another demonstration Going on in Brondway, from 14th to 





















Proparing any paper upon any other subject ho may di 

best, , All such are welcome, Even tho “widow's mito” Lund a valuta ; j 
why should not wo apply tho samo rule in making up our treasury of kuc’ 
edge, Tuos, Borrenwonrn, Presiden’ 
“Lee A, Wann, Seerctary, { 




































Subjects for discussion at Fourth Annual Meoting ab St, Lonis, Mo,, 1’ 
| 11th, 12th and 18th, 1881, i 
. Ist.—" Hear," 







established at 188 West 25th stroot 

* from thonce'a'lino of insulated copy % 

- down Broadway to 14th streot and n't 4 
cirenit of a littlo lose ty Placed: 1g) Mod? 

abont 200 

dineas than 








82.—" Trea 


or Gas ve ° — 
distances bet AS Arter Lravina ti Retont,”—Rel 


and offect of travel on-the gaa through 
motor, - 


‘Its’ “proper. location . with condenser ani 





















ly any blinkin ain, 
of fight in tg| tH chances of rodagt 7 6 #, sud wit 
What A. 


ty of tho light (ize). -Otl.—!! Em : 
but its aitusive pone will matori ; A advanco hag -boon made that 


foot Surrounding ‘onch post, 
tirsly ovorpowored. “The 200-cecih cas 
0-candlo has recontly takon out a Gornian patont 
and tires, - Ho draws ‘tho tubo on ‘a pair ; 


ipatdvay and (il avon, at ana 
mpany hold its he : 
h light under i ‘ith ole longth of tie Port 
hilo it We, to many, of ‘a inuoh mi agres-| direc 0%, into which ‘alr is -blown; eperentaeed 
non He et lights added mutt tie I ths pinta nia getty Beat is obtained, the seus 
iaving tho. mattor in obarge de. sae Whlch ts" to, bo welded'is opeatedly: nea 


























vy rnes abt a TEER 











liant. They scem well-ndapted for spog 
the Safo Deposit Company, in the Equitg 
to bo abont 150 of them burning, somo q 

The amount of power required to gongs 
possibilities in this respect have been | 
result in practico will uot vary greatly {1% 
engine, : 

On one ovening of week before Inst, 
yoyed a paity composed principally of 1 
representatives of the press, from No 
Edison exhibited quite a large numbor 
thing is reported to have worked very vq 
and mellow, resembling somowhat that 
coliation supplied was bountiful dnd exq 
making. ‘two hundred and eighty-seve 
posts scattered about through tho fields; 





Nov. 28, 1880.) THE JOURNAL OF GAS LIGHTING, WATER SUPPLY, & SANITARY IMPROVEMENT. 


: 

i je THE ELECTRIC LIGHTING EXPERIMENTS IN and are atill taking ‘reat pains to jtost the relative morits of 

THE CITY. the two lights; and it is to be hoped our own authorities will 

/ 7) Tx to-day's “ Circular to Gas Companies” we havo dealt at eee pret of their oxnmplo; either inthe competences 

eae length wih ie ey epae of ee Sleatenlonies of Sowers Wo ane nanitinted, bY teetonctn to Paria that th th 

y 0 , r-proj is aris that thoro 

porjment q oloctiie lighting. hee are: ee Gas Company did not wait for thd initiative to ho taken hy 

Retest thin, Sina’ cnr | he fenliy,t Cheneen romply od atl 

h we . attention. wil acon that the oxperi- : 3 aes iui oon 

meant rowolved upon, tho preparations for which aro now fuirly iy 4 sy sf anoh overdurea, having beon mado by tho 

in banc , is by far the moat importané and ambitious that has tondor with it . oimpany, Urough; as is atatod olsawhoro, a 
Ne ara a ih nea rash to find fault with Commissioners of Omer heb aS aa eee Se 

y th the City Authorities are proceeding, we | sane s POW OrB NY i: Bk J gu - 

aro of opinion that they bare ailopiel a wise, i aoa tae industry owes much, and whose: enthusinsm for and faith 


805 









































































































: DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF I son, Tho number of horse power of en t ‘able rosohition in secking 2 means for more effectually light- in gas is widely known, While expressing surprise that no 

: ——————— 6.8 lamps per horse power, Tho ium : ing tho City thoroughfares, and that tho money to he spont mention was made of this offer in tho Committee's report, wo 

' vouume XXXIV = No.1.) ” candles,” but as there was no means of fm will he productive of ut least ns profitablo results ag have | CNet but feol that it hold a vory difforent position to that of a 

, hole No. 517, ae power of each Inmp could not have beeg followed the expenditure of much larger sums by them in similar overture from tho Company. ‘The Corporation aro, of 

: 16 candle power the result would bo b| days that are very reeent, as well ag those more remote. Tho | SOO tho masters in thoir own domain, and may vlect to 
ny A.M. CALLENDER & C€O,, Propricto: ee wide aren and varied character of the strects and places that make their trint one-sided or not at their pleasure; but there { 

: are to bo the seeno of the experiment are well caleulated to should bo no slackness on tho part of the great representative 






Qas Company to avail themsolved of an opportunity, if it is 
afforded, to display, as the Paris Gas Company lave so admi- 
rably dono, tho great, though at present undeveloped, because 
unealled-for capnbilities of gas lighting. In the case of tho 
City exporiments we yet hope to hear that this most elaborate 
oxposition of public lighting by electricity will be accom 
panied by an equally well-considered demonstration of tho 
powers of gas for the samo purpose, { 
Apart from the omission of the Committeo to invite a com- . i 
petitive tender for yas lighting, wo think thoy havo fallen ' 
short in another particular that! might have beon observed 
whore xo much was boing attempted. Only tho principal 


. @ warnw 
OOO 
Torms of Subscription, Including Br 

Canada, $8 per annum. European Gout 
All payments to bo mado in advanco, | £ 
_ Remittances should ba mada altharhe 








afford the authorities and the public a fair opportunity of 

judging of the capabilities of. the electric light for street 

illuminating purposes, while the ontrusting of that area to the 

ropresentatives of three different systems of applying the 

light, will add gabon both to the interest of the trial and 
i to the yaluo of the conclusions which iy be expected to be 
derived from it, 

Ag tho amount of monoy to be paid to the contractors for 
the now light is largely in excosa of the sum hitherto paid to 
the Chartared Gas Company for tho lamps to be disptaced, 
it myat bo presumed that a considerably increased amount of 















































t Co; light is expected to bo supplied, although there is no indica- | thoroughfares of the districts desaribed in the report aro to 
yer ‘Orks tion of such Bencral conclusion having been arrived at. | be Tighted by electricity, and the byways and oes streets : 
y 8 the au a Wo are surprise , therefore, to observe that it is proposed to | aro still to depend on the more modest, but also more facile, { 
thi an ower in the da, Ht tho maintain tho full illumination from sunset to sunrise, This gas-lamp. Gomseaqubntle, the one will intrude npon the : 
aavrp fppoyvoctor st poppOAd oc, 0} OF TORT carn reeling! inten! 0 and ligy is an oxtravagance that has not hitherto been considered | other, holping or mavring, as the caso may be, cach othor's i 
S]ox ony ‘ponryyqo sf quar LtussoooN OT} ig "sty Hone, betting one, i necessary in applications of tho olectrie light for street | respective effects. If a certain arcn, with its largo streats : 
BE 4vOT{ On). qu O8 ‘aAoIK BE sty TOTAL May bo aby thorg iN illamination, and in the many cases lately, where, for special rad amall alloys alike, contd havo been apportioned to each : 
i, n uirpases, the gaslight of streots or crossings las been largely | of the competitors for public favour, there would have been 






Or} 0} OU TNT BHOYTOd ON} Jo NzBTOT OY * Asit stan 
aud v co ony OTT} sAuIp OFT ‘sort PIU i 
quoqwd nuwzop v qno oxy, Apymo902 gor! 





increased heyoud the ordinary standard, the excess supply 
has been turned off at or about midnight. Tho present 
experiment will ho as effective, while much less costly, if tho, |, 
same peste is observed, though it would probably inyolvo, 

considerably more trouble in setting ont theposition of the |' 


imparted to the experiment an air of real business which tho 
present selection somewhat Incks, 
( 

























rad 
qt} opuur waa sur ootTuApY ‘Anu! zt lights. ) 
o : eyonpord By : ! We are specially concarnced now to express our regret that 
_..- 7 040 JUTIAL purU ‘os Bayop jo sporjour pe t Hy tho experiment in the direction of improved lighting of tho |! 
pe ‘ City streets in not to be carried a few steps further, The 
§ . definite proposal adopted is to repluco ‘E49 gns lights, costing, \ 






T HIOM 07 4H9A\ O oTquyyord 4¢ 
aie as eae ge at say £3 15s. per lamp per annum, a total of £1634, by 
116 electric lights, costing, nt least for the first year, £8060. |! 
This, by tho way, appears to be an increase of nearly fiva 
times in tho cost of lighting this particular avon of tho City, i + 
and not“ about four times,” os tho report“ roughly estimates” 
it, Now, it seoms absolutely essentinl to arriving at any 
usoful or intelligent conclusion from this experimont—first, to 
learn whether the Lighting Authority consider it neecssary 
to increaso largoly the nmount of tight that has been hitherto | 
doomed sulliciont for the streets, and, sq -deeming, ave pre- 
pared to pay for it; secondly, additional light being required, 
to detormine tho source from whidh it can be best and 
most economically obtained. ‘Chis surely is so natural ond 
common-sense a view of the question, that we are astonished 
to find that no invitation has been givon to the Gus Company, 
and no offort athorwise made to ascertain what effeet ek 
be produced with gas, if present restrictions as to quantity ; 
anil cost wore practically taken away, or at least materially 
widoned. If, for instance, in tho section assigned to Messrs. 
Sicmona Bros., and ab present lighted ata cost of about £500 
por annum, the Gas Company were told to afford tho best 
ight they could give for seven times tho money, it is 
at least. probable that London Bridge and tho rest of the 
section would, after dark, presont a very diflferont aspeet 
from that which it now bears. Assuming that ono or more 
of tho three divisions will he pronounced as lighted sutisfac- 
torily by the yow method—and tho continuance of tho 
Hmbankment illustration and some others shows that this is 
possible, notwithstanding the previous City failure—then it 
is inevitable that the comparison herein advocated must be 
made before clunge is delormined upon. How magh better, 
if the oxporimont is really intended to find ont tho best 
aqnd cheapest light, that all should proceed together, and the 
opportunity for comparison be thus afforded. — In regard 
to ‘electric lighting, the City Corporation have followed tho 
lead of tho Stunteipality of Paris. The latter haye taken mde 








sqitog put JosMOpuOD TyTN woyyva 






“30; 


‘ourus yAnoryy HvB oT} UO poALTy Jo yoyo pry ‘LTO. 















en taa Lneon a Or ATE TTT AL 


movafaansaatl_ot..00.ROAtay OU2,0L0-AUIA, 
































































Incandescent Electric Lights. 


The incandescent type of electric light seems 
to bo the favorite one for household or portable 
uses 5 nnd a new one, involving the same gen- 
eral features with which we ure familiar in this 
country through the claims of Jdison, is well 
spoken of in Lnyineering, for December 3rd, Qg 
The lamp was exhibited before the Socicty of De 
(|'L'clegraph Engineers, by a Mr, Swan, the in- n 

Y 
nN 
















ventory, and consisted of a system of ten Jamps, 
each kunp being made of three lights enclosed 
in a frosted glass bulb, or globe. It is stated 
Unut the effect was entirely sntisfuctory us _re- 
gurds steadiness, A Jamp was also exhtbited on 2 
the lectitre table which on being lifted went a 
out, and immediately rekindled on being ree SoS 
‘{pluced, Four horse power was used to light the 8 
ill on the oceasion in question, the internal 
sistance of cach bulb being about 150 ohms. 
Swan stated that if the lights were arranged 
in series, along a single wire, a greater eleetro- : 
motive force would hava to be’ employed to + 
overcome the resistance of the ciretit. "lhe in- os 
ventor said thal though he cliimed to have solved 
¥-| the problem of subdividing the eurrent and pro- : 
HA ducing a durable and practicable incandescent feo 
*} electric Inmp, he did not think it would cause 
‘any depreciation in gas companies’ stock, for 
gus would still be used in places where the clec- 
‘|tric light: was not avilable and also for pug % 
engines for driving electric light machines. Dr. . ¢) 
Vyndall spoke in praise of the light, and sug- : : 
gested that it would be useful as a safety-lump y 
i for iminers, as it could be immersed in water t 
without impai its usefulness. Mr, Swan *.-! 
i claims ‘that his light is cheaper than the are 
yisystem in effective Inmination, owing to the 
| diliculty of distributing the light on the latter 
fe) pln; but in any event it showed a grent nd. 
W{ Vantage, in point of economy, over eas, Ag 
regards the durability of hiskunps, some had 
tf been burning continuously, nightand day, since 
August lust, with but three weeks intermission 
tnd Were apparently as good us ever, ; 
cen ame, ST ee en a 















































Ta en 













Tue Exxetnie Liour ox Boarn Srramsuire.—aAn exe 
periment is about to be tried by the Great Eastern Railway Pe 
Company on board one, at least, of their continental steamers, ~\S 
by using the electric light for the purpose of river naviga- 
tion. The apparatus was fixed on board the steamer Avalon, 
but no trial hagas yet been made. There can be no question 

thut, to un, extent, it will prove of great assistance on the 4 
{| Dutch, Belgian, and English coasts, especially during the ay 
winter months, but it is doubted how far it will be successful ‘© 
as regards the lights exhibited by other vessels. The service a 

~“ 
neg 




















it will reader in distinguishing the course to be steered by 
the steamer will be valueble enough, the only point open to 
question being as to’ the influence it will exercise over the 
side lights—red and green—of veséels travelling in the fuir- 
way of-the stenmiers, 60 as to'nvoid the danger of collision 
Hhrough mistaken idens as to the “rule of the road.” One% 
of two things will probably happen—cither the steamer’s 
side liglits will be obscured by tho power of the electric light ~ 
which she carries, or, the electric light will have thu effect of oe 
neutralising the colours of the side lights carried by the ap. “~Y 
—Eaat Anglian Daily. Times, 












; proaching vessel 




































Mr. Swan has boon cloated President of the 
Noweastlo-on-Tyno Chomical Socioty. At his 
introduction, Mfr. Swan dolivered an address, in 
which he dealt with tho tse of olestricity as au 
agent for fusing the highly rofractory metals. u 

Mr, Hiram S. BMfoxim has,pucecefled in pro- ld ii 


{ Gong Mueborwe 4 rua of } 
: eee wad (Jue 17 th 560 


aes igure V\ 
of Geographicar isxpioration. / / i | 






ducing au incandescent lamp, which was reeently 
shown at work in the house of Professor Henry 
Draper, of New York. Edison, Swan, Maxim, 
and u few others havo set themselves the task 
of providing an clectric light suitable for ordi- ‘ 
nary rooms, and these three inventors have all ) 
adopted the thread of carbon rendered incan- 
descent in preference to the arcitaelf, Maxiov’s 
Jump appears to be fairly successful, but needs 
vareful preparation, as the thrend has to bo kept 
is: a state of invandescenco in an atmosphere of 
gasoline vapour until it ncquires a uniform 
resistance, ‘Tho vapour is then removed, and} 
the lainp with its curbon in a vacuum is ready | 
for sale. Edison, of course, as in the cnse of: 
the microphone, declares that Maxim has pirated 
his inventions, or, ut least, so he in roported to 
have said to a representative of a Now York 
newspaper. Tho accounts from Amcrica ag to 
Edison's proceedings sare contradictory and 
puzzling in the oxtreme. In one we are told 
that the shares in his light company aro at 900 
ver cent, premium, and in unother thata “ call” 
ns been mado of 60 dollars per share to meet 
the expenses of recent experiments. Those who 
know i 

the problem in a satisfactory manner, 
for £12 a shnro would not leave any ordinary! 
shares nt a premlum of 900 per cer 


ae I inratery of r, Swan's carbons is, tho Klectricién i told, |: 


commonly 


boniterhs (OW are the ben the required shape and fixed 
fnnide iu lobesyin Phe manner publicly described by 
Mr, Swhd. ‘Phe do-calted table parchinent is pay parect 


Her pro| 
with sulphuric as id, whereby It becomes exceedingly tdugh and 


compact, 








dison best beliove in his ability to aol 
ut a ow 





The » made of vegetable parchment— 


Barepot Papercut into strips and care 








Incandescent Electric Lights, 

Ar. the fall. meoting of the National Academy of 
Sciences, at. the new building of Columbia College, 
Nov 16th, Professor : Morton, of tho Stevens Inuti- 
tute of Technology read a vory intoresting paper on 
Electrio. Lights and on the Mensuromont of now 
forms of electric lamps operating by incandesconce, 

Professor Morton’s first paper treated of some ro- 
cent experiments made. by him in determining tho 
electro-motive force of the Brash dynamo-electrig 
machine,:, Various. instruments for the socurate 
measurement, of electric currents of great atrength 


of Fores of (s a 
Vv 
{ 








Semerntermete! oo 











+] périments which -he had recently mado with. the 
b{new Maxim Inmp. In this lamp a filament:of any 





























































Wore first described, and then the mensurementa of 
Potential in the above-mentioned machine. These 
showod that each pair of coils on the armature of 
the machine developed a fluctuating electro-motive 
force, the. projection. of. which gave n kind of oval 
curvo arotind the centre‘of the diagram, . 

When thea curves for each pair ‘of colle are com- 
bitied, it ia found, Professor Morton, said,ithat they 
show a kind of eight-lobed figure with intersecting 
lines in certain places, . These intersectione, if com- 
pared with the positions of the commutator, are 
sotind to coincide exactly with the points-at-which 
rupture of cironit occurs, and thua show.that each 
pair of coils is thrown out, uot at the point whore 
ite force in lenst; but at that at which ita olectro-mo- 
tivo forco is equal to that from which it breakat 
thus suppressing a apark, but only ata certain sacri- 
tide of theoretical efficiency, 1 Wen eg Bil, 
-Professor,-Morton also read a paper on. the mean- 
urement of new forms of electric lamps operating by 
incandescence, “After “oxplatning his. mothod ‘of ° 
measurement, he gave the results of a number of ex- 























carbonizable substance, suchas paper or .card, in 
‘placed ina globe, The globo is exhausted ‘of alr to 


;|8- certain point and filled with the vapor of gnao- 
i{lin.j . The electric current is then passed through 
}the globe. By a singular law, the decomposed gaso- 
line becomes deposited upon the filament at:the 
‘| point whero it is wenkest wad is carbonized thore, 





This carbon finally becomes of tho same conductivity 
with the rest of the filament, when the action of the 
intense heat seeka out the next weakeat point of the 
filament, and thin procesa is repeated indefinitely 
This. proporty of self-correction; Professor Morton 
said,.waa of great importance. . The capacity of the 
lamp for developing light.{s remarkable. One of 
these Inmpa, employing a powor of 40 candles, wan 
run to 240 candies per horse-power; anothor of 52 
candles, in referrence to power, was run to 336 can- 
dlea por horse power; another of 12 candles was 
ton to 136 candles per horse-power. Thin Intter 
Inmp, with the power increased to 49’candler, was 
run to 426 candles per horse-powor, and with the 
power of 98 candles was run to:607 candles per 
horse-power, .Thia was far.within what the lamp 
would stand, It could be ran to 250 candle-power 
and, it is natd, it hae been run to 1,800 candles per 
horse-power, The Inw has beon discovered of the 
increase of efficiency with the increase of the inten- 
sity ofnction, It has alno been found that the te- 





| sletanco decreased with the incrense of temperature. 


Professor Gibbs expressed much astonishment at 
the results obtained by Professor Morton, and sald 
that nobody had dreamed that the light of incan. 
desconce could cumpete with the light of the aro, 
Professor Morton explained that hia references to 
horse-power had heen to the power in the electric 
current, measured in the usual way, and not to the 
poworin the machine, Hoadded that he would 
greatly like to compare the Maxim lnmp with Edi- 
son’s latest Jampa provided with Mlaments of bam- 
boo cane, By an accident to his apparatus Mr. Edi- 
son bas not beon able to redeom a promise to send 
Professor Morton: ono of hin lamps, but Mr. Edison 
had written him ‘to tho effect that his latest lamps 
with 16 candle powor had been run to 65 candles per 
horse power, as agninat 120 candles per horae power 
in his horseshoe carbon lamp. This result compared 
with the result’ obtained with the Maxim lamp as 
156 to 240. 

. Professor Barker said : that he was much interes- 
fod in: the Edison and the incandescent lamps, and 
that tho statements made iby. Professor Morton: cer- 
tainly: marked « year. of: great progress in. electric 
re TT 
lighting. Ono of the greatest difficulties had been 
in making a fibre that would not disintegrate. A 
bamboo fibre at fifty candle powgr lasted nbout an 
hour. The lamp of Afr.“Mnzim waa a great step in 
advance, it practically caunod the fibro to last in- 
definitely. He understood that Mr, Edison bad re. 
cently bee: 








+ meade 



















































































ELECTRIC LIGITING IN THE CLLY AND 
AT GLASGOW, 
To tur Error or Exatnernina, 

Stn, The wonderful statements which hare lately 
appeared in your correspondents’ letters ore very confusing, 
and it las just oceurred to me that ono yarty may be 
talking of tle nominal power of his light, while another is 
speaking of actual cantle power, 


a) 


& 
X 


Jf the Brush and Crompton representatives woukl be  &= 
carofnl toxtate by what standard their lights were mensural, 
‘Pit would enable outsidera (with monoy to invest), who do oo 


+ | not understand the anbject nt all, to come to some concla- 


sion,” - 
Tam told that tho Brush people look upon the Glasgow 
trinks asin farce, and f sce for myself in today’s Times’ 
| money article that they are getting up a very Large com- 
pany; so that farce or not, it would scein that trints clac- 
whero have been fatisfuetory: Such firma ns Bass of 
Burton, and Crossley of Halifax, are not eas 
mpon, and they have adopted the Brush light I belie 
There was an necount in the papers a few days ngo of 
i) vint which tho Dnke of Sutherlandjaud other influential 
peraons hind paid to Burton-on-Trent, where the electric 
ights slow # great economy over the old yas lamps. 
Ono of your correspondents would appear to hint that a 4 
:| good deal of tho misunderstanding is due to somo of the 
competitors stating things honestly. Is there no way of 
making all the compctitors tell the truth, or am I to remain 
yours, Brently 
Portamouth, December 880. Conrsnp ¢ 


issuo, 
That from your anonymous correspondent I shoult pass 


—— eee 


appointed jud 
thus to nttem 


zl 


ec. 15, 


z 


TAT OTOL TA 
yous, Uy sOUNTUE O17} 0} TOL 
[vanque suq ouoyspivqy 

“SUAANIC, ¢ 


and 04} dupup popuodxa 
wna v Joy BYSY “QuOUraLdo] 
“IW “ayy ‘sy90p paw spa 
oattuNaz;UIEUT ON} JOT ‘B10 
SBT uv Tssl sawok wowy 
puu ‘o78he poaorddy qgou 
Hussord v jo syvade ‘oou 
Joyo oy ‘Asoyoxr osopour 
spujouor avon pasodoad oAj 
20) “sop 000'000'T 30 tng; 
‘puury ur qiom Zarjajduoo 
AOU BE Ut quUzd satavary 
paambar Saraq siy3 “stop OF 
UY toy poysu oy puv “sop 
WOR AY Auypus aval ogy 4 
popuadxe uno p07 oT}: 
muayg Jo nvangr oy} Jo 
*B]OP ONG ‘SSE'L Sutoq.aoy po: 
‘eaqudog ur piu ‘puny ty x20. 
aoyyNy JOY sev ogy o]T 


‘oggt ‘21 toaqq] 


tuuy company vy itaelt to make 
No. 1 authorised by the City 4 
Act, 1879, as lica between & 
T rinity -equare, ‘Yower-hill, and 
inclusion of auch portion as pk 
undertaking if and when mad@ 
aveme rather a novel proceedin; 
we remember rightly the power 
1879 are joint or acparate, bub} 
conditions in the Act which ri 
applied for necessary. ‘tho B 
Agreements with the St. Johng 
to widening that railway, the 
partly in concert: with the HAs 
and Great Western Companies it 
there it ends, ‘ 
‘The Metropolitan District HM 
construct a railway from tho} 
ing, through Hanwell, Gee 
Itayes, Yeading and Cov ey 
West Brompton Junction, whleht 
tho eastern end of the tundbll 
Tondon Extension, sn terifila 
Brompton Branch, near Wes 
and, thirdly, a Hammersmith J 
atthe Broadway Station and Wf 
with the Hammeramith and Citye 
from the commencement of the fj 
smith Station of that railway 
authorise an alteration of th 
Palmerston-road, as_ prescribed 
aud to enable. the company tof 





ag to tho respective merits of relatively largo an 
small lamps for lighting enclosed spaces, 7 


Tue Matpstox: Boren Exriostoy, * 

In our last ise0 wo noticed briefly the explosion 
of a traction engine boiler at Maidstone on tho 3rd 
inst., ond we stated that tho inquest on the man 
killed by this explosion had been opened on the 
abovo date, but adjourned until Wednesday, the 
16th inst, On the jury meeting on Wedneaday 
last thoy wore informed by the coronor that ho, 
as well ns the town authorities of Maidstone, had 
been in communication with the Home Office and 
tho Board of ‘I'rade, and that the Intter department 
had arranged that Mr, ‘Traill, their engineer surveyor. 
in-chief, should attend and co-operate with tho 
coroner in the conduct of the inquiry, Inasmuch, 
however, a3 Mr. Traill could not be present on 
Wednesday last, tho inquiry was again adjourned 
until Wednesday next, the 22nd inst. Under these 
circumstances it is, wo consider, unadvisnble that we 
should express any opinion upon the facts connected 
with the exptosion so farns they are at present avail- 

ble; but we shall deal with them fully as the 
inquiry proceeds, ‘The inquiry, we may add, pro- 
mnises to bu a very important one, and itis not improb. 
able that it may have an important bearing on future 
local regulations respecting the uso of traction 
engines in towns. We give this week on pages 569 
and 572 two views of the exploded boiler which will 
acrvo to show tho completencss of its destruction. 
‘The engraving on page 572 is a general view of the 
wreck after the explosion, looking in the direction 
in which the engino was proceeding at tho timo; 
while the illuatration on page 569 is a closer view of 
the front ring of barrel plates. 
crc LIGHTING AT THE GLAascow Post Orricr, 

Steccasful experiments have recently been made 
to use the electric light in two leading departments 
of the General Poat Ollice, Glasgow, the sorting. 
room and the telegraph iuatrument oflice, ‘he 
experimenta were commenced gevernt weeks ago and 
were carried out under the superintendence of Mr, 
I[arold ‘Thomson, Messrs, Crompton and Co.'s 
technical representative in Glasgow, ‘Nhe first trial 
was made in the, sorting room, # one-story building 
hitherto lighted y about 180 yas jets, ‘Lhe room is 
1ttft. in length by 54 ft. in breadth, whilo the 
height up to the level of the tie-rods supporting the 
ironwork of the roof is about 25 ft. ‘I'wo of Cromp- 
ton's lumps are used to light this room; they aro 
aus vented alittle below the level of the rodg and 
enclosed in globes, the lower parta of which arc 
frosted. ‘Che installation is that often adopted by 


om 


TWedetel Rote oie ioe) 


Beara ae 


& 


— 


{ rocess, 


t 


yy Mr, | 


Messra, Crompton and Co., and consists of one of |t 


Messrs. Marshall, Sona, and Co.'s portable engines, 
ant a tumbril carrying the Gramme machines, 


‘The preliminary experiments were continued for a] y; 


number of nights, and the experience gained was 
very satisfactory. Of course, as tho consunption 


of gas was suspended, the temperature was very {Iq 


inaterially reduced, and a much better light was 
obtained, Arrangements for lighting the telegraph 
instrument room were then made, ‘This office is on 
the upper floor of the main building and is 11tft, 
long by 3-tft. Gin, in width, and about 18 ft, up to 
the tie-rods, i 


Sry part |’ 


Lon 


stallation was similar to that] t, 


The 
already described, ‘I'he experimental stage of this} } 


work camo tos conclusion last Saturday, and wo 
detieve that the Post Otfice authorities at Glasgow 


routed 
atmo. 
+ nore 
resist. 
8 are! 
3 pro-, 
‘ips in | 











kt eee THEY i }. 
METROPOLITAN.) 
{ 


; DAY. DECEMBER 28. 88a 
loots eed ae da “Kimorlea The subjoined | 


telegram appeared in the Daly News of Wednesday Jast, j 
headed “ From Our Own Correspondent” :— , 
a : New York, Tuesday. 
The experiment of lighting Broatway with the Brush electric | 
light last night is regarded as entirely successfal; The distance! 
lighted was about half a mile. ‘There were fifteen lamps, each of! 
2,000 candles power, 262 feet apart, connected by 10,000 feet of | 
wire, and supplied by a dynamq-electric machine of 100 harse-, 
| power, only 14 horse-pawer being ued, Midway between the posts : 
» small type in a newspaper could be read, The light was remarkable: 
for steadiness. The pas flames burning at the same time cast’ + 
2 shadows, h electric lamp is fitted with double carbon pencils, ' 
; $0 arranged that when one sct of cirbons is consumed the second: 
set is automatically switched into the circuit without interruption to; 
‘the light. The lamps burn for sixteen hours unattended. ‘The 
t experiment will be continued forta month, No estimate of the: 
expenscis given yet. Mr. Edison has municipal permission to light’ 
A Second district of the ith his light, which hz exhibited last 
Z night. F ich lamp is of s6-candle power, and gives a steady, | i 
yellowish light. ou eae 
“ANSWERS. TO CORRESPONDENTS. : { 
~~ asume, to Dr, Siemens’s pas fire. Ina. | 
We Bdmunds- You ase ae 7 Rivesome further particulars fn regaid 4 


to it, 
—W jemands upon our space do nat enable 
W. Ws We rater that the dering meatinge ol provinlal as comna 
and inthe report Aorwenled there Is cothing of any exceptional in! 
» calling for special . 
— erial Gas Company. Apnly ta the Secretary of 
Heng ate te ont Gobe Company, Harsctcirjeroad, SW. 

‘Tho Crompton v. tho Brush Light.—The contro- 
versy between the proprietors and advocates of these two 
systems of electric lighting, to which we alluded a fortnight 
ago; is still being continued in the columns of our scientific 

-|contemporaries. Mr. Crompton in no way retracts his 
riginal statement as to the misleading character of the 
"figures which have been placed before the public with refer- 
ence to the illuminating power of the lamps in question 5 
while, on the other hand, the friends of the Brush light, so 
-far frony adinitting that they have stated anything that can- 
not be fully and completely proved and justified, maintain 
) that their figures have been below the mark rather than the 
‘| reverse. «As the matter at present stands, those who favour | 
}| the fatter system certainly seem to have the best of the; 
argument, and the retort of Mr, Montgomery, of the Anglo-: 
American Electric Light Company, who are working the: 
Brush patents in this country, is by no means to be wondered 
‘Jat. He says, “T leave it to the English public to form their: 
opinion as to the good taste of a competitor, on the eve of! 
public trials, publishing statements and figures which J de- 
nounce as entirely at variance with proved facts, and. distri- 
buting by gift and sale, ns Mr. Crompton did at Glasgow, 
such statements in the very building in which the tests were 
tobe made.” ‘The statement may not directly bear on the 
point at issue in such a controversy, but the committee, 
may, under the circumstances, be pardoned for pointing out 
that the proof of success is best shown by the work done, 
especially if it be truc, as asserted, that “already more 

Brush lights have been sold and are thoroughly at practical 

and commercial work than all other systems put together, | 

and these during a period of only two vears.”. .. : 


erful electric Nght of bed 
eh system was exhibited on , 

4 th nt the London works of 

ay ctirle Light (ot 


American Ele 22d carried 
“Tamp, of the ordinary igri y i ine 


Jearbons 1.25 dnq : hig the, 
* energy of tt fi Are 


Een 

ea i Ait mene vt Rein 

: Ad byANLB-light . oe 

aan yontel of the Hight Is ald 10 be aT M0 
standard candles. 


= ie 
“A very pow! 


. 


ally steady, but somewhat disappointi 


. On te evening of Dec. 2p, 
tion at Sfenlo Park, to wh 


Regarding the “exper is in 
twenty-two Brash electric lights to be placed on Broadway 
are already located anid in operation. “TANG 


light given. Instead of the 2, idles which many— 


judging from the reports in theylaiY\papersp were led to 
expect, the light from each lal h netegr 500 can? - 
je to hie the Wumint ° 


Kave an exhibi. | 


les. Arrangements are being 
ating power determined, 


and Common 
Council ohNew York were 

lamps were in operation ; 

being a great success. OF 

speeches, and the usyal n y The 
Edison Co, have'as uncil for permission 
to lay tubes, wires, et pep-posts in the streets 
and avenues of the cith\Jar the puyy of electric lumin- 
ation, ayrecing to restore and ve all reets used, ast to: 
give bonds in $50,000 for thé /full compliance with the 
conditions imposed upon them, @Me. Edison asks for one 
year in which to make these experiments, 77 


The Aldermen and the Kitlson Hight. 
> Mr, Edison stated ton Hunar.n corrospond- 
ent on Wodnesday Inst that tho conditions 
under which the Inte Bonri of Aldermen 
offerod a pormit to put his wygtem of elece 
trio Nghting into ‘operation thin: city 
‘woro fo‘ongsoun that na comyany working | 
on’ a commercial “basis . coBgl accept |. 
do not belig' in favor. 
poration -moro (han an. |; 
io no reason why the Kale |. 
fon companfahonhl be rian ed {nvored ; 
Unt wo th Mr. Edison's Yolntm, that |: 


tb'Yhone corpo- 

jght will compete, 

fed charge of ovor 
mito for Inylng |, 

t papdfoled in tho 

companies 

pay noth. 

rel to" 


et, boyond — the 
jusual. proporty asseasmonta tho gas’ come 
panies pay nothing to State or city. A ; 
cheap as well'og a good light is tho. first: 
thing the public wants, and oompotition fs 
the only rotlablo way of gotting it. Com. 
Patition ghould bo on equal terms. Tho 
j Brush Eleotrie Light Company now lighting 
cortain blocks up town lins not beon ‘asked 
to pay anything for tho privilege, and in’ 
only required tarepalr nll damago, if any, 
to tho stroots, It is, thorefore, to bo hoped |: 
that when the Edison poriit comes before 
tho now Bonrd of Aldermon our City Fathers 
will not placo unreasonable obatrnotiony 
in thd way. Aswo understand it, the com- 
pany docs not dostre to make. any expori- 
mental exhibition, all . that having, beon |. 
dono: at Menlo Park, but : 


fifteen of the ie 


his are unusus , 
in the amount of 


- {greater 


i 


“appear in tho Journan. T 
o 


tho early duys of this publication, when it was strictly 
applicable to-tho semi-private nature of the contents of thesc 
columus, ‘Tho character of our comments on gas affairs has 
; however, become so altered in‘the course of time, that it is 
felt that the old title is no longer suitable. Gas polity ia nc 
more tho oxclusive concern of Gas Companies, and it is 
inadvisable to continue a title which, at the first glaneo, 
Appears to restricL the application of our remarks in a 
manner which has long ceased to characterize thom: 
Henceforth, although wo shall continue to devote’ the first 
part of the JourNan to editorial reviews of gas matters 
in gencral, tho broader field which the force of curront 
events compels us to survey, will bo best left uncatalogued 


ander any precisy designation, No spevitic title will: there. (” 


fore, in-ftutnre, limit our editorial grasp of sanbjecté con- : 


nected with the gas and cognate industries; but we shall 
take the liberty of dealing in these cotumus with anything 
and everything which wo may wmmsider Mf interest to gas 
manufacturers and consumers, to whom, at the closo of the 


year of grace 1880, we wish all prosperity in the year that is 


about to begin, 


ta patented a method 
ctricity. Hearranyes 
ridium, or of anal loy 
@ ends of fino platinum 


wT ate. . =~? 
oo 
ELECTRIC LIGHT GOOD FOR THE EYES, 
When the aa Ught.first began to beused In our shopa, 


Wa have wy 


factories, und pices of amusement, it was contidently 

asserted! by its opfonents thatwo dazzling Ught must be 

Hinjurious to thet}ye. The sction scemed plausthle at 
, least, although Pe light whep Bused seemed to have the 
quality of brig moonlit fs the reverse of irritant. 

Ing, People wuld peri i? Tooling at the source of the 

light, and as thd carly kage far from steady, the ob- 

Server's cyes sMered botl{¥rom the intensity of the Night 
jand the sug and Jarge pyarkutions In the quantity of tt, 
‘Tt appears, yever, frod¥the experiments recently made by 
1, of Bah whose name Is so familar in 

connection pwlih the i*stigation of color blindness and 
other optical flefccts, that our eyes will be benefited rather 
than hurt the new rféthod of lighting, and It is obvious 
tat wit lectric lighting the advatitnges will 
be still 
uence of clectric ight on visual per- 

color, Dr. Cohn proved, he thinks, 

olors were perceived at a much 

tance under electric tamination than by gas 
light, or ven daylight, Compared with daylight, the elec: 
tric} nereased the sensation of yellow slxtyfold, red six: 
fold, arkgreen aud blue about twofold. Eyes that in day- 
light or gaslight could perceive and distinguish colors only 
with diflenlty wero much aided by tho electric light, and 


ceptlon 
that let 


gtho visual perception was much strengthened, In all 


eascs of distant signaling, Dr. Colin belleves that the elec- 
tric light will prove exceedingly and especially useful, 


sieed nh ake 


// 


i 


Secaeianme en) 
IGHT AT GLASGOW aa 


SHIBITIONS 
FDITOR OF ENGINEERING. 


17th, ho tres 
; ADperficial sty 


ledge o 


obtain for sole will confirm m 
may, however, no 

wie py havo matlo snfliciently clear, 
“keen dar! 

that thoy. 


i 
tte 


difference between Mr. Crompton and the 
tatiro as to the anglant which the light 
howover, gayo in and 

‘inally, 

r 4 rangi 

«mirror % project tho rays into the plotometer and alte 
flection, the committee 

zontal measurcments ; Mr. Crompton agreed 
hough it waa tanifeatly against him, asthe 
{ it in his lamp comes from tho incandescent | 
positive carbon nnd not from the are ns is the | 


whould bo¥nensured ; Mr. Crompton, 
agreed tothe anvle desired hy his competitors, F 
however, Swing to tho dittculty in obtaining and a: 


ing acenfitely at the lors due to re 
proposed 


‘Brash lamp, 


ny irtex spenk for themsclres, 
As Mr. Montgomery's exodus 
mado so far ns I know by special ¢ 


pry largo display of bunting, nor even noticed inthe 


| 
| 


intgomery’a lotter in your issue of the 

wr reaiters to a fow moro very general |' 
nts and crasions, and atates that “ evi- 
dently my letter was written withont a correct know- 
f the Pets of the ent.” So far, loworer, from 

this, all the 4Nidence which any interested person. can 
atatements, which I 


facta,” which can casily bo prove by any 
H 


from Glasgow was not 
rain, nor announced by 


loss to fix on tho “date of his Tearing fort 


London ;"* but being regent, Tcan assure your readers that 
amy i 


Dr. Hopkinson took ery netiro part testing M 
Crompton's apparatus, and though the committee off a 


when ready fo tcat the Brush apparatus wero not alfowed 


rors: 


ina very gentlemanly way aud sith much in i 
themselves, thoy kept thomaelves in reading fer cae 


siderable time’on tho chance of the Brash Compan: 


tleciding to allow tho “' conditions on which they oxtitited 


fo be carried out. 


T do not sce how a comparison of merits enn be Jo. 
contrasting ths. number of Iampa sold, especially when 


itis connit 


Inmp, 


_ 1 do not know that Mr, Kdmund!e graphio necount of hi 
visit to America nud interriow with’ Mt, Brush is tnnel 


ed that Mr. Crompton's tam; i 
like ten times the candle TaNEE. of the Eee a 


fo tho point, or thit his remarks on howspapcr corre. 


epondenca are worth replying to, Et wonle 


themeclyen) of areas 


2000 candle power from a Brush 20, 
Crompton lump, will probably remain Confusen froma 
Apologising for the length of my letter, 
{ remain, Sir, your obedicnt servant, 


JNo, vEB, 
131, Hope-atrcet, Glasgow, Dec. 22, 1890, Ghoves 


Ss 
wenegtere 668 ethene: 
tations, ; i 
‘Tue Evecrie Laaitr, ; 

| ‘The probable value of the electric light for illu. : 

minating river ways mil docks so ns to enable : 

navigation to proceeds fter dark, has long been | 

recognised ; bpt the (GePmans appear to be the tirat : 
‘{ to put it to ures gt Sexual experiment, | hanks + 

to the enter$rhsng Weld of De, Werner Siemens, 0 \ 

serica of indportaut tyals have recently been made 

on the Rhige, and iis hoped that thoy will ulti. 

mately lend to the (ening up of certain portions ; 

of that rivge by night, ‘The electric light of Mr. 
.| André is so tbouWto be tried for street lighting ; 
e| on the pai at Wighton, Crickic’s electric Tamp 
‘}has bepn Kddpte the coal depat of the Nunnery 
+) Collie ond nt the Victoria Station, Man- 

cheater Naud MXC Jidison is, we hear, engaged in 

negotiating for th illumination of the Mento Park 
‘| thoroughfares by means of his {amp. 


‘commencement ot tho operations.” ~~ - 

Blectric Light.—1t isstated hero that tho Midland Rail. 
way Company is meditating lighting their Sheificld stations 
Wy means of tho cleetria lamp; but that tho matter is fora 
she 


rt tine in apoyauco, poudivg trials in. Londonon a larger |’ 


sale. Emginaa tne Dae Vy NTO 


ts cae Bhan aeBlnetbten OOM. eat 


0 bo better if | 
instead of wandering from tho subject this Wentlennen rut F 
given your readers ome data (hich {they sould prove for | 

Ne . This | 
information might nasist Conf ined” whos if ered ue { 


i 
i 














Pre ing on 
Hea ling throug! 


| 


nia mud, ant 
ni ‘ 
af 
jt. 





for oxhaustlug the lamps t 
botile raised by.hand,. Now there f 


‘tho ‘reservotr of the mercu: INP USL | | 
4 bo aailon |: 






. ‘aro |. 
' servolr atthe top of the bullding containing 


two tons of mercury, which is omployed tn 









about one-hundred pumps, arranged In long |’ 


alloys, and roquiring :Very Ilitis attention. 

The mere ry it ange, bake agnin to the 
‘\ resorvolr, alter being used, by an electric 
+) engine, power In the forin of electricity being 

transmitted trom the engine at Menlo [ark, 
shrough: hate & inllo of: wire laid under 
‘} grounds): : ae : 








ya that the averal 


when thoy arg maintained at aixtoon-candic 

power, - Thia latter. used to baa matter for 

KuesHvork—and dispatd Now. Uh 

room: expecially set: apart for 

tosta,cand all thd lamps ns inad 

find ‘cluvalfled, alGlighta of elgtit-candio 
{| powerarantzo minde, and thoxd ire coupled 

or grouped togothor in some of the strect 

lanipe, giving w better effect than asingtc 

huup of the sane power. Mr, Kdlson showed 

tno A number of records of tenta ninde day 




















Mr. HO30 AN: i 
2! Of tho lamps now is savan hun red hours, |) 






prdny with the lange nad engine, and on 4° 


tl 
‘them ho bases his cinim that hg can Ret 

eight tamps of slxtcen-candic power cach by 
‘ftp consumption of three pounds of coal per 


our, * : be ies 
All the country around Afenlo Park ts now 


t }' supplicd with strect’ laornps. There. were 


Tw 
ed—Uh 
uniform, 

phot ase. 


an 
horse power has 
Sree claims mando by hire fal 


machinery |’ 
and: ‘to |. 


per 
Lover 


¥ +) largo scale, 
+} taken th n 
ho p! fal 


Tesistnnce of tho loop 
and tho onoloallie Rinse ahode ta now shu 
more ike o Bartiott pear thin formerly. { : 


tian the inercasa ight on 
am) ison In- 


on 
the 
that 


over Ivo hundred) in: post rlnat night 
'atrotched along ‘on foven ‘nillee of; wire, aid 
underground,” Mr, Edison turned» wheol 
in tho. ‘contrat. ataplon’? to-night, and the 
atautly thio lights Ah eared, dotting the land 
pean, bs far ns thafeye could see, Itwasa 
beautiful slaie igh the bright noon. 
Highton tho gilttoring know doubtless Inter. 
} | fured somewhat with the eect, ‘The tights 
Mn the bullding wi entirely’ aatisfuctory, 30 
fur na tho oye nlozda could Judge, fs) 
REVERIMENTS. CUNTINURD—A NEW GENR- 


vo SP RATOR, * - 
Experiments fro still boing made with 

variations tn the forme of Lunps, but these 

aro carticd on th the labonstory ana do not 





Interfere aa formerly with tho business of : 


making the adgpted lawps,. The naw dynn- 
mo Inachine td be run direetly by o Porter 
engine, ot) thea.saine bed-plate, ty to bean 


Intinenss adie, “It is the same in principte |. 


Mn 

y alin beeim 

modified or chanped, and tho armature in 

particutor In nbw it forns 

lorwurd slate df Tremration that T stout 
mse eva 

To do away with all objection tothe tam 


It fe tn ch i 
put toguther tu a fow | 


‘on tho score of bycaknge and failure, and the 


uncertatn gspeuta thus thrown tipon the 


thy lamps frog o! charges the. company age |i 
t 


suming the risk dod addi the cost uf the 
Innipa to the curnput expenses, upon vwlilch 
«| Wlll-bo based the ‘charge to consumers, Atl 


the planstor the matroductlon of the system 


consumer, It ie determined to furniah 


into New York Inve jicou prepared and Ip: 


an told that there {elf bo no delay afer per- 


mieston has been ettalned from the Hourd of |} 


Aldermen to ay“thp wires in tho stree 
Make tho necesaur: connections, me a 


wads : 
Ing tho amor 

DNouschold haw'nlsd, 

xerlor uppearance it. 


Tho meter ‘for ivan 


AL remaln in 

oanilaty long tate: ' 
eny summing up my Impressl y 
are that: tho Hates rately matlanicrory Lee 
been Hreatty juproved; that. th 
hfs also been advanced towards po 
fection, nuit that, although Edison at 
My @ not.yet been practically: introduocd, a 
Biche Park and all tat any one ebule ae 
faltly expecten oy ono could hy 


as 






MEASURING THE: AMOUNT. OF ELKCTRICITY: i 
vi 


i 


BS 
water proceso. weeran 








{ ” “ELECTRIC LIGHT FOR COLLIERIES, // 
' It appears that British colliery owners are determined not to bo be-; 
bind their American rivals in the introduction of electric illumination : 
on colliery pit banks, and thu Nunnery Colliery, Shefield, appenrs to : 
be entitled to the honor of being tho first to utilize the light. The. 
Nunnery Colliery CRopapy, amidut the didiculties which they constantly j 
experience with the large quantity of water they Lave to contend with, : 
appear to be showing: siderable spirit in the adoption of various 
menns for reducing Ys cost of production, They are not only inj 
telephonic communi n with the whole of their works and between 
their head office and Nib diflereyt depots, Lut by menus of the Telephone 
Exchange they are in mamagei sheath most of the Inrge works and 
other places in the (Qn. In onter to further improvo the quality of the 
coke produced, by thein they ar: ging for the conls to be carried to 
the coke ovens all locomdtixe engine running over tho top of the 
ovens, That the caroQd picking ah? cleaning of the coal is of the ut- 
most importance ix well n, A that thia is unattainable with in- 
adequate light is equally & 
At the Nunnery Qojlicry this gfdiculty hns been entirely removed by 
the admirable syatygof electric NS put up under tho superintendence 
of Mr. Sydney TF, Wiker, M.S. Ne oY Long Row, NottIngham, Ho 
employs two ott each, utiniated to bo of 5,000 candlo power, 
















which are suspen qednigh above the screens; thoy throw a most brilliant 


light upon the cou it is conveyed from the corves to the sereens, and 
“then to the tei at Tho ups, which have no elock work, are |: 


ko arranged that the Tight, descending perpendicularly, docs not affect 
the eyesight, and the workmer blo to screen nnit cleanso the coal 
with much great crity and catpthan when they were compelled to 
vroup nbont in tho 
thrown no directly gyon the screens that there Is little possibility ofany 
dross escaping the Lotice of the screeners, and consequently the com- 
pany will be alieYo\wupply houso conl singularly free from impuri- 
ties. Tho lainp gpich are worked by a Gramme engine revolving at 
tho rate of 1,600 per minute, are certainly ns effective as contd be wished. 
The steadiness of light i# especially remarkable; it is vory simple, and 
ns to its economy it is sufficient to stato that G-horso power indicated 
supplies the two lights—that is, 2,000 candle-power per horae-power— 







whilst it cannot go out except through such nn accident as tho breaking 


ofa driving band, go that it is ns reliable as it fseconomic, ‘The system 
v y A, — Viaing y Journal, 








+ ake 


nt shed bpyAgew gas jots, ‘ho electric light ia |’ 


Brooklyn, dasignor, 


(No modet.) 

Cluim.—t. Ivan electriv Jam pravi 

. a " 
| garcler for tho upper carbon anda frafmon gens 
ing controlling: i descent, in combination with 
an Sleetro-maynet and armatnre lover operating 
n etent engaging with ald gearing, and a carricr 
or the lower car! orvnusperutedd from snid lover, 
mi stantially agdescribed, 2. In an olectric 
an ), aut cleetro-magnet and mechanism for con. 
trolling tho feeding of tho uppor carbon, located 
shove the foons, in combination witha carrier for 
{) the lower carbon, movable vertically, ond con. 
nected with tho nrmuaturolover of said eloctros 
J magnet, substantiaily as described. 3 Tn an 
eleetric Iainp, au clectromngnet controlling tho 
feeding mechanism, in combination with a dash. 
pot or controfling-chamber fixed to the armature 
or core of the electro-magnet and surrounding 








its head, substantially as described. 4, I 
olcotria lamp, the combination of a lower carbon 
carriorand a globo anrrounding the foons, with 
their fat aupporta for sald carricy and ‘globo 
} Placed ede to cdgo upon tho samo side of the 
i foeus and in tho same vertical plano with it, sub. 
, htantially na doscribed. §. ‘Tho carbon-carrior 
H B, in combination with the bar G, the link y, 
rand flesible strp I, substantially as doseribed. 
: 6, ‘The carbon-carrier £, in combination with tho 
ndjustiblo spring 1, tho spring V, rod ‘fT, and 
i forked head W, aubutantialy us dcacribed, 7, 
Tho side Dlecos @, in combination with tho 
serew , pin Wy and jaa ¢, substantially ns dos 
scribed, 8. ‘Tho combination of the globo B with 


} the sty $C and thi 7 4S 
i! ha weypor aud the dog ¢, substantially as de: 


| ° #94 Thono Abstracts marked * aro from tho 
: Official Gazette, U.S.A, Patent Office, 








} #234835. Exrernic Tas. (firan 8, Mazin, 
to the United States. Hectrie Lightton ton 
pany, New Tork, MT ethno A? ome. 


























































é 7 is ft porters engine In 

7 7 ii Ao eee relation - in’ dynamnoa.* : 
iH jog ‘lon:. a>) maaelva’’, bed-plate «wan ithe Dew a there 

otigine, which will be Forno te tare re ores to build how eas Inf 

ie motion that when oe et direst te, wo dow where t 


i x 
ving! . tue house, There: 
. oe Las “iferota a great having,” saya Halson,” ‘for the a *: 
ane oet Rawat in’ rianing tho belting to tbe . Batson’ar ator 
rid staca f use at present fa considerable, Tho | Jo nnugh to 
caviD in-apace, Which” means houso rent. when |, 000 vnecin of 
: the a fem ia applied “in otties,. will be greater |. 10° very: parlor 
atill, Compara the space taken by this engine and had thedighta t 
XN tho dynamos with that on this td plata, whieh cone | Manus Yeu do 
tains dynamo ay well as engin and you will see {ine a ut iD 
: / oayy whaveautious steps, what patlont experiment fad! me 
1 


Sueeess—Why Do Our Atdérmen te power to constructs single, dynsme | «a 
.. Withihold-a Permit? 








leyeree it wilt drive @ monster dyn! 


hiter, Wonders of Tdisoh’s i Nom 
























MENT. 
betas 









“at Menlo Park, p<. 
" va 















ni be an - pau young 
utletn te 
Teale. eo hls own 2 nut dbdsived 


irked in tho wells, sue 


gar Pees an ho Jeaned ‘agaluet the 


y 

' in at attitude thata painter would solze 
ehavitual laziness. Dut ins monient ihe 

patter would neo hits tniatako, fur kidivon, with sud- 










| oe eoutdntt ‘a0 to imako mistakes, I'll show you 






ee 
ce 

Out at Mer fght sre to 
{Out at Monlo Park strange sights by n! 

“heecen, but thadentzons of that sclontido sottlo-! 
“mentara eo much in the position of the ods, ) 


‘of tho machino that they do not Utt thole brows 












nd 
bring us 
pelle rang 

port's tottae, 


A PERMIT. to me 
to the: room where tnandering 
Ing out electrialty silts >the Jingle 


ul 
Then tho way was lo One ne 


‘the aynamoa werd ‘ins 














by ol 

oy a 4 Duzz, sparks flew hero t Tear not UU 

‘when common mortals wonder, ‘tho fall * ienfen m ze ae at Song nar tro = : sui 
‘ dos = Ver ‘ alee frawut 

facod ‘young man who pres! : 





which turns tho Mghte on and turns 
See rieoily looks ont of window ta seo enti 
‘(hat Inte twist of the wrist ho has mado aatuslly ‘ 
See i avaut’ oe ui tia a otcéulon ee St) ready to bouln now,’ ho sald, “but wo hare 
knows all, about. 1, and: op sult yo pormit. I havo mapped oul the lower ond 
<will tell you why +o need .not trouble himself Hi of the, city au tte wpatern 1 
tarthor’ than tooking st hia olectromoter and tho }! detail oud ween arti, cameat 
ight botoro him, ]Or ho will continue hin story h twelyo atentn 113 Hauone 
: des Lotte?, St you don’t, an they say v the raguiete Aho 
aut there, ! ‘broak ‘him wp’ with questions. b aplication 
cligate aud  capltalfste, polite fiformation’ 
kore and vulgar wonder mongors, wiso acicntists 
Bnd wiseacro aclolists, aye, even the allppery ok : 
‘of “confidence” wore out there last ovening, and 4 
f ‘lroprasentatives of tho fair wcx wore not want: { 
TEN]: [ing] You :noed “not bo told what they said 
“hos wehas:) questions thoy asked, fA general 
glow Of matistaction wae visible when the MNghte 
urhod’ up, and It .waa possibly toned down | 
. young man-at tha wheel turned 
i lights out, Men Lave way of look. 
Mig s"geltoly/xnowlng “when sclentito wonders 
‘(aro ‘unfolded to thom, and ladicse always futtor 
“Wy" iitife’ about acfontide apptlanees, The laboratory 




































v 






mpany to 
a dete U: 























ight tho streote at ten 
cust ot the light, Je sh that woa 

niah the Ju:htto tho city at te per cout over what 
dt would cost, including in that cost price its pre 
portion of interest for plant, it night di fore 
tho city ought to be plied more. cheaply! 


‘oa the top of tho Lill was Hterally abtaze, and. figs Pitch orcas eda ig i suas 
Jyoung Mr, Joht, ns iv turnod bre wheel, eatd, “There: {Ne ‘Nr cont ut tho prise Focelpts  sliouli: 
go 675 lights tn,’ or “There go 676 Ughts out,” goto thuelty. Now, tuasmmuch as compotittor will 
ina thio case might be, Up ataire a bright young tan! ; pub the price fone. the lowest poseitte rales for 
4 oarnit, a 
‘explalua to you that tho IMltto snactine which Py 
‘whirring aiay thero ts a ono-horse dynamo that) 
durna a tatheand koeps two sowing machines run- 
Mpg} og 
~~“ Llectriclty {6 power,” asya Mr. Johuson, “ss well 
He hight, Wo take it off tho sane wire that lighte | 
that lamp,” ae re 
Thon he turns out the lamp nud relighte it, stops foe Pea patting obstacles te abe way cw na 
je fanchiue aa ee Ae cok anita more then “holding back of s periuit of cotrse keope Us Leck.| 
7 turn of tho Auger for cach operation, 


Wo ask tho public whethur, Jookinsat all sides of: 

ghts of gas jot power sro glowing all over thoplace. , ie Bhan y We sould not be helped tather sha 

Ga: one side is an electric Mght ‘whose bull re you dolng anything f rknowr? 7 

js plunged into tobe filled “with green- have Afteau ‘wire runnera’ al work, who are 

7, ;tiuted water. You look at ft, and soa in it thedrug to materiale for runing ti wity 

Fatore show Lotito of tho future, ‘Uoautitul shades Mrowireds they beet; 

lp ftcon aro acon willin it, with a luminous centro us ee tho, ee pone . 

: f than tha reat. A noise at your clbow an; \< 

" You aeaftcan bo'used under water, “Divers oan # fustauce, tae Wed thou put i HU nee 

(work at night as woll as by day,. Fislorman can rea 

Sho fielos, ond tho Sullan of Turkey can organize 
































whirty, 
to be 














viow will bo taken by it. 1¢ wa drive pricea down as 
wo oxpect tho bapent to the community will be 





























cat 





















sud will bs ready tu light up wher th 
station to his district te act up, Lat, the 
Give Us the permit aud ote will work rapidly, "I bave 
night {tos on tho Bosphorus with Mpnts undor the | S°Btracts eur cA Yatieuann pevsee: } 
{water aa woll aa over it.” : it 734 eald outnide, Lut altaun tid pat bother 
(As wasa yotng and hoperul officlal who paid this, ¢ about Shee cee ue “a at any 2 tne : 
(and tho glowing yroon globe seomed to takeon naw | he yams and fe wage ant ete. | 
‘Amportance, falrytand ee t. The whale coantey: ido Vea under 
: a foot, of snow, with the dar 
erusre 6 SaMOnT the bare tress above it. Ji 
‘Somowhero around, stretched ont tuea of 
j. At Jength Le {a cornered down -atatrs and led away | whose bu 
for a qutot talk, les 
‘Come itt the ahop,"* ho saya, laconteally, It ts | -an it wae with Tani of Hhanter whon the witches in 
only step, and you find yoursolf among whifling | Alloway Kitk wero at tho height of their midnight | 
whcola and tnon sell Alon and otlier tools, working Fesley This ig tatetriaty smertichy neoene Of ener 
Meee eee ager: nOMIDR | laud Gre opraug ita Velng tala, It iw hud toogee 
| elear Jof ring belting and avoiding Mate | reriler the eiteeh, ee ods eat te ae 
Sent reneticg a almply abutting the eyes, for the barenesa 
zo Aud desolation of tho daréuess would” bo wanting, 
Many To oad * 
"twenty-four mate thme to ponde: 
ra Oynamos ‘of: wire. Do you k: 


maa 
nos satianed with that, 
«St, * becata W 1 


ow bors peo: 
‘They, say we | 
the. country, }: 








2037. 





Electric lamps.” 
(A communication from abro: 
Brooklyn, U.S.A, 
lamps, by 


) 





Witstast Carr, 


od. 


jad by Patrick Drew, of 
Relates to improvements in electric 
which the latter -have their electrodes con- 
tained within a vacuum chamber of glass, the wires 


Bas epeterync® Wr! Ibe yo 


being scaled where they pass through the ghiss by 


a sectional clevation of an electric lamp embodying the 


improvements. 


A js the glass globe formed at one side with the 
tubular extension, a, and inner concentric ec: linder, a’, 
that is closed at the top, and forme with the sealing- 
tubes, 6,6. The tubes, 4, are formed with bulbs, a, for. 
containing mercury to seal the wires,’ but the bulbs, o, 
may be dispensed with, the tubes being extended down 


mercury‘or an amalgam inclosed around the wires, 
The improvements are shown by the figure, which is 


and closed at their lower ends around the wire. 


conducting-wires, ¢, pass freely through the tubes, so 
that the fortion of the wires below the carbon, «, is free 
to expand and contract without danger of cracking the 
The bulbs, o, shown in the ff 


glass. 
cury, which gives additional security against ingress of 


air. 


graphic purposes.” 


2tty. “Mechanism for perforating paper for tele. 
W.R. Take. Poin (A communica: 
tion from abroad by ‘Theodore Marshall Foote, o! 
Brooklyn, and Franke Anderson, of Peekskill, U.S.A.) 
Relates to a method of perforating paper slip for 
working automatic fast speed telegraphs, the pesfora- 


gure contain mere 





tions being arranged in such a way that whatever order 
the letters come in, the signals shall always consist of 
a series of positive and negative currents following one 


another alternately. 





:Mrealarly curved 


au 











Theat 
Soe Bitce, ang ty, 
jen? Whe opti 
Iponksticd 
Oven IN be correct fe" 
NA ‘throd, Meroe I fy atated ope compen 
bya ho mercy t bY couxtn, 

















y 
Ury ald tin; lug the 
“ue Picanant Holse and 








The description of the apparatus 
for effecting the object will be referred to ata future 
date, as it cannot be described except at some length. 















) | tot 
i > Mr 


ra hundred Tnaips distryy 
+ halfa mite wide, 
nenec fromfwhich 


righ: 


the slope 


Th 


( -rated by 


gine, 


ordins 


pleasing 


} unde 


Up ort 


of the’ 
Jan 
| trib 


tele 4 


H .8ny observer, 


The 


construction, sin 


months ago in tis Paper, 
T 
The present appearance 


our fro; 


ehundeller, se: 
1 the shadow 


of lanips are made, ones 
i equivalent to 5 
‘ 


other electric fampy the ineand 


! tention; 
touched 


i the entire period 


» montha, 
defect, a 
can be 
no effect 


to the latest tests, 
candle power, 
) Wo-llfths of a Pound of oe 


power js 


j Proaching completion, 


To subject his system 


| 
{ 
} © three-qua 


set In its socket, 













ELEOTRIO ILLUMINATION AT MENLO PARK. \\ 
f electric lighting by 
T outdoor use 
pide Park a pla 
over an aren oue mile long and 
laboratory stands upon a uentte ai: 
ines of Jamps extend half a mile to 


t and y 
My thecgyroaren unter Uumtnation being, from: 
i ° arkd, casily visible from the central station, : 
oe oon Comprising seven miles and! 
‘ire, nul are supplied by bet 
dere cl YA Current gong. + 
ne dytgno-clectric Machines driven by aie ene! 
ae of sixteen candle-power, equal to ani 
ig it, and are ubsolutely steady, shining| 
aati efulgence, which ts ancien! 
he division of the current is complete! 
ogee apne Aysten of lights can be turned 
We initigg hee J As one ean regulate the flow 
nt ’ H 
isos dll aa Of perfect Mumination under 
a nae ; orlnys i vast urea, this army of lamps 
bite : peabnar dary, delightfulsigit, and ig alone 
ona trip to Mento Park. As 
‘ + AS a demonstents 
ogee lon 
ta muir of great and novel system of il 
i. Oo become tna Nettle while a 
potent con. 
ftir comfort and vconony of elty life, It isn ies 
Veanat full io impress powerfully the mind of 









Incandescence 
Ou A large scale, 
Mt cmbracing tive 


he crucial test of t 
Edison has set unl 













te tag 











T 





Congmicat, and? 





tan ve bees i ' 
Mps have been but slightly modified in form and 


Te tenred und described some}~ 
In principle they are Machined, 
of the lamps ts clearly shown on 
: plan of suspending the lamps as in the! 
rves particularly well: ty elevated lights, since; 
Of the fixture ts hereby avoided, Three sizes 
third, One-half, and full size, or 
2.8 and 16 candles respectively, Unlike 
: scent lamp requires 1 + 
here are no carbons to elnunge, Ho heat ibe th 
save to keep the outer globe free from «tust, during ; 


of Its existence, wh } 
. ey Which covers sey 

Tn case a Tamp fy broken t eral ; 

{ 


te they we: 


nt pages the 


ny cetiley 

nother ean be put by its las Gena, ee 
The suspension of on ; 
Fon the others in the chrewit.  Accordin 
to supply the current for one lntp of iS 
for one hour, requires the consumption of 

val SH yrenter economy of 
of the hirge §enerttor now ap. 


Whatuve e lamp " 


expected by the use 


| ; 
| 


476 Durr (O) ie 2s “tego : 
——————————————S———E——— 


ELECTRICITY, TELEGRAPHY 


Exucrric Liautina at tun Giascow Posr-Orricr, 
Successful experlments have recentlybeen male to use the 
Sclectric light in two leading departments. of the General 
Post-Office, Glasgow—the ‘sorting rooin and the telegraph 
instrisment office, 3 
op LELHORAPIC ComMuNicaTION witit, ScoTLAND.— 
The. telegraph departinent of the Pust-Office has given 
notice that there will be considerable delay in the trans- 
mission of messages to Scotland in 
heavy snowstorms, 





re eo caseget 


consequence of the } 


! 


i 
a 
a 









C24 


¢ 


= 






















resistance of the. 


ELECTRIC LIGITING.* 


‘ectric ght. ‘To-night {lav 
aL Dee erees whieh has been made sh 
eo te lon At the {ine 


complicate 


tance of the ; 

honor of aetiverina leo: distance 
‘Austosr two years ago I had the nele: {lieu ao ate fr ho arent tu . ) ] 
. Ining up aloft, in order tha peo 1 i 
a the ditleultles of producing steady are Si ’ 


: i : os Be a 
be struggled through, the ight 4 
pat * , pas 
fal hay burn nway, andj 
mee the production, of 8 
folnits shoutd be maintulne 
itis evident _ uuder le 
te requln 
ates nuer of extreme 


ceded | surmounted, 


Tevo- 

yi 
q ireaseal Property 
rt dig. | tinuously 


nile ex- 


tn palit 

, rst took pos iT * 

woe hn au eqally un asonalte unk ‘i 

bilites of electric Highting—the ide’ pov 

that electric light, us n substitute for gus 
| ; ven, 

Mintel résumé of the general uring 4 

and the develapment of the dy tise \ 

On the holes ~ ofr acing 
zt pans ling been ut b I. 7 . . 
ee ee iracttecable to develop | horQyower by the 

‘Yon of 2 1b. of coal per hour, 
amount of motive power a cur 

1 givo a light of over 1,000 sta 

‘Jwo can maintain for one leur xtra 

[Jeaual to 1,000 etauchard candles Nog Ul Tres 

4 the combustion of 2 1b, of con. 

‘Vnomtcal result than ean be} 
or any other means of genera 
sent known, [Re 

‘\ the question af storaye 
secondary battery of M, 
the first fo put the Wen pf rf 

The seco ary Inatery of, Raut 
lead placed opposite eg! Hogethier | 
uté cell, ipists simply of 
toy fone ace 1Aid goted up together, an H weparaterd bry 
the space of about one-qtth of an inch, ; My ole vet 

in its con ’ ve lwo plates ra 

viz, lead; and peel the combiert at 

Jan ordinary TY rs 

so to spenk f 

‘Ltwo plates wht 
per, or zine an 


to pay, 


aut pre: 

to the vo! cell, ane 
q Hed in the 

alas exempt ed an 


the voltaic, 
plates are 
rate a cur 


change, itis, when detached fron th 
‘{eonditton as to be able te give out, 


current of electricity on ils pwo a 
charge las be v1 @:peta 





tL 
sphere a modified form of a secondary batt 1, if it does 


the clectr 


ri su mW . 

The particulur lamp | aun ust Coe th ee agent 

DS nT Ed He i ‘he per js together wlinost con 
t a with great precision. i sy atallekee 
y | ladies and gentlemen, Is jet ellen 
ard At That is the form ane st re af tect 
lors have for the last forty yen struggled 
Tiiteutty upon diticalty tu render service 


Hectic are Hight you will rendily ‘ 
pain not suited to the High sin 


nnive 


distribution. 
ity by mechan: | noue, 


i is¢ you wart 
For certain exceptional uses it is ex nt, If yo 


“re » focus, foro 

bug {a very brilliant Mumination all comer ta Gne focus; | wnilee 

Ke this ighthonse, oreignal, for example, or for a hig samers it. ia 
produce wit (is | Uk s station, or very large workshop, or open mM rth | 
‘hiay, ithe tionably the most economieal and the best 6 \ 


‘dian | fielal lights. ‘ 


j 
England over two hun | 
At ha ore is continued and 


It fs used in the 


f than in the case 
st such a ease as that of the Alex: 
ecru etna pend ilumina 


be formed into a wire or tan 


not give us all that could be desired, makes a very constder-| tible in alr, or, if combustible, does not undergo change In 


-[ablo contritmtion award it, ‘This 
morning; before heing churged It 


Y, 8 know, just two substances 
ery was charged this} uvacuum, ‘There are, so faras 1 know, ju 
rosary inert.” U will | that possess, in ony suficlent degree for the purpose In 


join the poles together by this plationm wire, and if the | question, the qualities Lhave specitled, 


charge las heen retatned the 


e WHE become hot. [The 
wire fa, 


Want of a me 
ricity is a new. 


‘The two subsiinces are: Platinum, or an alloy of pladiaum 


I of ators | with Iridium and carbon, Platinum bas the advantage over 
felt want; ay yel It cannot be sald] carbon that it is not combustibte ta air; it docs nat, like 


been fully supplied, bu, as 1 have shown you, it] carbon, burn away if you make it white hots but itis very 


has heen supplied to a certain extent, and. re 
4) busy at work seeking its complete full 1, here can be 
no doubt that what is wanted will We found, and with the 

verfeotiiug of the sceaudary 


tery that great objection to | capable of end 


ch ‘is still | infertor tu carbon in the degree of leat tt will bear without 


fusion; und for producing light by incandescence ft [s essen. 
ta y that the Ineandescent: matertal’ should be 
aE area high temperature, beeanse 


pug nn extreme! if 
electric lghtlng—that you cautot store the power which | the amount of light emitted by an tncandescent: substance 


produces {Cas you can Hore gas—will be completely met. 
The thermopile was bere fly’ referred to.] 
All the various means of producing light tg cleet ric 


hat can take any pretension to practicability are divisib! 
into two classes, tamel: 


Ist. Lighting by the electric are, 
2d.—Lightlng by incandescence, 


Tn Nghting by the electete arc there is n break or gap in 
he elreuit which has to be rhlged over by a sort of electric 
flame. In lighting hy ineandescence there is no break or gap 
at the point wherg light Is produced, Int a thin, highly tn 

fusible, and badly conducting solid substance tq there Inte 

s posed which becomes whit Not, and emits a light, bright 
| i proportion to the degree of heat prodaced Jn It, 

\ ow, CONX fn your inind precisely what Tam talking 
(nbout, J will first khow you what Timean by the cleetric are, 
(This will enable you mare easily 10 follow’ my remarks ont 
othe question of electric ting by this metho, 

Mere is an enlarged view of the electric ar —here are the 
two carbon points, and here—between them—ls formed the 

2, dlectrle ure, 

A powerfal electric current, produced by a gas engine nnd 
dynamno-electric machine, 1s suppiled to these two pencils of 
carbon through thick copper cunductin, wires, anil you seu 
Mint a streaut of flame ls towlng or rushing between then, 
If the points sre Yoo mueh separated, the Tight is lessened; 
Wy Increasing the alr space between the polnts restatanee to 
the pussuge of the eurrent is. Increased, 

of consequently dhntnished, and whe 
rent passes a certain Miit the 
- hand, when the polnts are mat 
»fedeh other, the light becomes | 
A certain amount of. difleulty or resistance must be 
| offered to the passnge of the current in order to produce 
‘Hight, and to get the best effect the resistance must neither 
2, betoo inch nor too tittle, 


When the points are unde to touch there fa no lon: 


1) Abstract of a Iveture delive 1 by J, W, 
1° Putlonophical Soclety, ‘New toatl ‘yne, 
di 


a this dintuntion of eur. 

elit fs lessened, On the other 
to upproueh too closely to 
3 for the opposite reason, 


a ger the 





Swan, at the Lterary and 
180, 


and the current ts! 


preases Ina more.gaptd ratho than the temperature. 
cee for exumptee cou have a plece of plajuum wire or 
carbon red hot, it emits most uo Uf; gt, Unt double its tem. 
perature by sendlag a dquble quantity of current henge 
jt, ined Te will yield an ore, than twiee the light it did My 

elore, > 
ber iS therefore, ovident that the hotter the incandescent 
materi) ean be tnnde the less the light will vost per untt of 
power expended, / 

Irklio-piatinum, comparatively with other metals, nay bo 
called extremely Infusible, but compared with carbon {tts 
nowlere, Carbon has, in fact, resisted without fusion the : 
very highest degree of heat brought to bear upon it, and | 
what that degree of heat is Lean hardly estimate, it ‘is so 
cnormous, * 

But earbon ins been found so dificult to deal with on 
account of ils ready combusttbility (and some other f{rouble. 
some properties whieh 1 wil inention afterwar 
imenters have bestowed much attention up: ntlnuen ned 
ilies platinum ns the incandescent materi for electric 
anipa, 

Mr. Edison was, I think, the last who attempted to utilize 
platinum in aw cleeteio timp, and 1 think there can be no 
doubt that he ebtained better results with platioun, and 
eame nearer making 2 useful plathiai than tunp, any expe- 
Timenter in the same trick who hind gone before him, 

ere isn view of Edison's platinuta lamp, 
nmp of which so niuch was promised and ex: 
pher, 1878, and whieh led, you Fenicinber, to 
the panie tn gas shares. This lamp did not realize the hopes 
of the inventor, ; 

(I will not rektadle Mr, Crompton’s electric aun, Iwenuse F = 
T hope presently to show You some sniatt limps, whorellght ¢ 
would be absolutely drowned In that feree mudiance, as 
Blars ure by the fight af day.) 


While Mr, On was endeavoring to produce 0 useful 





i light was to become generally us 


neandeseent hing by means of plathnum, was endeavoring 
to obtaln the enmo end by means of carhon, 
Tt had appeared to me for nny years Unit if ever electri 
ul it would, most pro 


nbly, be by Meuns of tha Iveundescence of enrbon, Thad: 


"form of alr pump. 


. wreally high vacann was, and how to produce it, ‘ 


: the lueande: 


. thut expe. 2 


long before the time to-wwhich I am ‘reff 
Tender thls idea practicable, ~ *: 

Asa matter of history, I. will brie Ue 
| nent which T tried about twenty yours ago; - 
H had a number of pieces of paper and card of yarlous 
| forms n.d sizes buried in charcoal in a erucibless-This. ern. 
Hetble I sent to be heated white hot Inone of the pottery kilns 
: Delongirz to Mr. Wallace, of Forth Banks, From the picces 
“Of carbonized card which I thus oblaiued, I selected a Jonge 
spiral; the ends of thig I clipped between small blocks o 
carbon carried by uprights, and 


Wires, A stunll itaag alinde was cemented over this mounted 
carbon spiral, aud the air was exhausted by means of i very 
ood alr ump. Jent to me for the Purp OL this ex 
y the Rev, Robert Green, of Lotghor~ 


ig been pres 


duced, Lapplied the wires of my battery (consisting of ten 


cells of Cullun's moditlextion of Grove's t 
expectation of a brilliant result 
‘the most absolute negative pre 

‘beat or Ught appeared in my 
Paper, Ttwas evident, and } 


r 2 ‘ 
Het, that the electric carrent of the strength I is S 
; E 


battery) with great 
Instend of this, there was 
ated to tn I 


A good vie | . 
{according to the ideas that then prevalle y hawhiy ‘ a ( 
j . 


‘would not go fn sutticlent quantity through so long a piece 
of carbon as FE had taken.’ ‘therefore repeated the expert. 
/ment with shorter earbon and a ere: erpumber of ¢ 

: Lobtained, under these altered ¢ 
interesting result, 

My earbon was in the form of an arch (this Qingram will 
help my explanation), about one Inch high and'a quarter of 
an inch wide, Tho ents of the arch were held in stall 
clamps, with square blocks of carbon, : 

The wit pump having been worker , Thad the pleasure of 
seelng that when contact with the battery of forty or fifty! 

. cells was complete! my carbonized Paper arch became red 

» hot, and it was ovident that nothing more was wanted than 

} a still stronger current to make it give outa brilliant light; 
bat PE had used up all the battery powerat my disposal, and 

: having ached this limit, 1 contented myself with watching 
the beba of the urch, the engrossing question belt 

! How long will it endure? 

T noticed that the inner part of the arch was hotter than 
the outer part, and that, perhaps In consequence of this, the 
areiy became beut on one side. Mats bend! ng graduatly, ine, 
creased, until at fast the arch had so far eurled down’ Unless 
the top was on a fevel with the clamps, and on coming Ini 
contact. with the sole of the lamp It broke in two, and a 


Is, und 
reumMstinees, wn extremely 


experitient callapsed, 
That, | contidently believe, was the very first instance In 
{ whieh carbontard paper was ever used In the coustruetion | 
of an incandescent electric lamp. Saat 

Pam now speaking of 20 years ago, and at dat tine thik i 

2 volude buttery was the cheapest soure y Keown, | 
and the ineans of producing high vacua were very niuch 
less perfeet than they are now, 

Thaid n vtrie fight experiments aside anti] about three 
yeurs ago, wher two things concurred to lead me to pursue 
the subject afresh ; 

The discovery of the dynamo-electric machine bad ens 
tirely altered the position of the question of t+ 
ing, shifting it out of the region of thir ivntitioally in- 
teresting into Chat of things practically useful. 

The Sprengel alr pine. too, hind been invented, sad with 
ite Iuvention we had been provided with wmenns of produe- 
ing much higher vacua than could be produced by the old 


Mr. Crookes’ radiometer experiments liad shown us what 


Mr. Stearn, of Birkenliead, an ardent selentifie amateur, ' 
was so attracted by the extraordinary results Mr. Crookes | 
had obmined by means of high vacua as to go with great en: 
thustasm futo the same line of experiment, wad he soon ac. 
quired such a knowledge of the Sprengel pump, and such } 

ness ity manipulation, us perhaps was only equaled ¢ 

Ir, Crovkas limeclf, : 
L had the zood fortinne fo make Mr, Stearn’s ucquaintance, 


' and that was the other one of the determiniug entises of my 


second altempt to solve the problem of electric lighting by 
see of curbou, 4 : 
In the interval between the first and second periods T save 
mentioned many attempts had been made by various experl- 
menters * rennet prnvetlonise ‘lucandercet carbon lamps, 
‘ere cutirely successful, 
pettuce te re} ed wnteat a variety of the mast notable of sess 
attempts. | Some are vacua Tasnps, and some have alr ad a 
mitted. Sawyer und Mann's lamp ts filled with nitrogen: 
Wher the incandescent curbon is in alr it burns aw ys au 
Sinust consequently Le renewed just a candle m st a 
‘yeneweds ft must also bo thicker than would be wee ss nt 
‘in a vacuum, and, being thicker, it re ly proport onally 
‘grenter current to render it ineande: i hot ese cl 
cumstauees are obviously against economy ! 


oe (Zo be continued. 





connected with conducting |! 


IGER- CONNECTED yy 
ELECTRIC LIGHTING, ATH 


*y ° Ina recent Paper Mr, Swan, of Ney 
~a | “While on the subject of alternate SYS. 
As occasion to remark 
| -Feferring to the deat 
& through their takin; 


~~, MaApparatus suppl: 
. Ne, Pp! {0 Jat : 
,* pigot these esses occured some time ayos thea 
ey * eh ows Admitting for the moment tt 
ty deaths occurred direct! fr Heit eons 
y oe ly from the shock (which I conside 
y nO means proved), I do not think that the extreme 


2 views put fort! tr, Preece as to the da 
quent on electric ‘lightin ee 


’ ff in general can-be supported, 
Jato, re reason :—The machine which supplies ¢ 
Jiblne ali candle. gives alternating Currents; the ma-~ 
s Supply the ordinary electric are, whic 
jepaly my lamps, and which are more generally eine 
although the phere constant in one direction, Now, 
Fi y © Physiological effect of the alter ti a 
rents is undoubtedly severe, yet th ‘of touchig the 
i ¢ ¢ effect of touching the : 
wires from a direct-current machi i tous 
. Machine is merely that you | 
a feel at ae Moments of making and breaking contnar : 
“) Slight shock, but while you have hold ‘you feel almost 
[Mr. Swan atetwards demonstrated practically 
ssness of the current by taking hold of ter 
dynamo-clectric machine . for some . 


Mr. Preece, knowing how many real 
are connected with electric li hting, shoul 

hardly have added to these by magnifying to serene 
extent the dangers which in te Saad mete great an 


le cases way accompany i 


1 


ires in connection with’ 


NEW York.—The cx 


bited on the sam 
ight. 


Enecrnic Tnantixa.—The Commissioner of Public Works, 
New York City, has granted Mr, Edison a permit to intro. : 
duce his system of electric lighting in the lower part of this 
city. 2 aon haw § VGN 


Ameniea.—The electric system of illumination has been ; 
jiutroduced into the Reading Iron Works with satisfactory ‘| 
results. There ares-thirty-two “double lumps,” and it is? 
estimated the cost to run theso 

vost of about 1,500 

‘saving over gaslight, besides, furn 

.tho men to work with the 

‘und their employers, wh 


reer 


Said to have occurred: 








eh OGaaAD i 








i 
! 
od 


ively Tittle care. 


Mg its practical value, 
The ty 




































[JANUARY 18, 1881. 













: PROGRESS OF THE BRUSH SYSTEM OF ELEOTRIO e 
: "LIGHTING, 


{The anclent saw anent the share of milk oblained by tho; 
‘still suckting seems to be pretty well borne out in the pro-! 
gress of the Brush system of electric lighting, A dozen 
ystems, so-called, have made moro noise and have attracted 
>more newspaper attention; but while they are for the most 
‘part still “promising,” the Brush system has been quietly 
‘taking possession of the fleld, How far this fs due to the the 
{  ‘superlor bustiess management of the company controlling Swan i 
the Brush patent itis impossible to say; the Indications are, 9 
. however, that the remarkable success of the Brash system Is. hee! hi 
‘mainly due to the practieat genlus of Mr. Brush In meeting : ts inclosed in exhausted vessels, it 
ithe requirements of outdoor or Inrge room lighting A 
-teflictent generator, and a Jamp which is so shaple in can: ; 
truction, so automatically regular in action, und so ensy to: 
keep in order, that practical business men can afford to use 
‘it, It is perhaps the least ornamental fa appearance of all 
Hamps, but it gives tho Hght required, and calls for compar 
On the score of economy the users of the 
amp profess to bo welt satisfled; and the rapid and Inrgely 
extended adaption of the system, abroad as well as at home, 
Nwould seem to justify the favorable Judgment which those 
o have tried the lamp have freely expressed with regard 


st list of prominent users of the Brush light em- 
{ giifaces twenty-live rolling mills, iron and stecl works, nia: , 
Bhine shops, car works, wire works, and, the like; twenty 
fauw mills, paper mills, off works, printing houses, and other 
factories and manufacturing establishments; twenty woolen, 
cotton, nen, and #ilk factories, several of them employing 
over a hundred lights each; n dozen mines, smelting works, 
..fete.s moro than a dozen large wholesale and retail stores, 
t using from six to sixty-four lights; a dozen public parks, 

docks, summer resorts, and the like, Including « mile and 
“|n hale of river Tront and docks at Montreal; cirenses, col- 
loges, hotels, steamers; and large numbers of eity tights in 
San Francisco, St. Louis, Chteago, Cleveland, Detroit, Grand 
"{ Rapids, and other cities, besldes New York aud Brooklyn, 
Sfwhere a hundred or more Mghts,are already in ase. The 
contructs of the company in”San Fereacisco called for the, 
{erection of about a thousand Iamps by the beginning of the 
current year, Wabash, Indiana, claims the credit of being 
the first large town to adopt the electric lamp for general 
iNumination, four Brush Hghte, of 8,000 candle power each, 
MA {on the court house dome, suflleing for the outdoor needs of 
the entire'town of 10,000 inlinbitants, . 

The company formed in London to introduce the Brush 
light’ there have already placed two hundred Nghts-qn vari. + 
ous paris of tho clty, and have ordered from Cleveland 
nearly as many more, contracts having been signed for the 
Nghting of the Houses of Parliament, Charing Cross Sta- 
ition, Ludgate Till Station, Blackfriars’ Bridg 
{Churchyard, and other conspleudus places, E 

remely conservative British Admiralty has taken kindly to 
ithe Yankee invention, 482 lights havlug been purchosed for 

te use of the Royal Navy, Mr. Brush $3 now nuking a 40. 
‘light machine (60,000 candles) designed to throw the entire | en power ibined twice or 20 times or soo . 
jcurrent into one huge lamp, which ling been ordered for the | t wrecrlons seahines as much light as a well made Re 
jBrittsl torpedo service, The carbons for this urtitielal sun mies ecatl cada burnin 5 arn 2 minute. ' 
| will be as hirge as a man's acm, and the light, when directed, SPE i nt “ 

“by a projector of corresponding size, will of Itself be a for. 
| midable weapon of defense, 

tains it will be possible to flash upon an approaching enemy: 
‘a sudden glare of light that will be tittle tess than Ultuding... 
A less imposing but more admirable application of this: 
Jight, and one that ts belng rapidly adopted, is In conneetion 
With locomotive headlights, The 
@ small engine taking steam from the voller aud placed 
‘opposite the alr compressors of the Westinghonse brikes,! 
* By attaching the reflector to the forward trick the light] to 
Yanay be thrown so og to IHlumiuate tho track ahead evex, 
when rounding curves. It f4 obvious that the ‘same nia. 
ine which supplies the head; 
‘ent for Hhuninating the cars. 


With a proper 


generator $s operated by 


ight will also furnieh ‘a cur. 







quiring too much expert attentlon? pes 
Tish Inmps to, 

















-BY HENRY MORTON, Pu. D, 
President of Stevens Institute of Technology. 


“vs 





We 
: aay Pam 
The plan of clectric lighting described inj 
Harper’ Weekly for April 16, as carried fat 
in England. by a Mr. Swan, has nothing w hate, 
ever new about it, as compared with the expert 
ments of. Maxim, Edison, and others, Indee 
¢ experimenters have gone far beyond M 
inthe efficiency. and economy of th 
lights. ..If Mr. Swan should be. able to sust. 
aims to priority in certain experiments with 
























































: en , 
big Se beet entiderable importance as affecting 
the value of some patents; but as regards the, 
practical. development of the subject, he he ; 
simply followed at some distance what has been 
done on this side of the water, : 

I notice in the papers that the Brush Electri 
Light Co, have offered to put up and maintain, 
in New York a large number of lights of 2,000- 
candle power cach, “French measurement.” As 
the lights so far in operation, do not come any- 
where near 2,000-candle power, I was curious to 
find out what “ French measurement signified $ 
and, on inquiry, learned on good authority that 
| it méant multiplying the actual light in its most, 
favorable condition by four, aon 

To call such a proceeding as this “French 
measurement,” seems tome a very unwarrantable 
libel on the honesty and intelligence of that: 
nation, 6, 7” / oases : 

The reason given for this multiplication was: 
almost too absurd for belief ; but it was, in fact,| 
as follows: . oe 

The electric light, it was said, gave a certain’ 
illumination, say of 500 candles in front, also} 
behind, also to the right, and again to the left ;/_ 
therefore, it was argued, it gave four times 500,} 
or 2,000-can<le power. 

Now it did not seem to occur to the person 
who originated this brilliant idea, that just the: 
same was true of a candle or any other light, | 

A candle gives out light of one candle power 
in front, behind, to the right, and to the left, and 
therefore on this “ French measurement” should 
be reckoned at four candle power. Indeed, the 
candle has much better right to such a multipli- 
cation, for it gives out a light at least uniform in 
all directions, and does not skip about, now 
throwing most of its light in one direction and: 
St, Paul's, 2OW in another. 5 . 

» cau's; “The correct: measurement and statement of 
candle power in all sorts of lights is the same, 
and is based on the: manifestly correct under-; 
standing that a light of 2°r 20.0r 500 OF 2,000: . 
light which gives out in all. 




























































































i tho ex. | 


















Of course if an electric or any other light gives, 
out 500 times as much light as a candle in each. 
; and every direction, its total light is 500 times as 
“ great as that of the candle, and no more. ‘We 
might just as well multiply an electric light by 
360 because there are 360 degrees in a circle! 
and each degree represents a direction in which: 
its light is 500 times as great as that of a candle 
in the same direction, : 
The electric light has enough to contend with 
secure popular favor without being discredited 
by false and absurd claims. If the Broadway 
lights are credited with being 2,000 candles, we 
shall presently have one of Siemens’ new gas 
burners put beside them to prove that Goo cane } 
dies with gas is more [uminous than 2,000 with 
electricity, which it would then be very easy to 
demonstrate. 7 - 






tein of cur. 




































t 
































bi 
eudy, uniform, cor-f 





eet-such practical re- 
Nacatet of its substantial 






















' The Progress of:Electrio Lighting. 





i : 

i : Tue progress of electric lighting wan the anh- 
Ject of the first lecture of the session of the Lit- 

| rary and Philosophical Tnatitute, of Newcastle. 


on-Tyne, which was delivered by Mr, 

| Swan, Sir W. Atmstrong, who presided, 
soil that their eminent fellow-townumon 

' was pecullurly fitted to instruct them 

‘upon the subjett, which was one in 
which he (Sir William) felt sreat inter- 
eat and had had some experience, #o 
much that ho fully appreciated the difl- 
enttics, and ventured to express a doubt 

* whether the eleetrie light was upplieabte 
to domestic purposes, Mr. Swan would, 
no doubt, tell thom what Progress had 
deen made, 

‘Tho lecturer commenced by referring 

+ to the interest felt in the subject of clee- 
trie lighting two years ago, and how that 
interest faded into a belief that the elec 
tric light, nx a substitute for pas, wax a 
delusion, In traeing the progress of 
eleetric Hyhting during the last: two 
Years, he would endeavor to give therm 
some reasonable grounds for forming 
an-apinion on the question, whether or 
hot thera was a proxpect of the Hyht 
! being made useful for lighting streets 
© and houses, anid to what extent it may 
compete with gastipht. 

In all these great improvements had 
een made, but the dynamo mnchine 
was fir ahead of the other, But avan 

, Muxilinry to the latter, a niodification of 

“tho Voltaie battery was unefal, beeanse 
by its means electricity could he stored, 
AX a proof that the current could be really 

: Stored, the lecturer took a moditied Voltaie 

' battery, and with some of the electricity stored 
therein, rendered a picee of platinum wire 








; White hot, He then went on to speak of the 


application of currents to illuminating pur- 


; poses, AL the varions means of producing 


light by olevtricity that cout make any pre- 
tention to preticability were divisible into two 
classes, namely: Int. Lighting by tho electrie 
ore. Qt. Lighting by incandescenee, In light- 
ing by the electric are, there was a break or gap 
in the cipenit whieh had to be bridged over 
by a wort of elvetrie tlie. In lighting by ine 
eandescence, there was ne break or gap at the 
point where light was produced, but « thin, 
highly infusitte and duly conducting solid 
aubslance was there interposed, which heewno 
white hot, and emitted a light, bright in pro 
portion tothe degree of hent produced in it. 
With the are the chareont points burnt away, 
one faster thin the other, Now, as the pro- 
duction of a steady light demanded that the 
points should be maintained at a constant dis 
tance apart, it was evident that, under the com- 
plicated conditions of the ense, a nice regula 
tion of the distunce of the points to cach other 
was iw motter of extreme dificulty. ‘The partic. 
lar hunp he would tse for the purpose of his 
illustration was Crompton'a lamp, Properly 
regulated it fed the peneila together almost cons 
Hintously and with great precision, ‘Thnt was 
tho electric light which inventors had for the 
lnnt forty yours struggled to render serviceable 
fo the wants of man. It would he seen that it 
wis not suited to the lighting of dwellings or 
streets, It had, however, alrendy found for it- 
solf in Englund over two hundred approprinte 
uses, at n less coxt than gas. Buta light forthe 
illuminution of streets and houses could be ob- 
{uined by invandesxcenve. Electric Hghting by 
incandeseence was just as aiuplo as are light- 
ing wan dittientt; all that wns required woe in 
material which was nota very good conductor 
of electricity, highly infusible, and which could 
bo formed into 1 wire or lamina, and was eithe 
non-combustible in sir, or, if combustible, did 
not undergo change in a vacuum, ‘There were 
two anbstances that possessed the qtintities he 
had speeitled—platinum, or an alloy of plati- 

















J. W. | tained better results with the 


I 


T i attempted to render this idea pricticable, 





premarin 


Me. 





bon had certain Advantages, 
beon founil so dittientt to 
of its ready combuatibility, 





and iridio-platinnim, and Mr. 









experimenter who had gone before him. 

Mr, Edison's platinin lamp was that one 
which in October, 1878, led to the panie in gas 
shares, It did not renlize the hopes of its in- 
ventor, Whilst Mr. Edison wos endeavoring 
to prodiuco a useful incandescent lamp by 
tneans of plntinnm, he (the lecturer) was en- 
deavoring to obtain the same ent hy means of 
carbon, It had appeared to him for InAny yearn 
that if ever electric light wax to become gene | 








Bat carbon had 
deal with on account 
that experimenters 
had bestowed much attention upon platinum 
Edison had ob- 
former than any 





BELL'S PHOTOPHONE.—I10, 1—Desen 


fifty cells of a Grovo's battery, 


renults, 


and the experiment collapsed. That, he con! 













































uT.oN, Paar 282. 
t 


construction of an incandescent electrio Inmp, 
He latd his experiments aside until about threo 
years ayo, when the discovery of the dynamo. 
electric machine and the Sprengel air-punp 
had altered tho conditions. In the interval 
many attempts had been made to ronder prac- 
tienble incandescent carbon hangs, but none 
was attceessful, In all the variong attempts two 
great diMeultios hnd stood in the wry, und baf. 
fled every attempt to overcome theni, ‘One was 





f His‘carlon wns 
in tho form of an arch, and he obtained good 
The arch, however, did not endure, 


dently belfeved, wax the very first ‘iustance in 
which carbonized paper was over used in tho 












NNUM. 





PRICE, $1.10 PER.-<A: 








Pelled from the carbon, and a good contact 
jnaile botween the carbon and the clips sup- 
porting it. He would not Weary them, however, 
- | with details, but simply gay that it was found, 
after many troublesome experiments, that when 
the vacuum within the Inmpeglobe wax goad 
and the contact between the carbon anid 
the conductor which supported it uit. 
cient, there was no Dlackening of the 
globes, and no appreciuble wasting away 
of the carbons, ‘The carbon used was 
extremely thin, a mere hair, yet wonder 
fully strong, ft beeame hnrder by use, 
Ag the light was not in contact with the 
air, there was not the Blightest air pollu. 
tion cansed by it, The carbon user woe 
not one-twenticth the thickness of the 
thinnest of the carbons formerly em- 
ployed, and therefore one-twenticth of 
tho current, costing one-twenticth the 
price, would produce in his thin carbon 
the same degree of luminosity os twenty 
times more current will produce in sult 
carbons at were used in those ancient 
Inmps. 
Jn on article in the February number 












0 letter from Mr, Eilison, it was stated 
that Mr. Edison was the first to use ears 
bonized ‘paper. That was incorrect, It 


carbon in the vacnum produced hy the 
Sprengel pump was entirely new, He 
(the lecturer) hat two years ago exhib. 
ited n lamp exhausted in thy sume anne 
her, and to the same degree, ag that 
which the writer of the article—no 
doubt in good fnith, but stil! in error— 
spoke of as entirely new, Me did not mention 
these things in any way to disparage Mr. Edi 
son, for no one could esteem more highly hiv 
fnventive genius than he did, Mo merely 
stated these facts beeanse he thought it was 
right todo so in his own interest, and in the 
interest of trav history, 
on 
Atertean Goods in Australi 





‘Tuosy of our American manufacturers: who 
nade exhibits at the International Exposition 
recently held at Melbonme und Sidney, in 
Austria, have reason to be gratitied at the 
success that attended their enterprise, Amer. 
jenn railway mochinery, agricultural tnachinery 
and implements, iron work of various kinds, 
including entlery, and alxo that great variety 
of things known to the tmide under the general 
bane of notions, are meeting with a steadily 









BELL'S PHO'TOPHONE.—Fta. 2.—Dencntrvros, Pace 282, 


rally maeful, it would most probably be by | 
menns of the incandeseence of carbon, He had, 
tong before the timo to whielv he was referring, i 


described experiments: which he had mare | 
with carbonized ecard, made ineandescent ina | 
vacuum produced by the nir-pump. His test } 





nia wlth iridium, and curbon, Of these, cur- ' 


etfort being unsnecessful, he tried again with a { 


tho mpid wearing away and consequent break. | gut-colton in bring’ 
ing of the incandescent enrbon; and the other 


the absenration of the lamp by a kind of black 


He | auioke. He found these were caused by an ime 


perfect vacuum or faulty constenction. 
Accordingly he, with the assistance of Mr. 

Shearn, of Birkenhead, procured carbons in 

glass globes, in which the vacuum was a4 per- 


inereasing demand in the Australian market, 
A Melbourne merchunt in writing tou London 
Maper, Kays that whereas, twenty years ayo, 
American and other foreign yoods constituted 
hot more than 6 per cent. of their stock, they 
how amount to from 20 to 25 per cent. 
A Victoria paper, commenting on the exhihi- 
tions, retourks that “ American mantfaetures 
fre a perpetual source of wonder and inatrne. 
tion to the foreign observer, Ln perfection of 
tanchinery, scientific division of labor, and 
completeness of exeention, there ix nothing in 
the world beside to be compared to them,” 
Orders have been recvived in this country for 
milway locomotives, bridges and weighing mae 
chinery, Boston is shipping to Austrilin metal 
goods, and Naw York is also making large sbip- 
ments of metal goods, and a great variety of 
other articles, while many other kindsof Amer- 
fean goods are reaching Austrailia through 
Knglish houses, 
——ewe 
es have tried the effect of 
ayy down two ok chime 
| neyn nt the Doek Yard Extension Works, Chat- 


















Tue Roya, Exatsy: 





tinin, England. "The first was demolished by: 
Whaeing a neeklacy of gni-cotton inside the 
chimney, the total charge consisting of about 
four and a half pounds, ‘Che second was des 
stroyed by placing dix charges of the explosive 
in the centre of the huse of the chimney, the tos 


shorter coll of carbonized cord und forty or | fect as possible, the gas being previously ex- | tal charge weighing twenty-eight ounces, 








re 


bn 
















Of Seribner’s Mugaztue authenticated by 


was also stated Unit Mr. Edison's uae of 








wholly obtained from 


s atarkry respetl; and: it -was 
satisfactory “idcevery” respect; and not. from, | 








sand the extension of thelr district, an 
er ete in their rates, © It was true that they shad previously 
rectified glaring. anomalies In the rating, but; they. had. not 


Gas ani Water Notes. 
SPONDENTS. — 


. Carporatlon obtained power in their Act of 
ep Trent Carparailenabialond power inthis, Act of 





taken the utmost to wlileh they were entitled they were not auch 
sharps. .The--balance available for dividend was 
against £42,000 fast half ; 
Ing period ; but to pay the fast dividend t 
tnappropriated profits from £16,000 to £9,000, consequently they 
had only £0,000 to swell” their earnings: this time instead of 
£16,000, “After next half-year that amount would steadily increase 
He then went: through the report, and commented on the 
number of new supplies, the new mains laid, and the sllerations in 
existing mains, which, he said, meant that this district now enjoyed 
auch better and stronger supply of water. ‘They woul closely 
watch the Bill to be introduced into Parliament by the Government 
next Session for carrying out the recommendations of the repart of 
the Select Committee on the metropolis wi 
to the new assessment, he siated that th 
company in the various pp. 


ANSWERS TO 

F. Ri The furion-up 
at Session to light 

a period of five rears fo 
anwar aoa copy of the il I 


od Electric Light Compotition.—We 
at the failure of the proposed trial at G 
merits of the various syste! 
t before the public has, be 
a somewhat unfortunate controversy 
of at least two of the besik 
alluding to the withdray 
the Brush lame 3, inched 
that the capabilities, 
\;| was represented, the 
i withdrawal was, yi 





000 in the correspond. 
ey reduces! the amount of 





bar.—See ou answers to ¢ 

















Tho Propos 


of the respective 
lighting at presen 













Mr. Crompton, 
slasgow exhibition of 
ha view of showing 
ere by no means what 
f course, being that the 
fear of competi- 
m Electric Light Company, 
atents in this country, are very 
nding their speci: 
A tht. dnder the circumstance 
¢ Anglo-American Com 
trial in question would seem to have b 
hte—the desire of the company having 
bediWthat the tests should be thorough, comprelien- 
sivehand coinplete. A trading underta i ) 
e declining to compete tinder conditlans which it 
fd render the result wholly unretiable, 
any now intimate to the proprictors of the other 
P nt systems their perfect readiness to bear their Shards 
of any expense that may be involved in carrying, out 
exhaustive serics of tests in order that the public mind may 
be fully and authoritatively informed as to the relative ad- 
Fes and peciliarities of cach system 5 and although the 
spirit in which it is to be feared the correspondence i 
us has been petincd is to be regretted, if the result is that 
the public interested in the subject obt7 
which at present cannot be said to bi 
source of congratulation rather than the reverse that Mr, 
Crompton has provoked the controv 
Tho Supply of Wator to B 
agitation would appear to have arisen in some parts of the 
(f country, and in Sheffield particularly, with reference to the 
if recent decision of the Master of the Rolls on this question. 
Sir George Jessel, it will be remembered, held, in a test case 
efore him through ¢ 
Water Consumers’ Defence Associ 
pany of that town hac established their right to c ange an 
additional sum over and above their ordinary rates in respect 
of the use of a bath in a private house, It was subsequently 
jf announced that the Association had decided to appeal |. 
i] against this decision, but the question has now been ratsed 
as to whether it would not be preferable to take advantage 
of the possibilities opened up by one of the clauses of the 
Parliamentary notice issucd by the company for a Bill next 
Session, rather than fight the battle out in the Jaw courts. 
An Excoptional Opportunity is now offered to the 
investing public of acquiring a large and substantial interest 
in one of the oldest and most prosperous 
tions of the present day, 
{| Adventurer’s share 




















old assessment of the 
atu the average tate 










pas 

y proposed to be raised, to £56,000 for the next fire years, 
They had wade agreements with all the parishes except four, and 
the total assessment so fae arranged was nearly £19,000, that for 
the four parishes in dispute b 
reduction on this £31,900, it meant 6 
{the amount of the extra assessment), or about £6,000 per anniin, 
pout t pec cent, dividend on their ordi 

KLeen forced on thetn they could hare 
wad of 74 per cent 


Suppose they got no 
in the pound on £20,000 



















y charges which f 
is Yeat g per cent 
sessinent they would by 


ind but for this 












ac to pay 10 per 
ind they would then be able 





to reduce the ra The figures which he placed 
mith Nad been realised within a few 
4 per cent., hut they thor 
ward not less than £5,000 for the equ 
Daring the past three or four 
sed the dividend from 2h to 74 per cent 
between £40,000 anil £50,000 on the works, which had this been 
placed in a thorough state of efficiency, 
motion, which was-at once carried unanimously, ‘The dividends 
were declared, and the reliring directors and autdilur were re-elected. 




















ears they had i 
hesides expending 








Mr. Vialls seconded the 






ns the information 
lable, it will be a 
























‘Sys 
Baths.—Considerable 










tion of the Shefiicld 





















ig Walter froma | 


astern Railway Con 
on board at least one «¢ 


ny is about ta introduce the ° 
Continental steamers, H 

h in the Sheffield | 

any were suld hy auction at Shefiield, and realised 
2%. per share premium. ‘Chey were sold subject 






fay week 517 EE shar 
United Gas Com ae 











from 775, OI, to 
went on Ast January next of a call of £2 per share. 

The Aberdeen Corporation intend applying to Parliament in the 
toreduce the illuminating power of their 




























bat present, we believ 
W average of 30 candles, and is suld 

‘The Garstang (Lancashire) Gas Compan 
which was registered about two years 


a stands highest in the kingdons at 
W. per 1,000 feet. 

pew undertaking, 
so--have now completed 
nd in the course of the last week of November the 
hucans of gas was successfully accomplished, 
ort (Mon.) Waterworks Com- 
to apply tothe Board of Trae 
for the’purpose of making | 


trading corpor 
that one entire 





itis tinounced 
which is of the estimated value of 3 
least £100,000) in the New River Company 
tender before the close of the pre: 
of so large an interest in the company 
privileges of a seat at the Board and votes 
-[ of Middlesex and Hertford ; and dividends, directors’ fees, 
and bonuses represent, it is stated, an annual value averayi: 










is to be sold by 






AC a special ine: 





for i he A 
the counties jor a provisional order tu raise £100,000 


extensive improvements in their works. 

The directors of the Great 

» decided to light the P. 
ht, 









t Western Railway have,-it is undere 
‘addington Terminus with the Hrush 
system of lighting the 


’s Electric Light. 
ublished in pamphlet form ¢ 
y him on electric lighting 
Literary and Ihilosophical Society at Ni 
, itn’s discourse hi 
'] siderable length in these columns, and 
‘| new lamp fully explained, 
of Messrs, Mawson, of Grey-: 
Southwark and Vau 

-| half-yearly general meeting of 
Company [was held on Ti 
Mr. Alderman HE, 
#4 submitted by the blirectors for the h 
{| tember last stated that ducing that period 
been brought intocharge, th 


Mr J. WW. S 
he lecture recently 
members of the 
eweastle-on-Tyne, 


The first triat of the new 

be made in the course of next week. 

AKAs retort is supposed to have been the 
te a few. days apo at the extensive 

about three tiles 








The overheating of 
cause of a must 
works of the Lonsdale Mle, 
south-west of Taistey, which were totally destroy 
ilamages are estimated at £20,009, 
covered by insurance, 

‘The Mriton Ferry Local Board haveresulved to redu 
of gas Gd. per $,000 feet, thus 1 


hing Company, 






patnphlet may be obtained 
street, Newcnstle-t 
Wator Com 


he Southwark and V’. 


of which only” £9,500 are 







raking ‘the price 43. Gu, 4x, and 








‘The General Murpo 
have resolved to oppas 
and Hove Gas C 


ses Committee of the Urishton Town Councit 
¢ the intenled application of the 
ompany for powers to purchase 
undertakings of the Highton Gas Cu 
Slove and Brighton 

The Pembroke ‘Town Council 
of providing an efficient water ¢ 
petent engineer has Leen engay 









by agteement the 
mpany, and the Aldrington, 






















are considering the best means 
pply forthe borough, anit a com: 


of a PAMPHL 


nies to kstribute ty Gas Consum 












nent next Sesion to ¢ 










dirret from the Authur, Ragnus Obren, 


ie tale of 74 per cent, 






stock and Cla 
preference stock. «© ‘The 
Vtotal expendituse had 


per annum on the 






































a the negotias 
hy the Govern- 














Jaxuany- 1, 1881.) - 





AMERICAN MACHINIST. _ 


Lighting Broadway, Now York, with the 
A Brush Eleetrie System. .-< 





Tho interest manifested In tho subject of 
Ughting by electricity becomes more appar. 
ent a8 sttecessive developments have heen 
made, ench belng more successful thin those 
that have preceded ft. At the present time 
it Is an apparent fet that the electric light 
is to De the light of the future, S 

Only a few years alnee It was generally 
belfeved that it was Impossible to perform 
work In fuctories at night as accurately and 
with the sume dispatch as in 
the day the; nelther was it 
thought porstite to continue 
the work of construction 
upon buildings or to Toad anc 
untond vessels after dark. 
But the iutroduetion of the 
electric light has resulted, 
metaphorically speaking, In 
turalng night into day, so 
that by employing a double 
force of men or women, 48 
much work can be done at 
night and equally as well asin 
the day time. 

A few months ago it was 
Announced that the Brush 
Eleetric Light Company, of 
New York, had been organ- 
ized for the purpose of intro- 
ducing the electric light Into 
this city for lighting the 
streets, parks, and large 
buildings. ‘That company has 
not been fdle during the In- 
tervening time, but bas 


stores, and other buildings, it being found 
best not to confound the public with the 
private Hghting, 

A No.7 Brush dynomo-clectrie amnchine 
is represented in one of the faecompanying 


of the carbons is consumed, the second. set 
isswitched into the.circult, burning until 
they are consumed. ‘This 1s done without 
any Interruption whatever to the light. The 
lamp will burn from: fourteen to: sixteen 
hours without attentlon. 

A bundle of carbons is represented by 
Fig. 2 rently for transportation, while Fig. 3 
shows 0 No. 2, or single lamp, similar in 
construction to Fig, 1, but having only one 
set of carbons, ‘hia Jamp burns from seven- 
to eight hours without ‘attention. 
lamps are all very simple in their construct 


chimp which surrounds the rod 
hen the Jnmp is’ in operation 
one side of this clamp is liftcd by magnetic 
action, which causes it to grasp aud roiee 
the rod, and this separates the carbons, Ag 
the carbons burn away, the magnetic action 
dimintehes, and .the clamp and rod move 
downward, matntaining only a proper sepne 
ration of the carbons, 
annular clamp finally touches the support- 
Ing floor from which it staried, any further 
downward movement will at once relense 
the rod, and allow it to slide through the 
clamp until the latter is ngain 
brought into action by the 
increased magnetism dues to 
the shortencd arc between 
In continued 
operation the normal position 
of the clamp is jn contact 
with Sts lower support ; the 
office ‘of the controiing mag- 
net belng to reguinte the slid- 
ing of the rod through it. If, 
however, the rod slides too 
for, it will instantly and auto- 
matically be raised again, as 
at first, and the carbon points 
thus maintained fn proper 
relation to each other, 

A focussing lamp, intended 
for projections in magie lan- 
terns or other similar appa- 
ratus, ig shown in Fig, 4 of 
the engraving; and Fig. 5 
represents a Inmp intended 
for application to the reflect. 
ors of locomotive head lights, 
or for stenmers, 


~ ‘This machine is 68” long, 90” wide, 80” 
eighs 2,500 pounds, ‘The pulley 
in 1" In dinmeter, having a 0” face, In- 
tended fora belt 8” wide, which will drive 
the machine from 750 to 800 revolutions per 
minute, It is calculated to supply 10 to 18 
lights, and requires 14 horse power to ilrive 


But when the tdted 





the carbons, 











3 4 5 = & See aEPEEES 
Tae Brust IMvnoven Exeerric Lames ann Fixtures, 





located the first station and put down jit. A turgor machine (n No. 8) is now being 
the first plant at U3 and 185 West ‘Twenty- | bullt, which ts 8 feet tong, and of the same 
Fifth street, First, there is a Corliss engine ; style as No 7 When finished, it is in- 
in operation, built by Watts, Campbell & {tended to ran 40 lights, requiring an expen- 
Co. ‘The foundation has been urranged for | diture of from 80 to 85 horse power, 


the reception of a palr of 18x42” engines, 


Hon, the mechanism insuring safety of{ mentat Iamp £ 
management aud regularity of operation. | use tn hotels, stores, and other places where 
The doudle magnet circult conveys the cur-/a showy lamp is needed, ‘This lamp cau be 
rents in opposite jdirections, by means. of/ made elthor single or double, ns desired, 

A regulating switch or dial attachment is 

[tis intended for use tn 

connection with the largest machines, and 


is shown In Fig. 7 adapted to 





whieh any numb 
The power here mentloned is calculated {ted Ina single ef 


of Jumps may be opera: 
olsowithunt any irregu: | shown in Fig. 0, 


to be connected to the same shaft, only one! to run these machines to their full capacity, | larity of action, 
The short elrev 


of these engines being now tn place. The Feaustng each Iamp to furnish a ight equal 


engine now ruining is rated at 100 horse 
power, but can be worked up to 125 horse 
power, ‘Tho By wheel 
Is 16 feet in diameter, has 
a $8” fnee, runs ata 
speed of 80 revolutions 
per ininute, and weighs 
25,000 pounds. The 
ninin Uelt fs 71 feet long 
and 30" whle, This belt 
mnakes a speed of a tie 
upwards of 4,000 feet 
per minute, The bollers 
for furnishing steam to 
drive the engines are of 
the horizontal tubular 
style, the shells being 18 
feet long and 63g feet in 
diameter, The upper 
half of the shells are 
made of fron, while the 
lower half fs of steel, 
Each holler hus 02 tubes 
8" in diameter, and they 
are set according to the 
Jarvis system, with epe- 
celal Improyenients - by 
Charles A. Berton, the 
furnaces being arranged 
for burning coal dust, 
composed of about one 
pirt of bituminous con? 
to ten parts duat, 

The feed water ls sup- 
piled by a No. 5 Deano © 
tenn pump, and pass. a: 
ing throughs Strong heater 80" fa dun. 
eter nud 12 feet long frees It from all senly 
broduclng constltuents. 

The whole plant has beon devised and con- 
structed under the aupervision of Mr. W. I. 
McGrath, tho-engineer of. tho company; His 

- object Is to obtain power nt the lowest pos- 
stble cost, and the result “will be watched 
with interest, on 

There will be two clrcuita connected with 
this. atation, which ‘are to bo supplied by 
five Brush dynamo-olectric: machines. One 
OF theso cirentis is to bo used oxclustvely 
for lghttng parka and sircets, white tho other 
ig for miscellancous lighting, such as fotots, 


wing safely attachment, |is so arranged that any number of Nights— 
} offering an abnormaly | from one up to the full number—may be 
consequence of the final} burned without varying the speed of the 


by which any lan 
The territory controlled by the company i great resistance fn 


This flrat Introduction 
of the Brush 
Nght jnto the metropolis 
for strect lightlng,ts only 
repeating here what has 
Uecen done In other cities 
on this continent. 

The longest ctrewit 
that we have known for 
electric lighting is in 
Montreal, O., where one 
of the Brush machines 
works a circuit of 14,600 
fovt, or nearly two and 

three-quarter: miles ta, 
Jleugth.;..The plane aon 
the wharves, ant the 


Nights Hluminate the har- 
bor, so that vessels can 
change their positions; 
alsoload nnd untoad thelr 
cargoes ag well at night 
as inthe daytime, ‘The 
juvention fs on entire 
success in this Instance. 
In tho Grand Pacific 
Hotel, Chicago 570 gas 
jets have been replaced 
by 17 electric Tights, 
which, according to the 
slatement of (he propric- 
tora, effects 0 saving of 
$800 per month, 

tance as an example 
in the principal celtics 





Tus Busi isvnovep Dyxaso-Enrernic MacINne. 


This is only one ins 
hin the/ of what Is being done f 
Iy short-clreuit the} of the country. 

The inventor, 
quiet, unas: 
at work in perfect! 
some hiave been engaged | 
paper arguments and ft 
might, be dono with the 
Brush Electric Light Ca. 
down Its planta ni 
duced electrle lightlig. 


— oo ‘ 
Thore fa anactive demand for competon! 
mechanical drauglitsmer 


i 
consumption of {ts carbons, or other cause, 


will, without any change 
main current, automalical 
said lamp and thus preserve the general elr- 
eult, A multiple act of carbons, hurulng 
successively without the Intervention of any 
awitching. or other special imechuulsnt, a 
cures the malntenance of the Nght. for any 
destrable length of tine without 1 
attention or adjustment by te 8 
other than placing the carbons. 

These lamps contain no clot 
similnr anechaniam of vy kind. d 
movement of tha'upper carbon actuated by 
gravity-is, controlled by 2 simple auoular 


extends from 14th St. (Union Square), to 
Hth St, and from Third Ave, to Eighth 
Ave. ‘Pho flrst practical electric Nghting of 
streets In this city 1s upon Broudway,oxtend- 
jag from 14th tod4th Ste, Within these ilmite 
there are 22 lumps, one upon ench block, 
The Inmps aro mounted upon fron posts of 
ff nent and ornamental design, and 26 feet 
high, each tamp giving, 
2,000 candle Dower, 
The construction of the Intmps will bo 
better understood by referring 
tng, Iu which Fig. 
double Iamp, TY 
carbon rods, arre 


Charles F. Brush, who ign 
thins been zealously 

inventions. 
he nn ented news 
rtions of what 
electric Nghi, the 
hing been putting 
nd has successfully Intro- 





og atnted, a light of 


to the engray- 
1 represents n No, 8, or 
‘his lamp 1s fitted with two 


yoo wages. 
‘anged so tint when ono eet + 








Boe EAA m8 Dee TELE sea, 


rm ALA arrests “Tur Lontin Liditr.—The éipal Council of Piri : : ‘ : : es : 
;Ligierixo” “Portssourm Dockvann.-A series _ of | has glyen. authority to. the: Lontin Company to “Hight dhe ont f i is sMEnIgA, 
experiments are about to be made at Portsmouth with the | | Place du Carrousel with electricity. “A contract has-been bes ie ; - ‘The Dee. 9, 1990 
Grammic; Brash, and Jablockhoff systems of electric lightin } | signed by the Lyons and Mediterranean. Company. for : ia i tation, 
with the object of determining the one which Is bestadapted | ¥ Water WNates : | aotae a : t ight 
for lighting the dockyard, It isnot Intended, we belleve, stations on their system. Experiments have been tried at BGT oe. th in 
to apply chctriett to the Hamtnation of the various ollices; Marseilles and have been carried out successfully. Shi lap. , ie vat i | 
Stores and workshops, as theaworkmen rarely oO" iup doas Hat —SAty YEA oa : oy WH RRE : 
dusk ; but the caperiments will nfined to the Hehting Tait [sit eatele tiene Lhe To Staxa.'— |! 3 a Ee rppiirca? ee DENTE. Cons s 
of the docks, basing, and the * Onk P { Tha light, which « refractary substance can givo, |: ‘FR any under their Will is situated, we belleve, an the #lvershio at Dtack+ } 
< Tne Evgcraic Liour ar . is dependent upan the degres of .temperature | 4 wall Point, and is about 140 acres in extont. ae ts of which 
The Merscy Docks and Hatbo have resolved ‘to att Weed Now, if wo wish to obtain light equal to Inquiror.—It ia the Tamin Hight that Is now It use nightly atthe establish + ggp7ineat At tho Mats; 
adopt the eens fight at arg ww dock system at that of a gas-lame from a incon depcunt thread ij ment of M Samuel Hrathers on Linteate-bl 
the north end of the city, at, a i if of carban, what aro tho relations! -'Pho area o} 
This is to be an experiment 5 $ 


¢ i I 7 1 P hon givin, 
: Gano. Liverpool-street Station fs Lighted by tho Heush Sight, pe 1 
t —No ; 38, for 6 “ Oe. 
Ht {the flame is several square Inchon; that of the|: : Manchestor.—No ; 38. per 1,000 fee! gh. 
depend the extension of the. lig’ 
The principal streets of Liveypos 


‘7 co iY amen vray ee Oe 
iominating, by the Lontin light, all’the prineipal railway Bee Gas ‘win 
‘ % 


i 1 an of © 
. t i i) n 
throad fan fraction of at inch: {t folloven that tho |: Lighting of tho Houso of Commons.—For some | tied th si oii tel tho Com, 
ic light for twelvagmonths, at a cost of £1895; \ : that ean Goat Theoret ee litte time past-experiments have, been in progress with the : Kaji ‘ city Authorities ora eted PY 
velvi . } A f A H recat ats : " 0 pel 
Heiter jacttie ight ether he ygthan double the cost of gas, ; {] needs ba a considerable amount of energy" ox- object of testing the practicability of substituting the elcetric th i or (oy hos, Tha seona of, # 
Ramp Taecradyine. riney Mail of the zoth’! uidet in the act of heating, under the woll- iK light for gas during the sittings of the House of Commons. fi , nea of nbout! | 
i of Ni a ber says ee message to Australfa i] known law of the aquare of tho current; tho re- : 5 | Asis generally known, the House is at present illuminated, 
ee tier the in yTrickely match was an extraordinary silence, of thy; earlan throad ah it Intgo, by gas jets blazing behind a glass rool, but some excite. 
| achievement In teldtraphy—ih fact, Tyhas never been ex- sonal rule ole ent iva firen te tothe yueding : i ment having been caused on two or three occasions during 
es—~namely, 12,000 miles— then, ling Mr. Swainydtved the prantem of |Z, the last session of the Conservative Parliament by an 
utes, The greater portion of ght " 


‘ nis Baa 
fon of the Yam quite ominous cracking of this glass, considerable attention hag to nid théAvorfanentin 
fitting the message through + aby nnawe My own opinion is 
* India. From uiney, S070 miles, the mes. 


ty oe y out 300 feet apart on 
‘Ah H ! during the past recess been devoted to the subject. The vat apart on 
isst Thi ico at a ‘ ing aiieaa ee boot Peause of the breakages in question, it would seem, cre 
i i {ransinission, ‘This mes. vice of c ing with any of tho i i a re : appli bit the 
: vate Farereates teen tines from station to station nating aggicha, ‘Taking as proved speedily ascertained and a remedy soon applied, but, 
; between London and Sydney,"" 


‘ vi authorities decided to inquire 
to be done or hoped to ba done by subject having been opened, the aut oritic wire 
yeni i or any ono cleo, I ahontd ary the 1 if there was not a better way of lighting the Mouse, and SS lo , 2] 
‘ Clatieg Mies Silber aie See eee esas: i hoy cou! produce uli cost at Toaat three i consented to experiments being thade with ihe Draste Hlectrig SS Kespling the carbons a } 
| Company was illuminated for the first time by the electrle. ae ean de Rat from coal-gan nt Light, with the object of testing it acacia wor he Housd 8 the eo ounecting is necessary, ¥ i 

light, the permarent use of which has been decided on by : ligh bn isn evenings since six Brush lights. were burning in the 
the company for this station, The system of Nght Is tha phti 


‘arried on tha 

+ phaery 7 telegraph posta, 11 " 
for some hours, shedding a beautiful soft white light throughs lnrger ‘fambe aro us rates 
of the Brush Company, Fourteen lamps were Nghted out the chamber, and, as far as the experiment of di Tasing {White it fs Intondex ith Street, at present if: 
on Monday, twelve ‘inside and two outside the station, : takothesoWghta vatuab a the light was concerned, is stated to have proved decidedly tho distanca nhout throo-quartors {{/ 
‘Two others are, however, about to be placed at the entrance tions \ vita injospectiva A ie | successful, even in the crude form in which the attempt was i amps, Tho cantral 
to the station in the Strand, making sixteen in all, cach’ rAlisos light igi! made. ‘There were one or two hitches in the course of the ; i : ke’ from Broudway, 
lamp having an illuminating Power af 2000 candles, ope evening, due, we are intormed, in a great sneasiite ty t He Ms haye Leon placed ee an encrntors | 
mill be Tighted for the present from he Auaties Ue ehte: i fact that the necessary machinery and apparatus had only ‘eupply sixtoon 760. no station 
o'clock in the afternoon until half an hour after midntght ‘ te ? been fixed and arrimged temporarily, and not with thatenre to the farthont lam rena 
The cables are brought across the railway bridge from th : i . c acy which would have to be observed.in the. event itlans for thy oxpe A pro. 
works of the Brash Company in ying Strest; Lambeth, abe: i A 4 ant necurae Stlles dont ad ms 3 permanency, but with the ‘Timinncy test, to t 

Jamps inside the station extend the whole length of the on tho Siw I i of the lig! a te a . 

covered part of the platform. 


: . . d —Sunday, Dee, ci ft ovening 
§ ‘ acientifle wartd gencral results of the trial the parties mostly concerne a 
» Evectaic Lint EXrERIMENTS.—By the direction of, y 


alec a ew f 
te certainly appear by no ‘means dissatisfied, ‘The House von s the 20th 
he Duke of Northumberland some experiments with Swan's) : RAILWAY MATTERS, 

lectrical lighting apparatus are being conducted at Alawic a ‘THY Hoosno Tunnel tu at 

astle, wuder the d rection Or Mr, Reavell, architect at the’ cet ke emt to bo lighted "y 


itself would, of course, be consulted prior to any such altera: 
‘astle, and Mr, Ridley, electrical engineer, Newcastle, acting A 


nani ovorything-}! 
tion in the present mode of lighting as the adoption of the 


that tho youn 
d 1 tho nonerator: 


Electric Light would involve, and from what we hear it is Qcorotnony, 
in behalf of Mr, Swan, The motive power is being tempo- ‘ Thee 
<i perly supplied by one of Fowler's traction engines, whick 
“7 | vorks a Gramme generator, which supplies the clectrie 


current to the lamps, ‘The lamps have been fitted up In th + authonti 

library, ante-room and music-room, The large drawin . es Th et 

room will also be supplied with the lights, In the library,” t : d if 

which is a lofty room, three lamps have been suspend tt H f 

each of which includes, within a groundeplass plo ey & set’ i 1 5 iN 
of three of Swan's carbon lights, ‘The experiments ard, 1 I These Ininya nce : i Ke b hat pur. 
reported to have given the highest satisfaction to the Duke’ Mr. Edison. Mr. b oy oted 
of Northumberland and to allwho have witnessed them, wo yearm, and thery \ \ 

and it probable that the electric light will be Permanently At igbpit] hageedilted inn e 

adopted for the illumination of the Castle, é : : practical mucces; tilescent carfoh Apwhich aro 4 


aye i ¥ 

. mow encloney iba fropa\which ty air liad byoh duuduated, had H i iilon'¢ 

ae ite naw es etea th/ -alreadly’ 1 tol) wil Et Ingo iy thy tne! : 

? ? ! ventor, fo thoy will tMbr years, Fifty 4 ie on 

ay eM e. E 7 7 hours {ss jowever, a sulicient lengih of tlme to make over ry ile! 

. it Mr. Fox's syatem much che: par than gas, to say nothing of ita other , tr nilop 
advantages, The lainps ark thade of various powers; thoae allown | a ms ' Neck t 
on Friday wero giving a Hkh of about 10 candles each. Seven {| ah 7e { 
lights wero buruing on wn vedy amalt Grammno tuachine capable of : 

| working 20, sn it was shown that cach lainp could bo turned on: 


Glasgow, to light up the public ‘ond off os casily as gas, without affecting the others, 


posing rooms of the Merah 
by electricity, 
machines are used, driven by a 


“ : ightning and Colliory Explosions,—The Electrician sol January i" f ark, and seo tho 

clectrio lamps are thase 4 Bas-engine. Tha :, Ara recgpt meeting of the Merssy Dacks and Hare | ath says that Mr. Canning, of the Newport gasewérks, visif the Risen ih Ht essing ti eon 

formerly of Giaccone nventod by Me a : bout ond waa ol 0) A theglectric light at ‘Wicoal-pit the day atter the aly ti \ wend bee fe: if i : 
ts 


WAM 


i aimee m rth au chitlte i Suspicions a the platen vis te r, folloyy the gontlomen. 
ee we ts city, at an estimaty[l co . 's Fto bean scharge of utimospher! i . Hot AxpexAy iT tho fignres tai 

oss, Meconte “Cottary. Mo dh SES experiment, and pon y ec extene q was Ivstituted to det 1 ‘het; q uirrenta | Wired ih , i 

Lionts.—A. A, de Pins Vide} wh ToR FoR Evectatc ion of the Hight over fai docks Seaaraly s- SES when sttrrounded hy : The fin yxpl sivo as 

an appliance which exchanne i eauthor has devised : t | consisted in ¢ plodtn A hui Mplosive mixte the Nass 

when burnt nges the Jablochkoff candles : Bair by the electrical dil hu en) tween 1 4 of ¢ vines 

: + {[dust’ sprinkled over the om of Mrs Ton 

: {B Thomas have ablated Ment for colliery ; 

a if heads, to. preven wet or indtre; i ytRes taking place i 


iets winding wi tind ngso Hueratas for taking oft 
! , 


Ho the Indoratory’ q 


Nat. OWn—Fornal ge Stiencas Math, Phys, 


EERLEALLLN 


clectricityWrajAan not\uged. Tt will he ree: 
membered WAays of + that Mr W. ELV Preece expreesed hist 
conviction that lightukiiMyas the agent that brought about the Risen ¢ 
plosion, and le kas WISo’ stated hia opinion conegning the danger of in- 
troducing the electric | hit, or, indeed, any apparatus requiring intense’ 
electrical force, into mines where flery 

fir nny be suspended. 


sos ecto 


EBEE) 


hts, compari 


i ‘apeakin ho motiv: 
mixtures of hydrocarbon gas and: ibp reat jt. 
t l 


i 














mal 
Dbtuined from Mesera. Puskas \ Ba-V 
portay, in Rotation | Thoreto, Edison's 
Incandescent Carbon Eampat—An 
“vitatlan to the Public. : 
~ Fora long time the public have boon waiting 
\¥ anxfonsly to bore aome docialye nowe in regard 


the visit roaultod 

ting Intor=, 

lanation it, 

f the’ drn 

.Baportas, ; 

togothor in 
nid dealors in t 

stocks, bi sectritios ut 

difforent 


securities, for which ‘vey hao unnatally good 
facilities. Mr. Pu! 9 ta eonnected with nov~ 
oral Enropoan houses of tho highost standing. 
He iae member of tho frm of Puskas & Bro., 
of Budha-Post, Hungary, (in which city ho ro+ 
eldod for twelvo yoara) of tho drm of Chalmers 
'y Punkes, of London, England, aud of that of 
TPuskas & Notibock, of St, Yoloraburgh, Russia, 
sand Horlin, Gormany, Mr. “uskas was tho gene 
‘toman who Placed upon t)) Europoan market 
{tho Edison Tolophono Qua stock when the 
; companios woro formed for controlling France 
jand Eogtand, Ho hae had both in this country 
and in Europo a most exten: ‘o expertetico in 
financial afaira and [wa gont aan of tho very 
| bighent atanding. 

Mr. Saportas was former.y for ofght yoaras 
privato socretary connoct.d with tho United 
States Kolling Stock Company, and 14 well- 
known and onjoya au excellent roputation, 

{n relation to tho oloctric light, Mr. Saportan' 

-fsald that vory little importance was'to bo at- 
tached to thy varior toxtubitioun of arc lights 
that hevo boon mado fu various placoa. ‘Tho! 
real frobtom has boen to produce a light that! 
could bo made available in hounes, storea aml! 
ofiicon ata price wi hh would make it an obe! 
Joot to the public to abandon tho uso of Yan,: 
‘Thin tn the object Mr. Ndlnon has had an view, 
ond he has now portocted..a mont Pertect and 
very Lnoxpenmivo system, and this aystem om- 
Lodios the nso of what i called the “dueanten 
cont carbon Jamp," whieh at In expected will by 
introduced vary shortly into the households of 
at loant ono large distriot of Now York. On aud 

: attor January, 10th, this wyatern will bu on pub. 
Mo eshibition: 7 Monlo Park, on Wednenday 

An examination: 

id of tho figures) 
forking at will une 
Intelligent porson 


Mopolies are onded,; 
Eee | 


Ex) 


oe 


SE TERS ONT eg Te ree 


TN ee. 











Ward—Alderman Finnis—without pleasure ? Many young 
men would be justified in envying his happy-looking face ; 
and yet cighty summers have passed over his head, and no 
less than twenty-four years have clapsed since he occupied 


the civic throne. 
* —~—— 

Five of the Aldermen have passed threescore years and 
ten, andareall doing ood suit and service, Sir B.S, Puiuiirs, 
although a litte aged during the past year or two, is still a 
hardworker, and brings to bear upon all questions both 
mature judgment and cloquent language, he has certainly 
done the Corporation honour since his association with it, 
Sir THOMAS GABRIEL isa tough customer, and looks. just 
the same as he did years ago, Sir THOMAS DAKtN, I regret 


‘| to know, has not been well, but he has a Strang constitution, 


and, I trust, will return again to work. Sir THOMAS OWDEN 
has taken up anew lease since he was Lord Mayor, and [ 
fancy he has gained fixiture of tenure, for at 73 he seems to 
be coming out quite fresh, 

————— 

Fifteen are between 50 ani 60, and t don't know one 
looking anything but hearty, Even the military hero, Sir 
W. A. Kost, begins to look quite himself again, and will, 
I think, live long to enjoy his han ies: 

ALES 

Alderman Ents at 51, Alderman HADLEY at 49, Alder- 
man Kiar at 47, and the baby Alderman HANSON At 40, 
may be spoken of as young fellows, who have yet to win 
their spurs in the higher offices, and they all look now as 
though they were well chosen to su pport, for many years to 
come, the honour and integrity of the Corporation, 


It was very graceful of Deputy HORA to retire in favour 
of Mr. R. Eutts from the position of Vice President of Port: 
soken Ward Association, ‘I'he electars would do well to 
keep the latter gentleman’s name before them. He could 
have done them good suit and service in the coming Session. 

—_——~—. 

Did Mr. Bebrokn's letter sv the three F's in the Zines 
help the great controversy much? Correspondence in the 
papers in a dangerous thing to handle, It sometimes puts 
me in mind of the hot poker business in the pantomines, 

a 

So the discovery of the “Piiptas" statue was a hoax. 
Cruet party that, whoever he was { Evidently he knew the 
Present LORD Mavor’s wenkness for classic art, but he 
should not have Misseleda'd him in that way 5 it might be 
said to be a per-Phidias joke. 

————_ 

Many persons caanot quite understand what Sir Tio. 
DORE MARTIN can have to do with preparing a “Water 
“Trust Bill,” and fancy the talented author of * The Life of 
the Prince Consort” js getting up a kind of sensational 
book, founded upon the dreadful doings of the men who 
have turned the frightful monsters exhibited at the Poly- 
technic Institution ina drop of water into the stomachs of 
HER Majesty's licges living in London ; but they will not 
be surprised when they know that Sir THkoporE is, and 
has been for many years, senior partoer in a leading firm of 
Parliamentary agents, besides being a distinguished author, 
and husband of the gifted HeLen Faucer, 


on : : 
There is a tot of vitality about Mr. REUNEN May. All 
the zeal of the Charity O! does nat seem ta be able to put hin 
down, for he retaliates with advertisement against advertise. 
men Surely rhe is i sulns the society's notices would 

Mm to imply, there shou some wa ing hi 
raids upon the charitable public, = eee at anlage 


Aldersgate warders don't forget the triennial ball 
Sin ch ebruary to, at pf reemasons! Hall. Grorce 
aIMs, CC, Chairman, on hi a n call, a 
tickets for self, wife, and family ae ear amnlaks 

ON THE WATCH, 


pee aS 
Gas and Water Notes. 


ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS, 


F, Qeod wierace prices obtained ara given batow.. There has born 


sea y auction tered Stock ai 
z ttered frther eee to which you allude, 


micated power far canned gas Is 20 candles, 


Salo of South ¥ 

of Sou otropolitan Gas Stoole.—1y 
on sphortunity of analysing somewhat the results of the 
piece a B auction a (301000 ie of the South Metro- 

ot Pany's Sstoc! Ky We fire no means i: 

at the absence af any particular crow” over wie aes 
obtained, ’ An average price of £180 per £100 for 11 per 
cents stock can certainly not be considercd particularly noo 
i is £192 98. per £100 quite what would have been realised 
fas per cent. stock three or four years ago, wri 
Iaastance, to our file for 1877, we find that. 
shares of this Company, in respect of whicl 
was then at the rate of only to 
rice was frequently £110, ‘or 
Ore, 2 somewhat signific Ir i 
Mote hich secures tit per aie 
bie : ! HA Prospect of at no very distagt date cf 
aver Line nly be made to jealise a fittle 
Was that the £18,000 of ordi Tenlised esion 
rdinary 3 i 
and. the. Ze eo a 7; I stock realised 32,446, 


A554 103, 


tive article on the prow < 
Ky gives some interesting: particu! ars 


‘ ean public ; ost prominently before 
the journal j r uu Inasmuch as 
terest, it may tily to the wae; 
case AR le Ae at their Mateinens wt the 
fully justify, Tt appenne New High than the facts 
systems now are at least six cin 
two—the ra the ae ma ciation, ‘on ent 
in rely) Maxim smal a is 
andescent princi te and the other ~ the ne on the 
i $a, Sawyer 


and | ie Jabloct off and Ma at nC Tivhts--are Don 
the riciple of the voltaic Ary passing fom ONC carhy 
On 


Point to another. At 
Of these lights haya t.@, mumber of places one ¢ 


in question the cfforta mado by 


‘aving had 


23,098 tos, ; or, together, ©’. 


—The Ameden Gas os. 


ELECTRIO LIGHTING, 
TO THE EDITOR OF THE ELECTRICIAN. 


: Thel otter signed “1” in your isnuc of the Tat inst. may, | 
1 at a be taken in a acnsoas ollicinl, seeing that the writer t 


; announees himself ns “ Mr. Crompton’s manager in Glasgow.” | 


vever, he seems not to deny the impeachment contuined in 
anne letter, but excuses “himself by saying that these ; 
lninps were some of the earliest Anan J have, no wish to enll } 
‘ow 


apt, pr the results so ° 
fur obtained by bim in electri 


ry et 1) ueation what T 

¥ lid, or attempty yh was togceXlYn'queation wl 
ene ate nat a8 : pis that his tem wis auperior to 
the Brush, and to thi hits “iy fulnished no reply, but an 


excuse. \ Ca ce af 
Phe Mpa kati en in his retfes loes not show very much: 


i , uithores at St. Mnoch station had more 
ata a ae iy AN quan the anthoritica at Liverpvol- 
atrect sti a but at thYatter they have not to my knowledge 
required to enll in the Al of gas, though ready for use, ierthe 

Can it be proved [y} Mr, Crompton or bis manager thiv ee 
Brush light i hurdin Boghind ? a 80 it must romnrle tit 
it ii : to Engli anagement, is this system is quite success. 
like ei fact. itis the most perfect volte are light 7 

PHO a , th srefore, my grounds Tov Ruy ID rit 
eee sable tine the Crompton are not 

Cnanurs Leven. 


ave yet ‘ horefe 
the jitter systetn ia more practic 
wufounded.— Yours, &e., 


ry 


Ut tren (na wa LS Ve 4 


Mu. Swan's Tiawr.—My, Swan was to rend his’ promised 
paper before the Glasgow Philosophical Sovicty on Wednes- 
day evening last. Tt was apprehended that the plaee of 

Hing would not be large chough, so great is the interest 
taken in tlie Swan lump, 


HEDAILY fh 


antisfaction, |. 'Y' 
to. bright. moon 


f 
» tng Would Coat £2 Jore—A. Boro wo eat naa 


Drop.iu tho Bucket, 


Somu days ago wo referred to the 


pparatus which 
Tina ty 


tun, Ohio, for lerabl 
yatem ina porfect.|. 
foetly jubil. 
Urvliuvedt of? a 
a 
fn perfect Tight which: cant 
regulated at will (Tt 
i worked,” wha 
There are two 


sive of the tower and inst was $9,000. 
For San Joso lot us add a liberal’ min 
gin, and’ call it: $12,000. - Thon ‘adi:t 
that ‘$8,000: for.’ four: towers, :and.-’: 
lave a total coat of $20,000, | 
liberal snargin of moro than 


81,009." On tho Oth of April tlic, Inmips! 
Were lighted for: tho first time,. and 
since then the aystan has given perfect }) - 


two sata, so 


[4914, Istrnovmsenta IN’ Engermte Liar Ar- 


ranatus, W. L. Wise.—25th November, 1880, 
ait communication from J. A. Sandor ) 


‘This invention relates to a method whoroby 


If, , tro arbons are kopt with their uppor polos ii 
Proper rolativo positions, notwithstanding their 
“consumption, &o, Ono arrangement is that each 
carbon is 
Lon being carriod and balaneod by opparatus 
Arranged so that in proportion na tho carbon is 
consumed it will automatically movo upward in a 
circular path abont a contre coincident with 
thot of tho circlo whoreof it represents an are, 
Tho figuro is n side clovation of the apparatus, 
In oporation the carbon is carrivd b 
able balance lover X supported in {ta insulated 

asia D. This axis has connected to it the second 

- balance lover G, to which is connected by the 


formed ns an arc of a circle, cach car- 


0 ndjuste 


cfrcularly curved arin I the float J: immersed in 


ho bath mereury, which is insulated nnd tra- 
versed by tho current, ‘Tho onrved arm I is so 
proportioned and arranged that as the carbon is 


f {consumed and reduced in weight tho flost gra- 
f{ dunlly ascends in tho mercury and the curved 
:}arm emerges from tho lic uld, so that the loss of 


carbon will be correctly compensated for be ry 
proportional upward movement thereof. Tho 
aris of the balance lovers hs cone contres, It 
worka in insulated benringa, ‘Tho curront is 
conducted first to the mercury bath (itself inan- 
fated nt the undor part), thence through tha float } 
stem, oscillating axis, and balance lovers, to tho 
varbons, ‘Tho position of tho left-hand carbon |. 
when nearly conxumed fs shown ba the dotted | 7 





lines, Another arrangement is also described {1 
tho prenont apecitication, 4 


ao 

















eT 


Yo 


drag. 
somo moans or other, 
2 nal. iar P 2 
eee iat Macadam, ina paper read beforo the Scottish 
Socioty of Arta, has bee calling atlontion to the necessity of 
romo.further. steps being tuken for the ventilation of the 
séwors of Bdinburgh, and lias also dwelt. on the importance 
of the subject generally, According lo the remarks of the 
TJoarned Doctor, wo should conclude that the ventilation of 
tli inain sowers in tho Scottish enapital was very much 
neglected. Ho observed that it was possible the eoudition of 
somo of the Kdinburgh sewers was such as to necessitate 
their reconstruction; but he considered this to be a lessor 
evil than the coutinned existenco of an unventilated, bad 
sewer, Tho queation is hot one that is casily deal with. If 
the sowers are to bo ventilated, tho gas must get out some- 
whore cle, and wherever it gocs there is a risk of annoyance 
and perhaps mischief. Yot nothing ean be worse than to 
attempt to seat up the public sewors, the effect boing to 
force the imprisoned pases up the honse drains into the 
adjacent dwellings. Where the connections with the houses 
are arranged so ns to ehsetinlly prevent tho passage of 
gaa from the main sewers into the dwellings, there is still 
a orisk of the air about the houses being dangerously 
polluted. Bat with a plontiful inlet of air to the main 
sowors, there is 0 likelihood of the gns being highly diluted 
before it escapes, and outlets should be provided where they 
are least dangerous. ‘Phe upward tendency of sower gases 
points to tho value of eclovated outlets, though in certain 
states of the weather even these are open to suspicion. 
Numerous outlets, at clevated points, together with means 
for the abundant entrance of air into the sewers, appear to 
bo the chief pelts for practical consideration, ‘The waste- 
ipe lending trom the cistorn to the honso drain ia, we may 
haps: one mode of ventilating the sowers which will not 
ho tolerated much longer. Yet it appears, according to 
Ticnt.-Col. Bolton, that houses of a certain elass are still 
being built with cisterns nrranged after this deadly fashion. 
An interesting discussion on the chomistry of sowago pre- 
cipitation recently took place in the Chemical Section of the 
Philosophical Society at Glasgow, and stands adjourned until 
tlio 24th inst. ‘ho subject was bronght forward by De. W. 
Wallace, in a paper describing somo oxporiments of his own, 
as also the results of sowage previpitation in a number of 
English towns, Purification y oiieat trentinent, Dr, 
Wathice considered, had been much misunderstood, and hind 
been consequently discredited. Because this mothod lind not 
done all that had boon claimed for it, somo persons had been 
inclined to regard it ag n failure, and unworthy of considern- 
tion. Ie admitted that the iden of making a profit by the 
mio of tho precipitate or sludge should be abandoned, but 
Mis was no reason why a chemical process shonld not be 
adopted for the purpose of sewage purification, Dr. Wallace 
was in favour of limo as the precipitating agent, Alumina 
produced 0 moro satisfactory eluent, but involved a fourfold 
expense, A cheap yaricty’ of sulphate of aluminn might 
porhapa be jobtained from sonrees which he indliented, 
Oe ate could bo made to Approximate to that of lime 
Bhowkd give it the preference. It was stated by Dr. 
Wallace (hat a process had heen invented for the uxtromely 
rapid oxidation of the effluent from precipitation, whether 
W limo or alumina, and he hoped tho martionturs w Ml 
shortly he made known, By this soa he ‘ fin Jed te 
beliovo that tho effluent would be rondured onti sly in a i 
before boing sont into the rivers, ‘Of colieaay. (he ‘liMeulty 
besetting all theso projects vonsisix in the disposal of the 
sludge. It was caleuluted by Dr. Wallace that the sew: 
Glasgow, ranging from 40 to 70 milli ionn dhe eee 
» Manging “rom 40 to 70 million gallons daily, would 
produce not far short of 700 tons of wet sludge, equal 
135 tons of dry, aK tho daily quantity to ‘rs Tee ei of. 
Making use of lime, the nunual cost of precipitation, not in 
elnding intorest_ on works, would probably : ( i 
thing like .€25,000, 0 nie probal y umount to somo- 
. 5 oo, Bat De, Watlaco had arrived at th 
ae uaion, by the light of his own oxperiments, that the 
DagOW KoWage, by this outlay, would he so purifiod that 


When discharged into the Cly i , i 
nisance conkd possibly ree ee ee 


. Porhaps at the next meetin 


The Thames Valley drainage needs expediting by 
and the caso may be deomed somewhat 


bia of tho Glasgow Philosophie 
Roeloty wa shalt hear somet! hing about the virtnes ue tin 
au * Process, which would ndd 179 tons of dry material 
u puted sludge, thus making a total of 31-4 tons, to be sold 
Bt uote tne e1e0O £3 10s, per lon, ao creating a revenno 
thine ance d ndny, What might ho the cost of doing «ill 
‘" ident Fy ttestion, The eluent produced in this fashion 
tai bok the Good, where the process ix earried out to tho 
} oupnureral alemont has to he considered, 


A 





54,1881.) THE OUANAL. OF GAS LIGHTING, WATER SUPPLY, & SANITARY IMPROVEMENT.’ 











DS. 





Despniring of profit, tho towns seok to have as small a loss 

as possible, Comparing tho Glasgow sewage. with that of 
London, we observe that, xecording to the reckoning of Dr. 
Wallace, the formor produces one ton of dry sludge por 400,000 
gallons, whereas in tho A.B.C. experimonts ab Crossness, it 
was shown by the official report’ of Mr. Keates, that tho 
sowage produced ono dry ton por 190,000 galtous, Yet Mr, 


Keates reported Une sewage lo be “abnormally weak ” during #3 
the Crossness experiments, owing to the pravalence of rain. jrongh 


gett 


SE GAN 


THE 


2ACTS;OF SPECIFICATIONS. 


if corge Guillaume Ay 

[dng to thia lavontion ono or nore longtha 
fus-aro placed end for end, socketed or 
yin a tabular holder, which aupporta 
their length, 


‘Pho circumstance ix doubtless explained by the fact that the do'as required. 


Glasgow sewage amounts to 93° gallons per head of tho 
per head. 


caso of Tnrge fowit, the quantity to he dealt with is enor 
mons, the Crossness trink showing that the total solid deposit 


from tho London sewage at Chat date—now eight yearns back vold 


—would have been about G54 tous per day, supposing it la 4 
he dried, Adding to this the precipitating material, also 
estimated as dry, the daily total becomes mther more thot 
1400 tons, This ix an alarming figure, aud yet it is barely 
one-half tho average daily weight of coat carbonized hy the 
Chartured Gas Company. Sewage, howover, is a peculiarly 
troublosome article, and this is especially apparent when wo 
consider the immense volume of water Which has to be 








Propall 
Ton, 

population daily, while that of London is less than 40 gallons ing fro 
That precipitation can do much for tho abate. Moh pros 
ment of the sewage nnisanee, there js no doubt; but in the 39 oF rod 





IN Enkernio Tatra. 
rand B, Baston, 


n and wherein thoy 
For carbons which lave 


diupwards tho holder is formed 
dinal slot, whercin works a peg 


fron¥ a sliding sleove tnaponded by nt 


over a pulloy,and 
ad.” ‘The weight may alido onan 
which may ho uscd for connect- 


nag & welyht 


The holders nro removable, 


ng. the 


treated in order to get possession of the solid ingredients, ~ 


each ton of dry daposit corresponding to 848 tona of London 
sewage. In Cilasgow this proportion is fully doubled. 


VC. 
GAS AND 


THE HISTORICAL PARALLEL BETW 
ELECTRIC LIGHTING, 


A young Transatlantic contemporary, dovoted to the intercats of 


general science, has recontly been occupied with a tolerably ingenious lore, I 


i . q 4 ig } 
attempt to prove an analogy between tho present status of the vlestele on atarting. 


light ond that of gas lighting during the tlrat decade of tho presen’ 
contury. Aamong ita other functions, Science—the i blication in 
question—fulfils that of ministering at tho ahrine of Edison, und 


carbon therein is con- 


‘replaced by filed ones, and 
reakage of thin carbons in 


and agyo timo and trouble in refilling 


ders 


found convenient, at Teast. two 
iy, bo placed in tho Samp or Iamp 
Whon the carbon in the one 
as been consumed that holder in romoved 
dng, and the other or filled holder is mean- 
it ‘oughtinto action, In order to prevent 


ix evidently to wipe off the reproach of delny, which hos lately been dat the disturbing action which now takes 


lovelled at that gentleman in respect of the long-promised manifesta ion carb 
tion of his transcendent glory a4 an Uluminator, that the Editor of © tho 
Science haa tried to find and substantiate an argument of a tu quoyue | 


shaaclor, How far ho has aucceeded it will be our present business 
‘0 inquire, 

It must bo conceded that, in the article now befuro us, 
shows that he has taken no small amount of trouble in burrowing 
among old numbers of the Philorphical Journel and tho Philo. 


tho then novel means of illumination, 
names of Murdoch, Winsor, and others, who, 
universal candle-light, 
has since grown to such 
and estimates are reproduced in full. 


7 urod on 
tho writer contact with negutivoclectrodo C? through § 
Ta and ‘coil X to terminal, 
oO ae . As holder In cylinder G! 
sophie Transactions of circa 1810, in search of contemporary notices by a cord over a pull 
0 r 


Wo observe the familiar: 


jon point breaks, say, from ine 
material, or from great tierease in 


tatrongth, or whon a freah carbon is 
into action, wo apply a iy or other regis 
h 


brake to tho pulley for 
lato upon wht Mn inthe lamp cover, AP ia | of jo 


fo A, 


0 cord weight, | 


Cand Cl are arms, Cl: 
D' xhows | 
‘The carbon ia ace , 
yan regulated by 


in tho flamos arising from combuation na used for 
lighting purposes generally. Tho invention is 
specially applicablo to tho flames procceding from 
any compound combuatibles of tho claas of fiyaro- 
carbons, whothor oxiating already as pormanent 
fer or inn solid or liquid stata provionaly to 
being converted into » gag or vapour by means 
of wn wick or othorwiso (aa, for inatanco, in naing 
fata and thelr derivatives, atcaring and atearig 
acid, margarine and margaric neid, palm oil and 
ita constituonta, palmitin and palmitic acid, cocoa 
ont oil, cocinin and cocinic acid, apormaceti wax, 
paraifin, animal and vogetablo olla of ail kinds, 
all the so-called mineral oils, the oil of turpen- 
tino or camphine, coal tar, naphtha, houzolo, 
or, in fact, any of tho substances used in tho 
shape of candlea or fluida for burning of the 
hydro carbon class, and which may bo thus con. 
verted through the agency of a wick or otherwiao 
inton gan or vapour whilst undergoing combua- 
tion), but clectricity may also bo employed fn 
connection with flames proceeding from simplo 
substances, a8, for oxamplo, hydrogen or carbon 


burnt to carbonic oxide, or thoae arising from 
such compound stbatances aginay number among 
thoir elomonts morothan merely hydrogenand care 
Lon (towwit, thoso whichcontainin ndditionoxygen, 
and oven other clements), as in the largo family 
of alcoholy. In carrying out tho said invention 
burnora aro waed which will admit of tho ilumi- 
nant it is intended to employ boing converted into 
f flamo most suitable for the purpose, and pros 
forably, if coal gas bo nacd, of the description 
ts known aa * fish tails” and “ bate’ wings,” 
arranged so that their fanos may inacracct at 
various angles, tho object to bo attained being 
the generation of a solid ftamo surrounded on as 
many sides ax possible by the air; thus Hirco | 
flames may cross cach other at angles of one 
hundred and twenty degrees ; or they may form in 
plan an equilateral trinnglo, having « hollow in 


in the dark ayes ofprovennnts wx AuTIFICIAL Tepuatt , tho centre, tho flamo itself being rolid and con- 
were the pioncers of tho movement whichrions, &e—By Joseph JW, Wateon, | 
importances and several of their stutomenta invention lina for ita object necuring n+ 
The curious old-fashioned! luminous power by the use of electricity 


tinvons, 95 inan argatul,”” or four flaines may 
bo arranged to coalesce by their edges meeting in, 
Ae contre, Ke," If the combustible used bo of a 





nein arpa, Oy werent : 
ELECTRICIAN, JANUARY 15, 1881. * ‘ we 107" 


solid or Hquid form thon tho aposition of the 
wicks [4 arranged gona to arrive at tho samo. 
reaults ao far ng regard® tho'flanes to which thoy 
contribute ; and suels boing the arranpomonts cori 
corning tho flames to which an eloctric current i 
to bo applied the modes of effecting this applica. 
tion nro as follow, it being frromaleadd that tho 
most thorough dissociation of the carbon from tha 
hydrogen forms the object, and that the current 
may therefore bo applicd to the ames cither to 
net electrolytically in an indopendont passaga 
through them or ‘ins path provided for it, bug 
offering suiiciont electrical rosistanee to secure 
by ita incandencetics tho For nredd dissociation ag 
an offoct cithor of heat and clectricity combined 
or of heatalone, Vor affecting fiames clectroly- 
tically tho inventor leada into them a poworfal 
induced current ierived from the electro mag: 
notie coil machines known ag“ inductoria,”” 
or from magnoto electric inachines, or from 
olectro statig machines of the inductive class, 
or from dyname-electric machines arranged with 
supplementary inductivo coila ao as to secure high 
tension or “ density? at their polea, reaulting iit 
disruptive discharges when properly arranged. 
Tho points of tho electrodes shonld bo disposed 
in tho ilames go that the discharge shall take 
place through tho grenteat breadth of tho same, 
theroby affecting the largest area of combustion, 
but. passing primarily into the non luminous or 
dark parta of auch ilames (whero morely heated 


bon and hydrogen hayo not yet commenced ; 
thus in a“ bat’s wing’ or “fishtail flamo 
simple tho induced current would digchargo along 
its longer axis, andat such striking distance aa 
that, having due regard to the conducting power 
of tho flame, the discharge would embrace in ita 
action tho largost aren of action with tho highest 
effect, Ho also constitutes tho flames themselves 





olectrodter, that isto aay, ho places two or moro | 


flames in juxtaposition, leading tho poles of the 
induction coil or other sourco of tho indued cur. 


rent into them, but arranged 60 that tho line of | 
dacharge shall take placo throngh tho points at | 


which such contignous flames shall intersect or 
coalesce, In thia manner it may ho considered 
that any single flamo or group of 


{ 
at 
aa oxiata), and whoro dissociation of tho care ! 


flames act (as { 


tho caso may be, according to tho natura of its | 


the source of tho curront) 
ivo or negative pole, or, in 
the “anode” or “cathode” 


connection ww 
as tho — posit 
other words, 


roe | 


latively to tho fellow flamo or group of ! 
flames which permit of tho clrouit being com: | 


| pleted “ Bata’ wings,” “* fishtaila,”” 

“unton’? and other “ pipe-shaped '* jots ma 

‘ thun serve, 80 to apeak, a3 dectrodes, but he p 
fors to employ the transverso diachargo between 
intersecting Tames, Where tho oleetric are propor 

Jia to bo uaed with a gas flame, a Intp nd shown 
in tho figure is used. A A shows the gas juts; : 
tho carbons hinged at Oure guided by TL, ov tha * 
one Bide, nud tho steatito or porcelain dise on | 
the other. ‘Tho motion of tho carkans ia obtained / 

as shown, ! 


form of thes communications iy presumably much adsivod ty thc 


writer, as going to show the crudity aud vagueness of the know: 
ledge of the subject posscased by ity carlicst expositors, and the} 
kind of criticinm, 
had to contend for sv many years. The inference intended to be} 
drawn from this is, of course, that everything must havon beginning, 
and that as gas lighting, born amongst such inauspicious surroun 
ings, has attained to the position of an acknowledged neeeasary of 
urban existence, lighting by olectricity (till now labouring under: 
similar disadvantages) is destined for a parallel success. Wo have 
all heard arguments such as these advanced with, mora or, less 
Plausibitity and, without altogether denying the fairness of the: 
historical comparison, it must be said that reasa ing of this kind: 
generally includes soveral assumptions that are distinctly erroneous, 
and iy therefore misleading, ‘The present cago for electric lightin 
o4 based almost entirely upon whut are assumed to bo absolute his 
torical fucts, is 0 far from being an exception to this rule that i 
may be taken aga good example of it. 

‘To begin with, a atrict analogy between two widely separated 

ta fa very rarely to bo found.  Resemblances between indepon 

dent groups of facts ara common enongh, and may bo weet witl 
striking elfvot to illustrate art arguinont; but it is unsafe to omploy, 
them oa arguments to be relied upon as affording proof positive that, 
the subjects of similar intlucnces are themselves comparable In al 
respects, Evidenco based ttpon comparison of clrounistances. 
eminently unsatisfactory, for if the comparison ean by shown to fill 
in any important points, tho whole argument falls to the. ground 
Lot us seo how far the comparison between the inauguration :of, gas: 
aso lighting inedium on a practical scale, and the recent revival. di 
eltort in the direction of lighting by electricity, is true and. reliable 
We know that gas lighting, if its commencement be dated from Mr, 


and oven obstinate incredulity, against which thoy! | 


Cleyy's first construction of works for the praduction aud. atilixationyay 


of puritled gay, fs now somewhere about 7 yoara olds ant ns tho firs 
electric are. ight was shown by Sir Hum nhe Davy In 1810, it migh 
bo anid that this method of procuring light fs ngarly a8 old Tht do 
howaver, bo tess open to dispute If the: aga of praotlonble orebttl 

lighting be dated from the conversion of Pwr inte el firat thought 
onorgy and thon into Aight, by Holoies, in 1953 ‘Thu tne beon. in 
that would bo naturally suggested by the fot that f tho conolusion 





cominon uso so much longer than electric lighting 


—_—_— 








or“ fans} 
shaped " flames, or oven those formed by | 


! 


5 
} 
y 


Fy rene lat wa Dakss PROS sw sare 





Sars 


ae : 


Sree 








{Continued from Surrienent No. M8, page A207.) 
ELECTRIC LIGHTING.* 


; ! 
a ili he, - 
‘ 11 thy,varions fliempta to utilize the principle of the, 
inemiunsenen of curbon in vacuo two great difltcaltics has 
vatood in the way and batlled every attempt to overt pnt 
hem. Ono was the rapid wenring away and conseqnen 
\brenking of the Incandescent carbon; and the other theo ptt 
'gatton of the hunp by a kind of black smoke, ». So. uniform y 
lid these phenomena present ther selves Uiat the iden wi 
propounded and generally a pted (hat the Dlackentng of 
ihe lamp globes was duc to volatilization of the carbon under) 
he netlon of the enarmoug heat to which it was subj tod, ' 
In Fontaine's work on gh@ale Hght this passage gecurs at: 
price £80; ' 
Attentive examinat 
a strongly colored . 
formly” brilliant. 
Jnon-lomogencity, aa 
disinteg! he carbon. 


“]in the recel Sarbon iainfgrenter part 
It would appear that, Nonsequendy npan the MW 





contained te the hind veing truggormed! into cart 


€ je pes Tele 
then prodded kind oF yporntion |, 
lowly d&tray UitXineanderent: rods, 


aN nt hy a pulverye 
idl on the 





jn fact, any further atter ent carbon | 
lamps durable by means of a vacaha were ‘0 waste of 
‘Vthne, and durable they ist be 16 they wer be of any: 
practlenl vale, . { 
Fortunately, Laid not accept ‘as conclusive the experi | 
Menta which seemed toshow that carbon was volatile, and that 
the blackening of globes of Incandescent enrhon lamps was an 
‘nevitable result of the carbon being very highly heated, 1 
Vknew that the conditions under which, without exception, 
nl} previous experhinents had been tried, were such as did 
not allow to be formed anything approaching a perfect 
‘Ayvacnum within the lamp, Serew fittings had: invariatly 
een employed to close the mouth of the lamp, and the | 
Alnary alr pump to exhaust the alr, Under such elremn: 
Astances 1 waseertain that n considerable residuum of air 
would he contained within It, and-also. that it would leak. 
‘Then, there bad never been any thought given to the gus 
occluded in the carbon itself, and which, when the carbon; 
became hot hy the passave of the current through it, woud 
Hue evolved; vor bad suflelent care heen taken to mike the, 
H] resistance, at the polats of fixtare of the carbon, less than in! 
B} the carbon to be heated to Ineandescenc 3 
Tt was evident to me that before any definite conclusion 
could be arrived nt as to the question of the volatility of 
carbon, the cause of (he bhickentug of the globes, and’ the 
weardng away of the inenndescent rods, we must first try, 
the experiment of heating the earhon to astute of extreme 
neaudescence ina thoroughly good vacuum (such as Mr, 
| Crookes had taught us how to. procure), and under mor 
favorable conditions as to the contact between the incandes- 
cent carbon and the conductors supporting it tian bad bith; 
-jerto obtuined, 





Accordingly, In October, 1877, I sent to Mr, Stearn a 


number of carbons, ade from carbonized cardboard, with 
the request that he would get them mounted for me in 
glass globes by n glass blower, and then exhaust the air ag 
‘Jcompletely as possiiie, ‘This delicate operation Me, Stearn, 
‘) very kindly undertook and very skillfully carried out, \ 
In orderto produce a good vacuum twas found neces 
sary to heat the carbon to on very high degree by means o 
the elcetric current during Ube pr of exhaustion, so ny! 
ito expel the gas occluded by the carbon fu ita cold 
{state, for, otherwise, however good the vacuum was befor, 
{the carbon way heated, Immediately the current passed and 
{made It white hot, the vacuum wus destroyed by the out- 
rash of the gas pent up Inthe carbon In Tis cold atate, In 
order to make a good contact between the carbon and the 
clips supporting it, the cads of the carbon were thickened, | 
raid, in some of the eurly es Perlnente, electroty ping and 
ard soldering of the ends of the entbons to platinum was! 
tresorted to, * 

{will not weary you, however, with details, but shply ; 
“say that the preserfbed conditions having been rhyorousl: 
‘complled with, it was found, after many troublesome expe 
iriments, (hot when the vacuin within the lamp globe was: 
jgood, and the contact between the carbon and the cotiluctor / 

which supported it sufltelent, there was no lackening of th 
globes and no appreciable wasting away of the carbons, 

‘Thus was swept away a pernicious error, which, like a: 

lying Auger post, proclaiming, “No road this way,” teuded 
<1 to bar. progress along a good thoroughfare : 





Vout dt 
the best materinl from which to fori the carbon, 


its anaterial fn the Jay 
think, Ihave now 
st in the famp before mo on the table, 


goes beyond Its appearnce, 
a mere : 
is 1 will endeavor to show you by m 


{ inty fn hardness, and it becomes 
Hamp; the longer tne 
becomes, 
at fs an interesting questio 


i 
scence, Observe how absolutely un ht 
Ha Wee that proves It to be homogencous, and foretells 
‘ite durability. 


\ 
‘this Hght consists 


rrefore, Uhere cannot possibly 
Ree it. “the Teen fa whiels (his Hight is axed will be 





that the Incandescent carbon shoul 
bon | use is not one-twentiets of the thickness of the thin- 
neat of the ecarhons formerly employed, and, therefore, ones: 
[twentieth of the current, costing one-twentieth the price, 

+) will produce in my thin carbon the same degree of Tuminostiy: | 
as twenty thnes more current will produce in such carbons 
ns were used fn those ancient lamps, 


‘J abandoned his plating Jump as Tinpracticaly, be tnvented 


Horseshiue of carbonized yx 
une, but latterly Tluve given up the ase of carbonlzed 
cardbourd, and im vow using a oiniterial as much better 
than carbonized cardboard a carbonized cardbonrd wis 
better than the materia) previously used. In an artiely 


still [n error—spenks of as ‘entirely nev 


| pilcable ix the lighting of your house 
{ Application two all-important questions present themselves 
{one as to distribution, another as to cost. 





if y 
of eat 
“porleet Te Tet OT tne MuNp, LO" ni 
“1 tovpertect tH a ia i q 
yin the best manner. . These pointe, 
Vafuctorily settled; and you seo the 
very sat looking affair, but its performance 
Selva vary mo ine enrbon ts extremely fil 
ow wonderfully strong and elastic Wy. 
Lp oarelant us of the lantern. « 
carbon spokea of by Fontaine In: 
homogeneous and almoat 
harder by Ua use in the 
Lihe hotter it fa heated the lnrder tt 
Wiint degree of lardness ft will ultimately arrive 


‘This carbon, unlike the 
he extract {rend to you, fs quite 


1M. ‘ 
ed view of the carbon ring in a state of 
‘o1 


Here Is a magnil rm In bright. 


Now L will show you how easily lamps of this kind are 


lighted, and bow completely tis form of electric Nght can 
Ube divided and distriluted. 


Is it not a pleasant Nght? Tt ts not so white"as the sara 


light, bat yet a weiter light than gas. Colors are correctly 


" yitas this pteture shaw But the great merit’ of 
a hh jis not being In contact: with alr, and, 
the slightest air polation 


ns pure by night as by day, 


° stata tectum delivered by J, W. Swan, at tho Liternry and 
paeeetiaet Society, Neweaslinnn-Tran, Octobar wi TRAD... j 


It is essential to economy Jo Matting ay fistuleacsees 
hi be very: 5 it ‘. 


You will notice that in iny lamp leakage dx very thor. 


Foughily guarded against. The wire which passes trough 
jf the glass nut only having the as. fused around iC where 
the wire and globe meet—but fe 
conted with glass almest up to the carbon, Tn this way the 


mldigion to this, the wire In 


runny is preserved very effectually, 
You have, of course, all besrd that after Mr. Edison 


cardboard ts 
Kon’s carbon lamp, with its 
Ttis in some respects like 


anew hump in which earbar 
Mere isn dingrain of Mr. 


which appeared Inthe February number of Scribner's Maga- 


sine, nuthenticated by n letter from Mr. Edison dn the same | 


pubifcation, {1 ts stated that Mr. Edison was the first to use 


enchonized paper; that ts incorrect, And this alko eccurs 
after n description of t ' 
jthese lamps: My, Edlson’s use of carhon ia such a vacuum 
dis entirely new." Now, T daresay, there are many here who 


rengel pump used tn extinusting 


will remember this litle Iamp, whieh [showed here two 


“years ugo tn aetion, ‘This Iamp hos exactly the same simn- 


Pieity ns ny present lamp, delng composed entirely of three 


j Substaac Titely, glass, platinum, and carbon, nnd it was 


exhausted in preels y the Rawe manner, and to the same 
degree, as that which Mr, Upton—no doubt fy good falth but ; 
Ido not mention these things in nny way to disparage Mr, 
Edison, for no one can esteent more highly his inventive 
yenius thin do, J merely sate these facts because T think 
ta sight to do so fa my own interest nud in the Interest: of 


‘} true bistory, 


The complete seclusion of the light in this lamp from con. 


| tact with aly sugyests bts adaptability. to cond imine Bhant- 
Yuation, sad T earnestly bope that this my prove to be one 
‘of its uses, 


But the great purpose to whieh a himpoof this kind. fs ap- 
b view of such ap 


Can this light be divided, distributed, nid mensured as 


i} gas is divided, distributed, and measured? And at what 


cost? Tis quite bmpossiity ina brief lecture to discuss, 
these questions exhaustively, butas fur as is possible, Ina 
few words, [will anawer them, 

rst, then, a4 to division and distributton, tt has been a 
serted on very high authority that great loss necessarily ate 5 





{tends the diviston of the eleciric light. To certain extent & 


this ts true of Ughting by the elvetric are, but tt $s, totally 4 








I : 4 
-erroncous of lighting by 


lescence, 
in ‘diviging.tho electric Ight produced by | 
Faraday bag stated the law of the case in these | 
f electric current which will heat: one inch of | 
nite‘hot, will also heat to the same temperature 100 ] 


inches, or an influije length of the game wire,” There isno 


7] question of the truth of this, Now, as it is only necessary, 


in order {6 malniaina given current, to tnerease the foree 
whieh produces it In the same proportion as you Inerens 


1] the resistances to its flow, it follows that the cost of raising : 


to acertuin degree of Ineandescence n longer or shorter 
length of carbon, or of maintalmng a 10-cand le light or 100- 


+} enntle Ii; ht, will be exnetly proportional to the Melt pro. , 
Vduced. You may even contemplate on this principle the - 


economical production of an electric Nght as small asa rush. 
Nght. Accertain unit of Nght may be established In an 
tudefatte munnhier of plies, Whh no greater aggregate exe 
penditara of power than that directly asd shinply pre * 
Vonnt to the number of lights, : peau 


With regard to distribution, I believe chat tt will prove to : 
MN Neweustle, for / 


be practicable to light ay large town 
instance-—by means of whres laid inthe ground as gas pipes 
are Maid, and all Dranchlng from one center, and conveying 
the clectric current to lamps tke this, 

The lamps now lighted are supplied by a current coming 
from generators working at the far end of Mosley street (it 
quarter of a mile away), and it would be just as easy by 
Using a more chergetfe current—a current as tt were ander 
higher pr to malntaln these severs! miles away, and 
for this purpose the conductors need not be lirge, not so 
large certainly ag to make the distribution of electric cur- 
rent more costly than the distribution of gas, 

For supplying large towns with electric light, Mr, Edison 
proposes to have a number of centers for the supply of clee- 
tric power, perhaps a quarter of a mile apart, whence wires 
woulit be sent out in every different direction, distributing 
the cnrrent tothe houses roundabout, His plan of distribu. 

j{ lon fs this, He proposes to send out bundles of main wires 
from each of the centers of supply, and from these main 

} wires to branch as many staal wires into the houses 1s 

| thore arc humps to he Jighted, cach branch wire proceciin 

| froma iain wire to the place where the lamp {5 situated’ 

qnd from thence toa retura main wire, 

Now, although this plit lias the great merit of simpli. 

| elty, Pdo not dhtok it will answer, except for very short 
distance: 

When a iimber of lamps are grouped together tn that 
numer, ib t ry that the indi 

2 to the current, for if enel Imp does 

ly high resistance to the passage of the 

real waste, a large proportion of ene 

being tn that case spent in heating the condacting 

vires, Instead of the carbon in he humps, . 

{ Mr Edi pretugly proposes to make hits lanpe of 
avery high resistance; by proposes to use for the tneandes: 
cent tnaterhel a form of carbau which offers a higher resist: 
innce than sitople carton in its compact sites but if earhon 
“pure and stinple ds used, then T submit it had better be inns 
ostable and condensed a state as possible, heenuse in process 
it tends to consolidate, and tia undesirable that any 

ge should take place in the lamp during suse, 
stance offered by a Mamentol carbon In its best 


state for Jucandescent lainps, as thin as it is safe to use ine 


Samp, and of a length sufticient to gh n Ileht equal to 


{ahink we must not go beyond in planging an extensive sys- 
tem of town lighting) will not offer so higl a resistunee as 
that which Mr. Edison ling mado the husis of his scheme of 
distribution, Z 

With lainps of this resistance, the result would be tat 


{hefore many were bridged serosa from one main wire toy. 


nnother, as puch or more work would be done Iu the con 
ducting wire as te the lamp. ‘The ouly way of nvolding this} 
waste of energy, Without abindoning the idea of smd units | 
wou i be eliher to employ enormously thick con. 
or have w very Iinited nrea suppiicd from one 
works, | 

Think the diteulty js capable of being surmounted in 
His ways Instead af grouplag the lampsas Mr, Edison pro- 

eh amp belug as it were a oF or bridge between 
two nittns, 1 propose to string them in series, 50, or 
perhaps 100 Jumps being. all interposed “in one and the 
ame line, In this way every Inmp would add to the reslst- 
ince of the line instead ofns in Mr. Edison's phan, dinin- 
ishing ta resistance, The waste of energy In the coucuct. 
ing wire would thas be avotded, 

A copper wire, lesa than one oighth of an inch thick, 
would supply current for one such serles of, say from 10 to 
10 Jampas,'at five miles distance, with a very small percent. 
nge of loss; witlle to supply at the-same distance 2 corre: 
sponding series on Mr, Edison’s plan would demand copper 
conductors of such thickness as would certainly make the 
plan far too expensive, of, It such thick conductor was not 





sembaf bore Walid foe sn, Lay prneticably, oxirayagatt waste of 


vidunt Inmps should offer! 


lone burner, or ten standard candles (a unit of light which 1; 


energy in the wire, ’ tr oven" dv per cen a 
. nt. O e 
Is pended in the wire, the slze of the wee 


aro 
[reat the current, say even two imiles, would be far tou 


Brent, 


+ ‘There ts no way , 
} ny OF excape that I know 
} lemma, viz. that elther wemust make 


than necessary fora very 
ny 2 
up the den of oxtensiverd{y 


1 ia the manner f have Proposed, 


plan, but none that are uot en 
Fatple, 1020, 50, of 100 lights w 
‘art of tho line would extinguls 
Ser can be met in two w 


1 Twould have only one amp be 


one house, $0 that the extiact 


prevent the extinction of the 


» While a fresh lamp was put in the 
» ai thing no mere diMeult, and 
dian the replacement of a broken Hus el 
There {s another dificul ' 
Is culty occasioned by the variati 
[the current. In proportion to the number of) helen 


What {9 required in this case 
current In the Ine of anps, 


This cau he aceouplished hy s Hfencting 


what on the principle of the governor of Ul 
ly raise or lowe 
Mtndredths, ncearding to the 


‘and which would automation 
or pressure hy steps of one-t 
ouniber of lanips tn ase, 


; LT Inve also considered the question of ne: 
‘rent, and, if time allowed, Tebuid show yan 
be clone as enstly a9 the measuring of g, 
all other praetient didlen 
this method of distribution can he met 
ure at Iiherty to contemplate na great co 
F y by Jorge steam engl 
means of wires toa whole tow 1, 


Shniluel 


ig elect 


tributed by gasworks, 


Uhave iilready referred 10 the.cost of el 
‘duced on the are principle, and shown Uh 


Mnstatices are fravorabl 


sermplitled by so many itusian 


One thing ix, however, quild clear, 
lighting by ineandescence fs an econn 


he Tess costly than gus Httin, 
‘monstrated hy the fret Hint the 


Wn working wgas engine to develap an ele 
used in my lamps, will yleld more light than 1,000 feet of 
ay in gas burners, 
of iny electric lamps, and to 
jproduce the current which.feeds them {60 eubie feet of gus 
ber hour are being burnt ina gas, e 


gus consumed in the ordinary wi 
room fs now lighted by (venty 


were kindled the room was 1 
fug, Tam told on good author 


‘Anrger quautlty of gas which th 


‘conditions here are somewhat wnifuvorble 
fair comparison, but from measures 
both of light produced and current required to produce [t, 
Tin warranted in saying Chat at least twice as much light | 

certain quantity of gus use: 
‘mute an elvetric enrrent employed ii my lamps as! would |! 
be obtained from this quantity of gas burnt in gas: burners 


Will be produced t 


Tn the ustal manner, 


If that ts so, then it Is evident that when, Instead of th 
produced In the most |’ 
1 manner is employed, 7 Is method of electric 
costly than gas’ tghting. 
reckon that 40 1h, of coal employed in ralsdigg stent to arctic. 
ute electricity is capable of producing In my lamps the effect 
‘of 1,000 feet of gus burnt th gas burners Ine the ordinary 


motive power of gas, that of 
vOnOnT 
Highting wil be very much le 


mivuner, 


© "Phe economical view of the question is therefore, tn ny . 
> oplntou, very favornble to electric Hi; 
warrants me tn anticipating ane 


i 
electric Myght for gus light, 


The great dilleulty whieh dln 
the way to any general use of el 
of division, ‘Mhat diglenlty ts now completel 
by the method of producing electric light by the r 
cence of carbon in vacuo of which I have given you a prac: |} 
Heal demonstration tonlghtr tee i 

Now, ladies and gentlemen, if J lave uot exliausted my 
subjeet T certainiy have exbausted your patience. . 1 will 


weary yuu no more, 
Elgty years ago scl 
{ng n 





larger mensnre of Hght without 
onus the necessiy of breathing 
Today science: vindicates ii 


¢ the long nights of our northern win 


““ny. much ‘aner Nice, 








conductor requi 


of from. thiadi- 
ourtnit of light larger 
at MMnny pirpos 
istor nud exte 


on, In order to gain these points, we talve dlstribution, 


must group the lamps 


| There are, no dondi, diMleutties in the 

ly surmountatile. 
ere faa series, 0 bee: 
he alt the lights, 


a longing ina given tne In 
ie aire comempliting would aot be a ve 
tl would make such a mishap extrem 

lacing slong with each hamp an 
Hl would sonet as to 
by the accidental breaking or fallure of a damp, 
rest of the himpa in the sert , 
place of the broken one 


serious snishap; 
yy unlikely to ce: 
automatic efreuit 
Iridye aver the x: 


" humps in aetion, 
is to maintiin a uniform 
whether 1 or 100 are alg 
apparatus sone. 


rv the potentint 


asuring the cur. 
You that that could 


wiles arising out of 


nth works produe- 2 
strilating it by |. 


lectrie Hight pro- 
eto the employm Mt atm ot 
« rinent oO! ul ‘ 
it fs much more economical than igual r aus 
The economy of lighting by fncandeseence tus net been 
ves Of xetual practical use, 
and that Is, that electrie | / 
onminieal process—[t will |i 
Thut is conclusively de. 
guy employed 
etre current, and 


ngine; before my tanips 
en by Was jets, consum- 
very evident thit I H nc Mt ote 

Uy nit we have got more light ont of the ans 
through the medium of electitetey than wa fait 


to my light fora 
wants carefully made, 


ting, ard T think batts 
ensive substhution af: 


has completely blocked § 
rere light was the diMleull 


"1 SBLOME OF CE Ay Be vinew e-eee 








) us cnlurged menns of turds 
glu into days since the not a Nttle of our lifetime has 
been spent in gn: Ht rooms, and tt haa heen somewhat of 
reproach to sclence that she has not provided na with this 
at the same tine imposing 
a vitintedd atmosphere. 
uceforth we may 
Her bright without 





JaNuany 1, 18h) VHE TELEGRAPHIC JOURNAL. 





QeaSanaoanajaneRameee=$=$$>>Spoaoaoaoa——— 


ie ABSTRACTS OF PUBLISHED 
: SPECIFICATIONS, (880. 


1720. ‘Attachment of telegeaph and other conduct. 
ing wires to insulators.” .Joun RowLaxps Epwarps. 
Dated Aprila7._ ad, In fastening the line wire on to 
the insulators it is usual to attach it with binding 
wire, This process is very wasteful of wire; the bind- 
ing wire wears out sooner than the line wire, and after 
atime the latter falls, Sometimes, too, the Vinings 
wire comes undone, and the ends hanging down spoi 
the insulation, not merely of their own line wire, but of 
such other line wires asthey touch. The new invention 
consists in making a, wire slip in the shape of a rin 
welded at the joint of good stiff wire, and of such 
dimension that when in position, as hereafter described, 
it will still hold the line wire slightly bent round the 
insulator with a tight grip. In applying the clip or 
ting, it is first doubled till the two halves nearly touch ; 
this is done in the manufacture. The line wire is 
placed between the two loops formed by the doubled 
ting. The doubled ring or clip is then placed over the 
top of the insulator, and by a lever forced down into 
the groove, The strain on the line wire, as well as 
the rigidity of the ring, prevents any tendency to its 
becoming loose, and the line is held. as in a vice 


of transmitting telephones, which operate hy varying 
the resistance to the passage of.a battery current, An 
electric coil, c, of conducting wire $s arranged in the an. 
nular space between the two rows of poles, as shown in 
figs. 1 and 2, Fig, t-is‘a plain or end view of the 
niagnet with the coil in place, and fig. 2 is a side cleva- 
tion of the same, When a current circulates through 
this coil, it will pass outside of the poles, a, a, and 
inside of the poles, 4, 6, thus acting oppositely upon 
cach in accordance with their opposite. polarisation, 
and it will act to temporarily increase or decrease their 
magnetism, according as it flaws in one direction or 
the other. In the-telephone the armature-diaphragm, 
instead of being formed of the ordinary sheet.iron 
plate, which is liable to warp under the influence of 
several magnetic poles, ani thereby to pet out of ad- 
justment, is made of wire-gauze formed fram fine iron 
wire, and having its interstices closed ar filled by ham. 
mering or varnishing, 


1764. “ Telephone apparatus.” Rictarn Tuntnrr 
and Meixrap Tirmtter. Dated April go, ad. Relates to 
an improved method of constructing telephonic transe 
milters, in which the pressure of two contacts against 
ane another is made to vary by the vibrations of a 
diaphragm or sounding board, (See ‘Tenearariic 
Joursat, September 15, 1880, (Provisional only.) 


j{ the frame, D euso contay Nd asin 


104, Huetaid. Lams, H. J, Haddan.—Dated 
- 26th April,:1880,—(A communication.) : 6d, : 


Tho olectrodes of Jampa onthe aro typo aro} 
surrounded by a block of refractory material, ; 


preforably marble, so arranged as to guide tho: - 
carbons and partial] y protect” the points agatust 
air currents, reducing the carbon consumption 
considerably. ‘The inventor anys the carbons ad. 
nea by their own wei oreby Gye aid of : 


) springs, &e. Fig, 1 isn ald clovatione: Q croaa ; 


{ractory : 
material, Tl bara tyrnt\d on con and con. 
8, O Cenrbong, ‘The 
‘ofractowy material asa 
venting wir necesa ; 
to light®aa required 
to connect carbons in 
ho wh combination 
- is bascdon a now pri 
ciple, v A f wing tho el 
trades of the voltaic i Tainps by 
a block of refReter il—for’ inxtance, , 
macble, whieh the poles against tho air, 
compels the vol ‘2 to take a preacribed line, 
aud may be used von special tint to tho eloc- 
tric light. For thi®purposo tho contiguous ox. 
tremitica of tho carbons nro cmbeddod in the 
refractory matorial, nud tho Inttor cut ont so na 
to form vault directed towards the afdo which is 
to bo illuminated, At tho top of thia vanié aro 
two orifices which communicate with the points — 
of thu carbons, thoreby forcing the are to tako 


section ; 3, section throu, carlon ca, Sia 


vy reies oT TE Sg a 








between the insulator, bulging it slightly out and the 


A th ederibed way. Chis principle reduees the 
two loops, (Prorisional only.) be A tho car! : ! 


tS sj Ele signaling itp rats for ei ; z f ; . tiumphi eonatinption of bons by rotecting thon 
= ¢ : ays. ERT Joun Anttson., (A communication f : mbgen it Tegal ;[oxaiust tho destenetive notion of tho air that iy 
1798. “Permanent ani clectro.magnets, &c." | from abroad by Hugues Bagilet, of Paris) Dated May ey ad Th 8 ay i legal ay 1 sacuren Slee by the high temparatues 
fe he conten an ee cies ae pe 4 re A telegraphic wire connects the two stations, § r iat If i etraetory Mode « dinsprogaion of the 
2 magnets ¢ A and at cach extremity of the wire isan electric appa. : i if jug 
electro, and also to. their application to telephonic and | satus composed of an clectro-magnet, and n soft ed i : [tis 
har or armature, which apparatus is ‘situsted between 4 fe t 
FIC. the extremities of the wire connecting the two stations, § 
and of a wire connected Witt disc, This dise carries 
. on one side a pivotted bar, which is maintained on the ites: 
aN red side of the disc by a spring. A strong spring works fs witness from st 
' the rod carrying the disc, which spring is held bya : < aoe eemuch ant 
catch, raised at the proper mament by a Very strong fg a leclric lighting 
electro-magnet, A chain connects thedise with a lever [9 ; dd 9 the list— 
situated perpendicularly between the two rails, where it 9 . : 
is maintained by two springs. ‘This lever is fixed toa hily on the 
transmission bar which carries at its extremity anangle 4 BG H ing been ext 
piece, which serves during the passage of a train to put : z Railnay stations ani 
the wire of the battery in contact with the wire connect. 4 : ; gid" the: 
ing the two stations, As the train passes it pushes PH vinces, 40 
down the lever in the direction in which it is travelling, “Hd ing favou 1 8 i io made 
and at the next station the first named electrowmagnet {% = ff fresh “ad larly, wi No" in. 
under the influence of the current attracts the soft iron terior . Dp 
bar or armature, which in turning ona pivot puts the } . : nently °$ 
wire from the battery in contact with the wire of the $34 i owys . \ ito igh 
disc, The second ‘named electro-magnet raises the HA : ack of a 
catch, which releases the strong spring and turns the ‘ s p ‘ ie 
disc towards the station, ‘The disc should be on the ; i 4 
same side of the station as the train, so that when the if 80 fect high.: 
train on this line leaves the station when the signal is : te and they are’ o 
Against it, the bar pivatting on the dise will mave either for 24 tights ex 
a lever which causes the whistle of the locomotive to , dinbe i 
ee sauniled, and ia warn the driver, or n lover which 
he supply of steam to the cylinders, 
stop the train, Provisional only.) ere Sa Nee 
1B2y, VE 
Aspensos, 


of the refractory block o disaggregation of tho 
5] carbons favourablo to the formation of the voltaic | 


‘The elect oa relate 
during ‘the r i I fe } wuighta and springs, ‘Tho lighting of the lamp + 


produce 


gold colonr. T! 
ry material on 


IG any ap 
limensions a¢ 


useful effect, the | 
ig greater’ in t- 


iy €erv6 to 


+) 
pe and dj 


nO great influence on ° 


8 on! 


ing tho 
bein; 
Ps. As the carbo: 


mn va) 
th 


well as 
the ligh 


increagi: 


touches th 
igth without effectin, 
eir shay 
lity have 


jon. 
pours, the 


er qua 


oe 
2 
g 
8 
& 


arc 


entire len; 
destructi 
other lam 


carbo: 


th 
jeng’ 


four generating’ stations (f | 
6 ey nase offected by means. of rods of plumbay 0 OF 5 
suppl fing the sit by se eeeertable. material connecting the, earn 
tl ber ultiniat Boks in ab which willbe 4 | through tho sald oriflees, Kor operating tte 
a6 Aiken weunately a 4 ‘ Tampa continuowa or alternating curren day 0 
tems—the Jablochkot p i he. need as desired. ‘he carbons tuny form any a 
are about to receive a sired nnglo against ench other, and may even bo 
¥ é t q | placed in two. different planes. In view of the 
Roverr Ciarstan 3 J amnall anantity of | olectricity necessary, ne 
Relates to improve. ey Hoi shapo and dimensions of the carbons may 
sh Proves & vy bo greatly varied. Ono of the carbon elec j 
Applicable to subs § . 3 y trodea may le replaced by a metallic : 
r land lines; and & : ty vlectrode, Tho refractory matorial cmployed 
the employment, in place of & , i ginal com: may be formed of ono or moro ploces joined | 
sor wire for conveying the electric Re perimenting with together, or simply placed near each other al 


id conduct 2 sith): . en : tout like nvault sons to distribute | 
ine material Septainad eile’. tube a i tems has been so 4 hehe in the direction desired, and tho shape 


cere : | 1 vary according to tho nature of 
the construction of magnetic telephones far negates < Ri Faden gPfcduction of clecteic Nght.” Witérast f. is : of thy eau ag yaty accor i ta ho nature of 
mitting aud receiving, and to the connection th fangs { Ronen? Lake. (A. communication From abroad b P i This t ly'b the space am oF aupertitendouco uimgeeae 
: é ion therawith Thomas L, Cilogman, of United States of America} if : f + recen et any noua eeonged tne wth aston oe 
- | 1 NATO : 
se tionti ¥ a al favybeen sod for guiding the electrodes i 
a! beau suienti K and for limiting tholr motion. Ido not, there: 
Werdermann Hight has been ad, | foro, claim the application of refractory material 
increasing favour fc abet) 


ot 
is 
3 


"J 


¢ ia that of the heated refractor 


ing the. 
dally : 
exe 

pid 


its function becomes essential 


pplyi 
material 
is 
an are an 
ps hither 
visible, 
pours of th 


erial, and the 


ing produced by 


from which it cannot 
shown that th 
however, the car! 


ht bei 
‘carbon va) 


In the Iam 
Ps 
ig 


ea 
descent mati 


itherto assigned to it. In 
therefora subject to ray 


cial manner of 9) 
f obtaining by 
the li 


fect of 
th 


eating “e' 
ic are on t 


‘bon points are 
¢ incans 


In this lam 


force the atc, that is to say, 


ot Seen, 


Experience hag 


‘he air, and 


from that 
herein described. the refractory 


but 

ereby 
it to take away 
ly fixed light. 


rally, 


the 
posed to tl 


| 





wh 
different 
nbustion. 


ints are 2 
io h 


the only means 0} 
0 

pel 

thi 

vol! 

colo 


F genet 
anmec, 
thelamp 
serves to 
absolute 
used 


travelled * 

composing 

; ere £ - 
Rlackense tah S payee 
by ub. ~ OF the Jamin ligh 
to ‘record’ its ‘successful 
“meretal establishment jn 
‘neighbourhood, here it has b 
eng p 

the 


pars’ Bt 
Pata, 
‘him 


walt ‘patiently 

coverie —-and long 

while we write Mén 
i of silve 





















THE ELECTRICIAN, and Co,, Cardiff; Mr. Sydney F. Walker, Nottingham (for 
Colliery) ; Land Reclamation Works, Ennis, Co. Clare, As 
we have also recently noticed, Liverpool has accepted a | 
tender from this company for lighting several of its prin. 
cipal streets, One noticeable feature in relation to the 
company is, thot its work has been and is, successfully 
carried on with n comparatively amall capital. It reflect#™. 
great credit on the management that so much work should 
De performed, a dividend paid, and no fuse made. J 
‘The electric lamp that has found most favour with the / 
British public is that designed by Mr, Crompton. In 1878 
this lamp was used in two places, in 1879 four more were 


















|. TO CORRESPONDENTS. 

u communications fo be addressed to 396, Strand, London, 1.0, 

We cannot undertake to return dratcings or manttcripts, and must, there 

Sore, request Correspondents to keep copies, 

SAU letters intended for insertion in Tux Enxctricran, or containing 
questions, must be aecompanied by the name and address of the writer, 

not necessarily for publication, bul asa proof of good faith. No notice 

whatever will be taken of anonymous communications, 

; SURSCRIPTIONS, 

Tite Etgerrretan can be had, by order, from any newsagent in town or 
country, at the various railway stations 2 oritcan, if preferred, be sup. 

plied divect from the office, on the following terma {paid tn advance) 






































arterly, Aa a0d added to the list, whilat in 1880 the makers have beon } 
i Halj-yeariy. 9, Od. unable to produce lamps fast enough. The British Electric | “tt 
arly wavy 10s, 6d, Light Company have used these lamps at the Glasgow and ! 







One Orders to be made payable to James Gray, at Weat Strand Post 
Ce, 


[—— eee 
WOTICE. 


VOL. V. of THE ELECTRICIAN, 
STRONGLY BOUND, WITIT COPIOUS INDEX, 
NOW READY, 
Prico 108. 6d. 
CASES FOR HINDING, ALSO READY, Price 2s, 
| Order of any Dookseller or Stationer, 


- ——S 
: CONTENTS, 






South Western Railway, and the St. Enoch’s ‘Terminus | 
Stations at Glasgow, at the Quay at Copenhagen, at Mr, | 
Betts's (Manchester), at. the Mersey Tunnel Works, at the 
Furness Railway ; at Bradford Waterworks, inthe sa, “Chim. 
borazo,” on the London and North Western Railway Goods 
Sidings at Liverpool, by the United States Hlectric Lighting 
Company, by Messrs, Mawson and Swan (Neweastle), } 
Willoughby Smith, W. Spottiswoode (President of the Royal | | 
Society), at the Alexandra Palace, by Messrs. Ietson at the ! 
Airdale Foundry (Leeds), by the North British Railway at the , 
Queen-street Terminus, at the General Post Office (Glasgow), 
at the Blytheswood Areado (Glasgow), by the Woodbury 
Photographie Company, by Messrs. Brown Brothers, Rose- 
bank Foundry (Edinburgh), by Messrs. Tate Brothers (Sil- 



















































Bip — — — —— — ,........ 85 | Now Eloctrie Motor 







Correspondence : Cable Laying in Guiana, By vertown), by the Indin Rubber and Gutta Pereha Company 
: What in Electricity ? 88 Munro, C.4. (Continued) . #1, . ; * fy an 
i _ | ‘The Twinkling of tho Stara.’ 88 | Tolograph Sharo List... (Silvertown), &e. "The light is also being used at the Brick. 











layers’ Arms Station of the South Eastern Railway, and at 
tho King's Cross Station, Great Northern Railway. “We' 
understand chat in ordor to- meet these~henvy demands Mr, 
Crompton is building a Invge workshop for the purpose of: 
manufacturing the Birgin dynamo machine as well as his 
Inmp, and on the completion of the works’ he hopes so to}: 
economise lubour and time as to enable him to considerably! 
reduce the first cost of electric light ‘apparatus, A new | 
‘pattern of Inmp is to be made that will’ burn thirty ; 
hours without chango of carbon, The energy swith which i 
Mr, Crompton has pursued the subject, and the full belief : 
he has in the ultimate success of the electric light’ 
have done much to improve tho tone of public opinion. 
His constant efforts to reduce the cost have resulted | 
in w considerable cheapening in the carbons. At the 
beginning of 1880 the cost of carbons in his lamp was 2d, 
per hour, at the end of 1880 the cost was reduced to 1-25d., 
and in some cases still more closely to the 1d., without in. : 
terfering with the quantity or quality of the light. Our, 
daily contemporaries are stating that on board Russian 
vessels using the electric light many accidents have occurred, ; 
similar to, if not so violent, as that which caused the death of | 
aman on board the “ Livadia.” It is snid that 1 commission | 
has been formed to inquire into the anbject. We may point i 
out that, to the best of our belief, these accidents have all ; 
oceurred with the use of altermite currents, and tht no ne- * 
cident hus happened with the Crompton lamps and continuous 
currents. 

Another lamp rapidly forcing its way into public favour 
is that inveuted by Mr, Brockie. A number of these lamps 
ure in use in Glasgow, in carpet factories, paper mills, 
ship-building yards, &c.; whilst here, again, the manufac- 
turera are unablo to turn out the apparatus fast enough. , 


Special dynamo machines, we believe, of the ite ee be 
Toe favor to cight rte ’ Chemical Vidnes ; Messrs, J, B, Saunders | have been built to supply the current to six or eight lamps 
very slingilo in thet construction the cents The lampe are all . . aud Sons’ Chemica 8 5 und lamps 


Inanagement ant regularity of ‘Operath Th Insuring safety of : : _— —————— — a ee 
Th , elreult conveys the currents in o Worite direction tele Soe a pemmenarcs Sea 
which any number of Inmps may by operated in a’, if Khe of ee awe fi 4 
without any irregularity of action, The short clreulat im eal Lie! : sree : v 
attachment, by which any Jatnp offering an abnornaliy ee 
reslatatice In consequence of the fino} coustinptlon of ite ea hh : 
q 


or other cause will, without any change ol 
tubular | current, automatically short clreit thhanadl anes dius ho anal 
The upper | tha general circuit, aA jnultiple set of carbons, burnin atest ly 
in of steel, | without tho intervention of any awitching of cher Fy ciel 
ineter, and they are act incchanisin, secures the maintenance of tho light for any des! rable 
pecint ry | length of time without req turing attention or ad tistnnent by the | - 
attendant other than fi Incing the carbons, ‘f 


Re i lust tain no clockwork or similar mechantem of any hint? Tyee, oot: eat 


nent of the upper carbon actuated by gravity ts 01 bay 
suinple annular clamp which surrounds tho rial carrying ieee : 
ten tho Janp Tv in operation one side of this clainp ta lifted hy 
Mmagnotio action, which cniiacs it to pup ant raio the rod, anil 
this neparnten the carbons, Aa tho carbous burn away, the 
f | anagnetic action diminishes, and the elainp and rol move towns 
i Pata andatreats, | ward, maintaining only a troper separation of the carbons, But 
ighting, such ax hotels, atores, | when the tilted annular clan finally touches the supporting 
eat not to confound the public | from which it started, any further downward Movement ‘will at 
. once release the rod, and alow it to alle through the clamp untit 
the Intter is again brought Into action by the increased magnetism § 
due to the shortened ‘sro between tle carbous. In continued 
operation the normal position of the clanip is in contact with Uta” 
2 r ‘ower support; the fice of the controflin; magnet . bring to 
Y regulato the silding of the rod through ft. in howevor, the rod 
alles te far, tw H tatautly ar au matically bo ralecd again, 
nd the carbon poln ry 
fone rat nd the t Chiu taintained in proper relas 
A focussing Innp, Lutended for projections fn tna , 
other similar apparatua, tn shown ialegiic ‘bof tho gic lanterns o¢ 
tie 5 ropresenta n lamp Intenctedt for application to ihe rellcctora t 
ny conte of locomotive head lights, or for ateamners, “An ornamental amp 
pion: {a shown Jn Fig, 7, adapted to uso ti. hotels stores, and other 
The ee fp egnnia te | hth wlaces whero a showy lamp ts needed. ‘This Nainp can ho 
pe ant, ol rect ‘ ne ale elther singto or double, as dedired.” A regulating : al 
urfeen! ratreet to V attachment is shown fy Fig. 8, ‘Tt is Intended for tue in connec: 






Tho Microphone, 1880. I!lua. TraMfa Recolpts for December, 
* trated 88 TBBO weeeeeeee 
1089 ..... 















90 | Abstracts of Speotfications i 













1880. 


Execrric Lroutina.—The year has been one of great prot 
yess in every stage of electric lighting; apparatus has heen 
improved, extension hus been greit, and public opinion has 
been educated, Tho only company of importance existing 
at {he commencement of the year waa the Britieh Electric 
. Light Company, This company are the sole licences of the 

‘ Gramme machine, a machine which lias hitherto held the 
{ first place, theoretically and prictically, as an electric light 
Jcmachine. It would be superfluous to tabulate the whole of 
re {the work of the company during the year, it will be enough 
fe as * <1 to state what is now in hand or to be completed in the imme. 
a ‘dinte future. We may here say that this company does not 
pin itself to the uso of any one particular kind of apparatus, 
It says, we exist for the purpose of supplying the electric 
light, and we will give you the best in the market. Hence, 
ut one place you find the company using tho André lamp, 
ut another the Brockio Inmp, at a third the Crompton 
lamp, and 80 on, considering the local conditions and acting 
avordingly. ‘The following works are in hand :—The Vie. 
toria Station, Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway, Munchester; 
Cannon-street Station, South Eastern Railway, London ; the 
: Warrington Guardian Printing-oflices, Messrs. Lister and 
louble t r Co's Dye Works, bingy < sere ae near) 
tint whe eat tom tn Attedd with two ent ’ . Monmouth; Messrs, Cox and Sons’ Lace Works, 
tiled inte ita Surg i tay esd at i La he ; the Glyde Paper Company, Glasgow ; Messrs, 
wil ur ga ater tion Whatever 0 the Tight, <n Laird ‘Brothers, Birkenhead ; Seafield Hydropathic Estab- 
bundle of carbona fe represented iy Fig. realy for nention lishment, Waterloo, near Liverpool; Messrs. John Stewart 


while Fig. 4 shows a No, 2, : . 
to Fig. 1) but havin only been te gman ala ae. i construction ; and Son, Blackwall Iron Works; Messra. James Muspratt 














































































































































































































































































crepe Tee 





~ 
















penser, allowing 11} per cent. for wear and tear per annum, is | Thirt ‘fourth-etecet, Within these Lin 
sce Fee ‘ * nite there aro twenty. 
perfenuaal tigre a yin eres and ponies which Previuurly tine amps one upon each block. "The Ininjs are mounted - 


upon fron posta of a neat anit : 
Pe | each Jain giving, ns tated, light of e000 sania alsa uel i 
SSS The conatruction of the Iampa will be bet 
Z tt 
} ORK, WITHE Try | Teferring to the agate in whieh Fig, 1 Tepreaenta'n Reo im 
SIGHT, 









go eter ese 
















i 






















Electrle 
rganised for the Purpose 
for lighting the atrecta, 
ae nin illo 

mt at TL) 

Weat Twent; fiftivatrost. 
ion, built by ¥ ntta, Camp. 
tho reception 































hicel is 
Y revolutions 


is 1 
speed of a little upward ‘ot 













company, 
cont, 



















































i aN 













ELECTRIC. re 7 a : uae a 
M Leon Monet has found: another use for the electric . / 7 ‘ BLEOTRIC LIGHTING. : ee 
light in the bleachin Sy m TO THE EDITOR OF THE ELKOTRIO 2. 


f blood albumen, ae r 
- The City Counefl of Daltimore has passed a resotution & Sm : My, Oharles Lever, of Bowdon (Oheshive).4 coNe Fe 
0 the sey : a late i 7 args > favours tts in 
{RS fbnoois Biaion Smo seEEPES eutive to th cletio Tight ate 










: . THE ELECTRIC LIGHT IN LIVERTOOL, 
Tue ingnner in which tho Corporation of Liverpool 
aynil thomsclves of their power to light by leatricity tio 
streots. and public ‘placea of ‘tho city Ina Veoii ‘at lohgth 
Settled, at: lonst: to -the-axtent of “the first considerable 
“ oxporimont ” in the most important thoroughfares, Adve: 

















granting permission to the several ‘electric light companies 
j in the United States to. illuminate the City Hall and the 


















b, taps you will permit me, as Mi Ga 
nth to SN  ton’s manager in’ Ging, a ie om” 
tisoments requesting tondord for the proposed lighting having public buildings.and:gquares, for a period of six months, \, ubject. ie Row, to, say a fow words on tlic sane 
beon inserted in alt the leading newapapors, local and other. j In order to determine the advisabil: Tis true that the Inm 


d It ] : : ity of introducing the 
wiso, the Corporation ovontually found thomsolyes in posses- : | electric light in place of gas, ‘The city is not to be put to 


— ps wero aupplicd by Me, 
| Sion of two proposals—from Messrs. Siemens Bros. and tho R , any expense in these trials, ‘ 


& they are some of the carlieat 


Crompt 
eat made, tug furthee th ribon, but 
ni 


an that he hag 


























id no connection with the minnagem&nt of the light there, In 
“a ish Electria Light Company respectively—to which thoir ("The electric light has replaced gis in the shx lange tani 2 f its of the ers flickering alleged by My harlea Lever, 
choico was necessarily confined. Messrs, Siemons Bros, naked * | in front of the Hotel Brunswick, and they present a ve : Thy mentee yittle confidence in | 
£5800 for lighting the selected district from sunavt to sun. \ attractive appearance, f i 
riso for a poriod of twelve montha, with an oxtra allowance | \ 











| Britiah Electric Light Company offered to do the work, in ae the following as the method employed in making the 

1 their own way, for the samo period, for £2895 10a. ‘Tho latter { carbon filaments for the Incandescent lamps, A thread of 

| tender was accepted by tho City Council at their sroat ling on iN | flax or cotton is wound round a block of carton or graphite 
i 


Wednesday Inst, nnd the contractors are to bo ready to fight of the required shape, and'having been properly secured, 









of £2250 for fixing and removing their sipparatns. ‘The 8 The prospectus of the Fox system of electric lighting 
8 














up by tho Ist of March. Tho price to bo givon for the “~ the whole is enclosed in a crucible, seated, and raised to a aoe 
electric lighting is nearly twico a8 much as is now paid to the white heat, ‘These threads are then detached fromthe care a to the Anglo-A mori 
Gas Company tor tho present service, which includes several ; bons, and mounted In an atmosphicre of coal gas and benzol, iy and that the object of 


Sugy’s and Brny’s powerful burnera, and a number of fonr 
feet por hour ordinary atreot lamps, ‘The City Engineer, in 
his roport on the olectric lighting proposals, remarks that if 
the necessity for increased illumination is to be taken for 
ranted, the sixty 2000-candlo oleatric Inmps proposed to be 
ed by tho British Electric Light Company will, in terms of 
luminating powor, bo considorably cheapor Unin gas. This is 
cortainly one way of putting it, but it is nob exactly tho right 
way. In the first place wo all know that talk of thousands of 
:candlo power comes vory readily from electric lighting con- 
tractors, when they know porfectly well that thoir lamps will 


: ; ayatems an exh 
Mention was made in our last issue of the franchise fulfilled their re 


granted by the Board of Aldermen to the Edison Electric’ 
| Mluminating Company, to lay tubes, wires, etc, and erect 

: lamp-posts in this city, for the purpose of electric illumina.i 
J tion, ‘The resolution has been returned to the Hoard by, 
{ the Mayor without his approval, He gives as reasons for: 
i his course, that the resolution does not provide for any, * 
| adequate return to the city for the franchise granted ; that: 


i 
ON _ the sum of one cent per lineal foot of street opened does 






iv 
tof them best | 
ave Leen done 
he Inys down, 
manufacturer, | 
} more in the 
ie Mr a, I remain, 

1 KC, 


Glasgow, December 15th. : . 






































































TELEPHONIC, 
TO THE EDITOR OF THK ELNeTRICIAN, 






, Hot represent the value of the franchise ; and that even the 
































novor be pat into a photomotor aud tested ton tenth part of n payment of this sum is somewhat uncertain; ani that th oERE, Gun sy, of your venders tell me where Tean get a good : 
candle, uy the aiciné Sanne ie gas is examined daily, Would + opening and repairing of streets under such franchis wark on, the \acleplone, aud price +—Y ous, ee Kinsey 
the contractors for supplying Liverpool with lamps of 2000- ss, shout be done by the Department of Public Works, 1 ia: mee No NINBEY, 
candle power consent to a fitie whonover their light fails to. ‘remains to be seen what action the Aldermen will take j 
yield this power, or even half of it? Again, the proposed 4 _ the matter, but it Is to be hoped that the endeavor of th 
'] GO lamps are to supplant 245 gas-lamps, and wo are grievously % Mayor to dispose of vatuable franchises in a businesslike 4 . vow ~ Oe AS: 
if mnistaken if it is not found that somo portion of the roadway + Swan'y Lianti—At the soirée of. the Associated Societies 


, Way, will meet with encouray: Pay oe 
lying inidway between theso now lights will bo no botter . i eccamgementand support, 
illuminated than it would havo beon had the same value been . . : ; : 
given for the more closcly-placed gas lamps. ‘his, however, 2 : 
is © matter that must bo left to oxperience to decide, for it y j “4 
may bo supposed tho Corporation will tnke stops to assure “: : s 
thomeclyes that they are gotting tho fall valuo for thoir . : 
monvoy. 
A siniking peculiarity of the electric light, ofton remarked ‘, 
in other cases, is brou i prominently forward in tho Bngie Xv 
J heer's report. ‘ho difference botweon lighting the allotted “~ 
| district’ from snnset to midnight, and betweon sunset and 
stinrise, is only about £160 for tho year. In other words, it sl 
1 only costs this amount to keep the genorating machinery nnd 


| carbons going for the fow éxtra Hours pier night; but, of 






‘at Liverpool last week Mr. Swan deseribed his new incan- 
: [dete electric: Hight; whieh he hoped would before long be 
i 






brought into doméstie use us Well as into places of business, : 
He said the light was steady and mild, and could: berensily ¢ 
divided, in proof of which he gave illustrations in Bt.) 8 
George's Mall. ‘Phe carbon is entirely secluded from contact 
with the air, and ‘the lamps were so simple that if broken wv 5 
servant could replace them, He also exhibited an olectrigs 
sufety lamp for use in mines, which was of such strength “Y 
thut before it could be broken by a blow the light would b 
put out, It was movable, and was incapable of causing ex- 


plosion, 










































EORGE LANE FOX'S SYSTEM OF ELECTRIC 
8 ore - LIGHTING. 
{ Fox's new lamp, and improved system of current 
Irewtin tering excited considerable intereat of late, we are 
“glad to be able to Hace deforn our readers diagrams of tho 
‘ nd a description of tho speci ‘ 
eon he Tegarda the Inmp, it wilt bo soen—Fig. 1—that in i 
eral form {t rescinbles Mr. Swan's; but tho materials om- |i - 
ed, aa also the details of construction, aro tecidedly novel, 
jand claim to be superior to those employed by, the Nowcastle |’ 
Hnventor, In tho first place, the pump used for oxhausting tho 
‘ plana globo has been devised specially for the purposo,‘and will, 
is alleged, produce a far‘ more perfect vacuum than that 


inl foatures of Mr, Fox's 


For tho manufac- 
f flax or cotton is 
hite of the required sha, 
ermetically sealod, wh: 
hreada thus carbonised aro 
ro of coal gas and 
them sufficient to 


lo by means of the 

the carbon filamen' 
round a block of carbon or 

ho whole enclosed fn a eruci! 
pen raised to a white heat. Tho th 
ly mounted in an. gtmosp lie 
1B passed through 
sit of hant carbon is 
of getting » mufliciont current |. 
Inatance is got ov 
Hoctroumagnet of 


a res 


olo, anit a current bein; 
render them incandescent, 
Upon their surface, ‘The difficu 
through tho thread in tho first j 
short circuit through a large ¢ 


: fused | into the glass tubes OC. These tubes contain mercury, 
the platinum wires, and into which dip tho con- 
Hit oa EE The Tampa constricted is attached. to tha 


J exhausting pump by the tubo Fy and the bridgo A’ being ralsed 


incandescenco by an electric current. tho exhaustion fs cone! 
thud for about wo daya, Tho light obtainable from this form 
of Inmp is said to be very economical, and the filaments, Proper, 
care bang taken in controlling the current, very durable. Tho: 
lamps are constructed so a8 to give a Hight somewhat equivalent: 
at of an onlinary jet from candles.: - Hi 
Net vane Fox's inethod et distributing electricity for publio 
lighting purposes consists of mains under the roadway, with 
central generating stations similar to thoeo employed for tho, 
Aatribution of gas. Those mains are charged at n constant 
electromotive force; and tha Inmpe, connected in multiple aro 
between the mains and carth, have each ono wiro to earth and’ 
one wire ton switch communicating at pleasure with tho main. 
Figa, 2 and 3 represent tho regulatora for maintaining a conatant 
force in the mains. The lever L connected with a main and 
actuated by an electro-magnet M, is balanced by the spring T at 
exactly the normal oclectromotive force, Any disturbance of 
this norual force by increase or diminution of tho number of 


lamps alight in the circuit, will put the lover in communteation 
with the electro-magneta HH K—Fig. 8. A throttle valve V 
attached to tho armature of theso magnots atea the steam 
supply of the engine, the speed of which will therefore be deter- 
mined 

Poses to make the steam pSwer gencrated, and con: uently tho 
elcetric power, always comtiennurate with the demant upon tho 
electric maing, We think further consideration of this acheme 


to regulate the revolutions of the engine will shown that it is far 


fron being a good one, 


WA at 


\) Intnrust ror. Execriio Liairn.—Tho latost 
|} matorial offored for an incombustible burner” 
ij for tho olectrio light ia iridium, Mr, Holland, . 
,| gold-pon-maker of Cincinnati, claims to have 
i{ discovered a flux by menus of which ho ia able 
| to fuso iridium in an ordinary draught furnace. ° 
Ho oasts tho metal in any shapo desired, and 
Jin: bars or ingota weighlog as much as ten 
| ounces, Tho motal thus fuscd and cast dofles 
tho filo and resiats all ac’ Tho only mechan. 
ical way of cutting it is rictlon with a cop. 
per whool charged with diamond duat or fino 
corundum, Mr, Holland claims, further, that 
tho cast iridium makes suitable “burnora’? 


by thu action of IL. By this meana Mr. Lano Fox pros, 


it Cita vi ae Pran 


at Cragaido, stle, 
0 of tlio mast 8 Ox. | 
i perience with it tor or; 


-Mechagical force, 
vorted into olcctri 
‘of brilliant whiten 
‘ongino, or 

OF 


(1,600 yards 

st a 

{stretch of copper wire of twico th 
(000 yards, has to bo raed, 

boon « one, and all the lamps 
iput in circuit, the light fo 
thouae in got for nothing, Now, ! 
;tho light amounts to, Sir Win 
415 Jamps distributed through 
as ho can awitch off tho curre 
‘room, he nev 

in light at o1 

aix-horac 


lamps. 


aro employed to light ‘allery, which 
is also used os a drawing-room; but when tho}: 
ight lamps in the dining-room aro no longer 
wantod tho current supplying them is awitohed 
off to tho gallory for lighting cight additional 
Jampa, making 20 in all, Sir William romarks 
that tho gallory is agreeably lighted oven with 
tho 12 Iatnps, whilo with the full illumination 
the pictures are acen as distinctly os in daylight, 
Tn tho passages and stairs tho lamps are, 
for tho most part, used without glass shades, 
and present a vory beautiful star-like appear. 
duce, not so bright as to pain tho oye in passing, 
and very efliciont for lighting tho way, . Tho 
turbino and gonorator at Cragsido are occasion: 
ally used in tho daytima for tho transmission of 
motive power toa second dynamo-olectric ma+ 
chino acting asa motor to drivo a sawing ma- 
chine, It does so with good effect, but Sir. 
Wm, Armutrong is not prepared to say how 
much of tho original power is realized, or what 
should bo the proportions botween tho genera. 
tor and tho motor to givo tho best effoot, £71 
gineering and Building Times, 


1 etter ba DE TELE os ey 


nl x of es 
Tho ‘Hloctrio’ Light at" Lincoln;~-Tho! oxtensivo adoptlon’ of} 
olectricity in'llea of gas isnot ‘sirprising to’ thoso who believe int 
tho age of improvement in which'wo live,’ Gas will, no doubt, for’ 


}] many years'to come, play, an important’ part‘in'the economy: of} 


things, but it will, wo bellové, be‘moro asa heating than‘as a Uphte} 


:| ing factor. ’ That In the latter it: is boing ‘gradually auporseded by 


It tho olectric'light in the great. worksliops of ingland can have no 
better Mustration than the adoption’of the “ Brush " syatem by the 
j| frm ‘of Messra, Robey & Co,; of ‘Lincoln, : Messrs,“ oboy' & Co. } 
have long been recognised as umong tho ‘most eminent engineers: } 
i 


:| tho’ “Robey *ongine is’ probably: known wherevor . tha: uso! of 


i| steam has carried {ts civilising -inthisnee: y’ and‘ wo: hava’ pleasure 
in clironicling that‘ on’ ‘their’ iniugarating, the “olectric ‘ight ¢ 
{nto thelr: extonsive workshops ‘the other yy; boing its. tirst | 
appearance ‘in Lincoln, they were honoured wil ‘tho? presonce | 
of the Mayor, nearly tho whole of ‘the mombora of tho ‘Town | 
Council, most of tho leading citizens, aud tnany personat friends of 
the members of tho firm. ‘Tho experiinent ivas a completo success, 
and it was stated that reckoning gas vt the very low prico of 248d, | 
Por 1,000 feot, the clectric Night would ‘be slightly cheaper, whflo j 
its fult and brilliant ilumtnation was: an unspeakable gain, ‘Mr. 
Clench, in his usual buppy manner, gavo a most cordial welcomo to 
all tho guests, and explained that lia firm bad had apecial facilities 
for estimating the relative values of tho various nyatems of clectria 
lighting through ‘tlolr stipplying engine: to drive machines in 
various parts of the kingdom, and how they had como to the con+ 
closton’that, taking all in'nll, they considered the." Brash * syatem : 
the best.’ Mr. HMelardson explained inn thoroughly practical 
maaner the principtes of electric lighting, and the * Brush” ‘system; “| 


‘| after which tho visitors were taken the round of the vaat buildings, 


where,’ on a‘ given’ signal, the electric light was:put in operation - 


and proved a comploto ‘success, On 'thoir raturn: to the. offices; 


where somo good things hnd been provided; the Mnyor, ny. well as: 
{dresscd, ? In oll-parts’of the metropolis; and: ‘Sapcotally ‘ta'tlio West’ 
‘End, the {umtnations were’ on a'targer’ acalo thin’ has beon wit- 
‘nessed ono simttar occasion for many years.’ Tho day was observer 
ag a general holiday in ail the public ofliccs, and the traffic nrrang: 
monts of tho various rtlway compantes induced a ta b 
| people to leave London, + ee ae 
i 


fon ig Velegnite, se Tus 
fe Th, “he 


Buracwiva way tie Evecrnia Lrowr.—2f, 
Teon Manot has dovised a Process for bleachin, 
blood albumon by moane of tho olectrio light.’ 
Tho. albumen fx taken after separation, and: 
cither before or after drying, It is then ox 
posed to tho light, The ‘Taventor arranged 
electric lights fitted with lenses or reflectors, 20 
as to cast their Aight upon thoalbumon which is 
tobe bleachod, Tf it is atill liquid tho light is’ 
thrown upon tho platos or trays which contain 
it in tho drying stove, Thoso plates may bo 
mado of glass, ao as to let the rays pres through 
thom. If tho albumen is dry’ the light-can be 
thrown upon layors of the article Arranged upon 
tho atago, In cither caso the process varies in 
duration, according as tho. albumen has been 
moro or loss complately acparated from tho clot. 
Undor ordinary circumstances 24 hours. will 
suffico.to bring about’ a porfect docoloration,” 
For more officacy tho olcatrib light. may 1 
brought into action at tho boginning of tho pro- 
cosa, whon tho clot and the albumon aro boing g 


7 


i 





for the electric light, and that so usod tho motal : } Uk = 
is durable without protection from the atmo. |: wl WM yi ve 


a Bm AM AT eeey 


An Inunense Electric Lantp, 

A Bavat olootrio Inmp, of 100,000 candle powor, l 
was succerafally texted in Cloveland, ., March Cth, |, 
‘This is 60 times tho iNuminating powar of, tho ordi.|:’ 
nary strect oloctrio lamp, It is the largostand most |. 
poworfal lamp ovor made, and is to bo used in the|:! 

‘British navy. Tho carbons aro two inchos and-af) 
half in dinmeter, Tho light Tequires forty horso. |: 
-powor to maintain it, - = : 








‘SWAN'S IMPROVEMENTS IN [i¥ tinited to tho coticn thrond by tinmorsfon in| 
i ELECTRIC LAMPS. 


1 CIOME improvements in 


the method of con- 


ik) structing and in material used for inean- 
‘descent ol ie lamps have been patented by 


Mr, Swan, the inmost import 
i ‘hat ia now in af cotte 
been subjected to the actior 
auch a strength as to cause 


it feature, af whieh 


the preparation of the carbon - conductor, 


pn thread which h 
1 Of xulphuriv acid of 
a change or conver- { 


sulphuric acid, tho increased thicknoss at the: 
terminations facilitating tho attachment of the! 
carbons to their holding clips, and proventing ’ 
them from becoming heated in uso, This: 
method of obtaining inorensed thicknoss in also’ 
applicable when tho earbon is formed from 

Paper or cardboard, 

n tho drawings tho metal conductors are 
Tepresented as being each surrounded with a 
glaea tubo, a little largor in tho boro than the 


sion to tako phico in tho thrond of a similar | wire, for tho purpose of steadying and giving 


ehnracter to that which 


is produced by the 


treatment of bibulous purer with sulphuric acid, | 


necording to tho wells! 
yegetablo parchment. A 


own process of auth of 


suitable strength of 


galphatic: acid. for Eho- purpose “h4, formed” by} 


mixing tagother about two 


voluines of «ulphuric , 


rigidity to the metal conductor. 

Tt ig found advantagoous to exhaust the air 
from tho glass bulb or reeeptacle, whilst the. 
carbon contained within it ig raised (by tho 
passage of a current of olcctricity) to the same 
ora higher degree of incandexcenco as that: 


i fio gravity of 1845 with nbout on. ultimately required to be produced in usin 
pot arty ete aa cotton thread, after. the lamp. 5 
being immorsed in this solution and allowed to 
romain therein for n sufficient timo to effect the i 


yolumo of water. Tho 


' pequired conversion is removed from tho olution 
Sand washed with water until the whole of tho! 


‘acid is climinnted, after which it ia dried and 
Carbonived.. Tho “description of cotton thrend 
{most suitable for treatment in the manner hero- 
‘inbeforo described is thut known ny crochet 


thread, but other kinds of cotton thread may be | Bruvh Company, in tho shupo af very powe 


employe. 


} Tho accompanying drawings illustrate _the 


tion of the prepared cotton thread, Figs. 
er os representing respectively vertical | 


scotions takon at right angles to euch other of pow 


a lamp, in which multiple carbons are employed, | 
Tho carbon is bent round and gripped at ita 


two extremities by clips, 


to which the upper 


:enda of the metal candctors hig ubbacied 5 the 
j together with o con. 4 
Scien {hus arrenieds metal “conductors, are | at Salzburg, between September 18 and 24, 
surrounded by a glass bulb or receptacle, and 
the lower ends of tho said metal conductora! fronch origin. It consists of a «mail. block of 
which pass through the bottom of the glass! marble into which two holes ure bored for the 


ptaclo may be sealed in 


nto the same, but when ‘ 


Inmps ptxpended at n considerable hoight. ‘Tho 
plea will be 165ft. high, t6ft. being in the 
ground, ‘The top lights will be lamps of 21,000 
candle-power, with lower oucs of 12,000 candle-:-- 
er, and the experiment should sottle the 
vexed question of powerful lamps at a high 
olevation, n compared with Inmps of smaller 
power nearer the street lovel. 

‘Tho fifty-fourth annual meeting of German} 
scientific and medical men will be held this year 


La lampe svlcil in mo new clectria lamp of 


reception of carbons, which at their points are, 


al conductors of large sectional nrca aro’ separated by u thin portition in tho marble. 


loyed the patentee prefers to secure their: 


‘The current passing through the murble renders 


fer ends to platinum caps, which are attached jt incandescent, and producesa soft and brilliant: 

Pio bottom of tho glass receptacle, by fusing light like that of thu sun, whence the naino. | 

glass around the ety the auctal conductors T: he-cost is said to be one penny per hour, The 

her passing through the caps or terminatin 

thes ascdeseribed on p. 3, Vol XXNIE 
‘hen -uch platinum caps are employed, it is 
ot invispensable to form the conducting wires 


fof platinum, but those may in that case bo of | es 


FIG 2 


lanp ix the invention of MIM. Clerao and 


Bureau. 2 Caen, : 
. ral 
Brattice Car, del G28 57. 
“Battery Carbon, 
A useful method of propating cheap carbon poles for vol. 
{atc batteries has been devised by M. Mauri. It consists Ini 
taking finely powdered graphite mixed with an equal weight 
of sulphur free from carbonate, and heating the mixture in 
a crucible until all the sulphur is fused. The temperature, 
however, should not be raised over 200" Cent, When the 
mues is fluid it is pourcd into a sultable mould of metal, and 
netout copper wire Is inserted to serve for an electrode,, 
When the mass ts cool and solld it is ready for use. Its con. 
ductivity Js practically as good ns that of the best retort car- 
bon, and as it is more electro-negative than simplo carbon,' 
'| the electromotive force of the cell is higher. By increasing 
‘Wthe proportion of sulphur tn the mixture a. highly resisting 
composition may be obtained which can take the place of 
Heopper or platinum sliver colts for telegraphic or electric 

lighting purposes, 


copper, fron, silver, or other suitable motal. The: 5 
thoir onds with a wrap. : 


carbona aro thickened at 
ping of cotton or othor x: 


uttablo matorial, whi 


ikewise quieter than ~ 
3 iron‘sold at 38 : 


At. Middtesbrough; o: 


languid, ‘and‘quotations are: gettin, 
dig being offered nt 408. 

‘yni 0. 4 forge at’ 39s, 
dull sale for manufactured iron,-a: 
reduced 2s. 6d. per.ton. Iron‘shi 
is ‘prosperous; engine manufacturers ‘an 
works are very busy, and foundries and forges are in 

jod employ.’ The demand for hematite pig-iron 
in West ‘Cumberland’ has increased conslderably 
during the last few days, without, however, imparting 
an'active ‘tone: to the market ; prices stil keep 
low,, being , 608. to” 63: per_ton at works, The 
steel trade remains as active as ever, In North 


Lancashire, also, there is a better fecling in the: 


bamatite pig-iron market, the demand for American 


account being much more pronounced. Rates, how-* 
ever, are, still very easy, iron having been disposed’ 


of: at. from Gos, to 62s. per ton at works, Stecl= 


makers are fully employed, and shipbuilders ‘and° 


engineers are'doing a steady trade. ‘There-is no 
rea briskness among makers of cither best or 
common iron in West Yorkshire, and the trade 
Renerally is not very encouraging. The South 
Yorkshire iron trade is quict, but a fair demand 
exists for Bessemer steel rails, tires, and axles, The 
tone ‘in the heavy departments of Sheffield is at 
present depressed. The Lancashire iron trade is in 
a similar low condition, as bad, almost,'as during 
the worst time last year. Prices for finished iron 
tule very low in Derbyshire. There are as yet no 
signs cither of any permanent improvement ‘in the 
NorthStaffordshire finished-iron trade, and quotations 
forpig-iron are weaker. There is not much doing in 
the hardware trade of South’ Staffordshire, but that 
of Birmingham has slightly mended. The iron 
trade of 't! @ latter district on the whole, however, 
shows but little improvement. Export is still the 
chief staple of the business done. The Forest of 
Dean iron trade docs not show up any better this 
week. Business at Cardiff is still satisfactory. 

Two of the continental iron markets display less 
firmness than they did a fortnight or three weeks ago, 
That of Belgium, which showed slight signs of 
amelioration last week, has become very quiet, prin- 
cipally on account of the absence of foreign. orders, 
without, however, any altcration in values. - The iron 
market of Germany is less active, generally speaking, 
than it was in January and the firethalf-of Kebruary,. 
inquiry declining especially for plates and merchant 
iron, rendering quotations unstable,-while the de- 
mand for rolled wire continues, and rail-mills, in 
consequence of their great briskness, consume a large 
quantity of Bessemer Pig. Spiegelcisen also is active, 
especially for export, but foundry pig enjoys less 
demand. Rails have risen 10 marks per I000 kilos. 
The position of the French market continues good, 
the whole of the large order for steel rails which we 
mentioned last week having been distributed among 
French steelworks, at remunerative prices. An ad- 
vance of 5 fr. in the price of iron has taken place. 
The Austrian iron market has also a trifle improved, 
the better state of things having likewise been in- 
duced by large orders for rails and_railway rolling- 
stock. The coal markets of the Continent remain 
generally quict; the demand for coal for metallur- 
gical purposes,. however, continues, while ihat for 

lomestic purposes is naturally going down, 


HEINRICHS’ SYSTEM. OF ELECTRIC 
: LIGHTING. 
Gone months since we noticed, in passing, the 
system of electric lighting invented by Mr. 
Charles F. Heinrichs, of Guilford. Street, Russctl 
Square, London, promising our readers further par- 


» ticulars when Mr. Heinrichs had developed his lamp 


sufficiently for its introduction into practice. Judg- 
ing by what we have recently secn, that time appears 
to-have arrived, for we had the opportunity a few 
evenings since of being present at a practical de- 
monstration of the system.. We therefore now de. 

scribe the syatem, our remarks being illustrated by: 
the annexed engravings. Our readers ate doubtless 
for the most part aware that Mr. Heinrichs employs 
a circular carbon pencil in his Jamp, which forms a 
decided departure in electric lighting apparatus. 
Nor is this the only departure introduced by this in- 
ventor, inasmuch ‘as he has considerably improved 
the ring armature which was originally invented in 
1860 by Paccinottl, The present form of ring was 


+ devised by Mr. Heinrichs, after long and careful:in- 


vestigation into the existing forms of tings, and by 
observing the manner in which electric currents.were 
Senerated in them. From this he deduced a theory 
as to.the part the soft iron ring plays in the genera- 
tion of electrical currents, and this theory forms ‘the 


basis of his improvement. The -main points 


in Mr. Heinrichs’ theory are that the insulated 
conducting wire which surrounds. the . inner 
portion of the ring armature is out of the 
influence of the inducing magnet; that the latter 
takes the greatest part in the generation of currents 
in the former; .that the ring cone when in action has 
throughout its greatest length on the inner surface a 
reversed magnetic polarity to that on the outer sur- 
face; the inner reversed polarit will give an impulse 
to the generation of current in the insulated conduct- 
ing wire surrounding the inner surface of the ring- 
core in an opposing direction to the main currents. 
Now in Mr, Heinrichs’ new armature the inner sur- 
face of the ring is not made use of at all, the outer 
surface in combination with the inducing magnels 
alone being used for the generation of currents, Such 
ar3 the leading features of Mr. Heinrichs’ theory, 
and from the results obtained with the first genera- 
tion made on the new principle, and which is the 
outcome of this theory, it would appear to be one of 
the most efficient forms known, 

In our engravings fig. 1 is a perspective view of 
Mr. Heinrichs’ dynamo-machine, which is shown 
about 1-8th full size. From this machine are ob- 
tained three and four lights of from 1800 to 2000 
candle power, with goo revolutions per minute of the 
armature, which is slightly larger than that used in 
the-Gramme single-light machine. It will be seen 
that the Heinrichs generator is very compact and 
small for a four-light. machine, Fig. 2 is a cross 
section feom which will be seen the main differences 
between this and other machines of its class... The 
channelled, ring-core is composed of a bundle of 
thick iron wire formed upon a metal casing, 
Around the core, 7 ri, is wound the insulated con- 
ducting wire, ww, in thirty-six sections, These 
overlic the outer surface of the core only, and by 
the crossing channel of the core the inner surface 
of the latter (when becoming magnetised) has no 
influence whatever upon that very short and nearly 
useless portion of the insulated conducting wire 
which crosses ‘ the channel. The thirty-six 
sections of insulated conducting wires are con- 
nected with. cach other continuously by thirty- 
six commutator plates, c! toc, , Upon the shaft, s, 
is fixed the boss, a, having six spokes upon which 
the ring core is fitted-and held securely by six metal 
holders, @,a@, On those portions of the ring core 





conducting wire, zt 


see page! 184.) 
cee tee 


. Which rest upon the spokes no wire can’ be wound, 


and here the air frecly passes into the channel and pre- 
vents the accumulation of heat. The entire outer sur- 
face of the ring armature is surrounded by the two sets. 
of electric inducing magnets, N ands, each sct of 
which are made out of nine plates, 22!, 8, m', and 
a3, N, m7, When the ring armature, 71, a3 fitted to 
the ‘shaft, 5, is rotated within the ficlds of the 
inducing magnets, N and 8, electric currents will be 
collected by the brush, 6' and 23, from the commuta- 
‘tor, C, and Ied through the coils of the insulated 
(which surrounds and _ excites 

the inducing magnets); to’ the terminals, and thence 
to the lamps. The position of the brushes on the 
commutator is a very little above the neutral line of 
the generator, Hardly any sparks are produced 
when in action, and this is claimed as a further proof 
of the efficiency of the generator.‘ It will be seen 
that the main difference of this generator lies in the 
channelled form of the ring armature, and of this 
detail we give a perspective view at fig. 3, which 
shows only a few turns of the wire as it loosely 
crosses the channel. This view represents the ring 
core of a large 2o-light generator, the ring being 
split, which prevents the generation of currents in it 
and also facilitates and quickens the demagnetisa- 
tion of the mass of iron. Splitting the iron ring is 
mostly‘done in large generators, the Brush, for 
instance. In the Siemens the small cylinder arma- 
ture is split several times. E 

Mr, Heinrichs’ lamp is represented at figs. 4, 5, 6, 
and 7, the points of originality here being the circular 
form of the carbons and means whereby the arc is 
maintained.’ The two sets of carbons cross cach 
other, and the arc is formed and maintained at the | 
point of intersection or crossing. In his carly ex- 
periments Mr. Heinrichs used a regulator, but ex- 
perlencing the disadvantages common to all regula~ 
tors he discarded it, and produced the simple form 
oflamp shown at fig. 5, which has no mechanism 
whatever for regulating the feed of the carbons. 
This lamp has a burning time of from twenty to fifty 
hours, ihe circle formed by the carbons being from 
8 to 12 inches in diameter. , Fig. 6 shows this lamp- 
mechanism enclosed in an appropriate shade. 
There is no mechanism beneath the are, so that no 
shadow can‘result from it, The arc has a very low 
resistance on account of the four pencils leading the 
















































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{GOLLIERY Guienmay BY ‘ELECTRICITY, wore tatey Sinton Kiograe now Hel 


Crompton system of electric lighting. There are twelve Crompton 
lamps within the station—six above the arrival platform and six 
Mn. Joun \WATsoN, of Glasgow, ‘and Enrnoch, near Hamilton, hast above the departure’ platform. Two others of a larger ‘size are 
just adopted’ the electric lght{ns n means of Muraioating his col- placed on the ‘outside of the building at the extreme corners of its 
fories at tho latter place, After. investigating the merits "of the Fonts) ‘These lights. arc. worked’ from) five Burgin’ dynamo- 
various systems of clectrio lighting, Mr, Watson decided upon giving | clectiic machines, driven by steam engine of 12-horse power 
that invented by Mr, Swan a trial,” He therefore mido arrangements | ooo thay The arca lighted consists of two bays, cach 105 fect wide, 
with Mossra, D; and G, Graham, telegraph’ and tolophone engineers | oy thecal rank, adjoining the arrival’ platform, which is 40 fect \ 
of Glasgow, to light the abovo collicries with t